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6870354952883897829 | List of The Fosters episodes | List of the Fosters episodes - wikipedia List of the Fosters episodes The Fosters is an American drama series on Freeform ( then known as ABC Family ) . The series ran from June 3 , 2013 to June 6 , 2018 . The series follows the lives of Lena Adams ( Sherri Saum ) and Stef Foster ( Teri Polo ) , the Fosters , who are an interracial , lesbian couple living in the Mission Bay area of San Diego , raising Stef 's biological son , Brandon ( David Lambert ) , along with adopted twins , Jesus ( Jake T. Austin / Noah Centineo ) and Mariana ( Cierra Ramirez ) . Lena is a charter school vice principal and Stef is a police officer . Lena decides to take in `` troubled '' teenager Callie ( Maia Mitchell ) and then later her younger brother Jude ( Hayden Byerly ) , who have endured a series of abusive foster homes . During the course of the series , 104 episodes of The Fosters aired over five seasons . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Webisodes 3.1 The Fosters : Girls United 4 Ratings 5 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 21 June 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 03 ) March 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) 21 June 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 16 ) March 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 23 ) 20 June 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) March 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) 20 June 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) April 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) 5 22 July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) June 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 06 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fosters ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date US viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Timothy Busfield Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige June 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 03 ) 1.42 `` Consequently '' Timothy Busfield Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige June 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 10 ) 1.70 `` Hostile Acts '' Melanie Mayron David Ehrman June 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 17 ) 1.25 `` Quinceañera '' Joanna Kerns Joanna Johnson June 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 24 ) 1.89 5 5 `` The Morning After '' Bethany Rooney Paul Sciarrotta July 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 01 ) 1.78 6 6 `` Saturday '' Norman Buckley Marissa Jo Cerar July 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 08 ) 1.77 7 7 `` The Fallout '' Jeff Melman Story by : Zoila Amelia Galeano Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige July 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 15 ) 1.79 8 8 `` Clean '' Millicent Shelton Story by : David Ehrman & Paul Sciarrotta Teleplay by : David Ehrman July 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 22 ) 1.89 9 9 `` Vigil '' David Paymer Joanna Johnson July 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 29 ) 1.87 10 10 `` I Do '' James Hayman Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige August 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 05 ) 2.07 11 11 `` The Honeymoon '' James Hayman Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige January 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 1.92 12 12 `` House and Home '' Martha Mitchell Joanna Johnson January 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) 2.14 13 13 `` Things Unsaid '' Joanna Kerns Marissa Jo Cerar January 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 27 ) 1.88 14 14 `` Family Day '' Elodie Keene Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) 1.80 15 15 `` Padre '' Millicent Shelton Story by : Tamara P. Carter Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige February 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 10 ) 1.83 16 16 `` Us Against The World '' Lee Rose Kelly Fullerton February 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 17 ) 1.68 17 17 `` Kids in the Hall '' Michael Grossman Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon February 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) 1.48 18 18 `` Escapes and Reversals '' Melanie Mayron Story by : Joanna Johnson Teleplay by : Thomas Higgins March 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) 1.51 19 19 `` Do n't Let Go '' Zetna Fuentes Story by : Marissa Jo Cerar & Zoila Amelia Galeano Teleplay by : Kelly Fullerton & Marissa Jo Cerar March 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 10 ) 1.21 20 20 `` Metropolis '' Martha Mitchell Joanna Johnson March 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) 1.20 21 21 `` Adoption Day '' Norman Buckley Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige March 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) 1.29 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fosters ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 22 `` Things Unknown '' Norman Buckley Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige June 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 16 ) 1.47 23 `` Take Me Out '' Elodie Keene Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon June 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 23 ) 1.45 24 `` Play '' Martha Mitchell Thomas Higgins June 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 30 ) 1.37 25 `` Say Something '' Zetna Fuentes Kathleen McGhee - Anderson July 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 07 ) 1.42 26 5 `` Truth Be Told '' Ron Lagomarsino Kelly Fullerton July 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 14 ) 1.61 27 6 `` Mother '' Lee Rose Joanna Johnson July 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 21 ) 1.51 28 7 `` The Longest Day '' Nzingha Stewart Marissa Jo Cerar July 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 28 ) 1.44 29 8 `` Girls Reunited '' Daisy Mayer Story by : Joanna Johnson Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige August 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 04 ) 1.38 30 9 `` Leaky Faucets '' Lee Rose Story by : Cristian Martinez Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige August 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 11 ) 1.35 31 10 `` Someone 's Little Sister '' Norman Buckley Joanna Johnson August 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 18 ) 1.48 32 11 `` Christmas Past '' Norman Buckley Joanna Johnson December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) 1.93 33 12 `` Over Under '' Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige January 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 19 ) 1.45 34 13 `` Stay '' Elodie Keene Marissa Jo Cerar January 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 26 ) 1.20 35 14 `` Mother Nature '' Martha Mitchell Thomas Higgins February 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 02 ) 1.26 36 15 `` Light of Day '' Ron Lagomarsino Wade Solomon & Megan Lynn February 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 09 ) 1.24 37 16 `` If You Only Knew '' Aprill Winney Kelly Fullerton February 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 16 ) 1.28 38 17 `` The Silence She Keeps '' Melanie Mayron Cristian Martinez & Dan Richter February 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 23 ) 1.25 39 18 `` Now Hear This '' Rob Morrow Thomas Higgins March 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 02 ) 1.23 40 19 `` Justify the Means '' Jay Karas Joanna Johnson March 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 09 ) 1.14 41 20 `` Not that Kind of Girl '' Lee Rose Story by : Kris Q. Rehl Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige March 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) 1.32 42 21 `` The End of the Beginning '' Zetna Fuentes Joanna Johnson and Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige March 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 23 ) 1.45 Season 3 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fosters ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 43 `` Wreckage '' Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige June 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) 1.26 44 `` Father 's Day '' Aprill Winney Joanna Johnson June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 0.97 45 `` Déjà Vu '' Charlie Stratton Thomas Higgins June 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) 1.00 46 `` More Than Words '' Daisy Mayer Marissa Jo Cerar June 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 29 ) 1.18 47 5 `` Going South '' Elodie Keene Michael MacLennan July 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 06 ) 1.30 48 6 `` It 's My Party '' Kees Van Oostrum Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon July 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 13 ) 1.30 49 7 `` Faith , Hope , Love '' Jann Turner Cristian Martinez & Kris Q. Rehl July 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 20 ) 1.33 50 8 `` Daughters '' Chandra Wilson Elle Johnson August 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 03 ) 1.23 51 9 `` Idyllwild '' Joanna Johnson Joanna Johnson August 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 10 ) 1.06 52 10 `` Lucky '' Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige August 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 17 ) 1.24 53 11 `` First Impressions '' Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) 1.05 54 12 `` Mixed Messages '' Rich Newey Thomas Higgins February 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 01 ) 0.79 55 13 `` If and When '' Elodie Keene Anne Meredith February 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 08 ) 0.84 56 14 `` Under Water '' Ron Lagomarsino Joanna Johnson February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) 0.81 57 15 `` Minor Offenses '' Rob Morrow Michael MacLennan February 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) 0.79 58 16 `` EQ '' Anne Renton Anne Meredith February 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) 0.67 59 17 `` Sixteen '' Elodie Keene Marissa Jo Cerar March 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) 0.84 60 18 `` Rehearsal '' Norman Buckley Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon March 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 0.73 61 19 `` The Show '' Bradley Bredeweg Story by : Joanna Johnson Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige March 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) 0.80 62 20 `` Kingdom Come '' Joanna Johnson Story by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige Teleplay by : Joanna Johnson March 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) 0.77 Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fosters ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 63 `` Potential Energy '' Rob Morrow Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige June 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) 0.91 64 `` Safe '' Rob Morrow Joanna Johnson June 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 27 ) 1.05 65 `` Trust '' Elodie Keene Anne Meredith July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 0.80 66 `` Now for Then '' Silas Howard Constance M. Burge July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 0.82 67 5 `` Forty '' Velvet Andrews Smith Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 0.84 68 6 `` Justify '' Kelli Williams Cristian Martinez August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 0.93 69 7 `` Highs and Lows '' Chandra Wilson Kris Q. Rehl August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 0.80 70 8 `` Girl Code '' Aprill Winney Story by : Dan Richter Teleplay by : Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 0.88 71 9 `` New York '' Joanna Johnson Joanna Johnson August 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 22 ) 0.88 72 10 `` Collateral Damage '' Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige August 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 29 ) 0.99 73 11 `` Insult to Injury '' Rob Morrow Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) 0.92 74 12 `` Dream a Little Dream '' Rob Morrow Joanna Johnson February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 0.67 75 13 `` Cruel and Unusual '' Norman Buckley Anne Meredith February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 0.76 76 14 `` Doors and Windows '' Susan Flannery Constance M. Burge February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 0.73 77 15 `` Sex Ed '' Michael Medico Kris Q. Rehl February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) 0.66 78 16 `` The Long Haul '' Bradley Bredeweg Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 0.71 79 17 `` Diamond in the Rough '' Lily Mariye Cristian Martinez March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) 0.69 80 18 `` Dirty Laundry '' Laura Nisbet Peters Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 0.69 81 19 `` Who Knows '' Joanna Johnson Joanna Johnson April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 0.62 82 20 `` Until Tomorrow '' Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige April 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) 0.72 Season 5 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fosters ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 83 `` Resist '' Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) 0.87 84 `` Exterminate Her '' Danny Nucci Joanna Johnson July 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 18 ) 0.69 85 `` Contact '' Aprill Winney Anne Meredith July 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 25 ) 0.76 86 `` Too Fast , Too Furious '' Tate Donovan Cristian Martinez August 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 01 ) 0.66 87 5 `` Telling '' Anne Renton Kris Q. Rehl August 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) 0.69 88 6 `` Welcome to the Jungler '' Kelli Williams Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon August 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 15 ) 0.61 89 7 `` Chasing Waterfalls '' Chandra Wilson Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige August 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) 0.58 90 8 `` Engaged '' Kees Van Oostrum Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon August 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 29 ) 0.58 91 9 `` Prom '' Joanna Johnson Joanna Johnson September 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) 0.74 92 10 `` Sanctuary '' Rob Morrow Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) 0.52 93 11 `` Invisible '' Laura Nisbet Peters Story by : Kimberly Ndombe Teleplay by : Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) 0.70 94 12 `` # IWasMadeinAmerica '' Lee Rose Anne Meredith January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) 0.62 95 13 `` Line in the Sand '' Cheryl Dunye Dan Richter January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) 0.56 96 14 `` Scars '' Kelli Williams Cristian Martinez & Kris Q. Rehl February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) 0.57 97 15 `` Mother 's Day '' Bradley Bredeweg Joanna Johnson February 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) 0.52 98 16 `` Giving Up the Ghost '' Michael Medico Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) 0.54 99 17 `` Makeover '' Laura Nisbet Peters Cristian Martinez & Kris Q. Rehl March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 0.50 100 18 `` Just Say Yes '' Joanna Johnson Joanna Johnson March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 0.53 101 19 `` Many Roads '' Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 0.48 102 20 `` Meet the Fosters '' Michael Medico Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon June 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 04 ) 0.63 103 21 `` Turks & Caicos '' Joanna Johnson Joanna Johnson June 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 05 ) 0.61 104 22 `` Where The Heart Is '' Joanna Johnson Joanna Johnson June 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 06 ) 0.63 Webisodes ( edit ) The Fosters : Girls United ( edit ) At the start of the second part of the first season of The Fosters , a five - episode web series called The Fosters : Girls United was confirmed by ABC Family . It stars Maia Mitchell , Daffany Clark , Cherinda Kincherlow , Annamarie Kenoyer , Alicia Sixtos , Hayley Kiyoko , and Angela Gibbs . Girls United premiered on ABC Family 's official YouTube account on February 3 , 2014 . Each episode runs approximately 5 minutes long . No . Title Originally posted `` Run Baby Run '' February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) Gabi goes missing and Girls United counselor , Michelle , calls a meeting to ask if the girls know anything about where she may have run off to . `` Stab in the Back '' February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) The girls discuss who of them can be pregnant . `` Got Your Back '' February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) Callie and Kiara share some mutual secrets . Callie also discovers that Becka harms herself with a knife . `` Scorpion Kings '' February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) Gabi 's father visits the Girls United home for some information about Gabi . 5 `` United We Stand '' February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) Gabi comes back and reveals she went away because she has HIV . Ratings ( edit ) The Fosters : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Episode number Average 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 1.42 1.70 1.25 1.89 1.78 1.77 1.79 1.89 1.87 2.07 1.92 2.14 1.88 1.80 1.83 1.68 1.48 1.51 1.21 1.20 1.29 N / A 1.68 1.47 1.45 1.37 1.42 1.61 1.51 1.44 1.38 1.35 1.48 1.93 1.45 1.20 1.26 1.24 1.28 1.25 1.23 1.14 1.32 1.45 N / A 1.39 1.26 0.97 1.00 1.18 1.30 1.30 1.33 1.23 1.06 1.24 1.05 0.79 0.84 0.81 0.79 0.67 0.84 0.73 0.80 0.77 N / A 1.00 0.91 1.05 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.93 0.80 0.88 0.88 0.99 0.92 0.67 0.76 0.73 0.66 0.71 0.69 0.69 0.62 0.72 N / A 0.80 5 0.87 0.69 0.76 0.66 0.69 0.61 0.58 0.58 0.74 0.52 0.70 0.62 0.56 0.57 0.52 0.54 0.50 0.53 0.48 0.63 0.61 0.63 0.62 Audience measurement performed by Nielsen Media Research . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez , TV Show About Lesbian Couple Gets Green Light From ABC -- AOL Music Blog '' . Associated Press . Blog.music.aol.com . August 24 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Dominates + ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , NHL Hockey , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Longmire ' & More -- Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : `` WWE Raw , '' Stanley Cup Finals Top Charts `` . The Futon Critic . June 18 , 2013 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , Major Crimes ' , ' Longmire ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Warehouse 13 ' & More -- Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' Wins Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Real Housewives of OC ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Leads + ' WWE RAW , ' ' Switched at Birth , ' ' Major Crimes , ' ' Longmire ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Home Run Derby ' Wins Night + ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit the Floor ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night + ' Hit the Floor ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' American Pickers ' , ' Fast N Loud ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' T.I. and Tiny ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' & ' Love & Hip Hop ' Tie for Lead + ' Single Ladies ' , ' Archer ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Klondike ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Single Ladies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Leads Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Swamp People ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & Mo '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Tops Night + ' Swamp People ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Single Ladies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Leads Night + ' Swamp People ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Leads Night + ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : World Cup Soccer Wins Night + ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 1 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip - Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night + World Cup Soccer , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' SportsCenter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Home Run Derby Tops Night + ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' , ' Major Crimes ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip - Hop : Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Hit the Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Street Outlaws ' , ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip - Hop : Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Jaws Strikes Back ' , ' Monster Hammerhead ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Football Wins Night , ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Dallas ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Night , ' Love & Hip Hop Hollywood ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Street Outlaws ' , ' Vanderpump Rules ' , ' The Fosters ' , & More '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' & ' Monday Night RAW ' Top Night + ' Black Ink Crew ' , ' Street Outlaws ' & More '' . tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 2.2. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hip - Hop ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Black Ink Crew ' & More '' . tvbythenumbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' Wins NIght , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Vanderpump Rules ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Final Adjusted TV Ratings for Monday 23rd February 2015 '' . SpoilerTV . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Vanderpump Rules ' , ' The Fosters ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Final Adjusted TV Ratings for Monday 9th March 2015 '' . SpoilerTV . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' The Fosters ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hop - Hop ' , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Teen Mom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 6.8. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 6.15. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 6.22. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 6.29. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 7.6. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 7.13. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 7.20. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' UnReal ' & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' She 's Got Game ' , ' Real Housewives of Orange County ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 8.17. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monday cable ratings : ' Stevie J & Joseline : Go Hollywood ' lands strong premiere ratings '' . zap2it.com. 26 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' leads , ' WWE Raw ' stumbles '' . zap2it.com. 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.8. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.15. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' reigns supreme , ' Better Call Saul ' falls '' . tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.29. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.7. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.14. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' leads , ' WWE Raw ' falls '' . tvbythenumbers.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.28. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' returns on top '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Monday Night Raw ' leads the night '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.11. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.29. 2016 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' and ' Taboo ' tick up '' . Screener . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.7. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.14. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.4. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.5. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Philiana Ng . `` ' The Fosters ' Web Series to Launch - The Hollywood Reporter '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Jump up ^ For the first season , see `` The Fosters : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 24 , 2014 . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . For the second season , see `` The Fosters : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . For the third season , see `` The Fosters : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . For the fourth season , see `` The Fosters : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale. April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . For the fifth season , see `` The Fosters : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 14 , 2018 . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Fosters_episodes&oldid=856647223 '' Categories : Lists of American drama television series episodes Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline CS1 errors : missing author or editor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 18 : 15 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when did season 4 of the fosters come out | [
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-6310785525305466794 | Ancient Olympic Games | Ancient Olympic games - wikipedia Ancient Olympic games Jump to : navigation , search For the modern event , see Olympic Games . This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : a few inaccurate contents and claims that need sources Please help improve this article if you can . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The palaestra of Olympia , a place devoted to the training of wrestlers and other athletes Olympic Games Main topics Bids Boycotts Ceremonies Charter Host cities IFs IOC Medal Medal tables Medalists NOCs Pierre de Coubertin medal Scandals and controversies Sports Symbols Torch relays Venues Games Summer Winter Summer Paralympic Winter Paralympic Deaflympics Youth Special American Asian Pacific African European Ancient Intercalated The Olympic Games was originally meant as a festival , or celebration of / for Zeus ; later , events such as a footrace , a javelin contest , and wrestling matches were added . The Olympic Games ( Ancient Greek : Ὀλύμπια Olympia , `` the Olympics '' also Ancient Greek : Ὀλυμπιάς Olympias `` the Olympiad '' ) were a series of athletic competitions among representatives of city - states and one of the Panhellenic Games of Ancient Greece . They were held in honor of Zeus , and the Greeks gave them a mythological origin . The first Olympics is traditionally dated to 776 BC . They continued to be celebrated when Greece came under Roman rule , until the emperor Theodosius I suppressed them in 393 AD as part of the campaign to impose Christianity as the State religion of Rome . The games were held every four years , or olympiad , which became a unit of time in historical chronologies . During the celebration of the games , an Olympic Truce was enacted so that athletes could travel from their cities to the games in safety . The prizes for the victors were olive leaf wreaths or crowns . The games became a political tool used by city - states to assert dominance over their rivals . Politicians would announce political alliances at the games , and in times of war , priests would offer sacrifices to the gods for victory . The games were also used to help spread Hellenistic culture throughout the Mediterranean . The Olympics also featured religious celebrations . The statue of Zeus at Olympia was counted as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world . Sculptors and poets would congregate each olympiad to display their works of art to would - be patrons . The ancient Olympics had fewer events than the modern games , and only freeborn Greek men were allowed to participate , although there were victorious women chariot owners . As long as they met the entrance criteria , athletes from any Greek city - state and kingdom were allowed to participate , although the Hellanodikai , the officials in charge , allowed king Alexander I of Macedon to participate in the games only after he had proven his Greek ancestry . The games were always held at Olympia rather than moving between different locations as is the practice with the modern Olympic Games . Victors at the Olympics were honored , and their feats chronicled for future generations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 History 3 Culture 4 Politics 5 Events 5.1 Running 5.2 Combat 5.3 Pentathlon 6 Equestrian 7 Famous athletes 8 Olympic festivals in other places 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Origins ( edit ) An artist 's impression of ancient Olympia To the Greeks , it was important to root the Olympic Games in mythology . During the time of the ancient games their origins were attributed to the gods , and competing legends persisted as to who actually was responsible for the genesis of the games . These origin traditions have become nearly impossible to untangle , yet a chronology and patterns have arisen that help people understand the story behind the games . The earliest myths regarding the origin of the games are recounted by the Greek historian , Pausanias . According to the story , the dactyl Heracles ( not to be confused with the son of Zeus and the Roman god Hercules ) and four of his brothers , Paeonaeus , Epimedes , Iasius and Idas , raced at Olympia to entertain the newborn Zeus . He crowned the victor with an olive tree wreath ( which thus became a peace symbol ) , which also explains the four year interval , bringing the games around every fifth year ( counting inclusively ) . The other Olympian gods ( so named because they lived permanently on Mount Olympus ) would also engage in wrestling , jumping and running contests . Another myth of the origin of the games is the story of Pelops , a local Olympian hero . The story of Pelops begins with Oenomaus , the king of Pisa , Greece , who had a beautiful daughter named Hippodamia . According to an oracle , the king would be killed by her husband . Therefore , he decreed that any young man who wanted to marry his daughter was required to drive away with her in his chariot , and Oenomaus would follow in another chariot , and spear the suitor if he caught up with them . Now , the king 's chariot horses were a present from the god Poseidon and were therefore supernaturally fast . Pelops was a very handsome young man and the king 's daughter fell in love with him . Before the race , she persuaded her father 's charioteer Myrtilus to replace the bronze axle pins of the king 's chariot with wax ones . Naturally , during the race the wax melted and the king fell from his chariot and was killed . At the same time the king 's palace was struck by lightning and reduced to ashes , save for one wooden pillar that was revered in the Altis for centuries , and stood near what was to be the site of the temple of Zeus . Pelops was proclaimed the winner and married Hippodamia . After his victory , Pelops organized chariot races as thanksgiving to the gods and as funeral games in honor of King Oenomaus , in order to be purified of his death . It was from this funeral race held at Olympia that the beginnings of the Olympic Games were inspired . Pelops became a great king , a local hero , and he gave his name to the Peloponnese . One other myth , this one occurring after the aforementioned myth , is attributed to Pindar . He claims the festival at Olympia involved Heracles , the son of Zeus . The story goes that after completing his labors , Heracles established an athletic festival to honor his father . The games of previous millennia were discontinued and then revived by Lycurgus of Sparta , Iphitos of Elis , and Cleisthenes of Pisa at the behest of the Oracle of Delphi who claimed that the people had strayed from the gods , which had caused a plague and constant war . Restoration of the games would end the plague , usher in a time of peace , and signal a return to a more traditional lifestyle . The patterns that emerge from these myths are that the Greeks believed the games had their roots in religion , that athletic competition was tied to worship of the gods , and the revival of the ancient games was intended to bring peace , harmony and a return to the origins of Greek life . Since these myths were documented by historians like Pausanias , who lived during the reign of Marcus Aurelius in the 160 AD , it is likely that these stories are more fable than fact . It was often supposed that the origins of many aspects of the Olympics date to funeral games of the Mycenean period and later . Alternatively , the games were thought to derive from some kind of vegetation magic or from initiation ceremonies . The most recent theory traces the origins of the games to large game hunting and related animal ceremonialism . History ( edit ) A Torch Race The Olympic games were held to be one of the two central rituals in Ancient Greece , the other being the much older religious festival , the Eleusinian Mysteries . The games started in Olympia , Greece , in a sanctuary site for the Greek deities near the towns of Elis and Pisa ( both in Elis on the peninsula of Peloponnesos ) . The first games began as an annual foot race of young women in competition for the position of the priestess for the goddess , Hera , and a second race was instituted for a consort for the priestess who would participate in the religious traditions at the temple . The Heraea Games , the first recorded competition for women in the Olympic Stadium , were held as early as the sixth century BC . It originally consisted of foot races only , as did the competition for males . Some texts , including Pausanias 's Description of Greece , c . AD 175 , state that Hippodameia gathered a group known as the `` Sixteen Women '' and made them administrators of the Heraea Games , out of gratitude for her marriage to Pelops . Other texts related to the Elis and Pisa conflict indicate that the `` Sixteen Women '' were peacemakers from Pisa and Elis and , because of their political competence , became administrators of the Heraea . Being the consort of Hera in Classical Greek mythology , Zeus was the father of the deities in the pantheon of that era . The Sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia housed a 13 - metre - high ( 43 ft ) statue in ivory and gold of Zeus that had been sculpted by Phidias circa 445 BC . This statue was one of the ancient Seven Wonders of the World . By the time of the Classical Greek culture , in the fifth and fourth centuries BC , the games were restricted to male participants . The historian Ephorus , who lived in the fourth century BC , is one potential candidate for establishing the use of Olympiads to count years , although credit for codifying this particular epoch usually falls to Hippias of Elis , to Eratosthenes , or even to Timaeus , whom Eratosthenes may have imitated . The Olympic Games were held at four - year intervals , and later , the ancient historians ' method of counting the years even referred to these games , using the term Olympiad for the period between two games . Previously , the local dating systems of the Greek states were used ( they continued to be used by everyone except the historians ) , which led to confusion when trying to determine dates . For example , Diodorus states that there was a solar eclipse in the third year of the 113th Olympiad , which must be the eclipse of 316 BC . This gives a date of ( mid-summer ) 765 BC for the first year of the first Olympiad . Nevertheless , there is disagreement among scholars as to when the games began . The `` Exedra '' reserved for the judges at Olympia on the north embankment of the stadium The only competition held then was , according to the later Greek traveller Pausanias who wrote in 175 AD , the stadion race , a race over about 190 metres ( 620 ft ) , measured after the feet of Hercules . The word stadium is derived from this foot race . The Greek tradition of athletic nudity ( gymnos ) was introduced in 720 BC , either by the Spartans or by the Megarian Orsippus , and this was adopted early in the Olympics as well . Several groups fought over control of the sanctuary at Olympia , and hence the games , for prestige and political advantage . Pausanias later writes that in 668 BC , Pheidon of Argos was commissioned by the town of Pisa to capture the sanctuary from the town of Elis , which he did and then personally controlled the games for that year . The next year , Elis regained control . The Olympic Games were part of the Panhellenic Games , four separate games held at two - or four - year intervals , but arranged so that there was at least one set of games every year . The Olympic Games were more important and more prestigious than the Pythian , Nemean , and Isthmian Games . The games were in decline for many years but continued past 385 AD , by which time flooding and earthquakes had damaged the buildings and invasions by barbarians had reached Olympia . In 394 Theodosius I banned all pagan festivals , but archeological evidence indicates that some games were still held . Culture ( edit ) The `` Discobolus '' is a copy of a Greek statue c. 5th century BC . It represents an ancient Olympic discus thrower The ancient Olympics were as much a religious festival as an athletic event . The games were held in honor of the Greek god Zeus , and on the middle day of the games , 100 oxen would be sacrificed to him . Over time Olympia , site of the games , became a central spot for the worship of the head of the Greek pantheon and a temple , built by the Greek architect Libon was erected on the mountaintop . The temple was one of the largest Doric temples in Greece . The sculptor Pheidias created a statue of the god made of gold and ivory . It stood 42 feet ( 13 m ) tall . It was placed on a throne in the temple . The statue became one of the seven wonders of the ancient world . As the historian Strabo put it , `` ... the glory of the temple persisted ... on account both of the festal assembly and of the Olympian Games , in which the prize was a crown and which were regarded as sacred , the greatest games in the world . The temple was adorned by its numerous offerings , which were dedicated there from all parts of Greece . '' Artistic expression was a major part of the games . Sculptors , poets , painters and other artisans would come to the games to display their works in what became an artistic competition . Sculptors created works like Myron 's Diskobolos or Discus Thrower . Their aim was to highlight natural human movement and the shape of muscles and the body . Poets would be commissioned to write poems in praise of the Olympic victors . Such victory songs or epinicians , were passed on from generation to generation and many of them have lasted far longer than any other honor made for the same purpose . Pierre de Coubertin , one of the founders of the modern Olympic Games , wanted to fully imitate the ancient Olympics in every way . Included in his vision was an artistic competition modeled on the ancient Olympics and held every four years , during the celebration of the Olympic Games . His desire came to fruition at the Olympics held in Athens in 1896 . Politics ( edit ) The Parthenon in Athens , one of the leading city - states of the ancient world Power in ancient Greece became centered around the city - state in the 8th century BC . The city - state was a population center organized into a self - contained political entity . These city - states often lived in close proximity to each other , which created competition for limited resources . Though conflict between the city - states was ubiquitous , it was also in their self - interest to engage in trade , military alliances and cultural interaction . The city - states had a dichotomous relationship with each other : On one hand , they relied on their neighbors for political and military alliances , while on the other they competed fiercely with those same neighbors for vital resources . The Olympic Games were established in this political context and served as a venue for representatives of the city - states to peacefully compete against each other . In the first 200 years of the games ' existence , they only had regional religious importance . Only Greeks in proximity to the mountain competed in these early games . This is evidenced by the dominance of Peloponnesian athletes in the victors ' rolls . The spread of Greek colonies in the 5th and 6th centuries BC is repeatedly linked to successful Olympic athletes . For example , Pausanias recounts that Cyrene was founded c. 630 BC by settlers from Thera with Spartan support . The support Sparta gave was primarily the loan of three - time Olympic champion Chionis . The appeal of settling with an Olympic champion helped to populate the colonies and maintain cultural and political ties with the city - states near Olympia . Thus , Hellenic culture and the games spread while the primacy of Olympia persisted . The games faced a serious challenge during the Peloponnesian War , which primarily pitted Athens against Sparta , but , in reality , touched nearly every Hellenic city - state . The Olympics were used during this time to announce alliances and offer sacrifices to the gods for victory . During the Olympic Games , a truce , or ekecheiria was observed . Three runners , known as spondophoroi were sent from Elis to the participant cities at each set of games to announce the beginning of the truce . During this period , armies were forbidden from entering Olympia and legal disputes and the use of the death penalty were forbidden . The truce was primarily designed to allow athletes and visitors to travel safely to the games and was , for the most part , observed . Thucydides wrote of a situation when the Spartans were forbidden from attending the games , and the violators of the truce were fined 2,000 minae for assaulting the city of Lepreum during the period of the ekecheiria . The Spartans disputed the fine and claimed that the truce had not yet taken hold . While a martial truce was observed by all participating city - states , no such reprieve from conflict existed in the political arena . The Olympic Games evolved the most influential athletic and cultural stage in ancient Greece , and arguably in the ancient world . As such the games became a vehicle for city - states to promote themselves . The result was political intrigue and controversy . For example , Pausanias , a Greek historian , explains the situation of the athlete Sotades , `` Sotades at the ninety - ninth Festival was victorious in the long race and proclaimed a Cretan , as in fact he was . But at the next Festival he made himself an Ephesian , being bribed to do so by the Ephesian people . For this act he was banished by the Cretans . '' Events ( edit ) Three runners featured on an Attic black - figured Panathenaic prize amphora . 332 - 333 BC , British Museum . ( show ) Events at the Olympics Olympiad Year Event 1st 776 BC Stade 14th 724 BC Diaulos 15th 720 BC Long distance race ( Dolichos ) 18th 708 BC Pentathlon , Wrestling 23rd 688 BC Boxing ( pygmachia ) 25th 680 BC Four horse chariot race ( tethrippon ) 33rd 648 BC Horse race ( keles ) , Pankration 37th 632 BC Boys stade and wrestling 38th 628 BC Boys pentathlon 41st 616 BC Boys boxing 65th 520 BC Hoplite race ( hoplitodromos ) 70th 500 BC Mule - cart race ( apene ) 93rd 408 BC Two horse chariot race ( synoris ) 96th 396 BC Competition for heralds and trumpeters 99th 384 BC Tethrippon for horse over one year 128th 266 BC Chariot for horse over one year 131st 256 BC Race for horses older than one year 145th 200 BC Pankration for boys Apparently starting with just a single foot race , the program gradually increased to twenty - three contests , although no more than twenty featured at any one Olympiad . Participation in most events was limited to male athletes except for women who were allowed to take part by entering horses in the equestrian events . Youth events are recorded as starting in 632 BC . Our knowledge of how the events were performed primarily derives from the paintings of athletes found on many on vases , particularly those of the Archaic and Classical periods . Running ( edit ) A section of the stone starting line at Olympia , which has a groove for each foot The only event recorded at the first thirteen games was the stade , a straight - line sprint of just over 192 metres . The diaulos ( lit . `` double pipe '' ) , or two - stade race , is recorded as being introduced at the 14th Olympiad in 724 BC . It is thought that competitors ran in lanes marked out with lime or gypsum for the length of a stade then turned around separate posts ( kampteres ) , before returning to the start line . Xenophanes wrote that `` Victory by speed of foot is honored above all . '' A third foot race , the dolichos ( `` long race '' ) , was introduced in the next Olympiad . Accounts of the race 's distance differ , it seems to have been from twenty to twenty - four laps of the track , around 7.5 km to 9 km , although it may have been lengths rather than laps and thus half as far . The last running event added to the Olympic program was the hoplitodromos , or `` Hoplite race '' , introduced in 520 BC and traditionally run as the last race of the games . Competitors ran either a single or double diaulos ( approximately 400 or 800 metres ) in full military armour . The hoplitodromos was based on a war tactic of soldiers running in full armor to surprise the enemy . Combat ( edit ) Pankration scene : the pankriatiast on the right tries to gouge his opponent 's eye ; the umpire is about to strike him for this foul . Detail from an Attic red - figure kylix c. 490 - 480 BC , British Museum Wrestling ( pale ) is recorded as being introduced at the 18th Olympiad . Three throws were necessary for win . A throw was counted if the body , hip , back or shoulder ( and possibly knee ) touched the ground . If both competitors fell nothing was counted . Unlike its modern counterpart Greco - Roman wrestling , it is likely that tripping was allowed . Boxing ( pygmachia ) was first listed in 688 BC , the boys event sixty years later . The laws of boxing were ascribed to the first Olympic champion Onomastus of Smyrna . It appears body - blows were either not permitted or not practised . The Spartans , who claimed to have invented boxing , quickly abandoned it and did not take part in boxing competitions . At first the boxers wore himantes ( sing . himas ) , long leather strips which were wrapped around their hands . The pankration was introduced in the 33rd Olympiad ( 648 BC ) . Boys ' pankration became an Olympic event in 200 BC , in the 145th Olympiad . As well as techniques from boxing and wrestling , athletes used kicks , locks , and chokes on the ground . Although the only prohibitions were against biting and gouging , the pankration was regarded as less dangerous than boxing . One of the most popular events , Pindar wrote eight odes praising victors of the pankration . A famous event in the sport was the posthumous victory of Arrhichion of Phigaleia who `` expired at the very moment when his opponent acknowledged himself beaten . '' Pentathlon ( edit ) Main article : Ancient Olympic pentathlon The pentathlon was a combined competition in five events : running , long jump , discus throw , javelin throw and wrestling . The pentathlon is said to have first appeared at 18th Olympiad in 708 BC . The competition was held on single day , but it is not known how the victor was decided , or in what order the events occurred , except that it finished with the wrestling . Equestrian ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2016 ) Equestrian events , otherwise known as horse racing , were the most prestigious competitions in the games , due to only the wealthy being able to afford the maintenance and transportation of horses . These races consisted of different events : the four - horse chariot , the two - horse chariot , and the horse with rider who was hand picked by the owner . The four - horse chariot was the first equestrian event , introduced in 680 BC . How this worked , were , two of the horses were harnessed under a Yoke in the middle , and the two outer horses were attached with a rope . The two - horse chariot was later introduced at Olympia at 408 BC . The horse with rider competition on the other hand , was introduced in 648 BC . In this race , Greeks did n't use saddles or stirrups , so they required good grip and balance . In 67 AD , the Roman Emperor Nero competed in the chariot race at Olympia . Nero was thrown from his chariot and was not able to finish the race , but Nero was declared the winner on the basis that Nero would have won if he finished the race . Famous athletes ( edit ) Main article : List of ancient Olympic victors Ancient list of Olympic victors of the 75th to the 78th , and from the 81st to the 83rd Olympiads ( 480 -- 468 BC , 456 -- 448 BC ) . From Sparta Cynisca of Sparta ( owner of a four - horse chariot ) ( first woman to be listed as an Olympic victor ) From Rhodes : Diagoras of Rhodes ( boxing 79th Olympiad , 464 BC ) and his sons Akusilaos and Damagetos ( boxing and pankration ) Leonidas of Rhodes ( running : stadion , diaulos and hoplitodromos ) ( His record of 12 individual olympic titans was broken in 2016 by Michael Phelps who received his 13th original title . ) From Croton : Astylos of Croton ( running : stadion , diaulos and hoplitodromos ) Milo of Croton ( wrestling ) Timasitheos of Croton ( wrestling ) From other cities / kingdoms : Koroibos of Elis ( stadion , the very first Olympic champion ) Orsippus of Megara ( running : diaulos ) Theagenes of Thasos ( boxer , pankratiast and runner ) Alexander I of Macedon ( running : stadion ) Non-Greek : Tiberius ( steerer of a four - horse chariot ) Nero ( steerer of a ten - horse chariot ) Varastades , Prince and future King of Armenia , last known Ancient Olympic victor ( boxing ) during the 291st Olympic Games in the 4th century Olympic festivals in other places ( edit ) Main article : Ancient Greek Olympic festivals Athletic festivals under the name of `` Olympic games '' , named in imitation of the original festival at Olympia , were established over time in various places all over the Greek world . Some of these are only known to us by inscriptions and coins ; but others , as the Olympic festival at Antioch , obtained great celebrity . After these Olympic festivals had been established in several places , the great Olympic festival itself was sometimes designated in inscriptions by the addition of Pisa . See also ( edit ) List of ancient olympic victors Pindar Epinikion Heraea Games Olympic Games Nemean Games Isthmian Games Panathenaic Games Olympic Games ceremony Archaeological Museum of Olympia Ludi , the Roman games influenced by Greek traditions New Testament athletic metaphors Prizes Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ὀλύμπια the Olympic games , in honour of Olympian Zeus '' . perseus.tuft.edu . Jump up ^ `` 15 - 04 - 16 Χαιρετισμός των Υπουργών Ν. Φίλη και Α. Μπαλτά για την Παγκόσμια Ημέρα Μνημείων και Τοποθεσιών '' . Greek ministry of Education Research and Religious affairs . Πανελλήνια συμμετοχή είχαν : τα Ολύμπια , που διεξάγονταν κάθε τέσσερα χρόνια στην Αρχαία Ολυμπία προς τιμήν του Διός , Jump up ^ Francis Edward Jackson VALPY ( 1832 ) . Second Greek Delectus ; or , new Analecta Minora ... With English notes , and a copious Greek and English lexicon , etc . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Grieksch leesboek voor eerstbeginnenden : ingerigt ten dienste der Hollandsche jeugd . H.C.A. Thieme. 1811 . p. 248 . ^ Jump up to : Henry Cary ( 1843 ) . A Lexicon to Herodotus , Greek and English , Adapted to the Text of Grisford and Bachr. J. Vincent and . p. 279 . ^ Jump up to : Fridericus Gulielmus Sturz ( 1818 ) . Etymologicum graciae linguae Gudianum et alia grammaticorum scripta e codicibus manuscriptis nunc primum edita Accedunt notae ad Aymologicion magnum ineditae E.H. Barkeri , Innr . Bekkeri , Lud . Kulencampii , Amad . Peyronialiorumque . Weigel . p. 371 . Jump up ^ `` Ο _̓ λυμπιάς 1 pecul . fem. of Ὀλύμπιος '' . 1. the Olympic games , Hdt. , Pind . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Olympic Games . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ David Sansone , Ancient Greek civilization , Wiley - Blackwell , 2003 , p. 32 Jump up ^ Robert Malcolm Errington , A history of Macedonia , University of California Press , 1990 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Joseph Roisman , Ian Worthington , A Companion to Ancient Macedonia , Wiley - Blackwell , 2010 , p. 16 ^ Jump up to : `` The Ancient Olympics '' . The Perseus Project . Tufts University . Archived from the original on 10 February 2010 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Kyle , 1999 , p. 101 Jump up ^ Kyle , 1999 , pp. 101 -- 102 Jump up ^ Kyle , 1999 , p. 102 Jump up ^ Spivey , 2005 , pp. 225 -- 226 Jump up ^ Pausanias , Description of Greece , 5.7. 6 - 9 Jump up ^ Spivey , 2005 , p. 226 Jump up ^ Kyle , 1999 , pp. 102 -- 103 Jump up ^ Kyle , 1999 , p. 102 -- 104 Jump up ^ Wendy J. Raschke ( 15 June 1988 ) . Archaeology Of The Olympics : The Olympics & Other Festivals In Antiquity . Univ of Wisconsin Press . pp. 22 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 11334 - 6 . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Patay - Horváth , András ( 2015 ) . The Origins of the Olympic Games . Budapest : Archaeolingua . ISBN 978 - 963 - 9911 - 72 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Ancient Olympic Games '' . HickokSports. 4 February 2005 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2002 . Retrieved 13 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Pausanias : v. 16 . 2 Jump up ^ Pindar : Pythian Odes ix Jump up ^ Plutarch , Numa Pompilius 1.4 Jump up ^ Dionysius , 1.74 - 1 - 3 . Little remains of Eratosthenes ' Chronographiae , but its academic influence is clearly demonstrated here in the Roman Antiquities by Dionysius of Halicarnassus . Jump up ^ Denis Feeney in Caesar 's Calendar : Ancient Time and the Beginnings of History . ( Berkeley and Los Angeles , California : University of California Press , 2007 ) , 84 . Jump up ^ `` The Athletics of the Ancient Olympics : A Summary and Research Tool '' by Kotynski , p. 3 ( Quote used with permission ) . For the calculation of the date , see Kotynski footnote 6 . Jump up ^ See , for example , Alfred Mallwitz 's article `` Cult and Competition Locations at Olympia '' p. 101 in which he argues that the games may not have started until about 704 BC . Hugh Lee , on the other hand , in his article `` The ' First ' Olympic Games of 776 B.C.E '' p. 112 , follows an ancient source that claims that there were twenty - seven Olympiads before the first one was recorded in 776 . There are no records of Olympic victors extant from earlier than the fifth century BC . Jump up ^ Yalouris , N. 1976 . The Olympic Games - through the ages . Print Jump up ^ David C. Young ( 15 April 2008 ) . A Brief History of the Olympic Games . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 135 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 77775 - 6 . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Tony Perrottet ( 8 June 2004 ) . The Naked Olympics : The True Story of the Ancient Games . Random House Digital , Inc . pp. 190 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58836 - 382 - 4 . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Golden , Mark , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Stanton , 2000 , pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Stanton , 2000 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Hansen , 2006 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Hansen , 2006 , pp. 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Hansen , 2006 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Hansen , 2006 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Raschke , 1988 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Spivey , 2005 , p. 172 Jump up ^ Spivey , 2005 , pp. 182 -- 183 Jump up ^ Lendering , Jona . `` Peloponnesian War '' . Livius , Articles on Ancient History . Archived from the original on 13 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Thucydides . The History of the Peloponnesian War . 5 . Translated by Richard Crawley . The Internet Classics Archive . ISBN 0 - 525 - 26035 - 8 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Swaddling , 1999 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Strassler & Hanson , 1996 , pp. 332 -- 333 Jump up ^ Kyle , 2007 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Crowther Jump up ^ Young , p. 18 Jump up ^ Miller , p. 33 Jump up ^ Miller , p. 44 Jump up ^ Golden , p. 55 . `` The dolichos varied in length from seven to twenty - four lengths of the stadium - from 1,400 to 4,800 Greek feet . '' Jump up ^ Miller , p. 32 `` The sources are not unanimous about the length of this race : some claim that it was twenty laps of the stadium track , others that it was twenty - four . It may have differed from site to site , but it was in the range of 7.5 to 9 kilometers . '' Jump up ^ Miller , p. 33 Jump up ^ Gardiner , p. 374 - ^ Jump up to : Miller , p. 51 ^ Jump up to : Gardiner , p. 402 Jump up ^ Gardiner , p. 421 Jump up ^ To judge from the story of Damoxenos and Kreugas who boxed at the Nemean Games , after a long battle with no result combatants could agree to a free exchange of hits . ( Gardiner , p. 432 ) Jump up ^ Gardiner , p. 435 Jump up ^ Miller , p. 60 Jump up ^ Gardiner , p. 445 - 6 `` Galen , in his skit on the Olympic games , awards the prize ( in the pakration ) to the donkey , as the best of all animals in kicking . '' Jump up ^ Finley & Pleket , p. 41 Jump up ^ Gardiner , p. 437 Jump up ^ Gardiner , p. 438 Jump up ^ 450 and Miller , p. 59 Jump up ^ Gariner , p. 359 Jump up ^ Miller , p. 60 Jump up ^ Young , p. 32 Jump up ^ Young , p. 19 Jump up ^ Gardiner , p. 362 - 3 Jump up ^ Gardiner , p. 362 - 5 Jump up ^ Gardiner , p. 363 Jump up ^ http://ancientolympics.arts.kuleuven.be/eng/TC008aEN.html `` Four - horse chariot '' Jump up ^ http://ancientolympics.arts.kuleuven.be/eng/TC008bEN.html `` Two - horse chariot '' Jump up ^ http://ancientolympics.arts.kuleuven.be/eng/TC008cEN.html `` Horse with rider '' Jump up ^ `` Olympic Games We No Longer Play '' . 2016 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Phelps beats 2,168 - year - old Olympic record held by Leonidas of Rhodes '' . Retrieved 26 Jan 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Olympic Games '' . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Herodotus , Book 5 : Terpsichore , 22 Jump up ^ Tiberius , AD 1 or earlier -- cf . Ehrenberg & Jones , Documents Illustrating the Reigns of Augustus and Tiberius ( Oxford 1955 ) p. 73 ( n. 78 ) Jump up ^ 369 according to Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece by Nigel Wilson , 2006 , Routledge ( UK ) or 385 according to Classical Weekly by Classical Association of the Atlantic States Jump up ^ William Smith , A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities , 1875 -- ancientlibrary.com Archived 6 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . References ( edit ) Gardiner , E.N. ( 1910 ) . Greek athletic sports and festivals . London : Macmillan . Gardiner , E. Norman , Athletics of the Ancient World , 246 pages , 200 + illustrations , with new material , Oxford University Press , 1930 Young , David C. ( 2004 ) . A Brief History of the Olympic Games ( PDF ) . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 1 - 405 - 11130 - 5 . Miller , Stephen G. ( 2006 ) . Ancient Greek Athletics . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11529 - 6 . Golden , Mark , Sport and Society in Ancient Greece , Cambridge University Press , 1998 . Hansen , Mogens Herman ( 2006 ) . Polis , an Introduction to the Ancient Greek City - State . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 920849 - 2 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Hanson , Victor Davis ; Strassler , Robert B. ( 1996 ) . The Landmark Thucydides . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 9087 - 3 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Kotynski , Edward J. The Athletics of the Ancient Olympics : A Summary and Research Tool. 2006 . ( Archived 2009 - 10 - 25 ) ; new link Kyle , Donald G. ( 2007 ) . Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World . Oxford , England : Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 22970 - 4 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Mallowitz , Alfred . Cult and Competition Locations at Olympia . Raschke 79 -- 109 . Miller , Stephen . `` The Date of Olympic Festivals '' . Mitteilungen : Des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts , Athenische Abteilung . Vol. 90 ( 1975 ) : 215 -- 237 . Patay - Horváth , András ( 2015 ) . The Origins of the Olympic Games . Budapest : Archaeolingua Foundation . ISBN 978 - 963 - 9911 - 72 - 7 . Raschke , Wendy J. , ed. ( 1988 ) . The Archaeology of the Olympics : the Olympics and Other Festivals in Antiquity . Madison , Wisconsin : Wisconsin University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 11334 - 6 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Spivey , Nigel ( 2005 ) . The Ancient Olympics . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280433 - 2 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Stanton , Richard ( 2000 ) . The Forgotten Olympic Art Competitions : The story of the Olympic art competitions of the 20th century . Victoria , Canada : Trafford . ISBN 1 - 55212 - 606 - 4 . Retrieved 23 February 2010 . Swaddling , Judith ( 1999 ) . The ancient Olympic Games . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 77751 - 5 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Tufts -- `` Women and the Games '' Ancient Olympics . Research by K.U. Leuven and Peking University External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ancient Olympic Games . Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article Olympic Games . The Ancient Olympic Games virtual museum ( requires registration ) Olympiakoi Agones Ancient Olympics : General and detailed information The Ancient Olympics : A special exhibit The story of the Ancient Olympic Games The origin of the Olympics Olympia and Macedonia : Games , Gymnasia and Politics . Thomas F. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the ancient greece olympics take place | [
"The ancient Olympics had fewer events than the modern games, and only freeborn Greek men were allowed to participate,[9] although there were victorious women chariot owners. As long as they met the entrance criteria, athletes from any Greek city-state and kingdom were allowed to participate, although the Hellanodikai, the officials in charge, allowed king Alexander I of Macedon to participate in the games only after he had proven his Greek ancestry.[10][11] The games were always held at Olympia rather than moving between different locations as is the practice with the modern Olympic Games.[12] Victors at the Olympics were honored, and their feats chronicled for future generations."
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190818864213231148 | 47 Meters Down | 47 Meters Down - wikipedia 47 Meters Down Jump to : navigation , search 47 Meters Down Theatrical release poster Directed by Johannes Roberts Produced by James Harris Mark Lane Written by Johannes Roberts Ernest Riera Starring Claire Holt Mandy Moore Chris J. Johnson Yani Gellman Santiago A. Segura Matthew Modine Music by Tomandandy Cinematography Mark Silk Edited by Martin Brinkler Production companies The Fyzz Facility Dragon Root Flexibon Films Lantica Pictures Tea Shop & Film Company Distributed by Entertainment Studios Release date 12 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 12 ) ( Regency Village Theatre ) 16 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) ( United States ) 26 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 26 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 85 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English Budget $5.5 million Box office $53.8 million 47 Meters Down is a 2017 British survival horror film directed by Johannes Roberts , written by Roberts and Ernest Riera , and starring Claire Holt and Mandy Moore . The plot follows two sisters who go on holiday in Mexico , and are invited to cage dive and see sharks up close . When the cable holding the cage breaks and it plummets to the ocean floor with the two girls trapped inside , they must find a way to escape , with their air supplies running low and great white sharks stalking nearby . It was released in the United States on 16 June 2017 and in the United Kingdom on 26 July 2017 . The film received mixed reviews but was a box office success , grossing over $53 million worldwide against a budget of $5.5 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Release 3.1 Box office 3.2 Critical response 4 Sequel 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Lisa ( Mandy Moore ) and Kate ( Claire Holt ) are sisters on holiday in Mexico . Lisa 's boyfriend has broken up with her because `` she made the relationship boring '' . Kate attempts to cheer Lisa up by taking her out drinking and dancing at 1 : 00 am . As they journey out to the cage diving spot , Captain Taylor baits the sharks . Lisa is skeptical about the entire dive , but Captain Taylor dismisses her concerns . The locals dive first in the cage . Unbeknownst to everyone on the boat , the cable supporting the cage starts to fray . The men return to the surface unharmed and Captain Taylor prepares to send Lisa and Kate down . While Lisa and Kate are in the cage , it breaks off of the boat , sending them to the sea floor -- 47 meters down ( 154 ft . ) . This also takes them out of communication range . Kate swims up to forty meters to resume communications with Captain Taylor , who tells her Javier ( Chris J. Johnson ) will be coming down with a spare winch to pull them up . He also advises them to stay in the cage as the sharks are all around . Both women are quickly running out of air , but they wait in the cage until they see a torch in the distance . Thinking that Javier can not see them , Lisa swims out to get him , as Kate 's air is lower due to the previous swim . Lisa swims towards the light , low to the sea floor to avoid shark attacks from the bottom . A shark tries to attack Lisa but she swims into a small grotto to avoid it . Continuing to go towards the light , she comes to a crevasse with no bottom in sight . Swimming over the cliff towards the light she finds the torch but no Javier . While looking around , she gets confused about her distance from the cage and Kate . Just as Javier appears and attempts to usher her back towards safety he is attacked and killed by a shark . Lisa takes Javier 's spear gun and the spare winch , and swims back towards the cage . With the newly acquired torch as well as the spear gun Lisa swims up and notifies Taylor to pull them up . Disaster strikes as they are being winched to safety -- the replacement winch line snaps and the cage descends back to the sea floor . This time , the cage lands on Lisa 's leg , pinning her down . Lisa and Kate panic as they realise they are now both low on options as well as air . Kate decides to swim up to communication range so that she can tell Taylor about their low air as well as Lisa 's predicament . She succeeds and Captain Taylor tells her he is sending down some air tanks and the Mexican coast guard is an hour out . He also warns her that the second tank may cause nitrogen narcosis which can lead to hallucinations . Kate finds the air tanks just as her original tank goes empty . She also finds the three flares for them to use to signal the coast guard . As she returns to the cage , Kate is attacked and dragged away by a shark . Lisa , still pinned and running low on air , uses the spear from the spear gun to pull the tank towards her . In the process , she is cut by the spear on her hand . She attaches the new tank , and shortly after doing so , she hears Kate communicating with her over their radio ; Kate is injured and low on air , and the blood is attracting more sharks . Lisa states she will find her , and uses her BCD to lift up the cage , freeing her leg . After Lisa finds Kate , Taylor informs them the coast guard is still some time out and they need to get back in the cage . Lisa adamantly refuses due to the nature of Kate 's wounds , and they decide to swim to the surface . As they begin to swim up , they use one of the three flares to scare the sharks . At the 20 - meter mark , they are reminded by Taylor they must wait five minutes for their blood levels to acclimate . During this time , the first flare burns out . Reaching for the second flare , Kate drops it . Lisa lights the third flare , which reveals the face of a shark . The sisters are now surrounded by them and must rush to the surface . Taylor yells for them to drop their gear and make a break for the surface . They swim as fast as they can to the surface near the boat . As they cling to a life ring to get to the boat , one of the sharks bites Lisa 's leg and pulls her back down to the water . Lisa fights the shark by hitting it and gouging its eye out , which causes the shark to release her . Captain Taylor and the other men are able to pull Lisa and Kate onto the boat and begin administering first aid . However , as Lisa stares at her hand on the deck of the boat , it is revealed that she has been hallucinating for some time due to the excess nitrogen in her blood from the air tanks . Her leg is still trapped under the cage on the ocean floor as she laughs and imagines that she is talking to Kate on the boat deck . The coast guard comes to rescue her and carries Lisa to the surface without Kate . Lisa , as she is slowly and cautiously being brought to the surface , comes out of her hallucination , and also notices her sister is not with her . She starts to cry and call out to Kate , realising that Kate was killed . Cast ( edit ) Mandy Moore as Lisa Claire Holt as Kate Chris J. Johnson as Javier Yani Gellman as Louis Santiago A. Segura as Benjamin Matthew Modine as Captain Taylor Release ( edit ) Original distributor Dimension Films had initially set a North American DVD and VOD release date for 2 August 2016 . However , on 25 July 2016 , Variety reported that Dimension had sold the rights to Entertainment Studios . Entertainment Studios cancelled the 2 August home release and instead committed to a theatrical release in the United States in summer 2017 . The working title for the film was 47 Meters Down , which Dimension had changed to In the Deep for their home release , but upon acquiring the film Entertainment Studios reverted to the original title . Dimension had already sent out screeners and shipped DVDs to retailers before the deal took place . The DVDs , under the title In the Deep , were recalled ; however , several retailers broke the street date , and a handful of physical copies were sold and have since turned up on eBay as collectors ' items . After the purchase , Entertainment Studios reverted to the original title 47 Meters Down . The film was released theatrically in the United States on 16 June 2017 . Box office ( edit ) As of August 20 , 2017 , 47 Meters Down has grossed $43.7 million in the United States and Canada and $9 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $52.7 million , against a production budget of $5.5 million . In North America , 47 Meters Down was released alongside All Eyez on Me , Rough Night and Cars 3 , and was initially projected to gross around $5 million from 2,300 theatres in its opening weekend . It made $4.5 million on its first day ( including $735,000 from Thursday night previews ) , increasing weekend estimates to $11 million . It went on to debut to $11.5 million , finishing 5th at the box office . In its second weekend , the film dropped 34 % , grossing $7.4 million and finishing 4th at the box office . As of September 2017 , the film was the highest - grossing indie film of 2017 . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 54 % based on 107 reviews , with an average rating of 5.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` 47 Meters Down does n't take its terrifying premise quite as far as it should , but its toothy antagonists still offer a few thrills for less demanding genre enthusiasts . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating , the film has a score of 52 out of 100 , based on 24 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` C '' on an A+ to F scale . Sequel ( edit ) On September 8 , 2017 , it was announced that production studio , The Fyzz Facility , is working on a sequel titled 48 Meters Down . Roberts , Riera , and Harris will both return as director / writer , co-writer , and producer , respectively . The sequel will take place in Brazil and center around a group of young women who decide to explore some hidden underwater ruins located off - the - beaten trail . Production will be overseen by Altitude Film Sales , with potential buyers currently being sought in Toronto . See also ( edit ) List of killer shark films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 47 Meters Down ( 2017 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 47 Meters Down ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 47 Meters Down ( 2017 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Selcke , Dan ( 7 May 2015 ) . `` Mandy Moore to be trapped in a cage surrounded by sharks in 47 Metres Down '' . A.V. Club . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Miska , Brad ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` ' 47 Metres Down ' is Hitting Theaters During `` Shark Week '' ! `` . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Tinta , Mark ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` In Theaters : 47 METERS DOWN ( 2017 ) '' . Good Efficient Butchery . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 25 July 2016 ) . `` Mandy Moore 's Shark Tale ' 47 Meters Down ' Bought From Weinsteins '' . Variety . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pixar 's ' Cars 3 ' should unseat ' Wonder Woman ' at the box office '' . Los Angeles Times . 13 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Cars 3 ' $53 M+ Is Third Best Debut For Pixar Series ; ' Wonder Woman ' Still Wows With $40 M+ ; ' All Eyez on Me ' Solid '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why ' Transformers ' Is Screaming For Reboot After $69 M Start ; ' Wonder Woman ' & ' Cars 3 ' Fight Over 2nd Place '' . Deadline.com. 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Erbland , Kate . `` The 20 Highest Grossing Indies of 2017 ( A Running List ) -- IndieWire '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 47 Meters Down ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 47 Meters Down reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Cureton , Sean ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` 47 Meters Down is Getting a Sequel From the Same Director '' . Screenrant . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : 47 Meters Down 47 Meters Down on IMDb 47 Meters Down at Rotten Tomatoes Stewart , Sara ( 15 June 2017 ) . `` Why Mandy Moore 's Shark Movie Hired a ' Broccoli Wrangler ' '' . New York Post . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=47_Meters_Down&oldid=801141188 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films British films Films about survivors of seafaring accidents or incidents Survival films Films about sharks Films about solitude Films set on beaches Films set on islands Films set in the Dominican Republic Films set in 2016 Killer shark films Seafaring films British adventure films British drama films British horror films British thriller films 2010s adventure films 2010s drama films 2017 horror films 2010s thriller films Natural horror films Horror adventure films Sea adventure films Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 22 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when will 47 metres down be released in the uk | [
"The plot follows two sisters who go on holiday in Mexico, and are invited to cage dive and see sharks up close. When the cable holding the cage breaks and it plummets to the ocean floor with the two girls trapped inside, they must find a way to escape, with their air supplies running low and great white sharks stalking nearby. It was released in the United States on 16 June 2017 and in the United Kingdom on 26 July 2017. The film received mixed reviews but was a box office success, grossing over $53 million worldwide against a budget of $5.5 million."
] | [
"26 July 2017"
] |
-8769059508226066155 | Scotty Grainger | Scotty Grainger - wikipedia Scotty Grainger Jump to : navigation , search Scotty Grainger Daniel Hall as Scotty Grainger The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Hannah and Jessica Gist ( 1993 -- 94 ) Joseph Tello ( 1993 -- 94 ) Gemini Barnett ( 1994 ) Blair Redford ( 2005 -- 06 ) Daniel Hall ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( and child actors ) Duration 1991 -- 94 2005 -- 06 2017 -- 18 First appearance 1991 Last appearance January 17 , 2018 Created by William J. Bell Introduced by William J. Bell and Edward J. Scott ( 1991 ) John F. Smith ( 2005 ) Mal Young and Sally Sussman Morina ( 2017 ) Classification Former ; regular Profile Other names Scott Grainger Jr . Occupation Publisher and editor - in - chief of Hashtag Digital News Company , a Newman subsidiary Former Sr. Vice-President of Special Projects at Newman Enterprises Former Journalist for a British news service Formerly worked undercover for the Department of Justice Former College student working on a masters in education Former Teaching assistant Residence London , England Blair Redford as Scotty Grainger ( show ) Family Parents Scott Grainger Sr . Lauren Fenmore Stepfather Michael Baldwin Half - brothers Dylan Fenmore ( legal ) Fenmore Baldwin Grandparents James Grainger Neil Fenmore Joanna Manning Aunts Christine Blair Jill Abbott First cousins Phillip Chancellor III Billy Abbott Scotty Grainger is a fictional character from the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless . He was played by actor Blair Redford from July 2005 until January 2006 . In January 2017 , Soap Opera Digest announced that Daniel Hall had been recast in the role . In January 2018 , Hall was written out of the show , he last aired on January 17 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character history 1.1 Childhood 1.2 2005 -- 06 1.3 2012 1.4 2017 -- 2 References 3 External links Character history ( edit ) Childhood ( edit ) In 1989 , Lauren Fenmore ( Tracey E. Bregman ) and Dr. Scott Grainger ( Peter Barton ) got married , but Sheila Carter ( Kimberlin Brown ) wanted Scott for herself . She drugged him in order to get herself pregnant , and she and Lauren were both pregnant by Scott at the same time . Scott then divorced Lauren out of obligation to Sheila . Then , Sheila miscarried , but she bought a baby off the black market , and she swapped the child with Lauren 's newborn son . She `` delivered '' Scott Grainger Jr. in 1991 , and Lauren raised Sheila 's black market baby , Dylan , until he died from meningitis at the age of one year in 1992 . Soon after , Sheila 's mother , Molly Carter ( Marilyn Alex ) , revealed the truth to Lauren and Scott . The couple were reunited with their son , and they got re-married in 1992 . Unfortunately , Scott contracted a terminal illness in the same year , and he died shortly after . Lauren then moved to Los Angeles , and she took Scotty with her . Over the next few years , Lauren traveled the world . It was revealed during that time that Scotty spent his childhood in boarding school . Lauren returned to Genoa City in 2001 while Scotty was still in school . 2005 -- 06 ( edit ) After her return , Lauren married Michael Baldwin ( Christian LeBlanc ) in 2005 . Michael soon quizzed Lauren about her rarely mentioned son , Scotty , hopeful that he would attend the wedding , and they could finally meet , but Lauren was evasive . After a failed internet search , Michael 's half - brother , Kevin Fisher ( Greg Rikaart ) , called Scotty from Lauren 's cell phone , and they traced the boy to Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Michael went to Canada to meet his future stepson , now a 24 - year - old college student , working on his Masters in Education with a specialty in creative writing . Scotty , using `` Scott '' professionally , disclosed that he had never been back to Genoa City since he was a toddler . Still , Lauren visited him often during his stays in boarding school . Scott had always wondered why his mother was so secretive , but he gave up asking a long time ago . Not long after Michael returned to Genoa City , Lauren decided to tell Scott about her impending marriage , but Scott admitted that he had already met Michael . Lauren felt betrayed by Michael , but he later reminded her about how she disliked his family secrets . After Lauren left Scott 's apartment , Sheila Carter walked out of Scott 's bedroom . Sheila was taking college courses , and Scott , who looked just like his father , was her tutor . Sheila gave Scott an idea for a novel . Unknown to him , the story was of Sheila and his mother 's past , but Sheila made Lauren out to be the evil - doer who stole Sheila 's baby when it was really the other way around . Meanwhile , Michael discovered Lauren and Sheila 's history , and he visited `` Sheila '' in a Californian prison for the criminally insane . This woman was not Sheila , but `` Sugar '' ( also played by Kimberlin Brown ) , who had plastic surgery to look like Sheila . She escaped from prison for two months before turning herself in . Scott came to Genoa City for his mother 's wedding and Sheila followed him there in disguise . She soon hooked up with Kevin Fisher 's abusive father , `` Terrible Tom '' Fisher ( Roscoe Born ) . Not realizing that Shelia was intent on murder , Tom was conned into joining her plot to get back at Lauren by planting a bomb on Lauren and Michael 's honeymoon yacht . Lauren was presumed dead , but Tom saved her in time . He kept Lauren and Sheila captive until Lauren convinced him that Sheila was evil . John Abbott ( Jerry Douglas ) discovered that Lauren was being held hostage , and in his attempt to rescue her , Tom was fatally shot in 2006 . Lauren and Sheila worked together to escape from the bomb shelter that they were being held in . Sheila left town after the shelter caved in , and she was severely hurt . Luckily , Lauren came out unscathed , and she reunited with Scott and Michael . Scott decided to stay in Genoa City with his mother , but he soon faded into the background . Several months later in 2006 , Lauren revealed that Scott moved back to Toronto . 2012 ( edit ) When Daisy was freed from prison , Lauren felt extremely endangered . She was scared that Daisy would torture her and her family , so she decided to send Fenmore Baldwin , her son with Michael Baldwin to live with Scotty until the matter with Daisy is resolved . 2017 -- ( edit ) By 2017 Scott was writing articles for a news service , and was working on a refugee project in a war zone . His mother , Lauren became concerned when she stopped hearing from him , then received a call that was disconnected . Lauren received word that the State Department believed that Scott was missing , although alive and possibly held captive . Scott had left for an interview , but he nor his driver had been heard from since . Lauren received another call from Scott which was again disconnected . He was eventually rescued by Kevin Fisher . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ SOD ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive ! Y&R Recasts Lauren 's Son '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` Daniel Hall Addresses His Y&R Status As Scott '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` Daniel Hall Off The Young and the Restless ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . United States : Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Scotty Grainger profile - Soapcentral.com The Young and the Restless Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew William J. Bell Lee Phillip Bell Mal Young Families Newman Abbott Chancellor Barber / Winters Related articles Genoa City Storylines The Bold and the Beautiful Victor and Nikki Nick and Sharon J.T. and Colleen Daniel and Lily Devon and Hilary `` Nadia 's Theme '' ( hide ) The Young and the Restless characters ( hide ) Present and future characters Ashley Abbott Billy Abbott Jack Abbott Jill Abbott John Abbott Johnny Abbott Kyle Abbott Traci Abbott Cane Ashby Charlie Ashby Mattie Ashby Sam Ashby Lily Winters Colin Atkinson Michael Baldwin Gloria Abbott Bardwell Christine Blair Mariah Copeland Hilary Curtis Lauren Fenmore Kevin Fisher Devon Hamilton J.T. Hellstrom Reed Hellstrom Dina Mergeron Leslie Michaelson Abby Newman Christian Newman Faith Newman Katie Newman Nicholas Newman Nikki Newman Sharon Newman Victor Newman Victoria Newman Barton Shelby Phyllis Summers Esther Valentine Paul Williams Neil Winters Past characters Kelly Andrews Genevieve Atkinson Avery Bailey Clark Eden Baldwin Fenmore Baldwin Jeffrey Bardwell Isabella Braña Mackenzie Browning Brad Carlton Colleen Carlton Daisy Carter Sheila Carter Chance Chancellor Katherine Chancellor Joe Clark Matt Clark Greg Foster Dr. Snapper Foster Sam Gibson Scotty Grainger Diego Guittierez Nathan Hastings Jana Hawkes Juliet Helton Brittany Hodges Cole Howard Diane Jenkins Mamie Johnson Anita Lawson Chelsea Lawson Leanna Love Ronan Malloy Dylan McAvoy Tucker McCall Ryan McNeil Tyler Michaelson Chloe Mitchell Amber Moore Adam Newman Cassie Newman Connor Newman Noah Newman Summer Newman Cassandra Rawlins Stitch Rayburn Gina Roma Daniel Romalotti Danny Romalotti Luca Santori Deacon Sharpe Marisa Sierras Rex Sterling Heather Stevens Grace Turner Angelina Veneziano Ian Ward Sage Warner Nina Webster Patty Williams Ricky Williams Hope Wilson Drucilla Winters Malcolm Winters Olivia Winters Character lists 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Newman family Abbott family Chancellor family Barber / Winters family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scotty_Grainger&oldid=835859089 '' Categories : The Young and the Restless characters Fictional writers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 06 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays scott granger on young and restless | [
"Scotty Grainger is a fictional character from the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless. He was played by actor Blair Redford from July 2005 until January 2006. In January 2017, Soap Opera Digest announced that Daniel Hall had been recast in the role.[1] In January 2018, Hall was written out of the show, he last aired on January 17.[2][3]",
"Scotty Grainger is a fictional character from the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless. He was played by actor Blair Redford from July 2005 until January 2006. In January 2017, Soap Opera Digest announced that Daniel Hall had been recast in the role.[1] In January 2018, Hall was written out of the show, he last aired on January 17.[2][3]"
] | [
"Blair Redford",
"Daniel Hall"
] |
-990114323217115535 | Russian Far East | Russian Far East - Wikipedia Russian Far East Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian . ( June 2012 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . ( show ) View a machine - translated version of the Russian article . Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . You should also add the template ( ( Translated ru Дальний Восток России ) ) to the talk page . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation . Far Eastern Federal District ( highlighted ) The Russian Far East ( Russian : Дальний Восток России , tr . Dal'niy Vostok Rossii ; IPA : ( ˈdaljnjɪj vɐˈstok rɐˈsjiɪ ) ) is the Russian part of the Far East , i.e. the extreme east parts of Russia , between Lake Baikal in Eastern Siberia and the Pacific Ocean . The Far Eastern Federal District , which covers this area , borders with the Siberian Federal District to the west . The Far Eastern Federal District has land borders with the People 's Republic of China and North Korea to the south west and maritime borders with Japan and the United States . Although traditionally considered part of Siberia , the Russian Far East is categorized separately from Siberia in Russian regional schemes ( and previously during the Soviet era when it was called the Soviet Far East ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 1.1 In Russia 2 Geographic features 3 Fauna 3.1 Order Artiodactyla 3.2 Order Carnivora 3.2. 1 Family Felidae 3.2. 2 Family Ursidae 4 Flora 5 History 5.1 Russian exploration 5.2 Russo - Japanese War 5.3 Soviet era 5.3. 1 Soviet -- Japanese conflicts 5.3. 2 World War II 5.3. 3 Cold War 5.3. 4 Russian Homestead Act 6 Demographics 6.1 Population 6.2 Cities 6.3 Ukrainian Resettlement Program 6.4 Traditional ethnic groups 7 Transportation 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 External links Terminology ( edit ) In Russia ( edit ) In Russia , the region is usually referred to as just `` Far East '' ( Дальний Восток ) . What is known in English as the Far East is usually referred to as `` the Asia - Pacific Region '' ( Азиатско - тихоокеанский регион , abbreviated to АТР ) , or `` East Asia '' ( Восточная Азия ) . Geographic features ( edit ) Further information : Geography of Russia § Northeast Siberia and Kamchatka On the Amur in Khabarovsk Koryaksky volcano in Kamchatka Beyenchime - Salaatin crater Klyuchevskaya Sopka volcano Kuril -- Kamchatka Trench Fauna ( edit ) Order Artiodactyla ( edit ) Manchurian wapiti Siberian musk deer Order Carnivora ( edit ) Sikhote - Alin is the home to Amur tigers Family Felidae ( edit ) Amur leopard Amur tiger Family Ursidae ( edit ) Asian black bear Brown bear Polar bear Flora ( edit ) Picea obovata Pinus pumila History ( edit ) Russian exploration ( edit ) Vladivostok in the early 1900s Further information : Russian conquest of Siberia Further information : Outer Manchuria Russia reached the Pacific coast in 1647 with the establishment of Okhotsk , and consolidated its control over the Russian Far East in the 19th century . Primorskaya Oblast was established as a separate administrative division of the Russian Empire in 1856 , with its administrative center at Khabarovsk . Several entities with the name `` Far East '' had existed in the first half of the 20th century , all with rather different boundaries : 1920 -- 1922 : the Far Eastern Republic , which included Transbaikal , Amur , Primorskaya , and Kamchatka Oblasts and northern Sakhalin ; 1922 -- 1926 : Far - Eastern Oblast , which the Guberniya included Amur , Transbaikal , Kamchatka , and 1926 -- 1938 : Far - Eastern Krai , which included modern Primorsky and Khabarovsk Krais . Until 2000 , the Russian Far East lacked officially defined boundaries . A single term `` Siberia and the Far East '' ( Сибирь и Дальний Восток ) was often used to refer to Russia 's regions east of the Urals without drawing a clear distinction between `` Siberia '' and `` the Far East '' . Annual procession with the Albazin icon of Theotokos , Jewish Autonomous Region . In 2000 , Russia 's federal subjects were grouped into larger federal districts , and the Far Eastern Federal District was created , comprising Amur Oblast , Chukotka Autonomous Okrug , Jewish Autonomous Oblast , Kamchatka Oblast with Koryak Autonomous Okrug , Khabarovsk Krai , Magadan Oblast , Primorsky Krai , the Sakha ( Yakutia ) Republic , and Sakhalin Oblast . Since 2000 , the term `` Far East '' has been increasingly used in Russia to refer to the federal district , though it is often also used more loosely . Defined by the boundaries of the federal district , the Far East has an area of 6.2 million square kilometers -- over one - third of Russia 's total area . Russo - Japanese war ( edit ) Further information : Russo - Japanese War Russia in the early 1900s persistently sought a warm water port on the Pacific Ocean for the navy as well as to facilitate maritime trade . The recently established Pacific seaport of Vladivostok was operational only during the summer season , but Port Arthur in Manchuria was operational all year . After the First Sino - Japanese War and the failure of the 1903 negotiations between Japan and the Tsars 's government , Japan chose war to protect its domination of Korea and adjacent territories . Russia , meanwhile , saw war as a means of distracting its populace from government repression and of rallying patriotism in the aftermath of several general strikes . Japan issued a declaration of war on 8 February 1904 . However , three hours before Japan 's declaration of war was received by the Russian Government , the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked the Russian Far East Fleet at Port Arthur . Eight days later Russia declared war on Japan . The war ended in September 1905 with a Japanese victory following the fall of Port Arthur and the failed Russian invasion of Japan through the Korean Peninsula and Northeast China ; also , Japan had threatened to invade Primorsky Krai via Korea . The Treaty of Portsmouth was later signed and both Japan and Russia agreed to evacuate Manchuria and return its sovereignty to China , but Japan was allowed to lease the Liaodong Peninsula ( containing Port Arthur and Talien ) , and the Russian rail system in southern Manchuria with its access to strategic resources . Japan also received the southern half of the Island of Sakhalin from Russia . Russia was also forced to confiscate land from Korean settlers who formed the majority of Primorsky Krai 's population due to a fear of an invasion of Korea and ousting of Japanese troops by Korean guerrillas . Soviet era ( edit ) Number and share of Ukrainians in the population of the regions of the RSFSR ( 1926 census ) Between 1937 and 1939 , the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin deported over 200,000 Koreans to Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan , fearing that the Koreans might act as spies for Japan . Many Koreans died on the way in cattle trains due to starvation , illness , or freezing conditions . Many community leaders were purged and executed , Koryo - saram were not allowed to travel outside of Central Asia for the next 15 years . Koreans were also not allowed to use the Korean language and its use began to become lost with the involvement of Koryo - mar and the use of Russian . Development of numerous remote locations relied on GULAG labour camps during Stalin 's rule , especially in the region 's northern half . After that , the large - scale use of forced labour waned and was superseded by volunteer employees attracted by relatively high wages . Soviet -- Japanese conflicts ( edit ) Main article : Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts During the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931 , the Soviets occupied Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island , Yinlong Island , and several adjacent islets to separate the city of Khabarovsk from the territory controlled by a possibly hostile power . Indeed , Japan turned its military interests to Soviet territories . Conflicts between the Japanese and the Soviets frequently happened on the border of Manchuria between 1938 and 1945 . The first confrontation occurred in Primorsky Krai , the Battle of Lake Khasan was an attempted military incursion of Manchukuo ( Japanese ) into the territory claimed by the Soviet Union . This incursion was founded in the beliefs of the Japanese side that the Soviet Union misinterpreted the demarcation of the boundary based on the Treaty of Peking between Imperial Russia and Manchu China . Primorsky Krai was always threatened by a Japanese invasion despite the fact that most of the remaining clashes occurred in Manchukuo . The clashes ended shortly before the conclusion of the World War II when a weakened Japan found its territories of Manchukuo , Mengjiang , Korea , and South Sakhalin invaded by Soviet and Mongolian troops . World war II ( edit ) Main articles : Pacific War and Soviet -- Japanese War ( 1945 ) Primorsky Krai was a strategic location in World War II for both the Soviet Union and Japan and clashes over the territory were common as the Soviets and the Allies considered it a key location to invade Japan through Korea , and Japan viewed it as a key location to begin a mass invasion of Eastern Russia . Primorsky Krai also served as the Soviet Union 's Pacific headquarters in the war to plan an invasion for allied troops of Korea in order to reach Japan . After the Soviet invasion , Manchukuo and Mengjiang were returned to China and Korea became liberated . The Soviet Union also occupied and annexed Kuril Islands and southern Sakhalin . Soviet invasion of Japan proper never happened . Cold war ( edit ) During the Korean War , Primorsky Krai became the site of extreme security concern for the Soviet Union . Vladivostok was the site of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks in 1974 . At the time , the Soviet Union and the United States decided quantitative limits on various nuclear weapons systems and banned the construction of new land - based ICBM launchers . Vladivostok and other cities in Primorsky Krai soon became closed cities because of the base of the Soviet Pacific Fleet . Incursions of American reconnaissance aircraft from nearby Alaska sometimes happened . These concerns of the Soviet military caused the infamous Korean Air Lines Flight 007 incident in 1983 . Russian Homestead act ( edit ) In 2016 , President Vladimir Putin proposed the Russian Homestead Act to populate the Russian Far East . Demographics ( edit ) Population ( edit ) Students in Vladivostok celebrating St. Tatyana 's Day , or Russian Students Day According to the 2010 Census , Far Eastern Federal District had a population of 6,293,129 . Most of it is concentrated in the southern parts . Given the vast territory of the Russian Far East , 6.3 million people translates to slightly less than one person per square kilometer , making the Russian Far East one of the most sparsely populated areas in the world . The population of the Russian Far East has been rapidly declining since the dissolution of the Soviet Union ( even more so than for Russia in general ) , dropping by 14 % in the last fifteen years . The Russian government has been discussing a range of re-population programs to avoid the forecast drop to 4.5 million people by 2015 , hoping to attract in particular the remaining Russian population of the near abroad but eventually agreeing on a program to resettle Ukrainian Illegal immigrants Graph depicting population change in the Russian Far East Ethnic Russians and Ukrainians make up the majority of the population . Cities ( edit ) 75 % of the population is urban . The largest cities are : Vladivostok Vladivostok Khabarovsk Komsomolsk - on - Amur Blagoveshchensk Yakutsk Petropavlovsk - Kamchatsky Yuzhno - Sakhalinsk Nakhodka Ussuriysk Ukrainian resettlement program ( edit ) In 2016 an ambitious program was approved which hoped to resettle at least 500,000 Ukrainians in the Far East . This included giving free land to attract voluntary immigrants from Ukraine and the settlement of refugees from East Ukraine . Traditional ethnic groups ( edit ) The original population groups of the Russian Far East include ( grouped by language group ) : Turkic : Sakha Eskimo -- Aleut : Aleuts , Siberian Yupiks ( Yuits ) Chukotko - Kamchatkan : Chukchi , Koryaks , Alutors , Kereks , Itelmens Tungusic : Evenks , Evens , Nanais , Orochs , Ul'ch , Udegey , Orok Isolate : Yukaghirs , Nivkhs , Ainus Transportation ( edit ) Transportation on the Lena River The region was not connected with the rest of Russia via domestic highways , until M58 highway was completed in 2010 . Uniquely for Russia , most cars have Right Hand Drive ( 73 % of all cars in the region ) , though traffic still flows on the right - hand side of the road . Railways were developed better . The Trans - Siberian Railway and Baikal -- Amur Mainline ( since 1984 ) provide connection with Siberia ( and the rest of the country ) . Amur -- Yakutsk Mainline is aimed to link the city of Yakutsk to the Russian railway network . Passenger trains reach Nizhny Bestyakh as of 2013 . Like in nearby Siberia , for many remote localities aviation is the main mode of transportation to / from the civilization , but the infrastructure is often poor . Maritime transport is also important for delivering supplies to localities at ( or near ) Pacific and Arctic coasts . See also ( edit ) Russia portal Geography portal Extreme North ( Russia ) Far Eastern Republic Kolyma North Asia Outer Manchuria List of Russian explorers Bering Strait Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Valerius Geist ( January 1998 ) . Deer of the World : Their Evolution , Behaviour , and Ecology . Stackpole Books . p. 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 0496 - 0 . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyambayar , B. ; Mix , H. & Tsytsulina , K. ( 2008 ) . `` Moschus moschiferus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2008 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of vulnerable . Jump up ^ Uphyrkina , O. ; Miquelle , D. ; Quigley , H. ; Driscoll , C. ; O'Brien , S.J. ( 2002 ) . `` Conservation Genetics of the Far Eastern Leopard ( Panthera pardus orientalis ) '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Heredity. 93 ( 5 ) : 303 -- 11 . PMID 12547918 . doi : 10.1093 / jhered / 93.5. 303 . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Miquelle , D. ; Darman , Y. ; Seryodkin , I. ( 2011 ) . `` Panthera tigris ssp . altaica '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2014.2 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Garshelis , D.L. ; Steinmetz , R. & IUCN SSC Bear Specialist Group ( 2008 ) . `` Ursus thibetanus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2015.2 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ McLellan , B.N. ; Servheen , C. & Huber , D. ( 2008 ) . `` Ursus arctos '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2008 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Farjon , A. ( 2013 ) . `` Pinus pumila '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2013.1 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ A. Farjon ( 2011 ) . `` Picea obovata '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2014.3 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Russian possession of the eastern half of these lands was recognized by People 's Republic of China in the treaty of 2004 , whereas the western half was then returned to China . Jump up ^ `` Go East ! Government supports Siberian resettlement of Ukraine refugees '' . 16 February 2016 . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` В России посчитали всех `` праворуких '' `` . auto.vesti.ru . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Russian Far East . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Russian Far East . Meeting of Frontiers : Siberia , Alaska , and the American West ( includes materials on Russian Far East ) Дальневосточный федеральный округ at WGEO Russian Far East Topics Cities and towns Far Eastern Federal District Far Eastern economic region Far Eastern Republic Indigenous peoples of Siberia Eastern Military District Federal subjects Amur Oblast Jewish Autonomous Oblast Kamchatka Krai Magadan Oblast Primorsky Krai Sakha Republic Sakhalin Oblast Khabarovsk Krai Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Largest cities Vladivostok Khabarovsk Komsomolsk - on - Amur Blagoveshchensk Yakutsk Petropavlovsk - Kamchatsky Yuzhno - Sakhalinsk Nakhodka Ussuriysk Magadan Birobidzhan Regions of the world Regions of Africa North Mediterranean Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East MENA Middle East Maghreb Barbary Coast Barbara Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains ( Middle Atlas ) Sahara Western Sahara Sahel Eastern Mediterranean Egypt Upper Egypt Middle Egypt Lower Egypt Cataracts of the Nile Bashmur Nubia Lower Nubia Nile Valley Nile Delta Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Sub-Saharan East Aethiopia Swahili coast East African Rift Great Rift Valley Afar Triangle Danakil Desert Danakil Alps Albertine Rift Virunga Mountains Gregory Rift Valley Southern Rift Valley Rift Valley lakes African Great Lakes Mittelafrika Horn of Africa Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna East African montane forests Sub-Saharan Central Negroland Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau Sub-Saharan West Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Negroland Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Sudanian Savanna Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Sudan ( region ) Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Sub-Saharan South Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta False Bay Hydra Bay Sub-Saharan Anglophone Africa Francophone Africa Lusophone Africa Arabophone Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Tropical Africa Islands Regions of North America Canada Eastern Canada Western Canada Canadian Prairies Central Canada Northern Canada Atlantic Canada The Maritimes French Canada English Canada Acadia Acadian Peninsula Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Peace River Country Cypress Hills Palliser 's Triangle Canadian Shield Interior Alaska - 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Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Beringia Sikhote - Alin East Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan_Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Gaza Strip West Bank Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Aegean Islands Gulf of Chania North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Southern Russia Central Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Mitteleuropa Visegrád Group West Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Normandy Brittany Gulf of Lion Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Pyrenees Alpide belt South Italian Peninsula Insular Italy Tuscan Archipelago Aegadian Islands Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Alpide belt Germanic Romance Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland Regions of Oceania Australasia Gulf of Carpentaria New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula New Zealand South Island North Island Coromandel Peninsula Zealandia New Caledonia Solomon Islands ( archipelago ) Vanuatu Kula Gulf Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands Archipelago Fiji New Caledonia Papua New Guinea Vanuatu Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands Mangareva Islands Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Ring of Fire Polar regions Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands Arctic Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Endorheic basins Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Salton Sea Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Far_East&oldid=805017002 '' Categories : Russian Far East Northeast Asia Regions of Russia Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from June 2012 All articles to be expanded Geography articles needing translation from Russian Wikipedia Articles containing Russian - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Latina Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 15 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the name of the remote eastern area of russia | [
"The Russian Far East (Russian: Дальний Восток России, tr. Dal’niy Vostok Rossii; IPA: [ˈdalʲnʲɪj vɐˈstok rɐˈsʲiɪ]) is the Russian part of the Far East, i.e. the extreme east parts of Russia, between Lake Baikal in Eastern Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. The Far Eastern Federal District, which covers this area, borders with the Siberian Federal District to the west. The Far Eastern Federal District has land borders with the People's Republic of China and North Korea to the south west and maritime borders with Japan and the United States. Although traditionally considered part of Siberia, the Russian Far East is categorized separately from Siberia in Russian regional schemes (and previously during the Soviet era when it was called the Soviet Far East)."
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"Russian Far East"
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1473838075781762820 | Mise-en-scène | Mise - en - scène - wikipedia Mise - en - scène Jump to : navigation , search Mise - en - scène ( French pronunciation : ( miz. ɑ̃. sɛn ) `` placing on stage '' ) is an expression used to describe the design aspect of a theatre or film production , which essentially means `` visual theme '' or `` telling a story '' -- both in visually artful ways through storyboarding , cinematography and stage design , and in poetically artful ways through direction . It is also commonly used to refer to multiple single scenes within the film to represent the film . Mise - en - scène has been called film criticism 's `` grand undefined term '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition in film studies 2 Key aspects 3 References 3.1 Further reading 4 External links Definition in film Studies ( edit ) The distinctive mise - en - scène of The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari ( Germany , 1920 ) features stark lighting and jagged architecture When applied to the cinema , mise - en - scène refers to everything that appears before the camera and its arrangement -- composition , sets , props , actors , costumes , and lighting . The `` mise - en - scène '' , along with the cinematography and editing of a film , influence the verisimilitude or believability of a film in the eyes of its viewers . The various elements of design help express a film 's vision by generating a sense of time and space , as well as setting a mood , and sometimes suggesting a character 's state of mind . `` Mise - en - scène '' also includes the composition , which consists of the positioning and movement of actors , as well as objects , in the shot . These are all the areas overseen by the director . One of the most important people that collaborates with the director is the production designer . These two work closely to perfect all of the aspects of the `` mise - en - scène '' a considerable amount of time before the actual photography even begins . The production designer is generally responsible for the general look of the movie , leading various departments that are in charge of individual sets , locations , props , and costumes , among other things . Andre Bazin , a well - known French film critic and film theorist , describes the mise - en - scene aesthetic as emphasizing choreographed movement within the scene rather than through editing . Because of its relationship to shot blocking , mise - en - scène is also a term sometimes used among professional screenwriters to indicate descriptive ( action ) paragraphs between the dialog . Key aspects ( edit ) Mise en scène by Constant Puyo Set design An important element of `` putting in the scene '' is set design -- the setting of a scene and the objects ( props ) visible in a scene . Set design can be used to amplify character emotion or the dominant mood , which has physical , social , psychological , emotional , economic and cultural significance in film . One of the most important decisions made by the production designer and director is deciding whether to shoot on location or on set . The main distinction between the two is that décor and props must be taken into consideration when shooting on set . However , shooting on set is more commonly done than shooting on location as a result of it proving to be more cost effective . Lighting The intensity , direction , and quality of lighting can influence an audience 's understanding of characters , actions , themes and mood . Light ( and shade ) can emphasize texture , shape , distance , mood , time of day or night , season , glamour ; it affects the way colors are rendered , both in terms of hue and depth , and can focus attention on particular elements of the composition . Highlights , for example , call attention to shapes and textures , while shadows often conceal things , creating a sense of mystery or fear . For this reason , lighting must be thoroughly planned in advance to ensure its desired effect on an audience . Cinematographers are a large part of this process , as they coordinate the camera and the lighting . Space The representation of space affects the reading of a film . Depth , proximity , size and proportions of the places and objects in a film can be manipulated through camera placement and lenses , lighting , set design , effectively determining mood or relationships between elements in the story world . Composition The organization of objects , actors and space within the frame . One of the most important concepts with the regard to the composition of a film is maintaining a balance of symmetry . This refers to having an equal distribution of light , colour , and objects and / or figures in a shot . Unbalanced composition can be used to emphasize certain elements of a film that the director wishes to be given particular attention to . This tool works because audiences are more inclined to pay attention to something off balance , as it may seem abnormal . Where the director places a character can also vary depending on the importance of the role . Costume Costume simply refers to the clothes that characters wear . Using certain colors or designs , costumes in narrative cinema are used to signify characters or to make clear distinctions between characters . Makeup and hair styles Establish time period , reveal character traits and signal changes in character . Acting There is enormous historical and cultural variation in performance styles in the cinema . In the early years of cinema , stage acting and film acting were difficult to differentiate , as most film actors had previously been stage actors and therefore knew no other method of acting . Eventually , early melodramatic styles , clearly indebted to the 19th century theater , gave way in Western cinema to a relatively naturalistic style . This more naturalistic style of acting is largely influenced by Konstantin Stanislavski 's theory of method acting , which involves the actor fully immersing themselves in their character . Filmstock The choice of black & white or color , fine - grain or grainy . Aspect ratio The relation of the width of the rectangular image to its height . Each aspect ratio yields a different way of looking at the world and is basic to the expressive meaning of the film . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brian Henderson , `` The Long Take , '' in Movies and Methods : An Anthology , ed . Bill Nichols ( Berkeley : University of California Press , 1976 ) , 315 . Jump up ^ Bordwell , David ; Thompson , Kristin ( 2003 ) . Film Art : An Introduction , 7th ed . New York : McGraw -- Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 248455 - 1 . Jump up ^ Connell , Joanne . `` Film tourism -- Evolution , progress and prospects . '' Tourism Management ( October 2012 ) , 33 ( 5 ) , pp. 1007 -- 1029 ^ Jump up to : Barsam , Richard Meran. , and Dave Monahan . Looking at Movies : An Introduction to Film . New York : W.W. Norton & , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Pramaggiore , Maria , and Tom Wallis . Film : A Critical Introduction . Boston : Laurence King , 2005 . Jump up ^ Edgar - Hunt , Robert , John Marland and James Richards ( 2009 ) . Basics Film - Making : Screenwriting . Lausanne : AVA Publishing . p. 71 . ISBN 2 - 940373 - 89 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Set Design and Locations '' . film110 . PBworks . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lighting '' . film101 . PBworks . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Part 2 : Mise - en - scene '' . Film Studies Program . Yale University . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Fourie , Pieter J. ( 2004 ) . Media Studies Volume 2 : Content , Audiences and Production . Lansdowne , SA : Juta and Company . pp. 462 -- 463 . ISBN 0 - 7021 - 5656 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pramaggiore , Maria and Tom Wallis ( 2005 ) . Film : A Critical Introduction . London : Laurence King Publishing . ISBN 0205433480 . Jump up ^ `` Acting '' . film101 . PBworks . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Kawin , Bruce ( 1992 ) . How Movies Work . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . p. 88 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07696 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sikov , Ed ( 2010 ) . Film Studies : An Introduction . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 51989 - 2 . Barsam , Richard Meran. , and Dave Monahan . Looking at Movies : An Introduction to Film . New York : W.W. Norton & , 2010 Pramaggiore , Maria , and Tom Wallis . Film : A Critical Introduction . Boston : Laurence King , 2005 . Connell , Joanne . `` Film tourism -- Evolution , progress and prospects . '' Tourism Management ( October 2012 ) , 33 ( 5 ) , pp. 1007 -- 1029 Further reading ( edit ) Bordwell , David and Kristin Thompson . `` Chapter 6 -- The Shot : Mise - en - Scène . '' In : Film Art : An Introduction . New York : McGraw -- Hill , 2010 , 9th . ed , pp. 175 -- 228 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 122057 - 6 , OCLC 456179577 and OCLC 690437186 . Martin , Adrian . Mise en Scène and Film Style . From Classical Hollywood to New Media Art . Palgrave Macmillan UK , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 349 - 44417 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Look up mise - en - scène in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Mise En Scene Analysis -- 15 Essential Points The Straight Dope : What do artsy film critics mean by Mise - en - scène Explained Yale University Film Analysis Site : `` mise - en - scene '' Indy Mogul 4 Minute Film School : Mise en Scene Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mise-en - scène&oldid = 808680661 '' Categories : French words and phrases Film theory Lighting Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 12 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are the two major visual components of mise-en-scène | [
"When applied to the cinema, mise-en-scène refers to everything that appears before the camera and its arrangement—composition, sets, props, actors, costumes, and lighting.[2] The “mise-en-scène”, along with the cinematography and editing of a film, influence the verisimilitude or believability of a film in the eyes of its viewers.[3] The various elements of design help express a film’s vision by generating a sense of time and space, as well as setting a mood, and sometimes suggesting a character’s state of mind.[4] “Mise-en-scène” also includes the composition, which consists of the positioning and movement of actors, as well as objects, in the shot.[4] These are all the areas overseen by the director. One of the most important people that collaborates with the director is the production designer.[4] These two work closely to perfect all of the aspects of the “mise-en-scène” a considerable amount of time before the actual photography even begins.[5] The production designer is generally responsible for the general look of the movie, leading various departments that are in charge of individual sets, locations, props, and costumes, among other things.[4] Andre Bazin, a well-known French film critic and film theorist, describes the mise-en-scene aesthetic as emphasizing choreographed movement within the scene rather than through editing.[5]",
"When applied to the cinema, mise-en-scène refers to everything that appears before the camera and its arrangement—composition, sets, props, actors, costumes, and lighting.[2] The “mise-en-scène”, along with the cinematography and editing of a film, influence the verisimilitude or believability of a film in the eyes of its viewers.[3] The various elements of design help express a film’s vision by generating a sense of time and space, as well as setting a mood, and sometimes suggesting a character’s state of mind.[4] “Mise-en-scène” also includes the composition, which consists of the positioning and movement of actors, as well as objects, in the shot.[4] These are all the areas overseen by the director. One of the most important people that collaborates with the director is the production designer.[4] These two work closely to perfect all of the aspects of the “mise-en-scène” a considerable amount of time before the actual photography even begins.[5] The production designer is generally responsible for the general look of the movie, leading various departments that are in charge of individual sets, locations, props, and costumes, among other things.[4] Andre Bazin, a well-known French film critic and film theorist, describes the mise-en-scene aesthetic as emphasizing choreographed movement within the scene rather than through editing.[5]"
] | [
"positioning and movement of actors, as well as objects, in the shot",
"choreographed movement within the scene"
] |
-7207532599505765204 | Oliver Valentine | Oliver Valentine - wikipedia Oliver Valentine Jump to : navigation , search Oliver Valentine Holby City character First appearance `` Proceed With Caution '' 9 June 2009 Portrayed by James Anderson Information Occupation Specialist registrar , cardiothoracic surgery ( prev . F1 , F2 , CT1 doctor ) Family Penny Valentine ( sister ) Tony Valentine ( father ) Spouse ( s ) Tara Lo Zosia March Oliver `` Ollie '' Valentine is a fictional character from the BBC medical drama Holby City , played by actor James Anderson . He first appeared in the eleventh series episode `` Proceed With Caution '' , broadcast on 9 June 2009 . Oliver was introduced alongside his older sister , Penny ( Emma Catherwood ) , as a Foundation House Officer 1 ( F1 ) on rotation at Holby City Hospital . Series producer Diana Kyle intended their inclusion to have an `` instant impact on the wards . '' Anderson was selected to play Oliver ; he spent time with a real F1 doctor and trained with the programme 's medical advisors to prepare for the part . It took him around six months to ease into the role , and a further six to feel comfortable in it . Oliver was initially portrayed as `` the golden boy '' compared to his sister . Boyishly charming and medically talented , he nonetheless lacked confidence in his ability . When Oliver reached his F2 training , the series formed an on - screen duo by pairing him with registrar Greg Douglas ( Edward MacLiam ) . Oliver 's lack of competency was highlighted -- he endangered patients and landed his colleagues in trouble . In a prominent storyline , Oliver made a series of medical errors , which forced him to admit that he cheated on an exam at medical school . He began a downward spiral , and reached `` rock bottom '' when Penny was killed off . He was then central to a special flashback episode , which depicted his battle to cope with her death . Though he confessed to Director of Surgery Henrik Hanssen ( Guy Henry ) that he was not truly qualified , Hanssen allowed Oliver to continue practising medicine . Branded a Lothario - type character , Oliver has been involved in several romantic storylines during his tenure ; Anderson has called him `` the hospital bike '' . In a toy boy storyline with ward sister Chrissie Williams ( Tina Hobley ) , Oliver was seen to compromise his career . He went on to date ward sister Daisha Anderson ( Rebecca Grant ) , kiss registrar Jac Naylor ( Rosie Marcel ) , and earn the unreciprocated affection of ward sister Frieda Petrenko ( Olga Fedori ) , and marry F1 doctor Tara Lo ( Jing Lusi ) . Anderson decided to leave the series in 2012 and filmed his final scenes in March 2013 . Oliver departed in the episode `` Mens Sana In Corpore Sano '' , dated 9 July 2013 . He returned on 23 December 2014 , for one episode , before making a full time return on 5 May 2015 . Responses to the character have generally been negative , with particular criticism for his poor treatment of Penny . Bree Treacy of RTÉ Ten disliked both Valentines , and Jim Shelley of the Daily Mail described him as a `` weasel '' . Many have questioned Oliver 's medical skills and labelled him an incompetent doctor -- as Daniel Maier of The Guardian put it , he is `` a doctor with the blue eyes of Fonda and the medical competence of fondue '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Creation and characterisation 2.2 Relationships 2.3 Career 2.4 Departure and return 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) Oliver arrives at Holby City Hospital as an F1 doctor , alongside his sister Penny ( Emma Catherwood ) . He acquires Penny 's preferred rotation on the Acute Assessment Unit ( AAU ) , where he develops a flirtatious relationship with ward sister Chrissie Williams ( Tina Hobley ) . Within weeks , their relationship becomes sexual . Chrissie becomes pregnant , but later miscarries . They break up , and Oliver moves on to date ward sister Daisha Anderson ( Rebecca Grant ) . A transfer to the cardiothoracic surgery ward has him working under registrar Jac Naylor ( Rosie Marcel ) . While Daisha spends Christmas with her family in the Philippines , Oliver kisses Jac . Upon her return , Daisha learns of the tryst . Soon thereafter , she is shot during a hostage situation and Oliver struggles to cope . Although she recovers , she opts to leave Holby and move back to the Philippines . Oliver discovers that Penny has been having a relationship with a patient , Scott ( Joshua Bowman ) , endangering her career . She plans to move to Spain with him and abandon her training , but Oliver convinces Scott to leave without her . Keen to earn praise from his consultants , Connie Beauchamp ( Amanda Mealing ) and Elliot Hope ( Paul Bradley ) , Oliver claims Penny 's research as his own , and is awarded her place in an operation . He is promoted to F2 level , and betrays Penny further by revealing her affair with Scott , which results in her failing her cardiothoracic rotation and being moved to the AAU . A rivalry develops between them , but they are forced to call a truce when a series of pranks endanger a patient . Registrar Greg Douglas ( Edward MacLiam ) shirks his responsibilities by excessively delegating to Oliver ; to his dismay , Connie appoints him as Oliver 's mentor . Oliver pushes himself too far in an attempt to impress Greg , which earns the senior doctor a reprimand for leaving him unsupervised . Oliver tries to earn back Greg 's respect , but panics while attempting to insert a chest drain , and has to be rescued by ward sister Frieda Petrenko ( Olga Fedori ) . He invites her for a drink as thanks , but when Penny discovers that Frieda has romantic feelings for him , Oliver cancels as he does not reciprocate them . Oliver 's confidence is further damaged when he mishandles a case , which results in a mother leaving her son to die alone . He moves back to the AAU , where he is shaken by an encounter with the boy 's mother , which causes him to panic and embarrass himself in theatre . Penny 's career begins to improve , and Oliver resents her when she is given registrar duties for a shift . Having realised that he is close to failing his F2 year , Oliver implicates Penny in a serious surgical error of his own doing , but is caught by registrar Antoine Malick ( Jimmy Akingbola ) . When a patient unexpectedly dies in his care , Oliver breaks down . He confesses to Penny that he cheated in medical school by swapping one of their exam papers , so he passed on her merit while she was forced to repeat a year . Furious , Penny tells Oliver that he must confess to Director of Surgery Henrik Hanssen ( Guy Henry ) . He writes a letter of resignation , but deletes it after a positive day working alongside Frieda , who encourages him to repeat his F2 year . After giving Oliver a final chance to confess , Penny is called away to the site of a train crash . Oliver is left alone on AAU , where he successfully performs a difficult procedure . Hopeful that Penny will forgive him , Oliver is devastated to learn that she has been killed in an accident at the crash site . Unable to cope in the aftermath of her death , Oliver turns to drugs and alcohol . He sends Hanssen a letter of resignation , which includes a full confession . His father Tony ( Simon Shepherd ) offers him money to choose a new career , and claims that Oliver always had more potential than Penny . This angers Oliver , who endangers his own life to save a patient and feels reinvigorated . Hanssen is impressed by Oliver 's patient treatment , and overlooks his cheating to allow him a fresh start . Oliver continues and succeeds in his second F2 year under Elliot , who is his mentor . He begins a relationship with F1 Tara Lo ( Jing Lusi ) . He learns she has a brain tumor and becomes fixated on finding a cure . She learns to accept it . Oliver begins spending more time at Tara 's flat and later moves in . Oliver and Tara marry the day before she has a major operation . Oliver and Tara prepare for her operation , but there are complications in surgery and she dies . Anderson returns as Oliver in the episode `` I Will Honour Christmas in My Heart '' - Series 17 , Episode 11 , for just one episode . He makes a full return from Series 17 , Episode 30 and onwards , as the new registrar on Darwin . In season 19 Ollie and Zosia get back together . After numerous troubles and storylines including an abortion and box of antiques . Ollie finally proposes with a haribow ring in the episode named unbreakable . Furthermore , in the episode project aurous , Zollie makes their engagement official after Ollie gives Zosia a proper engagement ring . Development ( edit ) Creation and characterisation ( edit ) `` Careless and cocksure , Oliver Valentine has always been something of a golden boy , leaving sister Penny in his shadow . But Ollie 's big , blue eyes belie darker truths that lead to his deceptive and sometimes devious nature . Yet what Ollie lacks in confidence he makes up for with his natural talent in theatre and boyish charm . But how far that will get him remains to be seen . '' -- BBC Online . The impending arrival of sibling trainee doctors Oliver and Penny was announced in May 2009 , by executive producer Tony McHale and series producer Diana Kyle . The latter described them both as `` full of energy and enthusiasm '' , and asserted that they would have an `` instant impact on the wards at every level . '' They were deemed talented physicians with the desire to achieve by McHale , who noted that `` one is more naturally gifted than the other '' , and suggested that their personal lives would cause conflict with their professional ones , as they attempted to progress at work . Actor James Anderson was cast as Oliver . Before assuming the role , he shadowed a real F1 doctor on ward rounds -- an experience he found difficult . `` We were approaching beds in which people were waking up from heart attacks and coming around quite distressed sometimes . It was really difficult to be there with a patient . It 's harder than you think and I got quite emotional . '' Anderson underwent such extensive training with the programme 's medical advisors that he jested in June 2009 , `` If I started medical training now , I could probably graduate as a doctor coming out of the show ! '' The actor experienced `` an extended period of anxiety '' upon joining the series , and recalls : `` It took me about six months to have any sense of what was going on and then the second six months to feel comfortable ( ... ) but only because it 's such a well - oiled machine . You 're coming in as a little cog , so you have to discover how to work in that and that takes a while . '' BBC Online described Oliver 's positive qualities as being his `` boyishly charming '' manner and his general determination . Jane Simon of the Daily Mirror deemed him a `` soft touch '' when he went to great lengths to help a young patient , and a Daily Mail review suggested that Oliver was `` really quite sweet '' , despite his apparent smugness . Oliver is flawed by a lack of confidence and his deceptive nature . He has a tendency to land his work colleagues in trouble , which has been conveyed through storylines with Daisha and Greg . What 's on TV highlighted Oliver 's `` lack of competence '' and called him petulant for betraying Penny after his promotion to F2 level . When his career began to deteriorate , the publication deemed him reckless , then found him hapless in the aftermath of her death , in reference to the way he `` ( sank ) into despair , finding comfort in drink , drugs and his dead sister 's flatmate . '' The Sunday Mirror 's Kevin O'Sullivan reflected on Oliver 's development since his arrival , with the observation , `` Once he was the strutting ladies ' man of the wards , a veritable medical Casanova who exuded confidence and charm . But time has taken its toll on Oliver Valentine -- and now he is just a shadow of his former self '' -- a devastated and broken man , `` tormented by the memory of his sibling and his guilty conscience . '' Relationships ( edit ) Introduced as a Lothario - type character , according to Anderson , Oliver `` had a reputation for being the hospital bike . '' His first relationship developed when he attracted the attention of ward sisters Chrissie Williams and Daisha Anderson . Daisha showed less interest in him than Chrissie , of whose attentiveness Anderson said , `` I think any hot - blooded male would find that attractive '' . Oliver appeared to ruin his chances with Daisha when he encouraged a patient to complain about her diagnosis -- though Anderson noted , `` he does apologise to Daisha , and sweetly gives her a cupcake '' . This left Chrissie free to pursue Oliver . Before their relationship began , Anderson opined `` She 's gorgeous , and Oliver would be a fool not to go out with her . '' He thought that Oliver and Chrissie 's `` unflappable '' natures made them a good fit for one another , though wondered if they were too alike . As an older woman , their relationship was described as a `` toyboy storyline '' for Chrissie . Hobley admitted to having fun with the storyline due to the real age gap between herself and Anderson . She described Chrissie 's feelings for Oliver , stating : `` Chrissie is having a lot of fun with him . But deep down she 's really hoping to find true love -- she 's been quite unlucky so far . She 's not getting any younger and she 's worried about missing out on kids . '' Producers Kyle and McHale revealed that the pair could have been a `` perfect match '' , however said the romance would not run smoothly . Anderson believed it was a bad idea for his character to get involved with a work colleague . Oliver began to doubt the relationship , and on Penny 's advice , convinced Chrissie to break up with him without ruining his career . Chrissie took the break up well , and Hobley told What 's on TV that her character did not mind , as `` it was only a bit of fun . She never planned on settling down with him . '' It was then announced Chrissie would become pregnant with Oliver 's child . Hobley assessed that Chrissie was surprised to learn that she was pregnant , but pleased , as she had lost a baby five years previously and did not think that she was capable of conceiving another . Oliver was displeased by the news , but Chrissie had no expectations that he should provide for her . Her father , nursing consultant Mark Williams ( Robert Powell ) , urged him to `` stand up to the mark and be a proper man '' . However , soon after , Chrissie miscarried their unborn baby . Oliver went on to share a kiss with Jac , a photograph of which was spread around the hospital by Penny , prompting Oliver to try and hide it from Daisha . Ward sister Frieda Petrenko developed a crush on him , and was pleased when he invited her for a drink , however Oliver did not reciprocate her feelings and later cancelled . Fedori commented in January 2011 that she and Anderson had had little `` juicy '' material , more `` little scenes here and there '' . Asked about the future of Frieda and Oliver 's relationship , she was unwilling to divulge potential plots , but noted , `` There 's been talk about things heading in all sorts of directions '' . Oliver initially had a `` friendly rivalry '' with sister Penny . Catherwood believes they always had `` a really good relationship '' . She characterised the siblings ' relationship as `` one of constant rivalry but ultimately unconditional support '' , and noted , `` Everything always comes more easily to Oliver than Penny -- she has spent her life playing catch up '' . When Penny considered giving her career up over a patient she was romantically involved with , in order to protect her , Oliver ruined the romance . Their relationship remained unaffected by this : Catherwood revealed , `` Well they are brother and sister , so you forgive your family for enormous amounts . So it does n't affect their relationship , if anything he is there as soon as she breaks down he 's there to catch her , full of apologies and support . '' She said the situation would bring them closer together , because it is a typical scenario siblings go through . When Catherwood quit the series , Penny was killed whilst attempting to rescue a patient from a train crash . Her death was not shown on - screen : a conscious decision made by the production team to fully focus on Oliver 's story . Series producer Myar Craig Brown revealed that the big focus would be on the effect it had on Oliver . Forced to come to terms with her death , he faced an `` emotional rollercoaster of feeling that he was second best to her '' . Career ( edit ) Having arrived at Holby as an F1 , Oliver quickly progressed onto his F2 training . This resulted in `` professional jealousy '' forming with Penny , and in retaliation to their disagreements , he put her career in jeopardy by revealing her affair . Registrar Greg Douglas was appointed as Oliver 's mentor . The fast - paced storyline saw Greg initially `` kick ( ing ) against his newfound responsibility '' , before realising that Oliver could be beneficial to his own career , which resulted in an `` unlikely friendship '' forming between them . Though a `` fairly light , buddy - buddy '' storyline to begin with , Anderson felt that filming their scenes was `` intensive '' . Speaking of their friendship , Anderson explained : `` We start off on the wrong foot with each other and we 're competitive , which is unhelpful to the patients and ( initially ) we 're not out to help one another at all . But they have similarities ... in terms of dropping people in it . '' The pace of the storyline had to be changed when Anderson injured his knee upon falling down a ten foot cellar . The pair clashed over conflicting medical opinions on patient care , and their friendship soon created a negative effect over Oliver 's work ethic . Greg 's jokes at his expense left Oliver unable to carry out simple procedures correctly . Oliver 's career further deteriorated in early 2011 , when it transpired he was not a qualified doctor . A series of setbacks -- failing the exam to progress on to his CT1 training , blaming a surgical error on Penny , and the death of a patient in his care -- prompted him to admit that he swapped his own exam paper with Penny 's in his final year of medical school . Anderson explained that Oliver could no longer cope with the mounting pressure , hence his confession . Contrasting the siblings , he assessed `` ( Oliver ) was seen as the golden boy when he arrived at Holby -- but he was trading on his sister 's success . '' Issued with the ultimatum of confessing to Director of Surgery Henrik Hanssen , Oliver realised that `` he must take responsibility '' , lest he `` lose the one person who loves him unconditionally . '' Believing himself to be in a `` impossible dilemma '' , Anderson said that Oliver was trying to make good on what he had done by repeating his F2 exams . `` By exposing the lie he 'll end his career , Oliver ca n't understand why Penny wo n't stand by him . '' He added that since Oliver made a serious surgical error , his colleagues had lost trust in his medical capability . When a train crash occurred , he was forced to take control of AAU . Anderson explained : `` He 's not fully qualified and that 's all he can think about . He 's struggling . '' When he saved a patients life , Oliver thought he should keep his job . However , he was then told that Penny had died , news that would `` change Oliver 's life forever . '' Following Penny 's death , Craig - Brown stated that `` whether he 's good enough to stay in medicine will be ( Oliver 's ) big storyline . '' The series explored how Oliver coped with her death through a flashback episode . Henry , who plays Hanssen , observed that Oliver 's return to work saw him make multiple mistakes and `` hit rock bottom '' . Oliver tried to resign from Holby , though before he left he responded to a dangerous RTA call and saved a patient 's life . When he was summoned by Hanssen about his resignation , he was given `` fatherly advice '' , and the senior doctor `` turned a blind eye '' to Oliver 's confession . Henry explained that Hanssen `` does n't think a good doctor should lose his chance at a career in medicine '' , after learning Oliver risked his own life on the job . Departure and return ( edit ) The character left the show in the episode titled `` Mens Sana In Corpore Sano '' , which aired on 9 July 2013 . Anderson told producers of his intention to leave one year prior to his departure . They wanted Oliver to leave the show on a positive note and began planning his final storyline . Anderson filmed his final scenes in March 2013 . Producers kept his departure a secret until transmission to surprise viewers . Anderson told Daniel Kilkelly from Digital Spy that Oliver survived the bereavement over the deaths of his sister and wife . Oliver was given redemption in his final scenes so that his fans could believe that he has a future . Oliver resigns and in his final scene tells Elliot that he will return to the hospital . Anderson was pleased that his character has the option of returning in the future . On 30 October 2014 , it was announced that Anderson had reprised his role . Anderson expressed his pleasure at returning to Holby City saying he was `` thrilled to be given the opportunity to bring Ollie back '' . He said there would be `` lots of surprises in store '' for his character , who he dubbed `` Oliver 2.0 '' due to him being older and wiser . Anderson had been approached to return numerous times but only agreed mid 2014 . Oliver 's return was planned to last one episode but Anderson was convinced to return permanently . The BBC later released a promotional video publicising the character 's return . Oliver 's return storyline will see him admitted to the hospital suffering from a serious heart condition . Anderson explained that in the fourteen months since his departure from Holby , Oliver has been working abroad in South America , drinking heavily and self - medicating with several drugs . As he was not taking proper care of himself , he contracted a virus which has affected his heart . Ric Griffin ( Hugh Quarshie ) discovers a `` bloodied and badly bruised '' Oliver near the hospital entrance , and admits him immediately . When it emerges that Oliver 's condition is potentially fatal , he asks Elliot to fit him with his new surgical device . However , Jac refuses to let the surgery go ahead as the device is only in the experimental stage . Anderson said `` Oliver knows that the operation should n't go ahead . It 's legally , ethically and morally not a procedure that he should have , but when Jac says no , he 's disappointed and angry . '' However , Elliot refuses to give up on Oliver and makes sure the operation goes ahead . Reception ( edit ) `` Ollie is meant to be the naturally talented one out of him and sister Penny , but you would n't trust him to take a splinter from your finger without accidentally grafting your spleen to the back of your neck . Having ballsed up one operation and blamed it on his sister , this month Oliver has admitted to failing his original medical exams and swapping his papers with Penny 's -- meaning Dr Dumbo has been practising illegally all along . Keen to avoid any further sibling betrayal , Penny chose the easy way out and got herself crushed to death by a falling train carriage . '' Daniel Maier of The Guardian , on Oliver 's lack of skill and betrayal of Penny . Reviewer 's interpretations of Oliver have generally negative . Early in his tenure , he received positive commentary from Inside Soap , who said , `` he may be a whizz - kid trainee doctor , but new Holby recruit Oliver Valentine is n't all work and no play ! He 's certainly got an eye for the ladies . '' Maeve Quigley , writing for the Daily Mirror , opined that Chrissie was more than a match for Oliver . She added that he soon learnt `` you underestimate the female staff of Holby at your peril '' , after he thought his flirting had Chrissie `` wrapped around his little finger . '' Also writing for the Daily Mirror , Simon called Oliver and Penny a `` medical tag - team '' . She found it odd they did not get along professionally because she thought `` a brother - sister relationship would be one of the least troublesome at Holby . '' A Liverpool Daily Post review said that Oliver made Penny feel about `` two inches tall '' when he was promoted to F2 , and supported her question `` Who needs enemies when I 've got a brother like you ? '' Bree Treacy of RTÉ Ten found both of the Valentines annoying . In June 2010 she preferred Penny , `` with Oliver definitely getting the award for the most annoying sibling in the hospital '' ; the following month she called them irritating and recommended they `` get ( their ) acts together '' . On the day Oliver admitted to stealing Penny 's exam paper , Daily Mail critic Jim Shelley featured him in his negative `` Down '' column and branded him a `` weasel '' . Oliver 's lack of medical ability drew several negative reviews . Referring to his `` cack - handedness '' , Simon described him as `` screwing up just about everything he touches '' upon his return to the AAU , a sentiment she repeated after Penny 's death . Simon was left baffled when a professor of cardiology was offered the `` very best care possible '' -- which resulted in Oliver treating him . She concluded : `` ( this ) begs the question , what 's he doing at Holby being looked after by an F2 ? '' The Guardian 's Daniel Maier ridiculed Oliver 's supposed talents , and jested that he was `` a doctor with the blue eyes of Fonda and the medical competence of fondue '' . One Daily Record columnist said that Oliver `` hoped to complete his training on the strength of his nice eyes and pretty '' . A special flashback episode , centered on Oliver dealing with the aftermath of Penny 's death , was selected as recommended viewing by What 's on TV , the Liverpool Daily Post , and the Daily Mirror . The Sunday Mirror 's O'Sullivan called it poignant , and Rachel Mainwaring of the Western Mail wrote , `` It 's easy viewing ( apart from the odd gooey scene ) and full of moral as well as medical issues that leaves you shouting at the screen , ' Do the right thing Oliver , tell them the truth . ' '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Oliver Valentine '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 14 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Holby 's Guy : Hanssen will show a ' more human side ' '' . What 's on TV . ( IPC Media ) . 15 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moon , Katy ( 12 -- 18 March 2011 ) . `` Russell Crowe made me famous '' . Inside Soap . Hachette Filipacchi UK ( 10 ) : 38 . ^ Jump up to : Shelley , Jim ( 21 March 2011 ) . `` Going up and going down '' . Daily Mail . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 19 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , Daniel ( 30 April 2011 ) . `` Daniel Maier 's World of lather '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 19 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Jim Loach ( director ) , Tony McHale ( writer ) ( 9 June 2009 ) . `` Proceed With Caution '' . Holby City . Series 11 . Episode 34 . BBC . BBC One . Jump up ^ Rob Evans ( director ) , Veronica Henry ( writer ) ( 21 July 2009 ) . `` A Glass Half Full '' . Holby City . Series 11 . Episode 40 . BBC . BBC One . Jump up ^ Jim Loach ( director ) , Abi Bown ( writer ) ( 11 August 2009 ) . `` These Arms of Mine '' . Holby City . Series 11 . Episode 43 . BBC . BBC One . Jump up ^ Robert Del Maestro ( director ) , Rob Williams ( writer ) ( 15 September 2009 ) . `` Out of the Woods '' . Holby City . Series 11 . Episode 48 . BBC . BBC One . Jump up ^ Rob Evans ( director ) , Claire Bennett ( writer ) ( 6 October 2009 ) . `` The Uncertainty Principle '' . Holby City . Series 11 . Episode 51 . BBC . BBC One . Jump up ^ Daikin Marsh ( director ) , Dana Fainaru ( writer ) ( 10 November 2009 ) . `` Home Truths '' . Holby City . Series 12 . Episode 5 . BBC . BBC One . Jump up ^ Dominic Keavey ( director ) , Chris Murray ( writer ) ( 29 December 2009 ) . `` Resolutions '' . Holby City . Series 12 . Episode 12 . BBC . BBC One . ^ Jump up to : Paul Gibson ( director ) , Al Smith ( writer ) ( 9 February 2010 ) . `` Too Cold to Crash and Burn '' . Holby City . Series 12 . Episode 18 . BBC . BBC One . Jump up ^ Dominic Keavey ( director ) , Justin Young ( writer ) ( 9 March 2010 ) . `` The Butterfly Effect -- Part 2 '' . Holby City . Series 12 . Episode 23 . BBC . BBC One . Jump up ^ Robert Bierman ( director ) , Abi Bown ( writer ) ( 22 March 2010 ) . `` Tipping Point '' . Holby City . Series 12 . Episode 25 . BBC . BBC One . Jump up ^ Daikin Marsh ( director ) , Dan Sefton ( writer ) ( 17 February 2010 ) . `` Together Alone '' . Holby City . Series 12 . Episode 20 . BBC . BBC One . Jump up ^ Christopher King ( director ) , Paul Mari ( writer ) ( 30 March 2010 ) . `` Enemies Closer '' . Holby City . Series 12 . Episode 26 . BBC . BBC One . Jump up ^ Mat King ( director ) , Chris Murray ( writer ) ( 10 May 2010 ) . `` Take No Prisoners '' . Holby City . Series 12 . Episode 32 . BBC . BBC One . Jump up ^ Dominic Keavey ( director ) , Sebastian Baczkiewicz ( writer ) ( 15 June 2010 ) . `` Thursday 's Child '' . Holby City . Series 12 . Episode 38 . BBC . BBC One . Jump up ^ Rob Evans ( director ) , Tony McHale ( writer ) ( 27 July 2010 ) . `` Two in Five Marriages '' . Holby City . Series 12 . Episode 43 . BBC . BBC One . Jump up ^ Dermot Boyd ( director ) , Martha Hillier ( writer ) ( 10 August 2010 ) . `` Man With No Name '' . Holby City . Series 12 . Episode 45 . BBC . BBC One . Jump up ^ Dominic Keavey ( director ) , Justin Young ( writer ) ( 31 August 2010 ) . `` The Last Day of Summer '' . Holby City . Series 12 . Episode 49 . BBC . BBC One . Jump up ^ David Innes Edwards ( director ) , Graham Mitchell ( writer ) ( 5 October 2010 ) . `` Revelations '' . Holby City . Series 13 . Episode 54 . BBC . BBC One . ^ Jump up to : David Innes Edwards ( director ) , Graham Mitchell ( writer ) ( 5 October 2010 ) . `` Revelations '' . Holby City . Series 12 . Episode 54 . BBC . BBC One . Jump up ^ Rob Evans ( director ) , Rebecca Wojciechowski ( writer ) ( 16 November 2010 ) . `` My No. 1 Fan '' . Holby City . Series 13 . Episode 5 . BBC . BBC One . Jump up ^ Jamie Annett ( director ) , Nicola Wilson ( writer ) ( 14 December 2010 ) . `` The Lying Kind '' . Holby City . Series 13 . Episode 9 . BBC . BBC One . Jump up ^ Jamie Annett ( director ) , Tony McHale ( writer ) ( 21 December 2010 ) . `` The Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' . Holby City . Series 13 . Episode 10 . BBC . BBC One . Jump up ^ Jamie Annett ( director ) , Mark Cairns ( writer ) ( 1 March 2011 ) . `` No Credit , No Blame '' . Holby City . Series 13 . Episode 20 . BBC . BBC One . ^ Jump up to : Reza Moradi ( director ) , Tony McHale ( writer ) ( 15 March 2011 ) . `` Too Much Monkey Business '' . Holby City . Series 13 . Episode 22 . BBC . BBC One . Jump up ^ David Innes Edwards ( director ) , Joe Ainsworth ( writer ) ( 29 March 2011 ) . `` Second Coming '' . Holby City . Series 13 . Episode 24 . BBC . BBC One . Jump up ^ Daikin Marsh ( director ) , Dana Fainaru ( writer ) ( 12 April 2011 ) . `` Boy Valentine , Girl Valentine '' . Holby City . Series 13 . Episode 26 . BBC . BBC One . Jump up ^ Daikin Marsh ( director ) , Justin Young ( writer ) ( 21 June 2011 ) . `` In Between Days '' . Holby City . Series 13 . Episode 36 . BBC . BBC One . Jump up ^ Radio Times , Holby City , Series 15 , Episode 26 Jump up ^ BBC.co.uk Series 15 , Episode 27 Great Expectations ^ Jump up to : Green , Kris ( 29 May 2009 ) . `` Tony McHale / Diana Kyle ( ' Holby City ' ) '' . Digital Spy . ( Hachette Filipacchi UK ) . Retrieved 14 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dishy doctors brighten up Holby City '' . Daily Post . Trinity Mirror. 17 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2012 . Retrieved 18 June 2011 . Jump up ^ James Anderson & Emma Catherwood ( 9 June 2009 ) . Holby 's James : ' I feel like a real doctor ' ( Flash Video ) ( Interview ) . What 's on TV . IPC Media . Event occurs at 01 : 01 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Simon , Jane ( 16 November 2010 ) . `` Holby City -- BBC1 HD , 8pm ( not Scotland ) '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Soap of the day '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers. 9 August 2009 . Retrieved 23 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Valentine 's girls '' . Inside Soap . Hachette Filipacchi UK ( 28 ) : 35 . 11 -- 17 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oliver reveals Penny 's shocking secret '' . What 's on TV . ( IPC Media ) . 12 May 2010 . Retrieved 18 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oliver makes a shocking revelation '' . What 's on TV . IPC Media . 15 March 2011 . Retrieved 23 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Holby City '' . What 's on TV . IPC Media . 21 June 2011 . Archived from the original on 21 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : O'Sullivan , Kevin ( 26 June 2011 ) . `` Time takes its toll on Holby City 's Casanova Oliver Valentine '' . Sunday Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Boyle , Claire ( 18 July 2009 ) . `` My husband loves this photo so much he put it up in our bedroom '' . Daily Mirror . ( Trinity Mirror ) . Retrieved 14 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What to WATCH '' . Liverpool Daily Post . Trinity Mirror. 15 August 2009 . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Simon , Jane ( 19 August 2009 ) . `` We love telly ; pick of the day '' . Daily Mirror . ( Trinity Mirror ) . Retrieved 14 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tina Hobley on Chrissie 's baby '' . What 's on TV . ( IPC Media ) . 22 September 2009 . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , Jen ( 18 August 2009 ) . `` Holby 's Tina is pregnant '' . The Sun . ( News International ) . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Tina Hobley ( 2 October 2009 ) . Tina Hobley : ' Chrissie 's ready for a baby ' ( Flash Video ) ( Interview ) . What 's on TV . IPC Media . Event occurs at 00 : 01 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . She 's sort of happy , but also surprised and shocked and slightly worried about what she 's going to do , but her natural instinct is to think , ' Actually I 'm going to keep this baby , because I did n't think I could get pregnant ' . Because she had the loss of her baby five years ago , Amanda , so she 's delighted in that way . She feels that she 's ready , perhaps , to have a baby , and there 's great excitement about it . Jump up ^ Simon , Jane ( 6 October 2009 ) . `` We love telly ; Pick of the Day '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Tina Hobley : ' Chrissie 's ready for a baby ' . Event occurs at 00 : 35 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . `` She says ' I do n't want anything from you , this is my decision to have this baby , not yours , you 're young , 24 years old ' . And then he 's panicking a bit , and her dad is making him feel really guilty about , ' You better stand up to the mark and be a proper man about this ' and all this nonsense . And then , tragically , the next episode , she 's not feeling very good and she has this miscarriage . '' Jump up ^ `` What to Watch '' . Liverpool Daily Post . Trinity Mirror. 9 January 2010 . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TV Quiz '' . South Wales Echo . Trinity Mirror. 30 January 2010 . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What to Watch '' . Liverpool Daily Post . Trinity Mirror. 9 October 2010 . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( 25 January 2011 ) . `` More chat from ' Holby ' star Olga Fedori '' . Digital Spy . ( Hachette Filipacchi UK ) . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Mainwaring , Rachel ( 28 June 2009 ) . `` Emma Catherwood setting pulse racing in new role '' . Wales on Sunday . Trinity Mirror . Archived from the original on 13 July 2011 . Retrieved 18 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Holby City -- Emma Catherwood Interview '' . TV.com . ( CBS Interactive ) . Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 . Retrieved 18 June 2011 . Jump up ^ James Anderson ; Emma Catherwood ( 5 January 2010 ) . `` James Anderson and Emma Catherwood Interview '' . This Morning ( Interview ) . ITV . Jump up ^ `` Pick of the day '' . Birmingham Mail . Trinity Mirror. 17 February 2010 . Retrieved 21 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kilkelly , Daniel ( 19 June 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Holby City ' teasers from producer Myar Craig - Brown '' . Digital Spy . ( Hachette Filipacchi UK ) . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Simon , Jane ( 11 May 2010 ) . `` We love telly ; Pick of the Day '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ McIver , Brian ( 25 August 2010 ) . `` Record tv , Pick of the day '' . Daily Record . ( Trinity Mirror ) . Retrieved 23 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What to watch '' . Liverpool Daily Post . Trinity Mirror. 2 October 2010 . Retrieved 18 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Sarah ( 9 -- 15 April 2011 ) . `` Nobody trusts Oliver anymore ... '' . Inside Soap . Hachette Filipacchi UK ( 14 ) : 40 . ^ Jump up to : Kilkelly , Daniel ( 9 July 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Holby City ' : James Anderson on Oliver Valentine exit , future plans '' . Digital Spy . ( Hearst Magazines UK ) . Retrieved 9 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kilkelly , Daniel ( 30 October 2014 ) . `` Holby City : Henrik Hanssen , Oliver Valentine , Essie Harrison to return '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( 19 December 2014 ) . `` Holby City 's James Anderson on Oliver return : ' He 's in dire straits ' '' . Digital Spy . ( Hearst Magazines UK ) . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( 19 December 2014 ) . `` Holby City : See Oliver Valentine return in new promo '' . Digital Spy . ( Hearst Magazines UK ) . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tyler , Laura - Jayne ( 20 December 2014 -- 2 January 2015 ) . `` Help me , Elliot ! '' . Inside Soap ( 50 -- 51 ) : 36 . Jump up ^ Quigley , Maeve ( 11 August 2009 ) . `` We love telly ; pick of the day '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Simon , Jane ( 9 June 2009 ) . `` We love telly ; Faye goes fourth : Pick of the day '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Simon , Jane ( 15 June 2010 ) . `` Holby City , BBC1 , 8pm '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What to watch '' . Liverpool Daily Post . ( Trinity Mirror ) . 8 May 2010 . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Treacy , Bree ( 16 June 2010 ) . `` Is anyone watching Holby ? '' . RTÉ Ten . ( Raidió Teilifís Éireann ) . Archived from the original on 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Treacy , Bree ( 2 July 2010 ) . `` Connie 's a goner on Holby '' . RTÉ Ten . ( Raidió Teilifís Éireann ) . Archived from the original on 25 October 2012 . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Simon , Jane ( 14 December 2010 ) . `` Holby City -- BBC1 , 8pm '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Simon , Jane ( 26 April 2010 ) . `` Holby City -- BBC1 8pm '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Simon , Jane ( 21 September 2010 ) . `` We love telly ; Substitutes on '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Record ; Sew ... we meet again . '' . Daily Record . ( Trinity Mirror ) . 18 February 2014 . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Holby City '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What to Watch '' . Liverpool Daily Post . Trinity Mirror. 18 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday June 21 ; 3 - 2 - See ... '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror. 18 June 2011 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Mainwaring , Rachel ( 25 June 2011 ) . `` My Telly '' . Western Mail . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . External links ( edit ) Oliver Valentine at BBC Online Oliver Valentine on IMDb ( hide ) Holby Casualty Series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Characters ( list ) Tess Bateman Connie Beauchamp Lily Chao Lofty Chiltern Kirsty Clements Charlie Fairhead Adrian Fletcher Josh Griffiths Zoe Hanna Ethan Hardy Harry Harper Nick Jordan Dylan Keogh Caleb Knight Alicia Munroe Sam Nicholls Patrick Spiller Sam Strachan Ellen Zitek Episodes Series 1 -- 20 Series 21 -- `` Exile '' `` Forsaking All Others - Part Two '' `` Hello , I Must Be Going '' `` Too Old for This Shift '' Related articles Casualty 1900s Casualty@Holby City `` Bound 4 Da Reload ( Casualty ) '' ( hide ) Holby City Series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Characters ( list ) Present Serena Campbell Lofty Chiltern Dominic Copeland Adrian Fletcher Ric Griffin Henrik Hanssen Essie Harrison Donna Jackson Sacha Levy Raf di Lucca Zosia March Jac Naylor Guy Self Oliver Valentine Past Daisha Anderson Connie Beauchamp Jasmine Burrows Joseph Byrne Anne - Marie Lady Byrne Mary - Claire Carter Linden Cullen Arthur Digby Greg Douglas Abra Durant Adele Effanga Mo Effanga Jayne Grayson Dan Hamilton Elliot Hope Nick Jordan Maria Kendall Jesse Law Vanessa Lytton Jonny Maconie Antoine Malick Eddi McKee Anton Meyer Faye Morton Frieda Petrenko Sahira Shah Colette Sheward Michael Spence Sam Strachan Amy Teo Harry Tressler Kyla Tyson Penny Valentine Gemma Wilde Chrissie Williams Mark Williams Maddy Young Episodes `` Tuesday 's Child '' `` New Lands , New Beginnings '' `` I 'll Walk You Home '' `` Veil of Tears -- Part One '' Related articles Awards and nominations Casualty@Holby City Holby City woman HolbyBlue Episodes Luke French John Keenan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Valentine&oldid=802973631 '' Categories : Holby City characters Fictional physicians Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Hidden categories : Good articles Articles with attributed pull quotes Use British English from July 2011 Use dmy dates from July 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 17 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did oliver valentine marry in holby city | [
"Oliver continues and succeeds in his second F2 year under Elliot, who is his mentor. He begins a relationship with F1 Tara Lo (Jing Lusi). He learns she has a brain tumor and becomes fixated on finding a cure. She learns to accept it. Oliver begins spending more time at Tara's flat and later moves in. Oliver and Tara marry the day before she has a major operation.[33] Oliver and Tara prepare for her operation, but there are complications in surgery and she dies.[34]"
] | [
"Tara"
] |
3507940716179938268 | Human trafficking in the United States | Human trafficking in the United States - Wikipedia Human trafficking in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Slavery Contemporary ( show ) Child labour Conscription Debt Forced marriage Bride buying Wife selling Forced prostitution Human trafficking Peonage Penal labour Sexual slavery Historical ( show ) Antiquity Ancient Rome Babylonia Ancient Greece Topics and practices Atlantic slave trade Middle Passage Arab slave trade Ghilman Mamluk Saqaliba Aztec Blackbirding Byzantine Empire Coolie Corvée labor Field slaves in the United States House slaves Kholop Medieval Europe Panyarring Thrall Serfs History Russia Slave market Slave raiding Naval Galley slave Impressment Pirates Shanghaiing Slave ship By country or region ( show ) Sub-Saharan Africa Contemporary Africa Slavery on the Barbary Coast Barbary slave trade Slave Coast Angola Chad Ethiopia Mali Mauritania Niger Somalia South Africa Sudan Seychelles North and South America Americas indigenous U.S. Natives Brazil Lei Áurea Canada Caribbean Barbados Code Noir Cuba Haiti revolt Restavek Latin America Puerto Rico Trinidad United States colonial maps female partus penal labor Slave codes interregional Human trafficking Virgin Islands Central , East , and South Asia Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan China Booi Aha Laogai India Debt bondage Chukri System Japan comfort women South Korea Yankee princess North Korea Vietnam Australia and Oceania Blackbirding in Australia Human trafficking in Australia Slave raiding in Easter Island Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea Blackbirding in Polynesia Europe and North Asia Sex trafficking in Europe Britain Denmark Dutch Republic Germany in World War II Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain colonies Sweden North Africa and West Asia Iran Libya Human trafficking in the Middle East Ottoman Empire Yemen Religion ( show ) Bible Christianity Catholicism Mormonism Islam 21st century Judaism Bahá'í Faith Opposition and resistance ( show ) Timeline Abolitionism U.K. U.S. Anti-Slavery International Blockade of Africa U.K. U.S. Compensated emancipation Freedman manumission Freedom suit Abolitionists Slave Power Underground Railroad songs Slave rebellion Slave Trade Acts International law 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution Related ( show ) Common law Indentured servitude Unfree labour Fugitive slaves laws Great Dismal Swamp maroons List of slaves owners Slave narrative films songs Slave name Slave catcher Slave patrol Slave Route Project Treatment in U.S. breeding court cases Washington Jefferson Adams Lincoln 40 acres Freedmen 's Bureau bit Wage slavery Emancipation Day Human trafficking is the modern form of slavery , with illegal smuggling and trading of people , for forced labor or sexual exploitation . Trafficking is officially defined as the recruitment , transportation , transfer , harboring , or receipt of persons by means of coercion , abduction , fraud , deception , or abuse of power of a position of vulnerability for the purpose of exploitation . Human trafficking is not synonymous with forced migration or smuggling . In the U.S. , human trafficking tends to occur around international travel - hubs with large immigrant populations , notably California , Texas and Georgia . The U.S. Justice Department estimates that 14,500 -- 17,500 people are trafficked into the country every year . The 2016 Global Slavery Index estimates that including U.S. citizens and immigrants 57,700 people are victims of human trafficking . Those being trafficked include young children , teenagers , men and women and can be domestic citizens or foreign nationals . According to the Department of State 's statistics from 2000 , there are approximately 244,000 American children and youth that are at risk for sex trafficking each year . Under federal law ( 18 USC § 1589 ) , it is a crime to make people work by use of force , coercion or fear . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reports 1.1 Attorney General 1.2 2011 Department of Justice report 1.3 2011 Department of State report 1.4 Immigration and Customs Enforcement 1.5 Human Smuggling and Trafficking Center 2 Prevalence 2.1 Geographic distribution of forced laborers 2.2 Criticism 3 Types 3.1 Sex trafficking 3.1. 1 Commercial sexual exploitation of children 3.1. 2 Latino brothels 3.1. 3 Super Bowls 3.2 Labor trafficking 3.2. 1 Agriculture 3.2. 2 Domestic labor 3.2. 3 Traveling sales crew 3.2. 3.1 Malinda 's Traveling Sales Crew Protection Act 4 Structural factors 4.1 Poverty 4.2 Globalization 4.3 Prostitution 4.4 Fear of government corruption 4.5 Fear of deportation 5 Anti-trafficking laws and policies 5.1 Policy of the federal government 5.1. 1 Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act 5.1. 2 Human trafficking hotline 5.1. 3 Safe Harbor laws 5.2 Pressure from human rights groups 5.3 Health professionals 6 National opposition organizations 7 As a moral panic 8 Media 8.1 Documentaries 9 Policy of state governments 9.1 Arizona 9.1. 1 Laws 9.1. 2 Organizations 9.2 California 9.2. 1 Organizations 9.3 Florida 9.4 Georgia 9.5 Michigan 9.6 Nevada 9.6. 1 Legal brothels 9.6. 2 Las Vegas 9.7 Minnesota 9.8 New York 9.8. 1 Laws 9.8. 2 Organizations 9.9 Ohio 9.9. 1 Laws 9.9. 2 Organizations 9.10 Pennsylvania 9.11 Texas 9.11. 1 Major U.S. hubs 9.11. 2 Houston 9.11. 2.1 Types of trafficking found in Houston 9.11. 2.2 Quantity of trafficking in Texas 9.11. 3 Laws and policies 9.11. 4 Organizations 9.12 Virginia 9.12. 1 Laws 9.12. 2 Organizations 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Reports ( edit ) According to the Department of State 2011 Trafficking in Persons Report , the United States is a Tier 1 country for trafficking . Tier 1 means that the government is in compliance with the U.S. government 's minimum standards of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 to eliminate trafficking . The minimum standards as listed in section 108 of the legislation are : ( 1 ) The government of the country should prohibit severe forms of trafficking in persons and punish acts of such trafficking . ( 2 ) For the knowing commission of any act of sex trafficking involving force , fraud , coercion , or in which the victim of sex trafficking is a child incapable of giving meaningful consent , or of trafficking which includes rape or kidnapping or which causes a death , the government of the country should prescribe punishment commensurate with that for grave crimes , such as forcible sexual assault . ( 3 ) For the knowing commission of any act of a severe form of trafficking in persons , the government of the country should prescribe punishment that is sufficiently stringent to deter and that adequately reflects the heinous nature of the offense . ( 4 ) The government of the country should make serious and sustained efforts to eliminate severe forms of trafficking in persons . The U.S. is working to eliminate human trafficking in the U.S. and worldwide . Each year , the Department of State releases data compiled on the state of human trafficking in many different countries including the U.S. in accordance with the Trafficking Victim Protection Act of 2000 's standards ( see below ) . In addition , it also releases data on trafficking cases under federal prosecution and estimates of those trafficked ; however , the report also cautions that the data may not be representative of the number of individuals actually trafficked due to both the lack of cohesion between many states and agencies battling human trafficking and the inability to account for undiscovered victims . Below is a compilation of data from a variety of U.S. agencies and the United Nations . Attorney General ( edit ) According to the Attorney General 's 2001 report , an estimated 14,000 people are trafficked into the United States each year , although , again because trafficking is illegal , accurate statistics are difficult to compile . 2011 Department of Justice Report ( edit ) The findings of the U.S. Department of Justice 's 2011 report , `` Characteristics of Suspected Human Trafficking Incidents , 2008 - 2010 , '' include : From 2008 to 2010 , Federal anti-trafficking task forces opened 2,515 suspected cases of human trafficking . 82 % of suspected incidents were classified as sex trafficking and nearly half of these involved victims under the age of 18 . Approximately 10 % of the incidents were classified as labor trafficking . 83 % of victims in confirmed sex - trafficking incidents were identified as U.S. citizens , while most confirmed labor - trafficking victims were identified as undocumented immigrants ( 67 % ) or legal immigrants ( 28 % ) . 25 % of the confirmed victims received a `` T visa , '' part of a federal program designed to aid victims of trafficking . While the findings represent the government 's best estimate , the authors caution that `` the data described in this report reflect the information that was available to , and entered by , these state and local law enforcement agencies , '' and such data systems are still being established and are likely not recording all incidents . 2011 Department of State Report ( edit ) According to the Department of State , the U.S. was identified as a Tier 1 country with unspecified federal agencies charging 181 individuals with trafficking other humans and obtaining 141 convictions in 103 human trafficking prosecutions . Of the prosecutions reported by the Department of State , 32 were labor trafficking cases and 71 were sex trafficking cases . Immigration and Customs enforcement ( edit ) During 2009 , ICE initiated 566 cases . These investigations led to 388 criminal arrests , more than double the number of arrests from the previous fiscal year , resulting in 148 indictments and 165 convictions . Human smuggling and trafficking Center ( edit ) The Human Smuggling and Trafficking Center is an inter-agency intelligence center that gathers information on illicit travel -- including that of trafficking . The center also coordinates with foreign agencies and diplomats to monitor and fight trafficking on an international basis . With the enactment of TVPRA 2008 , the HSTC was also charged with the responsibility of compiling a comprehensive inter-agency database on persons identified as victims of human trafficking . Prevalence ( edit ) Geographic distribution of forced laborers ( edit ) According to the 2011 Department of State report , victims are largely from Thailand , India , Mexico , Philippines , Haiti , Honduras , El Salvador , and the Dominican Republic , though U.S. citizens have also been victims of human trafficking . Relevant to people being trafficked from other countries , `` ( v ) ulnerabilities are increasingly found in visa programs for legally documented students and temporary workers who typically fill labor needs in the hospitality , landscaping , construction , food service , and agricultural industries . '' Human trafficking occurred consistently in high - population areas that serve as hubs for international travel and that have large immigrant populations . In the study , higher numbers of reported cases were found in California , New York , Texas , and Florida . This is consistent with the U.S. Department of Justice report that the largest concentrations of survivors of human trafficking were located in California , Oklahoma , New York , and Texas . According to the National Human Trafficking Resource Center ( NHTRC ) roughly 979,000 of the human trafficking cases reported by state are from California , making it the most affected area in the United States . Criticism ( edit ) According to a 2007 Washington Post expose entitled `` Human Trafficking Evokes Outrage , Little Evidence '' , human trafficking into the United States is essentially nonexistent . However , there are more victims than those who have applied for and been granted certification . First , certification requires that the victim be willing to cooperate with a police investigation . Following a police raid , some victims just want to go home , some victims do n't want to cooperate with police and are deported , and some victims are afraid to testify against vicious traffickers . The application for certification requires support from law enforcement . If the victim is not seen as useful for a case , or if the police do n't want to pursue a case , they have no support to stay in the U.S. and will not be counted as victims of trafficking . Nevertheless , the number of identified victims ( or convicted traffickers ) is far less than the official estimate ( by the U.S. State Department ) that as many 14,500 -- 17,500 individuals are trafficked into the United States every year . A recent analysis by the Justice Department 's Bureau of Justice Statistics showed a gap between the claimed number of victims and the number of confirmed cases of victimization . A gap between the alleged number of victims and the number of confirmed cases also characterizes the situation worldwide . The U.S. Department of State recently reported that 0.4 percent of the estimated victims of trafficking internationally had been officially identified . The State Department report provided no source for the number of either estimated or identified victims . Some critics , like Markon in the Washington Post , note that all such estimates are deeply flawed . Types ( edit ) Research conducted by University of California at Berkeley on behalf of the anti-trafficking organization Free the Slaves found that about 46 % of people in slavery in the United States are forced into prostitution . The U.S. Department of Justice prosecuted 360 defendants for human trafficking from 2001 to 2007 and gained 238 convictions . From January 2007 through September 2008 , there were 1,229 alleged cases of human trafficking nationally ; 1,018 of them , nearly 83 percent , were sex trafficking cases . Sex trafficking has a close relationship with migrant smuggling operations headed by Mexican , Eastern European , and Asian crime organizations . Domestic servitude claims 27 % of people in slavery in the U.S. , agriculture 10 % , and other occupations 17 % . Sex trafficking ( edit ) Main article : Sex trafficking in the United States Louise Slaughter testifies at a Ways & Means Human Resources Subcommittee hearing on October 23 , 2013 . Louise testified in strong support of a bill she has co-sponsored with Rep. Erik Paulsen ( R - MN ) that address the high rate of children in foster care being recruited into sex trafficking within the United States . ( 10445204615 ) The U.S. Department of Health & Human Services estimated that between 240,000 and 325,000 children are at risk for sexual exploitation each year . Children who are considered runaways are at particular risk of prostitution or of being trafficked into the sex industry . Of the 1,682,900 children who were considered runaways for a period of time in 1999 , 71 % were considered at risk for prostitution . 1,700 of those reported actually engaging in sexual activity in exchange for money . David Finkelhor , a University of New Hampshire professor who is director of the Crimes Against Children Research Center , said `` I would n't put any stock in these figures as indicators of what is going on today '' . Commercial sexual exploitation of children ( edit ) See also : Commercial sexual exploitation of children § United States In 2003 , 1,400 minors were arrested for prostitution , 14 % of whom were younger than 14 years old . A study conducted by the International Labor Union indicated that boys are at a higher risk of being trafficked into agricultural work , the drug trade , and petty crime . Girls were at a higher risk of being forced into the sex industry and domestic work . In 2004 , the Department of Labor found 1,087 minors employed in situations that violated hazardous occupation standards . The same year , 5,480 children were employed violating child labor laws . Due to the secretive nature of trafficking , it is difficult to piece together an accurate picture of how widespread the problem is . In 2001 , the University of Pennsylvania School of Social Work released a study on CSEC conducted in 17 cities across the United States . While they did not interview any of the adolescent subjects of the inquiry , they estimated through secondary response that as many as 300,000 American youth may be at risk of commercial sexual exploitation at any time . The Center for Court Innovation in New York City had used Respondent Driven Sampling ( RDS ) , Social Network Analysis , capture / recapture , and Markov based probability estimates in 2008 to generate a prevalence estimate for New York City alone and found that there were approximately 3800 children that were identified as commercial sexual exploitation victims . Researchers said this was an underestimate of the actual number as isolated sub-groups outside their sampling methodology exist and could not be estimated . An article by the Village Voice that reviewed arrest records in 37 large US cities over 10 years found only 827 cases a year had been reported to police departments . Especially vulnerable are homeless and runaways . The National Runaway Switchboard said in 2009 that one - third of runaway youths in America will be lured into prostitution within 48 hours on the streets . This view of adolescent prostitution in the United States as primarily driven by pimp - exploiters and other `` sex traffickers '' was challenged by SNRG - NYC in their 2008 New York City study which interviewed over 300 under - age prostitutes and found that only 10 % reported having pimps . A 2012 study done in Atlantic City , New Jersey , by the same group incorporated an extended qualitative ethnographic component that looked specifically at the relationship between pimps and adolescents engaged with street based sex markets . This study found the percentage of adolescents who had pimps to be only 14 % and that those relationships were typically far more complex , mutual , and companionate than has been reported by social service providers , not - for - profits , and much of the news media . The New York State Office of Children and Family Services estimated in 2007 that New York City is home to more than 2,000 sexually exploited children under 18 . At least 85 percent of these youths statewide have had some contact with the child welfare system , mostly through abuse or neglect proceedings . In New York City , 75 percent have been in foster care . Mishi Faruqee , who is in charge of juvenile justice issues for the Correctional Association of New York , questioned the reliability of the estimate . `` We believe that number is really an undercount . '' This is confirmed by SNRG - NYC 's New York City population estimate of 2008 which was 3,946 . Latino brothels ( edit ) Brothels catering exclusively to Latino males , referred to as `` Latino Residential Brothels '' , are a major vehicle for sex trafficking , with the victims being almost exclusively women and children from Latin America . Trafficking of U.S. citizens within the U.S. occurs as well . They typically own informal underground businesses in urban , suburban , and rural areas . Super bowls ( edit ) Exterior of MetLife Stadium for Super Bowl XLVIII Law authorities have led sting operations in connection with Super Bowl games . During the Super Bowl XLVIII , authorities arrested 45 pimps and rescued 25 child victims of human trafficking . During Super Bowl XLIX , authorities led a sting operation called National Day of Johns and arrested almost 600 people and rescued 68 victims . Labor trafficking ( edit ) Main article : Labor trafficking in the United States According to the National Human Rights Center in Berkeley , California , there are currently about 10,000 forced laborers in the U.S. , around one - third of whom are domestic servants and some portion of whom are children . In reality , this number could be far higher due to the difficulty in getting exact numbers of victims , due to the secretive nature of human trafficking . The U.S. government only keeps a count of survivors , defined as victims of severe instances of human trafficking , who have been assisted by the government in acquiring immigration benefits . Research at San Diego State University estimates that there are 2.4 million victims of human trafficking among illegal Mexican immigrants . Research by the Urban Institute says that law enforcement agencies do not prioritize labor trafficking cases , were reluctant to help victims obtain authorization to legally remain in the United States , and felt there was not enough evidence to corroborate victim statements . In 2014 , the National Human Trafficking Resource Center reported 990 cases of forced labor trafficking in the US , including 172 which also involved sex trafficking . The most common types of labor trafficking included domestic work , traveling sales crews , agriculture / farms , restaurant / food service , health & beauty services , begging , retail , landscaping , hospitality , construction , carnivals , elder care , forestry , manufacturing , and housekeeping . Agriculture ( edit ) In the agriculture sector , the most common victims of trafficking are U.S. citizens and legal permanent residents , undocumented immigrants , and foreign nationals with temporary H - 2A visas . H - 2A visa is a certification program , which is the employers contracting people from other countries , but first the employers must try to recruit U.S workers , before looking abroad . In attempts towards seeking employees , once they are hired they may encounter some difficulties such as : 1 . May not be able to join a Union or face legal challenges 2 . Requirements that farmers may not meet because of the program H - 2A visas are temporary visas that allow people from other countries to work in the United States , with some benefits contractors need to provide to them . Examples include , `` farmers are required to these workers with housing and pay for transportation to the job , ... pay them at least three - quarters of the season at a higher rate , than the average paid rate of that work '' . Yet , the circumstances of the law states for free housing , `` prevailing practice in the area and occupation of intended employment '' . For farmers who are working and have families , means that they are not guaranteed housing situations . Farm workers being controlled greatly , their lives are vulnerable in fears that they may be deported back to their homeland . Due to the nature of agricultural work as being seasonal and transient , the ability of employers to exploit these workers is high . Such exploitation may take the form of threats of violence and playing on vulnerabilities ( i.e. immigration status ) . In some cases , workers are held in a state of perpetual debt to the crew leaders who impose mandatory transportation , housing and communication fees upon the workers which are high in relation to pay received , therefore further indebting the worker . Crew leaders may also provide workers with H - 2A visas and transportation to the place of work from a home country . Part of the H - 2A visa , is that it does not provide an adequate choosing of their employment , how much would they be paid for their work , or even the hours , are not negotiable . Undocumented people who come without any visas , have a greater chance of choosing of where they wish to work and decide to leave the employment if they wish and have a better chance of not being exploited . In 2010 , the company Global Horizons was indicted on charges of trafficking over 200 Thai workers . With the program , bonded labor , it was guaranteed that the workers were going to receive a visa , that would allow them to live and work in the United States . Upon arrival , the company made a false statement to lure the workers and having a higher recruitment . The fees that were imposed to the farm workers were so high , that the debt was impossible to pay with the employment they were given . Many were living in poor housing conditions ( up to a dozen living per home ) , threats , and even physical assaults . Domestic labor ( edit ) Domestic servitude is the forced employment of someone as a maid or nanny , and victims are often migrant women who come from low - wage communities in their home countries . Domestic workers perform duties such as cleaning , cooking and childcare in their employers home . Domestic workers are commonly US citizens , undocumented workers or foreign nationals most commonly holding one of the following visa types : A-3 , G - 5 , NATO - 7 or B - 1 The most common victims of this type of trafficking are women . Similar means of control to Agricultural Work are common . Additionally , a lack of legislation regarding the duties and protection of these workers facilitates their exploitation . Employers commonly use the workers lack of knowledge of the language or legal system as a means of control and intimidation . This is also commonly paired with various forms of abuse and / or passport revocation . Many domestic workers are brought to the United States on a promise of a better life or an education . Traffickers are usually married couples from the same country of origin as the trafficked person , and are usually not involved in organized criminal networks , making it more difficult to identify instances of this type of trafficking . Perpetrators of domestic servitude are often well - respected members of their communities and lead otherwise normal lives . Areas with large middle - class and upper - middle - class populations are commonly the destinations of this type of trafficking . The Associated Press reports , based on interviews in California and Egypt , that trafficking of children for domestic labor in the U.S. includes an extension of an illegal but common practice in Africa . Families in remote villages send their daughters to work in cities for extra money and the opportunity to escape a dead - end life . Some girls work for free on the understanding that they at least will be better fed in the home of their employer . This custom has led to the spread of trafficking , as well - to - do Africans accustomed to employing children immigrate into the U.S. Legally employed domestic workers are distinct from illegally employed domestic servants . While legally employed domestic house workers are fairly compensated for their work in accordance with national wage laws , domestic servants are typically forced to work extremely long hours for little to no monetary compensation , and psychological and physical means are employed to limit their mobility and freedom . In addition , deportation threats are often used to discourage internationally trafficked persons from seeking help . Traveling sales crew ( edit ) Traveling sales crews have the highest rate of calls to human trafficking hotlines after domestic labor ( counting from January 2008 to February 2015 ) . The mobile nature makes it easier for traffickers to control their victims ' sleeping arrangements and food and to alienate them from outside contact . Traffickers may withhold food or threaten to abandon their victims in unfamiliar locations without money if they do not comply . Unlike other professions , members of traveling sales crews are considered independent contractors even if they do not have any autonomy in their life outside of work . As independent contractors , they are not overseen by several laws meant to prevent abuse , such as Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . Victims often incur debt from their traffickers , and enter into a form of debt slavery . Malinda 's traveling sales crew Protection Act ( edit ) Wisconsin state senator Jon Erpenbach Malinda 's Traveling Sales Crew Protection Act is a Wisconsin law that gives traveling sales crew members similar employment rights as part - time workers in Wisconsin are currently guaranteed by state law . It also requires all crews to register with the Department of Agriculture , Trade , and Consumer Protection before going door to door in state communities . By registering members of the crew , alerts for members with outstanding warrants in other states can be identified and criminals detained . It is the only law in the United States that regulates traveling sales crews . Wisconsin governor James E. Doyle says the intent of the law is to `` stop companies from putting workers in dangerous and unfair conditions '' . The bill was passed in a form that applies only to sales workers who travel in groups of two or more . It was authored by Jon Erpenbach . Southwestern Advantage lobbied against the bill , arguing that their independent contractor business model nurtured the entrepreneurial spirit . During the hearings , former Southwestern student dealers testified on both sides of the issue . Structural factors ( edit ) Poverty ( edit ) Poverty can lead to increased trafficking in many different ways . Poverty affects the notion of individual choice and often drives families to make decisions out of desperation and lack of education . Poverty , in some countries , may influence parents to send their children to work in another urban country with a more stable economy , such as the U.S. , without the knowledge that the child is then forced into slave labor or prostitution . Furthermore , once this kidnapping and trafficking of the child occurs , the victim often accepts their situation and limits efforts to escape their imprisonment . Oftentimes , they wind up alone in a country where they do not speak the language , making it difficult to seek aid . In addition , victims often accept their positions because they feel that this is the only way that they may send some remittances to their family and their enslaved situations may in some cases still be better than their original impoverished and desperate state . Globalization ( edit ) The rate of human trafficking has directly increased in correlation with globalization . Globalization has increased cross-border trade and the demand for cheap labor ; however , migration policies of the U.S. and other countries have not changed with the level of demand for cheap labor , thus forcing people illegally to immigrate . Illegal immigration then creates ideal conditions for organized criminal operations to form trafficking circles . With increased trade of foreign goods to rural areas , import competition in the rural markets has also forced people in poor areas to migrate to industrialized economies for better livelihoods . Their desperate positions often make them subject to exploitation and trafficking into different forms of forced labor to support that economy . Lastly , the technological advances that go hand in hand with globalization have facilitated the ease with which organized crime circles may conduct trafficking operations . Prostitution ( edit ) Some feminists , such as Carole Pateman , believe that exploitation is in both prostitution and sex trafficking . They believe that even if the women agreed to be a sex worker in a foreign country that the worker was still trafficked because of the preceding conditions that lead her to believe that sex work was the only viable work option . Other feminists such as Kamala Kempadoo , on the other hand , believe that prostitution is a form of labor just like any other migrant labor ; however , due to the criminalization of prostitution , prostitutes are then subject to coercion and exploitation and subsequent trafficking . In the USA , each year 80,000 women are arrested for prostitution . Current debates about modifications to Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 policy are based about these two arguments . In providing aid for victims of sex trafficking the government must take a stand on whether or not they believe the sex industry and sex trafficking are inherently linked . These people involved in prostitution have an 80 % higher chance of sexually transmitted infections and many never can afford to seek treatment . This results in serious infections , lifelong diseases , and sometimes even death . Fear of government corruption ( edit ) Even though the U.S. offers protection for trafficking victims , few victims seek the government 's aid due to fear of corruption , fear of deportation , or fear of reprisals with their family . Victims of trafficking may be citizens of countries with corrupt governments that actually aid trafficking . Where victims ' home countries lack reliable police systems , trafficking victims are hesitant to reach out to the law for aid . Jessa Dillow Crisp was of many victims of human trafficking , who had encountered the police in her town to be corruptive and involved in the trafficking . Fear of deportation ( edit ) In addition , because the trafficked victims may be in the U.S. illegally , they fear deportation back to their home countries . Deportation can often leave trafficked victims at the mercy of their traffickers once again or it may cause harm to their families through either punishment by the traffickers or a loss of remittances that the traffickers had been sending to the family . Anti-trafficking laws and policies ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Laws against trafficking exist at the federal and community levels . Over half of the states now criminalize human trafficking , though the penalties are not as tough as under the federal laws . Related federal and state efforts focus on regulating the tourism industry to prevent the facilitation of sex tourism and regulate international marriage brokers to ensure criminal background checks and information on how to get help are given to the potential brides . Policy of the federal government ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The federal government has taken a firm stance against human trafficking both within its borders and beyond . Domestically , human trafficking is a federal crime under Title 18 of the United States Code . Section 1584 makes it a crime to force a person to work against her or his will , or to sell a person into a condition of involuntary servitude . Section 1581 similarly makes it illegal to force a person to work through `` debt servitude '' . Human trafficking as it relates to involuntary servitude and slavery is prohibited by the 13th Amendment . Federal laws on human trafficking are enforced by the Federal Bureau of Investigation , the United States Marshal Service , the Drug Enforcement Administration , the Immigration and Customs Enforcement , the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division and Criminal Section , and other federal agencies . Victims of trafficking and violence Protection Act ( edit ) The Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 allowed for greater statutory maximum sentences for traffickers , provided resources for protection of and assistance for victims of trafficking , and created avenues for interagency cooperation . It also allows many trafficking victims to remain in the U.S. and apply for permanent residency under a T - 1 Visa . Previously , trafficked individuals who were often in the country illegally were treated as criminals . According to the section on Severe Forms of Trafficking in Persons , the definition extends to include any `` commercial sex act ... in which the person induced to perform such act has not attained 18 years of age '' . This means that any minor engaged in prostitution is a victim of human trafficking , regardless of citizenship or whether or not movement has taken place . The law defines trafficking as `` the prohibition against any individual who provides or obtains labor or services for peonage , slavery , involuntary servitude , or forced labor . '' The law distinguishes trafficking , where victims are coerced into entering the U.S. , from smuggling , where migrants enter the country without authorization . The act also attempted to encourage efforts to prevent human trafficking internationally , by creating annual country reports on trafficking and tying financial non-humanitarian assistance to foreign countries to real efforts in addressing human trafficking . The benefits of the law , however , are dependent on the survivor 's cooperation with prosecuting the perpetrators . This can be complicated if the victim fears retribution from their trafficker or has a fear of authority that remains from their country of origin . The original TVPA of 2000 has been reauthorized three times , the most recent being the William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008 . These reauthorizations have clarified definitions of trafficking and forced labor in order both to aid in prosecution of traffickers and to aid the victims of trafficking . The reauthorization versions have also required the federal government to terminate all contracts with overseas contractors involved in human trafficking or forced labor . Extraterritoriality jurisdiction was also extended to cover all U.S. nationals and permanent residents who are living overseas . In `` October 2000 , the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 ( TVPA ) ( Public Law 106 - 386 ) was enacted . Prior to that , no comprehensive Federal law existed to protect victims of trafficking or to prosecute their traffickers '' . In 2003 , the Bush Administration authorized more than $200 million to combat human trafficking through the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2003 ( TVPRA ) . TVPRA renews the U.S. government 's commitment to identify and assist victims exploited through labor and sex trafficking in the U.S. The U.S. has also set up programs to help those who have been victims . The government can help victims , once identified , by stabilizing their immigrant status . The Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) enables victims who are non-U.S. citizens to receive federally funded benefits and services to the same extent as a refugee ; as well , U.S. citizens who are victims are eligible for many benefits . Human trafficking hotline ( edit ) The federal government has set up a National Human Trafficking Resource Center Hotline ( 1 - 888 - 373 - 7888 ) . The hotline answers questions and responds to crises in up to 170 languages . and provides materials in over 20 languages . Since 2007 , the hotline has received over 60,000 calls . Callers include victims of human trafficking seeking services , as well as individuals and organizations seeking information about human trafficking . Twenty - five states have mandated certain types of businesses to post a hotline . Minnesota , Oklahoma , and Tennessee have their own hotline while the others use the national hotline . Safe harbor laws ( edit ) Safe Harbor laws protect victims of human trafficking from legal prosecution of crimes committed while under the influence of the trafficker and provide services such as counseling and housing and protect them from their exploiters . Victims of trafficking are protected under federal law , but may still be charged under state law . The federal Stop Exploitation Through Trafficking Act of 2013 is a law that encourages states to pass safe harbor laws . It elevated the status of the National Human Trafficking Hotline and opened up the Job Corps program to sex trafficking victims . Pressure from human Rights groups ( edit ) International NGOs such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International have called on the U.S. to improve its measures aimed at reducing trafficking . They recommend that the U.S. more fully implement the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime Protocol to Prevent , Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons , especially Women and Children and for immigration officers to improve their awareness of trafficking and support the victims of trafficking . Health professionals ( edit ) Doctors and health professionals are asked to look out for possible victims of human trafficking as most get to health care services at some time . Health care services have the chance to rescue them . National opposition organizations ( edit ) Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women ( GAATW ) : influences shaping of U.S. policy against trafficking . Distinguishes between prostitution and sex trafficking . Coalition Against Trafficking in Women ( CATW ) : influences shaping of U.S. policy against trafficking . Does not acknowledge a difference between prostitution and sex trafficking . The Trafficking Education Network focuses on educating and training people so they are better equipped to respond to human trafficking . Worthwhile Wear is an international organization that provides an escape for those forced into prostitution or human trafficking . Overseas , survivors are provided vocational training and employment where they can learn to make items such as clothing , bags , and jewelry , and earn up to 5 times more than their counterparts . This provides the women with a way to stay out of forced prostitution . In the US , Worthwhile Wear operates a program called , The Well , offering long - term housing ( up to 2 years ) , restorative services and employment to women , 18 years and older , who have been affected by human trafficking . As a moral panic ( edit ) A number of authorities and critics of contemporary anti-prostitution activism have pointed out that the hysteria over human trafficking as conflated with voluntary adult prostitution has all the hallmarks of a moral panic , and indeed closely resembles the white slavery hysteria at the beginning of the 20th century . As is typical in such panics , broad claims are made with insufficient factual support , `` horror stories '' of victims take the place of research , and legislators rush to enact dangerously broad and vague legislation which infringes on civil rights . Anthropologist Laura Agustín has written at great length about the way voluntary migration is purposefully conflated with involuntary trafficking , and how anti-trafficking laws tend to assume any foreign or underage prostitute is a `` trafficking victim '' even if she denies it . In a similar vein , ethnographers studying U.S. - born adolescents involved in street - based sex markets have argued that the relationships that these adolescents have with the adults in their lives who help facilitate their market activity typically have a far greater mutuality and equality than is understood by policy - makers , social service providers , and not - for - profit advocates who embrace the human trafficking model . Such critiques of this narrative have generally been dismissed by activists as evidence of Stockholm Syndrome , thus denying the prostitute agency and treating her as mentally ill . Ethnographers concerned with the validity of activists ' impressions studied a federal anti-trafficking task force in a city that had been identified as a hub for domestic minor sex trafficking . In comparing local sex markets with the understandings of local social service providers , law enforcement officials , and anti-trafficking activists participating in the task force they found that many of the claims of widespread trafficking activity were either exaggerations or misinterpretations of anecdotal evidence ; thus calling into question activists ' ability to understand the context of what they were seeing . Media ( edit ) Mommie Dearest ; `` Joan Crawford ( 's ) ... Mommie Dearest daughter supposedly came from the Tennessee Children 's Home Society '' Sixteen Tons is a song by Tennessee Ernie Ford about debt bondage under the truck system among coal miners in Kentucky in the early 1900s . The practice was since made illegal and is considered a form of labor trafficking . Documentaries ( edit ) The Men of Atalissa is a documentary film by POV.org and The New York Times about 32 intellectually challenged people who were employed by Texas - based Henry 's Turkey Service without proper compensation , and were abused physically and mentally , living in harsh conditions , at Atalissa , Iowa for more than 30 years beginning in the 1970s . The men , paid a wage of $65 a month and sheltered in an old uphill schoolhouse , were used for meat processing . Their conditions were made public in 2009 leading to a $240 million jury verdict , subsequently reduced to $50,000 per person . The documentary is based on court records and internal documents of the company and features first - time interviews with seven of the victims . I am Jane Doe is a documentary chronicling the legal battle that several American mothers are waging on behalf of their middle - school daughters , who were trafficked for commercial sex on Backpage.com , the classified advertising website formerly owned by the Village Voice . The film is narrated by Jessica Chastain , directed by filmmaker Mary Mazzio , and produced by Mazzio along with Alec Sokolow . Policy of State governments ( edit ) Several state governments have taken action to address human trafficking within their borders , through either legislation or prevention activities . For example , Florida state law prohibits forced labor , sex trafficking , and domestic servitude and provides for mandatory law enforcement trainings and victim services . A 2006 Connecticut law prohibits coerced work and makes trafficking a violation of the Connecticut RICO Act . Washington State was the first to pass a law criminalizing human trafficking in 2003 . Arizona ( edit ) According to the U.S. State Department , Arizona is a main destination and transit point for labor and sex trafficking , both nationally and internationally . Some contributing factors include its proximity to Mexico , San Diego and Las Vegas , its warm weather , its network of freeways , and the fact that it is a major conference destination , and home to many professional sporting events . The Great Recession also hit Phoenix particularly hard , leading to a spike in homeless youth who are vulnerable to human traffickers . Cindy McCain has raised awareness of human trafficking in Arizona and across the United States and served as co-chair of the Arizona Governor Jan Brewer 's Task Force on Human Trafficking . Laws ( edit ) Unlawfully Obtaining Labor or Services ; classification ( AZ ) - Arizona Legislation making it illegal to obtain labor or services through the use of bodily harm , threatening or restraining victim , and / or withholding victim 's personal records . Sex Trafficking ; classification ( AZ ) - Arizona Legislation that defines what sex trafficking is . States that it is illegal to recruit , entice , harbor , transport , provide or obtain by any means another person with the intent of causing the other person to engage in prostitution by force , fraud or coercion . If a person is under the age of eighteen , it is illegal to entice , harbor , transport , provide , or obtain by any means that person with the intent of causing that person to engage in prostitution . Trafficking of Persons for Forced Labor or Services ; classifications ; definitions ( AZ ) - Arizona Legislation that defines labor trafficking as `` transport another person or to entice , recruit , harbor , provide or otherwise obtain another person for transport by deception , coercion or force , '' . Also states that it is illegal to knowingly traffic another person or benefit from the trafficking of another person for labor or services . Organizations ( edit ) The Underage Sex - Trafficking Coalition was formed in 2011 by the Arizona Attorney General . It seeks to raise public awareness , educate the community and advocate to strengthen laws about human trafficking . It began the Arizona 's Not Buying It Campaign , in partnership with Shared Hope International , to fight child sex trafficking . Arizona League to End Regional Trafficking ( ALERT ) is a coalition representing partnerships with law enforcement , faith - based communities , non-profit organizations , social service agencies , attorneys and concerned citizens . ALERT helps victims of trafficking by providing : food and shelter ; medical care ; mental health counseling ; immigration assistance ; legal assistance ; language interpretation ; case management ; and other culturally appropriate services throughout the state of Arizona . MOMA 's House is an organization based in Laveen that helps female victims recover from sex trafficking by providing shelter , a supportive environment , and a program to help them develop life and career skills . Training and Resources United to Stop Trafficking ( TRUST ) focuses on raising awareness about human trafficking through training and providing resources . California ( edit ) Main article : Human trafficking in California California is particularly vulnerable because of `` proximity to international borders , number of ports and airports , significant immigrant population , and large economy that includes industries that attract forced labor . '' It serves both as an entry point for slaves imported from outside the US as well as a destination for slaves . Slavery is found throughout California , but major hubs are centered around Los Angeles , San Diego , and San Francisco . In 2011 , California enacted a new law called the `` Transparency in Supply Chains Act . '' The law requires certain retailers to disclose their efforts to eradicate slavery and human trafficking from their supply chains . The law went into effect January 1 , 2012 , and it applies to any company that is in the `` retail trade '' that has annual worldwide gross receipts in excess of $100 million and annual California sales exceeding $500,000 . Organizations ( edit ) The Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking : works to assist persons trafficked for the purpose of forced labor and slavery - like practices and to work toward ending all instances of such human rights violations . The Thai Community Development Center 's Slavery Eradication and Rights Initiative works to raise awareness of human trafficking and provide survivor support Florida ( edit ) Main article : Human trafficking in Florida Florida Coalition Against Human Trafficking ( www.stophumantrafficking.org ) : based in Clearwater , Florida . FCAHT 's founder , Anna Rodriguez , had her first experience with a Human Trafficking case in 1999 ; U.S. vs. Tecum . Anna served as a victim advocate with the Collier County Sheriff 's Office and an outreach coordinator for the Immokalee Shelter for Abused Women in Collier County , Florida for 10 years . Her first human trafficking case developed from a `` home visitation '' , in where she was following up on a domestic violence incident . She noticed the presence of a young female who turned out to be a victim of human trafficking . Anna identified `` red flags '' that made her suspicious and eventually she helped get the victim out . Today the Tecum case has become a major case study by agencies including USDOJ , FSU , Croft Institute for International and New York Times . The Tecum case was one of the cases used to urge US Congress in passing the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 . The mission of FCAHT is to improve and provide outreach and services to victims of human trafficking throughout the State of Florida by developing support programs , networking , coalition building , training , service delivery , and referrals to victims in need . FCAHT works closely with community service providers to provide victims with emergency food and shelter , medical and psychological treatment and other services as needed to help these individuals restore their lives and their freedoms . FCAHT provides training to law enforcement agencies , medical facilities , faith based , civil and community organizations to bring awareness and recognition to the signs and symptoms of Human Trafficking . FCAHT also works very closely with the Federal Bureau of Investigation , Immigration and Customs Enforcement , State and local law enforcement agencies in Florida as well providing guidance to law enforcement Nationwide and Internationally . FCAHT also works hand in hand with government officials , victim service providers , faith based groups and civic groups throughout Florida , the Nation and overseas . FCAHT has assisted in the coordination of funded / unfunded human trafficking task forces throughout the state of Florida and across the Nation as well . FCAHT has also assisted in the creation of new human trafficking laws within the State of Florida as well as overseas . Florida Abolitionist : based in Orlando Georgia ( edit ) Main article : Human trafficking in Georgia ( U.S. state ) State Policy : Georgia law OCGA 16 - 5 - 46 prohibits the trafficking of persons for labor or sexual servitude with a more severe penalty for trafficking minors . Other Related Laws : On April 2 , 2015 a new law passed called the SB8 and SR7 . Under this law convicted traffickers will register as sex offenders and pay into a state fund called New Safe Harbor to help victims of sex trafficking with physical , mental health , education , job training and legal help . HB 200 law went into effect on July 1 , 2011 . The law is harsher when it involves minors and can be up to a twenty - year prison sentence and a $100,000 fine . Another major step is that the age of consent , which is sixteen , or lack of knowledge of the victim 's age is no longer a valid defense . Major Issues : Atlanta is now a major transportation hub when it comes to trafficking young girls from Mexico and is one of the fourteen U.S. cities with the highest levels of sex trafficking of children . In the year of 2007 the sex trade generated $290 million in Atlanta . Craigslist is a major medium for the advertisement for sex and the site is known to get three hits per day . Since Atlanta has `` the same ready access to commercial air and ground routes that draws businesses and travelers to Atlanta also entices criminals engaged in human trafficking '' . There are numerous events and conventions in Atlanta that bring many people to the city which also exemplifies the issue . Organizations : Out Of Darkness : is an organization that is against sex trafficking which is located in Atlanta Georgia ; Out of Darkness falls under the section 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) . Their `` mission is to reach , rescue and restore all victims of commercial sexual exploitation , that the glory of God may be known . '' BeLoved Atlanta : Atlanta is an organization that focuses on the `` community of women who have survived trafficking , prostitution and addiction '' . BeLoved Atlanta will provide a residential home to adult women who were personally affected by sexual exploitation , they are able to provide their services to residents for up to two years . End It : `` is a coalition of leading organization in the world to fight for freedom '' . There mission is to shine a light on all forms of slavery . End it `` Partners are doing the work , on the ground , every day , to bring AWARENESS , PREVENTION , RESCUE , and RESTORATION . '' Not for sale : is about protecting individuals from modern day slavery and human trafficking . Not for sale started out in San Francisco however is located in 15 other states . They provide safety , job - training , and life skills , along with many other outlets . Michigan ( edit ) Main article : Human trafficking in Michigan In 2006 , Governor Jennifer Granholm signed House Bill 5747 ( introduced by Rep. Phil Pavlov ( R ) ) which specifically outlawed human trafficking in Michigan . The relevant state statutes are sections 750.462 a to 750.462 i . Effective April 1 , 2011 , an additional statute , 750.462 j was enacted , which set grounds for further prosecution in human trafficking cases . Nevada ( edit ) See also : Prostitution in Nevada In 2013 , Nevada passed Assembly Bill 67 , which uses the federal definition of sex trafficking and increases penalties by one level . It makes victims eligible for state assistance and allows them to sue their traffickers . Sex traffickers will have to register as a sex offender , and their assets will be seized to pay for victim services . Legal brothels ( edit ) Prostitution of adults is legal in 11 rural counties in Nevada . By creating false identification , outside pimps can use these brothels to traffick children . Detective Greg Harvey , from Eugene , Oregon , said such cases were in reality very common ; he said , `` It 's happening right now , it 's amazing how many girls are shipped from here to different brothels in northern and southern Nevada . Many are underage . '' Another detective , Sgt . Pete Kerns , supported Harvey 's claims : `` Never buy the line that nobody under 18 works in ( Nevada brothels ) , '' he said . `` It 's happening . '' In her 2007 report , Prostitution and trafficking in Nevada : making the connections , Melissa Farley presents the results of numerous interviews with brothel owners and prostitutes , she says that most brothel prostitutes are controlled by outside pimps and that they suffer widespread abuse by brothel owners and customers . Bob Herbert supports the claim , stating : `` Despite the fiction that they are `` independent contractors , '' most so - called legal prostitutes have pimps -- the state - sanctioned pimps who run the brothels and , in many cases , a second pimp who controls all other aspects of their lives ( and takes the bulk of their legal earnings ) . '' Alexa Albert says that the trafficking is done in cooperation with brothel owners , so the prostitutes will be easier to control . Assemblyman Bob L. Beers said that `` A brothel owner is somebody who , when it gets down to the very essence , is nothing more than a slave - owner . '' Former Nye County Commissioner Candice Trummell , director of the Nevada Coalition Against Sex Trafficking , said `` It is way past time for Nevada to be the last state in the United States of America to finally stand against all forms of slavery . '' In 2009 , an article in the Guardian stated that some Nevada counties and towns `` impose some extraordinary restrictions on commercial sex workers '' in order to `` separate sex workers from the local community '' : some places forbid prostitutes to leave the brothels for extended periods of time , while other jurisdictions require the prostitutes to leave the county when they are not working ; some places do not allow the children of the women who work in the brothels to live in the same area ; some brothel workers are not permitted to leave the brothel after 5pm ; in some counties registered sex workers are not allowed to have cars at all . Another former prostitute who worked in four Nevada brothels attacked the system , saying , `` Under this system , prostitutes give up too much autonomy , control and choice over their work and lives '' and `` While the brothel owners love this profitable solution , it can be exploitative and is unnecessary '' . She described how the women were subject to various exaggerated restrictions , including making it very difficult for them to refuse clients and having to deal with doctors who had a `` patronizing or sexist attitude '' ( the brothels discouraged and in many cases forbade prostitutes to see doctors of their own choosing ) . Las Vegas ( edit ) Although illegal , 90 % of prostitution in Nevada occurs in Las Vegas . In 2009 Las Vegas was identified by the FBI as one of 14 cities in the U.S. with high rates of child prostitution . Las Vegas police claimed that `` roughly 400 children are picked off the streets from prostitution each year . '' The U.S. Justice Department has also named Las Vegas among the 17 most likely destinations for human trafficking . Shared Hope International says Las Vegas is a major hub for child sex trafficking , in part because of the hyper - sexualized entertainment industry , easy access to alcohol and drugs , and 24 - hour gambling . Minnesota ( edit ) Breaking Free provides various services to prostitutes , such as help finding a place to live and a job outside the sex industry . The motto of the organization is `` sisters helping sisters break free '' . Mission 21 , an organization based in Rochester , provides services for child prostitutes and human trafficking victims who are younger than 16 years old , and refers those 16 and older to Breaking Free . New York ( edit ) Main article : Human trafficking in New York Laws ( edit ) The New York State Anti-trafficking law was created in 2007 . It created the crimes of Labor Trafficking and Sex Trafficking , provides immunity for victims and gives benefits and services to the victims . New York State Safe Harbour for Exploited Children Act was created in 2008 . It gives exploited children protection from the Family Court and access to services . Organizations ( edit ) New York State Anti-Trafficking Coalition is an umbrella group of more than 140 anti-trafficking organizations , and work towards raising public awareness , pass laws , improve law enforcement , and providing services to victims of human trafficking . Together with Sanctuary for Families it launched New York 's New Abolitionists campaign to raise awareness of human trafficking . Girls Educational and Mentoring Services ( GEMS ) is a non-profit organization that provides services to commercially sexually exploited and domestically trafficked girls and young women , typically underage youth exploited by pimps and traffickers . The organization was founded in 1998 by Rachel Lloyd and is based in Harlem , New York City . The organization has helped several hundred young girls transition out of the sex industry and get back to their full potential . They also participated in lobbying for passage of the Safe Harbor Act for Sexually Exploited Youth , which provides that girls under the age of 16 , who are arrested in New York for prostitution will be treated as victims , rather than criminals . The bill was signed into law in September 2008 . The work of GEMS is the subject of the 2007 documentary Very Young Girls . Ohio ( edit ) The Ohio Human Trafficking Task Force was created by executive order on March 29 , 2012 . It coordinates efforts between 11 departments to identify and rescue victims , to coordinate investigation of human trafficking cases , and to provide the services and treatment for victims . Since then , Ohio has spent $2 million on programs for trafficking victims . Franklin County Municipal Court Judge Paul Herbert established a program called Changing Actions to Change Habits ( CATCH court ) , which is a two - year probation program for adult victims of human trafficking that allows them to have their prior convictions dismissed . Ohio is particularly vulnerable to human trafficking because it has both large urban centers and rural counties and a large transient and immigrant population , as well as five major highways with easy access to other states and Canada . 24 out of 88 counties have no human - trafficking training or access to victim services . 1,078 Ohio children are victims of human sex trafficking every year . Toledo is the fourth largest recruitment site for human trafficking in the US . Laws ( edit ) H.B. 262 ( The Ohio Human Trafficking Act of 2012 ) raised the penalty for committing the crime of human trafficking to a first - degree felony with a mandatory minimum sentence of 10 -- 15 years , created a diversion program for juvenile victims to receive protection and treatment , and allows for adult victims of human trafficking with prior convictions of prostitution or solicitation to have their records expunged . Organizations ( edit ) Central Ohio Rescue and Restore is an organization that provides `` a collaborative community response to human trafficking in central Ohio through education , services , advocacy , and prosecution . '' Summit County Collaborative Against Human Trafficking is an organization centered in Summit County that seeks to increase awareness of human trafficking . Pennsylvania ( edit ) Worthwhile Wear is an international organization that provides a way out of forced prostitution or human trafficking both overseas and in the US . In Pennsylvania , Worthwhile Wear operates a program called , The Well , offering long - term housing ( up to 2 years ) , restorative services and employment to women , 18 years and older , who have been affected by human trafficking . Texas ( edit ) Main article : Human trafficking in Texas Major U.S. hubs ( edit ) The main factors that contribute to high levels of trafficking through Atlanta and Houston are proximity , demographics , and a large migrant labor force . The presence of two large airports provides ways in and out of the city in Houston and in Atlanta having the worlds busiest and largest airport makes it easy . Proof for the high level of trafficking in Atlanta and Houston includes the high majority of calls to National Trafficking Hotline coming from The Atlanta Center and Houston . Houston ( edit ) Houston 's proximity to the Mexican border , I - 10 , a highway running across country through Houston , and the port of Houston make it a popular point of entry for international trafficking . Houston 's huge geographic size and large Hispanic population create optimal conditions for trafficking because of the ability to blend in with the community . There are large Asian and Middle Eastern populations that allow traffickers and their victims to blend easily into local communities . Also , Texas businesses employ migrant labors in many different sectors throughout the state ; such as textiles , agriculture , restaurants , construction , and domestic work . This vast diversity makes it difficult for law enforcement to concentrate on any one labor sector and be effective in ending human trafficking . Types of trafficking found in Houston ( edit ) The United States , the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 defines sex trafficking as the recruitment , harboring , transportation , provision , or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act , in which a commercial sex act is induced by force , fraud , or coercion , or in which the person forced to perform such an act is under the age of 18 years . Sex trafficking that occurs in Houston is not limited to taking place in strip clubs , spas , massage parlors , modeling studios , cantinas , and residential brothels in hotels , motels , apartments and houses . Labor trafficking found in Houston may be but not limited to agricultural work , restaurants , nail salons , domestic servitude , peddling , begging , or traveling sales crew . Quantity of trafficking in Texas ( edit ) Based on a study released by Dallas Women 's Foundation , sex trafficking of young girls is not an isolated phenomenon , but a widespread criminal activity in Texas . The research found that 740 girls under age 18 were documented being marketed for sex during a 30 - day period in Texas , of whom 712 of these girls were being marketed through Internet classified web sites and 28 were being marketed through escort services . More information concluded from the research is that there are more girls being trafficked for sex in Texas during one month than there are women killed in domestic violence with former or current husbands , intimate partners or boyfriends in Texas over an entire year . There are more girls being trafficked for sex in Texas during one month than there are females of all ages who died from complication due to AIDS in one year in Texas . And finally , there are more girls being trafficked for sex in Texas during one month than there are teen girls who died by suicide , homicide , and accidents in the state in one year . Laws and policies ( edit ) There are several pieces of legislation in place in Texas working to combat human trafficking . Recent legislation passed in Texas mandates that all incoming local law enforcement receive training on human trafficking . In Houston specifically , one of the primary elements of the Juvenile Justice System in Harris County is the Juvenile Probation Department ( HCJPD ) . HCJPD is `` committed to the protection of the public , utilizing intervention strategies that are community - based , family - oriented and least restrictive while emphasizing responsibility and accountability of both parent and child '' . Feeding into HCJPD is the juvenile court system that includes five juvenile courts ( each with a different judge presiding ) , a juvenile mental health court , and a juvenile drug court . Organizations ( edit ) The Coalition Against Human Trafficking : works to increase community awareness of human trafficking and coordinate the identification , assistance , and protection of victims through community education , advocacy , provision of culturally and linguistically sensitive victim services , and efforts to ensure the investigation and prosecution of human traffickers . Mosaic Family Services operates the Services for Victims of Trafficking Program that provides culturally and linguistically competent services to victims experiencing abuse , so that they may quickly recover from a criminal act . The Texas Association Against Sexual Assault : educates rape centers and domestic violence shelters throughout Texas about human trafficking . Free the Captives : is a Christian - based NGO that has objectives including educating the community , preventing , and intervening in the trafficking of at - risk teens , reducing the demand , and pursuing legal remedies to combat trafficking . Houston Rescue and Restore : exists to prevent and confront modern - day slavery by educating the public , training professionals , and empowering the community to take action for the purpose of identifying , rescuing , and restoring trafficking victims to freedom . CHILDREN AT RISK : works to end child trafficking and ensure that child victims are recognized as victims and not criminals . Innocence Lost Virginia ( edit ) According to officials with the Federal Bureau of Investigation , Immigration and Customs Enforcement and other law enforcement agencies , there is a growing problem with human trafficking in Virginia , particularly in connection with Latino gangs , including MS - 13 . Anti-human trafficking advocates argue that weak laws in Virginia are attracting traffickers from Washington D.C. and Maryland which have passed stricter laws . Laws ( edit ) Before April 1 , 2015 , Virginia was the only state in the nation that did not have any standalone human trafficking laws . SB 1188 and HB 1964 were passed on April 1 , 2015 . They were the first bills in Virginia to define sex trafficking , establish penalties , criminalized child sex trafficking as a Class 3 felony without the need to prove force , intimidation or deception , and criminalized recruitment for commercial sex . It also provides provisions for protecting and identifying sex trafficking victims . Robert Dillard was the first man charged under this law . Organizations ( edit ) Freedom 4 / 24 is an organization based in Lynchburg , Virginia . Its mission is to raise awareness of human trafficking of women and children around the world and to provide financial support to other anti-human trafficking organizations . It sponsors Frocks 4 Freedom , an event selling discounted trendy fashion , and Run 4 Their Lives , a 5K race , to raise money for their anti-human trafficking work . The Gray Haven is an organization based in Richmond , Virginia , that focuses on helping victims of human trafficking . The operate a drop - in center for victims , have a crisis response team , offer case management , and has a court advocacy team . They work with local , state , and federal law enforcement to identify and provide service for victims . Northern Virginia Human Trafficking Initiative ( NOVA HTI ) is an organization based in Ashburn , Virginia , that seeks to connect the community to fight human trafficking . It seeks to raise awareness , advocates for change in laws , and assist victims of human trafficking . See also ( edit ) Child - selling , regarding sales for adoption Commercial sexual exploitation of children in the United States Contemporary slavery Contemporary Slavery in America Feminist views on prostitution List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor Penal labor in the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Joan Crawford , a subject of Mommie Dearest References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Findings - Global Slavery Index 2016 '' . Global Slavery Index . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ CdeBaca , Luis ( 11 July 2013 ) . `` The State Department 2013 Trafficking in Persons Report '' . state.gov . United States Department of State . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Department of State 2011 Trafficking in Persons Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Trafficking Victims Protection Act 2000 '' . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . 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External links ( edit ) Human Trafficking Ring Dismantled ( FBI ) Human trafficking in the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal law Human Trafficking Prevention Act Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2013 ( 2015 ) Stop Advertising Victims of Exploitation Act Stop Exploitation Through Trafficking Act Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act Types of trafficking Commercial sexual exploitation of children Contemporary Slavery Forced marriage Forced prostitution Labor trafficking Sex trafficking Sexual slavery Famous cases Disappearance of Jessie Foster El Monte Thai Garment Slavery Case Headley v. 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Whiting ( 2011 ) Related issues and events Economic impact Eugenics in the United States Guest worker program Human trafficking Human smuggling Coyotaje Immigration reform Immigration reduction Mexico -- United States barrier Labor shortage March for America Illegal immigrant population Reverse immigration 2006 protests Unaccompanied minors from Central America List of people deported from the United States Geography Mexico -- United States border Canada -- United States border United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints Proposed legislation DREAM Act ( 2001 -- 2010 ) H.R. 4437 ( 2005 ) McCain -- Kennedy ( 2005 ) SKIL ( 2006 ) Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006 STRIVE Act ( 2007 ) Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007 Uniting American Families Act ( 2000 -- 2013 ) Border Security , Economic Opportunity , and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013 SAFE Act ( 2015 ) RAISE Act ( 2017 ) Immigration stations and points of entry Angel Island Castle Garden East Boston Ellis Island Sullivan 's Island Washington Avenue Operations `` Wetback '' ( 1954 ) `` Peter Pan '' ( 1960 -- 1962 ) `` Babylift '' ( 1975 ) `` Gatekeeper '' ( 1994 ) `` Endgame '' ( 2003 -- 2012 ) `` Front Line '' ( 2004 -- 2005 ) `` Streamline '' ( 2005 -- present ) `` Return to Sender '' ( 2006 -- 2007 ) `` Jump Start '' ( 2006 -- 2008 ) State legislation California DREAM Act ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Arizona SB 1070 ( 2010 ) Alabama HB 56 ( 2011 ) Non-governmental organizations Arizona Border Recon Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform National Immigration Forum Center for Community Change We Are America Alliance CASA of Maryland Mexica Movement Mexicans Without Borders Federation for American Immigration Reform Minuteman Project Minuteman Civil Defense Corps California Coalition for Immigration Reform Save Our State Center for Immigration Studies National Korean American Service & Education Consortium ( NAKASEC ) NumbersUSA Negative Population Growth Migration Policy Institute Utah Compact Center for Migration Studies of New York Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States&oldid=809361333 '' Categories : Human trafficking in the United States Organized crime activity Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : invisible characters All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2012 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from April 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2016 Articles needing additional references from July 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Citation overkill Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 16 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does human trafficking occur in the us | [
"In the U.S., human trafficking tends to occur around international travel-hubs with large immigrant populations, notably California, Texas and Georgia. The U.S. Justice Department estimates that 14,500–17,500 people are trafficked into the country every year. The 2016 Global Slavery Index estimates that including U.S. citizens and immigrants 57,700 people are victims of human trafficking.[1] Those being trafficked include young children, teenagers, men and women and can be domestic citizens or foreign nationals. According to the Department of State's statistics from 2000, there are approximately 244,000 American children and youth that are at risk for sex trafficking each year."
] | [
"tends to occur around international travel-hubs with large immigrant populations, notably California, Texas and Georgia"
] |
-6947263773888744447 | List of urban areas by Jewish population | List of urban areas by Jewish Population - wikipedia List of urban areas by Jewish Population Jump to : navigation , search This article is incomplete . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( September 2014 ) This article provides incomplete lists of various Jewish populations worldwide . Some cities with large Jewish populations may be missing from the list due to a lack of census data or other reliable sources of information . Contents ( hide ) 1 Major Jewish populations centers worldwide 1.1 Jewish population by city as a percentage of total population ( list does not include cities in Israel ) 1.2 Jewish population by metropolitan area 2 References Major Jewish populations centers worldwide ( edit ) See also : Jewish population by country Jewish population by city as a percentage of total population ( list does not include cities in Israel ) ( edit ) Rank City Country Percent Number Kiryas Joel United States 99 22,000 Beachwood United States 90.4 10,700 Deal United States 91 600 Hampstead Canada 74.2 5,170 Côte - Saint - Luc Canada 69.1 20,146 5 Lakewood United States 59 35,607 6 Teaneck United States 50 18,000 7 Livingston United States 46 12,600 8 Caulfield North Australia 41.4 6,319 9 Caulfield South Australia 33.9 4,008 10 Bexley United States 30.0 4,000 11 Rose Bay Australia 27.3 2,744 12 Sarcelles France 25 15,000 13 Mercer Island United States 25 5,000 14 St Kilda East Australia 24.8 3,246 15 Créteil France 24.4 22,000 16 Vaucluse Australia 23.2 2,163 17 Westmount Canada 23.2 4,495 18 Bellevue Hill Australia 21.4 2,300 19 Dollard - des - Ormeaux Canada 21.1 10,115 20 Vaughan Canada 18.2 33,090 21 Elsternwick Australia 17.8 1,846 22 Montreal West Canada 13.8 710 23 New York City United States 13 1,086,000 24 Bondi Australia 12.7 1,272 25 Mount Royal Canada 12.0 2,205 26 Miami United States 9.86 535,000 27 Marseille France 9 70,000 28 Buenos Aires Argentina 8.22 244,000 29 Newton Mearns United Kingdom 5.98 1,431 30 Philadelphia United States 4.89 276,000 31 Toronto Canada 4.21 103,500 Jewish Population by Metropolitan Area ( edit ) Censuses in many countries do not record religious or ethnic background , leading to a lack of sources on the exact numbers of Jewish population . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Rank City Country Number Tel Aviv Israel 3,214,800 New York City United States 2,028,200 Haifa Israel 708,000 Jerusalem Israel 687,000 5 Los Angeles United States 662,450 6 South Florida ( Miami - Fort Lauderdale - Pompano ) United States 535,000 7 San Francisco United States 391,500 8 Beersheba Israel 381,900 9 Chicago United States 291,800 10 Philadelphia United States 285,950 11 Paris France 283,000 12 Baltimore / Washington , D.C. United States 276,445 13 Boston United States 261,100 14 Buenos Aires Argentina 244,000 15 Greater Toronto Area Canada 220,000 16 Atlanta United States 218,000 17 London United Kingdom 172,000 18 Moscow Russia 100,000 19 San Diego United States 89,000 20 Montreal Canada 88,765 21 Cleveland - Akron - Canton United States 86,600 22 Denver - Boulder United States 83,900 23 Phoenix United States 82,900 24 Las Vegas Valley United States 80,000 25 Budapest Hungary 80,000 26 Detroit United States 78,000 27 São Paulo Brazil 75,000 28 Marseille France 70,000 29 Seattle United States 63,400 30 Dallas - Fort Worth United States 57,800 31 St. Louis United States 54,500 32 Tampa Bay Area ( Tampa - Saint Petersburg ) United States 51,100 33 Johannesburg South Africa 50,000 34 Houston United States 48,400 35 Portland United States 47,500 36 Pittsburgh United States 42,200 37 Melbourne Australia 41,643 38 Minneapolis - Saint Paul United States 40,240 39 Saint Petersburg Russia 40,000 40 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 40,000 41 Mexico City Mexico 39,777 42 Sydney Australia 35,196 43 Hartford United States 34,500 44 New Haven United States 29,700 45 Cincinnati United States 27,000 46 Vancouver Canada 26,255 47 Manchester United Kingdom 25,000 48 Berlin Germany 25,000 49 Tehran Iran 25,000 50 Milwaukee United States 3,600 51 Tucson United States 22,900 52 Rochester United States 22,500 53 Columbus United States 22,000 54 Montevideo Uruguay 20,000 55 Amsterdam Netherlands 20,000 56 Kansas City United States 19,000 57 Orlando United States 19,000 58 Kiev Ukraine 17,900 59 Istanbul Turkey 17,000 60 Austin United States 16,300 61 Strasbourg France 16,000 62 Cape Town South Africa 16,000 63 Porto Alegre Brazil 15,000 64 Jacksonville United States 15,000 65 Antwerp Belgium 15,000 66 Providence United States 14,200 67 Rome Italy 13,000 68 Buffalo United States 13,000 69 Winnipeg Canada 12,760 70 San Antonio United States 12,740 71 Richmond United States 12,500 72 Albany United States 12,500 73 New Orleans United States 12,000 74 Ottawa - Gatineau Canada 11,325 75 Munich Germany 11,000 76 Frankfurt Germany 10,500 77 Indianapolis United States 10,000 78 Córdoba Argentina 9,000 79 Louisville United States 8,700 80 Calgary Canada 8,100 81 Milan Italy 8,000 82 Rosario Argentina 8,000 83 Leeds United Kingdom 8,000 84 Nashville United States 8,000 85 Vienna Austria 7,000 86 Edmonton Canada 6,000 87 Zurich Switzerland 6,000 88 Birmingham United States 5,300 89 Perth Australia 5,187 90 Hong Kong Hong Kong 5,000 91 Madison United States 5,000 92 Santa Fe Argentina 5,000 93 Dayton United States 4,000 94 Toledo United States 3,900 95 Glasgow United Kingdom 3,500 96 Youngstown United States 3,200 97 Prague Czech Republic 3,000 98 Greensboro United States 3,000 99 Durban South Africa 2,700 100 Athens Greece 2,500 101 Brisbane Australia 2,195 102 Curitiba Brazil 1,774 103 Belo Horizonte Brazil 1,714 104 İzmir Turkey 1,500 105 Pretoria South Africa 1,500 106 Recife Brazil 1,300 107 Helsinki Finland 1,200 108 Montgomery United States 1,200 109 Brasília Brazil 1,103 110 Florence Italy 1,000 111 Asunción Paraguay 1,000 112 Bratislava Slovakia 1,000 113 Sofia Bulgaria 1,000 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kiryas Joel is ' a holistic cradle - to - grave Jewish society ' '' . 2013 - 03 - 18 . 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Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island '' . Jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE JEWISH COMMUNITY OF ITALY '' . www.eurojewcong.org . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Population Report : More Jews Live in the U.S. than in Israel , University of Miami research report 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics Canada - Community profiles - Winnipeg Metropolitan Area '' . 2.statcan.ca. 2002 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Best Places to Live in the United States '' . Bestplaces.net . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Richmond '' . Jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Albany '' . Jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Will New Orleans Jewish life ever be the same ? j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California '' . Jweekly.com. 2005 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics Canada - Community profiles - Ottawa Metropolitan Area '' . 2.statcan.ca. 2002 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Jewish population in Munich Jump up ^ `` Mitglieder Zentralrat ( mouseover landmarks ) '' . www.zentralratdjuden.de . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis '' . Jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Louisville '' . Jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Community Profiles '' . 2.statcan.ca. 2002 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Communities and Records UK '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Groups Spring Into Action To Offer Help to Nashville Flood Victims -- '' . Forward.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Community ( Israelitische Kultusgemeinde ) '' . Wien.gv.at . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Community Profiles '' . 2.statcan.ca. 2002 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Jewish demographic map Archived 2012 - 11 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . ( in German ) Jump up ^ `` ISJL '' . www.isjl.org/alabama-birmingham-encyclopedia.html . Retrieved September 2017 Jump up ^ http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/5GPER Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Diasporas . Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World . Vol . I , Jewish Diaspora in China by Xu Xin , p. 163 , Ember , Melvin ; Ember , Carol R. ; Skoggard , Ian ( Eds . ) , Springer 2004 ISBN 0 - 306 - 48321 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Ohio 's Jewish Population , by the Jewish Federation of Columbus Jump up ^ http://www.thejc.com/community/community-life/112005/scottish-jewry-now-below-6000 Jump up ^ http://columbusjewishfederation.org/page.aspx?id=38432 Jump up ^ https://www.fzo.cz/en/about-us/organization/ Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/3GBRI ^ Jump up to : `` Censo Demográfico Brasileiro de 2000 '' . 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey Virtual Jewish History Tour Jewish Virtual Library '' . www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0017_0_16538.html Jump up ^ http://www.jchelsinki.fi/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46:a-short-history-of-the-finnish-jewry-&catid=35:community Jump up ^ `` Montgomery 's Jewish Community '' . Encyclopedia of Alabama . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=2094&z=cd&o=7&i =P Jump up ^ http://www.luxner.com/cgi-bin/view_article.cgi?articleID=224 Jump up ^ https://cs.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Židé_na_Slovensku Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_urban_areas_by_Jewish_population&oldid=815938920 '' Categories : Jews by country Jews by region Lists of cities with large ethnic identity populations Hidden categories : Australian Statistical Geography Standard 2016 ID not in Wikidata CS1 errors : external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be expanded from September 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from October 2014 Incomplete lists from September 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 05 : 23 . About Wikipedia | what is the jewish population of portland oregon | [
"\n\nRank\nCity\nCountry\nNumber\n\n\n1\nTel Aviv[29]\n Israel\n3,214,800\n\n\n2\nNew York City[30]\n United States\n2,028,200[31]\n\n\n3\nHaifa[29]\n Israel\n708,000\n\n\n4\nJerusalem[29]\n Israel\n687,000\n\n\n5\nLos Angeles\n United States\n662,450[32]\n\n\n6\nSouth Florida (Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano)[33][34][35]\n United States\n535,000\n\n\n7\nSan Francisco\n United States\n391,500[36]\n\n\n8\nBeersheba\n Israel\n381,900[37]\n\n\n9\nChicago\n United States\n291,800[38]\n\n\n10\nPhiladelphia\n United States\n285,950[39]\n\n\n11\nParis\n France\n283,000[37]\n\n\n12\nBaltimore/Washington, D.C.\n United States\n276,445[40]\n\n\n13\nBoston\n United States\n261,100[41]\n\n\n14\nBuenos Aires\n Argentina\n244,000[26]\n\n\n15\nGreater Toronto Area[42]\n Canada\n220,000\n\n\n16\nAtlanta[43][44]\n United States\n218,000\n\n\n17\nLondon\n United Kingdom\n172,000[45]\n\n\n18\nMoscow\n Russia\n100,000[46]\n\n\n19\nSan Diego[47]\n United States\n89,000\n\n\n20\nMontreal[48]\n Canada\n88,765\n\n\n21\nCleveland-Akron-Canton[49][50][51][52]\n United States\n86,600\n\n\n22\nDenver-Boulder[53]\n United States\n83,900\n\n\n23\nPhoenix[54]\n United States\n82,900\n\n\n24\nLas Vegas Valley[55]\n United States\n80,000\n\n\n25\nBudapest[56]\n Hungary\n80,000\n\n\n26\nDetroit[24][not in citation given]\n United States\n78,000\n\n\n27\nSão Paulo[57]\n Brazil\n75,000\n\n\n28\nMarseille\n France\n70,000[58]\n\n\n29\nSeattle[59]\n United States\n63,400\n\n\n30\nDallas-Fort Worth[60]\n United States\n57,800\n\n\n31\nSt. Louis[61]\n United States\n54,500\n\n\n32\nTampa Bay Area (Tampa-Saint Petersburg)[62]\n United States\n51,100\n\n\n33\nJohannesburg[63]\n South Africa\n50,000\n\n\n34\nHouston[64]\n United States\n48,400\n\n\n35\nPortland[65]\n United States\n47,500\n\n\n36\nPittsburgh[66]\n United States\n42,200\n\n\n37\nMelbourne[67]\n Australia\n41,643\n\n\n38\nMinneapolis-Saint Paul[68]\n United States\n40,240\n\n\n39\nSaint Petersburg\n Russia\n40,000[46]\n\n\n40\nRio de Janeiro[69]\n Brazil\n40,000\n\n\n41\nMexico City[70]\n Mexico\n39,777\n\n\n42\nSydney[71]\n Australia\n35,196\n\n\n43\nHartford[72]\n United States\n34,500\n\n\n44\nNew Haven[73]\n United States\n29,700\n\n\n45\nCincinnati[74]\n United States\n27,000\n\n\n46\nVancouver[75]\n Canada\n26,255\n\n\n47\nManchester\n United Kingdom\n25,000[76]\n\n\n48\nBerlin[77]\n Germany\n25,000\n\n\n49\nTehran\n Iran\n25,000[78]\n\n\n50\nMilwaukee[79]\n United States\n3,600\n\n\n51\nTucson[80][81]\n United States\n22,900\n\n\n52\nRochester[30]\n United States\n22,500\n\n\n53\nColumbus[82]\n United States\n22,000\n\n\n54\nMontevideo[83]\n Uruguay\n20,000\n\n\n55\nAmsterdam[84]\n Netherlands\n20,000\n\n\n56\nKansas City[85]\n United States\n19,000\n\n\n57\nOrlando[86]\n United States\n19,000\n\n\n58\nKiev\n Ukraine\n17,900[87]\n\n\n59\nIstanbul\n Turkey\n17,000[88][89]\n\n\n60\nAustin[90]\n United States\n16,300\n\n\n61\nStrasbourg[91]\n France\n16,000\n\n\n62\nCape Town[63][92]\n South Africa\n16,000\n\n\n63\nPorto Alegre[93]\n Brazil\n15,000\n\n\n64\nJacksonville[94]\n United States\n15,000\n\n\n65\nAntwerp[30]\n Belgium\n15,000\n\n\n66\nProvidence[95]\n United States\n14,200\n\n\n67\nRome[96]\n Italy\n13,000\n\n\n68\nBuffalo[97]\n United States\n13,000\n\n\n69\nWinnipeg[98]\n Canada\n12,760\n\n\n70\nSan Antonio[99]\n United States\n12,740\n\n\n71\nRichmond[100]\n United States\n12,500\n\n\n72\nAlbany[101]\n United States\n12,500\n\n\n73\nNew Orleans[102]\n United States\n12,000\n\n\n74\nOttawa-Gatineau[103]\n Canada\n11,325\n\n\n75\nMunich[104]\n Germany\n11,000\n\n\n76\nFrankfurt[105]\n Germany\n10,500\n\n\n77\nIndianapolis[106]\n United States\n10,000\n\n\n78\nCórdoba\n Argentina\n9,000[76]\n\n\n79\nLouisville[107]\n United States\n8,700\n\n\n80\nCalgary[108]\n Canada\n8,100\n\n\n81\nMilan[96]\n Italy\n8,000\n\n\n82\nRosario\n Argentina\n8,000[76]\n\n\n83\nLeeds[109]\n United Kingdom\n8,000\n\n\n84\nNashville[110]\n United States\n8,000\n\n\n85\nVienna[111]\n Austria\n7,000\n\n\n86\nEdmonton[112]\n Canada\n6,000\n\n\n87\nZurich[113]\n Switzerland\n6,000\n\n\n88\nBirmingham[114]\n United States\n5,300\n\n\n89\nPerth[115]\n Australia\n5,187\n\n\n90\nHong Kong\n Hong Kong\n5,000[116]\n\n\n91\nMadison\n United States\n5,000[117]\n\n\n92\nSanta Fe\n Argentina\n5,000[76]\n\n\n93\nDayton[118]\n United States\n4,000\n\n\n94\nToledo[118]\n United States\n3,900\n\n\n95\nGlasgow[119]\n United Kingdom\n3,500\n\n\n96\nYoungstown[120]\n United States\n3,200\n\n\n97\nPrague\n Czech Republic\n3,000[121]\n\n\n98\nGreensboro\n United States\n3,000[122]\n\n\n99\nDurban[63]\n South Africa\n2,700\n\n\n100\nAthens\n Greece\n2,500\n\n\n101\nBrisbane[123]\n Australia\n2,195\n\n\n102\nCuritiba[124]\n Brazil\n1,774\n\n\n103\nBelo Horizonte[124]\n Brazil\n1,714\n\n\n104\nİzmir\n Turkey\n1,500[125]\n\n\n105\nPretoria[63]\n South Africa\n1,500\n\n\n106\nRecife[126]\n Brazil\n1,300\n\n\n107\nHelsinki[127]\n Finland\n1,200\n\n\n108\nMontgomery[128]\n United States\n1,200\n\n\n109\nBrasília[129]\n Brazil\n1,103\n\n\n110\nFlorence[96]\n Italy\n1,000\n\n\n111\nAsunción[130]\n Paraguay\n1,000\n\n\n112\nBratislava[131][better source needed]\n Slovakia\n1,000\n\n\n113\nSofia\n Bulgaria\n1,000\n\n"
] | [
"47,500"
] |
794370567019037196 | List of Olympic Games host cities | List of Olympic Games host cities - wikipedia List of Olympic Games host cities Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games , both summer and winter , since the modern Olympics began in 1896 . Since then , summer games have usually -- but not always -- celebrated a four - year period known as an Olympiad . There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held in 24 cities , and 23 Winter Olympic Games held in 20 cities . In addition , three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war : Berlin ( summer ) in 1916 ; Tokyo / Helsinki ( summer ) and Sapporo / Garmisch - Partenkirchen ( winter ) in 1940 ; and London ( summer ) and Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy ( winter ) in 1944 . The 1906 Summer Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens . However , in 1949 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games . Four cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games : Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics , Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics , Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics , and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics . In 2022 , Beijing will become the only city that has held both the summer and the winter Olympic Games . Nine cities will have hosted the Olympic Games more than once : Athens ( 1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics ) , Paris ( 1900 , 1924 and 2024 Summer Olympics ) , London ( 1908 , 1948 and 2012 Summer Olympics ) , St. Moritz ( 1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics ) , Lake Placid ( 1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics ) , Los Angeles ( 1932 , 1984 and 2028 Summer Olympics ) , Innsbruck ( 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics ) , Tokyo ( 1964 and 2020 Summer Olympics ) and Beijing ( 2008 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics ) . In addition , Stockholm hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics . London became the first city to have hosted three Games with the 2012 Summer Olympics . Paris will become the second city to do this with the 2024 Summer Olympics , followed by Los Angeles as the third in 2028 . The United States has hosted a total of eight Olympic Games , more than any other country , followed by France with five editions . Canada , Germany , Italy , Japan , and the United Kingdom have each hosted three Games . The Games have primarily been hosted in the continents of Europe ( 36 editions ) and North America ( 12 editions ) ; eight Games have been hosted in Asia and two have been hosted in Oceania . In 2016 , Rio de Janeiro became South America 's first Olympic host city , while the African continent has yet to hold the Games . Other major geographic regions which have never hosted the Olympics include the Middle East , the Indian subcontinent , the Caribbean , and Southeast Asia . Host cities are selected by the IOC membership , usually seven years in advance . The selection process lasts approximately two years . In the first stage , any city in the world may submit an application to become a host city . After 10 months , the Executive Board of the IOC decides which applicant city will become official candidates as based on the recommendation of a working group that reviews the applications . In a second stage , the candidate cities are investigated thoroughly by an Evaluation Commission , which then submits a final short list of cities to be considered for selection . The host city is then chosen by vote of the IOC session , a general meeting of IOC members . Contents ( hide ) 1 Olympic Games host cities 1.1 Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games 1.2 Number of Olympic Games by country 1.3 Number of Olympic Games by continent 1.4 Unsuccessful cities 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Olympic Games host cities ( edit ) For individual summer and winter lists , see List of modern Summer Olympic Games and List of Winter Olympic Games . City Country Continent Summer ( Olympiad ) Winter Year Opening Ceremony Closing Ceremony Athens Greece Europe S005 I 1896 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 Paris France Europe S005 II 1900 000000002018 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 000000002018 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 St. Louis United States North America S005 III 1904 000000002018 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 000000002018 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 London United Kingdom Europe S005 IV 1908 000000002018 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 000000002018 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 Stockholm Sweden Europe S005 V 1912 000000002018 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 000000002018 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 Berlin Germany Europe S006 VI 1916 Cancelled due to WWI Antwerp Belgium Europe S007 VII 1920 000000002018 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 000000002018 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 Chamonix France Europe W001 I 1924 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 Paris France Europe S008 VIII 000000002018 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 St. Moritz Switzerland Europe W002 II 1928 000000002018 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Amsterdam Netherlands Europe S009 IX 000000002018 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Lake Placid United States North America W003 III 1932 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Los Angeles United States North America S010 X 000000002018 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Garmisch - Partenkirchen Nazi Germany Europe W004 IV 1936 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002018 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 Berlin Nazi Germany Europe S011 XI 000000002018 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 000000002018 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 Sapporo Garmisch - Partenkirchen Empire of Japan Nazi Germany Asia Europe W005a V 1940 Cancelled due to WWII Tokyo Helsinki Empire of Japan Finland Asia Europe S012 XII Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe W005b V 1944 London United Kingdom Europe S013 XIII St. Moritz Switzerland Europe W005c V 1948 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 London United Kingdom Europe S014 XIV 000000002018 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Oslo Norway Europe W006 VI 1952 000000002018 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Helsinki Finland Europe S015 XV 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe W007 VII 1956 000000002018 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 000000002018 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 Melbourne Stockholm Australia Sweden Oceania Europe S016 XVI 000000002018 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 000000002018 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 000000002018 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 000000002018 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 Squaw Valley United States North America W008 VIII 1960 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Rome Italy Europe S017 XVII 000000002018 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 000000002018 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe W009 IX 1964 000000002018 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 Tokyo Japan Asia S018 XVIII 000000002018 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 000000002018 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 Grenoble France Europe W010 X 1968 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 Mexico City Mexico North America S019 XIX 000000002018 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 000000002018 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 Sapporo Japan Asia W011 XI 1972 000000002018 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 Munich West Germany Europe S020 XX 000000002018 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 000000002018 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe W012 XII 1976 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Montreal Canada North America S021 XXI 000000002018 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 000000002018 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 Lake Placid United States North America W013 XIII 1980 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Moscow Soviet Union Europe S022 XXII 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Sarajevo Yugoslavia Europe W014 XIV 1984 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Los Angeles United States North America S023 XXIII 000000002018 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Calgary Canada North America W015 XV 1988 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Seoul South Korea Asia S024 XXIV 000000002018 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 000000002018 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 Albertville France Europe W016 XVI 1992 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Barcelona Spain Europe S025 XXV 000000002018 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Lillehammer Norway Europe W017 XVII 1994 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 Atlanta United States North America S026 XXVI 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 Nagano Japan Asia W018 XVIII 1998 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 Sydney Australia Oceania S027 XXVII 2000 000000002018 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 000000002018 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 Salt Lake City United States North America W019 XIX 2002 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Athens Greece Europe S028 XXVIII 000000002018 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 000000002018 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 Torino Italy Europe W020 XX 2006 000000002018 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 000000002018 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 Beijing China Asia S029 XXIX 2008 000000002018 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 000000002018 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 Vancouver Canada North America W021 XXI 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 London United Kingdom Europe S030 XXX 2012 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Sochi Russia Europe W022 XXII 2014 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Rio de Janeiro Brazil South America S031 XXXI 2016 000000002018 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 000000002018 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 Pyeongchang South Korea Asia W023 XXIII 2018 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Tokyo Japan Asia S032 XXXII 2020 000000002018 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Beijing China Asia W024 XXIV 2022 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 Paris France Europe S033 XXXIII 2024 000000002018 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 000000002018 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 TBD TBD W025 XXV 2026 ( TBD ) Los Angeles United States North America S034 XXXIV 2028 000000002018 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 000000002018 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 Host cities for multiple Summer and winter Olympic Games ( edit ) List of cities that hosted multiple editions of the Olympic Games City Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total London United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Paris France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 0 Los Angeles United States North America 3 ( 1932 , 1984 , 2028 ) 0 Athens Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Tokyo Japan Asia 2 ( 1964 , 2020 ) 0 Beijing China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) St. Moritz Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1948 ) Innsbruck Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) Lake Placid United States North America 0 2 ( 1932 , 1980 ) The 1906 Intercalated Games are not officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games . Number of Olympic Games by country ( edit ) Nations that have hosted or will host the Summer Olympics 5 times 4 times ( no entry ) 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games Nations that have hosted or will host the Winter Olympics 4 times or more 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games List of countries ranked by the number of times they hosted the Olympic Games Rank Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total United States North America 5 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 4 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 2002 ) 9 France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 3 ( 1924 , 1968 , 1992 ) 6 Japan Asia 2 ( 1940 , 1964 , 2020 ) 2 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 ) United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1944 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Canada North America 1 ( 1976 ) 2 ( 1988 , 2010 ) Italy Europe 1 ( 1960 ) 2 ( 1944 , 1956 , 2006 ) German Empire / Nazi Germany / West Germany / Germany Europe 2 ( 1916 , 1936 , 1972 ) 1 ( 1936 , 1940 ) 8 China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) South Korea Asia 1 ( 1988 ) 1 ( 2018 ) Soviet Union / Russia Europe 1 ( 1980 ) 1 ( 2014 ) Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Australia Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 Norway Europe 0 2 ( 1952 , 1994 ) Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1940 , 1948 ) Sweden Europe 2 ( 1912 , 1956 ( equestrian events only ) ) 0 17 Brazil South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 Spain Europe 1 ( 1992 ) 0 SFR Yugoslavia / Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 0 1 ( 1984 ) Mexico North America 1 ( 1968 ) 0 Finland Europe 1 ( 1940 , 1952 ) 0 Netherlands Europe 1 ( 1928 ) 0 Belgium Europe 1 ( 1920 ) 0 Number of Olympic Games by continent ( edit ) Rank Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total Europe 17 ( 1896 , 1900 , 1908 , 1912 , 1920 , 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1960 , 1972 , 1980 , 1992 , 2004 , 2012 , 2024 ) 14 ( 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 , 1964 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1992 , 1994 , 2006 , 2014 ) 31 North America 7 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 6 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 1988 , 2002 , 2010 ) 13 Asia 4 ( 1940 , 1964 , 1988 , 2008 , 2020 ) 4 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 , 2018 , 2022 ) 8 Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 5 South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 6 Africa 0 0 0 Unsuccessful cities ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Country City Bids United States Detroit 7 Hungary Budapest 6 Turkey Istanbul 5 Spain Madrid Argentina Buenos Aires Switzerland Lausanne United States Philadelphia 5 United States Chicago United States Minneapolis Cuba Havana Belgium Brussels Azerbaijan Baku Qatar Doha Spain Seville Yugoslavia Belgrade Puerto Rico San Juan Australia Brisbane Slovakia Poprad United States Boston See also ( edit ) Olympics portal List of Commonwealth Games host cities Notes ( edit ) Originally awarded to Chicago , but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World 's Fair . The 1906 Games were sanctioned and treated as an Olympic Games when held , and they were recognized as an Olympic Games by the IOC until 1949 The 1908 Games were originally given to Rome , but were moved to London when Mount Vesuvius erupted . The sailing events in 1920 were held in Ostend , Belgium and in Amsterdam , Netherlands . The 1940 winter games were originally awarded to Sapporo , but were moved to Garmisch - Partenkirchen before being cancelled . The 1940 summer games were originally awarded to Tokyo , but were moved to Helsinki before being cancelled . Equestrian events were held in Stockholm , Sweden . Stockholm had to bid for the equestrian competition separately ; it received its own Olympic flame and had its own formal invitations and opening and closing ceremonies , just like the regular Summer Olympics . Russia / Soviet Union spans the continents of Europe and Asia . However , the Russian National Olympic Committee is part of the European Olympic Committees . Also , Moscow is on the European side of the most commonly recognized boundary between Europe and Asia . ( Sochi is in Asia per the usual geographic boundary , being just south of the Greater Caucasus ' western end ; but political approximations of the continental boundary place it in Europe . ) Equestrian events were held in China 's Hong Kong SAR . Although Hong Kong 's separate NOC conducted the equestrian competition , it was an integral part of the Beijing Games ( unlike the 1956 Stockholm equestrian competition it was not conducted under a separate Hong Kong bid , separate flame , etc . ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Findling , John E. ; Pelle , Kimberly D. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32278 - 5 . Jump up ^ Group , Taylor Francis ( 2003 ) . The Europa World Yearbook . Taylor and Francis Group . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 227 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Choice of the Host City '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Durántez , Conrado ( April -- May 1997 ) . `` The Olympic Movement , a twentieth - century phenomenon '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Review . XXVI ( 14 ) : 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ `` Antwerp 1920 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chamonix 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paris 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Moritz 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amsterdam 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Placid 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St Louis 1904 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis gets Olympic Games ; International Committee Sanctions the Change for the World 's Fair in 1904 '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 1903 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ The 2nd International Olympic Games In Athens 1906 , Karl Lennartz , Journal of Olympic History , Dec. 2001 / Jan. 2002 Jump up ^ `` Rome Games moved to London '' . realclearsports.com . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stockholm / Melbourne 1956 '' . Swedish Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Tim Pile ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Hong Kong saddles up for the Olympics '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Beijing Olympic home page '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 04 . External links ( edit ) `` The Olympic Games '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . Summer Olympic Games host cities 1896 : Athens 1900 : Paris 1904 : St. Louis 1908 : London 1912 : Stockholm 1916 : None 1920 : Antwerp 1924 : Paris 1928 : Amsterdam 1932 : Los Angeles 1936 : Berlin 1940 : None 1944 : None 1948 : London 1952 : Helsinki 1956 : Melbourne 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Mexico City 1972 : Munich 1976 : Montreal 1980 : Moscow 1984 : Los Angeles 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II 1948 : St. Moritz 1952 : Oslo 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 : Squaw Valley 1964 : Innsbruck 1968 : Grenoble 1972 : Sapporo 1976 : Innsbruck 1980 : Lake Placid 1984 : Sarajevo 1988 : Calgary 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : Pyeongchang 2022 : Beijing 2026 : TBD 2030 : TBD Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Olympics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities&oldid=843272486 '' Categories : Olympics - related lists Lists of host cities Lists of Olympic venues Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Ελληνικά فارسی Français Қазақша Latviešu Македонски Norsk Português Română Русский தமிழ் Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 01 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when are the olympics coming to the us | [
"\n\nCity\nCountry\nContinent\nSummer (Olympiad)\nWinter\nYear\nOpening Ceremony\nClosing Ceremony\n\n\nAthens\n Greece\nEurope\nS005I\n\n1896\n000000002018-04-06-0000April 6\n000000002018-04-15-0000April 15\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS005II\n\n1900\n000000002018-05-14-0000May 14\n000000002018-10-28-0000October 28\n\n\nSt. Louis[a]\n United States\nNorth America\nS005III\n\n1904\n000000002018-07-01-0000July 1\n000000002018-11-23-0000November 23\n\n\nLondon[c]\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS005IV\n\n1908\n000000002018-04-27-0000April 27\n000000002018-10-31-0000October 31\n\n\nStockholm\n Sweden\nEurope\nS005V\n\n1912\n000000002018-05-05-0000May 5\n000000002018-07-22-0000July 22\n\n\nBerlin\n Germany\nEurope\nS006VI\n\n1916\nCancelled due to WWI[4]\n\n\nAntwerp[d]\n Belgium\nEurope\nS007VII\n\n1920\n000000002018-04-20-0000April 20\n000000002018-09-12-0000September 12[5]\n\n\nChamonix\n France\nEurope\n\nW001I\n1924\n000000002018-01-25-0000January 25\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4[6]\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS008VIII\n\n000000002018-05-04-0000May 4\n000000002018-07-27-0000July 27[7]\n\n\nSt. Moritz\n Switzerland\nEurope\n\nW002II\n1928\n000000002018-02-11-0000February 11\n000000002018-02-19-0000February 19[8]\n\n\nAmsterdam\n Netherlands\nEurope\nS009IX\n\n000000002018-05-17-0000May 17\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12[9]\n\n\nLake Placid\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW003III\n1932\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-15-0000February 15[10]\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS010X\n\n000000002018-07-30-0000July 30\n000000002018-08-14-0000August 14[11]\n\n\nGarmisch-Partenkirchen\n Nazi Germany\nEurope\n\nW004IV\n1936\n000000002018-02-06-0000February 6\n000000002018-02-16-0000February 16[12]\n\n\nBerlin\n Nazi Germany\nEurope\nS011XI\n\n000000002018-08-01-0000August 1\n000000002018-08-16-0000August 16[13]\n\n\nSapporo\nGarmisch-Partenkirchen[e]\n Empire of Japan\n Nazi Germany\nAsia\nEurope\n\nW005aV\n1940\nCancelled due to WWII[4]\n\n\nTokyo\nHelsinki[f]\n Empire of Japan\n Finland\nAsia\nEurope\nS012XII\n\n\n\nCortina d'Ampezzo\n Italy\nEurope\n\nW005bV\n1944\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS013XIII\n\n\n\nSt. Moritz\n Switzerland\nEurope\n\nW005cV\n1948\n000000002018-01-30-0000January 30\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS014XIV\n\n000000002018-07-29-0000July 29\n000000002018-08-14-0000August 14\n\n\nOslo\n Norway\nEurope\n\nW006VI\n1952\n000000002018-02-14-0000February 14\n000000002018-02-25-0000February 25\n\n\nHelsinki\n Finland\nEurope\nS015XV\n\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-03-0000August 3\n\n\nCortina d'Ampezzo\n Italy\nEurope\n\nW007VII\n1956\n000000002018-01-26-0000January 26\n000000002018-02-05-0000February 5\n\n\nMelbourne\nStockholm[g]\n Australia\n Sweden\nOceania\nEurope\nS016XVI\n\n000000002018-11-22-0000November 22\n000000002018-06-10-0000June 10\n000000002018-12-08-0000December 8\n000000002018-06-17-0000June 17\n\n\nSquaw Valley\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW008VIII\n1960\n000000002018-02-18-0000February 18\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nRome\n Italy\nEurope\nS017XVII\n\n000000002018-08-25-0000August 25\n000000002018-09-11-0000September 11\n\n\nInnsbruck\n Austria\nEurope\n\nW009IX\n1964\n000000002018-01-29-0000January 29\n000000002018-02-09-0000February 9\n\n\nTokyo\n Japan\nAsia\nS018XVIII\n\n000000002018-10-10-0000October 10\n000000002018-10-24-0000October 24\n\n\nGrenoble\n France\nEurope\n\nW010X\n1968\n000000002018-02-06-0000February 6\n000000002018-02-18-0000February 18\n\n\nMexico City\n Mexico\nNorth America\nS019XIX\n\n000000002018-10-12-0000October 12\n000000002018-10-27-0000October 27\n\n\nSapporo\n Japan\nAsia\n\nW011XI\n1972\n000000002018-02-03-0000February 3\n000000002018-02-13-0000February 13\n\n\nMunich\n West Germany\nEurope\nS020XX\n\n000000002018-08-26-0000August 26\n000000002018-09-11-0000September 11\n\n\nInnsbruck\n Austria\nEurope\n\nW012XII\n1976\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-15-0000February 15\n\n\nMontreal\n Canada\nNorth America\nS021XXI\n\n000000002018-07-17-0000July 17\n000000002018-08-01-0000August 1\n\n\nLake Placid\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW013XIII\n1980\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-24-0000February 24\n\n\nMoscow\n Soviet Union\nEurope[h]\nS022XXII\n\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-03-0000August 3\n\n\nSarajevo\n Yugoslavia\nEurope\n\nW014XIV\n1984\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-19-0000February 19\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS023XXIII\n\n000000002018-07-28-0000July 28\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12\n\n\nCalgary\n Canada\nNorth America\n\nW015XV\n1988\n000000002018-02-13-0000February 13\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nSeoul\n South Korea\nAsia\nS024XXIV\n\n000000002018-09-17-0000September 17\n000000002018-10-02-0000October 2\n\n\nAlbertville\n France\nEurope\n\nW016XVI\n1992\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n000000002018-02-23-0000February 23\n\n\nBarcelona\n Spain\nEurope\nS025XXV\n\n000000002018-07-25-0000July 25\n000000002018-08-09-0000August 9\n\n\nLillehammer\n Norway\nEurope\n\nW017XVII\n1994\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-27-0000February 27\n\n\nAtlanta\n United States\nNorth America\nS026XXVI\n\n1996\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-04-0000August 4\n\n\nNagano\n Japan\nAsia\n\nW018XVIII\n1998\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-22-0000February 22\n\n\nSydney\n Australia\nOceania\nS027XXVII\n\n2000\n000000002018-09-15-0000September 15\n000000002018-10-01-0000October 1\n\n\nSalt Lake City\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW019XIX\n2002\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n000000002018-02-24-0000February 24\n\n\nAthens\n Greece\nEurope\nS028XXVIII\n\n2004\n000000002018-08-13-0000August 13\n000000002018-08-29-0000August 29\n\n\nTorino\n Italy\nEurope\n\nW020XX\n2006\n000000002018-02-10-0000February 10\n000000002018-02-26-0000February 26\n\n\nBeijing[i]\n China\nAsia\nS029XXIX\n\n2008\n000000002018-08-08-0000August 8\n000000002018-08-24-0000August 24\n\n\nVancouver\n Canada\nNorth America\n\nW021XXI\n2010\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS030XXX\n\n2012\n000000002018-07-27-0000July 27\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12\n\n\nSochi\n Russia\nEurope[h]\n\nW022XXII\n2014\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-23-0000February 23\n\n\nRio de Janeiro\n Brazil\nSouth America\nS031XXXI\n\n2016\n000000002018-08-05-0000August 5\n000000002018-08-21-0000August 21\n\n\nPyeongchang\n South Korea\nAsia\n\nW023XXIII\n2018\n000000002018-02-09-0000February 9\n000000002018-02-25-0000February 25\n\n\nTokyo\n Japan\nAsia\nS032XXXII\n\n2020\n000000002018-07-24-0000July 24\n000000002018-08-09-0000August 9\n\n\nBeijing\n China\nAsia\n\nW024XXIV\n2022\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-20-0000February 20\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS033XXXIII\n\n2024\n000000002018-07-26-0000July 26\n000000002018-08-11-0000August 11\n\n\nTBD\nTBD\n\n\nW025XXV\n2026\n(TBD)\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS034XXXIV\n\n2028\n000000002018-07-21-0000July 21\n000000002018-08-06-0000August 6\n\n"
] | [
"2028"
] |
-894560387909930922 | The Walking Dead (season 8) | The Walking Dead ( season 8 ) - Wikipedia The Walking Dead ( season 8 ) television season The Walking Dead ( season 8 ) Promotional poster Starring Andrew Lincoln Norman Reedus Lauren Cohan Chandler Riggs Danai Gurira Melissa McBride Lennie James Alanna Masterson Josh McDermitt Christian Serratos Seth Gilliam Ross Marquand Jeffrey Dean Morgan Austin Amelio Tom Payne Xander Berkeley Khary Payton Steven Ogg Katelyn Nacon Pollyanna McIntosh Country of origin United States No. of episodes 16 Release Original network AMC Original release October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) -- April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 Next → Season 9 List of The Walking Dead episodes The eighth season of The Walking Dead , an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC , premiered on October 22 , 2017 , and concluded on April 15 , 2018 , consisting of 16 episodes . Developed for television by Frank Darabont , the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman , Tony Moore , and Charlie Adlard . The executive producers are Kirkman , David Alpert , Scott M. Gimple , Greg Nicotero , Tom Luse , and Gale Anne Hurd , with Gimple as showrunner for his fifth and final season . The eighth season received positive reviews from critics . It was nominated for multiple awards and won two , including Best Horror Television Series for the third consecutive year , at the 44th Saturn Awards . This season adapts material from issues # 115 -- 126 of the comic book series and focuses on Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ) , his group of survivors and everyone at the Alexandria Safe - Zone , the Hilltop , the Kingdom , and later the Scavengers going to war with Negan ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) and the Saviors . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.1. 1 Starring 1.1. 2 Also starring 1.2 Supporting cast 1.2. 1 Alexandria Safe - Zone 1.2. 2 The Hilltop 1.2. 3 The Saviors 1.2. 4 The Kingdom 1.2. 5 Oceanside 1.2. 6 The Scavengers 1.2. 7 Miscellaneous 2 Production 3 Episodes 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 5.3 Ratings 6 Home media 7 References 8 External links Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Walking Dead ( TV series ) characters Main cast ( edit ) The primary characters of the eighth season include ( from left to right ) : Rick , Carol , Morgan , Daryl , Carl , Enid , Rosita , Tara , Michonne , Gabriel , Aaron , Maggie , Jesus , Gregory , Shiva , Ezekiel , Jadis , Eugene , Simon , Dwight , and Negan The eighth season features twenty series regulars overall . For this season , Katelyn Nacon , Khary Payton , Steven Ogg , and Pollyanna McIntosh were promoted to series regular status , after previously having recurring roles , while Seth Gilliam and Ross Marquand were added to the opening credits . This is the first season not to include Steven Yeun , Michael Cudlitz , Austin Nichols and Sonequa Martin - Green ( since their first appearance on the show ) , who were all credited as either a series regular or main cast member in previous seasons . Starring ( edit ) Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes , the series ' protagonist , a former sheriff and the leader of Alexandria , who is leading a new alliance to fight Negan and the Saviors . Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon , Rick 's right - hand man , the group 's primary hunter and a recruiter for Alexandria . Lauren Cohan as Maggie Rhee , the pregnant widow of Glenn and a leading figure of the Hilltop . Chandler Riggs as Carl Grimes , Rick 's bold and courageous teenage son . Danai Gurira as Michonne , Rick 's katana - wielding girlfriend , who acts as a mother figure to Carl and Judith . Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier , a fierce survivor who is spurred into fighting the Saviors as revenge for the deaths of her friends . Lennie James as Morgan Jones , the first survivor Rick had ever encountered , who now resides in the Kingdom and fights for his sanity . Alanna Masterson as Tara Chambler , a caring , witty member of the group and supply runner for Alexandria who serves as a liaison with Oceanside . Josh McDermitt as Eugene Porter , a timorous former member of the group whose resourcefulness leads Negan to take him under his wing . Christian Serratos as Rosita Espinosa , an impulsive member of the group , who is motivated to avenge her ex-boyfriend Spencer and Abraham 's death . Seth Gilliam as Gabriel Stokes , a priest who has become hardened from his experiences with Rick 's group . Ross Marquand as Aaron , an Alexandrian recruiter who brought Rick 's group to Alexandria and is currently in the fight against the Saviors . Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Negan , the leader of the Saviors who serves as the season 's primary antagonist . Also Starring ( edit ) Austin Amelio as Dwight , a former subordinate of Negan who now works for Rick as a double agent against the Saviors . Tom Payne as Paul `` Jesus '' Rovia , a scout for the Hilltop . Xander Berkeley as Gregory , the selfish and hypocritical leader of the Hilltop whose influence diminished with Maggie 's prominence . Khary Payton as Ezekiel , the charismatic leader of the Kingdom who allies with Rick against the Saviors . Steven Ogg as Simon , a former mortgage broker and Negan 's second - in - command , he does not hide his intentions to overthrow Negan . Katelyn Nacon as Enid , a former member of Alexandria who moved to Hilltop to be with Maggie , and has formed a relationship with Carl . Pollyanna McIntosh as Jadis / Anne , the deceptive leader of the Scavengers who betrayed Rick 's group , and maintains a neutral stance in the war . Supporting cast ( edit ) Alexandria Safe - Zone ( edit ) Jason Douglas as Tobin , the foreman of Alexandria 's construction crew and member of Rick 's militia . Jordan Woods - Robinson as Eric Raleigh , Aaron 's boyfriend and his former recruiting partner , who is now a member of Rick 's militia . Kenric Green as Scott , a supply runner in Alexandria and member of Rick 's militia . Dahlia Legault as Francine , a member of Alexandria 's construction crew and member of Rick 's militia . Mandi Christine Kerr as Barbara , resident of Alexandria . Ted Huckabee as Bruce , resident and member of Alexandria 's construction and member of Rick 's militia . The Hilltop ( edit ) James Chen as Kal , a guard of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . Peter Zimmerman as Eduardo , a guard of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . Karen Ceesay as Bertie , a resident of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . Jeremy Palko as Andy , a resident of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . Brett Gentile as Freddie , a resident of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . R. Keith Harris as Harlan Carson , is the doctor of the Hilltop , who was captured by Simon in the previous season . The Saviors ( edit ) Jayson Warner Smith as Gavin , one of Negan 's top lieutenants , who leads the weapons base . Traci Dinwiddie as Regina , one of Negan 's top lieutenants . Elizabeth Ludlow as Arat , one of Negan 's top lieutenants . Mike Seal as Gary , one of Negan 's top lieutenants and accomplice of Simon in his plans to overthrow Negan . Lindsley Register as Laura , one of Negan 's top lieutenants . Juan Pareja as Morales , a survivor from Rick 's original Atlanta camp who joined the Saviors . Joshua Mikel as Jared , Benjamin 's killer , and a hostile member of the Saviors who antagonizes Morgan . Callan McAuliffe as Alden , a member of the Saviors who surrenders to Jesus at the satellite station outpost . Lindsey Garrett as Mara , a Savior who guards one of many outposts . Lee Norris as Todd , a timid member of the Saviors who works at the same outpost as Mara . Whitmer Thomas as Gunther , a member of the Saviors who tortures Ezekiel . Charles Halford as Yago , a Savior who manages Gavin 's weapons base . Ciera L. Payton as Zia , a Savior whom Rosita and Michonne encounter at a supply warehouse . Adam Cronan as Leo , a Savior whom Rosita and Michonne encounter at a supply warehouse . Chloe Aktas as Tanya , one of Negan 's wives . Elyse Dufour as Frankie , one of Negan 's wives . Adam Fristoe as Dean , a Savior who tried to kill Jesus . The Kingdom ( edit ) Cooper Andrews as Jerry , Ezekiel 's loyal and good - natured bodyguard . Kerry Cahill as Dianne , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers and a skilled archer . Daniel Newman as Daniel , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers . Carlos Navarro as Alvaro , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers . Macsen Lintz as Henry , a resident of the Kingdom and younger brother of the deceased Benjamin , who wants revenge on the saviors for the death of his brother . Jason Burkey as Kevin , a resident of the Kingdom . Nadine Marissa as Nabila , a resident and gardener of the Kingdom . Oceanside ( edit ) Deborah May as Natania , the vigilant leader of Oceanside . Sydney Park as Cyndie , Natania 's granddaughter . Briana Venskus as Beatrice , one of Oceanside 's top soldiers . Nicole Barré as Kathy , one of Oceanside 's top soldiers . Mimi Kirkland as Rachel , an aggressive young member of Oceanside . The Scavengers ( edit ) Sabrina Gennarino as Tamiel , a leading member of the Scavengers . Thomas Francis Murphy as Brion , a leading member of the Scavengers . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Avi Nash as Siddiq , a mysterious vagabond survivor who befriends Carl . Jayne Atkinson as Georgie , the leader of a mysterious humanitarian group . Production ( edit ) The Walking Dead was renewed by AMC for a 16 - episode eighth season on October 16 , 2016 . Production began on April 25 , 2017 , in Atlanta , Georgia . On July 12 , 2017 , production was shut down after stuntman John Bernecker was killed , after falling more than 20 feet onto a concrete floor . Production resumed on July 17 . The season premiere , which also serves as the series ' milestone 100th episode , was directed by executive producer Greg Nicotero . In November 2017 , it was announced that Lennie James who portrays Morgan Jones , would be leaving The Walking Dead after the conclusion of this season , and he will join the cast of the spin - off series Fear the Walking Dead . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Walking Dead episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 100 `` Mercy '' Greg Nicotero Scott M. Gimple October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 11.44 Rick , Maggie , and Ezekiel rally their communities together to take down Negan . Gregory attempts to have the Hilltop residents side with Negan , but they all firmly stand behind Maggie . The group attacks the Sanctuary , taking down its fences and flooding the compound with walkers . With the Sanctuary defaced , everyone leaves except Gabriel , who reluctantly stays to save Gregory , but is left behind when Gregory abandons him . Surrounded by walkers , Gabriel hides in a trailer , where he is trapped inside with Negan . 101 `` The Damned '' Rosemary Rodriguez Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 8.92 Rick 's forces split into separate parties to attack several of the Saviors ' outposts , during which many members of the group are killed ; Eric is critically injured and rushed away by Aaron . Jesus stops Tara and Morgan from executing a group of surrendered Saviors . While clearing an outpost with Daryl , Rick is confronted and held at gunpoint by Morales , a survivor he met in the initial Atlanta camp , who is now with the Saviors . 102 `` Monsters '' Greg Nicotero Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 8.52 Daryl finds Morales threatening Rick and kills him ; the duo then pursue a group of Saviors who are transporting weapons to another outpost . Gregory returns to Hilltop , and after a heated argument , Maggie ultimately allows him back in the community . Eric dies from his injuries , leaving Aaron distraught . Despite Tara and Morgan 's objections , Jesus leads the group of surrendered Saviors to Hilltop . Ezekiel 's group attacks another Savior compound , during which Kingdom fighters are annihilated while protecting Ezekiel . 103 `` Some Guy '' Dan Liu David Leslie Johnson November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 8.69 Ezekiel 's group is overwhelmed by the Saviors , who kill all of them except for Ezekiel himself and Jerry . Carol clears the inside of the compound , killing all but two Saviors , who almost escape but are eventually caught by Rick and Daryl . En route to the Kingdom , Ezekiel , Jerry , and Carol are surrounded by walkers , but Shiva sacrifices herself to save them . The trio returns to the Kingdom , where Ezekiel 's confidence in himself as a leader has diminished . 104 5 `` The Big Scary U '' Michael E. Satrazemis Story by : Scott M. Gimple & David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang Teleplay by : David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 7.85 After confessing their sins to each other , Gabriel and Negan manage to escape from the trailer . Simon and the other lieutenants grow suspicious of each other , knowing that Rick 's forces must have inside information . The workers in the Sanctuary become increasingly frustrated with their living conditions , and a riot nearly ensues , until Negan returns and restores order . Gabriel is locked in a cell , where Eugene discovers him sick and suffering . Meanwhile , Rick and Daryl argue over how to take out the Saviors , leading Daryl to abandon Rick . 105 6 `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' John Polson Angela Kang & Corey Reed November 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) 8.28 Rick visits Jadis in hopes of convincing her to turn against Negan ; Jadis refuses , and locks Rick in a shipping container . Carl encounters Siddiq in the woods and recruits him to Alexandria . Daryl and Tara plot to deviate from Rick 's plans by destroying the Sanctuary . Ezekiel isolates himself at the Kingdom , where Carol tries to encourage him to be the leader his people need . Maggie has the group of captured Saviors placed in a holding area and forces Gregory to join them as punishment for betraying Hilltop . 106 7 `` Time for After '' Larry Teng Matthew Negrete & Corey Reed December 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) 7.47 After learning of Dwight 's association with Rick 's group , Eugene affirms his loyalty to Negan and outlines a plan to get rid of the walkers surrounding the Sanctuary . With help from Morgan and Tara , Daryl drives a truck through the Sanctuary 's walls , flooding its interior with walkers , killing many Saviors . Rick finally convinces Jadis and the Scavengers to align with him , and they plan to force the Saviors to surrender . However , when they arrive at the Sanctuary , Rick is horrified to see the breached walls and no sign of the walker herd . 107 8 `` How It 's Gotta Be '' Michael E. Satrazemis David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang December 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 7.89 Eugene 's plan allows the Saviors to escape the Sanctuary , and separately , the Saviors waylay the Alexandria , Hilltop , and Kingdom forces . The Scavengers abandon Rick , after which he returns to Alexandria . Aaron and Enid are ambushed by Oceanside soldiers , leading Enid to kill Natania . Ezekiel ensures that the Kingdom residents are able to escape before locking himself in the community with the Saviors . Eugene aids Gabriel and Doctor Carson in escaping the Sanctuary in order to ease his conscience . Negan attacks Alexandria , but Carl devises a plan to allow the Alexandria residents to escape into the sewers . Carl reveals he was bitten by a walker while escorting Siddiq to Alexandria . 108 9 `` Honor '' Greg Nicotero Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell February 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 25 ) 8.28 Realizing his time alive is limited , Carl writes several letters to his loved ones . After the Saviors leave Alexandria , the survivors make for the Hilltop while Rick and Michonne stay behind to say their final goodbyes to a dying Carl , who pleads with Rick to build a better future alongside the Saviors . Morgan and Carol launch a rescue mission for Ezekiel and successfully retake the Kingdom from the invading Saviors ; their lieutenant , Gavin , is killed by Benjamin 's vengeful younger brother , Henry . 109 10 `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' David Boyd Angela Kang & Channing Powell & Corey Reed March 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 04 ) 6.82 Aaron and Enid try to convince Oceanside to join the fight against the Saviors , but they refuse ; Enid returns to Hilltop while Aaron opts to stay at Oceanside until he can convince them to join . Upon learning of the Scavenger 's siding with Rick , Negan orders Simon to kill only one of Jadis ' people . Rick and Michonne travel to the junkyard to warn Jadis of the Saviors ' impending attack , but they are too late ; Simon had ordered the Saviors to slaughter the entire group ; Jadis , who managed to escape lures her reanimated comrades into a waste shredder to protect herself . 110 11 `` Dead or Alive Or '' Michael E. Satrazemis Eddie Guzelian March 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) 6.60 The Saviors hunt the surviving Alexandrians as they make their way to the Hilltop ; Dwight affirms his loyalty to Rick 's group as he distracts the Saviors and helps lead the group to safety . Eugene leads a crew of Saviors in crafting bullets at a new outpost while Negan plans to taint the Saviors ' weapons with walker blood , in order to make the others `` turn '' instead of killing them . Doctor Carson tries to help a feverish and nearly blind Gabriel to safety , but the Saviors eventually catch up , killing Carson and recapturing Gabriel . 111 12 `` The Key '' Greg Nicotero Corey Reed & Channing Powell March 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) 6.66 Maggie , Enid , Michonne and Rosita encounter a seemingly benevolent woman named Georgie , who gives them food and documents in exchange for phonograph records ; Georgie claims the documents to be `` a key to the future '' . Negan leads the Saviors to the Hilltop to send a warning via their newly tainted weapons ; Rick pursues the Saviors and chases Negan into a building . Negan eventually escapes , only to be captured at gunpoint by Jadis . Unable to find Negan , Simon instructs the Saviors to attack the Hilltop and `` expunge '' the community for good . 112 13 `` Do Not Send Us Astray '' Jeffrey F. January Angela Kang & Matthew Negrete March 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 25 ) 6.77 The Saviors attack the Hilltop with their tainted weapons , leading to a battle in which both sides suffer heavy casualties . Tara is non-fatally shot by Dwight in an effort to prevent Simon from killing her . Overnight , the injured die from their tainted wounds and attack the sleeping survivors after reanimating . Henry tries to take revenge for the murder of his brother , leading to the breakout of the Savior prisoners and the disappearance of Henry . Having seen the Saviors ' callous attitude for themselves , Alden and several other Saviors choose to remain at the Hilltop rather than return to the Saviors . 113 14 `` Still Gotta Mean Something '' Michael E. Satrazemis Eddie Guzelian April 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 01 ) 6.30 Carol and Morgan search for Henry while Rick hunts the escaped Savior prisoners ; Morgan abandons Carol and joins Rick , and together , they find and kill the prisoners . Jadis tortures Negan until he informs her that he had nothing to do with Simon massacring her people ; a helicopter flies nearby , but Jadis fails to catch its attention . Daryl and Rosita plot to stop Eugene from crafting ammunition for the Saviors . Carol finds Henry alive in the woods and they return to Hilltop . Upon Rick and Morgan 's return , Michonne encourages Rick to read Carl 's letter to him . 114 15 `` Worth '' Michael Slovis David Leslie Johnson - McGoldrick & Corey Reed April 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) 6.67 Negan returns to the Sanctuary and regains control of the Saviors . Dwight secretly prepares notes to Rick about Negan 's plans , and later sends Gregory to deliver the notes . Daryl and Rosita capture Eugene from his outpost , but he manages to escape and continues pushing his workers to craft bullets . Dwight lures Simon into a meeting where Negan accosts him for going against his orders with the Scavengers , and kills him in a fist fight . Negan then reveals that Laura informed him of Dwight 's siding with Rick , and that his planning was a ruse upon knowing of Dwight 's disloyalty . Negan is contacted by Michonne - who reads Carl 's letter to him at the request of making peace ; Negan remains intent on killing Rick and his allies once and for all . 115 16 `` Wrath '' Greg Nicotero Scott M. Gimple & Angela Kang & Matthew Negrete April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) 7.92 Rick 's group follows the false plans given to them by Gregory , leading them into a trap . As the Saviors fire , their weapons backfire due to their ammo being sabotaged by Eugene . The surviving Saviors surrender , while Rick chases down Negan ; the two brawl and Rick manages to slice Negan 's neck , but immediately has Siddiq tend to the wound , knowing that Carl wanted Negan to survive . Meanwhile , an attack at the Hilltop is stopped with help from Aaron and the Oceanside soldiers . The survivors regroup and rebuild their communities , but Rick 's decision to spare Negan angers Maggie and she vows to take action against Rick in the future . Release ( edit ) The first trailer for the season was released on July 21 , 2017 at the San Diego Comic - Con . The second trailer was released on February 1 , 2018 for the second part of the season . On March 15 , 2018 , it was announced that the season finale and the fourth season premiere of Fear the Walking Dead would be screened at AMC , Regal , and Cinemark theaters across the United States on April 15 , the same day as the TV airing , for `` Survival Sunday : The Walking Dead & Fear the Walking Dead '' . The episodes marked the first crossover between the two series . The cinema screening also included an extra half - hour of exclusive bonus content . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The eighth season of The Walking Dead has received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season holds a score of 67 % with an average rating of 6.68 out of 10 , based on 15 reviews , and an average episode score 72 % . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` The Walking Dead 's eighth season energizes its characters with some much - needed angst and action , though it 's still occasionally choppy and lacking forward - moving plot progression . '' The Walking Dead ( season 8 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 8 ( 2017 -- 18 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Accolades ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by The Walking Dead For the 44th Saturn Awards , the eight season of The Walking Dead received seven nominations , winning two . It won Best Horror Television Series and Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series ( Chandler Riggs ) . The nominations were for Best Actor on Television ( Andrew Lincoln ) , Best Supporting Actor on Television ( Khary Payton ) , Best Supporting Actress on Television ( Danai Gurira and Melissa McBride ) , and Best Guest Starring Role on Television ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) . The first half of the season was nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series at the 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Mercy '' October 22 , 2017 5.0 11.44 2.2 4.28 7.2 15.74 `` The Damned '' October 29 , 2017 4.0 8.92 2.0 4.16 6.0 13.10 `` Monsters '' November 5 , 2017 3.8 8.52 2.2 4.47 6.0 13.01 `` Some Guy '' November 12 , 2017 3.9 8.69 1.8 3.66 5.7 12.36 5 `` The Big Scary U '' November 19 , 2017 3.4 7.85 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' November 26 , 2017 3.6 8.28 4.44 5.7 12.73 7 `` Time for After '' December 3 , 2017 3.3 7.47 1.9 4.15 5.2 11.63 8 `` How It 's Gotta Be '' December 10 , 2017 3.4 7.89 2.0 4.23 5.4 12.13 9 `` Honor '' February 25 , 2018 3.6 8.28 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' March 4 , 2018 2.9 6.82 1.7 3.80 4.6 10.63 11 `` Dead or Alive Or '' March 11 , 2018 2.8 6.60 1.6 3.44 4.4 10.06 12 `` The Key '' March 18 , 2018 2.8 6.66 1.7 3.76 4.5 10.44 13 `` Do Not Send Us Astray '' March 25 , 2018 3.0 6.77 1.7 3.82 4.7 10.62 14 `` Still Gotta Mean Something '' April 1 , 2018 2.6 6.30 1.8 3.68 4.4 9.99 15 `` Worth '' April 8 , 2018 2.8 6.67 1.7 3.64 4.5 10.32 16 `` Wrath '' April 15 , 2018 3.4 7.92 1.6 3.30 5.0 11.24 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Home media ( edit ) The eighth season was released on Blu - ray and DVD on August 21 , 2018 . The set includes three audio commentaries and three featurettes . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Reigns at Saturn Awards , ' Better Call Saul ' and ' Twin Peaks ' Top TV Field '' . Variety . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Promotes Trio to Series Regular for Season 8 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead Promotes 3 Actors to Series Regular Ahead of Season 8 '' . TV Line . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( October 16 , 2016 ) . `` Walking Dead gets early season 8 renewal '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead Cast And Crew Assemble For Season 8 '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Stuntman Dies After On - Set Accident '' . Variety . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Production Resumes After Stuntman 's Death '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Greg Nicotero To Direct The Walking Dead Episode 100 , Season 8 Premiere '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead : Lennie James will cross over to Fear The Walking Dead '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' has lowest - rated premiere since Season 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' stumbles to 5 - year low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Shameless ' has its best premiere in 4 - plus years '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' improves , ' Shameless ' dips in week 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : 6 - year low for ' The Walking Dead ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : Hallmark 's ' Switched for Christmas ' hits a high , ' Walking Dead ' rebounds some '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' goes low again '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' fall finale ticks up , Season 8 still way down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' returns a little higher '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' at lowest point since Season 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' goes even lower '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' levels off '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Terror ' gets decent start behind ' The Walking Dead ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' falls , NCAA women 's championship off a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead , ' ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' improve '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' opens higher '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead season 8 trailer teases surprise flash - forward '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Finale and ' Fear ' Premiere to Screen in Theaters '' . Variety . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : Season 8 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards : NOMINEES AND RECIPIENTS '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' premiere grows a lot , still trails Season 7 debut by a lot : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 16 - 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead , ' ' AHS : Cult ' way above everything else in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 23 - 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Cult ' triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 30 - Nov. 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' keeps pace in cable Live + 3 ratings for Nov. 6 - 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' laps the field in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 20 - 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' outpaces everything else in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 27 - Dec. 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Top Chef ' premiere more than doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for Dec. 4 - 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' stays atop the cable Live + 7 ratings for Feb. 26 - March 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Atlanta ' and ' The Alienist ' make more solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 5 - 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Fosters ' finale doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 12 - 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Krypton ' premiere makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 19 - 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Siren ' premiere doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 26 - April 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fixer Upper ' finale goes out strong : Cable Live + 7 ratings for April 2 - 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Last O.G. ' scores for TBS in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 9 - 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead : The Complete Eighth Season Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . June 20 , 2018 . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Horror fiction portal Television portal Official website List of The Walking Dead episodes on IMDb List of The Walking Dead episodes at TV.com The Walking Dead Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Miscellaneous Video games Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Four : The Final Season Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Overkill Tekken 7 Rides The Walking Dead : The Ride Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Return to Woodbury Characters Lists Comic book series Television series Aaron Alden Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Tara Chambler Madison Clark ( Fear the Walking Dead ) Clementine ( video game ) Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett ( video game ) King Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Jadis Morgan Jones Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Spencer Monroe Morales Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Siddiq Simon Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams Category The Walking Dead episodes Season 1 `` Days Gone Bye '' `` Guts '' `` Tell It to the Frogs '' `` Vatos '' `` Wildfire '' `` TS - 19 '' Season 2 `` What Lies Ahead '' `` Bloodletting '' `` Save the Last One '' `` Cherokee Rose '' `` Chupacabra '' `` Secrets '' `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' `` Nebraska '' `` Triggerfinger '' `` 18 Miles Out '' `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' `` Better Angels '' `` Beside the Dying Fire '' Season 3 `` Seed '' `` Sick '' `` Walk with Me '' `` Killer Within '' `` Say the Word '' `` Hounded '' `` When the Dead Come Knocking '' `` Made to Suffer '' `` The Suicide King '' `` Home '' `` I Ai n't a Judas '' `` Clear '' `` Arrow on the Doorpost '' `` Prey '' `` This Sorrowful Life '' `` Welcome to the Tombs '' Season 4 `` 30 Days Without an Accident '' `` Infected '' `` Isolation '' `` Indifference '' `` Internment '' `` Live Bait '' `` Dead Weight '' `` Too Far Gone '' `` After '' `` Inmates '' `` Claimed '' `` Still '' `` Alone '' `` The Grove '' `` Us '' `` A '' Season 5 `` No Sanctuary '' `` Strangers '' `` Four Walls and a Roof '' `` Slabtown '' `` Self Help '' `` Consumed '' `` Crossed '' `` Coda '' `` What Happened and What 's Going On '' `` Them '' `` The Distance '' `` Remember '' `` Forget '' `` Spend '' `` Try '' `` Conquer '' Season 6 `` First Time Again '' `` JSS '' `` Thank You '' `` Here 's Not Here '' `` Now '' `` Always Accountable '' `` Heads Up '' `` Start to Finish '' `` No Way Out '' `` The Next World '' `` Knots Untie '' `` Not Tomorrow Yet '' `` The Same Boat '' `` Twice as Far '' `` East '' `` Last Day on Earth '' Season 7 `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' `` The Well '' `` The Cell '' `` Service '' `` Go Getters '' `` Swear '' `` Sing Me a Song '' `` Hearts Still Beating '' `` Rock in the Road '' `` New Best Friends '' `` Hostiles and Calamities '' `` Say Yes '' `` Bury Me Here '' `` The Other Side '' `` Something They Need '' `` The First Day of the Rest of Your Life '' Season 8 `` Mercy '' `` The Damned '' `` Monsters '' `` Some Guy '' `` The Big Scary U '' `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' `` Time for After '' `` How It 's Gotta Be '' `` Honor '' `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' `` Dead or Alive Or '' `` The Key '' `` Do Not Send Us Astray '' `` Still Gotta Mean Something '' `` Worth '' `` Wrath '' Season 9 Webisodes Torn Apart Cold Storage Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Walking_Dead_(season_8)&oldid=856114830 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons The Walking Dead ( TV series ) episodes Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Articles with short description Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Português Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 00 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does season 8 of walking dead end | [
"The eighth season of The Walking Dead, an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 22, 2017, and concluded on April 15, 2018, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The executive producers are Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Gimple as showrunner for his fifth and final season. The eighth season received positive reviews from critics. It was nominated for multiple awards and won two, including Best Horror Television Series for the third consecutive year, at the 44th Saturn Awards.[1]\n"
] | [
"April 15, 2018"
] |
3323680360908778708 | Areca catechu | Areca catechu - wikipedia Areca catechu Jump to : navigation , search Areca palm Fruiting specimen Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae ( unranked ) : Angiosperms ( unranked ) : Monocots ( unranked ) : Commelinids Order : Arecales Family : Arecaceae Genus : Areca Species : A. catechu Binomial name Areca catechu L . Synonyms Areca faufel Gaertn . Areca hortensis Lour . Areca cathechu Burm. f . Sublimia areca Comm . ex Mart . Areca himalayana Griff . ex H. Wendl . Areca nigra Giseke ex H. Wendl . Areca macrocarpa Becc . Areca catechu is a species of palm which grows in much of the tropical Pacific , Asia , and parts of east Africa . The palm is believed to have originated in the Philippines , but is widespread in cultivation and is considered naturalized in southern China ( Guangxi , Hainan , Yunnan ) , Taiwan , India , Bangladesh , the Maldives , Ceylon , Cambodia , Laos , Thailand , Vietnam , Malaysia , Indonesia , New Guinea , many of the islands in the Pacific Ocean , and also in the West Indies . The species has many common names including the areca palm , areca nut palm , betel palm , Indian nut , Pinang palm , Chinese language / Mandarin : `` 檳榔 '' , Tamil : கமுகு , Tagalog : bunga , Indonesia / Malay : pinang , Tamil : `` கமுகு '' `` kamuhu '' Malayalam : adakka , Kannada : Adike . This palm is called the betel tree because its fruit , the areca nut , is often chewed along with the betel leaf , a leaf from a vine of the family Piperaceae . Areca is derived from a local name from the Malabar Coast of India and catechu is from another Malay name for this palm , caccu . Contents ( hide ) 1 Growth 2 Characteristics 2.1 Chemical composition 3 Uses 4 Gallery 5 References 6 External links Growth ( edit ) Areca catechu is a medium - sized and palm tree , growing straight to 20 m ( 66 ft ) tall , with a trunk 10 -- 15 cm ( 4 -- 6 in ) in diameter . The leaves are 1.5 -- 2 m ( 4.9 -- 6.6 ft ) long , pinnate , with numerous , crowded leaflets . It is also known as puga in Sanskrit , `` puwak '' in sinhala and supari in Marathi and Gujarati . Normally areca catechu known as pinang tree in Malaysia Characteristics ( edit ) 19th century drawing of Areca catechu Areca catechu is grown for its commercially important seed crop , the areca nut . Tanjung Pinang , Pangkal Pinang cities in Indonesia , Indonesian province of Jambi ( jambi or jambe is areca in Javanese , Sundanese , Balinese , and Old Malay ) , Penang Island , off the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia , Fua Mulaku in the Maldives , Guwahati in Assam , and coastal areas of Kerala and Karnataka in India , are some of the places named after a local name for areca nut . Actually , there are numerous city and areal names in Indonesia and Malaysia using the words pinang or jambe . This shows how important areca nut is in the Austronesian civilization , especially in the modern day Indonesia or Malaysia . Chemical composition ( edit ) The seed contains alkaloids such as arecaidine and arecoline , which , when chewed , are intoxicating and slightly addictive . Areca palms are grown in Bangladesh , India , Indonesia , Malaysia , Taiwan and many other Asian countries for their seeds . The seed also contains condensed tannins ( procyanidins ) called arecatannins which are carcinogenic . Uses ( edit ) Intensive farming of Areca catechu at a spice plantation in Curti , Goa . Main article : Areca nut The areca nut is also popular for chewing throughout some Asian countries , such as China ( mainly Hunan ) , Taiwan , Vietnam , the Philippines , Malaysia , Myanmar , and India and the Pacific , notably Papua New Guinea , where it is very popular . Chewing areca nut is quite popular among working classes in Taiwan . The nut itself can be addictive and has direct link to oral cancers . Areca nuts in Taiwan will usually contain artificial additives such as limestone powder . The extract of Areca catechu may be addictive . The areca palm is also used as an interior landscaping species . It is often used in large indoor areas such as malls and hotels . It will not fruit or reach full size . Indoors , it is a slow growing , low water , high light plant that is sensitive to spider mites and occasionally mealybugs . In India the dry , fallen leaves are collected and hot - pressed into disposable palm leaf plates and bowls . Gallery ( edit ) An Areca catechu plantation in Taiwan Areca palm at Kolkata , West Bengal , India Areca palm at Kolkata , West Bengal , India Areca palm fruit at Kerala , India Areca nuts from India Flora de Filipinas Areca catechu farm in Kerala , India Young `` betel '' nuts in Malaysia Areca nut at Penang 's flag Areca catechu of Bangladesh References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Areca catechu information from NPGS / GRIN '' . www.ars-grin.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Jump up ^ Jones , D. ( 2001 ) , Palms Throughout The World , Reed New Holland , Australia . Jump up ^ Heatubun , C.D. , Dransfield , J. , Flynn , T. , Tjitrosoedirdjo , S.S. , Mogea , J.P. & Baker , W.J. ( 2012 ) . A monograph of the betel nut palms ( Areca : Arecaceae ) of East Malesia . Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 168 : 147 - 173 . Jump up ^ Simon Gardner , Pindar Sidisunthorn and Lai Ee May , 2011 . Heritage Trees of Penang . Penang : Areca Books . ISBN 978 - 967 - 57190 - 6 - 6 Jump up ^ Kusumoto , Ines Tomoco ; Nakabayashi , Takeshi ; Kida , Hiroaki ; Miyashiro , Hirotsugu ; Hattori , Masao ; Namba , Tsuneo ; Shimotohno , Kunitada ( 1995 ) . `` Screening of various plant extracts used in ayurvedic medicine for inhibitory effects on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV - 1 ) protease '' . Phytotherapy Research . 9 ( 3 ) : 180 -- 184 . doi : 10.1002 / ptr. 2650090305 . Jump up ^ Thomas and MacLennan ( 1992 ) . `` Slaked lime and betel nut cancer in Papua New Guinea '' . The Lancet . 340 ( 8819 ) : 577 -- 578 . PMID 1355157 . doi : 10.1016 / 0140 - 6736 ( 92 ) 92109 - S . Jump up ^ Hemantha Amarasinghe ( 2010 ) . `` Betel - quid chewing with or without tobacco is a major risk factor for oral potentially malignant disorders in Sri Lanka : A case - control study '' . Oral Oncology. 46 ( 4 ) : 297 -- 301 . PMID 20189448 . doi : 10.1016 / j. oraloncology. 2010.01. 017 . Jump up ^ Marcello Spinella ( 2001 ) . The psychopharmacology of herbal medicine : plant drugs that alter mind , brain , and behavior . MIT Press . pp. 233 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 69265 - 6 . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Palm Leaf Plates on the website TheWholeLeafCo. dom ; viewed in September 2016 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Areca catechu . Plant Cultures : Betelnut botany and history Areca catechu List of Chemicals ( Dr. Duke 's ) Names in different Languages Taxon identifiers Wd : Q156969 EoL : 1136163 FOC : 200027002 GBIF : 2736531 GRIN : 3903 iNaturalist : 83108 IPNI : 664107 - 1 ITIS : 506702 NCBI : 184783 Plant List : kew - 14517 PLANTS : ARCA41 Tropicos : 2401626 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Areca_catechu&oldid=800900966 '' Categories : Areca Tropical fruit Fruits originating in Asia Flora of the Philippines Medicinal plants of Asia Garden plants of Asia House plants Ornamental trees Plants described in 1753 Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hornjoserbsce Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Tok Pisin Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Slovenčina Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog తెలుగు ไทย ತುಳು Українська Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 11 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | trees of the betel nut genus of palms | [
"Areca catechu is a species of palm which grows in much of the tropical Pacific, Asia, and parts of east Africa. The palm is believed to have originated in the Philippines,[1] but is widespread in cultivation and is considered naturalized in southern China (Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan), Taiwan, India, Bangladesh, the Maldives, Ceylon, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, many of the islands in the Pacific Ocean, and also in the West Indies.[2][3][4]"
] | [
"Areca"
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-768237220034449951 | Haters Back Off | Haters Back Off - wikipedia Haters Back Off Jump to : navigation , search Haters Back Off Official series artwork Genre Comedy Created by Colleen Ballinger Chris Ballinger Based on Miranda Sings by Colleen Ballinger Developed by Colleen Ballinger Gigi McCreery Perry Rein Starring Colleen Ballinger Angela Kinsey Francesca Reale Erik Stocklin Steve Little Music by Amotz Plessner Country of origin United States No. of seasons No. of episodes 8 Production Executive producer ( s ) Colleen Ballinger Chris Ballinger Kristen Zolner Ted Biaselli Brian Wright Josh Barry Jeff Kwatinetz Gigi McCreery Perry Rein Producer ( s ) Arielle Bosivert Shawn Williamson Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Running time 30 -- 35 minutes Production company ( s ) McCreery - Rein Brightlight Pictures The Firm Release Original network Netflix Original release October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) -- present Haters Back Off is a television comedy series starring Colleen Ballinger , based on her character Miranda Sings , that was released on Netflix on October 14 , 2016 . The `` surreal and absurd '' series centers around the family life of Miranda Sings , a sheltered , self - absorbed , overconfident and untalented young performer who seeks fame on YouTube . The half - hour episodes depict Miranda 's road to fame , and the price she pays for trampling on the feelings of others . Season 1 follows Miranda from the time she uploads her first video until one of her videos goes viral . The show co-stars Angela Kinsey as Bethany , Miranda 's mother , Steve Little as Jim , Miranda 's uncle , Francesca Reale as Emily , Miranda 's sister , and Erik Stocklin as Patrick , Miranda 's best friend . Netflix describes the show as `` a bizarre family comedy , and a commentary on society today and our fascination with fame . '' The show was developed by Colleen Ballinger and her brother , Christopher Ballinger , together with showrunners Gigi McCreery and Perry Rein . It is produced by Brightlight Pictures . The show is named for Miranda Sings ' signature catchphrase that she uses when responding to negative comments on her YouTube videos . The eight episodes of series 1 were released simultaneously worldwide . The show is one of the first scripted series created by a YouTube personality . Netflix has renewed the series for an 8 - episode second season , to be released on October 20 , 2017 . Ballinger told Entertainment Weekly that the writers plan to continue pulling stories `` from things that actually happened to me in my career '' and that , in season 2 , `` Miranda has a lot of mending relationships to do . '' The season is set to introduce Miranda 's father , played by Matt Besser . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Miranda Sings 1.2 Genesis of , and anticipation for , the series 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest stars 3 Production and promotion 4 Series Overview 5 Episodes 5.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 5.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 6 Reception 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Miranda Sings ( edit ) Main article : Miranda Sings Since 2008 , Colleen Ballinger has posted videos as her comically talentless , narcissistic and quirky character , Miranda Sings , primarily on the YouTube channel Miranda Sings . The character is a satire of bad , but egotistical , performers who film themselves singing as a form of self - promotion . Miranda is portrayed as a home - schooled young woman who is eccentric and infantilized , narcissistically believes that she was born famous , and is obsessed with show business fame . Miranda uses spoonerisms and malapropisms , is irritable , ludicrously self - absorbed and self - righteous , socially awkward , and has a defiant , arrogant attitude . She responds to people who offer criticism with the catchphrase , `` Haters back off ! '' In March 2009 , Ballinger uploaded a Miranda video called `` Free Voice Lesson '' , full of awful singing advice , that quickly became her first viral sensation . This led to requests for Ballinger to perform live as Miranda , and she later began to tour worldwide . The Miranda Sings YouTube channel has received more than 1 billion views and has more than 8 million subscribers , while Ballinger 's personal YouTube channel , PsychoSoprano , has more than 900 million views and 5 million subscribers . Miranda has appeared in character on television shows and Ballinger released a 2015 book , Selp - Helf , written in Miranda 's voice , that ranked No. 1 on The New York Times Best Seller list for Advice , How - To & Miscellaneous . Genesis of , and anticipation for , the series ( edit ) Ballinger told interviewers that she and her brother Chris began to develop the idea for the show about five or six years before it premiered . At first they considered a film treatment but later decided on a television series format . Ballinger chose Netflix over HBO to produce Haters Back Off because she felt that Netflix understood and was enthusiastic about the character and its online origin and fanbase . Comparing the show to Christopher Guest 's Waiting for Guffman , showrunner Perry Rein said : `` This is the first time we 've done a show about a really bad dancer and singer . ( It has ) characters that take themselves very seriously in their very small worlds . '' On YouTube , Miranda has always had an offstage relationship with her mother and uncle , and Ballinger long had the idea for Miranda 's best friend , Patrick . Ballinger said that she wanted to use the longer format of the series to expose Miranda 's vulnerability and make her believable ; to explain the source of the insecurities that make her so rude and eccentric . Emily , Miranda 's sister , is a new character . Ballinger said that her brother , Chris , helped Francesca Reale to create the character . Emily is the only normal person in Miranda 's family , but they treat her as the odd one , like Marilyn in The Munsters . The series expands Miranda 's world seen in YouTube . Miranda represents an `` extreme version of what the average gawky teenage girl may be feeling . '' / Film mused : `` Haters Back Off seems like a smart move for Netflix . ( A ) streaming content provider seems like a natural fit . Her built - in audience is already used to watching original content online '' . TechCrunch commented : `` ( T ) he rise of YouTube - fueled online influencers has been breathtaking ... building big audiences beyond the reach , knowledge and control of traditional entertainment gatekeepers , including the networks ... Netflix can ... leverage the audiences of these online stars , and their marketing reach , to drive the fans to new properties ... online , where their fans already routinely seek entertainment '' . In September 2016 , the series was included in The Wall Street Journal 's list of `` The 6 Best New Things to Stream in October '' . Bustle.com listed `` 11 Reasons You Should Watch ... Haters Back Off '' , writing that `` Miranda has become emblematic of a new kind ( of ) star - seeker in the digital age : a youngster who decides that waiting for a fame - making opportunity simply wo n't do and that in order to become visible ( and ostensibly beloved ) , you have to create the opportunities for visibility yourself . '' Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Colleen Ballinger as Miranda Sings , a talentless , egotistical , quirky , home - schooled young `` want - to - be star '' . Angela Kinsey as Bethany , Miranda 's hypochondriac mother Steve Little as Jim , Miranda 's enabling uncle and manager Erik Stocklin as Patrick Mooney , Miranda 's best friend and neighbor Francesca Reale as Emily , Miranda 's exasperated , voice - of - reason - and - normality sister Matt Besser as Miranda 's father . ( Season 2 ) Recurring ( edit ) Chaz Lamar Shepherd as Keith , a local pastor Dylan Playfair as Owen Trent , the church choir 's dreamy but narcissistic guitarist Harvey Guillen as Harvey , the manager and son of the owner of the fish shop Lindsay Navarro as Kleigh Rachelle Gillis as April Guest stars ( edit ) Ben Stiller as himself John Early as Maureen , the Mattress Queen Production and promotion ( edit ) Season 1 of Haters Back Off began filming in April 2016 in and around Port Coquitlam , British Columbia , near Vancouver , which substitutes , in the series , for Miranda 's hometown , Tacoma , Washington . Filming on Season 1 wrapped on June 3 , 2016 . Ballinger began promotions for season 1 in January 2016 with a comic YouTube video announcement . Miranda was featured on the cover of Variety , and in a feature article about the show , in June 2016 . Ballinger also promoted the show on her social media , including with an original song about it performed by Miranda . On September 1 , 2016 , Netflix released the first production stills from Season 1 . On September 21 , the show released its first of a series of teasers . Ballinger appeared on The Tonight Show on October 14 , 2016 , the release date , to promote the series . Season 2 filmed in and around Vancouver from April until June 5 , 2017 . Ballinger began promotions for Season 2 in August 2017 with an appearance on Live with Kelly and Ryan . Ballinger announced the release date of Season 2 in character as Miranda on the Miranda Sings YouTube channel on September 11 , 2017 . On the same date , she released a new original song on Miranda 's YouTube channel to promote the season . Series Overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 8 October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) 8 October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Uploding my Fist Video '' Andrew Gaynord Story by : Colleen Ballinger & Chris Ballinger Teleplay by : Colleen Ballinger , Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) Miranda and her adoring uncle Jim upload her first video , a tone - deaf cover of `` Defying Gravity '' . This launches Jim 's 5 - phase plan for fame . Miranda is home - schooled by her single mom , Bethany , a hypochondriac who works as a grocery store cashier . Bethany indulges Miranda . In their cluttered little Tacoma , Washington , house , Miranda is alarmed to receive her first YouTube death threat . Miranda 's best friend , Patrick , is smitten with her . He sells popsicles and gives her one every day from his bicycle cooler . Jim gets Miranda into a TV ad for his employer , a fish store , but the fish die under the hot lights set up for filming the ad . Patrick almost kills the store 's owner by mistake before Miranda 's exasperated sister Emily confesses to anonymously posting the death threat . Miranda is devastated by the betrayal but vows to keep seeking YouTube fame . Emily and Miranda agree to pretend in public that they are not sisters . Jim is fired from the fish store and decides to become Miranda 's full - time manager . Miranda 's video accumulates dozens of views , but more hateful comments have arrived . `` Preeching 2 the Chior '' Andrew Gaynord Justin Varava October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) Miranda uploads a tearful video titled `` I Quit ! '' . Jim begs her not to give up : after his high school ribbon dancing color guard performance went badly awry , he gave up his passion and lives a life of regret . At church , Bethany is attracted to the pastor , Keith ; Miranda likes the choir 's dreamy guitarist , Owen , and decides to join the choir . She is horrible to the choir , and they ask Keith to dismiss her . Patrick tries to console her , but she misunderstands his advice and vows to make Owen fall in love with her . Jim sells his car for $500 . At the church singles night , the choir is performing . Miranda invades the stage and starts to sing a racy love song to Owen . When challenged , Miranda calls everyone a `` hater '' . Pastor Keith asks Owen to remove Miranda , and Owen abandons her outside the church . Bethany advises Miranda not to let anyone stop her . Jim gives the $500 to the fish store manager to get his job back , but Miranda arrives and says that she is going back on the internet . Jim eagerly quits his job ! `` Netwerking at the Nursing Home '' Andrew Gaynord Russ Woody October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) Miranda uploads her cover of `` Respect '' . Emily asks Miranda to sing for their aunt Moira , who is in a nursing home suffering from dementia . Miranda and Jim realize that , if Moira dies , Miranda might `` get her stuff '' . Patrick rings the bell on his bicycle to give Miranda her daily popsicle . Bethany flirts with smooth - talking pastor Keith at the grocery store . At the nursing home , Miranda abandons Moira to meet Bob Hamburg , an old movie director spotted by Jim , hoping for an audition . Meanwhile , Patrick confronts Owen and finds out that Owen has no interest in Miranda . Miranda sneaks into the nursing home , where her singing kills Bob . Bob 's nephew ( Ben Stiller ) asks Miranda to speak at the funeral , as she was `` closest to '' Bob when he died . Stiller notes that he is `` in the industry '' , but Miranda does n't want an `` industrial job '' . At the funeral , instead of eulogizing Bob , Miranda begins to sing . Emily interrupts , and Miranda and Jim call Emily a jealous hater . Miranda uploads a new video , singing `` Danny Boy '' . `` Rod Trip With My Uncle '' Todd Rohal Colleen Ballinger & Chris Ballinger October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) Pastor Keith , at Miranda 's house , announces that he has been dating Bethany since the funeral . Miranda is angry , but Keith offers to get her a singing gig at the prestigious Thea Foss Theatre . Jim is jealous and says he has a better gig at a venue in Seattle . Although Jim has no luck booking a theatre , he sets off with Miranda in Bethany 's minivan , with Patrick as their roadie . Miranda chooses a stage name : `` Miranda Sings '' ! As the van gets impounded ( Patrick had painted a billboard of Miranda on it that covers the windows ) , Jim sees a Karaoke bar and says that the gig is there . On the elevated stage , Miranda is worried the audience will see up her skirt , so Jim lends her his red sweatpants . Meanwhile , Emily grows suspicious that Keith has a fetish for sick people . Patrick phones Emily to ask for a ride home . Miranda sings `` All That Jazz '' at the Karaoke competition , but Patrick 's bubble machine makes the stage slippery , and Miranda struggles to finish the number . Emily , Bethany and Keith arrive to see the debacle . Keith proposes to Bethany , but she says no : her family needs her more . Miranda , Jim and Patrick win the competition as a comedy trio , but Miranda is angry : she is a solo singing act ! Jim happily picks up the $100 prize . 5 `` Staring in a Musicall '' Todd Rohal Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) Bethany edits Miranda 's dance video cover of `` Genie in a Bottle '' and suggests that they do a home production of Annie . Jim forcefully takes over as director , planning to tape the performance for Broadway producers . Finding that Daddy Warbucks is Annie 's love interest in this version of the musical , the actor cast in the part quits in disgust . Patrick takes the role , as he has memorized all of Warbucks ' lines ; he looks forward to his stage kiss with Miranda as Annie . Jim has a toilet in his bedroom , and Bethany calls a plumber , who determines that it has leaked raw sewage into the back yard , where the cast is rehearsing . The musical is shut down . Emily is embarrassed when her friend Kleigh discovers that Emily has been lying about not being Miranda 's sister . 6 `` Becuming a Magichin '' Andrew Gaynord Justin Varava & Russ Woody October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) Miranda makes a video tutorial : `` Free Voice Lesson '' . Jim thinks it will be a hit , but Miranda refuses to upload it , as it gives away her vocal secrets . Patrick is excited about his upcoming audition at a magic club . Miranda is impatient to get famous , so Patrick offers to teach her some magic and let her audition in his place . Miranda a spectacular trick : Patrick 's magic sword cabinet ! He will be her assistant . Miranda notices Patrick 's romantic artwork made from her many popsicle sticks . Emily is still depressed ; she paints alone in the garage . Jim , unable to occupy his room until the plumbing is fixed , moves in with Bethany , to her disgust . Bethany wanders backstage at the magic auditions , but her presence there would disqualify Miranda . Before Bethany can flee , stagehands come , and she hides in the magic cabinet , which they wheel onstage . Patrick is surprised to meet Bethany inside the cabinet . Miranda sticks in the swords , and Patrick helps Bethany avoid getting stabbed , until Miranda goes off script , and both Bethany and Patrick are wounded . At the hospital , Bethany 's doctors find a kidney abnormality , as Miranda watches over Patrick . 7 `` Starr off the Parade '' Andrew Gaynord Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) Miranda uploads a cover of `` Love Shack '' . Patrick finally asks Miranda on a date , but she says she would only marry a famous person , since she is famous . The doctors tell Bethany that her kidneys are failing . Emily wants to move away to an art school . Jim tries to get Miranda on the Grand Marshal 's float in the upcoming town parade . When rebuffed , Jim decides to form a color guard of home schoolers to march with Miranda in the parade , with Jim as ribbon dancer . Patrick builds the `` home schooled '' float around his ice cream bicycle ; it looks like a huge Uncle Jim pony . Miranda rides aboard in a pink cowboy hat as Jim 's color guard performs beautifully , but his pyrotechnics light the float on fire just as Miranda kisses Patrick inside it and agrees to go on a date with him . At her art school admission panel , Emily discovers that Miranda has altered Emily 's portfolio by gluing macaroni , felt and sparkles to her artworks ; they are all ruined . 8 `` i 'm famous '' Andrew Gaynord Colleen Ballinger & Chris Ballinger October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) Miranda forbids Jim to post the `` Free Voice Lesson '' video . She and Patrick plan to go on a date . Owen invites them to his CD release party at the Thea Foss Theatre ; Miranda is angry that Jim has not booked her there . She rushes to the theatre , where Owen asks her to perform in his show right before he announces `` a big surprise '' . Bethany 's kidney disease is worsening . As Miranda ruined her art school admission , Emily leaves home to live with their father . Owen asks Miranda to hold a diamond ring for his big surprise . Miranda thinks that he is proposing to her and puts on the ring ; she coldly cancels the elaborate date that Patrick has planned for them . Jim posts the `` Free Voice Lesson '' video to YouTube ; Miranda fires him . She gets on stage to sing `` I Will Always Love You '' to Owen , who cuts her off , saying it is a joke . Owen proposes to April , pulling the ring off of Miranda 's finger . The audience starts laughing at everything Miranda says . She asks : `` Why is it funny that someone would love me ? '' and they fall silent . Miranda attacks Owen and April to get the ring but is pulled away and forced out into the pouring rain by security . Miranda has treated everyone so badly that no one will take her calls . Arriving drenched at home , she yells at Bethany , who explains that she failed to attend because of her kidney medication . Bethany reveals that she needs a kidney donor or she will die . She leaves Miranda all alone in the house . Miranda is about to delete `` Free Voice Lesson '' , but sees that it has over 100,000 views and many positive comments . She yells `` Uncle Jim , it worked ! '' , but no one is there . More views accumulate as she experiences her moment of greatest loneliness . Just then , Miranda hears the bell of Patrick 's bike and looks up hopefully . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) The series has been renewed for a second season of 8 episodes , bringing the total number of episodes to 16 . No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 TBA TBA TBA October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) 10 TBA TBA TBA October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) 11 TBA TBA TBA October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) 12 TBA TBA TBA October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) 13 TBA TBA TBA October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) 14 TBA TBA TBA October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) 15 TBA TBA TBA October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) 16 TBA TBA TBA October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) Reception ( edit ) The first season of Haters Back Off received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has a rating of 47 % , based on 14 reviews , with an average rating of 5.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Haters Back Off is bizarre , painful , and often times excruciatingly funny -- yet the appeal of the YouTube transport does n't quite carry over in the longer television format . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 54 out of 100 , based on 9 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . The show won the `` Best Comedy '' award at the 2016 CelebMix Awards . Positive reviews of Haters Back Off include Robert Lloyd 's in the Los Angeles Times , who observed that , unlike in Miranda 's YouTube videos , the character 's actions in the TV series have consequences and affect the other characters and their feelings . Lloyd thought that the series succeeds in `` shaping a funny idea into a semblance of life '' . He praised the performances , especially Kinsey 's . The Guardian printed two positive reviews : Brian Moylan called the series a `` hilarious transfer to Netflix ... Ballinger gets at something that is not only a cultural critique but often hits on the fragility of egos and everyone 's need for acceptance . '' In their other review , Stuart Heritage wrote : `` It 's a uniformly singular sitcom about the effects of fame , and frequently a very funny one ... ( I ) t is great , once you 've attuned yourself to its quirks '' . Melanie McFarland , on NPR , compared Miranda 's world with Pee - wee Herman 's , saying that both are `` perversely funny , cartoonish worlds that also manage to be weirdly innocent . ' There 's just that sly element of wrongness about it that makes it oh so right . ' '' Daniel D'Addario wrote in Time magazine that the series `` is imperfect , but it 's also more than it needed to be ... Ballinger examine ( s ) what the obsession with having fans papers over and the new problems it creates . '' Paste magazine ranked Haters Back Off as the 9th `` best new Netflix Original Series of 2016 '' . TheWrap 's Michael E. Ross called the series an `` antic , sometimes wise , often laugh - out - loud funny case of art imitating life imitating art '' , noting that `` there are times ... when the veneer of ego is stripped away , and we discover the shy , insecure young woman behind the bluster . Haters reflects a hearty sense of humor about the genesis of online celebrity ... ( W ) hat resonates ... is Miranda 's underlying humanity , her basic drive to be recognized , to stand apart from the crowd . And we can all relate to the pain of rejection '' . Jasef Wisener of TVOvermind.com gave the series 3.8 stars out of 5 . He was favorably impressed by the character development and the performances , especially Ballinger 's and Reale 's . He also liked its structure and musical score , but felt that the exposition was sometimes bogged down in the early episodes by its explanation of details and sometimes panders to Miranda 's established internet audience ; he felt that the series improves in the later episodes . He disliked the sexual innuendos and found Miranda 's relationship with Uncle Jim uncomfortable , although these are elements carried over from Miranda 's YouTube videos . The A.V. Club 's Danette Chavez commented that Ballinger 's `` portrayal of Miranda is multidimensional in spite of the character 's single - mindedness ... Haters fleshes out the environment that would spawn such an egotistical personality ... ( L ) aughs are as consistently delivered '' with zany comedy , although the `` domestic strife and even anguish '' makes the series nearly a dramedy . But she felt that `` sometimes the foreshadowing is just a little too foreboding ... the tonal shifts do n't always jibe . '' In a mixed review for New York magazine 's Vulture site , Jen Chaney judged that `` not everything in Haters Back Off ! works ... If you find Miranda Sings irritating after watching a two - minute YouTube clip , you should find something else to put in your queue . But ... fans ... who have a reasonable amount of patience will likely find some redeeming qualities to latch onto , especially as the episodes progress ... Miranda is a purposely maddening character . But Ballinger commits to her so fully and with such specific physicality ... that she 's often mesmerizing to watch ... ( But ) maybe Miranda Sings is better in shorter doses . '' Similarly , for The New York Times , James Poniewozik wrote that : Like Miranda 's performances , Haters can be terrible and transfixing at the same time ... Ballinger commits to Miranda 's hunger and histrionics ... There 's a deeper pathos to Miranda 's situation , but the season does n't delve deeply into that until late , by which time haters will have long since backed off ... There 's a lot in Haters Back Off ! to gratify Ms. Ballinger 's YouTube fan base ... Beyond the winces , there 's something human in its comedy of internet thirst : the insatiable drive to put a piece of oneself out into the world and hit refresh , refresh , refresh . Brian Lowry , writing for CNN , had a mostly negative reaction . While he felt that while the series ' `` critique of a fame - obsessed culture certainly has merit '' , and that the later episodes `` reward patience '' , the show was too `` cartoon - like '' , and `` there 's a sense that the series is stretched beyond what it has to offer . '' Keith Uhlich , in The Hollywood Reporter , found the gags funny , but he concluded that although Miranda is `` an acidic critique of the very celebrity strivers who make up the majority of the YouTube community '' , it is more effective `` in short bursts '' . In `` an eight - episode Netflix series ... the lampoon loses its edge '' . He also thought that much of the pathos in the series is `` unearned , unconvincing '' and the characters are `` shallow vessels freighted down by contrived plot complications ... And there 's more than a bit of that vainglorious YouTubers ' entitlement in where Haters ultimately ends up , the satire finally curdling into smugness . '' Sonia Saraiya of Variety did not think that the series has `` the same organic appeal as Ballinger 's bizarre , pastiche - y videos ... Miranda lacks some of the innocent naivete that makes her character work on YouTube ... Miranda 's behavior ... could be raucously hilarious ( for some viewers ) , an example of theater - geek self - obsession run amok . For me , anyway , Miranda 's obsessions and absorptions ... prove to be more tragic than hilarious . '' Rob Lowman of the Los Angeles Daily News wrote : `` The series seems to want to exist somewhere between a Pee - wee Herman world , where Miranda exists within her own reality , and Waiting for Guffman or other parodies of self - important clueless people . It does n't succeed as either , nor on its own terms . The show debuted as the 2nd most popular digital original series in the US for the week of October 14 -- 20 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Weekly TV Music Roundup ( October 9 , 2016 ) '' , Film Music Reporter , October 9 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` Haters Back Off Netflix Series From Miranda Sings to Film in Vancouver '' , WhatsFilming.ca , February 11 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Snetiker , Marc . `` Netflix orders Miranda Sings series Haters Back Off '' , Entertainment Weekly , January 14 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Wisener , Jasef . `` Haters Back Off ! Season 1 Review : Ready or Not , Miranda is Here '' , TVOvermind.com , October 12 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Spangler , Todd . `` Miranda Sings Leads the Way for Digital Stars Leaping to TV '' , Variety , June 21 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Andrews , Charles . `` Netflix Original : Haters Back Off ! Starring YouTuber Colleen Ballinger as Miranda Sings '' , ParentHerald.com , September 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ Longwell , Todd . `` Miranda Sings Giving Birth to Netflix Series '' , Video Ink , January 14 , 2016 ; Pearson , Allyn . `` Haters Back Off a Scripted Series Based on Youtube Star Miranda Sings Heading to Netflix '' , Mxdwn.com , January 14 , 2016 ; and Keihm , Moira . `` YouTube Personality Miranda Sings : 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know '' , Heavy.com , January 17 , 2016 Jump up ^ Tiffany , Kaitlyn . `` Netflix orders the first scripted comedy by a YouTube star '' , The Verge , January 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ Yagoda , Maria . `` Haters Back Off : YouTube Star Miranda Sings Gets Netflix Scripted Series '' , People magazine , January 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Hater Back Off ! Oct. 20 '' , Netflix via Facebook , September 11 , 2017 ; and Masters , Cayla . `` Haters Back Off season two premiere date announced '' , HiddenRemote.com , September 11 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Snetiker , Marc . `` Miranda Sings series Haters Back Off ! renewed for season 2 '' , Entertainment Weekly , December 15 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Ballinger , Colleen . `` Revealing Miranda 's Dad ! '' , PsychoSoprano , YouTube , April 21 , 2017 Jump up ^ Ng , David . `` YouTube sensation Miranda seduces Broadway '' , Los Angeles Times , May 11 , 2009 Jump up ^ Eggar , Robin . `` She 'd like to teach the world to sing '' . The Times , May 2 , 2010 , accessed March 6 , 2012 ; and `` Meme Comes to Life '' , Transmedia Televisual Studies , FILM345 , Queens University , February 2010 Jump up ^ Velasco , Schuyler . `` Interview : Miranda Sings '' , Backstage , August 3 , 2010 Jump up ^ Rivera , Erica . `` ' The haters ' defined YouTube sensation Miranda Sings '' , City Pages , August 4 , 2015 Jump up ^ Siegel , Ben . `` Miranda shows that she 's very good at being bad '' , The Buffalo News , May 6 , 2014 Jump up ^ Wilson , Jessica . `` Miranda Sings -- review '' , What 's Peen Seen ? September 11 , 2013 , accessed May 5 , 2014 Jump up ^ Noteboom , Kris . `` BooTube '' , TheaterJones , March 5 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Ep. 25 Colleen Ballinger ( Miranda Sings ) '' , Interview of Ballinger at 54 : 20 and 58 : 30 , Ear Biscuits , Soundcloud.com , March 31 , 2014 Jump up ^ Linton , Shannon . `` Miranda Sings ... Terribly : An Unlikely Rise to Stardom '' , APU Life , Spring ' 12 issue , May 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Comedian Colleen Ballinger bringing hit Internet character Miranda Sings to CCRI '' , Community College of Rhode Island , March 14 , 2013 , accessed February 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ Sims , James . `` Colleen Ballinger Talks YouTube Character Miranda Sings '' , Huffington Post , August 30 , 2010 , accessed January 18 , 2016 Jump up ^ Miranda Sings Australia schedule , November 2009 ; Newcastle Herald , November 26 , 2009 , p. 45 ; Sparks , Abbe . `` Mirfandas Infiltrate Highland Park from across the country for Midwest Premiere of Miranda Sings Live ! '' , Chicago Tribune ( Highland Park local ) , November 22 , 2010 ; Michelin , Lana . `` How ( not ) to sing great '' . Red Deer Advocate , January 14 , 2011 ; Blank , Matthew . `` ' Miranda Sings Christmas Spectacular , ' With Lauren Kennedy and Frankie Grande '' , Playbill , December 20 , 2011 ; Bell , Matt . `` Marketing Lessons from ' Miranda Sings ' '' , Standing ( inn ) ovation , November 14 , 2013 ; and Dessau , Bruce . `` UK Tour Dates for YouTube Star Miranda Sings '' , Beyond the Joke , September 4 , 2014 Jump up ^ Ballinger , Colleen . About Miranda Sings , Miranda Sings , YouTube , accessed September 11 , 2017 Jump up ^ Ballinger , Colleen . About PsychoSoprano , PsychoSoprano , YouTube , accessed September 11 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Miranda Sings on ' Tori Goes Platinum ' '' , May 2012 , accessed June 12 , 2014 ; Wilstein , Matt . `` The 10 Best TV Shows of 2014 That Are n't Really TV '' , Mediaite.com , December 19 , 2014 ; Roberts , Andrew . `` Jerry Seinfeld Takes a Torturous Ride with YouTube 's Miranda Sings and Finds Out How to Be Famous '' , Uproxx , December 1 , 2014 ; and `` Pictionary with Martin Short , Jerry Seinfeld and Miranda Sings '' , The Tonight Show , NBC , December 1 , 2014 ; and Boardman , Madeline . `` Martin Short , Jerry Seinfeld Play Hilarious Game of Pictionary With Jimmy Fallon '' , Us Weekly , December 2 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Stage Tube : Miranda Sings Quits Youtube ; Announces Book Plans ! '' , BroadwayWorld.com , February 25 , 2015 ; Kawecki , Jenny . `` What You Need to Know Before You Read Selp - Helf , the Debut Book from YouTube Star Miranda Sings '' , Barnes & Noble , July 20 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers : Advice , How - To & Miscellaneous '' , The New York Times , August 9 , 2015 ( sales for the week ending July 25 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ Tiffany , Kaitlyn . `` How YouTube character Miranda Sings made the move to Netflix 's Haters Back Off '' , The Verge , October 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc . `` Miranda Sings star Colleen Ballinger talks ' magical ' making of Netflix series Haters Back Off '' , Entertainment Weekly , October 14 , 2016 ; and Schroeder , Audra . `` Netflix 's Haters Back Off ! Is a Family Affair '' , The Daily Dot , October 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ Thomas , Leah . `` The Haters Back Off Cast Fills Out the World of Miranda Sings '' , Bustle.com , October 15 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Ulaby , Neda . `` Haters Back Off ! : New TV Show Makes YouTube Star More Than Internet Famous '' , NPR , October 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ Han , Angie . `` Netflix Gets Into the YouTube Personality Business With Miranda Sings ' Haters Back Off '' , Slashfilm.com , January 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ Bruce , Juan . `` Networks Need to Take Note of the New Netflix Series With YouTube 's Miranda Sings '' , TechCrunch , February 3 , 2016 Jump up ^ Ayers , Mike . `` The 6 Best New Things to Stream in October '' , The Wall Street Journal , September 30 , 2016 Jump up ^ Gemmill , Allie. `` 11 Reasons You Should Watch Miranda Sings 's New Show Haters Back Off '' , Bustle.com , accessed October 3 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Lowman , Rob . `` You should just back away from Haters Back Off , Los Angeles Daily News , October 12 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Chavez , Danette . `` Haters Back Off ! does n't need to come with a warning '' , The A.V. Club , October 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` New Series : Netflix 's Haters Back Off With YouTube Star Colleen Ballinger - Evans Starts Filming in Vancouver '' , April 18 , 2016 Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Erik Stocklin Joins Netflix 's Haters Back Off , Deadline.com , YVRShoots , March 11 , 2016 Jump up ^ Welch , Rebecca. `` 4 Pieces of Must - Know Casting News '' , Backstage , March 6 , 2016 Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd . `` Miranda Sings in Haters Back Off : First Look at Netflix Oddball Family Sitcom '' , Variety , September 1 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` The Marine 5 : Battleground Starts Filming in Vancouver This Week '' , WhatsFilming.ca , May 30 , 2016 ; Ballinger , Colleen . `` ... Devastated we are done shooting . '' , Twitter , June 4 , 2016 Jump up ^ Roth , Madeline . `` YouTube Star Miranda Sings Is Pregnant -- With a Netflix Series '' , MTV , January 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ Ballinger , Colleen . `` Secret Project Revealed ! '' , Miranda Sings , YouTube , June 24 , 2016 , accessed December 18 , 2016 Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Miranda Sings Netflix Series Haters Back Off Unveils First - Look Photos '' , Deadline.com , September 1 , 2016 Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Haters Back Off : Miranda Sings Netflix Series Key Art & First - Look Teaser '' , Deadline.com , September 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris . `` Miranda Sings Declares Haters Back Off ! With New Netflix Series Trailer '' E ! News , October 3 , 2016 Jump up ^ Romano , Nick . `` Colleen Ballinger becomes Miranda Sings for Jimmy Fallon interview '' , Entertainment Weekly , October 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig . `` Filming in Vancouver : Dirk Gently , Miranda Sings , Shah Rukh Khan , and More '' , Inside Vancouver , May 1 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Photo Flash : The Beverly Bombshells , Colleen Ballinger and More Take the Stage at Birdland '' , BroadwayWorld.com , August 14 , 2017 ; and `` Live with Kelly and Ryan ( August 7 , 2017 ) Billy Eichner , Colleen Ballinger , Joey Graceffa Interview '' , YouTube , Disney ABC Home Entertainment and Television , August 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ Ballinger , Colleen . `` Big Announcement on My Popscicle '' ( sic ) , Miranda Sings , YouTube , September 11 , 2017 Jump up ^ Ballinger , Colleen . `` Why I left Netflix ... * IMPORTANT * '' , Miranda Sings , YouTube , September 11 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Haters Back Off ! : Season 1 '' , Rotten Tomatoes , accessed December 6 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Haters Back Off : Season 1 '' , Metacritic , accessed October 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Haters Back Off Wins Best Comedy at the CelebMix Awards '' , CelebMix.com , December 25 , 2016 Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert . `` Haters Back Off offers the funny origin story of Miranda Sings '' , Los Angeles Times , October 13 , 2016 Jump up ^ Moylan , Brian . `` Haters Back Offreview -- YouTube star makes hilarious transfer to Netflix '' , The Guardian , October 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ Heritage , Stuart . `` Haters Back Off : it 's Napoleon Dynamite for the YouTube generation '' , The Guardian , October 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ D'Addario , Daniel . `` Haters Back Off takes a star from YouTube to TV '' , Time magazine , October 24 , 2016 issue , p. 92 Jump up ^ `` The 10 Best New Netflix Original Series of 2016 '' , Paste , December 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ Ross , Michael E. `` Haters Back Off Review : Netflix Gives Miranda Sings the Spotlight She Craves '' , TheWrap , October 13 , 2016 Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen . `` Haters Need Not Stream Haters Back Off ! '' , New York magazine , October 13 , 2016 Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James . `` Review : In Haters Back Off ! a Cringe - Worthy Star Is Born , The New York Times , October 13 , 2016 Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian . `` Haters Back Off ! does n't earn much love on Netflix '' , CNN , October 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ Uhlich , Keith . `` Haters Back Off ! : TV Review '' , The Hollywood Reporter , October 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia . `` TV Review : Miranda Sings ' Haters Back Off ! on Netflix '' , Variety , October 13 , 2016 Jump up ^ Edelsburg , Natan . `` Haters Back Off and Luke Cage are the most popular digital series in the US '' , The Drum , October 24 , 2016 External links ( edit ) Haters Back Off on IMDb Series Twitter account Series Facebook page Series Instagram page Series teaser # 1 Series teaser # 2 Series teaser # 3 ( hide ) Netflix original series Current Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman All Hail King Julien Since 2015 The Adventures of Puss in Boots Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Between Daredevil Grace and Frankie Sense8 Club de Cuervos Project Mc Dinotrux Narcos The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show Master of None W / Bob & David Jessica Jones Atelier F Is for Family Making a Murderer Dawn of the Croods Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Chelsea Does Love Fuller House Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship Flaked Netflix Presents : The Characters Lost & Found Music Studios The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Marseille Chelsea Lady Dynamite Hibana : Spark Voltron : Legendary Defender Word Party World of Winx Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Ask the StoryBots Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Luke Cage StoryBots Super Songs Haters Back Off Skylanders Academy The Crown Roman Empire : Reign of Blood Paranoid 3 % Captive Luna Petunia White Rabbit Project Dirk Gently 's Holistic Detective Agency Crazyhead The OA Travelers Trollhunters Chasing Cameron Since 2017 One Day at a Time Edgar Rice Burroughs ' Tarzan and Jane We 're Lalaloopsy A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Abstract : The Art of Design Ultimate Beastmaster VeggieTales in the City Legend Quest Buddy Thunderstruck Iron Fist Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Five Came Back Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Las chicas del cable Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E The Keepers El Chapo Free Rein GLOW Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom The Defenders Disjointed Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes Continuations Arrested Development ( season 4 , 2013 ) The Killing ( season 4 , 2014 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( season 6 , 2014 ) Trailer Park Boys ( seasons 8 -- 11 , 2014 -- 17 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( seasons 3 -- 7 , 2015 -- 17 ) Longmire ( seasons 4 -- 5 , 2015 -- 16 ) Black Mirror ( season 3 , 2016 ) Lovesick ( season 2 , 2016 ) Mystery Science Theater 3000 ( season 11 , 2017 ) The Last Kingdom ( season 2 , 2017 ) Former Lilyhammer ( 2012 -- 14 ) Hemlock Grove ( 2013 -- 15 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) Marco Polo ( 2014 -- 16 ) Richie Rich ( 2015 ) Bloodline ( 2015 -- 17 ) Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp ( 2015 ) Popples ( 2015 -- 16 ) Care Bears and Cousins ( 2015 -- 16 ) Lego Bionicle : The Journey to One ( 2016 ) The Get Down ( 2016 -- 17 ) Gilmore Girls : A Year in the Life ( 2016 ) Girlboss ( 2017 ) Gypsy ( 2017 ) Upcoming American Vandal ( 2017 ) Neo Yokio ( 2017 ) Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father ( 2017 ) Big Mouth ( 2017 ) The Magic School Bus Rides Again ( 2017 ) Mindhunter ( 2017 ) Alias Grace ( 2017 ) Godless ( 2017 ) She 's Gotta Have It ( 2017 ) Glitch ( season 2 , 2017 ) Dark ( 2017 ) Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee ( season 10 , 2017 ) Damnation ( 2017 ) Kiss Me First ( 2017 ) Queer Eye ( 2017 ) Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters ( 2017 ) The End of the F * * * ing World ( 2017 ) The Punisher ( 2017 ) Watership Down ( 2017 ) Alexa & Katie ( 2018 ) Disenchantment ( 2018 ) Everything Sucks ( 2018 ) Dr. Seuss ' Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Insatiable ( 2018 ) Kingdom ( 2018 ) Lost in Space ( 2018 ) Maniac ( 2018 ) O Mecanismo ( 2018 ) Safe ( 2018 ) Samantha ! ( 2018 ) Spy Kids : Mission Critical ( 2018 ) The Ballad of Buster Scruggs ( 2018 ) The Legend of Monkey ( 2018 ) Carmen Sandiego ( 2019 ) Altered Carbon ( TBA ) Black Earth Rising ( TBA ) Collateral ( TBA ) Ratched ( TBA ) Requiem ( TBA ) Seven Seconds ( TBA ) The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( TBA ) The Eddy ( TBA ) The Good Cop ( TBA ) The Green Beret 's Guide to Surviving the Apocalypse ( TBA ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) The Letdown ( TBA ) The Spy ( TBA ) Troy : Fall of a City ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haters_Back_Off&oldid=800206768 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy television series English - language television programs Netflix original programming 2016 American television series debuts Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Norsk Português Shqip 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 02 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays miranda sings in haters back off | [
"Haters Back Off is a television comedy series starring Colleen Ballinger, based on her character Miranda Sings, that was released on Netflix on October 14, 2016. The \"surreal and absurd\" series centers around the family life of Miranda Sings, a sheltered, self-absorbed, overconfident and untalented young performer who seeks fame on YouTube.[3][4] The half-hour episodes depict Miranda's road to fame, and the price she pays for trampling on the feelings of others. Season 1 follows Miranda from the time she uploads her first video until one of her videos goes viral. The show co-stars Angela Kinsey as Bethany, Miranda's mother, Steve Little as Jim, Miranda's uncle, Francesca Reale as Emily, Miranda's sister, and Erik Stocklin as Patrick, Miranda's best friend. Netflix describes the show as \"a bizarre family comedy, and a commentary on society today and our fascination with fame.\"[5]"
] | [
"Colleen Ballinger"
] |
1571560277692444505 | Batman: Bad Blood | Batman : Bad Blood - wikipedia Batman : Bad Blood Batman : Bad Blood Blu - ray cover art Directed by Jay Oliva Produced by James Tucker Screenplay by J.M. DeMatteis Based on Characters appearing in comic books published by DC Entertainment Starring Jason O'Mara Yvonne Strahovski Stuart Allan Sean Maher Morena Baccarin Music by Frederik Wiedmann Edited by Christopher D. Lozinski Production company Warner Bros. Animation DC Entertainment Distributed by Warner Home Video Release date January 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 20 ) ( digital ) February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) ( physical ) Running time 72 minutes Country United States Language English Batman : Bad Blood is a 2016 direct - to - video animated superhero film which is part of the DC Universe Animated Original Movies and DC Animated Movie Universe . It serves as a sequel to the 2015 film Batman vs. Robin . The film was released on January 20 , 2016 for iTunes and the Google Play Store , and on DVD and Blu - ray on February 2 , 2016 . Jason O'Mara , Sean Maher , and Stuart Allan reprise their roles from the previous films with Morena Baccarin returning from Son of Batman as Talia al Ghul . Contents 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Batwoman intercepts a group of criminals in Gotham City that includes Electrocutioner , Tusk , Firefly , Killer Moth , and others . When a fight ensues , Batman arrives . They are confronted by the apparent leader of the criminals , a man called the Heretic , who detonates explosives planted within the facility . Batman flings Batwoman to safety and apparently perishes in the explosion . Two weeks later , a concerned Alfred Pennyworth sends a distress signal to Nightwing . Meanwhile , Damian Wayne watches a news report of Batman 's disappearance and sets out to return to Gotham . Batwoman 's civilian alter - ego , Katherine Kane , meets with her father Jacob , explaining she feels responsible for Batman 's apparent death . In the past , Katherine was traumatized by an incident in which her sister Elizabeth and mother Gabrielle were abducted , held for ransom , and eventually killed by their captors , while she was the sole survivor . After her time in the military , she became a promiscuous drunkard who was saved by Batman from street thugs , which motivated her to never need to be saved again , resulting in her becoming Batwoman . Batman apparently resurfaces and is quickly noticed by Robin and Katherine . Both of them intercept Batman and quickly deduce that it is Nightwing wearing an old version of the Batsuit . They begin their own investigations into the Heretic , unconvinced that Bruce is truly dead . The Heretic and his henchmen attack Wayne Enterprises , forcing Lucius Fox to open the way into the vault by threatening his son Luke . Though Nightwing and Damian arrive , they are unable to prevent the Heretic from escaping with Wayne technology , and Lucius is injured . Before they leave , the Heretic kills Electrocutioner when the latter is about to kill Robin . The Heretic returns to his headquarters , where it is revealed that he is working for Talia al Ghul . They are holding Bruce prisoner and the Mad Hatter is causing him to hallucinate . The Heretic then breaks into the Batcave and kidnaps Damian . He explains that he is a clone of Damian , created by a genetics program run by Ra 's al Ghul and the League of Assassins . They used Damian 's DNA to genetically engineer a perfect soldier with accelerated growth and development , but he was the only subject of the program to survive . He wishes to have Damian 's memories and personality implanted within his own brain , but Talia arrives and kills the Heretic . Nightwing and Batwoman then arrive , having located Damian through a tracker in his costume . They are quickly joined by Luke , clad in an advanced combat exosuit and styling himself as Batwing . The three rescue Bruce and Damian , but Talia and her henchmen escape . A week passes and Bruce seems to have recovered , though he remains adamant that Katherine and Luke not be involved . After Katherine is forced to fight her father after he suddenly attacks her , Dick learns from this that Bruce is still under the effects of the Mad Hatter 's mind control . Luke realizes that the League of Assassins are planning to brainwash a number of world leaders at a tech summit held by Bruce . As the brainwashing takes place , Nightwing , Robin , Batwoman , Alfred , and Batwing arrive and fight Talia and her henchmen . During the fight , the Mad Hatter is killed , interrupting the mind control . Bruce , still brainwashed , defeats Nightwing . Talia then orders him to kill Nightwing and Damian , but Bruce resists the brainwashing . Incensed , Talia escapes in a vessel , only for Onyx , a subordinate of the Heretic , to confront and attack her to avenge the Heretic 's death . The vessel subsequently crashes and explodes , implying their deaths . Bruce is later seen comforting Damian over Talia 's supposed death . Alfred remarks to Dick that despite Talia 's madness , she was still Damian 's mother . As the Bat - Signal shines in Gotham City , Batwoman , Nightwing , and Batwing meet Batman and Robin on top of the police station to respond to a crime committed by the Penguin . On a nearby building , Batgirl observes the group and prepares to join the pursuit . Voice cast ( edit ) Jason O'Mara -- Bruce Wayne / Batman Yvonne Strahovski -- Kate Kane / Batwoman Stuart Allan -- Damian Wayne / Robin Sean Maher -- Dick Grayson / Nightwing / Batman II Morena Baccarin -- Talia al Ghul Steven Blum -- Black Mask , Firefly Gaius Charles -- Luke Fox / Batwing John DiMaggio -- Blockbuster , Tusk Robin Atkin Downes -- Jervis Tetch / Mad Hatter , Electrocutioner James Garrett -- Alfred Pennyworth Ernie Hudson -- Lucius Fox Christine Lakin -- Reporter Vanessa Marshall -- Renee Montoya Richard McGonagle -- President Matthew Mercer -- Hellhound , Chuckie Sol Geoff Pierson -- Colonel Jacob Kane Jason Spisak -- Noah Kuttler / Calculator , Killer Moth , Male Reporter Bruce Thomas -- Commissioner James Gordon Kari Wahlgren -- Kori , Ms. Bannister Travis Willingham -- Heretic Reception ( edit ) The film earned $4,459,728 from domestic home video sales . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Manning , Shaun . `` NYCC : CAST OF `` BATMAN : BAD BLOOD '' REVEAL FIRST FOOTAGE `` . CBR . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Manning , Shaun ( 9 October 2015 ) . `` NYCC : Cast of `` Batman : Bad Blood '' Reveal First Footage `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Gerding , Stephen ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Nightwing 's Romantic Life Takes a Hit in `` Batman : Bad Blood '' Clip `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miereanu , Gary ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` An ominous # BatmanBadBlood teaser for the weekend : '' . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : Bad Blood The Numbers listing '' . The Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . 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Animation projects Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batman:_Bad_Blood&oldid=859917013 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2016 animated films 2016 direct - to - video films 2010s action films 2010s American animated films 2010s animated superhero films 2010s LGBT - related films American LGBT - related films American films Animated action films Animated Batman films DC Animated Movie Universe Direct - to - video sequel films Mind control in fiction LGBT - related animation Cloning in fiction Superhero films featuring female antagonists Animated superhero films Hidden categories : Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Português Русский 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2018 , at 03 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | girl at the end of batman bad blood | [
"As the Bat-Signal shines in Gotham City, Batwoman, Nightwing, and Batwing meet Batman and Robin on top of the police station to respond to a crime committed by the Penguin. On a nearby building, Batgirl observes the group and prepares to join the pursuit.\n"
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-4213965956906592016 | Ketchum (surname) | Ketchum ( surname ) - wikipedia Ketchum ( surname ) Jump to : navigation , search Ketchum is a surname that originated in England . Not all people in America who descended from the Ketchu ( a ) m come from the same man . An example of English descent is Edward Ketcham ( Chetham as it was spelled in England on the records of his first marriage to Mary Hall and the birth of his first children ) . There are no known records of his parents , nor any siblings . Edward is not found on any passenger list , but he came to America during the Great Puritan Migration . He can be found with his family in Ipswich , Mass , in the 1630s . It is assumed Edward was born in about 1590 , though no record of his birth has been located . As far as we currently know , there is NOT A CONNECTION between this Edward ( Chetham ) Ketcham / Ketchum who came to America and the Chetham family of Crumpsall , Lancashire , England from which Sir Humphrey Chetham ( born 1580 ) is from , for whom the Chetham Library in Manchester England is named . Notable people with the surname include : Brandon Ketchum ( born 1976 ) , speculative fiction writer Daniel Ketchum ( born 1981 ) , former American swimmer Gerald Ketchum ( 1908 -- 1992 ) , commanded the icebreaker USS Burton Island ( AG - 88 ) Gus Ketchum ( 1897 -- 1980 ) , American Major League Baseball pitcher Hal Ketchum ( born 1953 ) , country music singer Jack Ketchum ( born 1946 ) , horror writer Jesse Ketchum ( 1782 -- 1867 ) , tanner and political figure in Upper Canada Menis E. Ketchum , Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia Morris Ketchum ( 1796 -- 1880 ) , American banker and financier of the 19th century Richard Ketchum ( 1773 -- 1845 ) , political figure in New Brunswick Robert Glenn Ketchum ( born 1947 ) , landscape and nature photographer Rufus Lloyd Ketchum , a Sergeant in the United States Army during the Korean War Tom Ketchum ( 1863 -- 1901 ) , a.k.a. `` Black Jack '' Ketchum , U.S. Western outlaw Wesley Harrington Ketchum ( 1878 -- 1968 ) , medical doctor , introduced Edgar Cayce to the national medical community in a 1910 presentation to the American Association for Clinical Research William Ketchum , 14th Mayor of the City of Buffalo , New York William F. Ketchum , inventor of the Ketchum Hand Grenade William M. Ketchum ( 1921 -- 1978 ) , U.S. Representative William Scott Ketchum ( 1813 -- 1871 ) , U.S. Army officer before and during the American Civil War Fictional characters : Ash Ketchum , a Pokémon Trainer Delia Ketchum , his mother Kevin Ketchum , an OZ prisoner This page lists people with the surname Ketchum . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketchum_(surname)&oldid=801600707 '' Categories : Surnames Hidden categories : All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 17 : 41 . About Wikipedia | where does the last name ketchum come from | [
"Ketchum is a surname that originated in England. Not all people in America who descended from the Ketchu(a)m come from the same man. An example of English descent is Edward Ketcham (Chetham as it was spelled in England on the records of his first marriage to Mary Hall and the birth of his first children). There are no known records of his parents, nor any siblings. Edward is not found on any passenger list, but he came to America during the Great Puritan Migration. He can be found with his family in Ipswich, Mass, in the 1630s. It is assumed Edward was born in about 1590, though no record of his birth has been located. As far as we currently know, there is NOT A CONNECTION between this Edward (Chetham) Ketcham/Ketchum who came to America and the Chetham family of Crumpsall, Lancashire, England from which Sir Humphrey Chetham (born 1580) is from, for whom the Chetham Library in Manchester England is named."
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"England"
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7984810421457100388 | Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel | Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel - Wikipedia Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel Jump to : navigation , search Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel Promotional poster for the first film in the trilogy , Presage Flower . 劇場 版 「 Fate / stay night ( Heaven 's Feel ) 」 ( Gekijō - ban Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel ) Genre Action , Romance , Horror , Thriller Anime film Presage Flower Directed by Tomonori Sudō Produced by Hikaru Kondo Written by Akira Hiyama Music by Yuki Kajiura Studio Ufotable Licensed by Madman Entertainment Aniplex of America Released October 14 , 2017 Anime film Lost Butterfly Directed by Tomonori Sudō Produced by Hikaru Kondo Written by Akira Hiyama Music by Yuki Kajiura Studio Ufotable Released 2018 ( 2018 ) Anime and Manga portal Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel ( Japanese : 劇場 版 「 Fate / stay night ( Heaven 's Feel ) 」 , Hepburn : Gekijō - ban Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel ) is a planned trilogy of Japanese anime films produced by Ufotable , directed by Tomonori Sudō , written by Akira Hiyama and featuring music by Yuki Kajiura . The trilogy will follow Heaven 's Feel , the third and final route of the visual novel . The main heroine is Sakura Matou and the trilogy is focused on the human characters : Shirou , Rin , Sakura and Illya , how they relate to the previous Holy Grail War and the true nature of the Grail itself . The first film , titled Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel I. presage flower , premiered in Japan on October 14 , 2017 , and is scheduled to premiere in the United States between November and December 2017 . The second film , titled Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel II . lost butterfly , is scheduled to premiere in 2018 . It is the fourth anime adaptation of Type - Moon 's works by Ufotable , following the Kara no Kyōkai film series , the Fate / Zero television series , and the Fate / stay night : Unlimited Blade Works television series . The trilogy also is the first anime adaptation of the Heaven 's Feel route . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main characters 2.2 Supporting characters 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) The story of the trilogy revolves around Shirou Emiya , a young and humble high school student who is forced to participate in the Holy Grail War , a fierce battle in which seven mages and their respective summoned servants are forced to kill each other in order to obtain the Holy Grail , an unlimited source of miracles . As the master of the servant Saber , Shirou allies with the prodigy magus Rin to defeat a threatening blood thirsty demonic force , which has been causing the deaths of countless people . However , Shirou 's overflowing feelings for his close friend Sakura will lead him to a tragic journey of love , suffering and despair as the war reveals its deepest and darkest secrets . Cast ( edit ) Main characters ( edit ) Shirou Emiya ( 衛 宮 士郎 , Emiya Shirō ) Voiced by : Noriaki Sugiyama The main character of the trilogy and the master of Saber . Shirou is a survivor of the Fourth Holy Grail War and is adopted by the magus Kiritsugu Emiya . Following in the footsteps of his adoptive father , Shirou decides to be a hero of justice . As the story progresses , he falls in love with his friend Sakura , but that implies a series of sacrifices to make in order to protect her and keep her safe from the war . Sakura Matou ( 間 桐 桜 , Matō Sakura ) Voiced by : Noriko Shitaya The main heroine and the driving force of the story . Sakura is Shirou 's long time friend . She has been visiting his house very frequently since they met and helping him the house work , specially when it comes to cooking . Sakura endures an abusive relationship with her brother even though she tries to hide it . She seems to be related to the Fifth Holy Grail War more than it seems . Rin Tohsaka ( 遠坂 凛 , Tōsaka Rin ) Voiced by : Kana Ueda Rin is a model student and idol of Shirou 's school . She is one of the seven participants of the Fifth Holy Grail War , being the master of Archer . Even though she starts as an adversary , Rin is Shirou 's most prominent ally during the story and the one who introduces him to the world of the magus . Rin has an unusual connection with Sakura and they tend to keep an eye on each - other from afar . Saber ( セイバー , Seibā , lit . `` Saber '' ) Voiced by : Ayako Kawasumi Saber is Shirō 's Servant for the Fifth Holy Grail War . Loyal , independent , and reserved , Saber acts coldly but is actually suppressing her emotions to focus on her goals . Her class is considered the `` Most Outstanding '' , with excellent ratings in all categories . Since her Master can not effectively provide her with Mana , she minimizes her activity to preserve her energy . Saber is frustrated by Shirō 's `` protective '' tendencies , believing his erratic and reckless behavior will jeopardize their chances of winning the Holy Grail War . Rider ( ライダー , Raida ) Voiced by : Yuu Asakawa Just like Saber was the focus in Fate and Archer was in Unlimited Blade Works , Rider is the servant protagonist in Heaven 's Feel . She is Shinji 's servant , summoned to fight for him in the Fifth Holy Grail War . Rider bonds with Sakura and seeks to protect her from her abusive family . Rider 's identity is revealed to be Medusa . Illyasviel von Einzbern ( イリヤ ス フィール ・ フォン ・ アインツベルン , Iriyasufīru fon Aintsuberun ) Voiced by : Mai Kadowaki The secondary heroine . She is one of the seven participants of the Fifth Holy Grail War and the master of Berserker . At first , Illya appears to be an enemy to Shirou and Rin even though she later became very close to the former , becoming more like his older sister . She plays a vital role in the war and seems to have a past relationship with Kiritsugu Emiya , Shirou 's adoptive father . Kirei Kotomine ( 言 峰 綺 礼 , Kotomine Kirei ) Voiced by : Joji Nakata The church priest and the mediator of the Fifth Holy Grail War . He is close to Rin and her personal mentor since her father 's death . Supporting characters ( edit ) Archer ( アーチャー , Āchā ) Voiced by : Junichi Suwabe Servant of Rin . Archer abandons his desire to kill Shirō when he learns of what contaminated the Grail , and because Shirō had already thrown away his life - long ideals in the interest of saving Sakura 's life . Archer is mortally wounded in an engagement against True Assassin , Saber Alter , and The Shadow , but he survives long enough to have Kirei Kotomine surgically graft his left arm onto Shirō , who lost his own arm in that same battle . Zoken Matō ( 間 桐 臓硯 , Matō Zōken ) Voiced by : Masane Tsukayama Zōken is a shrewd , powerful , and ancient sorcerer who is patriarch of the Matō family and is known to be the grandfather of Shinji and Sakura . He was also one of the original three Magi to propose the Holy Grail system , being the designer of the Command Seals and was originally a Russian magus under the name Zolgen Makiri . He has amassed a large and extensive library of sorcery knowledge , yet his lessons are strict and harsh . Zōken considers Shinji to be a disgrace of a sorcerer , and believes Sakura may have more potential than her brother . He has kept himself alive through the use of Crest Worms and can only be killed if the worm he planted in Sakura 's heart is destroyed . Berserker Voiced by : Tadahisa Saizen He was defeated by Saber Alter - the corrupted form of Saber - and is then consumed by Angra Mainyu and reborn as Dark Berserker , a blind , decrepit version of his normal self . Gilgamesh ( ギルガメッシュ , Girugamesshu ) Voiced by : Tomokazu Seki He attempts to kill Sakura but is consumed by her in the process . Shinji Matō ( 間 桐 慎二 , Matō Shinji ) Voiced by : Hiroshi Kamiya He is ousted as a false Master as Rider returns to her true Master , Sakura . It is revealed that he had been raping Sakura for many years . True Assassin ( 真 アサシン , Shin Asashin ) Voiced by : Tetsu Inada Summoned by Zouken Mato , bursting out from within Assassin 's flesh when Zōken uses the dying Servant 's body as the catalyst to summon him . True Assassin manages to defeat Lancer by attacking him from behind when the spearman is occupied by the Shadow , gouging his heart out and devouring it in order to increase his own mental acuity . He uses this same tag - team method to defeat Saber . Though she succeeds in slashing his right arm off before he can remove her heart , it proves to be in vain as he manages to re-attach the limb while Saber is ultimately devoured by the Shadow and corrupted into Saber Alter . He attempts to kill Shirō immediately after but is defeated by Rider , who comes to Shirō 's defense . Caster ( キャスター , Kyasutā ) Voiced by : Atsuko Tanaka Taiga Fujimura ( 藤村 大河 , Fujimura Taiga ) Voiced by : Miki Itou Assassin ( アサシン , Asashin ) Voiced by : Shin - ichiro Miki Lancer ( ランサー , Ransā ) Voiced by : Nobutoshi Canna Production ( edit ) An adaptation of the Heaven 's Feel route was first announced by Ufotable , the animation studio producing the Unlimited Blade Works anime adaptation , on July 27 , 2014 with the release of a preview featuring characters Shirō Emiya and Sakura Matō . In March 2016 , Ufotable announced that the movie would be split into a trilogy . The theme song for the first part of the trilogy , Presage Flower , titled `` Hana no Uta '' , will be performed by Aimer . Release ( edit ) The first film in the trilogy , titled Presage Flower , was released on October 14 , 2017 . Aniplex of America will screen the first film theatrically in the U.S from November 3 , 2017 . Madman Entertainment announced that it would premiere the first film in Australia at Madman Anime Festival in Melbourne on November 4 , 2017 with a wider release to follow on November 16 , 2017 . In Europe the first film will be projected in Germany in January 2018 while in Italy and France it will arrive in the movie theaters during the first halves the same year . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Presage Flower in its opening weekend reached # 1 at the Japanese box office , grossing a total of ¥ 413,030,840 from 247,509 admissions within two days . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 1st Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel Film Reveals Full Title , October 14 Premiere '' . Anime News Network . March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel Film 's 2nd Trailer Streamed '' . Anime News Network . July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yuki Kajiura Returns to Compose Music For Heaven 's Feel Film Trilogy '' . Anime News Network . April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fate / stay night Heaven 's Feel Film Project Is Trilogy Starting in 2017 '' . Anime News Network . March 27 , 2016 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Fate / stay night Heaven 's Feel Film 's Trailer Previews Aimer 's Song ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Fate / stay night Heaven 's Feel Film 's Title , 2018 Debut Revealed '' . Anime News Network . October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fate / Stay night 's ' Heaven 's Feel ' Route Gets Film '' . Anime News Network . July 27 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : Ufotable `` Fate / stay night '' Unlimited Blade and Heaven 's Feel Plans Previewed `` . Crunchyroll . July 27 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fate / stay night 's ' Heaven 's Feel ' Route Gets Film '' . Anime News Network . 27 July 2014 . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fate / stay night Heaven 's Feel Film Project Is Trilogy Starting in 2017 '' . Anime News Network . 27 March 2016 . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aimer Performs Theme Song For 1st Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel Film '' . Anime News Network . May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aniplex USA to Screen 1st Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel Film Theatrically in U.S '' . Anime News Network . August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Theater List , Screening Dates for 1st Fate / stay night Heaven 's Feel Film Revealed '' . Anime News Network . October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fate / stay night ( Heaven 's Feel ) I. presage flower '' . Facebook . Madman Entertainment . September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fate / stay night ( Heaven 's Feel ) I. presage flower - In Cinemas November 16 '' . Madman Films . Madman Entertainment . October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nJSOsDfzKJs . Unknown parameter titolo = ignored ( title = suggested ) ( help ) ; Unknown parameter accesso = ignored ( access - date = suggested ) ( help ) ; Unknown parameter cognome = ignored ( last = suggested ) ( help ) ; Unknown parameter data = ignored ( date = suggested ) ( help ) ; Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Media , Associazione NewType . `` Lucca 2017 : gli annunci Dynit '' . AnimeClick.it ( in Italian ) . Jump up ^ `` 1st Fate / stay night Heaven 's Feel Film Opens at # 1 '' . Anime News Network . October 16 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel I. presage flower ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia ( show ) Fate franchise by Type - Moon Video games Visual novels Stay night characters Rider Shirou Emiya Saber Hollow ataraxia Others Tiger colosseum Unlimited codes Extra Grand Order characters Extella Print media Zero characters Kaleid liner Prisma Illya Apocrypha characters Strange Fake Anime Episodes Stay night Zero Kaleid liner Prisma Illya 2wei ! Unlimited Blade Works Apocrypha Last Encore Films Unlimited Blade Works Grand Order : First Order Prisma Illya : Oath Under Snow Heaven 's Feel Related Carnival Phantasm Nitroplus Blasterz : Heroines Infinite Duel ( show ) Type - Moon works Tsukihime series Tsukihime episodes Kagetsu Tohya Melty Blood Fate series stay night characters Shirou Emiya Saber 2006 episodes 2014 episodes stay night : Unlimited Blade Works stay night : Heaven 's Feel hollow ataraxia Zero characters episodes Extra Last Encore tiger colosseum unlimited codes kaleid liner Prisma Illya episodes 2wei ! Apocrypha characters strange fake Grand Order Extella : The Umbral Star Kara no Kyōkai Characters Overlooking View A Study in Murder -- Part 1 Remaining Sense of Pain The Hollow Shrine Paradox Spiral Oblivion Recording A Study in Murder -- Part 2 Future Gospel Other Mahōtsukai no Yoru Canaan episodes Carnival Phantasm World Conquest Zvezda Plot People Kinoko Nasu Takashi Takeuchi ( show ) Works of Ufotable Films The Garden of Sinners : Overlooking View ( 2007 ) The Garden of Sinners : A Study in Murder -- Part 1 ( 2007 ) The Garden of Sinners : Remaining Sense of Pain ( 2008 ) The Garden of Sinners : The Hollow Shrine ( 2008 ) The Garden of Sinners : Paradox Spiral ( 2008 ) The Garden of Sinners : Oblivion Recording ( 2008 ) Gate of Seventh Heaven ( 2009 ) The Garden of Sinners : A Study in Murder -- Part 2 ( 2009 ) Sakura no Ondo ( 2011 ) The Garden of Sinners : Overlooking View 3D ( 2013 ) Kara no Kyōkai : Future Gospel - Extra Chorus ( 2013 ) The Garden of Sinners : Future Gospel ( 2013 ) Majocco Shimai no Yoyo to Nene ( 2013 ) Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel I. Presage Flower ( 2017 ) Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel II . Lost Butterfly ( 2018 ) Television series Weiß Kreuz Glühen ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Dokkoida ? ! ( 2003 ) Ninja Nonsense ( 2004 ) Futakoi Alternative ( 2005 ) Coyote Ragtime Show ( 2006 ) Gakuen Utopia Manabi Straight ! ( 2007 ) Yawarakame ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Fate / Zero ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Fate / stay night : Unlimited Blade Works ( 2014 -- 2015 ) God Eater ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Tales of Zestiria the X ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Katsugeki / Touken Ranbu ( 2017 ) OVAs / ONAs Aoi Umi no Tristia ( 2004 ) Tales of Symphonia The Animation : Sylvarant Episode ( 2007 ) Gakuen Utopia Manabi Straight ! ( 2007 ) Gods Eater Burst Prologue ( 2009 ) Toriko ( 2009 ) Tales of Symphonia : The Animation Tethe'alla Episode ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Yuri Seijin Naoko - san ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Kara no Kyōkai : Epilogue ( 2011 ) Tales of Symphonia : The Animation The United World Episode ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Minori Scramble ! ( 2012 ) Gyo ( 2012 ) Fate / stay night : Unlimited Blade Works - sunny day ( 2015 ) Video games Gods Eater Burst ( 2010 ) Black Rock Shooter : The Game ( 2011 ) Tales of Xillia ( 2011 ) Tales of Xillia 2 ( 2012 ) Fate / stay night ( Réalta Nua ) ( 2012 ) Summon Night 5 ( 2013 ) God Eater 2 ( 2013 ) Natural Doctrine ( 2014 ) Fate / hollow ataraxia ( 2014 ) Tales of Zestiria ( 2015 ) Tales of Berseria ( 2016 ) Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fate/stay_night:_Heaven%27s_Feel&oldid=809186627 '' Categories : 2017 anime films Upcoming films 2018 films Aniplex Anime films based on video games Fantasy anime and manga Fate / stay night Films set in 2004 Japanese animated fantasy films Japanese fantasy films Japanese films Japanese - language films Supernatural anime and manga Ufotable Hidden categories : Pages with citations using unsupported parameters Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Anime and manga article with malformed first and last infobox parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Italiano Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 17 : 07 . 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"The first film, titled Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel I. presage flower, premiered in Japan on October 14, 2017,[1][4] and is scheduled to premiere in the United States between November and December 2017.[5] The second film, titled Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel II. lost butterfly, is scheduled to premiere in 2018.[6]"
] | [
"scheduled to premiere in the United States between November and December 2017"
] |
2269543803632061253 | Ohio in the American Civil War | Ohio in the American Civil War - wikipedia Ohio in the American Civil War Jump to : navigation , search Union states in the American Civil War California Connecticut Delaware Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New York Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont West Virginia Wisconsin Dual governments Kentucky Missouri Territories and D.C. Arizona Colorado Dakota District of Columbia Idaho Indian Territory Montana Nebraska New Mexico Utah Washington During the American Civil War , the State of Ohio played a key role in providing troops , military officers , and supplies to the Union army . Due to its central location in the Northern United States and burgeoning population , Ohio was both politically and logistically important to the war effort . Despite the state 's boasting a number of very powerful Republican politicians , it was divided politically . Portions of Southern Ohio followed the Peace Democrats and openly opposed President Abraham Lincoln 's policies . Ohio played an important part in the Underground Railroad prior to the war , and remained a haven for escaped and runaway slaves during the war years . The third most populous state in the Union at the time , Ohio raised nearly 320,000 soldiers for the Union army , third behind only New York and Pennsylvania in total manpower contributed to the military and the highest per capita of any Union state . Several leading generals were from Ohio , including Ulysses S. Grant , William T. Sherman , and Philip H. Sheridan . Five Ohio - born Civil War officers would later serve as the President of the United States . The Fighting McCooks gained fame as the largest immediate family group ever to become officers in the U.S. Army . The state was spared many of the horrors of war as only two minor battles were fought within its borders . Morgan 's Raid in the summer of 1863 spread fear but little damage . Ohio troops fought in nearly every major campaign during the war . Nearly 7,000 Buckeye soldiers were killed in action . Its most significant Civil War site is Johnson 's Island , located in Sandusky Bay of Lake Erie . Barracks and outbuildings were constructed for a prisoner of war depot , intended chiefly for officers . Over three years more than 15,000 Confederate men were held there . The island includes a Confederate cemetery where about 300 men were buried . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Ohio politics during the War 1.2 Copperheads 1.3 1864 election 1.4 Military recruitment 1.5 Military actions in Ohio 2 Notable Civil War leaders from Ohio 3 Civil War sites in Ohio 3.1 Prisons 4 See also 5 References 6 Notes 7 Further reading 7.1 Military units and personnel 7.2 Historiography and memory 7.3 Primary sources 8 External links History ( edit ) Ohio politics during the War ( edit ) Much of southern Ohio 's economy depended upon trade with the South across the Ohio River , which had served for years as passage and a link with the slave states of Virginia and Kentucky . The culture of southern Ohio was closer to those states than it was to northern parts of the state , owing to many settlers coming from the South and being formerly territory of the state of Virginia as part of the Virginia Military District . Most of the state 's population was solidly against secession and in favor of a strong central government . During the 1860 Presidential Election , Ohio voted in favor of Abraham Lincoln ( 231,709 votes or 52.3 % of the ballots cast ) over Stephen Douglas ( 187,421 ; 42.3 % ) , John C. Breckinridge ( 11,406 ; 2.6 % ) , and John Bell ( 12,194 ; 2.8 % ) . A number of men with Ohio ties would serve important roles in Lincoln 's Cabinet and administration , including Steubenville 's Edwin M. Stanton as Attorney General and then Secretary of War , and former Ohio U.S. Senator and Governor Salmon P. Chase as Secretary of the Treasury . Prominent Ohio politicians in Congress included Senators John Sherman and Benjamin F. Wade . During the war , three men would serve as Governor of Ohio -- William Dennison , David Tod and John Brough . Without being asked by the War Department , Dennison sent Ohio troops into western Virginia , where they guarded the Wheeling Convention . The convention led to the admission of West Virginia as a free state . Tod became known as `` the soldier 's friend , '' for his determined efforts to help equip and sustain Ohio 's troops . He was noted for his quick response in calling out the state militia to battle Confederate raiders . Brough strongly supported the Lincoln Administration 's war efforts and was key to persuading other Midwestern governors to raise 100 - day regiments , such as the 131st Ohio Infantry in early 1864 , to release more seasoned troops for duty in Gen. Ulysses S. Grant 's spring campaign . Copperheads ( edit ) Through the middle of the war , the Copperhead movement had appeal in Ohio , driven in part by noted states rights advocate , Congressman Clement Vallandigham , a leading Peace Democrat . After General Ambrose E. Burnside issued General Order Number 38 in early 1863 , warning that the `` habit of declaring sympathies for the enemy '' would not be tolerated in the Military District of Ohio , Vallandigham gave a major speech charging the war was being fought not to save the Union , but to free blacks and enslave whites . Burnside ordered his arrest and took Vallandigham to Cincinnati for trial . At the trial , Vallandigham was found guilty . The court sentenced him to prison for the duration of the war . President Lincoln attempted to quiet the situation by writing the Birchard Letter , which offered to release Vallandigham if several Ohio congressmen agreed to support certain policies of the Administration . To try to prevent political backlash and preserve authority of Gen. Burnside , Abraham Lincoln changed Vallandigham 's sentence to banishment to the South . The threat was imprisonment if Vallandigham returned to northern soil . The South allowed Vallandigham to migrate to Canada , from where he ran an unsuccessful campaign for governor against Brough in 1863 . Vallandigham 's campaign bitterly divided much of Ohio , Vallandigham 's votes were especially heavy in central and northwestern Ohio . He lost his home county of Montgomery ( Dayton ) but by a narrow margin . 1864 Election ( edit ) Public sentiment shifted more in favor of the Lincoln Administration , particularly as Ohio generals rose in prominence , with military successes in the Atlanta Campaign , the Siege of Petersburg , and Sheridan 's Valley Campaigns . In the 1864 Presidential Election , Ohio strongly supported Lincoln 's reelection . The state gave the president 265,674 votes ( 56.4 % of the total ) versus 205,609 votes ( 43.6 % ) for General George McClellan . En route to Washington , D.C. for his inauguration , President Lincoln passed through Ohio by train , with brief stops in numerous cities . His first formal speech given after his election was in Hudson , Ohio , a stop he made en route to Cleveland . Although Lincoln had visited the state several times before the war , he would not return during the Civil War . In 1865 his funeral train carried his body through the state , bound for Springfield , Illinois . Newspapers engaged in very lively discussion of war issues , from the Republican , War Democrat and Copperhead perspectives . Military recruitment ( edit ) Camp Dennison near Cincinnati , Ohio , set up to train and drill Ohio soldiers . At the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861 , in response to a call to arms by President Lincoln , Ohio raised 23 volunteer infantry regiments for three months ' service , 10 more regiments than the state 's quota . When it became evident that the war would not end quickly , Ohio began raising regiments for three - year terms of enlistment . At first the majority were stocked with eager volunteers and recruits . Before the war 's end , they would be joined by 8,750 draftees . Nearly 320,000 Ohioans served in the Union army , more than any other northern state except New York and Pennsylvania . Of these , 5,092 were free blacks . Ohio had the highest percentage of population enlisted in the military of any state . Sixty percent of all the men between the ages of 18 and 45 were in the service . Ohio mustered 230 regiments of infantry and cavalry , as well as 26 light artillery batteries and 5 independent companies of sharpshooters . Total casualties among these units numbered 35,475 men , more than 10 % of all the Buckeyes in uniform during the war . There were 6,835 men killed in action , including 402 officers . Dozens of small camps were established across the state to train and drill the new regiments . Two large military posts were created : Camp Chase in Columbus and Camp Dennison near Cincinnati . The 1st Regiment , Ohio Volunteer Infantry ( OVI ) would eventually be joined on the muster rolls by more than 100 additional infantry regiments . 1st Ohio Infantry in action , June 1861 . Ohioans first had military action at the Battle of Philippi Races in June 1861 , where the 14th and 16th Ohio Infantry participated in the Union victory . Ohioans comprised one - fifth of the Union army at the April 1862 Battle of Shiloh , where 1,676 Buckeyes suffered casualties . Ohio would suffer its highest casualty count at the Battle of Chickamauga in September 1863 , with 3,591 killed or wounded . Another 1,351 men were taken prisoner of war by the Confederates . Among these prisoners , 36 men from the 2nd Ohio Infantry would perish in the infamous Andersonville prison , as did hundreds more Buckeye soldiers there . Several Buckeye regiments played critical roles in other important battles . The 8th OVI was instrumental in helping repulse Pickett 's Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg . At the same battle , the 66th OVI flanked repeated Confederate assaults and helped secure the crest of Culp 's Hill . George Nixon , great - grandfather of President Richard Nixon , died at Gettysburg in the 73rd OVI . John Clem , celebrated as `` Johnny Shiloh '' and `` The Drummer Boy of Chickamauga , '' became the youngest person to become a noncommissioned officer in United States Army history . More than 100 soldiers from Ohio units earned the Medal of Honor during the conflict . Several were awarded it for the ill - fated Great Locomotive Chase . President Lincoln had a habit on the eve of a battle of asking how many Ohio men would participate . When someone inquired why , Lincoln remarked , `` Because I know that if there are many Ohio soldiers to be engaged , it is probable we will win the battle , for they can be relied upon in such an emergency . '' Small - scale riots broke out in ethnic German and Irish districts , and in areas along the Ohio River with many Copperheads . Holmes County , Ohio was an isolated localistic areas dominated by Pennsylvania Dutch and some recent German immigrants . It was a Democratic stronghold and few men dared speak out in favor of conscription . Local politicians denounced Lincoln and Congress as despotic , seeing the draft law as a violation of their local autonomy . In June 1863 , small scale disturbance broke out ; they ended when the Army send in armed units . John A. Gillis , a corporal from the 64th Ohio Infantry , gave his reasons for fighting for the Union in the war , stating in his diary that `` We are now fighting to destroy the cause of these dangerous diseases , which is slavery and the slave power . '' Military actions in Ohio ( edit ) Unlike its neighbors West Virginia , Kentucky , and Pennsylvania , Ohio was spared from serious military encounters . In September 1862 , Confederate forces under Brig. Gen. Henry Heth marched through northern Kentucky and threatened Cincinnati ( see Defense of Cincinnati ) . They turned away after encountering strong Union fortifications south of the Ohio River . Not long afterwards , Brig. Gen. Albert G. Jenkins briefly passed through the extreme southern tip of Ohio during a raid . It was not until the summer of 1863 that Confederates arrived in force , when John Hunt Morgan 's cavalry division traversed southern and eastern Ohio during Morgan 's Raid . His activities culminated in Morgan 's capture in Columbiana County . The Battle of Buffington Island was the largest fought in Ohio during the Civil War . Notable Civil War leaders from Ohio ( edit ) Numerous leading generals and army commanders hailed from Ohio . The General - in - Chief of the Union armies , Ulysses S. Grant , was born in Clermont County in 1822 . Among the 19 major generals from Ohio were William T. Sherman , Philip H. Sheridan , Don Carlos Buell , Jacob D. Cox , George Crook , George Armstrong Custer , James A. Garfield , Irvin McDowell , James B. McPherson , William S. Rosecrans , and Alexander M. McCook ( of the `` Fighting McCook '' family , which sent a number of generals into the service ) . The state would contribute 53 brigadier generals . A handful of Confederate generals were Ohio - born , including Bushrod Johnson of Belmont County and Robert H. Hatton of Steubenville . Charles Clark of Cincinnati led a division in the Army of Mississippi during the Battle of Shiloh and then became the late war pro-Confederate Governor of Missouri . Noted Confederate guerrilla Capt . William Quantrill was also born and raised in Ohio . In addition to Grant and Garfield , three other Ohio Civil War veterans would become President of the United States in the decades following the war : William McKinley of Canton , Rutherford B. Hayes of Fremont , and Benjamin Harrison of the greater Cincinnati area . Lt. Gen . Ulysses S. Grant Maj. Gen . William T. Sherman Maj. Gen . Philip H. Sheridan Sec. of War Edwin M. Stanton Sec. of Treasury / Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase Maj. Gen . James B. McPherson Maj. Gen . Jacob D. Cox Maj. Gen . James A. Garfield Maj. Gen . Rutherford B. Hayes Maj. Gen . William S. Rosecrans Maj. Gen . George A. Custer Rep . Clement Vallandigham Maj. Gen . Don Carlos Buell Maj. Gen . George Crook Maj. Gen . Alexander M. McCook Rep . John A. Bingham Civil War sites in Ohio ( edit ) Monument in Hillsboro . The only battlefield of significance in Ohio is Buffington Island . Today it is threatened by development . This was the site of the largest fight of the July 1863 dash across Ohio by Confederate cavalry under John Hunt Morgan . The incursion was immortalized as `` Morgan 's Raid '' . A lesser engagement was the Battle of Salineville , which resulted in the capture of General Morgan . He and a number of his officers were incarcerated in the Ohio Penitentiary before escaping . Extreme south - central Ohio had previously been briefly invaded in early September 1862 by cavalry under Albert G. Jenkins . Two important cemeteries for the dead from the Confederate States Army can be found in the Buckeye State . One is at the prisoner - of - war camp on Johnson 's Island , the most significant Civil War site in the state and intended mostly for officers . Estimates are that 10,000 - 15,000 Confederate officers and soldiers were incarcerated during the camp 's three years of operations , with 2500 - 3000 at any one time . About 300 Confederates died and were buried there . A museum about Johnson 's Island is located in Marblehead on the mainland . The Civil War buildings were dismantled shortly after the war . Archeological work by Heidelberg University has revealed the boundaries of the camp and new materials . At one time part of the island was used for a pleasure resort . Another cemetery is located at Camp Chase , where more than 2,000 Southerners were interred . Union Cemetery in Steubenville , Ohio , is the final resting place of Civil War soldiers , including several generals and colonels , including several of the `` Fighting McCooks '' . Monuments in Cincinnati and Mansfield commemorate the hundreds of Ohio soldiers who had been liberated from Southern prison camps , such as Cahaba and Andersonville , but perished in the Sultana steamboat tragedy . In the aftermath of war , women 's groups were instrumental in raising money and organizing activities to create the memorials . Many Ohio counties have Civil War monuments , statues , cannons , and similar memorials of their contributions to the Civil War effort . These are frequently located near the county courthouses . The Ohio State Capitol has a display of Civil War guns on its grounds . In downtown Cleveland 's Public Square is the impressive Soldiers ' and Sailors ' Monument . Other large monuments are in Dayton , Hamilton , and Columbus . A large equestrian statue of General Sheridan is in the center of Somerset . New Rumley has a memorial to George Armstrong Custer . A number of Ohio Historical Markers throughout the state commemorate places and people associated with the Civil War . Some of the homes of noted Civil War officers and political leaders have been restored and are open to the public as museums . Among these are the Daniel McCook House in Carrollton , Ohio . The Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center and Library in Fremont contains a number of Civil War relics and artifacts associated with General Hayes . Similarly , `` Lawnfield '' , the home of James A. Garfield in Mentor , has a collection of Civil War items associated with the assassinated President . The Ohio Historical Society maintains many of the archives of the war , including artifacts and many battle flags of individual regiments and artillery batteries . More relics can be found in the Western Reserve Historical Society 's museum in Cleveland . Prisons ( edit ) Camp Chase Prison was a Union Army prison in Columbus . There was a plan among prisoners to revolt and escape in 1863 . The prisoners expected support from Copperheads and Vallandigham , but never did revolt . See also ( edit ) Ohio portal List of Ohio Civil War units List of Ohio 's American Civil War generals Cincinnati in the Civil War Cleveland in the Civil War Johnson 's Island Ephraim C. Dawes , Major in the 53rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry References ( edit ) Baumgartner , Richard A. , Buckeye Blood : Ohio at Gettysburg . Huntington , West Virginia : Blue Acorn Press , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 885033 - 29 - X . Bissland , James `` Blood , Tears , and Glory : How Ohioans Won the Civil War . '' Wilmington , Ohio : Orange Frazer Press , 2007 . ISBN 1 - 933197 - 05 - 6 . Harper , Robert S. , Ohio Handbook of the Civil War . Columbus , Ohio : The Ohio Historical Society , 1961 . Reid , Whitelaw , Ohio in the War : Her Statesmen , Her Generals , and Soldiers. 2 vol . Cincinnati : Moore , Wilstach , & Baldwin , 1868 . U.S. War Department , The War of the Rebellion : A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies , 70 volumes in 4 series . Washington , D.C. : United States Government Printing Office , 1880 -- 1901 . Leip , David . `` 1860 Presidential Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved July 27 , 2005 . Leip , David . `` 1864 Presidential Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved July 27 , 2005 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harper , pp. 4 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://www.politifact.com/ohio/statements/2013/jun/05/keith-faber/senate-president-keith-faber-says-more-300000-ohio/ Jump up ^ Reid , Vol. 1 , p. 160 ; U.S. Census if 1860 . Jump up ^ Appletons Cyclopedia of American Biography . ^ Jump up to : Whalen , Charles and Barbara , The Fighting McCooks : America 's Famous Fighting Family , Westmoreland Press , 2006 . Jump up ^ Brown , Dee A. , Morgan 's Raiders . New York : Konecky & Konecky , 1959 . ISBN 0 - 914427 - 79 - 2 . Jump up ^ Johnson 's Island Preservation Society Archived 2012 - 08 - 03 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Leip , David . `` 1860 Presidential Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved July 27 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Harper , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Harper , pp. 33 and 42 . Jump up ^ Nicolay , John and Hay , John , `` Abraham Lincoln : A History . Vallandigham '' The Century May 1888 , pp. 127 - 37 . Jump up ^ `` 1863 Ohio Gubernatorial County - Level Election Results '' . Jump up ^ Harper , pp. 35 - 36 . Jump up ^ Leip , David . `` 1864 Presidential Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved July 27 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Robert S. Harper , `` The Ohio Press in the Civil War , '' Civil War History , Sept 1957 , Vol. 3 Issue 3 , pp 221 - 252 Jump up ^ Harper , page 10 . Jump up ^ Reid , Vol. 1 , pp. 160 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Harper , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Harper , pp. 58 - 77 . Jump up ^ Official Records ; Harper , pp. 51 - 52 . Jump up ^ Baumgartner , pp. 85 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Harper , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Kenneth H. Wheeler , `` Local autonomy and civil war draft resistance : Holmes County , Ohio , '' Civil War History , June 1999 , Vol. 45 Issue 2 , pp 147 - 58 Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ( 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War . New York City , New York : Oxford University Press , Inc. p. 118 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509 - 023 - 3 . OCLC 34912692 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Dee A. , Morgan 's Raiders . New York : Konecky & Konecky , 1959 . ISBN 0 - 914427 - 79 - 2 . Jump up ^ Appleton 's Cyclopedia of American Biography . Jump up ^ Harper , 53 -- 57 . Jump up ^ New International Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Bennett , B. Kevin and Roth , David , `` Battle of Buffington Island , '' Blue & Gray magazine , April 1998 . Jump up ^ Horwitz , Lester V. , The Longest Raid of the Civil War . Cincinnati , Ohio : Farmcourt Publishing , Inc. , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 9670267 - 3 - 3 . Jump up ^ Evans , Clement A. , Confederate Military History , 1899 . Jump up ^ National Park Service site for Johnson 's Island Jump up ^ Potter , Jerry O. , The Sultana Tragedy : America 's Greatest Maritime Disaster . Pelican Publishing , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 88289 - 861 - 2 Jump up ^ Ohio Historical Marker Program Jump up ^ Lawnfield , James A. Garfield National Historic Site Jump up ^ OHS official website Jump up ^ Angela M. Zombek , `` Camp Chase Prison , '' Ohio History , Aug 2011 , Vol. 118 , pp 24 - 48 Further reading ( edit ) Endres , David J. `` An Ohio ' Holy Joe ' : Chaplain William T. O'Higgins ' Wartime Correspondence with Archbishop Purcell of Cincinnati , 1863 . '' Ohio Civil War Genealogy Journal ( 2009 ) 13 # 2 pp 73 -- 78 , Letters between a Catholic army chaplain and his bishop . Hall , Susan , Appalachian Ohio and the Civil War , 1862 -- 1863 . ( McFarland & Co. , 2000 ) . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0866 - 9 . Harper , Robert S. , Ohio Handbook of the Civil War . Columbus , Ohio : The Ohio Historical Society , 1961 . Klement , Frank L. The Limits of Dissent : Clement L. Vallandigham & the Civil War ( Fordham Univ Press , 1970 ) . Reid , Whitelaw , Ohio in the War : Her Statesmen , Her Generals , and Soldiers. 2 vol. ( 1868 ) . online Roseboom , Eugene . History of Ohio : The Civil War Era , 1850 - 1873 , vol. 4 ( 1944 ) online , The most detailed scholarly history of the home front Simms , Henry Harrison . Ohio Politics on the Eve of Conflict . ( Ohio State University Press for the Ohio Historical Society , 1961 ) . Smith , Lisa Marie . `` Netta Taylor and the Divided Ohio Home Front , 1861 -- 1865 '' ( PhD Diss . The University of Akron , 2011 ) ; online , bibliography pp. 129 -- 36 . Porter , George H. Ohio politics during the civil war period ( 1911 ) online . Van Tassel , David D. and Grabowski , John J. ( editors ) , The Encyclopedia Of Cleveland History Cleveland : Cleveland Bicentennial Commission , ISBN 0 - 253 - 33056 - 4 . online edition Military units and personnel ( edit ) Fritsch , James T . The Untried Life : The Twenty - Ninth Ohio Volunteer Infantry in the Civil War . Ohio University Press , 2012 ) , also known as the Giddings Regiment or the Abolition Regiment , after its founder , radical abolitionist Congressman JR Giddings . Bissland , James , Blood , Tears , and Glory : How Ohioans Won the Civil War . Wilmington , Ohio : Orange Frazer Press , 2007 . ISBN 1 - 933197 - 05 - 6 . Dyer , Frederick Henry , A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion . New York : T. Yoseloff , 1908 . 3 vol . Ivy Jr , Major Jack Morris . Camp Chase , Columbus , Ohio , 1861 -- 1865 : A Study Of The Union 's Treatment Of Confederate Prisoners ( Pickle Partners Publishing , 2014 ) . Leeke , Jim , editor . A Hundred Days to Richmond : Ohio 's `` Hundred Days '' Men in the Civil War . ( Indiana University Press , 1999 ) . Pickenpaugh , Roger . Camp Chase and the Evolution of Union Prison Policy ( University of Alabama Press , 2007 ) . Quinlin , Bradley and Joshua Haugh . Duty Well Performed : The Twenty - First Ohio Volunteer Infantry in the Civil War ( 2011 ) . Staats , Richard J. History of the 6th Ohio Volunteer Cavalry 1861 -- 1865 : A Journal of Patriotism , Duty and Bravery ( 2006 ) . Stephens , Gail . `` ' This City Must Not Be Taken , ' '' Traces of Indiana & Midwestern History , Spring 2010 , 22 # 2 pp 4 -- 17 , on the defense of Cincinnati by Gen. Wallace in 1862 . Tafel , Gustav . `` The Cincinnati Germans in the Civil War . '' Translated and edited with Supplements on Germans from Ohio , Kentucky , and Indiana in the Civil War by Don Heinrich Tolzmann . Milford , Ohio : Little Miami Publishing Co. , 2010 . Tucker , Louis Leonard , Cincinnati during the Civil War . Columbus : Ohio State University Press for the Ohio Historical Society , 1962 . Waits , Bert K. ; Linder , J.D. ; Miller , Pat ; Nevel , Bonnie . `` John Henry Waite and Daniel Linder , 96th OVI , in the Vicksburg Campaign , '' Ohio Civil War Genealogy Journal ( Dec 2012 ) , 16 # 4 pp 171 -- 190 . Historiography and memory ( edit ) George , Harold A. Civil War monuments of Ohio ( 2006 ) , 87pp Miller , Richard F. States at War , Volume 5 : A Reference Guide for Ohio in the Civil War ( 2015 ) . Riesenberg , Michael . `` Cincinnati 's Civil War Resources : Preparing for the Sesquicentennial Anniversary of the Civil War . '' Ohio Valley History 10 # 4 ( 2010 ) : 46 - 65 . Primary Sources ( edit ) Brown , Curt . Leaving Home in Dark Blue : Chronicling Ohio 's Civil War Experience through Primary Sources and Literature ( University of Akron Press , 2012 ) . Dee , Christine , ed . Ohio 's war : the Civil War in documents ( 2006 ) Dornbusch , C.E. , Regimental Publications & Personal Narratives of the Civil War. , Vol I Northern States , Part V Indiana and Ohio . New York : The New York Public Library , 1962 . Engs , Robert Francis , and Corey M. Brooks , eds . Their Patriotic Duty : The Civil War Letters of the Evans Family of Brown County , Ohio ( Fordham Univ Press , 2007 ) . Ohio Roster Commission . Official Roster of the Soldiers of the State of Ohio in the War on the Rebellion , 1861 -- 1865 , compiles under the direction of the Roster commission . 12 vol . Akron : Werner Co. , 1886 -- 95 . External links ( edit ) Ohio in the Civil War by Larry Stevens Civil War Monuments in Ohio by the Cincinnati Historical Society Library Ohio in the Civil War Archive & Network : A Complete User Built Database Johnson 's Island - National Park Service Ohio Civil War Attractions National Park Service map of Civil War sites in Ohio Vol 1 Roster of Ohio Soldiers 1893 ( 3 months Regiments of 1861 ; also includes Roster of the 5th ( 127th OVI ) and 27th USCT Regiments ) Vol II Roster of Ohio Soldiers 1st - 20th Infantry 1886 VOL III Official Roster of Soldiers of the State of Ohio in the War of the Rebellion 21st - 36th Infantry 1886 Vol IV Official Roster of Soldiers of the State of Ohio in the War of the Rebellion 37th - 53rd Infantry 1887 Vol V Official Roster of Soldiers of the State of Ohio in the War of the Rebellion 54 - 69th Infantry 1887 Vol VI Official Roster of Soldiers of the State Of Ohio in the War of the Rebellion 70 - 86th Infantry 1888 Vol VII Official Roster of Soldiers of the State of Ohio in the War of the Rebellion 87th - 108th Infantry 1888 Vol VIII Official Roster of Soldiers of the State of Ohio in the War of the Rebellion 1861 -- 1866 110 - 140th Infantry 1888 . ( Note 109th OVI failed to complete organization and men transferred to 113th OVI ; the 119th OVI failed to complete organization and men transferred to 124th OVI ; the 127th OVI became the 5th USCT and is listed in Volume 1 ) Vol IX Official Roster of Soldiers of the State of Ohio in the War of the Rebellion 141 - 184th Infantry 1889 Vol X Official Roster of Soldiers of the State of Ohio in the War of the Rebellion 185th - 198th Infantry + 1 & 2 Heavy Artillery ; 1st Light Artillery 1889 Vol XI Official Roster of Soldiers of the State of Ohio in the War of the Rebellion 1861 -- 1866 1 - 13th Cavalry ; 2 battalions cavalry ; 2 companies Cavalry ; Squadron of Cavalry ; 2nd Mo Cav ; 11th PA Cav 1891 Vol XII Official Roster of Soldiers of the State of Ohio in the War of the Rebellion War with Mexico / War of the Rebellion 1895 The civil war literature of Ohio ; a bibliography with explanatory and historical notes ( 1911 ) on the Internet Archive Ohio in the American Civil War 1861 Early military recruiting Camp Chase Camp Dennison Camp Harrison Camp Thomas Department of the Ohio McClellan 's Buckeyes seize western Virginia Fighting McCooks Johnson 's Island POW camp 1862 Anti-war movement Knights of the Golden Circle First Confederate incursion into Ohio Defense of Cincinnati Black Brigade of Cincinnati 1863 `` Fort Fizzle '' Morgan 's Raid Battle of Buffington Island Battle of Salineville 1864 - 65 Hundred Days Men Ohio 's generals and admirals Ohio 's regiments Cincinnati in the War Cleveland in the War Buckeye POWs and the Sultana Post-war Soldiers ' and Sailors ' Monument ( hide ) American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. 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Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath U.S. Constitution Reconstruction amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks -- Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax Riot of 1873 Eufaula Riot of 1874 Freedmen 's Bureau Freedman 's Savings Bank Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Kirk - Holden War Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Memphis Riot of 1866 Meridian Riot of 1871 New Orleans Riot of 1866 Pulaski ( Tennessee ) Riot of 1867 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Confederate refugees Confederados Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission Homestead acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 White League post-Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate monuments and memorials Historical reenactment Robert E. 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Lee Monument Cemeteries Confederate Memorial Day Ladies ' memorial associations U.S. Memorial Day U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg Reunion Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers ' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Related topics Military Arms Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate Revolving Cannon Field artillery Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Leadership Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States Presidential Election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown 's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching through Georgia Maryland , My Maryland When Johnny Comes Marching Home Other topics Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Revival of 1863 Naming the war Native Americans Cherokee Choctaw New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City Riot of 1863 Photographers Richmond Riot of 1863 Sexuality Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ohio_in_the_American_Civil_War&oldid=836063548 '' Categories : Ohio in the American Civil War 1860s in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Articles with Internet Archive links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 13 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did ohio fight for in the civil war | [
"During the American Civil War, the State of Ohio played a key role in providing troops, military officers, and supplies to the Union army. Due to its central location in the Northern United States and burgeoning population, Ohio was both politically and logistically important to the war effort. Despite the state's boasting a number of very powerful Republican politicians, it was divided politically. Portions of Southern Ohio followed the Peace Democrats and openly opposed President Abraham Lincoln's policies. Ohio played an important part in the Underground Railroad prior to the war, and remained a haven for escaped and runaway slaves during the war years.[1]"
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3202760617336152300 | Su Lin (1930s giant panda) | Su Lin ( 1930s giant panda ) - wikipedia Su Lin ( 1930s giant panda ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the first live panda brought to US . For the San Diego panda cub , see Su Lin , 2005 . The body of Su Lin is now on display at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago . Ruth Elizabeth Harkness and Su Lin Su Lin ( Chinese : 蘇 琳 ; pinyin : Sūlín ) was the name given to the giant panda cub captured in 1936 and brought to America by the explorer Ruth Harkness . The first panda kept outside of China , it would die just two years later , but marked the beginning of an extensive series of pandas being taken abroad from China . History ( edit ) Harkness mentioned in her 1938 book The Baby Giant Panda that the capture took place within a day 's walk from the Min River in Sichuan . Su Lin , about 9 weeks old at the time of his capture , was named after Su - Lin Young , the sister - in - law of Harkness 's Chinese - American expedition partner Quentin Young . Harkness translated Su Lin as meaning `` a little bit of something very cute '' . ( Harkness and Young were unaware that the baby panda was , in fact , a male . ) Harkness returned to America with the bottle - fed cub , and Su Lin became the first live panda to be displayed in the United States . In April 1937 , the panda was purchased by Brookfield Zoo outside of Chicago , where he was visited by such celebrities as Shirley Temple , Kermit Roosevelt , and Helen Hayes . Harkness brought a second panda , Mei - Mei , to be a companion for Su Lin at the zoo in February 1938 . However , the two animals fought with each other , and were soon separated . Su Lin died of pneumonia only a few weeks after Mei - Mei 's arrival . He was replaced by Mei - Lan the following year . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : SPatricia Sullivan . `` Adelaide ' Su - Lin ' Young , 96 , Explorer and Panda Namesake '' . The Washington Post . May 22 , 2008 . Retrieved on November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Harkness , Ruth . The Baby Giant Panda , 1938 . New York : Carrick & Evans . p. 36 . Jump up ^ Vicki Constantine Croke . The Lady and the Panda . Random House , 2006 . 129 . Jump up ^ `` Animals : He or She ? '' Time . May 1 , 1939 . Retrieved on November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Andrea Frederici Ross . Let the Lions Roar . Chicago Zoological Society . 1997 . 64 - 67 . Jump up ^ Time Inc ( 30 June 1941 ) . `` Panda Love : Mei - Mei Courts Her Beau and Gets Nowhere at All '' . LIFE . Time Inc. 10 ( 26 ) : 55 -- 56 . ISSN 0024 - 3019 . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Famous giant pandas Panda diplomacy Bai Yun Bao Bao Bei Bei Chi Chi Chuang Chuang Gao Gao Gu Gu Hua Mei Jia Jia Lin Bing Lin Hui Ling Ling Ling - Ling and Hsing - Hsing Lun Lun Mei Lan Mei Sheng Mei Xiang Ming Ming Shi Shi Su Lin ( 1930s ) Su Lin ( born 2005 ) Tai Shan Taotao Tian Tian ♂ Tian Tian ♀ Tohui Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan Xi Lan Xiang Xiang Xiao Liwu Xin Xin Wang Wang and Funi Yang Yang Yuan Zai Yun Zi Zhen Zhen Individual giant pandas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Su_Lin_(1930s_giant_panda)&oldid=809050768 '' Categories : Individual giant pandas Collection of the Field Museum of Natural History Individual animals in the United States Hidden categories : Articles containing Chinese - language text Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 21 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the first panda come to america | [
"Su Lin (Chinese: 蘇琳; pinyin: Sūlín) was the name given to the giant panda cub captured in 1936 and brought to America by the explorer Ruth Harkness. The first panda kept outside of China, it would die just two years later, but marked the beginning of an extensive series of pandas being taken abroad from China."
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"1936"
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-4886801239488712851 | Where the Wild Things Are | Where the Wild Things Are - wikipedia Where the Wild Things Are Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1963 children 's book . For the film adaptation , see Where the Wild Things Are ( film ) . Where the Wild Things Are First edition cover of Where the Wild Things Are Author Maurice Sendak Illustrator Maurice Sendak Cover artist Maurice Sendak Country United States Language English Genre Children 's picture book Publisher Harper & Row Publication date April 9 , 1963 Media type Print ( wide - format hardcover ) Pages 40 ISBN 0 - 06 - 025492 - 0 ( 25th anniversary ed. , 1988 ) OCLC 225496 LC Class PZ7. S47 Wh Where the Wild Things Are is a 1963 children 's picture book by American writer and illustrator Maurice Sendak , originally published by Harper & Row . The book has been adapted into other media several times , including an animated short in 1974 ( with an updated version in 1988 ) ; a 1980 opera ; and a live - action 2009 feature - film adaptation , directed by Spike Jonze . The book had sold over 19 million copies worldwide as of 2009 , with 10 million of those being in the United States . Sendak won the annual Caldecott Medal from the children 's librarians in 1964 , recognizing Wild Things as the previous year 's `` most distinguished American picture book for children '' . It was voted the number one picture book in a 2012 survey of School Library Journal readers , not for the first time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Development 3 Literary significance 4 Adaptations 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) This story of only 338 words focuses on a young boy named Max who , after dressing in his wolf costume , wreaks such havoc through his household that he is sent to bed without his supper . Max 's bedroom undergoes a mysterious transformation into a jungle environment , and he winds up sailing to an island inhabited by malicious beasts known as the `` Wild Things . '' After successfully intimidating the creatures , Max is hailed as the king of the Wild Things and enjoys a playful romp with his subjects . However , he starts to feel lonely and decides to return home , to the Wild Things ' dismay . Upon returning to his bedroom , Max discovers a hot supper waiting for him . Development ( edit ) Sendak began his career as an illustrator , but by the mid-1950s he had decided to start both writing and illustrating his own books . In 1956 , he published his first book for which he was the sole author , Kenny 's Window ( 1956 ) . Soon after , he began work on another solo effort . The story was supposed to be that of a child who , after a tantrum , is punished in his room and decides to escape to the place that gives the book its title , the `` land of wild horses '' . Shortly before starting the illustrations , Sendak realized he did not know how to draw horses and , at the suggestion of his editor , changed the wild horses to the more ambiguous `` Wild Things '' , a term inspired by the Yiddish expression `` vilde chaya '' ( `` wild animals '' ) , used to indicate boisterous children . He replaced the horses with caricatures of his aunts and uncles , caricatures that he had originally drawn in his youth as an escape from their chaotic weekly visits , on Sunday afternoons , to his family 's Brooklyn home . Sendak , as a child , had observed his relatives as being `` all crazy -- crazy faces and wild eyes '' , with blood - stained eyes and `` big and yellow '' teeth , who pinched his cheeks until they were red . These relatives , like Sendak 's parents , were poor Jewish immigrants from Poland , whose remaining family in Europe were killed during the Holocaust while Sendak was in his early teens . As a child , however , he saw them only as `` grotesques '' . When working on the 1983 opera adaptation of the book with Oliver Knussen , Sendak gave the monsters the names of his relatives : Tzippy , Moishe , Aaron , Emile , and Bernard . Literary significance ( edit ) According to Sendak , at first , the book was banned in libraries and received negative reviews . It took about two years for librarians and teachers to realize that children were flocking to the book , checking it out over and over again , and for critics to relax their views . Since then , it has received high critical acclaim . Francis Spufford suggests that the book is `` one of the very few picture books to make an entirely deliberate and beautiful use of the psychoanalytic story of anger '' . Mary Pols of Time magazine wrote that `` ( w ) hat makes Sendak 's book so compelling is its grounding effect : Max has a tantrum and in a flight of fancy visits his wild side , but he is pulled back by a belief in parental love to a supper ' still hot , ' balancing the seesaw of fear and comfort . '' New York Times film critic Manohla Dargis noted that `` there are different ways to read the wild things , through a Freudian or colonialist prism , and probably as many ways to ruin this delicate story of a solitary child liberated by his imagination . '' In Selma G. Lanes 's book The Art of Maurice Sendak , Sendak discusses Where the Wild Things Are along with his other books In the Night Kitchen and Outside Over There as a sort of trilogy centered on children 's growth , survival , change , and fury . He indicated that the three books are `` all variations on the same theme : how children master various feelings -- danger , boredom , fear , frustration , jealousy -- and manage to come to grips with the realities of their lives . '' Based on a 2007 online poll , the National Education Association named the book one of its `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Five years later School Library Journal sponsored a survey of readers which identified Where the Wild Things Are as top picture book . Elizabeth Bird , the NYPL librarian who conducted the survey , observed that there was little doubt it would be voted number one and highlighted its designation by one reader as a watershed , `` ushering in the modern age of picture books '' . Another called it `` perfectly crafted , perfectly illustrated ... simply the epitome of a picture book '' and noted that Sendak `` rises above the rest in part because he is subversive '' . President Barack Obama has read it aloud for children attending the White House Easter Egg Roll in multiple years . Despite the book 's popularity , Sendak refused to produce a sequel ; four months before his death in 2012 , he told comedian Stephen Colbert that one would be `` the most boring idea imaginable '' . Adaptations ( edit ) An animated short based on the book , which had taken five years to complete , was released in 1973 , directed by Gene Deitch and produced at Krátký Film , Prague , for Weston Woods Studios . Two versions were released : the original 1973 version , with narration by Allen Swift and a musique concrète score composed by Deitch himself ; and an updated version in 1988 with new music and narration by Peter Schickele . In the 1980s , Sendak worked with British composer Oliver Knussen on a children 's opera based on the book . The opera received its first ( incomplete ) performance in Brussels in 1980 ; the first complete performance of the final version was given by the Glyndebourne Touring Opera in London in 1984 . This was followed by its first U.S. performance in Saint Paul , Minnesota , in 1985 and the New York City premiere by New York City Opera in 1987 . A concert performance was given at The Proms in the Royal Albert Hall in London in 2002 . A concert production was produced by New York City Opera in spring 2011 . In 1983 , the Walt Disney Studio conducted a series of tests of computer - generated imagery created by Glen Keane and John Lasseter using as their subject Where the Wild Things Are . In 1999 , Isadar released a solo piano musical composition titled `` Where the Wild Things Are '' which appeared on his album Active Imagination , inspired by the Sendak book . The composition was revisited and re-recorded in 2012 on Isadar 's album , Reconstructed , with Grammy winner and founder of Windham Hill Records , William Ackerman , producing . The live - action film version of the book is directed by Spike Jonze . It was released on October 16 , 2009 . The film stars Max Records as Max and features Catherine Keener as his mother , with Lauren Ambrose , Chris Cooper , Paul Dano , James Gandolfini , Catherine O'Hara and Forest Whitaker providing the voices of the principal Wild Things . The soundtrack was written and produced by Karen O and Carter Burwell . The screenplay was adapted by Jonze and Dave Eggers . Sendak was one of the producers for the film . The screenplay was novelized by Eggers as The Wild Things , published in 2009 . In 2012 , indie rock quartet alt - J released the song `` Breezeblocks '' , inspired in part by the book . Alt - J keyboardist Gus Unger - Hamilton said the story and the song share similar ideas about parting with a loved one . `` Breezeblocks '' reached certified ARIA Gold status in Australia . In 2016 , Alessia Cara released her second single , `` Wild Things '' , which charted at number fifty on the Billboard Hot 100 . In an interview with ABC News Radio , Cara stated she took inspiration from Where the Wild Things Are , saying `` each ' Thing ' represents an emotion and ( the main character ) kinda escapes into this world ... and that 's kinda what I wanted to do '' . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Visual arts portal 1963 in literature List of children 's books made into feature films List of children 's classic books References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Where the wild things are '' . Library of Congress . Catalog Records . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Turan , Kenneth ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` ' Where the Wild Things Are ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Caldecott Medal & Honor Books , 1938 - Present '' . Association for Library Service to Children . American Library Association . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . `` The Randolph Caldecott Medal '' . Association for Library Service to Children . American Library Association . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` SLJ 's Top 100 Picture Books '' ( PDF ) . School Library Journal . 2012 . Poster presentation of reader poll results . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Warrick , Pamela ( October 11 , 1993 ) . `` Facing the Frightful Things '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shea , Christopher ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` The Jewish lineage of `` Where the Wild Things Are '' `` . The Boston Globe . Brainiac . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Things : The Art of Maurice Sendak '' . Traditional Fine Arts Organization . April 26 , 2005 . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Brockes , Emma ( October 2 , 2011 ) . `` Maurice Sendak : ' I Refuse To Lie to Children ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Burns , Tom , ed . ( March 2008 ) . `` Maurice Sendak '' . Children 's Literature Review . Detroit , MI : Gale. 131 : 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7876 - 9606 - 1 . OCLC 792604122 . Jump up ^ Sendak , Maurice ( October 16 , 2009 ) . Hart , Hugh , ed . `` Review : Where the Wild Things Are Is Woolly , But Not Wild Enough ( Sendak Says Wild Things Film as Feral as Book ) '' . Wired.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Spufford , Francis ( 2002 ) . The Child That Books Built : A Life of Reading ( 1st ed . ) . New York City : Metropolitan Books . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7215 - 0 . OCLC 50034806 . Jump up ^ Pols , Mary ( October 14 , 2009 ) . `` Where the Wild Things Are : Sendak with Sensitivity '' . Time . Retrieved October 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` Some of His Best Friends Are Beasts '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 16 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Lehmann - Haupt , Christopher ( June 1 , 1981 ) . `` Book Of The Times '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb , Richard M. ( 2008 ) . `` Maurice Sendak 's Trilogy : Disappointment , Fury , and Their Transformation through Art '' . Psychoanalytic Study of the Child . 63 : 186 -- 217 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 14099 - 6 . PMID 19449794 . Jump up ^ `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . National Education Association . 2007 . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Picture Books # 1 : Where the Wild Things Are by Maurice Sendak '' . School Library Journal . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Erin ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` Maurice Sendak Calls Newt Gingrich an ' Idiot ' in ' Colbert Report ' Interview '' . The Hollywood Reporter . The Live Feed . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Russell ( March 12 , 2009 ) . `` Nashville Scene -- ' Bach in Black ' '' . The Tennessean . p. 46 . Jump up ^ Wakin , Daniel J. ( March 10 , 2010 ) . `` For New York City Opera Season , Bernstein , Strauss and New Works '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` Early CG Experiments by John Lasseter and Glen Keane '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Active Imagination ( Solo Piano ) '' . AllMusic . December 28 , 1998 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( September 11 , 2008 ) . `` ' Where the Wild Things Are ' gets long - awaited release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Inside Movies . Retrieved September 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Podplesky , Azaria ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` alt - J Taps Maurice Sendak and a Kate Middleton Look - Alike For ' Breezeblocks ' Video '' . Seattle Weekly . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2013 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara on ' Wild Things ' : ' It 's Just Really an Empowering Song ' '' . ABC News Radio . April 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Where the Wild Things Are . Where the Wild Things Are ( 1973 ) on IMDb Where the Wild Things Are ( 2009 ) on IMDb Maurice Sendak : `` Where the Wild Things Are '' by Now on PBS Where The Wild Things Are -- Early Disney CG Animation Test on YouTube Awards Preceded by The Snowy Day Caldecott Medal recipient 1964 Succeeded by May I Bring a Friend ? ( hide ) Maurice Sendak Written works Kenny 's Window ( 1956 ) Very Far Away ( 1957 ) The Sign On Rosie 's Door ( 1960 ) The Nutshell Library ( Chicken Soup with Rice ( A Book of Months ) Alligators All Around ( An Alphabet ) One Was Johnny ( A Counting Book ) Pierre ( A Cautionary Tale ) ( 1962 ) Where the Wild Things Are ( 1963 ) Hector Protector and As I Went Over the Water : Two Nursery Rhymes ( 1965 ) Higglety Pigglety Pop ! , Or : There Must be More to Life ( 1967 ) In the Night Kitchen ( 1970 ) Ten Little Rabbits : A Counting Book With Mino The Magician ( 1970 ) Some Swell Pup or Are You Sure You Want a Dog ? ( with Matthew Margolis ) ( 1976 ) Seven Little Monsters ( 1977 ) Fantasy Sketches ( 1981 ) Outside Over There ( 1981 ) Caldecott and Co : Notes on Books and Pictures ( 1990 ) The Big Book for Peace ( 1990 ) We Are All in the Dumps with Jack and Guy : Two Nursery Rhymes with Pictures ( 1993 ) Maurice Sendak 's Christmas Mystery ( 1995 ) Notable illustrated works Atomics for the Millions ( by Dr. Maxwell Leigh Eidinoff ) ( 1947 ) Singing Family of the Cumberlands ( written by Jean Ritchie ) ( 1955 ) Mrs. Piggle - Wiggle 's Farm ( written by Betty MacDonald ) ( 1954 ) The Wheel on the School ( written by Meindert DeJong ) ( 1954 ) Little Bear ( written by Else Holmelund Minarik ) ( 1957 ) Zlateh the Goat and Other Stories ( written by Isaac Bashevis Singer ) ( 1966 ) See also Really Rosie ( musical ) Seven Little Monsters ( TV series ) Where the Wild Things Are ( film adaption ) ( 2009 ) Tell Them Anything You Want : A Portrait of Maurice Sendak Family Philip Sendak ( father ) Jack Sendak ( brother ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_the_Wild_Things_Are&oldid=826684279 '' Categories : 1963 children 's books American picture books Books adapted into films Caldecott Medal - winning works Literature featuring anthropomorphic characters Picture books by Maurice Sendak Harper & Row books Books by Maurice Sendak Monsters in fiction Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2015 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Кыргызча Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 13 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was where the wild things are published | [
"\nWhere the Wild Things Are\n\n\nFirst edition cover of Where the Wild Things Are\n\n\n\nAuthor\nMaurice Sendak\n\n\nIllustrator\nMaurice Sendak\n\n\nCover artist\nMaurice Sendak\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nGenre\nChildren's picture book\n\n\nPublisher\nHarper & Row\n\n\n\nPublication date\n\nApril 9, 1963\n\n\nMedia type\nPrint (wide-format hardcover)\n\n\nPages\n40\n\n\nISBN\n0-06-025492-0 (25th anniversary ed., 1988)\n\n\nOCLC\n225496\n\n\nLC Class\nPZ7.S47 Wh[1]\n\n"
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"April 9, 1963"
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1110610835863238055 | List of Judge John Deed episodes | List of judge John Deed episodes - wikipedia List of judge John Deed episodes The British courtroom drama television series Judge John Deed , starring Martin Shaw as a maverick High Court judge , began with a pilot episode called `` Exacting Justice '' , which was first broadcast on BBC One on 9 January 2001 . The series proper began on 26 November 2001 . The first to third series contained four 90 - minute episodes , the fourth and fifth were extended to a six - episode run and the latest series comprised two 120 - minute episodes split into two parts on broadcast . When it began , the programme followed an episodic format , though later series have developed a serialised format , with plots developing over a number of stories . As of the end of the sixth series in 2007 , the number of episodes is 29 . The possibility of more episodes was in doubt after Shaw became involved in other projects , and the series had been officially cancelled by the BBC by 2009 . The pilot and all 6 series have been released on DVD in the UK ( minus episodes 24 & 25 ) . The pilot and first series were released in North America in March 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series 1 ( 2001 ) 2 Series 2 ( 2002 ) 3 Series 3 ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 4 Series 4 ( 2005 ) 5 Series 5 ( 2006 ) 6 Series 6 ( 2007 ) 7 Broadcast history 8 Notes and references Series 1 ( 2001 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) `` Exacting Justice '' G.F. Newman Alrick Riley 9 January 2001 ( 2001 - 01 - 09 ) 6.6 million Judge John Deed takes the case of Maurice Haart , a father accused of murdering the man who killed his daughter . Haart tells his barrister , Jo Mills , that he shot the man because he saw him driving the same lorry that he hit his daughter with , but he refuses to plead provocation . Deed 's daughter Charlie introduces him to Rory , an environmental activist , and they are later arrested when they destroy GM crops . `` Rough Justice '' G.F. Newman Mary McMurray 26 November 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 26 ) 9.1 million An MI5 informant is on trial for causing grievous bodily harm to his wife and Deed is pressured by the Lord Chancellor 's Department and Police Commissioner Row Colemore to release the man , but Deed refuses without investigating the matter further . He conducts a Newton hearing , hearing evidence and acting as his own jury . This causes a clash with Sir Ian Rochester of the LCD ( with whose wife Deed is having an affair ) . Deed also sits on the case of date rape against three men . `` Duty of Care '' G.F. Newman Jonny Campbell 3 December 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 03 ) 7.4 million Corporate manslaughter charges are brought against the managing director of a construction company whose health and safety breaches result in a worker being killed on a building site . Charlie steals a dog from an animal testing laboratory and leaves her with Deed for safety , but there is trouble when it is found . Deed has to contend with Rochester 's urges for him to drop the manslaughter case because of the defendant 's political affiliations , as well as with George 's contempt in the courtroom . `` Appropriate Response '' G.F. Newman Jane Powell 10 December 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 10 ) 7.1 million Romero , a serial rapist and former defendant in Deed 's court , is released from prison and seeks revenge on the judge . Deed makes an enemy of the police when he tries two police officers for GBH and refuses bail when he suspects tampering with the main witness . Romero poisons Rosie and leads Deed to an abandoned warehouse , under the pretence he has kidnapped Charlie , enraging the judge . Deed 's actions force him to reassess the actions of a boxer on trial for GBH , and his relationship with Jo is strained at a reception . 5 `` Hidden Agenda '' G.F. Newman Jane Powell 17 December 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 17 ) 7.1 million A GP stands trial for the murder of a patient when it is revealed he left everything to her in his will . Though the jury finds her not guilty , the doctor insists to Deed that she did kill her patient , despite an expert witness stating that was not possible . The Lord Chancellor 's Department continues surveillance of Deed when it suspects he is having an affair with the doctor . Meanwhile , Charlie becomes involved in the case of an HIV mother who refuses to have her child tested , and seeks her father 's help in the matter . Series 2 ( 2002 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) `` Political Expediency '' G.F. Newman Jonny Campbell 21 November 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 21 ) 5.7 million Deed is forced to negotiate a political crisis when the driver of an Arab sheikh , in Britain with a £ 10 billion aeroplane contract , is charged with the murder of a prostitute . Prosecution counsel is murdered , witnesses and the jury are tampered with , and Deed suspects the Shiekh 's involvement in the crime is greater than previously assumed . He discovers that George is marrying the Trade Secretary , and Rochester offers him a seat on the Appellate Bench in an effort to exonerate the British government . Meanwhile Deed enrages Jo Mills by ignoring her arguments and giving a football star she is defending a custodial sentence . `` Abuse of Power '' G.F. Newman David Kew 28 November 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 28 ) 6.2 million A mentally disabled man confesses to the murder of a young woman , but retracts his confession , leaving Deed perplexed . When Robert Hume takes a fraud case from Deed , Deed suspects his peer is involved and , despite the efforts of Channing and Rochester to dissuade him , decides to investigate further . As Deed 's investigations run deeper , people close to him are drawn in , and even when his suspicions are confirmed , there is nothing Rochester is willing to do . Meanwhile , Jo begins a romantic relationship with Row Colemore . `` Nobody 's Fool '' G.F. Newman Jonny Campbell 12 December 2002 ( 2002 - 12 - 12 ) 6 million Francesca Rochester returns to Deed 's life , asking for his help in getting her Aunt sectioned so she can take over her successful publishing company . Charlie reveals to her father that she is pregnant , though Deed is oblivious to his daughter 's feelings and she later terminates the pregnancy after talking to George . After a talk with Jo , Deed realises what he is getting himself into and discovers the truth behind Francesca 's new business venture . Meanwhile , a promising young lawyer represents himself in a trial over the murder of his parents . During this episode , Deed refers to `` Wellington 's famous dictum '' presumably `` Publish and be damned '' . `` Everyone 's Child '' G.F. Newman Andy Hay 19 December 2002 ( 2002 - 12 - 19 ) 5.2 million Jo defends a young boy who wants attempts to give him a heart transplant blocked and Deed puts an injunction on the operation . After a plea from the boy 's parents he lifts it , but the boy dies during surgery . Jo is furious at Deed and they argue , but later spend the night at his lodgings . Rochester uses this to try to dismantle Deed 's career through Jo . Elsewhere Deed is trying the case of two drug addicts charged with murder and Charlie is involved in a protest in support of a hunger striker appealing against his conviction . Series 3 ( 2003 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) `` Health Hazard '' G.F. Newman Andy Hay 27 November 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 27 ) 6.6 million Deed is given a high - profile case in which a woman takes action against a mobile phone company for causing her brain tumour , angering Ian Rochester . Rochester attempts to take the case away from Deed , but is unable to . Instead he brings Jo up for a disciplinary after her affair with Deed . Deed arrives at her hearing , chaired by Sir Monty Everard , and has the charges dropped . Meanwhile , a man involved in a hit and run incident might be unfit to stand trial . `` Judicial Review '' G.F. Newman Andy Hay 4 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 04 ) 6.5 million Deed accuses Everard of corruption when he grants a non-custodial sentence to a defendant with political ties ( the hit and run driver in Health Hazard ) , at the same time putting Jo 's career on the line . She convinces Deed to see a therapist and he meets with Rachel Crawcheck . However , he continues to seek real justice until the sentence is appealed . Deed also hears a mysterious case involving a woman who claims she killed her husband in self defence . `` Conspiracy '' G.F. Newman David Kerr 11 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 11 ) 6.6 million An MP stands accused of attempted murder but there is a belief by Colemore that the charge has been contrived to silence his investigation into deaths in the arms industry . Deed discovers that Colemore is involved in a plot to acquit the MP for commercial reasons , leading Deed to charge him for perverting the course of justice . Deed and Rachel take his therapy to the bedroom . `` Economic Imperative '' G.F. Newman David Kerr 26 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 26 ) 6.2 million Diana Hulsey ( from `` Health Hazard '' ) takes her case against the mobile phone company forwards and asks Jo to adopt her son when she dies . Rochester and the Trade Secretary try to derail the case by planting child pornography on Deed 's computer , leading the phone company not to settle after Diana dies and leaving Deed with a race to save his name . Series 4 ( 2005 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) `` Lost and Found '' G.F. Newman G.F. Newman 13 January 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 13 ) 5.5 million A man accused of participating in an armed robbery is re-apprehended after 16 years on the run . The case against him is weakened by evidence of corruption in the arresting squad , and an unreliable and anonymous professional informant . Jo 's first meetings with Michael get off to a shaky start as she tries to juggle her career and her commitments to the boy . `` Above the Law '' G.F. Newman Deborah Paige 20 January 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 20 ) 5.8 million Friends and family of three gang members accused of murdering a rival drug dealer terrorise jurors and kill witnesses . As the case nears abandonment , Deed is forced to consider the heretofore unconstitutional option of a juryless trial . After an initial refusal , Jo fights for , and wins , a second chance to adopt Michael . `` In Defence of Others '' G.F. Newman Tristram Powell 27 January 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 27 ) 6.4 million A never - successfully - convicted paedophile is killed while in prison , and the accused claims a defence of preventing future abuses . Jo meets Michael 's real father , who wants to return to South Africa with her . Everard hears the case of an adopted child who raped his teacher . Deed risks his career by sleeping with a claimant . `` Defence of the Realm '' G.F. Newman Steve Kelly 3 February 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 03 ) 5.8 million Deed 's affair comes back to bite him as the Home Office pressures for his resignation or impeachment ; he is temporarily exiled to lecture at a university . Jo sits as a Recorder in a fraud case concerning a defence contractor , and , facing threats against herself and Michael , finds a trail of corruption leading to the higher echelons of government . 5 `` Separation of Powers '' G.F. Newman Deborah Paige 10 February 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 10 ) 7.4 million Deed hears the case ( pretrialed in `` Defence of the Realm '' ) of birth defects near a waste disposal plant . A PR company spinning the reports from the waste disposal company has connections with both the defence contractor and the Home Secretary , and the defendant from the fraud case provides compelling -- and disastrous -- evidence . 6 `` Popular Appeal '' G.F. Newman Steve Kelly 17 February 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 17 ) 6.1 million A desirable case concerning a on - screen death on a reality television series is mysteriously allocated to Deed , which leads to a clash with the press . Haughton faces a select committee to answer charges of corruption , and Jo pays the price for Deed 's crusade . Deed finally confronts the man behind Jo 's kidnapping . Series 5 ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) `` Hard - Gating '' G.F. Newman Steve Kelly 6 January 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 06 ) 6.8 million A black prisoner is killed by his white cellmate , who is a known racist and although the Prison Service claims they shared as a result of overcrowding , Deed suspects that they simply were n't up to the task . Jo 's relationship with Deed grows further apart when Marc returns . `` My Daughter , Right or Wrong '' G.F. Newman Tristram Powell 13 January 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 13 ) 6.3 million An animal rights activist stands trial for the murder of a scientist when his organisation firebombs Sussex University . He sacks his QC and asks Charlie , the junior , to represent him . She takes the case despite her father 's objections , which is good news for Rochester . Jo resumes her relationship with Marc . `` Lost Youth '' G.F. Newman Tristram Powell 20 January 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 20 ) 6.2 million Deed sits on a case after Marc tells two parents that it would be in their son 's best interests if they did not resuscitate him again , due to his comatose state . Marc 's recommendation is challenged by the boy 's God - fearing parents , who believe it is not for them to decide whether he lives or dies . Deed learns that Jo and Marc intend to marry . Meanwhile , Deed has to live with the consequences after a boy commits suicide less than 48 hours after he is sentenced by Deed to a two year custodial sentence under the Home Secretary 's automatic custodial sentencing guidelines . `` Silent Killer '' G.F. Newman Darcia Martin 27 January 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 27 ) 5.8 million A couple suffering from motor - neuron disease and cancer sue their local council , believing their condition has been caused by a communications antenna , used by the police , on the roof of their flat . The wife of an Iraqi minister approaches Deed , wishing to sue the British government because the use of depleted uranium by the army in Iraq has caused the deaths of members of her family . Meanwhile , Jo and Marc have set a date for their wedding , adding to the tension between Jo and John . 5 `` One Angry Man '' G.F. Newman Darcia Martin 3 February 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 03 ) 7.3 million Rochester sees to it that Deed is brought up for jury service , and he is called to a murder trial in which a Ukrainian nanny is suspected of shaking a baby in her care to death . Deed learns that the baby 's death might have been caused by complications with the MMR vaccine . Jo has doubts about marrying Marc when he is asked to return to South Africa , and she falls back into Deed 's arms . This episode , along with `` Heart of Darkness '' , was excluded from the recent DVD release due to subsequent revelations casting doubt on the dangers of MMR vaccines , making the episodes appear unreliable . 6 `` Heart of Darkness '' G.F. Newman G.F. Newman 10 February 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 10 ) 6.5 million Deed hears a case that could have potentially disastrous effects for the government 's support of the MMR vaccine . Jo forgets to go to her wedding rehearsal and is furious when Deed schedules a meeting on the morning of the ceremony . Series 6 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) `` War Crimes - Part 1 '' G.F. Newman Steve Kelly 9 January 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 09 ) 6.2 million Deed sits in The Hague to hear the case of a British soldier who killed 11 Iraqi civilians and is being accused of war crimes . A previous ruling Deed made against a British National Party councillor angers Muslim extremists , and a female assassin is sent to kill Deed . `` War Crimes - Part 2 '' G.F. Newman Steve Kelly 11 January 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 11 ) 5.8 million During the War Crimes case in The Hague , Deed learns that the British Soldier on trial is being sacrificed as part of the government 's overall exit strategy . Deed 's dilemma is one possible miscarriage of justice to save the lives of many soldiers . `` Evidence of Harm - Part 1 '' G.F. Newman Darcia Martin 16 January 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 16 ) 6.2 million Jo asks Deed to review the withdrawal of legal aid for a soldier who was damaged by vaccines given to him by the army and who later committed suicide . Deed is reluctant since the case has been heard and closed by another judge . He accuses the judge of bias and risks causing a constitutional crisis in order to get justice for the soldier 's family . `` Evidence of Harm - Part 2 '' G.F. Newman Darcia Martin 18 January 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 18 ) 6.3 million As Deed delves deeper and deeper into why funding for the soldier to sue the pharmaceutical company was withdrawn , he makes more and more sinister discoveries . It is then that the forces of reaction move against him to stop him any way they can . Broadcast history ( edit ) Series Day Timeslot Additional broadcast information Pilot Tuesday 8 -- 9.30 p.m. None Tuesday 8 -- 9.30 p.m. None Thursday 8.30 -- 10 p.m. `` Everyone 's Child '' aired from 8 p.m. Thursday 8.30 -- 10 p.m. `` Economic Imperative '' aired on a Monday Thursday 8 -- 9.30 p.m. None 5 Friday 8.30 -- 10 p.m. None 6 Tuesday and Thursday 9 -- 10 p.m. None Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thomas , Liz ( 2007 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Sentence hangs over Judge John Deed '' . The Stage . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Jeffries , Mark ( 30 April 2009 ) . `` Martin 's TV judge Deed and buried '' . Daily Mirror . MGN . Retrieved 1 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Martin ( 29 April 2009 ) . BBC Breakfast ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Bill Turnbull . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` New BBC1 drama hit with viewers '' . Digital Spy. 2001 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Wells , Matt ( 2001 - 11 - 28 ) . `` ITV admits ' commercial ' BBC can not be beaten '' . Guardian Unlimited . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 2001 - 12 - 04 ) . `` Viewers abandon Richard and Judy '' . Media Guardian . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Deans , Jason ( 2001 - 12 - 11 ) . `` Sydney sunshine warms Cold Feet '' . Media Guardian . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Cozens , Claire ( 2001 - 12 - 18 ) . `` C4 's Hood smothers BBC2 comedy '' . Media Guardian . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( 2002 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Viewers find celebs a turn - off '' . Media Guardian . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Deans , Jason ( 2002 - 11 - 29 ) . `` Firefighter strikes for BBC1 '' . Media Guardian . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Deans , Jason ( 2002 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Green edges ahead in TV tussle '' . Media Guardian . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Deans , Jason ( 2002 - 12 - 20 ) . `` 12m watch EastEnders '' . Media Guardian . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Deans , Jason ( 2003 - 11 - 28 ) . `` Dirty Den 's plot draws 11m '' . Media Guardian . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Deans , Jason ( 2003 - 12 - 04 ) . `` Holiday Showdown flies off with viewers '' . Media Guardian . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Scheduled for broadcast on 18 December 2003 but replaced by Crimewatch as a result of the verdict on the Soham murders trial. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( 2004 - 01 - 27 ) . `` I 'm a Celebrity ... is back with a bang '' . Media Guardian . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Timms , Dominic ( 2005 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Sect investigation draws 2m to BBC2 '' . Media Guardian . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Deans , Jason ( 2005 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Bush proves a turn - off for 2 '' . Media Guardian . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Marks , Lisa ( 2005 - 02 - 03 ) . `` Da Vinci Code a bestseller for C4 '' . Media Guardian . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Marks , Lisa ( 2005 - 02 - 10 ) . `` BBC crowned king of royal ratings news '' . Media Guardian . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Deans , Jason ( 2005 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Appetite for slimming drama remains healthy '' . Media Guardian . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Day , Julia ( 2006 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Soapstar Superstars cleans up '' . Media Guardian . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Timms , Dominic ( 2006 - 01 - 16 ) . `` Shaw lays down the law '' . Media Guardian . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Timms , Dominic ( 2006 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Audience slips for Rula 's exit from Big Brother '' . Media Guardian . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Deans , Jason ( 2006 - 01 - 30 ) . `` Channel 4 toasts Big Brother success '' . Media Guardian . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Timms , Dominic ( 2006 - 02 - 06 ) . `` 1.8 m turn up for IT Crowd '' . Media Guardian . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Tryhorn , Chris ( 2007 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Race row boosts Big Brother ratings '' . Guardian Unlimited . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Deans , Jason ( 2007 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Viewers seek TV with better taste '' . Media Guardian . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Brook , Stephen ( 2007 - 01 - 19 ) . `` Big Brother ratings hit 5.7 m '' . Guardian Unlimited . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . `` Judge John Deed episode guide '' . bbc.co.uk Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Judge_John_Deed_episodes&oldid=849363050 '' Categories : Lists of British drama television series episodes Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Use dmy dates from October 2016 Use British English from October 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 July 2018 , at 13 : 17 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | how many series of judge john deed are there | [
"As of the end of the sixth series in 2007, the number of episodes is 29. The possibility of more episodes was in doubt after Shaw became involved in other projects,[1] and the series had been officially cancelled by the BBC by 2009.[2][3] The pilot and all 6 series have been released on DVD in the UK (minus episodes 24 & 25). The pilot and first series were released in North America in March 2010.\n"
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-856394659724242259 | Florida International University College of Law | Florida International University College of Law - wikipedia Florida International University College of Law Jump to : navigation , search FIU College of Law Established 2000 School type Public Parent endowment $138 million Dean Tawia Ansah ( acting ) Location Miami , Florida , U.S. Enrollment 475 ( Fall 2015 ) Faculty 28 USNWR ranking 100 Bar pass rate 87.8 % ( July 2017 ) Website law.fiu.edu The Florida International University College of Law is the law school of Florida International University , located in Miami , Florida in the United States . The law school is accredited by the American Bar Association , and is the only public law school in Southern Florida . Seven times in its history , the FIU College of Law has ranked first in the state of Florida with the state 's highest bar - passing rates ( February 2005 , February 2007 , February 2009 , July 2011 , July 2015 , February 2016 , and July 2016 ) . In 2007 , the school also ranked first in Florida in the Multistate Professional Responsibility Exam with a 96 % passage rate . According to FIU 's 2014 ABA - required disclosures , 70.1 % of the Class of 2014 obtained full - time , long - term , JD - required employment nine months after graduation , with 79 % of graduates seeking employment securing full - time , long - term legal jobs . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Rankings 3 Employment 4 Exam Passage 5 Admissions and Tuition 6 Specialty programs 6.1 Specialty programs 7 Faculty and administration 7.1 Administration 7.2 Faculty 7.2. 1 Founding Faculty 7.2. 2 Notable Faculty 7.2. 3 Notable Adjunct Faculty 8 Students 9 FIU Law Review 10 Curriculum 11 Clinical programs 12 Facilities 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) Rafael Diaz - Balart Hall , home of the FIU College of Law Florida International University worked towards the creation of a public law school in South Florida for many years , beginning with the 1986 appointment of Modesto A. Maidique as University president . Maidique met resistance from the Florida Board of Regents , which had a number of graduates of other Florida law schools , and opposed the opening of any new public law schools in the state . The establishment of this institution was finally realized in 2000 , when Governor Jeb Bush pushed the project through the state legislature , along with the re-establishment of a law school at Florida A&M University . Shortly thereafter , the College of Law hired Leonard Strickman as its inaugural Dean . Strickman , a Yale Law School graduate , had previously served as Dean of the Northern Illinois University College of Law and the University of Arkansas School of Law , and had been a member of the ABA Accreditation Committee during the 1990s , and had chaired 15 ABA accreditation site visits . The College of Law is one of the university 's 26 schools and colleges and was founded in 2000 . It officially opened its doors in August 2002 , received provisional accreditation from the American Bar Association in August 2004 , and was granted full accreditation on December 1 , 2006 . The inaugural class graduated on May 22 , 2005 . FIU , preparing for only its second graduation in Spring 2006 , had passing scores from 19 of 22 students who took the Bar exam in February 2006 . The state average -- including graduates from all 10 Florida law schools and out - of - state graduates who took the Florida test -- was 73.2 percent . On February 10 , 2007 , Ruth Bader Ginsburg , an Associate Justice for the United States Supreme Court , headed the Dedication of the new law school building . She formally dedicated the building and delivered a keynote address along with other dignitaries . The Rafael Diaz - Balart Hall Dedication took take place at the then - named FIU Arena and was preceded and followed by tours of the new law school building . In May 2009 , the institution announced that United States Attorney Alexander Acosta had been selected to replace Strickman as Dean , with the latter 's retirement from the position . Acosta left in 2017 to become United States Secretary of Labor . Rankings ( edit ) The 2017 U.S. News & World Report 's `` Best Law School Rankings '' ranked the FIU College of Law at 100 in the United States . This represents an increase of more than 51 spots since 2009 . FIU is currently the fourth - highest ranked law school in Florida behind only Florida State University College of Law , University of Florida 's Fredric G. Levin College of Law , and the University of Miami School of Law . The magazine also ranked FIU at 53 in the U.S. for its part - time law programs . In October 2010 , the FIU College of Law was ranked Top 10 Best Value school in the nation by The National Jurist . In April 2007 , it was revealed that FIU Law graduates passed the February 2007 Florida bar exam with a 94 percent passing rate , the highest in the state of Florida . In March 2007 , the FIU College of Law received its first national ranking in U.S. News & World Report . FIU was ranked in the third tier of the four tiers of law school , marking the first time in several decades that a new law school has been so highly ranked . Employment ( edit ) According to FIU 's official 2015 ABA - required disclosures , 81.6 % of the Class of 2015 obtained full - time , long - term , JD - required employment nine months after graduation . FIU 's Law School Transparency under - employment score is 15.0 % , indicating the percentage of the Class of 2015 unemployed , pursuing an additional degree , or working in a non-professional , short - term , or part - time job nine months after graduation . Exam passage ( edit ) The FIU College of Law has been noted for its consistently high bar passage rates . FIU Law graduates ranked 1st in the state of Florida , in terms of percentage of students who pass the Florida bar exam on their first attempt , nine times in 13 years , including five of the last six administrations ( July 2015 , February 2016 , July 2016 , July 2017 , and February 2018 ) . FIU also ranked 1st in Florida in the Multistate Professional Responsibility Exam ( MPRE ) with a 95.5 % passage rate in 2007 . Florida Bar Exam passing rates Bar exam date Bar passing rate February 2005 100 % ( 1st in Florida ) February 2006 86.4 % ( 3rd in Florida ) July 2006 79 % February 2007 94.4 % ( 1st in Florida ) July 2007 85.9 % February 2008 78.9 % July 2008 90.6 % ( 2nd in Florida ) February 2009 81.5 % ( 1st in Florida ) July 2009 80.9 % February 2010 71.4 % July 2010 84.2 % February 2011 88.2 % ( 2nd in Florida ) July 2011 89.6 % ( 1st in Florida ) February 2012 85.7 % ( 3rd in Florida ) July 2012 80.3 % February 2013 91.7 % July 2013 82.8 % February 2014 81.3 % ( 3rd in Florida ) July 2014 78.2 % February 2015 63 % July 2015 89 % ( 1st in Florida ) February 2016 84.6 % ( 1st in Florida ) July 2016 87.5 % ( 1st in Florida ) February 2017 78.9 % ( 2nd in Florida ) July 2017 87.8 % ( 1st in Florida ) February 2018 85 % ( 1st in Florida ) MPRE passing rates MPRE exam date MPRE passing rate February 2006 90 % July 2006 80 % February 2007 91.7 % ( 2nd in Florida ) July 2007 95.5 % ( 1st in Florida ) July 2008 90.6 % February 2009 82.9 % July 2009 81.4 % February 2010 86.1 % July 2010 85.4 % February 2011 93.9 % ( 2nd in Florida ) February 2012 95.9 % ( 2nd in Florida ) July 2012 90.6 % Admissions and tuition ( edit ) FIU College of Law admissions 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Applicants 1,901 1,887 2,071 2,129 2,675 Admits 545 551 568 492 595 % Admitted 28.6 29.1 30.1 26.2 22.2 This table does not account deferred applications or other unique situations . The College of Law only admits students during the fall to its full - time day program or its part - time evening program . Admissions is done on a rolling basis . For Fall 2016 , 1,901 students applied for admissions into the FIU College of Law , 545 were accepted , and 130 enrolled for the day program and 16 for the evening program . The Fall 2016 entering class had a median LSAT score of 156 ( out of a possible 180 points ) and a 3.64 GPA ( on a 4.0 scale ) . 62.9 % of students were ethnic minorities , and 52 % were women . The average age is 25 for the day program and 28 for the evening program . Annual tuition for in - state students in the day program is $21,407 and $14,501 for those in the evening program . Annual tuition for out - of - state students in the day program is $35,650 and $24,150 for those in the evening program . Specialty programs ( edit ) Specialty programs ( edit ) International and Comparative Law Program Legal Skills and Values Board Board of Advocates Community Service Board Trial Advocacy Program Faculty and administration ( edit ) Administration ( edit ) Dr. Tawia Ansah , Acting Dean ( after R. Alexander Acosta was appointed by President Donald Trump to serve as United States Secretary of Labor ) . Faculty ( edit ) The FIU College of Law has about 30 full - time faculty members ( including the Dean and the Associate Dean for Academics , both of whom teach on an occasional basis ) , and also has various visiting professors who teach subjects within their areas of expertise . Founding faculty ( edit ) The founding faculty are the professors who came to the University before it was opened to students . Under Strickman 's guidance ( and with the added incentive of South Florida 's temperate climate ) , the College of Law recruited a highly experienced founding faculty that included : Thomas E. Baker , professor of Constitutional law Jorge Esquirol , professor of International law , who had previously been Director of Academic Affairs in the Harvard Law School Graduate Program . Elizabeth Price Foley , professor of Civil procedure and Constitutional law . Aya Gruber , professor of Criminal law , who had assisted Alan Dershowitz during the O.J. Simpson case before becoming a public defender in Washington , D.C. Mathew C. Mirow , professor of Property law and legal historian Ediberto Roman , professor of Contract law , and author of numerous articles and a book on the disenfranchisement of residents of the United States ' inhabited Insular possessions In addition , Professor John Stack already a long - time professor of political science at FIU before the foundation of the law school , and director of the Jack D. Gordon Public Policy Institute , became a jointly - appointed faculty member in the College of Law and the Political Science department . Notable faculty ( edit ) While many members of the College of Law faculty are known and well - published within the legal community , several are particularly notable . Stanley Fish was hired to a five - year contract , as the Davidson - Kahn Distinguished University Professor of Humanities and Law in June 2005 . Jerry W. Markham authored textbooks on various topics , and one of the most thorough and extensive treatises on the history of securities regulation , before coming to FIU . He teaches in the areas of business organizations , banking , securities , international litigation , and international business transactions . Henry Latimer , also a visiting professor who taught Alternative Dispute Resolution , was formerly a judge , and was in line to become the first African - American president of the Florida Bar Association when he was killed in a car accident in the Spring of 2005 . Notable Adjunct Faculty ( edit ) Judge Adalberto Jordan of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit Judge Angel A. Cortiñas of the Florida Third District Court of Appeal Former Judge Juan Ramirez , Jr. of the Florida Third District Court of Appeal Judge Robert N. Scola , Jr. of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida Students ( edit ) A view of the main entrance to Rafael Díaz - Balart Hall , home of the FIU College of Law . The Florida International University College of Law opened with a class of 67 full - time and 60 part - time students . LSAT and GPA scores placed the inaugural class around the middle of Florida 's 11 law schools . The first graduate was Rosann Spiegel , also a previous FIU alumnus , who finished the program a semester ahead of schedule . Spiegel graduated in December 2004 and passed the February 2005 bar examination - briefly making FIU the only law school in the country with a 100 % bar passage rate . In January 2010 , FIU College of Law students placed first among the Southeastern States Regional American Bar Association negotiation competition . Students also placed second in the Zehmer Mock Trial Competition and second on the brief at the Skadden Arps International FDI moot competition . The student body has also formed a Law Review and a Moot Court team , as well as a Student Bar Association and other student organizations , such as a chapter of the Federalist Society , a student newspaper called `` Ipsissima Verba '' , and a Sports and Entertainment Law Society ( SELS ) . Currently , the institution has about 450 students , including part - time and full - time first , second , and third year students . Eventually , the school is projected to have a capacity of about 600 students at a time . FIU Law Review ( edit ) Established in 2004 , the FIU Law Review is the law school 's official student law review . The FIU Law Review is committed to facilitate FIU Law 's growth and impact in the legal community . The Review organizes two symposia and publishes two symposium - based issues annually ( Fall and Spring ) . Articles Editors and Staff Members also write about current changes in the law on the Law Review 's blog . Recently , the Law Review held a symposium on separation of powers . Previously , the Review has held symposia about religion and the law , aviation and space law , layers of law and social order , and immigration law . Curriculum ( edit ) The FIU College of Law is unique among American law schools in that it requires all students to take a course entitled An Introduction to International and Comparative Law during their first year . Other required first year courses are more typical - Constitutional law , Torts , and Contracts in the first semester , Criminal law , Civil Procedure , and Property in the second , and legal writing classes ( called Legal Skills and Values , or simply LSV ) throughout . However , each of the substantive classes also dedicates a portion of its discussion to international and comparative issues in that area of law . Upper level requirements also include an additional course relating to international law , an additional LSV class , a writing seminar , and a course in Professional Responsibility . Clinical programs ( edit ) The FIU College of Law offers six in - house clinics : The Carlos A. Costa Immigration and Human Rights Clinic The Community Development Clinic Consumer Bankruptcy Clinic Family Law and Education Advocacy Clinic The H.E.L.P. ( Health , Ethics , Law and Policy ) Clinic , and the Education Advocacy Clinic . The Immigrant Children 's Justice Clinic The Investor Advocacy Clinic Facilities ( edit ) Rafael Díaz - Balart Hall The Florida International University College of Law operates out of the Rafael Díaz - Ballart Hall , designed by renowned architect Robert A.M. Stern . A groundbreaking ceremony was held for the law school 's building on May 22 , 2005 ( the same day as the inaugural commencement ) . $34 million was budgeted for the construction of the facility . The new building is also on the University Park campus , across from the FIU Arena and adjacent to the Recreation Center and a 1,000 - car parking garage . On - campus housing is available for graduate students in the College of Law at the University Park Towers and the University Park Apartments through the graduate housing community . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://law.fiu.edu/faculty/administration/ Jump up ^ http://panthernow.com/2017/05/25/college-of-law-appoints-new-acting-dean/ ^ Jump up to : `` Fiulaw factsheet 2015 '' . Issuu . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FIU Law Faculty Directory - Law '' . law.fiu.edu . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : ( subscription required ) `` U. SNewsWorldReport '' . Jump up ^ `` July 2017 General Bar Examination Overall Method '' . Florida Board of Bar Examiners . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Board of Bar Examiners - Examination Results FAQ 's and Statistics '' . www.floridabarexam.org . ^ Jump up to : `` FIU Law School with highest passing rate in Florida '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` FIU Law Grads Achieve Top Bar Pass Rate in Florida '' . law.lawnet.fiu.edu . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Employment Summary Report '' . Jump up ^ `` Best Law School Rankings - Law Program Rankings - US News '' . rankingsandreviews.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Best Part Time Law Programs - Top Law Schools - US News Best Graduate Schools '' . rankingsandreviews.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` FIU Law ranked Top 10 Best Value School '' . law.lawnet.fiu.edu . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Morales , Laura ( April 17 , 2007 ) . `` FIU Law Students Tops on Bar '' . p . B2 . Retrieved April 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Best Graduate Schools - Education - US News and World Report '' . Usnews.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Florida International University Profile '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Florida Board of Bar Examiners released the results for first - time takers of the February 2010 '' . sunethics.com . Archived from the original on 21 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Law admission rates '' ( PDF ) . Official site . 2009 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` ADMISSIONS BY STUDENT TYPE '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : FIU fact sheet 2010 - 11 Jump up ^ `` 2010 Fact Book '' ( PDF ) . opir.fiu.edu . Jump up ^ `` Danko Law LLC '' . dankolawllc.com . Jump up ^ `` Financial Aid '' . FIU College of Law . Retrieved 19 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Aid '' . FIU College of Law . Retrieved 19 March 2018 . Jump up ^ https://law.fiu.edu/faculty/administration/ Jump up ^ http://panthernow.com/2017/05/25/college-of-law-appoints-new-acting-dean/ Jump up ^ `` LSAT Test Prep on Web and Mobile - LSATMax '' . LSATMax . Jump up ^ `` Florida International University Alumni '' . Fiualumni.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Stop Spammers '' . fiualumni.com . Jump up ^ `` President Rosenberg updates university community , answers questions at open forum '' . FIU News . Jump up ^ `` FIU Law Review -- Florida International University College of Law '' . fiulawreview.fiu.edu . Jump up ^ `` FIU Law Review - Florida International University College of Law '' . ecollections.law.fiu.edu . Jump up ^ `` FIU Law Review Archives - Law '' . law.fiu.edu . Jump up ^ `` FIU Law Review hosts Separation of Powers Symposium - Law '' . law.fiu.edu . Jump up ^ `` FIU Law Review hosts Religion and the Law Symposium - Law '' . law.fiu.edu . Jump up ^ `` Aviation and Space Law -- Spring 2015 -- FIU Law Review '' . fiulawreview.fiu.edu . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Layers of Law -- Fall 2014 -- FIU Law Review '' . fiulawreview.fiu.edu . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Immigration Symposium at FIU ... '' . Nuestras Voces Latinas . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Help for victims of shady miamiherald.com External links ( edit ) Official website Florida International University Located in : University Park , Florida Academic Colleges School of Architecture College of Arts and Sciences College of Business College of Education College of Engineering and Computing Honors College School of Hospitality & Tourism Management College of Law College of Medicine College of Nursing and Health Sciences School of Journalism and Mass Communication Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work Campuses University Park Biscayne Bay Campus MAST @ FIU Mourning Senior High FIU Tianjin Center FIU Pines Center Research units National Hurricane Center Engineering Center People Alumni Athletics FIU Panthers Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Football Soccer Riccardo Silva Stadium FIU Arena FIU Baseball Stadium Conference USA FIU Fight Song Shula Bowl Student Life Greek Life Housing University Park University Traditions Media Hospitality Review The Beacon FIUSM.com Radiate FM Culture Food Network South Beach Wine and Food Festival Frost Art Museum Wolfsonian - FIU Founded : 1965 Students : 54,099 Endowment : 177 million Law schools of the Southeastern United States Alabama Birmingham School of Law Cumberland School of Law ( Samford Univ . ) Miles Law School Thomas Goode Jones School of Law ( Faulkner Univ . ) University of Alabama School of Law Arkansas University of Arkansas School of Law William H. 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Humphreys School of Law ( Univ. of Memphis ) Duncan School of Law ( Lincoln Memorial Univ . ) Nashville School of Law University of Tennessee College of Law Vanderbilt University Law School Coordinates : 25 ° 45 ′ 25 '' N 80 ° 22 ′ 40 '' W / 25.75690 ° N 80.37780 ° W / 25.75690 ; - 80.37780 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florida_International_University_College_of_Law&oldid=838081638 '' Categories : Florida International University ABA - accredited law schools in Florida Educational institutions established in 2000 2000 establishments in Florida Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 20 : 21 . About Wikipedia | florida international university law school ranking us news | [
"The 2017 U.S. News & World Report's \"Best Law School Rankings\" ranked the FIU College of Law at 100[5] in the United States. This represents an increase of more than 51 spots since 2009."
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-6422815315583024240 | Rattlesnake | Rattlesnake - wikipedia Rattlesnake For other uses , see Rattlesnake ( disambiguation ) and Rattler ( disambiguation ) . Rattlesnake Crotalus cerastes Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Subphylum : Vertebrata Class : Reptilia Order : Squamata Suborder : Serpentes Family : Viperidae Subfamily : Crotalinae Genera Crotalus Linnaeus , 1758 Sistrurus Garman , 1883 Rattlesnakes are a group of venomous snakes of the genera Crotalus and Sistrurus of the subfamily Crotalinae ( the pit vipers ) . The scientific name Crotalus is derived from the Greek κρόταλον , meaning `` castanet '' . The name Sistrurus is the Latinized form of the Greek word for `` tail rattler '' ( Σείστρουρος , seistrouros ) and shares its root with the ancient Egyptian musical instrument the sistrum , a type of rattle . The 36 known species of rattlesnakes have between 65 and 70 subspecies , all native to the Americas , ranging from southern Alberta and Saskatchewan and southern British Columbia in Canada to central Argentina . Rattlesnakes are predators that live in a wide array of habitats , hunting small animals such as birds and rodents . Rattlesnakes receive their name from the rattle located at the end of their tails , which makes a loud rattling noise when vibrated that deters predators or serves as a warning to passers - by . However , rattlesnakes fall prey to hawks , weasels , king snakes , and a variety of other species . Rattlesnakes are heavily preyed upon as neonates , while they are still weak and immature . Large numbers of rattlesnakes are killed by humans . Rattlesnake populations in many areas are severely threatened by habitat destruction , poaching , and extermination campaigns . Rattlesnakes are the leading contributor to snakebite injuries in North America . However , rattlesnakes rarely bite unless provoked or threatened ; if treated promptly , the bites are seldom fatal . Contents 1 Ecology 1.1 Range and habitat 1.2 Prey 1.3 Predators 2 Anatomy 2.1 Sensory organs 2.1. 1 Heat - sensing pits 2.1. 2 Eyes 2.1. 3 Smell 2.1. 4 Auditory system 2.2 Fangs 2.3 Venom 2.4 Rattle 2.5 Skin and circulation 3 Reproduction 4 Brumation 5 Conservation status 6 Safety and first aid 6.1 Avoiding bites 6.2 Effect of bites on humans 7 Antivenin 7.1 Veterinary care 8 In human culture 8.1 Spirituality 8.1. 1 Indigenous Americans 8.1. 2 Christian snake handling sects 8.2 As food 8.3 Symbolism 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Ecology Range and habitat Western diamondback rattlesnake ( Crotalus atrox ) , responsible for the majority of venomous snakebites in North America , coiled in defensive posture with rattle erect Rattlesnakes are native to the Americas , living in diverse habitats from southwestern Canada to central Argentina . The large majority of species lives in the American Southwest and Mexico . Four species may be found east of the Mississippi River , and two in South America . In the United States , the states with the most types of rattlesnakes are Texas and Arizona . Rattlesnakes are found in almost every type of habitat capable of supporting terrestrial ectothermic vertebrates , but individual species can have extremely specific habitat requirements , only able to live within certain plant associations in a narrow range of altitudes . Most species live near open , rocky areas . Rocks offer them cover from predators , plentiful prey ( e.g. rodents , lizards , insects , etc. that live amidst the rocks ) , and open basking areas . However , rattlesnakes can also be found in a wide variety of other habitats including prairies , marshes , deserts , and forests . Rattlesnakes prefer a temperature range between 80 and 90 ° F ( 26 and 32 ° C ) , but can survive temperatures below freezing , recovering from brief exposure to temperatures as low as 4 ° F ( − 16 ° C ) , and surviving for several days in temperatures as low as 37 ° F ( 3 ° C ) . The most probable ancestral area of rattlesnakes is the Sierra Madre Occidental region in Mexico . The most probable vegetation or habitat of the ancestral area appears to be pine - oak forests . Feeding habits play an important ecological role by limiting the size of rodent populations , which prevents crop damage and stabilizes ecosystems . Prey Rattlesnakes consume mice , rats , small birds , and other small animals . They lie in wait for their prey , or hunt for it in holes . The prey is killed quickly with a venomous bite as opposed to constriction . If the bitten prey moves away before dying , the rattlesnake can follow it by its scent . When it locates the fallen prey , it checks for signs of life by prodding with its snout , flicking its tongue , and using its sense of smell . Once the prey has become incapacitated , the rattlesnake locates its head by odors emitted from the mouth . The prey is then ingested head - first , which allows wings and limbs to fold at the joints in a manner which minimizes the girth of the meal . The gastric fluids of rattlesnakes are extremely powerful , allowing for the digestion of flesh , as well as bone . Optimal digestion occurs when the snake maintains a body temperature between 80 and 85 ° F ( 25 and 29 ° C ) . If the prey is small , the rattlesnake often continues hunting . If it was an adequate meal , the snake finds a warm , safe location in which to coil up and rest until the prey is digested . Rattlesnakes are believed to require at least their own body weight in water annually to remain hydrated . The method in which they drink depends on the water source . In larger bodies of water ( streams , ponds , etc . ) , they submerge their heads and ingest water by opening and closing their jaws , which sucks in water . If drinking dew , or drinking from small puddles , they sip the liquid either by capillary action or by flattening and flooding their lower jaws . Predators Newborn rattlesnakes are heavily preyed upon by a variety of species , including ravens , crows , roadrunners , raccoons , opossums , skunks , coyotes , weasels , whipsnakes , kingsnakes , and racers . Neonates of the smaller crotaline species are frequently killed and eaten by small predatory birds such as jays , kingfishers , and shrikes . Some species of ants in the genus Formica are known to prey upon neonates , and Solenopsis invicta ( fire ants ) likely do , as well . On occasion , hungry adult rattlesnakes cannibalize neonates . The small proportion ( often as few as 20 % ) of rattlesnakes that make it to their second year are heavily preyed upon by a variety of larger predators including coyotes , eagles , hawks , owls , falcons , feral pigs , badgers , indigo snakes , and kingsnakes . The common kingsnake ( Lampropeltis getula ) , a constrictor , is immune to the venom of rattlesnakes and other vipers , and rattlesnakes form part of its natural diet . Rattlesnakes sense kingsnakes ' presence by their odor . When they realize a kingsnake is nearby , they begin enacting a set of defensive postures known as `` body bridging '' . Unlike its normal erect and coiled defensive - striking posture , the rattlesnake keeps its head low to the ground in an attempt to prevent the kingsnake from gaining a hold on it ( the head being the first part of the rattlesnake to be ingested ) . The rattlesnake jerks its body about , while bridging its back upwards , forming an elevated coil which faces the kingsnake . The elevated coil is used to strike the attacker , and is also used to shield the head from the kingsnake . Anatomy Sensory organs Timber rattlesnake ( Crotalus horridus ) with clearly visible facial pits Like all pit vipers , rattlesnakes have two organs that can sense radiation : their eyes , and a set of heat - sensing `` pits '' on their faces that enable them to locate prey and move towards it , based on the prey 's thermal radiation signature . These pits have a relatively short effective range of about 1 ft , but give the rattlesnake a distinctive advantage in hunting for warm - blooded creatures at night . Heat - sensing pits Aside from this pair of simple eyes , rattlesnakes are able to detect thermal radiation emitted by warm - blooded organisms in their environment . Functioning optically like a pinhole camera eye , thermal radiation , in the form of infrared wavelength light , enters , passes through the opening of the pit and strikes the pit membrane located in the back wall , warming this part of the organ . Due to the extremely high density of these heat - sensitive receptors innervating this membrane , the rattlesnake can detect temperature changes of 0.003 ° C or less in its immediate surroundings . Infrared cues from these receptors are transmitted to the brain by the trigeminal nerve , where they are used to create thermal maps of the snake 's surroundings . Due to the small sizes of the pit openings , typically these thermals images are low in resolution and contrast . Nevertheless , rattlesnakes superimpose visual images created from information from the eyes with these thermal images from the pit organs to more accurately visualize their surroundings in low levels of light . Research conducted recently on the molecular mechanism of this ability suggests the temperature sensitivity of these pit organs is closely linked to the activity of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 , a temperature - sensitive ion channel saturated in the pit membrane . Eyes Rattlesnake eyes , which contain a large number of rod cells , are well adapted to nocturnal use . However , rattlesnakes are not exclusively nocturnal , and their vision is more acute during daylight conditions . Rattlesnakes also possess cone cells , which means they are capable of some form of color vision . The rattlesnake eye lacks a fovea , making it impossible for them to see sharply defined images . Instead , they mostly rely on the perception of movement . Rattlesnake eyes are capable of horizontal rotation , but they do not appear to move their eyeballs to follow moving objects . Smell Rattlesnakes have an exceptionally keen sense of smell . They can sense olfactory stimuli both through their nostrils and by flicking their tongues , which carry scent - bearing particles to the Jacobson 's organs in the roof of their mouths . Auditory system Like all snakes , rattlesnakes lack external ear openings , and the structures of their middle ear are not as highly specialized as those of other vertebrates , such as mammals . Thus , their sense of hearing is not very effective , but they are capable of sensing vibrations in the ground , passed by the skeleton to the auditory nerve . Fangs Rattlesnake skull Rattlesnake fangs are connected by venom ducts to large venom glands near the outer edge of the upper jaw , towards the rear of the head . When the rattlesnake bites , muscles on the sides of the venom glands contract , which squeezes the venom through the ducts and into the fangs . When the fangs are not in use , they remain folded against the palate . Rattlesnakes are born with fully functioning fangs and venom , and are capable of killing prey at birth . Adult rattlesnakes shed their fangs every 6 -- 10 weeks . At least three pairs of replacement fangs lie behind the functional pair . Venom The venom is hemotoxic , destroying tissue , causing necrosis and coagulopathy ( disrupted blood clotting ) . In the U.S. , the tiger rattlesnake ( C. tigris ) and some varieties of the Mojave rattlesnake ( C. scutulatus ) also have a presynaptic neurotoxic venom component known as Mojave type A toxin , which can cause severe paralysis . Although it has a comparatively low venom yield , the venom toxicity of C. tigris is considered to be among the highest of all rattlesnake venoms , and among the highest of all snakes in the Western Hemisphere based on LD studies conducted on laboratory mice . C. scutulatus is also widely regarded as producing one of the most toxic snake venoms in the Americas , based on LD studies in laboratory mice . Rattlesnake venom is a mixture of five to 15 enzymes , various metal ions , biogenic amines , lipids , free amino acids , proteins , and polypeptides . It contains components designed to immobilize and disable the prey , as well as digestive enzymes which break down tissue to prepare for later ingestion . The venom is very stable , and retains its toxicity for many years in storage . Older snakes possess more potent venom , and larger snakes are frequently capable of storing larger volumes of it . Rattle Rattlesnake rattle Drawing of the rattle Rattlesnake The characteristic sound of a rattlesnake - the rattle shaking , as a result of extremely rapid tail movement Problems playing this file ? See media help . According to Rubio , `` The most widely accepted hypothesis for the evolution of the rattle is that the rattle is a warning device for predatory animals that might be a threat to the rattlesnake . It produces a signal to drive them away . '' The rattle is composed of a series of hollow , interlocked segments made of keratin , which are created by modifying the scales that cover the tip of the tail . The contraction of special `` shaker '' muscles in the tail causes these segments to vibrate against one another , making the rattling noise ( which is amplified because the segments are hollow ) in a behavior known as tail vibration . The muscles that cause the rattle to shake are some of the fastest known , firing 50 times per second on average , sustained for up to three hours . At birth , a `` prebutton '' is present at the tip of the snake 's tail ; it is replaced by the `` button '' several days later when the first skin is shed . However , no sound can be made by the rattle until a second segment is added when the skin is shed again . A new rattle segment is added each time the snake sheds its skin , and the snake may shed its skin several times a year , depending on food supply and growth rate . Rattlesnakes travel with their rattles held up to protect them from damage , but in spite of this precaution , their day - to - day activities in the wild still cause them to regularly break off end segments . Because of this , the age of a rattlesnake is not related to the number of rattles on its tail . One of the differentiating features of males and females is the males have thicker and longer tails ( because they contain the inverted hemipenes ) . Also , the tails of males taper gradually from the body , whereas the tails of females narrow abruptly at the vent . Skin and circulation Rattlesnake skin has a set of overlapping scales which cover the entire body , providing protection from a variety of threats including dehydration and physical trauma . The typical rattlesnake , genus Crotalus , has the top of its head covered with small scales , except , with a few species , a few crowded plates directly over the snout . The skin of snakes is highly sensitive to contact , tension , and pressure ; they are capable of feeling pain . An important function of the skin is the sensation of changes in air temperature , which can guide the snakes towards warm basking / shelter locations . All snakes are ectotherms . To maintain a stable body temperature , they exchange heat with their external environments . Snakes often move into open , sunny areas to absorb heat from the sun and warmed earth , a behavior known as basking . Nerves in the skin regulate the flow of blood into the veins near the surface . Rubio states , `` The skin 's acceptance of radiant energy , its ability to determine the temperature , and the snake 's ability to move toward or away from one temperature gradient to another are among the most important behavioral actions in its daily life . '' The skin of rattlesnakes is intricately patterned in a manner that camouflages them from their predators . Rattlesnakes do not generally have bright or showy colors ( reds , yellows , blues , etc . ) , instead relying on subtle earth tones that resemble the surrounding environment . Creases in the epidermal tissue connect the scales of rattlesnakes . When ingesting large prey , these creases can unfold , allowing the skin to expand to envelop a much greater volume . The skin appears to tightly stretch to accommodate the meal , but in reality , the skin is simply smoothing out from its creased state and is not under very high tension . Reproduction Two male Northern Pacific rattlesnakes ( C. oreganus oreganus ) engage in a `` combat dance '' Everted hemipenis of a male C. adamanteus Most rattlesnake species mate during the summer or fall , while some species mate only in the spring , or during both the spring and fall . Females secrete small amounts of sex pheromones , which leave a trail the males follow using their tongues and Jacobson 's organs as guides . Once a receptive female has been located , the male often spends several days following her around ( a behavior not common outside of the mating season ) , frequently touching and rubbing her in an attempt to stimulate her . The males of some species , such as timber rattlesnakes ( C. horridus ) , fight each other during the mating season , in competition over females . These fights known as `` combat dances '' consist of the two males intertwining the anterior portion of their bodies , often with their heads and necks held vertically . The larger males usually end up driving the smaller males away . Although many kinds of snakes and other reptiles are oviparous ( lay eggs ) , rattlesnakes are ovoviviparous ( give birth to live young after carrying eggs inside ) . The female produces the ova ( `` eggs '' ) in her ovaries , after which they pass through the body cavity and into one of her two oviducts . The ova are arranged in a continuous chain in a coiled section of the oviduct , known as the `` tuba '' . Male rattlesnakes have sexual organs known as hemipenes , located in the base of the tail . The hemipenis is retracted inside of the body when mating is not occurring . Females can store semen for months in internal recesses known as spermathecae , which permits them to mate during the fall , but not fertilize the ova until the following spring . The Arizona black rattlesnake ( C. oreganus cerberus ) , has been observed to exhibit complex social behavior reminiscent of that in mammals . Females often remain with their young in nests for several weeks , and mothers have been observed cooperatively parenting their broods . Rattlesnakes generally take several years to mature , and females usually reproduce only once every three years . Brumation In the colder winter months , some rattlesnake species enter a period of brumation , which is dormancy similar to hibernation . They often gather together for brumation in large numbers ( sometimes over 1,000 snakes ) , huddling together inside underground `` rattlesnake dens '' or hibernacula . Rattlesnakes regularly share their winter burrows with a wide variety of other species ( such as turtles , small mammals , invertebrates , and other types of snakes ) . Rattlesnakes often return to the same den , year after year , sometimes traveling several miles to get there . It is not known exactly how the rattlesnakes find their way back to the dens each year , but may use a combination of pheromone trails and visual cues ( e.g. , topography , celestial navigation , and solar orientation ) . Species with long periods of brumation tend to have much lower reproductive rates than those with shorter brumation periods , or those that do not brumate all . Female timber rattlesnakes in high peaks in the Appalachian Mountains of New England reproduce every three years on average ; the lance - headed rattlesnake ( C. polystictus ) , native to the warm climate of Mexico , reproduces annually . Like most other snakes , rattlesnakes aestivate during very hot or dry periods , which is why they are rarely seen during the hottest and driest months of summer . Conservation status Rattlesnakes tend to avoid developed areas , preferring undisturbed , natural habitats . Rapid habitat destruction by humans , mass killings during events such as rattlesnake round - ups , and deliberate extermination campaigns all pose threats to rattlesnake populations in many areas . Several species of rattlesnakes , such as the timber rattlesnake , massasauga , and canebrake rattlesnake , are listed as threatened or endangered in many U.S. states . A large number of rattlesnakes die from being run over by cars . In more heavily populated and trafficked areas , reports have been increasing of rattlesnakes that do not rattle . This phenomenon is commonly attributed to selective pressure by humans , who often kill the snakes when they are discovered . Non-rattling snakes are more likely to go unnoticed , so survive to reproduce offspring that , like themselves , are less likely to rattle . Safety and first aid A rattlesnake warning sign in California Rattlesnakes are the leading cause of snakebite injuries in North America and a significant cause in Central and South America . Avoiding bites Rattlesnakes tend to avoid wide - open spaces where they can not hide from predators , and generally avoid humans if they are aware of their approach . Rattlesnakes rarely bite unless they feel threatened or provoked . A majority of victims ( about 72 % ) are males , often young and intoxicated . Around half of bites occur in cases where the victim saw the snake , yet made no effort to move away . Caution is advised even when snakes are believed to be dead ; rattlesnake heads can see , flick the tongue , and inflict venomous bites for up to an hour after being severed from the body . Effect of bites on humans An estimated 7,000 to 8,000 people are bitten by venomous snakes in the United States each year , with about five deaths . The most important factor in survival following a severe envenomation is the time elapsed between the bite and treatment . Most deaths occur between six and 48 hours after the bite . If antivenom treatment is given within two hours of the bite , the probability of recovery is greater than 99 % . When a bite occurs , the amount of venom injected is under voluntary control by the snake . The amount released depends on a variety of factors , including the condition of the snake ( e.g. , having long , healthy fangs and a full venom sack ) and its temperament ( an angry , hungry snake that has just been stepped on vs. a satiated snake that was merely surprised by walking near it ) . About 20 % of bites result in no envenomation at all . A lack of burning pain and edema ⁄ in ( 1 cm ) away from the fang marks after one hour suggests either no or minimal envenomation occurred . A lack of edema or erythema in the area of the bite after eight hours indicates a lack of envenomation for most rattlesnake bites . Common symptoms include swelling , severe pain , tingling , weakness , anxiety , nausea and vomiting , hemorrhaging , perspiration , and eventually heart failure . Local pain following envenomation is often intense , increasing with the ensuing edema . Children generally experience more severe symptoms because they receive a larger amount of venom per unit of body mass . Antivenin Antivenin , often referred to as antivenom , is commonly used to treat the effects of local and systemic pit viper envenomations . The first step in the production of crotaline antivenin is collecting ( `` milking '' ) the venom of a live rattlesnake -- usually from the western diamondback ( Crotalus atrox ) , eastern diamondback ( Crotalus adamanteus ) , South American rattlesnake ( Crotalus durissis terrificus ) , or fer - de-lance ( Bothrops atrox ) . The extracted venom is then diluted and injected into horses , goats , or sheep , whose immune systems produce antibodies that protect from the toxic effects of the venom . These antibodies accumulate in the blood , which is then extracted and centrifuged to separate the red blood cells . The resulting serum is purified into a lyophilized powder , which is packaged for distribution and later use by human patients . Because antivenin is derived from animal antibodies , people generally display an allergic response during infusion , known as serum sickness . Veterinary care In the United States , more than 15,000 domesticated animals are bitten by snakes each year . Rattlesnake envenomations account for 80 % of the deadly incidents . Dogs are most commonly bitten on the front legs and head . Horses generally receive bites on the muzzle , and cattle on their tongues and muzzles . If a domesticated animal is bitten , the hair around the bite should be removed , so the wound can be clearly seen . The crotaline Fab antivenin has been shown to be effective in the treatment of canine rattlesnake bites . Symptoms include swelling , slight bleeding , sensitivity , shaking , and anxiety . In human culture Spirituality Stone sculptures of feathered serpents on display at the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City Indigenous Americans Aztec paintings , Central American temples , and the great burial mounds in the southeastern United States are frequently adorned with depictions of rattlesnakes , often within the symbols and emblems of the most powerful deities . The Feathered Serpent of Mesoamerican religion was depicted as having the combined features of the quetzal and rattlesnake . The Ancient Maya considered the rattlesnake to be a `` vision serpent '' that acted as a conduit to the `` otherworld '' . Rattlesnakes are a key element in Aztec mythology and were widely represented in Aztec art , including sculptures , jewelry , and architectural elements . Christian snake handling sects Snake handling at the Pentecostal Church of God in the town of Lejunior , Harlan County , Kentucky September 15 , 1946 Further information : Snake handling Members of some Christian sects in the southern United States are regularly bitten while participating in `` snake handling '' rituals . Snake handling is when people hold venomous snakes , unprotected , as part of a religious service inspired by a literal interpretation of the Bible verses Mark 16 : 17 - 18 which reads , `` In my name ... they will pick up snakes with their hands '' . As food Journalist Alistair Cooke claimed that rattlesnake tastes `` just like chicken , only tougher '' . Others have compared the flavor to a wide range of other meats , including veal , frog , tortoise , quail , fish , rabbit , and even canned tuna . Methods of preparation include barbecueing and frying ; author Maud Newton , following a recipe by Harry Crews , described the taste , `` at least when breaded and fried , like a sinewy , half - starved tilapia . '' Symbolism The rattlesnake became a symbolic animal for the Colonials during the Revolutionary War period , and is depicted prominently on the Gadsden Flag . It continues to be used as a symbol by the United States military , and political movements within the United States . See also List of rattlesnake species and subspecies List of crotaline species and subspecies References ^ Jump up to : Price , Andrew H. ( 2009 ) . Venomous Snakes of Texas : A Field Guide . University of Texas Press . pp. 38 -- 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 71967 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kini , R. Manjunatha et al. , eds. ( 2011 ) . Toxins and Hemostasis . Springer 2011 . p. 99 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 9294 - 6 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Fox , William Sherwood ( 1988 ) . The Bruce beckons : the story of Lake Huron 's great peninsula . University of Toronto Press . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 6007 - 5 . Jump up ^ Barceloux , 2008 : p. 1026 Jump up ^ Willis Lamm . `` RATTLESNAKE ! '' . Jump up ^ Rubio , 1998 : p. 24 Jump up ^ Rubio , 1998 : p. 71 Jump up ^ Place , Arron J ; Abramson , Charles I. ( 2004 ) . `` A Quantitative Analysis of the Ancestral Area of Rattlesnakes '' . Journal of Herpetology. 38 ( 1 ) : 151 -- 156 . doi : 10.1670 / 103 - 03N . Jump up ^ Rubio , 1998 : pp. 161 , 163 Jump up ^ Klauber , 1997 : p. 612 Jump up ^ Klauber , 1997 : p. 387 Jump up ^ Klauber , 1997 : p. 834 Jump up ^ Parker , M. Rockwell & Kardong , Kenneth V. ( 2005 ) . `` Rattlesnakes can use airborne cues during post-strike prey relocation '' . In Mason , Robert T. et al. Chemical signals in vertebrates 10 . Springer . p. 397 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 25159 - 2 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Rubio , 1998 : p. 81 Jump up ^ Rubio , 1998 : p. 83 Jump up ^ Rubio , 1998 : p. 87 ^ Jump up to : Rubio , 1998 : p. 120 Jump up ^ Rubio , 1998 : p. 59 -- Knowledge that rattlesnakes are so afraid of kingsnakes ' odor led to the development of effective synthetic rattlesnake repellents . Jump up ^ Rubio , 1998 : p. 59 -- This behavior is believed to be unique to crotaline species . Jump up ^ Klauber , 1997 : pp. 401 - 402 Jump up ^ Furman , 2007 : p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Rubio , 1998 : p. 67 ^ Jump up to : Klauber , 1997 : pp. 384 - 389 Jump up ^ Flaubert , 1997 : pp. 384 - 389 Jump up ^ Furman , 2007 : p. 9 ^ Jump up to : Cetaruk , Edward W. ( 2005 ) . `` Rattlesnakes and Other Crotalids '' . In Brent , Jeffrey . Critical care toxicology : diagnosis and management of the critically poisoned patient . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 1075 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8151 - 4387 - 1 . Jump up ^ Vitts , Laurie J. ( 1999 ) . `` Rattlesnake '' . In Mares , Michael A. et al. Encyclopedia of deserts . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 468 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3146 - 7 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Klauber , 1997 : p. 773 Jump up ^ See also Klauber , 1997 : p. 829 ^ Jump up to : Barceloux , 2008 : p. 1028 ^ Jump up to : Schoenherr , Allan A. ( 1995 ) . A Natural History of California . University of California Press . p. 510 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 06922 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lessenger , James E. , ed. ( 2006 ) . Agricultural medicine : a practical guide . Birkhäuser . p. 447 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 25425 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Luch , Andreas , ed. ( 2010 ) . Molecular , Clinical and Environmental Toxicology. 2 . Springer . p. 267 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7643 - 8337 - 4 . Jump up ^ Weinstein and Smith ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Glenn , J.L. , R.C. Straight. 1982 . The rattlesnakes and their venom yield and lethal toxicity . In : Tu , A. ( ed ) Rattlesnake Venoms , Their Actions and Treatment . New York : Marcel Dekker , Inc . ^ Jump up to : Gupta , Ramesh Chandra , ed. ( 2007 ) . Veterinary toxicology : basic and clinical principles . Academic Press . pp. 800 -- 801 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 370467 - 2 . Jump up ^ Rubio , 1998 : p. 56 Jump up ^ Burton , Maurice & Burton , Robert , eds. ( 1970 ) . `` Rattlesnake '' . The international wildlife encyclopedia , Volume 1 . Marshall Cavendish . p. 2119 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 7266 - 7 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Fergus , Charles ( 2003 ) . Wildlife of Virginia and Maryland and Washington , Part 3 . Stackpole Books . p. 460 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 2821 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Graham , Karen S. ( 2001 ) . `` Rattlesnake '' . In Bell , Catharine E. Encyclopedia of the world 's zoos , Volume 3 . Taylor & Francis . p. 1040 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57958 - 174 - 9 . Jump up ^ American International Rattlesnake Museum : Rattles , ( Accessed : May 4 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Klauber , 1997 : p. 690 Jump up ^ Rubio , 1998 : p. 48 Jump up ^ Ditmars , Raymond L. `` Reptiles of the World '' The MacMillan Company , New York , 1936 , p. 255 ^ Jump up to : Rubio , 1998 : p. 69 ^ Jump up to : Adams , Clark E. & Thomas , John K. ( 2008 ) . Texas Rattlesnake Roundups . Texas A&M University Press . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60344 - 035 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rubio , 1998 : p. 38 Jump up ^ Rubio , 1998 : p. 39 Jump up ^ Rubio , 1998 : p. 50 ^ Jump up to : Rubio , 1998 : p. 106 ^ Jump up to : Rubio , 1998 : p. 110 Jump up ^ Klauber , 1997 : p. 702 Jump up ^ Furman , 2007 : p. 32 Jump up ^ Rubio , 1998 : p. 109 Jump up ^ `` Wildlife Guide - National Wildlife Federation '' . www.nwf.org . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Amerello , Melissa ; Smith , Jeffrey ; Slone , John ( 2011 ) . `` Family values : Maternal care in rattlesnakes is more than mere attendance '' . Nature Precedings . doi : 10.1038 / npre. 2011.6671. 1 . Jump up ^ Hammerson , Geoffrey A. ( 2004 ) . Connecticut wildlife : biodiversity , natural history , and conservation . UPNE . p. 328 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58465 - 369 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Rubio , 1998 : p. 96 Jump up ^ Klauber , 1997 : p. 573 Jump up ^ Rubio , 1998 : pp. 96 - 97 Jump up ^ Furman , 2005 : p. 33 Jump up ^ Rubio , 1998 : p. 100 Jump up ^ Rubio , 1998 : pp. 200 - 203 Jump up ^ Jim Herron Zamora ( June 24 , 2011 ) . `` Rattlesnake danger grows as more serpents strike without warning '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Mackessy , Stephen P. , ed. ( 2009 ) . Handbook of venoms and toxins of reptiles . CRC Press . p. 476 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 9165 - 1 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Steven J. et al. , eds. ( 2009 ) . A natural history of the Sonoran Desert . University of California Press . p. 577 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 21980 - 9 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ O'Neil ME , Mack KA , Gilchrist J , Wozniak EJ ( 2007 ) . `` Snakebite injuries treated in United States emergency departments , 2001 - 2004 '' . Wilderness Environ Med. 18 ( 4 ) : 281 -- 7 . doi : 10.1580 / 06 - WEME - OR - 080R1. 1 . PMID 18076294 . Jump up ^ Werler , John E. & Dixon , James Ray , eds. ( 2000 ) . Texas snakes : identification , distribution , and natural history . University of Texas Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 79130 - 5 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Barceloux , 2008 : p. 1027 Jump up ^ Henkel , John . `` For Goodness Snakes ! Treating and Preventing Venomous Bites '' ( PDF ) . Reptiles . USDA / emergency response . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Rubio , 1998 : p. 143 ^ Jump up to : Fleisher , Gary R. & Ludwig , Stephen , eds. ( 2010 ) . Textbook of Pediatric Emergency Medicine ( 6th ed . ) . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 1548 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60547 - 159 - 4 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Barceloux , 2008 : p. 1030 Jump up ^ Klauber , 1997 : p. 859 Jump up ^ Goldfrank , Lewis R. , ed. ( 2006 ) . Goldfrank 's toxicologic emergencies ( 8th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Professional . p. 1657 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 147914 - 1 . Jump up ^ Barceloux , 2008 : p. 1036 Jump up ^ Adams , Clark E. & Thomas , John K. ( 2008 ) . Texas Rattlesnake Roundups . Texas A&M University Press . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60344 - 035 - 6 . Jump up ^ Meier , Jürg & White , Julian , eds. ( 1995 ) . Handbook of clinical toxicology of animal venoms and poisons , Volume 236 . CRC Press . p. 639 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 4489 - 3 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Rubio , 1998 : p. 145 Jump up ^ Slatter , Douglas H. ( 2002 ) . Textbook of small animal surgery . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 267 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7216 - 8607 - 3 . Jump up ^ Browman , David L. & Williams , Stephen ( 2002 ) . New perspectives on the origins of Americanist archaeology . University of Alabama Press . p. 99 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8173 - 1128 - 5 . Jump up ^ Read , Kay A. & González , Jason J. , eds. ( 2002 ) . `` Feathered Serpents '' . Mesoamerican Mythology : A Guide to the Gods , Heroes , Rituals , and Beliefs of Mexico and Central America . Oxford University Press . p. 180 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514909 - 8 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Foster , Lynn V. & Mathews , Peter , eds. ( 2005 ) . `` Maya Geography and Mythology '' . Handbook to life in the ancient Maya world . Oxford University Press . p. 91 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518363 - 4 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ For a more detailed study of snake handling sects , see Kimbrough , David L. ( 2002 ) . Taking up serpents : snake handlers of eastern Kentucky . Mercer University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86554 - 798 - 8 . Jump up ^ Cooke , Alistair ( 1980 ) . The Americans : fifty talks on our life and times . Knopf . p. 183 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 50364 - 6 . OCLC 5311048 . To the goggling unbeliever Texans say -- as people always say about their mangier dishes -- ' but it 's just like chicken , only tenderer . ' Rattlesnake is , in fact , just like chicken , only tougher . Jump up ^ Klauber , 1997 : p. 1055 Jump up ^ Woodall Publications Corp . ( November 30 , 2004 ) . `` Recipe : Barbecued rattlesnake '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newton , Maud ( 2011 ) . `` How Does Rattlesnake Taste ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Further reading Barceloux , Donald G. , ed. ( 2008 ) . Medical toxicology of natural substances : foods , fungi , medicinal herbs , plants , and venomous animals . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 72761 - 3 . Cornett , James W. ( 1998 ) . Rattlesnakes : Answers to Frequent Questions . Palm Springs , California : Nature Trails Press . ISBN 0 - 937794 - 23 - 6 . Dalstrom , Harl A. `` ' Snake Hunting Has Been Shamefully Neglected ' : A.M. Jackly and Rattlesnake Abatement in South Dakota , '' South Dakota History 43 ( Fall 2013 ) , 177 -- 217 . Furman , Jon ( 2007 ) . Timber rattlesnakes in Vermont and New York : biology , history , and the fate of an endangered species . UPNE . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58465 - 656 - 2 . Hubbs , Brian & Brendan O'Connor ( 2012 ) . A Guide to the Rattlesnakes and other Venomous Serpents of the United States . Tricolor Books . Tempe , Arizona . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9754641 - 3 - 7 . Klauber , Laurence M. & Greene , Harry W. ( 1997 ) . Rattlesnakes : their habits , life histories , and influence on mankind . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 21056 - 1 . Palmer , Thomas ( 2004 ) . Landscape with Reptile : Rattlesnakes in an Urban World . Globe Pequot . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59228 - 000 - 1 . Rubio , Manny ( 1998 ) . Rattlesnake : Portrait of a Predator . Smithsonian Books . ISBN 1 - 56098 - 808 - 8 . External links Look up rattlesnake in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crotalus . `` Climate Changes Faster Than Species Can Adapt , Rattlesnake Study Finds '' , Science Daily , Dec. 05 , 2011 Justin 's Rattlesnake Bite `` Rattlesnake '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . `` Rattlesnake '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&oldid=846999048 '' Categories : Crotalus by common name Snakes of North America Venomous snakes Reptiles of Sindh Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Brezhoneg Català Diné bizaad Ελληνικά فارسی Føroyskt Gaeilge 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia עברית Кыргызча Latina മലയാളം Nederlands Português Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 June 2018 , at 06 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | do rattlesnakes lay eggs or give birth to live young | [
"Although many kinds of snakes and other reptiles are oviparous (lay eggs), rattlesnakes are ovoviviparous (give birth to live young after carrying eggs inside).[55] The female produces the ova (\"eggs\") in her ovaries, after which they pass through the body cavity and into one of her two oviducts. The ova are arranged in a continuous chain in a coiled section of the oviduct, known as the \"tuba\".[51] Male rattlesnakes have sexual organs known as hemipenes, located in the base of the tail. The hemipenis is retracted inside of the body when mating is not occurring. Females can store semen for months in internal recesses known as spermathecae, which permits them to mate during the fall, but not fertilize the ova until the following spring.[51] The Arizona black rattlesnake (C. oreganus cerberus), has been observed to exhibit complex social behavior reminiscent of that in mammals. Females often remain with their young in nests for several weeks, and mothers have been observed cooperatively parenting their broods.[56]\n"
] | [
"give birth to live young"
] |
-3543812102501199465 | Victorian gold rush | Victorian gold rush - Wikipedia Victorian gold rush Nerrena Fossickers in Nerrena Creek outside Ballarat The Victorian gold rush was a period in the history of Victoria , Australia approximately between 1851 and the late 1860s . It led to a period of extreme prosperity for the Australian colony , and an influx of population growth and financial capital for Melbourne , which was dubbed `` Marvellous Melbourne '' as a result of the procurement of wealth . Contents 1 Overview 2 Background 2.1 Gold discovered 3 Lead - up to the Eureka Stockade 4 Legacy 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Overview ( edit ) The Victorian Gold Discovery Committee wrote in 1854 : The discovery of the Victorian Goldfields has converted a remote dependency into a country of world wide fame ; it has attracted a population , extraordinary in number , with unprecedented rapidity ; it has enhanced the value of property to an enormous extent ; it has made this the richest country in the world ; and , in less than three years , it has done for this colony the work of an age , and made its impulses felt in the most distant regions of the earth . For a number of years the gold output from Victoria was greater than in any other country in the world with the exception of the more extensive fields of California . Victoria 's greatest yield for one year was in 1856 , when 3,053,744 troy ounces ( 94,982 kg ) of gold were extracted from the diggings . From 1851 to 1896 the Victorian Mines Department reported that a total of 61,034,682 oz ( 1,898,391 kg ) of gold was mined in Victoria . Gold was first discovered in Australia on 15 February 1823 , by assistant surveyor James McBrien , at Fish River , between Rydal and Bathurst ( in New South Wales ) . The find was considered unimportant at the time , and was not pursued for policy reasons . In the 1850s gold discoveries in Victoria , in Beechworth , Castlemaine , Daylesford , Ballarat and Bendigo sparked gold rushes similar to the California Gold Rush . At its peak some two tonnes of gold per week flowed into the Treasury Building in Melbourne . The gold exported to Britain in the 1850s paid all her foreign debts and helped lay the foundation of her enormous commercial expansion in the latter half of the century . Melbourne was a major boomtown during the gold rush . The city became the centre of the colony with rail networks radiating to the regional towns and ports . Politically , Victoria 's goldminers sped up the introduction of greater parliamentary democracy in Victoria , based on British Chartist principles adopted to some extent by the miners ' activist bodies such as Bendigo 's Anti-Gold Licence Association and the Ballarat Reform League . As the alluvial gold dwindled , pressures for land reform , protectionism and political reform generated social struggles . and a Land Convention in Melbourne during 1857 recorded demands for land reform . By 1854 Chinese people were contributing to the gold rushes . Their presence on the goldfields of Bendigo , Beechworth and the Bright district resulted in riots , entry taxes , killings and segregation in the short term , and became the foundations of the White Australia policy . In short , the gold rush was a revolutionary event and reshaped Victoria , its society and politics . Background ( edit ) Canvas Town , South Melbourne in the 1850s Ballarat 's tent city just a couple of years after the discovery of gold in the district . Oil painting from an original 1853 sketch by Eugene von Guerard . There were rumours abroad about the presence of gold in Australia , but Government officials kept all findings secret for fear of disorganising the young colony . However the Colonial Secretary , Edward Deas Thomson , saw a great future for the country when Edward Hargraves proved his theory that Australia was a vast storehouse of gold . Hargraves had been in the California gold rush and knew gold country , when he first saw it , round Bathurst . The news spread like wildfire , and soon the race was on from coast to gold fields . Flocks were left untended , drovers deserted their teams , merchants and lawyers rushed from their desks and entire ships ' crews , captains included , marched off to seek their fortunes . Gold discovered ( edit ) In March 1850 , Mr. W. Campbell of Strath Loddon found on the station of Mr. Donald Cameron , of Clunes several minute pieces of native gold in quartz . This was concealed at the time but on 10 January 1851 , Campbell disclosed it . Others had found indications of gold . Dr. George H. Bruhn , a German physician , whose services as an analyst were in great demand , had been shown specimens of gold from what afterwards became the Clunes diggings . In spite of these and other discoveries , however , it was impracticable to market the gold , and James Esmond 's `` find '' which was made on Creswick 's Creek , a tributary of the Loddon River , at Clunes on 1 July 1851 , was the first marketable gold field . A party formed by Mr. Louis John Michel , consisting of himself , Mr. William Haberlin , James Furnival , James Melville , James Headon , and B. Groenig , discovered the existence of gold in the quartz rocks of the Yarra ranges , at Andersons Creek , near Warrandyte , in the latter part of June , and showed it on the spot to Dr. Webb Richmond , on behalf of the Gold Discovery Committee on 5 July . The third discovery was by Mr. Thomas Hiscock , a resident at Buninyong ; induced by the writings of the Rev. W.B. Clarke , and by the discovery of Brentani 's nugget in the Pyrenees district two years before , he had kept a constant lookout for gold in his neighbourhood . He discovered an auriferous deposit in the gully of the Buninyong ranges now bearing his name , on 8 August 1851 , and he communicated the fact , with its precise locality , to the editor of the Geelong Advertiser on the 10th of that month . Dr. George H. Bruhn , a German physician , in the month of January , 1851 , ( i.e. before Mr. Hargraves ' discovery at Summerhill ) started from Melbourne to explore `` the mineral resources of this colony ' . During his lengthened tour , he found , in April , indications of gold in quartz about two miles from Mr. Barker 's station , and on arriving at Mr. Cameron 's station was shown by that gentleman specimens of gold at what are now called the Clunes diggings . This information he made widely known through the country in the course of his journey , and communicated to Mr. James Esmond , at that time engaged in erecting a building at Mr. James Hodgkinson 's station . Dr. Bruhn forwarded specimens , which were received by the Gold Discovery Committee on 30 June 1851 . The Gold Discovery Committee awarded £ 1000 to Michel and his party ; £ 1000 to Hiscock , as the substantial discoverer of the Ballarat deposits ; £ 1000 to Campbell as the original discoverer of Clunes ; £ 1000 to Esmond as the first active producer of alluvial gold for the market and £ 500 to Dr. Bruhn . On 20 July 1851 Thomas Peters , a hut - keeper on William Barker 's Mount Alexander station , found specks of gold at what is now known as Specimen Gully . This find was published in the Melbourne Argus on 8 September 1851 , leading to a rush to the Mount Alexander or Forest Creek diggings , centred on present - day Castlemaine , claimed as the richest shallow alluvial goldfield in the world . These discoveries were soon surpassed by Ballarat and Bendigo . Further discoveries including Beechworth in 1852 , Bright , Omeo , Chiltern ( 1858 -- 59 ) and Walhalla followed . Year Non-indigenous population of Melbourne 1835 0 1840 10,000 1851 29,000 1854 123,000 The population of Melbourne grew swiftly as the gold fever took hold . The total number of people in Victoria also rose . By 1851 it was 75,000 people . Ten years later this rose to over 500,000 . Prospector 's Hut , Upper Dargo , Victoria ( Gippsland ) , 1870 Surface alluvial gold was the first to be exploited . It is reported that in 1851 , when the first miners arrived on the Mount Alexander goldfield , near Castlemaine , nuggets could be picked up without digging . Then followed the exploitation of alluvial gold in creeks and rivers , or deposited in silt on river banks and flats . The gold - seekers used pans , sluice boxes and cradles to separate this gold from the dirt . As surface alluvial gold ran out , gold seekers were forced to look further underground . Miners discovered so - called deep leads , which were gold - bearing watercourses that had been buried at various depths by centuries of silting and , in some Victorian goldfields such as Ballarat , volcanic action . They also began to exploit the underground gold reefs which were the original sources of the gold . Deep mining was more difficult and dangerous . Places such as Bendigo and Ballarat saw great concentrations of miners , who were forming partnerships and syndicates to enable them to sink ever - deeper shafts . Coupled with erratic and vexatious policing and licence checks , tensions flared around Beechworth , Bendigo and Ballarat . These frictions culminated in the Eureka Rebellion in Ballarat in 1854 . Following that uprising , a range of reforms gave miners a greater say in resolving disputes via Mining Courts , and extended electoral franchise to them . As gold - rush immigrants flooded into Victoria in 1852 , a tent city , known as Canvas Town , was established at South Melbourne . The area soon became a massive slum , home to tens of thousands of migrants from around the world who arrived to seek their fortunes in the goldfields . Significant `` Chinatowns '' became established in Melbourne , Bendigo and Castlemaine . At Walhalla alone , Cohens Reef produced over 50 tonnes ( 1.6 million tr oz ) of gold in 40 years of mining . Lead - up to the Eureka stockade ( edit ) The conditions which led up to the Eureka Stockade arose mainly from the actions taken by the Government in supervising the various goldfields . To meet the expense of securing order and to restrain unauthorised mining on Crown land , a local Act of January 1852 imposed on all diggers a licence fee of 30 shillings per month , the penalty for mining without a licence being £ 6 for the first offence and afterwards imprisonment for terms up to six months . Clause 7 of this Act also appropriated half the fine to the use of the informer or prosecutor , a provocative and irritating provision . In December , 1853 , an amending Act reduced the fee to £ 1 per month , but did not alter the diggers ' greatest grievance , that they could be imprisoned for not having the actual licence on them , though their possession of one could be proved from the official record . They were also unrepresented in Parliament , and in 1854 the population on the Ballarat goldfields was estimated at 20,000 . Charles Hotham , who arrived in Victoria in June 1854 , was alarmed at the depleted state of the Treasury and the growing expense of goldfields administration . He ordered the police to redouble their exertions in collecting the fees . To miners just scraping by , the payment of £ 12 per annum was impossible , and there is no doubt that hundreds did endeavour to evade payment , but the innocent suffered with the guilty . The police , too , had been largely recruited from Tasmania , and many were ex-convicts . These grievances were common to all the Victorian fields , and had under Latrobe 's administration produced riots at Beechworth and Castlemaine , but Ballarat , always the most domestic of the goldfields , was renowned for its peaceful progressiveness and quietness . On the night of 6 October , however , a Scottish miner named James Scobie was killed at the Eureka Hotel , near Ballarat , and the murdered man 's associate accused the proprietor ( Bentley , a Tasmanian ex-convict ) of the murder . Bentley was brought up before a magistrate , who was alleged to be financially under Bentleys ' thumb , and he was discharged . The miners were indignant ; a meeting was called and a demand made for a fresh prosecution . The meeting itself was orderly , but towards the end of proceedings a cry was raised that the police ( who had been ordered to protect the hotel ) were trying to disperse the meeting , and the miners , becoming furious , swept aside the police , smashed the windows and furniture , and burned the building . The police arrested three men - who could not be proved to have been ringleaders or active in the riot , and they were sentenced to three , four , and six months ' imprisonment . At an indignation meeting held on 11 November on Bakery Hill , the Ballarat Reform League was formed , with J.B. Humffray ( a Welshman ) as its first secretary , and Peter Lalor , Frederic Vern ( a Hanoverian ) , Raffaello ( an Italian teacher , of languages ) , Timothy Hayes ( an Irishman ) , and George Black , a well - educated Englishman , as prominent members . A deputation of three men waited on Governor Hotham to demand the release of the prisoners , but he refused and had already sent additional troops to Ballarat , which gave considerable offence by marching through the town with fixed bayonets and by other exasperating conduct . On 29 November , Black , Humffray , and Kennedy reported to a mass meeting held at Bakery Hill the result of their deputation to the Governor , and Vern proposed a burning of the hated licences , which was then carried out . Next day the police carried out a specially vicious and vigorous licence - hunt , and when the troops marched back to camp , the diggers hastened to a conference with the leaders of the Reform League . Peter Lalor was elected leader , and under a blue flag adorned with the stars of the Southern Cross the assembled diggers swore ' to stand truly by each other and fight to defend our rights and liberties . ' An area of about an acre on the present Eureka site was hastily enclosed with a pallisade and a deputation was sent to the military camp demanding the release of the morning 's prisoners and the cessation of licence - hunting . The Commissioner flatly refused the request , saying that the agitation was ' only a cloak to cover a democratic revolution . ' On 1 December the occupants of the stockade were hard at work by 5 a.m. drilling and improving the barrier , and a German blacksmith was fashioning pike - heads . But neither food nor ammunition was available within the stockade , so that by the evening of the 2nd after a very hot day , not more than 200 remained within . Spies informed the Commissioner of the situation and about 4.30 a.m. on Sunday morning ( 3 December ) a troop of 276 men was marched silently to the stockade . Inside the stockade only 50 diggers had rifles ; there was also a troop of Californian diggers armed with revolvers and another of Irishmen with pikes . Many of them were asleep when the signal gun was fired and a storming party of 64 ' rushed ' the stockade . In the first volleys several men fell on both sides , but the line of advancing bayonets , flanked on both sides by cavalry and mounted police , was too much for the diggers . They turned to seek shelter and all was over . Of the military force Captain Wise and four private soldiers were killed , and about a dozen injured . Sixteen miners were killed , and at least eight others died of their wounds , 114 prisoners were taken , and Lalor , badly wounded , managed to escape ; so did Black and Vern . The Government then offered £ 500 for the apprehension of Vern , and £ 200 each for Black and Lalor . Legacy ( edit ) Underground mining at Walhalla , Victoria in 1910 Australia 's population changed dramatically as a result of the rushes . In 1851 the Australian population was 437,655 , of which 77,345 , or just under 18 % , were Victorians . A decade later the Australian population had grown to 1,151,947 and the Victorian population had increased to 538,628 ; just under 47 % of the Australian total and a seven-fold increase . In some small country towns where gold was found abundantly , the population could grow by over 1000 % in a decade ( e.g. Rutherglen had a population of about 2,000 . Ten years later , it had approximately 60,000 which is a 3000 % increase ) . The rapid growth was predominantly a result of the gold rushes . The gold rush is reflected in the architecture of Victorian gold - boom cities like Melbourne , Castlemaine , Ballarat , Bendigo and Ararat . Ballarat today has Sovereign Hill -- a 60 - acre ( 24 ha ) recreation of a gold rush town -- as well as the Gold Museum . Bendigo has a large operating gold mine system which also functions as a tourist attraction . The rushes left Victorian architecture in towns in the Goldfields region such as Maldon , Beechworth , Clunes , Heathcote , Maryborough , Daylesford , Stawell , Beaufort , Creswick , St Arnaud , Dunolly , Inglewood , Wedderburn and Buninyong whose economy has differing emphases on home working , tourism , farming , modern industrial and retired sectors . With the exception of Ballarat and Bendigo , many of these towns were substantially larger than they are today . Most populations moved to other districts when gold played out in a given locality . At the other end of the spectrum ghost towns , such as Walhalla , Mafeking and Steiglitz exist . As with many gold towns , after deposits of gold had been exploited , the town of Cassilis ceased to exist . This picture shows the remains of part of King Cassilis Mine The last major gold rush in Victoria was at Berringa , south of Ballarat , in the first decade of the 20th century . Gold mining became nothing more than a hobby in Victoria for decades mainly because of the depth and cost of pumping . The First World War also drained Australia of the labour needed to work the mines . More significantly , the prohibition on the export of gold from Australia in 1915 and the abolition of the gold standard , winding down stockpiling of gold and production of sovereigns throughout the Empire saw Australian gold towns shrink , in some cases , being totally abandoned . The slump in gold production never recovered . Gold mining ceased in Stawell in 1920 , but recommenced in 1982 and continues as at 2014 . However , as of 2005 the recent increase in the gold price has seen a resurgence in commercial mining activity with mining resuming in both of the major fields of Bendigo and Ballarat . Exploration also proceeds elsewhere , for example , in Glen Wills , an isolated mountain area near Mitta Mitta in north - eastern Victoria . See also ( edit ) Australian gold rushes New South Wales gold rush California Gold Rush ( 1848 -- 1855 ) Category : Victoria ( Australia ) gold rush river diversions Colonial liberalism Gold rush Goldfields region of Victoria Klondike Gold Rush Oriental Claims Welcome Stranger References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rickard , John ( 2017 ) . Australia : A Cultural History . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 921867 - 60 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Not in Our Day '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 5 October 1934 . p. 8 . Retrieved 1 February 2012 -- via National Library of Australia ... Also see The Argus , 31 January 1849 , referenced in the same newspaper of 2 February 1849 . Jump up ^ `` Looking back to our golden past '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 10 September 1949 . p. 8 Supplement : The Argus Week -- end Magazine . Retrieved 14 February 2012 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Gold production of Victoria '' . The Examiner ( DAILY ed . ) . Launceston , Tasmania. 6 June 1907 . p. 2 . Retrieved 27 April 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Keep It Quiet ! '' . The Examiner ( DAILY ed . ) . Launceston , Tasmania. 15 February 1934 . p. 6 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ Goodman , David ( 1994 ) , Gold Seeking : Victoria and California in the 1850s , Stanford : Stanford University Press , ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2480 - 6 Jump up ^ `` 100 years ( it 's really more ! ) of diggings '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 11 September 1951 . p. 2 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 -- via National Library of Australia . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Antony ( 2005 ) , Shenanigans on the Ovens Goldfields , Hartwell : Artillery Publishing , ISBN 0 - 9758013 - 0 - 9 Jump up ^ McNaughton , I.D. ( 1955 ) , `` Colonial Liberalism , 1851 -- 92 '' , in Greenwood , Gordon , Australia : A social and political history , Sydney : Angus and Robertson Jump up ^ Cronin , Katherine ( 1982 ) , Colonial Casualties : Chinese in Early Victoria , Carlton : Melbourne University Press , ISBN 0 - 522 - 84221 - 6 Jump up ^ Wendy Lewis , Simon Balderstone and John Bowan ( 2006 ) , Events That Shaped Australia , New Holland , ISBN 978 - 1 - 74110 - 492 - 9 Jump up ^ `` In The Paths Of The Explorers Gold Brings Australia Wealth '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 20 November 1946 . p. 3 Supplement : Playtime . Retrieved 27 January 2012 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Old Story Retold '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 14 January 1928 . p. 6 . Retrieved 24 January 2012 -- via National Library of Australia . ^ Jump up to : `` COUNCIL PAPER '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 28 March 1854 . p. 2 . Retrieved 25 January 2012 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Cradle Of Australian Democracy '' . The Worker . Brisbane , Queensland. 12 December 1939 . p. 9 . Retrieved 15 February 2012 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ Caldwell , J.C. ( 1987 ) , `` Chapter 2 : Population '' , in Vamplew , Wray , Australians : Historical Statistics , Broadway , New South Wales , Australia : Fairfax , Syme & Weldon Associates , pp. 23 and 26 , ISBN 0 - 949288 - 29 - 2 Jump up ^ Hague - Muir , Marnie ( 1995 ) , `` The economy at war '' , in Beaumont , Joan , Australia 's War 1914 -- 18 , St. Leonards , NSW , Australia : Allen & Unwin , ISBN 1 - 86373 - 461 - 9 Jump up ^ `` 150 years of Gold Mining in Victoria . '' Archived 11 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Stawell Historical Society . Further reading ( edit ) Annear , Robyn ( 1999 ) , Nothing but Gold : The Diggers of 1852 , Melbourne : Text Pub , ISBN 1 - 876485 - 07 - 8 James , G.F. & Lee , C.G. ( 1975 ) , Walhalla Heyday , Ringwood : Graham Publications , ISBN 0 - 9596311 - 3 - 5 Aldersea , John & Hood , Barbara ( 2003 ) , Walhalla , Valley of Gold : A Story of Its People , Places and Its Gold Mines , Trafalgar : Walhalla Publishing , ISBN 0 - 9750887 - 0 - X Flett , James ( 1970 ) , The history of gold discovery in Victoria , Melbourne : Hawthorn Press , ISBN 0 - 7256 - 0009 - 8 McWaters , Vivine ( 2002 ) , Beechworth 's little canton , Beechworth : Vivienne McWaters , ISBN 0 - 9580459 - 0 - 9 Serle , Geoffrey ( 1977 ) ( 1963 ) , The Golden Age : A history of the colony of Victoria , 1851 -- 1861 , Carlton : Melbourne University Press , ISBN 0 - 522 - 84143 - 0 Woods , Carole ( 1985 ) , Beechworth : A titan 's field , North Melbourne : Hargreen , ISBN 0 - 949905 - 25 - 9 Talbot , Diann & Swift , Andrew ( 2004 ) , The Buckland Valley Goldfield , Bright : Diann Talbot , ISBN 0 - 9757170 - 0 - 6 Jan Critchett , ( 1990 ) , A distant field of murder : Western district frontiers , 1834 -- 1848 , Melbourne University Press ( Carlton , Vic. and Portland , Or . ) ISBN 0 - 522 - 84389 - 1 Ian D Clark ( 1990 ) Aboriginal languages and clans : An historical atlas of western and central Victoria , 1800 -- 1900 , Dept. of Geography & Environmental Science , Monash University ( Melbourne ) , ISBN 0 - 909685 - 41 - X Ian D Clark ( 1995 ) , Scars in the landscape : A register of massacre sites in western Victoria , 1803 -- 1859 , Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies ( Canberra ) , ISBN 0 - 85575 - 281 - 5 Ian D Clark ( 2003 ) ' That 's my country belonging to me ' -- Aboriginal land tenure and dispossession in nineteenth century Western Victoria , Ballarat Heritage Services , Ballarat . External links ( edit ) eGold -- Electronic Encyclopedia of Gold in Australia Walhalla Sovereign Hill Gold Museum at Ballarat Report on resumed exploration Photos of The Victorian Gold Rush from the State Library of Victoria at Culture Victoria Gold rushes of the 18th , 19th and 20th centuries United States Carolina ( 1800s ) Georgia ( 1829 ) California ( 1848 ) Pike 's Peak ( 1858 ) Black Hills ( 1876 ) Nome ( 1899 ) Fairbanks ( 1902 ) Canada Queen Charlottes ( 1851 ) Fraser Canyon ( 1858 -- 60 ) Blackfoot ( 1860 ) Rock Creek ( 1860 ) Similkameen ( 1860 ) Stikine ( 1861 -- 62 ) Cariboo ( 1861 -- 66 ) Nova Scotia ( 1861 -- 74 , 1896 -- 1903 , 1932 -- 42 ) Wild Horse Creek ( 1863 -- 65 ) Goldstream ( 1863 ) Leechtown ( 1864 -- 65 ) Big Bend ( 1865 ) Peace River Omineca ( 1869 ) Cassiar ( 1871 -- ? ) Cayoosh ( 1884 ) Tulameen ( 1885 -- 86 ) Bridge River ( 1890s -- 1950s ) Klondike ( 1897 -- 1903 ) Golden Cache ( 1898 -- 1900 ) Porcupine ( 1911 ) Australia Victorian ( 1851 ) New South Wales ( 1851 ) Western Australian ( 1880s -- 1890s ) New Zealand Otago ( 1861 -- 63 ) West Coast ( 1864 -- 67 ) Coromandel ( 1860s -- 1870s ) Latin America Ouro Preto , Brazil ( 1750 ) Tierra del Fuego , Argentina ( 1884 ) Serra Pelada , Brazil ( 1980 ) Europe Kildonan , Scotland ( 1869 ) Lapland , Finland ( 1870 ) Africa Witwatersrand , South Africa ( 1886 ) Kakamega , Kenya ( 1930s ) Part of a series on Gold mining Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victorian_gold_rush&oldid=856883060 '' Categories : Australian gold rushes History of Victoria ( Australia ) 19th century in Victoria ( Australia ) History of Australia ( 1851 -- 1900 ) History of mining in Australia Victoria ( Australia ) gold rushes Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from March 2013 Use Australian English from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 04 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the first gold found in victoria | [
"Gold was first discovered in Australia on 15 February 1823, by assistant surveyor James McBrien, at Fish River, between Rydal and Bathurst (in New South Wales). The find was considered unimportant at the time, and was not pursued for policy reasons.[5]\n"
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"at Fish River, between Rydal and Bathurst (in New South Wales)"
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-1133222477536573804 | The pot calling the kettle black | The pot calling the kettle black - wikipedia The pot calling the kettle black Jump to : navigation , search `` The pot calling the kettle black '' is a proverbial idiom that seems to be of Spanish origin , versions of which began to appear in English in the first half of the 17th century . It is glossed in the original sources as being used of a person who is guilty of the very thing of which they accuse another and is thus an example of psychological projection . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Similar themes in antiquity 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Origin ( edit ) The earliest appearance of the idiom is in Thomas Shelton 's 1620 translation of the Spanish novel Don Quixote . The protagonist is growing increasingly restive under the criticisms of his servant Sancho Panza , of which one is that `` You are like what is said that the frying - pan said to the kettle , ' Avant , black - browes ' . '' The Spanish text at this point reads : Dijo la sartén a la caldera , Quítate allá ojinegra ( Said the pan to the pot , get out of there black - eyes ) . It is identified as a proverb ( refrán ) in the text , functioning as a retort to the person who criticises another of the same defect that he plainly has . Among several variations , the one where the pan addresses the pot as culinegra ( black - arse ) makes clear that they are dirtied in common by contact with the cooking fire . This version was also recorded in England soon afterwards as `` The pot calls the pan burnt - arse '' in John Clarke 's collection of proverbs , Paroemiologia Anglo - Latina ( 1639 ) . A nearer approach to the present wording is provided by William Penn in his collection Some Fruits of Solitude in Reflections and Maxims ( 1682 ) : `` If thou hast not conquer 'd thy self in that which is thy own particular Weakness , thou hast no Title to Virtue , tho ' thou art free of other Men 's . For a Covetous Man to inveigh against Prodigality , an Atheist against Idolatry , a Tyrant against Rebellion , or a Lyer against Forgery , and a Drunkard against Intemperance , is for the Pot to call the Kettle black . '' Apart from the final example in this passage , there is not a strict accord between the behaviour of the critic and the person censured . An alternative modern interpretation , far removed from the original intention , argues that while the pot is sooty ( being placed on a fire ) , the kettle is shiny ( being placed on coals only ) ; hence , when the pot accuses the kettle of being black , it is the pot 's own sooty reflection that it sees : the pot accuses the kettle of a fault that only the pot has , rather than one that they share . The point is illustrated by a poem that appeared anonymously in an early issue of St. Nicholas Magazine from 1876 : `` Oho ! '' said the pot to the kettle ; `` You are dirty and ugly and black ! Sure no one would think you were metal , Except when you 're given a crack . '' `` Not so ! not so ! '' kettle said to the pot ; `` ' Tis your own dirty image you see ; For I am so clean -- without blemish or blot -- That your blackness is mirrored in me . '' Similar themes in antiquity ( edit ) The fable of the Snake and the Crab in the 1470s Medici Manuscript In ancient Greece , mention of ' the Snake and the Crab ' signified much the same , where the critic censures its own behaviour in another . The first instance of this is in a drinking song ( skolion ) dating from the late 6th or early 5th century BCE . The fable ascribed to Aesop concerns a mother crab and its young , where the mother tells the child to walk straight and is asked in return to demonstrate how that is done . The same theme differently expressed occurs in the Aramaic version of the story of Ahiqar , dating from about 500 BCE . ' The bramble sent to the pomegranate tree saying , `` Wherefore the multitude of thy thorns to him that toucheth thy fruit ? '' The pomegranate tree answered and said to the bramble , `` Thou art all thorns to him that toucheth thee '' . In Matthew 7 : 3 - 5 , it is criticism of a less significant failing by those who are worse that is the target of the Sermon on the Mount : `` Why do you look at the speck of sawdust in your brother 's eye and pay no attention to the plank in your own eye ? '' See also ( edit ) Tu quoque References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Phrase Finder Jump up ^ Ch. 67 Jump up ^ Regino Etxabe , Diccionario de refranes comentado , Madrid 2012 Jump up ^ Julia Cresswell , Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins , 2010 , p. 339 Jump up ^ Lines 445 -- 6 Jump up ^ Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins , by William Morris , Mary Morris Jump up ^ Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable , 1870 , revised by Adrian Room ( Millennium Edition ) Jump up ^ St Nicholas Magazine 3.4 , February 1876 , p. 224 Jump up ^ Francisco Rodríguez Adrados , History of the Graeco - Latin fable I , Brill , Leiden NL 1999 , p. 146 Jump up ^ Folklore and Fable vol. XVII , New York 1909 , p. 30 Jump up ^ The Words of Ahiqar : Aramaic proverbs and precepts , Syriac Studies site External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of pot calling the kettle black at Wiktionary ( hide ) Internet slang Abuse cyberbullying cyberstalking doxing flaming griefer hacker keylogger malware spyware phishing script kiddie Stealth banning spamming troll Chatspeak emoticon emoji leet owned Pr0n pwn teh w00t fap LOL nsfw padonkaffsky jargon sexting Imageboard 4chan anonymous - chan CP goatse.cx lolcat lulz lurk newbie OP pedobear rickrolling Rule 34 tripcode weeaboo Memes advertising and products animation and comics challenges email film gaming images music politics videos miscellaneous Usenet eternal September PKB plonk Portal Wiktionary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_pot_calling_the_kettle_black&oldid=788244323 '' Categories : English - language idioms Hypocrisy Internet slang Metaphors referring to objects Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wiktionary Add links This page was last edited on 30 June 2017 , at 09 : 56 . About Wikipedia | where did the pot calling the kettle black come from | [
"The earliest appearance of the idiom is in Thomas Shelton's 1620 translation of the Spanish novel Don Quixote. The protagonist is growing increasingly restive under the criticisms of his servant Sancho Panza, of which one is that \"You are like what is said that the frying-pan said to the kettle, 'Avant, black-browes'.\"[1] The Spanish text at this point reads: Dijo la sartén a la caldera, Quítate allá ojinegra (Said the pan to the pot, get out of there black-eyes).[2] It is identified as a proverb (refrán) in the text, functioning as a retort to the person who criticises another of the same defect that he plainly has. Among several variations, the one where the pan addresses the pot as culinegra (black-arse) makes clear that they are dirtied in common by contact with the cooking fire.[3]"
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"Thomas Shelton's 1620 translation of the Spanish novel Don Quixote"
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289365716440204619 | Staten Island Ferry | Staten Island ferry - Wikipedia Staten Island ferry Jump to : navigation , search For the cocktail , see Staten Island Ferry ( cocktail ) . Staten Island Ferry Locale Staten Island and Manhattan , New York City Waterway Upper New York Bay Transit type Passenger ferry Operator New York City Department of Transportation Began operation 1817 System length 5.2 mi ( 8.4 km ) No. of lines No. of vessels 8 No. of terminals 2 ( Whitehall , St. George ) Daily ridership approximately 70,000 per weekday ( 2016 ) The Staten Island Ferry is a passenger ferry route operated by the New York City Department of Transportation . It runs 5.2 miles ( 8.4 km ) in New York Harbor between the New York City boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island . The ferry operates 24 / 7 , running every 15 to 20 minutes during peak hours and every 30 minutes at other times . Since 1997 , the Staten Island Ferry has been fare - free , though historically , it has charged a relatively low fare compared to other modes of transit in the area . The Staten Island Ferry is one of several ferry systems in the New York City area , besides NYC Ferry , New York Water Taxi , and NY Waterway . The Staten Island Ferry operates between Whitehall Terminal in Lower Manhattan and St. George Terminal in St. George , Staten Island . At Whitehall Street , connections are available to the New York City Subway and several local New York City Bus routes . On the other end , passengers can take the Staten Island Railway , the only rapid transit service on the island , or one of many buses available at the St. George Bus Terminal , the main bus terminal on the island . The Staten Island Ferry was formed in 1817 when the Richmond Turnpike Company started a steamboat service from Manhattan to Staten Island . Cornelius Vanderbilt bought the company in 1838 , and it was merged with two competitors ' companies in 1853 . That company was in turn sold to the Staten Island Railroad Company in 1864 . The Staten Island Ferry was then sold to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in 1884 , and the City of New York assumed control of the ferry in 1905 , buying five new ships for the service . Other publicly - and privately - operated ferry routes from Staten Island to Brooklyn were created in the early 20th century but were decommissioned by the mid-1960s . By 1967 , the ferry was the only commuter ferry within the entire city , after the discontinuation of a ferry from Manhattan to Hoboken , New Jersey . A fast ferry route from Staten Island to Midtown Manhattan ran briefly from 1997 to 1998 , with proposals to revive the route resurfacing in the 2010s . The Staten Island Ferry remains popular due to the lack of transit connections between Staten Island and the other boroughs , including Manhattan . With 23.9 million riders as of fiscal year 2016 , the Staten Island Ferry is the single busiest ferry route in the United States as of 2016 , as well as the world 's busiest passenger - only ferry system . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Predecessors 1.2 Early years 1.3 Staten Island Railway era 1.4 End of Staten Island Railway era 1.5 City ownership and other ferries 1.6 Later history 2 Operations 2.1 Route 2.2 Terminals 2.2. 1 Whitehall Terminal 2.2. 2 St. George Terminal 2.3 Fares 2.4 Ridership 3 Fleet 3.1 Current 3.1. 1 Kennedy class 3.1. 2 Barberi class 3.1. 3 Austen class 3.1. 4 Molinari class 3.2 Future 3.3 Former 4 Incidents 4.1 Early 20th century , after city takeover 4.2 Late 20th century 4.3 21st century 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links History ( edit ) The MV John F. Kennedy Predecessors ( edit ) Before the New York City area was colonized , the indigenous Lenape Native Americans traversed the area 's waterways using boat , traveling from Staten Island to present - day Manhattan and New Jersey . The area was then known as Lenapehoking , and the Lenape traveled along nearby waterways such as Arthur Kill , Kill Van Kull , and Raritan Bay . The area would first be colonized as part of Dutch New Netherland in 1624 , before being taken over by the British Province of New York in 1664 , and the British province finally became part of the United States in 1776 . In the 18th century , ferry service along New York Harbor between Staten Island and the city of New York , then occupying only the southern tip of Manhattan , was conducted by private individuals with `` periaugers '' . These shallow - draft , two - masted sailboats , used for local traffic in New York Harbor , were also used for other transport in the area . Early years ( edit ) Cornelius Vanderbilt , an entrepreneur from Stapleton , Staten Island , who would become one of the world 's richest people , started a ferry from Staten Island to Manhattan in 1810 . Cornelius was 16 years old at the time and had sailed extensively enough in his father 's periauger that he could easily navigate the New York Harbor Estuary on his own . He earned $100 for his birthday in May 1810 , which he used to purchase a periauger called the Swiftsure that he then used to transport passengers from Staten Island to the Battery at Manhattan 's tip . Vanderbilt competed against other boatmen providing service in the harbor , who jokingly called `` Commodore '' because of his youthful eagerness ; that nickname applied to him for the rest of his life . After the War of 1812 limited access to New York Harbor from elsewhere along the East Coast , Vanderbilt made profits from carrying cargo along the Hudson River ; he bought extra boats with these profits . After the war , he transported cargo in the harbor , earning even more money and buying more boats . Also during the War of 1812 , U.S. Vice President Daniel D. Tompkins secured a charter for the Richmond Turnpike Company as part of his efforts to develop the village of Tompkinsville , which would become Staten Island 's first European settlement . The company was incorporated in 1815 , and Tompkinsville was created in 1816 . Though the company built a highway across Staten Island , it also received the right to run a ferry to New York . The Richmond Turnpike Company began to run the first motorized ferry between New York and Staten Island in 1817 . The Nautilus was commanded by Captain John DeForest , the brother - in - law of Cornelius Vanderbilt . This new ferry broke the short monopoly on steamboat operations that the Fulton Ferry from Manhattan to Brooklyn had held since its opening in 1814 . As a direct result of the steamboat route 's inauguration , Vanderbilt sold all his schooners to his father in 1818 , since the steamboats provided much faster means of transportation across the harbor . He subsequently started working for Thomas Gibbons , a small - steamboat operator , operating steamboat lines for Gibbons in New Jersey before later operating his own lines in New York . When Tompkins died in 1825 , the company 's stocks were put in a trust at the Fulton Bank in lower Manhattan . As per an act passed in 1824 , the bank was to be incorporated only if it also accepted the Richmond Turnpike Company 's stock , and if the company were to end operations in 1844 . Vanderbilt , who had grown wealthy in the steamboat business in New York waters , bought control of the Richmond Turnpike Company in 1838 . The company 's original charter expired in 1844 , and Vanderbilt transferred the former company 's leases and titles to himself and the company 's other chief officer , Oroondates Mauran , as private citizens rather than as chief officers . Vanderbilt bought Mauran 's share of the company upon the latter 's death in 1848 . By the mid-19th century , there were three separate ferry companies offering services between lower Manhattan and the eastern shore of Staten Island . The Tompkins and Staples Ferry , operated by Vice President Tompkins 's son Minthorne , ran from a pier at the Tompkinsville end of the highway to Whitehall Street in lower Manhattan . The New York and Staten Island Steam Ferry Company , or `` People 's Ferry '' , was operated by George Law and ran from Stapleton , Staten Island , to Liberty Street , Manhattan . Finally , the Richmond Turnpike Ferry , also the `` Staten Island Ferry '' , ran from Vanderbilt 's Landing , on Clifton , Staten Island , to Manhattan . All of these companies merged in 1853 after Vanderbilt , who was focused on business ventures elsewhere , convinced Law and Tompkins to buy out his ferry company for $600,000 . Vanderbilt remained a dominant figure in the ferry until the Civil War in the early 1860s . Hunchback ( 1852 ) on the James River in Virginia during the Civil War The combined company , the Staten Island and New York Ferry Company , ran services from Whitehall Street to Tompkinsville , Stapleton , and Clifton . It originally ran single - ended boats but eventually expanded its fleet to include double - ended boats . The Staten Island and New York Ferry 's vessel Hunchback was built in 1852 , becoming the first double - decked boat to operate in the harbor . To accommodate growing ridership , three double - ended boats ( Southfield I , Westfield I , and Clifton I ) were purchased for the ferry between 1857 and 1861 . The Westfield and Clifton were purchased by the Union Army in September 1861 , almost immediately after they had been delivered . The army also purchased the Hunchback and Southfield in December of that year . The Union then used the ships as blockades against the Confederate Army during the Civil War . Of the four boats , only the Hunchback survived ; after the war , it was redocumented and bought by someone in Boston ; it was abandoned by 1880 . Another three boats ( Westfield II , Northfield , and Middletown ) were obtained in 1862 -- 1863 due to the loss of the other boats . A fourth boat , Clifton II , was also built , but it was purchased by the U.S. shortly after completion ; the vessel was then redocumented , and by 1868 it had been destroyed . Staten Island Railway era ( edit ) The Staten Island Railway ( SIR ) opened in stages in 1860 . It was necessary to have a direct connection between the new railroad trains and the infrequent ferries to and from Manhattan , but this turned out to be difficult during the beginning of operation . The ferries serving Vanderbilt 's Landing were owned by George Law , who operated the rival New York and Staten Island Steam Ferry . Afterwards , Vanderbilt tried to operate a ferry service between Manhattan and Staten Island that would compete with the ferry service owned by Law . Vanderbilt started construction on his plan for a central dock on the island , but he abandoned the scheme after a storm destroyed the timber work . Only the large stone foundation remained ; this was still visible in 1900 at low tide . A long franchise battle ensued , resulting in Vanderbilt selling his ferry service to Law in 1862 . Vanderbilt subsequently lost interest in the transit operations on Staten Island and he handed the operations of the ferry and railroad over to his brother , Jacob Vanderbilt , who was the president of the company until 1883 . In March 1864 , Vanderbilt bought Law 's ferries , bringing both the railroad and the ferries under the same company . The railway assumed the Staten Island and New York Ferry Company 's operations in 1865 . Westfield disaster , an 1871 wood engraving On the afternoon of July 30 , 1871 , Westfield II was damaged when its boiler exploded while sitting in its slip at South Ferry . Within days of the disaster , between 45 and 91 were identified as dead , and from 78 to 208 were injured , although figures varied widely between the Times , Herald , Tribune , and World . Jacob Vanderbilt was arrested for murder , though he escaped conviction . This had an adverse effect on the railroad 's finances , and on March 28 , 1872 , the railway and the ferry went into receivership as a result of the disaster . On September 17 , 1872 , the property of the company was sold to George Law in foreclosure , with the exception of the ferryboat Westfield II , which was purchased by Horace Theall . Erastus Wiman , a Canadian enterpreneur who had become one of Staten Island 's most notable figures since moving to New York in 1867 , planned to develop Staten Island by adding transit . Wiman built an amusement area on the island to help develop it . He incorporated the Staten Island Rapid Transit Railroad Company on March 25 , 1880 , and the incorporation of the company was made official on April 14 , 1880 . Two years later , Wiman applied to build a ferry dock in Manhattan in order to serve his new ferry routes . Also among Wiman 's proposals was combining the six to eight separate ferry operations into one terminal . This became the St. George ferry landing , which opened in March 1886 . A new boat , Southfield II , was delivered in 1883 . On April 3 , 1883 , the Staten Island Rapid Transit Railroad Company gained control of the SIR and its boats . The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad ( B&O ) obtained control of the Staten Island Railway Ferry Company 's operations the next year . A controlling interest in the Railway Ferry Company was obtained by the B&O in 1885 through purchases of stock . On November 21 , 1885 , Robert Garrett , President of the B&O , leased the Railway Ferry Company to the B&O for 99 years . The B&O could now provide service to a ferry terminal that was closer to Manhattan public transit . Rather than having passengers transfer to the Central Railroad of New Jersey ( CNJ ) 's ferries from the Jersey City Terminal to the Liberty Street Ferry Terminal in Manhattan , which was not close to any elevated rail stations in the area , the B&O could now operate to the Whitehall Street terminal , where there was a direct transfer to an elevated station . During this time , two 225 - foot ( 69 m ) steel - hulled ferryboats , the Erastus Wiman and Robert Garrett , were built and delivered in 1888 . The boats were the first in the Staten Island Railway Ferry fleet to be powered by multi-cylinder inclined steam engines , which pumped steam more efficiently than the single - cylinder vertical engines on previous boats . The Erastus Wiman would be renamed the Castleton in 1894 . Garrett resigned from his position at the B&O in 1887 , and his successors did not show as much interest in Staten Island transit operations . Wiman lost a lot of money in the Panic of 1893 , and two years later , much of his property was auctioned to pay off debts . In 1893 , the B&O commenced plans to divert some CNJ ferries from Jersey City to Whitehall Street , with the latter ordering the Easton and Mauch Chunk ferries for the Whitehall Street service . The boats started service in 1897 . Construction of a new ferry terminal at St. George commenced in 1895 . In 1899 , the Pennsylvania Railroad ( PRR ) and the New York Central Railroad ( NYCRR ) formed a partnership in which they were to buy smaller freight railroad companies . PRR president Alexander Cassatt devised the plan because he thought that two large freight - shipping companies , Standard Oil and Carnegie Steel , were artificially depressing freight - shipping rates by cajoling smaller companies for rebates . Among the PRR 's acquisitions was the B&O , which in turn owned the Staten Island Railway and Ferry . Cassatt started buying B&O stock in 1899 and owned much of the B&O stock two years later . End of Staten Island Railway era ( edit ) The South Street Seaport , where the damaged Northfield II sank By the 1900s , Staten Islanders were becoming unsatisfied with the railway - operated ferry service to Manhattan , which they felt was unsafe . The turning point came on June 14 , 1901 , when the CNJ ferry Mauch Chunk struck the B&O ferryboat Northfield II as the latter was leaving the ferry port at Whitehall , tearing a 10 - by - 20 - foot ( 3.0 by 6.1 m ) hole through the middle of Northfield . Damaged beyond repair , Northfield II sank within ten minutes , ending up near the modern South Street Seaport . Out of 995 passengers aboard , only four or five were killed . The dead were not recovered for several days , and one man 's body drifted around the southern tip of Manhattan and across the Hudson River . An investigation into the crash found that Northfield II had sunk because of the extent of the damage rather than because of its 38 - year age . Despite this , the captains of both ships were vindicated of criminal charges , although the Mauch Chunk 's captain was `` censured '' for speeding as well as for not helping the passengers aboard Northfield . In the meantime , the B&O borrowed the paddle - wheeler John Englis from the Williamsburg Ferry Company . On February 21 , 1902 , two hundred people held discussions with MacDougal Hawkes , the head of the New York City Department of Docks and Ferries , to demand that Whitehall - to - St. George ferry service be improved . In summer 1902 , as the B&O fought to retain its ownership of the ferry , Henry Huttleston Rogers demonstrated that his steam - powered yacht was faster than the SIR 's vessels , and argued that he should thus be allowed to operate the ferry route . Throughout the rest of the year , Rogers 's Standard Oil - affiliated transit venture , which also operated streetcar routes on Staten Island , competed with the B&O over the rights to the ferry . The locations of the Staten Island terminal were also debated , with the terminal proposed to be built in West Brighton , Tompkinsville , Stapleton , and Port Richmond . The B&O wanted to offer service to St. George and at least one other terminal , while Rogers wanted to use the Tompkinsville and West Brighton terminals only . The two groups submitted their proposals in November 1902 , and by February 1903 , the Sinking Fund Commission announced their decision to give B&O the operating license . This decision proved controversial : Hawkes made a recommendation to Mayor Seth Low on February 21 , and dissatisfied Staten Islanders showed up to the commission 's February 25 meeting , voicing their dissent and causing Hawkes 's proposal to be rejected . Shortly after , the government of New York City made a series of decisions announcing its intent to acquire ownership of the ferry . Instead of offering the franchise to either the B&O or Rogers , the Sinking Fund Commission decided in March 1903 that the city could run a route from Staten Island to any North River port between 23rd Street and Battery Park , as well as operate a service from Staten Island to Sunset Park , Brooklyn . The bill authorizing the city to acquire ferry operations was passed by the 126th New York State Legislature , and it was signed into law by Governor Benjamin B. Odell in May 1903 . The city would pay $3.2 million to take over operations of the ferry , including $2 million for five new screw - propelled ships , one named for each of the five boroughs . The city began soliciting tenders for ferryboats , ultimately deciding to pay $1.7 million for four of the five boats from the Maryland Steel Company . The contract was signed on June 20 , 1904 , coincidentally a few days after the sinking of the steamer PS General Slocum in the East River , somewhat due northeast of the ferry route . The fifth boat , the Richmond , was built on Staten Island by the Burlee Dry Dock Company . The ferryboat Castleton at the Whitehall Street terminal From 1902 to 1903 , there were debates on where to put the new Whitehall terminal ; the location at Whitehall Street was decided as the best location . In 1904 , after the Staten Island Railway Company refused the city 's offer of $500,000 for the two terminals , the city started a process to condemn the land around the terminals . Although the B&O had been set to give up the Staten Island Ferry franchise in early 1904 , the new borough - class ferryboats were not ready , so the B&O was granted a two - year contract extension , on the condition that the contract could be canceled with 30 days ' notice . In return , the city could purchase the B&O 's ownership share in the terminals and the five existing ships from B&O , namely the Westfield II , Middletown , Southfield II , Robert Garrett , and Castleton , for a set price . A new St. George Terminal was built by the city for $2,318,720 , replacing the existing terminal . All of the ships except for the Richmond were finished by April 1905 and delivered up north during the late summer and early fall of that year . The Richmond was ready by May 20 , and as it had been built in Port Richmond , there was no need to transport the boat . On October 25 , 1905 , the Department of Docks and Ferries assumed ownership of the ferry and terminals , and the borough ferryboats started their maiden voyages . The five B&O ships were also acquired in 1906 . City ownership and other ferries ( edit ) The ferry service from St. George to 39th Street , Brooklyn , became city - operated on November 1 , 1906 , as provided for by the 1903 law transferring ownership of that route to the city . Its Brooklyn terminus was located near the Brooklyn , Bath and West End Railroad 's former 39th Street terminal , but as that railroad had been converted into the West End subway line , the Brooklyn ferry now primarily served industrial interests in Sunset Park . Mayor George McClellan , elected as Low 's successor in 1903 , and Docks Commissioner Maurice Featherson were initially skeptical of the acquisition , but despite their objections , the Sinking Funds Commission approved the private line 's acquisition in 1905 . The new boats Gowanus , Bay Ridge , and Nassau , which were smaller than the borough - class boats , were also commissioned for the 39th Street route and delivered by 1907 ; in the interim , the route used three ferryboats from the Union Ferry Company of Brooklyn . The Bay Ridge was the first to arrive , in July 1907 , followed by the Gowanus in August and the Bay Ridge in September . A second route from St. George to Brooklyn started operating on July 4 , 1912 , with the privately operated Brooklyn & Richmond Ferry Company providing service to 69th Street in Bay Ridge . New York City started operating a line from Battery Park to Stapleton in May 1909 . This service ran every 90 minutes between 4 a.m. and 8 p.m. daily . It was discontinued at the end of 1913 due to low ridership . Staten Islanders protested against the city 's discontinuance of the Stapleton ferry , to no avail . Former pier for 69th Street ferry service Mayor McClellan 's successor , William Jay Gaynor , was opposed to what he saw as a hasty purchase of the 39th Street line . Upon becoming mayor in 1910 , Gaynor communicated to his administration 's Docks Commissioner , Calvin Tompkins , that the operating costs of that route needed to be reduced ; in response , Tompkins replaced the superintendent of ferries . Neither of the city 's Staten Island ferries made profits until 1915 , under John Purroy Mitchel 's mayoral administration . The city 's purchase of the two Staten Island ferry routes was intended to be temporary until profitable private operators could be found , but it never happened . These were the only two routes the city operated at the time , but the city continued to award ferry franchises elsewhere . The ferryboat Mayor Gaynor was delivered in 1914 , during Mitchel 's administration , to boost service on the Whitehall route , although it had originally been intended for the Sunset Park route . It was not as efficient as the Borough - class boats ( see § Former ) , so it was relegated to supplementary service . Another vessel in the fleet , the Castleton , was sold to a private owner in 1915 ; its classmate , the Robert Garrett ( renamed Stapleton in 1906 ) would remain in city ownership until 1922 . Mayor Mitchel 's successor , John Francis Hylan , was elected in 1917 , and he immediately commissioned a series of new boats . The result was President Roosevelt ( also known as T.R. ) , delivered in 1921 , and American Legion I , delivered five years later . The names of both boats triggered some controversy -- the President Roosevelt due to resentment of Theodore Roosevelt , and the American Legion I due to the fact that it was named after the American Legion , which was only one of the various veterans ' organizations in existence . At the same time , Hylan also ordered three more boats for the 39th Street route , and he ordered 11 boats for other city - operated routes . This brought the number of boats ordered by Hylan 's administration to 16 . After Hylan 's electoral defeat to Jimmy Walker in 1925 , the George W. Loft and William Randolph Hearst were respectively renamed to West Brighton and Whitehall II . The white paint scheme of the boats was discontinued in April 1926 and replaced by a maroon scheme that was better at hiding the accumulations of grime on the boats ' exteriors . In March 1924 , New York City Plant and Structures Commissioner Grover A. Whalen suggested that the infrequent 69th Street service be placed under city operation , a request that ultimately went unfulfilled , as the Brooklyn & Richmond Ferry would continue to operate the route until 1939 . However , in June 1924 , the route to 39th Street was taken over by the New York Bay Ferry . By the end of that summer , the three ferry routes were advertised as the most convenient way to get to Staten Island until a tunnel between Staten Island and Brooklyn could be completed , although the tunnel never was finished because its construction was halted a year later . In the 1930s , the ferry routes to Whitehall Street and 39th Street each received one class of three new boats . The boats in the Dongan Hills class were delivered from 1929 to 1931 for the 39th Street route , and the boats in the Mary Murray class were delivered from 1937 to 1938 for the Whitehall Street route . The classes ' engines and dimensions were similar to each other , but the classes ' exterior appearances were very different . The Brooklyn & Richmond Ferry Company found it increasingly difficult to maintain its aging fleet , especially with the competition from the 39th Street ferry 's new , problem - free ferryboats . This resulted in infrequent service on the Bay Ridge ferry to 69th Street , which lead to a decline in patronage and fare revenues . In February 1939 , the United States Department of Commerce ordered the Brooklyn & Richmond Ferry Company to cease all operations after finding that one of its 40 - year - old boats was in a severely deteriorated condition . The Bay Ridge operation was subsequently taken over by the Electric Ferries company on March 1 , 1939 . Electric Ferries , which also operated other routes in the area , bought three secondhand ferryboats from other companies to supplement seven new boats . In 1940 , the Brooklyn & Richmond Ferry Company asked the city to stop its municipal operation to 39th Street so the 69th Street ferry could carry all Staten Island - to - Brooklyn traffic , thus enabling them to lower rates . The St. George Terminal , reconstructed in 1951 After the end of World War II in 1945 , the city wanted to reconstruct the St. George Terminal , which would in turn improve ferry service to Whitehall Street . On June 25 , 1946 , a fire occurred at St. George , killing three people and destroying the Whitehall ferry slips . The only ferry slips that had not been damaged in the fire were the slips used by the 39th Street ferry , and because the Whitehall route was the busiest route serving the terminal , the 39th Street ferry service was suspended so that Whitehall ferries could stop at St. George . The suspension of ferry service was supposed to be temporary , but even after a year had elapsed , merchants at Brooklyn 's Bush Terminal near 39th Street were petitioning the city to resume service . However , this service was apparently never restored . The new terminal was completed in June 1951 . From 1950 to 1951 , the city ordered the construction of three new Merrell - class boats for the Whitehall Street route . These boats differed significantly from their predecessors in that they used 6 - cylinder `` Unaflow '' engines , which allowed for a more efficient steam - powered ferryboat compared to the two 2 - cylinder compound steam engines of earlier models . With the lowest bid for the three boats coming in at $6.44 million , the Merrell class was more expensive than the Mary Murray class before it , which had cost only $1 million a boat . This class would quickly become outdated with the introduction of the subsequent class , which used diesel engines that were even more powerful . Around this time , ferry services in the area were being discontinued and replaced by bridges and tunnels , leading to the eventual demise of the 69th Street ferry . The exception was the ferry directly from Manhattan to Staten Island , which was not expected to see a significant decrease in ridership because it provided the only direct link between the two boroughs . Electric Ferries ' franchise for the Bay Ridge ferry expired on March 31 , 1954 , and the city contracted the 69th Street ferry 's operation to Henry Shanks in order to keep the ferry running . The 69th Street ferry ceased operation in 1964 due to the opening of the Verrazano - Narrows Bridge a short distance south . At the time of discontinuation , 7,000 daily passengers paid five cents each to cross , while 8,000 vehicles per day paid a toll of 75 cents to use the ferry . Each boat could fit from 500 to 750 passengers as well as 42 vehicles , which caused traffic jams at both of the ferry 's slips due to the boats ' low capacity . However , the route between St. George and Whitehall Streets was kept since the bridge 's opening was expected to spur an influx of residents to Staten Island , potentially increasing ridership on the ferry to Manhattan . Later History ( edit ) By 1967 , all other ferries in New York City had closed due to competition by automobile traffic , and the St. George to Whitehall route was the only ferry in the city . It remained as such until the 1980s , when other ferry routes were restarted . Off - peak service was reduced in 1967 , but two months later that service was restored . However , due to the city 's mid-1970s financial crisis , night service ended on July 1 , 1975 , with alternate service being provided by the Fourth Avenue subway . Night service was restored in the 1980s after two boats , comprising the current Austen class , were ordered specifically for overnight voyages . These boats entered service in 1986 . A Staten Island ferryboat in the Upper New York Bay By the late 1980s , ferries had again become a popular mode of transport in the area . In 1991 , seventy companies expressed interest in bidding for the rights to operate new ferries across the city . This list of potential bidders was reduced to three companies by 1993 . One of these ferries was to be a ferry from Staten Island to midtown Manhattan ; this new ferry would travel at top speeds of 35 knots ( 65 km / h ; 40 mph ) as opposed to the existing Whitehall - to - St. George ferry 's 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) . New York Fast Ferry was ultimately selected to run a ferry from St. George to East 34th Street in Midtown Manhattan , starting service in January 1997 with about 1,650 commuters a day using the service . In July 1997 , however , the fare was eliminated on the ferry between St. George and Whitehall Street . This allowed the Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( MTA ) to institute a `` one - city , one - fare '' transfer scheme , where Staten Island transit riders could pay a single $1.50 fare with a MetroCard on a Staten Island bus or train and get a free transfer to a Manhattan bus or subway by taking the free St. George -- Whitehall ferry , or vice versa . This decreased daily ridership on the $5 - per - ticket Midtown ferry to 400 passengers , and as a result , New York Fast Ferry was unable to make a profit on the Midtown ferry route . New York Fast Ferry went out of business at the end of 1997 , at which point NY Waterway took over the route . After NY Waterway failed to break even on the Midtown route , it was eliminated on July 31 , 1998 . Immediately after the September 11 , 2001 , attacks , the ferry was used to evacuate victims of the attacks at the World Trade Center before being temporarily closed for a week . Ferry service was restored by September 18 . When it reopened , some ferries were diverted to Bay Ridge due to subway and road closures across the East River . This continued into 2002 , with some 2,200 passengers per day using the ferry even though the subways and highways had been reopened . Also in 2002 , the city proposed eliminating night service again and outsourcing nighttime operations to other ferry companies in the area . In 2003 , both terminals ' lower levels were closed and all vehicular traffic on the ferry was banned due to the Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002 . Under this act , passengers would have to board and depart from different sections of the ferry , and since the lower levels of each ferry were used for departing , they could not be used for boarding . This made boarding the ferry inconvenient for park - and - ride users at the St. George Terminal . The lower levels of each terminal were reopened in 2017 to reduce passenger crowding on the ships ' upper levels . The St. George Terminal 's lower level was opened during morning rush , and the Whitehall Terminal 's lower level was opened during middays and the evening rush . Night and weekend service was increased in 2004 due to growing ridership during these times . Before the 2004 increase in night service , boats only ran once an hour between midnight and 7 a.m. The ferry had not added more trips during nights and weekends even though Staten Island 's population had increased since 1990 . In November 2006 , additional ferries running every 30 minutes were provided during the weekend morning hours . In 2015 , weekend - morning and late - night frequencies were increased to every thirty minutes . In 2013 , city councilman James Oddo advocated for a revival of fast ferry service to Staten Island as part of his campaign to become that borough 's president . After Oddo 's election as borough president , he pushed New York City mayor Bill de Blasio to consider a Staten Island fast ferry as part of de Blasio 's proposed Citywide Ferry Service ( later renamed NYC Ferry ) . At the time , the new system 's only proposed ferry stop on Staten Island was at Stapleton , which was already well - served by the Whitehall -- St. George route ; the transit - deprived South Shore was not planned to be served by the citywide ferry . Later , the citywide ferry 's Stapleton route was relegated to an unfunded plan , leaving Staten Island with no stops on the new system . With the opening of NYC Ferry in 2017 , politicians and Staten Island residents again advocated bringing more ferry service to Staten Island , including one ferry each to Manhattan and Brooklyn ; a stop on the South Shore ; and extra stops on the Whitehall -- St. George ferry . In April 2017 , Oddo announced a tentative agreement with NY Waterway to possibly implement a fast route from St. George to Midtown Manhattan in 2018 . The ferry would go to West Midtown Ferry Terminal as opposed to East 34th Street . Unlike NYC Ferry , the Staten Island - to - Midtown route would not receive any per - passenger subsidies from the city . In September 2017 , private developers on the South Shore also negotiated with SeaStreak to run a separate fast ferry route from the South Shore to Lower Manhattan . View of the Manhattan skyline from a Whitehall Street - bound ferry Operations ( edit ) Service is provided 24 hours a day , 365 days a year along its 5.2 - mile ( 8.4 km ) run . which carried 23.9 million passengers in fiscal year 2016 . While trips take 25 minutes , service usually runs every 30 minutes most hours of the day and night , with more frequent service during peak times . The Staten Island Ferry is administered separately from NYC Ferry . Route ( edit ) The route of the Staten Island Ferry across Upper New York Bay is shown in solid blue on an OpenStreetMap map of New York Harbor The ferry 's single route departs Manhattan from the Staten Island Ferry Whitehall Terminal at South Ferry , at the southernmost tip of Manhattan near the Battery . On Staten Island , the ferry arrives and departs from the St. George Ferry Terminal on Richmond Terrace , near Richmond County 's Borough Hall and Supreme Court . The ferry ride provides views of the Lower Manhattan skyline and the Statue of Liberty , and as such , is a popular place for film shoots . It is a popular place to go on Saturday nights , as beer and food items are served at the snack bar . In the past , ferries were equipped for vehicle transport , at a charge of $3 per automobile . A vehicle ban was approved in 1992 , after the Whitehall Terminal was destroyed and subsequently rebuilt without vehicle loading areas , but the September 11 attacks ended vehicle crossings at the temporary terminal as well . It has been proposed to bring car boarding back due to rising tolls on the Verrazano Bridge , but the plan was seen as unlikely due to the amount of effort needed to screen every car . While the ferries no longer transport motor vehicles , they do transport bicycles . There are two bicycle entrances to the ferry from either borough . The bike entrance is always on the first floor so bicyclists can enter the ferry from the ground without needing to enter the building . The ground entrance is also reserved exclusively for bike riders ( everyone else must use the 2nd floor entrance ) . Cyclists must dismount and walk their bicycles to the waiting area and onto the boat and bicycles must be stored in the designated bicycle storage area on each boat . Cyclists are subject to screening upon arrival at the ferry terminals . Bicycles may also be taken on the lowest deck of the ferry without charge . During rush hours , ferries usually run at 15 - to - 20 - minute intervals , decreasing to 30 minutes during the mid-days and evenings . For a few hours during the early morning , usually 12 a.m. to 6 a , m. , a ferry is provided once every 30 minutes . During the weekends ferries run every 30 minutes . Terminals ( edit ) Whitehall terminal ( edit ) Main article : Staten Island Ferry Whitehall Terminal The Staten Island Ferry Terminal , located in Lower Manhattan There have been at least two terminals on the site of the current terminal . When the original Whitehall Terminal opened in 1903 , its Beaux - Arts design was identical to the Battery Maritime Building , which still exists . A fire at the South Ferry elevated station in 1919 damaged the building . A $3 million renovation to the terminal was announced in 1953 , and it opened on July 24 , 1956 . The old terminal burned down in a fire on September 8 , 1991 . A new design was announced the next year , while a temporary terminal was opened at the site to accommodate passengers in the meantime . On February 7 , 2005 , a completely renovated and modernized terminal , designed by architect Frederic Schwartz , was dedicated , along with the new two - acre Peter Minuit Plaza in the Battery . The terminal contains connections to the New York City Subway 's South Ferry / Whitehall Street station complex , as well as to buses and taxis . A `` gateway to the city '' , set against the backdrop of Manhattan 's greatest buildings on one side and the river on the other , the design was created to imbue the terminal `` with a strong sense of civic presence '' In his remarks at the terminal 's dedication , Mayor Michael Bloomberg stated that `` You can walk into this spectacular terminal day or night and feel like you 're part of the city ... ( the terminal ) is a continuation of what you feel on the ferry ... in a sense you are suspended over the water . '' Described as `` an elegant addition to ( the ) city 's architecture , '' the transit hub was described by a Newsday editor as so beautiful that it had become a tourist attraction in its own right . St. George terminal ( edit ) The St. George Terminal on Staten Island Main article : St. George Terminal § Staten Island Ferry A new ferry and rail terminal at St. George 's Landing and an extension of the Staten Island Railway north from Vanderbilt 's Landing had been proposed in the 1870s by the owners of the railroad ( George Law , Cornelius Vanderbilt , and Erastus Wiman ) to replace the various ferry sites on the north and east shores Staten Island . St. George was selected due to it being the closest point from Staten Island to Manhattan , approximately a 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) distance . The name of the terminal and the local neighborhood were renamed to St. George in honor of Law , allegedly as a concession by Wiman in order to build the terminal and connecting tunnel on land owned by Law . The ferry terminal was opened in early 1886 . On June 25 , 1946 , a large fire destroyed both the wooden ferry and rail terminals , killing 3 people and injuring more than 200 . Full service was restored in July of that year . A new facility was built by the city , opening on June 8 , 1951 . The new facility cost $21 million . Plans for a renovation of the terminal were announced in March 1997 , and it received renovations in the 2000s as part of a $300 million renovation of several ferry terminals in the area , including the St. George and Whitehall Terminals . As of 2013 , St. George 's direct rail - sea connection is one of a few left in the United States . Fares ( edit ) The ferry is free of charge , though riders must disembark at each terminal and reenter through the terminal building for a round trip to comply with Coast Guard regulations regarding vessel capacity . The turnstiles were dismantled when fares were removed in 1997 , so there is no official way to count the number of passengers aboard the ferry , though the crew of each boat can estimate the number of passengers aboard the vessel . The state 's per - passenger expenditure in 2012 was $4.86 , paid for through taxes . This subsidy rose to $5.87 in 2016 before dropping to $5.16 in 2017 . For comparison , the city 's per - passenger subsidy for NYC Ferry in 2017 was $6.50 , calculated after all passengers had paid their $2.75 fare . For most of the 20th century , the ferry was famed as the biggest bargain in New York City , as it charged the same one - nickel fare as the New York City Subway . In 1882 , riders protested against a proposed fare increase to 10 cents per ride , but were unsuccessful in obtaining a fare reduction . The fare - reduction movement resurfaced in 1894 , with multiple petitions being submitted to the New - York Sinking Fund Commissioners . However , these petitions were all denied . By 1898 , the fare had been reduced to a nickel , or five cents . The ferry fare remained a nickel when the subway fare increased to 10 cents in 1948 . Despite the ferry 's growing operational shortfalls in the 1950s , the five - cent fare remained static regardless of inflation . By 1968 , the Citizens Budget Commission was proposing to hike fares to close the deficits , with Staten Island commuters paying 20 cents and others paying 50 cents for a one - way trip . In May 1970 , then - Mayor John V. Lindsay proposed that the fare be raised to 25 cents , pointing out that the cost for each ride was 50 cents , or ten times what the fare brought in . As part of a city budget passed in June of that year , the nickel fare was kept . Due to the city 's financial crisis in the mid-1970s , Mayor Abraham Beame submitted a proposal to increase the fare in July 1975 . On August 4 , 1975 , the nickel fare ended and the charge became 25 cents for a round trip , with the quarter being collected in one direction only . The fare increase was intended to earn the ferry service an extra $1.35 million in annual revenue . In 1990 the charge for a round trip was increased to 50 cents , provoking a backlash among Staten Islanders , and sparking calls for its complete abolition . Grievances over the fare partly contributed to Staten Island voting in 1993 to secede from New York City in a non-binding referendum . Rudy Giuliani 's three - percent margin of victory in the concurrent mayoral elections was in considerable part due to the support of 80 % of Staten Island voters , whose concerns he had pledged to address . The passenger fare was subsequently eliminated altogether in July 1997 as part of the implementation of the MTA 's `` one - city , one - fare '' system , which allowed for more free transfers between different modes of transit in New York City . The separate $3 car fares were unaffected . The new MetroCard had been configured to allow one free transfer between buses and subways or other buses within 2 hours of the first payment , and eliminating the ferry fare was seen as an action to equalize Staten Islanders ' MetroCard fares with those of commuters in other boroughs . Despite the fact that the ferry fare had netted $6 million in annual revenue for the city , its abolition only cost the city about $1 million , due to the savings from removing the turnstiles as well as the revenue from MetroCard fares . Some riders disliked the removal of the fares , as they felt that free service might result in lower - quality rides . In 2014 , the city 's Independent Budget Office conducted a study investigating the viability of charging fares to everyone except Staten Island residents . The study found that a $4 charge to these passengers would garner $35.5 million in fifteen years , while a $2 fare would bring in only $804,000 during the same time . Approximately 4 million annual passengers would be subject to the fare , based on the 2013 ridership figure of 21.9 million . Ridership ( edit ) Ridership Fiscal Years 2007 -- 2016 Fiscal Year Ridership ( millions ) Ref . 2007 18.953 2008 19.757 2009 20.118 21.464 2011 21.404 2012 22.178 2013 21.399 2014 21.256 2015 21.9 2016 23.9 Detailed ridership figures for many fiscal years are not widely available . A 1958 New York Times article cited a figure of 24 million annual riders . Ridership on the ferry peaked in 1964 , with 27.5 million passengers , but the figure dropped by five million in 1965 after the Verrazano - Narrows Bridge opened . In the early 2000s , ridership fluctuated around 18 or 19 million , rising to 21.8 million in 2006 before dropping to 18.5 million the next year . Afterward , ridership started rising again , reaching over 21 million in fiscal year 2011 . In fiscal 2012 , the ferry carried 22.18 million passengers , the highest figure in several decades . The figure in fiscal 2013 declined slightly to 21.4 million and ridership for fiscal 2014 declined again to 21.25 million , while ridership on private ferry service continuously increased during that time period . Ridership then began rising in subsequent years , especially after the 2015 expansion of service frequencies , when ridership reached 21.9 million . In fiscal 2016 , ridership on the ferry increased to 23.1 million passengers , and in fiscal 2017 , ridership increased further to 23.9 million passengers , breaking the previous year 's record . The Staten Island Ferry is the single busiest ferry route in the United States as of 2016 , as well as the world 's busiest passenger - only ferry . However , it is not the busiest ferry system in the United States overall ; that distinction is held by Washington State Ferries , which carried 24.2 million passengers in 2016 , compared to Staten Island Ferry 's 23.9 million in fiscal 2017 . Fleet ( edit ) Current ( edit ) There are eight ferry boats in four classes ( the Kennedy , Barberi , Austen , and Molinari classes ) that are currently in service . Kennedy class ( edit ) The John F. Kennedy class boat of the Staten Island Ferry The MV John F. Kennedy , the MV American Legion II , and the MV Governor Herbert H. Lehman , known as the `` Kennedy class '' , were built in 1965 , but only the John F. Kennedy remains in service as of 2017 . Each boat was able to carry 3,055 passengers and up to 40 vehicles , with a crew of 15 people each . The boats were 297 feet ( 91 m ) long and 69 feet 10 inches ( 21.29 m ) wide , with a draft of 13 feet 6 inches ( 4.11 m ) , tonnage of 2,109 gross tons , service speed of 16 knots ( 30 km / h ) , and engines of 6,500 horsepower ( 4.8 MW ) . They were built by the Levingston Shipbuilding Company in Orange , Texas . The American Legion II 's inspection certificate lapsed in 2006 , and it was retired with the acquisition of the Molinari class ferries . The Herbert H. Lehman retired on June 30 , 2007 , after the 10 : 30 p.m. run from Whitehall Street to St. George . The John F. Kennedy was kept for the time being , as captains considered the John F. Kennedy to be the most reliable vessel in the fleet , and riders preferred its abundant open - air deck space . Barberi class ( edit ) The Samuel I. Newhouse , one of two Barberi class ferryboats in the fleet , crosses Upper New York Bay The MV Andrew J. Barberi and the MV Samuel I. Newhouse , known as the `` Barberi class '' , were built in 1981 and 1982 respectively . Each boat carries 6,000 passengers and can not load any cars . The boats are 310 feet ( 94 m ) long and 69 feet 10 inches ( 21.29 m ) wide , with a draft of 13 feet 6 inches ( 4.11 m ) , tonnage of 3,335 gross tons , service speed of 16 knots ( 30 km / h ) , and engines of 7,000 horsepower ( 5.2 MW ) . The boats are each manned by a crew of 15. < The Barberi class was made at the Equitable Shipyard in Florida at a cost of $16.5 million each . At the time of construction , the ships ' capacity was the largest of any licensed ferry in the world . The Andrew J. Barberi was named after the longtime coach of Curtis High School 's football team from the 1950s through the 1970s , while the Samuel I. Newhouse was named after the Staten Island Advance 's publisher from 1922 to 1979 . Austen class ( edit ) The MV Alice Austen and the MV John A. Noble , known as the `` Austen class '' and commonly referred to as `` the Little Boats '' or `` Mini Barberis '' , were built in 1986 . Each boat carries 1,280 passengers and also can not load cars . The boats are 207 feet ( 63 m ) long and 40 feet ( 12 m ) wide , with a draft of 8 feet 6 inches ( 2.59 m ) , tonnage of 499 gross tons , service speed of 16 knots ( 30 km / h ) , and engines of 3,200 horsepower ( 2.4 MW ) . There are nine crew members on each boat . Their namesakes are Alice Austen ( 1866 -- 1952 ) , a Staten Island photographer , and John A. Noble ( 1913 -- 83 ) , a Staten Island marine artist . Austen class vessels usually operate late at night and into the early morning , when ridership is lower . Either the MV Alice Austen or the MV John A. Noble will convert its fuel from low - sulfur diesel to liquefied natural gas ( LNG ) in an effort to halve fuel consumption and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 25 percent . Molinari class ( edit ) The passenger space of a Molinari - class ferryboat of the Staten Island Ferry The MV Guy V. Molinari , MV Senator John J. Marchi , and MV Spirit of America , known as the `` Molinari class '' , carry a maximum of 4,427 passengers and up to 30 vehicles . Each boat is 310 feet ( 94 m ) long by 70 feet ( 21 m ) wide and has a draft of 13 feet 10 inches ( 4.22 m ) , tonnage of 2,794 gross tons , service speed of 16 knots ( 30 km / h ) , and engines of 9,000 horsepower ( 6.7 MW ) . Built by the Manitowoc Marine Group in Marinette , Wisconsin , they are designed to have a look and ambiance reminiscent of the classic New York ferryboats . One boat is named after Guy V. Molinari , a former member of the United States House of Representatives for Staten Island 's district and later a Borough President of Staten Island . It arrived in September 2004 . The second ferry was named for State Senator John Marchi , who represented Staten Island for fifty years . The third ferry , Spirit of America , was to be put into service on October 25 , 2005 , to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the municipal takeover of the Staten Island Ferry from the B&O railroad . Mechanical problems on the Molinari class ferries and legal proceedings kept it sidelined at the Staten Island Ferry 's St. George maintenance facility until its maiden voyage on April 4 , 2006 . Since delivery , the ferries have been beset by frequent breakdowns , with 58 such incidents from 2008 to 2014 ; almost half of these breakdowns have been on the Guy V. Molinari . Future ( edit ) Main article : Ollis - class ferry The John F. Kennedy , Samuel I. Newhouse , and Andrew J. Barberi are to be replaced in 2019 with three new 310 feet ( 94 m ) vessels , named the Ollis class after US Army Staff Sgt . Michael Ollis of Staten Island who was killed in action during the War in Afghanistan . Elliott Bay Design devised the plans for the new ferries . As part of the new order , city officials allowed passengers to vote on the types of seats that would be installed in the new fleet . In November 2016 , Eastern Shipbuilding was confirmed as the low bidder for constructing the ships , and the shipyard was awarded the contract with a notice to proceed on March 1 , 2017 . Delivery of the new ships is planned to occur in 2019 and 2020 . A petition to name one of the Ollis - class ships after Staten Island firefighter John G. Chipura , who died in the September 11 attacks , reached 11,000 signatures by September 2017 . Former ( edit ) Several ferry classes , purchased since the city assumed ownership of the ferry , have been retired . The ferries named after the five boroughs , the Bronx , Brooklyn , Manhattan , Queens , and Richmond , were the first ones commissioned for the city line in 1905 . All of the boats except Richmond were 246 feet ( 75 m ) long and 46 feet ( 14 m ) wide , with a draft of 18 feet ( 5.5 m ) and a gross tonnage of 1,954 . The Richmond , however , had the same width and draft as its class mates , but was 232 feet ( 71 m ) long with a gross tonnage of 2,006 . All of the borough - class boats were retired in the 1940s . The Manhattan went out of documentation by 1941 , while the Bronx was the first of the remaining boats to be scrapped in 1941 . The three remaining ferries were scrapped by 1947 , although the Richmond was converted to a barge first , in 1944 . In 1943 , the Brooklyn was sent to Williamsburg , Brooklyn , where it was used as a floating school for the United States Coast Guard . Next to be added were the Gowanus , Bay Ridge , and Nassau , which were all delivered in 1907 and used for the Brooklyn line . Each boat was 182 feet ( 55 m ) long and 45 feet ( 14 m ) wide , with a draft of 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) and a gross tonnage of 862 . They were all sold by 1940 . The Bay Ridge was used as the barge Rappahannock River while the other two were scrapped . The third class consisted of Mayor Gaynor ( 1914 ) , followed by President Roosevelt ( 1922 ) and American Legion I ( 1926 ) . Each boat in the class differed in their dimensions and gross tonnage . The Mayor Gaynor had a different engine and vastly different dimensions than its other two class mates , so it is sometimes considered as a different class . The Mayor Gaynor 's 4 - cylinder triple - expansion engine was not as efficient as the 2 - cylinder compression engines of the previous Borough - class boats , so the two vessels following it reverted to the more reliable Borough - class engine . Additionally , the Mayor Gaynor was 210 feet ( 64 m ) long and 45 feet ( 14 m ) wide , with a draft of 17 feet ( 5.2 m ) and a gross tonnage of 1,634 . The other two boats were approximately 251 feet ( 77 m ) long by 46 feet ( 14 m ) wide , and had a draft of 17 or 18 feet ( 5.2 or 5.5 m ) and a gross tonnage of 2,029 ( for the President Roosevelt ) or 2,089 ( for American Legion I ) . The Mayor Gaynor was the first to be dismantled , in 1951 , while the President Roosevelt and American Legion I were scrapped in 1956 and 1963 , respectively . In 1923 , the steam turbine - powered ferryboats William Randolph Hearst , Rodman Wanamaker , and George W. Loft , named after prominent New York City businessmen , were built , the name of each boat kept secret until its unveiling . All of these boats had a gross tonnage of 875 , a length of 205 feet ( 62 m ) , a width of 45 feet ( 14 m ) , and a draft of 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) . The George W. Loft shared a name with another boat used up the Hudson River , and so the other boat had to be renamed . Used mostly on the 39th Street route , these boats went into service in June 1924 and were out of documentation by 1954 . A subsequent class , delivered from 1929 through 1931 , consisted of the Dongan Hills , Tompkinsville , and Knickerbocker in order of delivery . The first two boats had the same dimensions as the President Roosevelt , while the Knickerbocker was one foot longer and one foot wider , with a gross tonnage of 2,045 . The Tompkinsville and Dongan Hills were out of documentation in 1967 -- 1968 , while the Knickerbocker was sold for scrap in 1965 . The fifth class , the Miss New York class comprising the Miss New York , Gold Star Mother , and Mary Murray , was delivered in 1938 . They had the same width , length , and draft as the Knickerbocker , with a gross tonnage of 2,126 . The Gold Star Mother was decomissioned in 1969 to save money before being auctioned off in 1974 . The Gold Star Mother 's sister Mary Murray was retired in 1974 and sold at auction . From 1982 through the mid-2000s , it then sat as a floating wreck on the Raritan River within view of the New Jersey Turnpike , and was partially broken up for scrap in 2008 . The third sister ship , the Miss New York , was decommissioned in 1975 and auctioned . The Miss New York was used as a restaurant for a while , but then sank . The most recently retired class of steam boats for the current ferry , the Cornelius G. Kolff , Private Joseph F. Merrell , and Verrazzano , went into service in 1951 . These boats were slightly larger than their predecessors , with a length of 269 feet ( 82 m ) , a width of 69 feet ( 21 m ) , a draft of 19 feet ( 5.8 m ) and a gross tonnage of 2,285 . They were made on Staten Island at the Bethlehem Steel Company shipyard . The Verrazzano was decommissioned and sold at auction in the 1980s , with proposals to use the old ferry to a Japanese amusement park . The deal fell through , and it became a floating wreck at the Red Hook Container Terminal . Its two class mates , the Kolff ( later Walter Keane ) and the Merrell ( later the Vernon C. Bain , then the Harold A. Wildstein ) were shipped to Rikers Island in 1987 to deal with prison overcrowding there . The plan was adopted as a feasible interim option while new jail facilities were being built . The Keane and Wildstein , along with the retired British troop carriers Bibby Resolution and Bibby Venture , were used to house 1,000 inmates . The vessels were removed from prison use in 1997 , after the Vernon C. Bain floating barge was built , and both vessels were scrapped in 2004 . The American Legion II , a now - retired Kennedy - class ferry , on its way to Staten Island The Kennedy - class American Legion II was retired in 2006 and sold for scrap . Its classmate Governor Herbert H. Lehman was retired in 2007 and sold at auction by the city in 2011 . By 2012 , it was being scrapped at Steelways Shipyard in Newburgh , New York . During the scrapping process , the boat started to leak . Incidents ( edit ) Early 20th century , after city takeover ( edit ) In November 1910 , the ferryboat Nassau ran aground on the seawall of Governors Island , but most passengers were able to jump off the boat safely . The boat only suffered minor damage to its propeller . The ferryboat Mayor Gaynor ran aground near Robbins Reef Light in the middle of the harbor on October 31 , 1921 . This was a result of a heavy fog , which caused other transit accidents that injured a total of 20 people that day . The same boat was involved in another crash on February 24 , 1929 , when it ran into the Whitehall ferry slip and injured three people . Coincidentally , the Mayor Gaynor collided with the same spot a year and a day later , which injured seven people . Late 20th century ( edit ) A heavy fog across the East Coast on January 16 , 1953 , caused four ferry accidents in the New York Harbor . One of these accidents was when the Gold Star crashed into the United States Lines freighter American Veteran , injuring 13 people . In another heavy fog four days later , the Joseph F. Merrill crashed into an Ellis Island ferryboat , jolting several passengers but injuring no one . On February 8 , 1958 , the Dongan Hills was hit by Norwegian tanker Tynefield , injuring 15 people . On November 7 , 1978 , the American Legion II crashed into the concrete seawall near the Statue of Liberty ferry port during a dense fog , injuring 173 people on board . On May 6 , 1981 , at 7 : 16 am EDT , the American Legion II , en route from Staten Island to Manhattan with approximately 2,400 passengers aboard , was rammed in dense fog by the M / V Hoegh Orchid , a Norwegian freighter inbound from sea to a berth in Brooklyn . The ferry boat was damaged from below the main deck up to the bridge deck , and 71 passengers were treated for injuries , three of whom were hospitalized . The absence of a gyrocompass , which could have supplemented existing radar capabilities in helping the ferry master to avoid pending collisions , was noted in the February 2 , 1982 report by the National Transportation Safety Board . On July 7 , 1986 , a mentally ill man , Juan Gonzalez , attacked passengers with a sword on the Samuel I. Newhouse . He killed two and injured nine before being detained and sent to a hospital for psychiatric evaluation . On April 12 , 1995 , the Andrew J. Barberi rammed its slip at St. George due to a mechanical malfunction . The doors on the saloon deck were crushed by the adjustable aprons , which a quick - thinking bridgeman lowered to help stop the oncoming ferryboat . Several people were injured . On September 19 , 1997 , a car plunged off the John F. Kennedy as it was docking in Staten Island , causing minor injuries to the driver and a deckhand who was knocked overboard . 21st century ( edit ) Damage to the Andrew J. Barberi 's interior after the 2003 Staten Island Ferry crash On October 15 , 2003 , at 3 : 21 pm EDT , the Andrew J. Barberi collided with a pier on the eastern end of the St. George ferry terminal , killing eleven people , seriously injuring many others , and tearing a huge slash through the lowest of the three passenger decks . The incident spurred an investigation into the safety practices being conducted aboard the ferry , as well as an accident investigation by the National Transportation Safety Board . The Barberi 's captain at the time of the incident was fired , and the Barberi returned to service in 2004 . On March 7 , 2004 , the New York City medical examiner 's office reported that the body of writer and monologist Spalding Gray was discovered by two men and pulled from the East River . It is believed that Gray committed suicide by jumping off the Staten Island Ferry . On July 1 , 2009 , at 7 : 09 pm EDT , the John J. Marchi lost power and hit a pier at the St. George Terminal at full speed , resulting in 15 minor injuries . The boat was cited as having a history of electrical problems since being put into service in 2005 . On May 8 , 2010 , at 9 : 20 am EDT , the then - recently - rebuilt Andrew J. Barberi hit the dock at the St. George Terminal with 252 passengers aboard . As the ferry approached the dock , the reverse thrust failed to respond and the boat could not slow down . Thirty - seven people were injured . See also ( edit ) Staten Island Ferry Disaster Memorial Museum , a memorial sculpture commemorating a fake giant - octopus attack on the Staten Island Ferry References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mayor 's Management Report Fiscal 2017 '' ( PDF ) . nyc.gov . City of New York . September 2017 . p. 272 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rizzi , Nicholas ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` 6 Things You Did n't Know About the Staten Island Ferry '' . DNAinfo New York . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Burrows , Edwin G. & Wallace , Mike ( 1999 ) , Gotham : A History of New York City to 1898 , New York : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 195 - 11634 - 8 Jump up ^ Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society . New Jersey Historical Society . 1918 . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Roess & Sansome 2013 , p. 223 . ^ Jump up to : Arthur T. Vanderbilt ( 1989 ) . `` Chapter 2 '' . Fortune 's Children . Sphere . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7474 - 0620 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Sherry , Virginia N. ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` 13 things to know about Tompkinsville , where European settlers arrived 375 years ago '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stiles 2009 , p. 206 . ^ Jump up to : Laws of the State of New York . 1825 . p. 147 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Journal of the Senate of the State of New York ... 1816 . ^ Jump up to : New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission ( September 16 , 2008 ) . `` TOMPKINSVILLE ( JOSEPH H. LYONS ) POOL '' ( PDF ) . nyc.gov . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Adams 1983 , p. 171 . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Stiles 2009 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 65 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , William Thompson ( 1907 ) . Proceedings . Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences . p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Stiles 2009 , p. 207 . ^ Jump up to : Stiles 2009 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , pp. 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 402 . ^ Jump up to : Adams 1983 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ `` Tmh Army and Navy : THE PURCHASED FLEET. ; Troops for Gen. Lane . Inspection of Col. Doubleday 's heavy artillery regiment '' . The New York Times . 1862 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ New York Historical Society Quarterly . New York Historical Society . 1963 . p. 198 . Jump up ^ Cotham Jr. , Edward T. ( 2009 ) . The Southern Journey of a Civil War Marine : The Illustrated Note - Book of Henry O. Gusley . University of Texas Press . p. 19 . ISBN 9780292782457 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , pp. 402 -- 403 . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 403 . ^ Jump up to : Leigh , Irvin ; Matus , Paul ( January 2002 ) . `` Staten Island Rapid Transit : The Essential History '' . thethirdrail.net . The Third Rail Online . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2015 . Retrieved June 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Morris 1900 , p. 462 . Jump up ^ `` City Items ; Change in Ownership of the Staten Island Ferry '' ( PDF ) . New - York Tribune . June 18 , 1862 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . ^ Jump up to : Roess & Sansome 2013 , p. 226 . ^ Jump up to : Pitanza , Marc ( 2015 ) . Staten Island Rapid Transit Images of Rail . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4671 - 2338 - 9 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ `` APPALLING DISASTER . - Explosion of a Staten Island Ferry - Boat Boiler . Wreck of the Steamer Westfield at South Ferry . Dreadful Loss of Life and Limb the Result '' . The New York Times . July 31 , 1871 . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Who Was to Blame ? '' ( PDF ) . New - York Tribune . August 2 , 1871 . p. 4 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . ^ Jump up to : Roess & Sansome 2013 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Legislature , New York ( State ) ( 1945 ) . Legislative Documents . J.B. Lyon Company . p. 553 . Jump up ^ Roess & Sansome 2013 , pp. 228 -- 229 . ^ Jump up to : Staten Island Advance ( March 27 , 2011 ) . `` For Erastus Wiman , St. George was a golden opportunity '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Roess & Sansome 2013 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ New York ( State ) Legislature Senate ( 1913 ) . Documents of the Senate of the State of New York . E. Croswell . p. 1257 . Jump up ^ New York ( State ) Board of Railroad Commissioners ( 1893 ) . Annual Report of the Railroad Commissioners of the State of New - York , and of the Tabulations and Deductions from the Reports of the Railroad Corporations , Made to the Board , for the Year Ending ... C. Van Benthuysen . Jump up ^ `` THE NEW STATEN ISLAND FERRY '' . The New York Times . October 5 , 1882 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Staten Island Museum 2014 , p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rapid Transit on Staten Island '' . The New York Times . January 17 , 1886 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roess & Sansome 2013 , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Weiser , Eugene ( 2013 ) . The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad . pp. 24 -- 25 . ISBN 9781300633051 . ^ Jump up to : Harwood , Herbert H. ( 2002 ) . Royal Blue Line : The Classic B&O Train Between Washington and New York . JHU Press . ISBN 9780801870613 . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , pp. 124 -- 127 . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 404 . Jump up ^ Roess & Sansome 2013 , p. 233 . Jump up ^ `` Garrett Resigns '' . The Washington Post . October 13 , 1887 -- via ProQuest . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Roess & Sansome 2013 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ `` Large Sale of Lots at Rosebank '' . New - York Tribune . July 17 , 1895 . p. 8 . ISSN 1941 - 0646 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 -- via Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` New Ferry Boats on Staten Island '' . New - York Tribune . October 25 , 1895 . p. 9 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Stover , John F. ( 1995 ) . History of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad . Purdue University Press . ISBN 9781557530660 . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 151 . ^ Jump up to : `` FERRYBOAT NORTHFIELD SUNK BY COLLISION ; MANY RESCUED ; SOME MAY BE LOST '' ( PDF ) . New York Tribune . June 14 , 1901 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ `` CROWDED FERRYBOAT SUNK IN COLLISION ; Staten Island Boat Northfield Hit by the March Chunk . TERRIBLE PANIC ON BOARD Fleet of Tugs Follows and Aids the Doomed Vessel . NO LOSS OF LIFE REPORTED It Is Thought , However , that Several Persons Must Have Been Drowned -- Some Passengers Injured , but None Dangerously -- Charges of Cowardice Against Men '' . The New York Times . June 15 , 1901 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Roess & Sansome 2013 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ `` SINKING OF THE NORTHFIELD. ; Investigation Begun Before the Board of Steam Vessel Inspectors '' . The New York Times . June 29 , 1901 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE NORTHFIELD ACCIDENT. ; Age of the Ferryboat Not the Cause of Its Sinking , Says Gen. James A. Dumont '' . The New York Times . October 25 , 1901 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ `` WAR OVER RICHMOND 'S RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM ; Standard Oil Interests to Fight for Ferry Franchise . IN CONTROL IN DIRECTORATE Roggers - Ryan Syndicate Proposes Greatly Increased Facilities for Staten Island and Accuses Baltimore and Ohio Interests '' . The New York Times . July 2 , 1902 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 159 . ^ Jump up to : Staten Island Museum 2014 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , pp. 160 -- 161 . Jump up ^ `` STATEN ISLAND PROTESTS ; Residents Against Commissioner Hawkes 's Ferry Plans . Object to Another Lease to the Rapid Transit Company -- Mayor Hears Their Plaints '' . The New York Times . February 26 , 1903 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Laws of the State of New York passed at the sessions of the Legislature ... 126th sess. : v. 2 . Laws of New York . Albany , N.Y. : State of New York . 1903 . pp. 1412 -- 1418 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ `` STATEN ISLAND FERRY TO BE OWNED BY CITY ; Sinking Fund Commission Adopts Mayor Low 's Suggestion . Will Expend $2,000,000 for New Boats -- Alderman McCall 's Plea for Municipal Ownership May Be Granted '' . The New York Times . July 3 , 1903 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Staten Island Museum 2014 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ `` CONDEMN STATEN ISLAND FERRY TERMINALS NEXT ; Sinking Fund Commission So Authorizes Controller '' . The New York Times . July 21 , 1904 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : Hilton , George Woodman ( 1964 ) . The Staten Island Ferry . Howell - North Books . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ `` Staten Island Ferryboat Coming '' . The New York Times . September 22 , 1905 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ `` TWENTY - MINUTE FERRY TO STATEN ISLAND NOW ; Mayor Said : `` Go Ahead , Bunt , '' and the First Boat Was Off . JOYFUL DAY IN RICHMOND McClellan , Cromwell , and Others Speak -- Schedule Knocked Out Last Night by the Nasty Weather `` . The New York Times . October 26 , 1905 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , pp. 403 -- 404 . Jump up ^ `` City Takes Another Ferry '' . The New York Times . November 2 , 1906 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , pp. 170 , 172 . Jump up ^ `` URGE CITY TO ACQUIRE 39TH ST . FERRY PLANT ; Speakers Say Present Company Cannot Give Adequate Service . PRICE SET FOR UNION CO . Sinking Fund Commissioners Take No Action , but Mr. Fornes Says New Arrangement Must Be Made '' . The New York Times . April 13 , 1905 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Fast M.O. Ferryboat '' . The New York Times . July 4 , 1907 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Ferry to Brooklyn '' . The New York Times . August 16 , 1907 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 224 . ^ Jump up to : `` FERRY TO STAPLETON NOW. ; Municipal Boats Turned Over by the Mayor -- Staten Island Celebrates '' . The New York Times . May 28 , 1909 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` STAPLETON FERRY PROTEST ; Staten Islanders Object to Losing Its Service on Dec. 31 '' . The New York Times . December 26 , 1913 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , pp. 220 -- 221 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 222 . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 232 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mercury Creeps Up to 90 '' ( PDF ) . New York Sun . August 10 , 1914 . p. 10 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ `` JEALOUS OF BROOKLYN '' . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . April 7 , 1914 . p. 2 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , pp. 223 , 232 . Jump up ^ `` NEW CITY FERRYBOAT HERE. ; Mayor to Attend Maiden Trip of the Roosevelt Today '' . The New York Times . December 27 , 1921 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ `` Walker Refuses to Give Stand on Narrows Tunnel '' ( PDF ) . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . September 30 , 1926 . p. 24 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , pp. 260 -- 261 . Jump up ^ `` Whalen Suggests City take Over Bay Ridge Ferry '' ( PDF ) . Brooklyn Standard Union . March 9 , 1924 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ `` A Welcome Ferry Route '' . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . June 12 , 1924 . p. 6 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` The Future Staten Island '' . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . September 28 , 1924 . p. 65 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` DELAYS DUE TO THE MAYOR ; Board of Estimate Also Criticized in an Exhaustive Report . BUS OPERATION ILLEGAL Completion of Existing Lines , With Shop and Yard Facilities , Is Urged . RECOMMENDS MORE TRAINS In Non-Rush Hours -- Demand for Larger Borrowing Capacity for City Approved '' . The New York Times . February 9 , 1925 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , pp. 273 , 275 . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Adams 1983 , p. 308 . ^ Jump up to : Roess & Sansome 2013 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ `` FERRY CHANGE ASKED FOR STATEN ISLAND ; Company Wants City to Stop One of Its Brooklyn Lines '' . The New York Times . 1940 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 280 . ^ Jump up to : `` STATEN ISLAND FIRE WRECKS FERRY TERMINAL , KILLS 3 ; DAMAGE PUT AT $2,000,000 ; 22 GO TO HOSPITALS Flames Start Under Car , Spread Fast to Set Off 2 Paintshop Blasts BLAZE FLARES UP IN NIGHT Resumption of Service This Morning Threatened by New Damage to Remaining Slips ... Fire Creeps Under Slips Thousands Watch at Night Fire Starts in Rail Terminal '' . The New York Times . June 26 , 1946 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 281 . Jump up ^ `` Merchants of Bush Terminal Lead Fight To Restore 39th St. Kings - Richmond Ferry '' . The New York Times . June 21 , 1947 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . 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Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Staten Island Museum 2014 , p. 77 . ^ Jump up to : Pristin , Terry ( July 7 , 1998 ) . `` Speedy Ferry Service Between Staten Island and West 38th St. Is Ending '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sontag , Deborah ( July 5 , 1997 ) . `` On the Staten Island Ferry , Illusory ' Free Ride ' Is Reality '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Felicia R. ( December 27 , 1997 ) . `` City Works To Preserve A Ferry Route '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rutenberg , James ( December 27 , 1997 ) . `` FAST FERRY HITS ROUGH SEAS '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newman , Andy ( December 30 , 1997 ) . `` Another Ferry Service to Take Over Staten Island Route '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Linton , Caroline ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Secrets of the Staten Island Ferry '' . am New York . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eyepop Productions ( 2010 ) . BOATLIFT , An Untold Tale of 9 / 11 Resilience ( video ) . YouTube . Jump up ^ Lipton , Eric ; Pérez - Peña , Richard ( September 13 , 2001 ) . `` AFTER THE ATTACKS : THE GOVERNMENT ; Still Reeling From Losses , New York Looks for Makeshift Solutions '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lipton , Eric ( September 18 , 2001 ) . `` A NATION CHALLENGED : THE SCENE ; Returning to the Office On the First Monday Since the City Changed '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bahrampour , Tara ( March 17 , 2002 ) . `` NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT : BAY RIDGE ; One Happy Result of 9 / 11 : Free Ferry Will Stay Afloat '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Grady , Jim ( September 1 , 2002 ) . `` NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT : STATEN ISLAND UP CLOSE ; For Ferry 's Wee Hours , a Plan to Downsize and Privatize '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Staten Island Ferry Terminal Lower Level Boarding Starts Today '' . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sanders , Anna ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Staten Island Ferry commuters cheer lower level boarding '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rivoli , Dan ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Staten Island ferry gets new entrance to ease overcrowding '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hu , Winnie ( December 8 , 2004 ) . `` Citing Growth , Council Votes to Expand S.I. Ferry Service '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` An Assessment of Staten Island Ferry Service and Recommendations for Improvement '' ( PDF ) . nyc.gov . New York City Council . November 2004 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chan , Sewell ( March 7 , 2007 ) . `` Cost to Operate S.I. Ferries Soared Over the Last 5 Years '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanders , Anna ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Staten Island Ferry expected to run at least every 30 minutes starting this fall '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fitzsimmons , Emma G. ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` Staten Island Ferry to Add More Early Morning Trips '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen , Jillian ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Video : Oddo wants to deliver fast ferry service to Staten Island '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barone , Vincent ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Oddo shows potential for fast ferry service across Staten Island '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanders , Anna ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` City reverses course on South Shore fast ferry '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rizzi , Nicholas ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` When Big Orange Boats Are n't Enough : Staten Islanders Want More Ferries '' . DNAinfo New York . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rizzi , Nicholas ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` 25 - Min . Ferry From Staten Island to Midtown Could Start Next Year , BP Says '' . DNAinfo New York . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanders , Anna ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` New fast ferry from St. George to Midtown ; Oddo reveals deal '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NYC launches ferry service with Queens , East River routes '' . New York Daily News . Associated Press . May 1 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Levine , Alexandra S. ; Wolfe , Jonathan ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` New York Today : Our City 's New Ferry '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rizzi , Nicholas ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` 45 - Minute Ferry From South Shore to Lower Manhattan May Launch Service '' . DNAinfo New York . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Staten Island Ferry '' . nyc.gov . New York City Department of Transportation . September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Staten Island Ferry Schedule '' . nyc.gov . New York City Department of Transportation . October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York City 's Ferry Service Set to Launch in 2017 '' . NBC New York . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flegenheimer , Matt ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` Ferried Between Islands Toward Love and Its Promise '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Levy , Clifford J. ( September 16 , 1992 ) . `` Vehicle Ban On S.I. Ferry Is Planned '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dunlap , David W. ( November 7 , 1992 ) . `` Face of Future At Ferry Dock Is 120 Feet Tall '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yates , Maura ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` Are passenger cars on Staten Island ferryboats a safety risk ? '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanders , Anna ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Cars on the Staten Island Ferry again ? Not likely '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NYC DOT - Bikes on Transit '' . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BATTERY ELEVATED TERMINAL BURNS ; Hundreds of Passengers and Employes Barely Escape as Swift Flamas Sweep Station . EMPLOYES DROP TO STREET Women Crawl Along Roof with Fire Roaring Through Frame Shell Under Them . STARTS UNDER WOODEN CAR An Downtown Firemen and Fleet of Fireboats Kept Busy -- Ferry House Damaged '' . The New York Times . July 3 , 1919 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FERRY HOUSE , 50 , TO GET NEW FACE ; Interior Rejuvenation Also Is Slated in $3,000,000 Job at Tip of the Battery '' . The New York Times . 1953 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FERRY STATION TO OPEN ; $2,800,000 Whitehall Terminal Starts Operating Today '' . The New York Times . July 24 , 1956 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McFadden , Robert D. ( September 9 , 1991 ) . `` BIG FIRE DESTROYS TERMINAL OF FERRY TO STATEN ISLAND '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Anthony ( February 9 , 2005 ) . `` Metro Briefing New York : Manhattan : Rebuilt Ferry Terminal Opens '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staten Island Museum 2014 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Hill , John . Guide to Contemporary New York City Architecture . New York and London : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 73326 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` MTA Neighborhood Maps : Lower Manhattan '' ( PDF ) . mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : SchwartzArch.com , Ferry Terminal description , retrieved February 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Justin , Newsday , April 14 , 2005 , `` At last , welcome to Manhattan ! '' , retrieved February 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Roess & Sansome 2013 , pp. 226 -- 228 . Jump up ^ `` Staten Islanders Worried : Anxious to Know Who Will Run the Ferryboats to This City '' . The New York Times . May 25 , 1893 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Minn , Michael ( December 18 , 2009 ) . `` History and Future of the North Shore Rail Line on Staten Island '' ( PDF ) . michaelminn.net . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Staten Island Ferry Terminal Named to ' Canonize ' George Law '' . The New York Times . May 26 , 1929 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Waite , Thomas L. ( July 19 , 1987 ) . `` IF YOU 'RE THINKING OF LIVING IN ; ST . GEORGE '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chen , David W. ( March 20 , 1997 ) . `` Sleeker Design for Staten Island Ferry Terminal Is Unveiled '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dunlap , David W. ( April 7 , 2002 ) . `` Launching a Flotilla of Ferry Terminals '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` St. George , Staten Island : THE BOROUGH 'S TRANSIT , CIVIC AND CULTURAL HUB '' ( PDF ) . nyc.gov . New York City Economic Development Corporation . August 2011 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Office of Diane J. Savino ( 2013 ) . `` State Senator Diane J. Savino 's 2013 Staten Island Railway Rider Report '' ( PDF ) . nysenate.gov . New York State Senate . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Randy ; McIntire , Mike ; Rashbaum , William K. ; O'Donnell , Michelle ( October 25 , 2003 ) . `` Crash of Ferry Leaves Questions On Enforcement of Safety Rules '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Paulsen , Ken ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Staten Island Ferry costs taxpayers $4.86 per passenger , per trip '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mayor 's Management Report Fiscal 2015 '' ( PDF ) . nyc.gov . City of New York . September 2015 . p. 249 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rizzi , Nicholas ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Staten Island Ferry Sees Record Number Of Riders in Past Year '' . DNAinfo New York . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` STATEN ISLAND FERRY FARES '' . The New York Times . March 19 , 1882 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` STATEN ISLAND FERRY FARES. ; Supt . Gannon 's Answer to These Who Want Then Reduced to Five Cents '' . The New York Times . August 21 , 1894 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NO BELIEF FOR STATEN ISLANDERS. ; Their Petition Denied for a Five - Cent Ferry Charge '' . The New York Times . September 19 , 1894 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( October 7 , 1968 ) . `` Staten Island Ferry Fare Hike Proposed '' ( PDF ) . Salamanca Republican Press . Salamanca , New York . p. 1 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ United Press International ( October 7 , 1968 ) . `` NY Nickel Ferry Faces Cigar 's Fate '' ( PDF ) . The Post-Standard . Syracuse , New York . p. 3 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ `` Lindsay Asks 25c As S.I. Ferry Fare '' . The New York Times . May 10 , 1970 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prial , Frank S. ( June 14 , 1970 ) . `` Budget Pact Preserves 5c Ferry Fare '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maitland , Leslie ( August 4 , 1975 ) . `` 5 ‐ Cent Staten Island Fare Sails Into History '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ De Witt , Karen ( August 2 , 1990 ) . `` S.I. Ferry : Still a Bargain at Twice the Price '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shapiro , June ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` After Brexit , Staten Island recalls its own secession movement '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Liff , Bob ( April 28 , 1997 ) . `` UNFARE ? FERRY RIDE TO BE FREE ; S.I. GETS A RUDY GIFT '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haberman , Clyde ( July 8 , 1997 ) . `` Looking A Gift Fare In the Mouth '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barone , Vincent ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Setting tourist - only Staten Island Ferry fare at $4 would bring in millions annually , study shows '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Estimate of Revenues and Costs of Staten Island Ferry Tourist Fare '' ( PDF ) . Independent Budget Office of the City of New York . September 2014 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` STATEN ISLAND : THEN AND NOW '' ( PDF ) . Center for an Urban Future . May 2011 . p. 37 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mayor 's Management Report Fiscal 2013 '' ( PDF ) . nyc.gov . City of New York . September 2013 . p. 151 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mayor 's Management Report Fiscal 2014 '' ( PDF ) . nyc.gov . City of New York . September 2014 . p. 232 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mayor 's Management Report Fiscal 2016 '' ( PDF ) . nyc.gov . City of New York . September 2016 . p. 252 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger Ferry 2015 - 16 Grant Program Projects '' . United States Department of Transportation . April 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Washington State Ferries - Traffic Statistics Rider Segment report - Jan 1 , 2016 thru Dec 31 , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Washington State Department of Transportation . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Adams 1983 , p. 173 . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 408 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Staten Island Ferry Current Ferries '' . The History of the Staten Island Ferry. 2014 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vandam , Jeff ( April 16 , 2006 ) . `` Ferries of a Certain Age '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maskaly , Michelle ( July 1 , 2007 ) . `` All ashore for the Lehman ferryboat '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SI Ferry captain warns : the ships are ticking time bombs '' . New York Post . April 6 , 2014 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Next generation of ferries to be modeled after popular Kennedy class boats '' . Staten Island Advance . SILive.com . July 25 , 2015 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Staten Island Ferry : A look back at the various boats '' . Staten Island Advance. April 26 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 408 -- 409 . Jump up ^ Barry , Keith ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Staten Island Ferry Goes Green With Natural Gas '' . Wired . ^ Jump up to : Koeske , Zak ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` Molinari - class ferry boats have broken down 58 times since 2008 , report says '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg Welcomes the Guy V. Molinari to Staten Island Ferry Fleet '' . nyc.gov . Office of Mayor Michael Bloomberg . September 27 , 2004 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartland , Michael ( June 8 , 2014 ) . `` Breakdowns plague the three newest Staten Island ferries '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eastern low bidder for Staten Island Ferry contract '' . Marine Log . November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barone , Vin ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` New York City selects designer for new fleet of Staten Island ferries '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzsimmons , Emma G. ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Staten Island Ferry Riders Helping to Pick New Seats '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eastern low bidder for Staten Island Ferry contract '' . Marine Log . November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eastern Shipbuilding confirms deal for Staten Island Ferries '' . Marine Log. April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porpora , Tracey ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Petition to name ferry boat after 9 / 11 hero reaches 11,000 '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , pp. 404 -- 405 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Staten Island Ferry Past Ferries 1 '' . The History of the Staten Island Ferry. 2014 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cudahy 1990 , p. 405 . Jump up ^ `` Old City Ferryboat Now Is a School Ship For Training Members of the Coast Guard '' . The New York Times . March 6 , 1943 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , pp. 232 , 234 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , pp. 237 -- 238 . Jump up ^ `` GEORGE W. LOFT ' ON 2 FERRYBOATS ; Whalen Names Third of New Ferry Craft Before He Is Reminded of Coincidence '' . The New York Times . May 11 , 1923 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , pp. 236 -- 237 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Staten Island Ferry Past Ferries 2 '' . The History of the Staten Island Ferry. 2014 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , pp. 405 -- 406 . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , p. 407 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ferry Good Boat Now For Sale '' ( PDF ) . Ridgewood Times . Ridgewood , New York . January 24 , 1974 . p. 6 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ `` Staten Island Ferry to Cut Night Trips '' ( PDF ) . Post Star . Glens Falls , New York . 1970 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ United Press International ( July 22 , 1976 ) . `` Farewell Mary Murray -- she was `` good girl '' '' ( PDF ) . Tonawanda News . North Tonawanda , New York . p. 10 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ `` Ferryboat Mary Murray to leave its riverside home '' . Staten Island Advance . March 20 , 2008 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yates , Maura ( March 20 , 2009 ) . `` Owner of beached Staten Island ferryboat Mary Murray dies '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Want to purchase used ferryboat ? '' ( PDF ) . Daily News . Tarrytown , New York . July 29 , 1975 . p . A2 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ Cudahy 1990 , pp. 407 -- 408 . Jump up ^ `` BETHLEHEM WINS CITY FERRY AWARD ; Board of Estimate Approves Contract for 3 New Ships for Staten Island Service '' . The New York Times . August 19 , 1949 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rikers floating dorm scrapped ( the Walter Keane ) '' . Correction History . c. 2005 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Verhovek , Sam Howe ( March 25 , 1987 ) . `` S.I. CHIEF AGREES TO A NEW 4,000 - INMATE CITY JAIL '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Purnick , Joyce ( October 7 , 1986 ) . `` City studies plan to use two ferries for inmates '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emergency plan uses jail boat '' ( PDF ) . Finger Lakes Times . October 9 , 1986 . p. 6 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ Bohlen , Celestine ( March 3 , 1989 ) . `` Jail Influx Brings Plan For 2 Barges '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raab , Selwyn ( 1992 ) . `` Bronx Jail Barge to Open , Though the Cost Is Steep '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sanderson , Bill ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` SI ferry 's bidder end '' . New York Post . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( March 6 , 2012 ) . `` Workers to refloat decommissioned Staten Island Ferry Herbert H. Lehman '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Horrigan , Jeremiah ( March 5 , 2012 ) . `` Decommissioned ferry sinks at Newburgh dock '' . Times Herald - Record . Newburgh , New York . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EARLY MORNING FOG CAUSES ACCIDENTS ; 400 Marooned When Ferryboat Goes Aground -- Rescued After Four Hours . MANY LINERS ARE DELAYED S.R.T. Crews Exonerated of Blame for Crash That Injured 20 -- Four Girls Escape Prison '' . The New York Times . October 31 , 1921 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HURT IN FERRYBOAT CRASH. ; Three Women Injured , Hundreds Shaken as Craft Hits Slip '' . The New York Times . February 24 , 1929 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TWO CRASHES MARK DENSE HARBOR FOG ; Staten Island Ferryboat Rams Dock at Battery , Hurling Five Girls Down Stairs . FALL RIVER SHIP DAMAGED The Plymouth Backs Into Wrong Pier , Hitting the Yale -- Many Incoming Vessels Delayed '' . The New York Times . February 25 , 1930 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FOG HERE CAUSES 4 HARBOR MISHAPS ; 12 Hurt in Ferryboat Crash -- Air Travel at a Standstill -- Relief Expected by Noon FOG HERE CAUSES 4 HARBOR MISHAPS '' . The New York Times . January 16 , 1953 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TWO FERRYBOATS CRASH AT BATTERY ; Staten Island Vessel Enters Wrong Slip in Heavy Fog , Hits Ellis Island Craft '' . The New York Times . January 20 , 1953 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tanker Collides With N.Y. Ferry '' . Los Angeles Times . February 9 , 1958 . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Blum , Howard ( November 8 , 1978 ) . `` 173 Hurt in Staten Island Ferry Crash '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Collision of Norwegian Cargo Vessel M / V Hoegh Orchid and New York Ferry American Legion : May 6 , 1981 '' ( PDF ) . National Transportation Safety Board . February 2 , 1982 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McFadden , Robert D. ( July 8 , 1986 ) . `` Man with Sword Kills 2 and Wounds 9 on S.I. Ferry '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Grynbaum , Michael M. ; McGeehan , Patrick ( May 8 , 2010 ) . `` The Barberi Had Problems Before Its First Voyage '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( September 20 , 1997 ) . `` Long Drive Off Short Ferry Puts Commuter in the Bay '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott , Janny ; Rashbaum , William K. ( October 16 , 2003 ) . `` THE FERRY CRASH : OVERVIEW ; 10 Die as Staten Island Ferry Slams Into Pier '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Allision of Staten Island Ferry Andrew J. Barberi : St. George , Staten Island , New York : October 15 , 2003 '' ( PDF ) . National Transportation Safety Board . March 8 , 2005 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NYC fires captain of ferry that crashed '' . CNN . November 26 , 2003 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spicuzza , Mary ( July 1 , 2004 ) . `` Ferry Involved in Fatal Crash Is Returning to Staten Island Service '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snead , Robin ( August 2007 ) . `` What It Feels Like to Find Spalding Gray 's Body '' . Esquire . p. 91 . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Spalding Gray 's Body Is Found 2 Months After Disappearance '' . Associated Press . March 8 , 2004 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 -- via The New York Times . Jump up ^ Danna , Eddie ( July 2 , 2009 ) . `` Transformer failure caused Staten Island Ferry crash , officials say '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Chloe ; Goldiner , Dave ( July 2 , 2009 ) . `` Staten Island ferry crash at St. George Terminal caused by faulty transformer '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Staten Island ferry accident injures more than a dozen '' . 6abc Philadelphia . July 2 , 2009 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Ben ; Nocera , Kate ; Kemp , Joe ; Lemire , Jonathan ( May 8 , 2010 ) . `` Staten Island Ferry in Fatal 2003 Crash Slams into Terminal Again '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved May 9 , 2010 . Bibliography ( edit ) Adams , Arthur G. ( 1983 ) . The Hudson through the years . Lind Publications . ISBN 978 - 0823216772 . Cudahy , Brian J. ( 1990 ) . Over and Back : The History of Ferryboats in New York Harbor . Fordham Univ Press . ISBN 9780823212453 . Morris , Ira ( 1900 ) . Morris 's Memorial History of Staten Island , New York . 2 . Memorial Publishing Company . Roess , Roger P. ; Sansome , Gene ( 2013 ) . The Wheels That Drove New York : A History of the New York City Transit System . Springer . pp. 223 -- 247 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 30484 - 2 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 30484 - 2 . Staten Island Museum ( 2014 ) . Staten Island Ferry . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 9781439647066 . Stiles , T.J. ( 2009 ) . The First Tycoon : The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt . Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 9780375415425 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Staten Island Ferry . Route map : Google KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / Staten Island Ferry KML is not from Wikidata Official website Ferry Schedule ( PDF ) Staten Island Ferry Rider 's Guide ( PDF ) from the Staten Island Museum . Staten Island Railway Lines Bachmann 's Spur Mount Loretto Spur North Shore Branch South Beach Branch West Shore Line Travis Branch Stations Main Line stations Tottenville Atlantic Arthur Kill Nassau Richmond Valley Pleasant Plains Prince 's Bay Huguenot Annadale Woods of Arden Eltingville Great Kills Bay Terrace Oakwood Heights New Dorp Grant City Jefferson Avenue Dongan Hills Old Town Grasmere Clifton Stapleton Tompkinsville St. George North Shore Branch stations Port Ivory Arlington Harbor Road Mariners ' Harbor Lake Avenue Elm Park Tower Hill Port Richmond West New Brighton Livingston Sailors ' Snug Harbor New Brighton RCB Ballpark South Beach Branch stations Bachmann Rosebank Belair Road Fort Wadsworth Arrochar Cedar Avenue South Beach Wentworth Avenue Infrastructure Unused / Never Built : Robin Road Trestle Staten Island Tunnel North Shore Branch ( freight ) Arlington Yard Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge ExpressRail Howland Hook Marine Terminal Linden Yard Other Rolling Stock ME - 1 R44 History Ferry Related Staten Island light rail Cornelius Vanderbilt Transportation in New York City Public transit Currently operating AirTrain JFK Long Island Rail Road Metro - North Railroad MTA Regional Bus Operations Select Bus Service Bus lanes New York City Subway NJ Transit NYC Ferry PATH Roosevelt Island Tramway Staten Island Ferry Staten Island Railway Proposed / Future Brooklyn -- Queens Connector Private transit Aviation Bridges and tunnels Bicycling Citi Bike Dollar vans Taxis Boro taxi Major construction projects Currently operating 7 Subway Extension Fulton Center Second Avenue Subway History World Trade Center Transportation Hub Canceled Access to the Region 's Core Lower Manhattan -- Jamaica / JFK Transportation Project Proposed expansion of the New York City Subway Program for Action Staten Island Tunnel Proposed / Future AirTrain LaGuardia East Side Access Gateway Program Moynihan Station Penn Station Access Staten Island light rail Traffic proposals Congestion pricing in New York City PlaNYC Vision Zero Operators Public NYC Department of Transportation Metropolitan Transportation Authority New York City Transit Authority Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Board of Transportation ( defunct ) Private Hornblower Cruises Liberty Water Taxi New York Water Taxi NY Waterway Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation Taxi and Limousine Commission Organizations Regional Plan Association Straphangers Campaign Transportation Alternatives Tri-State Transportation Campaign Other History Mass Transit Super Bowl Port of New York and New Jersey See also : Category Commons category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staten_Island_Ferry&oldid=816225358 '' Categories : Staten Island Ferry 1817 establishments in New York ( state ) American companies established in 1817 Ferry companies of New York City No - fee ferries Port of New York and New Jersey Staten Island Railway Transport companies established in 1817 Transportation in Manhattan Transportation in Staten Island Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from November 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 Articles using KML not from Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Pages with graphs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 01 : 55 . 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"Service is provided 24 hours a day, 365 days a year along its 5.2-mile (8.4 km) run.[165] which carried 23.9 million passengers in fiscal year 2016.[1] While trips take 25 minutes,[165] service usually runs every 30 minutes most hours of the day and night, with more frequent service during peak times.[166] The Staten Island Ferry is administered separately from NYC Ferry.[167]"
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2137199863915151934 | 2018 FIFA World Cup Group A | 2018 FIFA World Cup Group a - wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup Group a 2018 postage stamp from Russia depicting Group A of the 2018 FIFA World Cup group stage . Group A of the 2018 FIFA World Cup took place from 14 to 25 June 2018 . The group consisted of Russia , Saudi Arabia , Egypt , and Uruguay . The top two teams , Uruguay and Russia , advanced to the round of 16 . Contents 1 Teams 2 Standings 3 Matches 3.1 Russia vs Saudi Arabia 3.2 Egypt vs Uruguay 3.3 Russia vs Egypt 3.4 Uruguay vs Saudi Arabia 3.5 Uruguay vs Russia 3.6 Saudi Arabia vs Egypt 4 Discipline 5 References 6 External links Teams ( edit ) Draw position Team Pot Confederation Method of qualification Date of qualification Finals appearance Last appearance Previous best performance FIFA Rankings October 2017 June 2018 A1 Russia UEFA Hosts 2 December 2010 11th 2014 ( group stage ) Fourth place ( 1966 ) 65 70 A2 Saudi Arabia AFC AFC Third Round Group B runners - up 5 September 2017 5th 2006 ( group stage ) Round of 16 ( 1994 ) 63 67 A3 Egypt CAF CAF Third Round Group E winners 8 October 2017 3rd 1990 ( group stage ) First round ( 1934 ) , Group stage ( 1990 ) 30 45 A4 Uruguay CONMEBOL CONMEBOL Round Robin runners - up 10 October 2017 13th 2014 ( round of 16 ) Winners ( 1930 , 1950 ) 17 14 Notes Jump up ^ The rankings of October 2017 were used for seeding for the final draw . Jump up ^ This is the 4th appearance of Russia at the FIFA World Cup . However , FIFA considers Russia as the successor team of the Soviet Union , who qualified on 7 occasions . Jump up ^ Russia 's best result is group stage in 1994 , 2002 , and 2014 . However , FIFA considers Russia as the successor team of the Soviet Union . Standings ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Uruguay 0 0 5 0 + 5 9 Advance to knockout stage Russia ( H ) 0 8 + 4 6 Saudi Arabia 0 7 − 5 Egypt 0 0 6 − 4 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers ( H ) Host . In the round of 16 : The winners of Group A , Uruguay , advanced to play the runners - up of Group B , Portugal . The runners - up of Group A , Russia , advanced to play the winners of Group B , Spain . Matches ( edit ) All times listed are local time . Russia vs Saudi Arabia ( edit ) Russia national association football team The two teams had met only once , a friendly game in 1993 won by Saudi Arabia 4 -- 2 . In the 12th minute , Yury Gazinsky headed the first goal for Russia from a cross from the left before substitute Denis Cheryshev evaded several challenges and smashed home at the near post close to half - time . The tempo slowed and the atmosphere flattened after the restart , giving the whole thing the feel of a friendly match . But substitute Artem Dzyuba illuminated a match of often dubious quality with a precise header from a cross from the right to extend his team 's lead just minutes after replacing Fyodor Smolov . As the match moved into injury time , Cheryshev smashed home with a crisp left - foot strike into the top right corner before Aleksandr Golovin curled a free - kick around the wall and into the right of the net . Alan Dzagoev limped off with a hamstring injury in the 24th minute . `` Alan Dzagoev damaged the muscles in the back of the thigh , '' Russia said in a brief statement . For the first time in World Cup history , two players -- Gazinsky and Cheryshev -- scored their first international goals in the opening match . Russia 's victory means that the host nation has never lost their opening match in any of the 21 editions of the World Cup ( won 16 , drew six ) . Russia ( 5 -- 0 ) recorded the second biggest victory by a host nation in their opening match at a World Cup , after Italy v USA in 1934 ( 7 -- 1 ) ; while it is also the second largest victory of any host nation , only behind Italy vs USA at 1934 and Brazil vs Sweden at 1950 , both ended 7 -- 1 . Russia 's Denis Cheryshev became the first substitute to score a goal in the opening match of a World Cup tournament . In this game , Sergei Ignashevich became the oldest player to ever appear in a World Cup match for Russia / USSR ( 38 years & 335 days old ) . For Saudi Arabia , this was their second biggest defeat in World Cup , after the 0 -- 8 defeat to Germany in 2002 . These losses are also the biggest defeats for any Arab team to have participated in the FIFA World Cup . 14 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 14 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Russia 5 -- 0 Saudi Arabia Gazinsky 12 ' Cheryshev 43 ' , 90 + 1 ' Dzyuba 71 ' Golovin 90 + 4 ' Report Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Russia Saudi Arabia GK Igor Akinfeev ( c ) RB Mário Fernandes CB Ilya Kutepov CB Sergei Ignashevich LB 18 Yuri Zhirkov CM 8 Yury Gazinsky CM 11 Roman Zobnin RW 19 Aleksandr Samedov 64 ' AM 9 Alan Dzagoev 24 ' LW 17 Aleksandr Golovin 88 ' CF 10 Fyodor Smolov 70 ' Substitutions : MF 6 Denis Cheryshev 24 ' MF 7 Daler Kuzyayev 64 ' FW 22 Artem Dzyuba 70 ' Manager : Stanislav Cherchesov GK Abdullah Al - Mayouf RB 6 Mohammed Al - Breik CB Osama Hawsawi ( c ) CB 5 Omar Hawsawi LB 13 Yasser Al - Shahrani DM 7 Salman Al - Faraj CM 14 Abdullah Otayf 64 ' CM 17 Taisir Al - Jassim 90 + 3 ' RW 18 Salem Al - Dawsari LW 8 Yahya Al - Shehri 72 ' CF 10 Mohammad Al - Sahlawi 85 ' Substitutions : FW 19 Fahad Al - Muwallad 64 ' MF 9 Hattan Bahebri 72 ' FW 20 Muhannad Assiri 85 ' Manager : Juan Antonio Pizzi Man of the Match : Denis Cheryshev ( Russia ) Assistant referees : Hernán Maidana ( Argentina ) Juan Pablo Belatti ( Argentina ) Fourth official : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) Reserve assistant referee : Emerson de Carvalho ( Brazil ) Video assistant referee : Massimiliano Irrati ( Italy ) Assistant video assistant referees : Mauro Vigliano ( Argentina ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Daniele Orsato ( Italy ) Egypt vs Uruguay ( edit ) Carlos Sánchez 's corner kick The two teams had met only once , a friendly game in 2006 won by Uruguay 2 -- 0 . Egypt frustrated Uruguay with a deep defensive line , staying compact , dealing with danger competently and threatening on the counter-attack to maintain the scoreline goalless , nearing the end of the match . Luis Suárez looked increasingly at a loss but remained prominent in the few opportunities that were created . When he had just the goalkeeper to beat , he dithered too long and allowed Mohamed El - Shenawy to muffle the ball at his feet . With three minutes remaining , Edinson Cavani pulled rank over his strike partner over a free kick on the edge of the area . José Giménez headed into the net in the 89th minute as he met Carlos Sánchez 's free - kick from the right to give the South Americans a winning start in Russia . Uruguay won their opening match at the World Cup tournament for the first time since 1970 , when they beat Israel 2 -- 0 . 15 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 17 : 00 YEKT ( UTC + 5 ) Egypt 0 -- 1 Uruguay Report Giménez 89 ' Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg Attendance : 27,015 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) Egypt Uruguay GK 23 Mohamed El - Shenawy RB 7 Ahmed Fathy ( c ) CB Ali Gabr CB 6 Ahmed Hegazi 90 + 6 ' LB 13 Mohamed Abdel - Shafy CM 8 Tarek Hamed 50 ' CM 17 Mohamed Elneny RW 22 Amr Warda 82 ' AM 19 Abdallah Said LW 21 Trézéguet CF 9 Marwan Mohsen 63 ' Substitutions : MF 5 Sam Morsy 90 + 4 ' 50 ' FW 11 Kahraba 63 ' FW 14 Ramadan Sobhi 82 ' Manager : Héctor Cúper GK Fernando Muslera RB Guillermo Varela CB José Giménez CB Diego Godín ( c ) LB 22 Martín Cáceres RM 8 Nahitan Nández 58 ' CM 15 Matías Vecino 87 ' CM 6 Rodrigo Bentancur LM 10 Giorgian De Arrascaeta 59 ' CF 9 Luis Suárez CF 21 Edinson Cavani Substitutions : MF 5 Carlos Sánchez 58 ' MF 7 Cristian Rodríguez 59 ' MF 14 Lucas Torreira 87 ' Manager : Óscar Tabárez Man of the Match : Mohamed El - Shenawy ( Egypt ) Assistant referees : Sander van Roekel ( Netherlands ) Erwin Zeinstra ( Netherlands ) Fourth official : Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Reserve assistant referee : Milovan Ristić ( Serbia ) Video assistant referee : Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Assistant video assistant referees : Paweł Gil ( Poland ) Cyril Gringore ( France ) Clément Turpin ( France ) Russia vs Egypt ( edit ) Egypt national football team The two teams had never met before . Sergei Ignashevich headed at Mohamed El - Shenawy before Aleksandr Golovin fired wide . Trézéguet then curled just wide from the edge of the box . Russia took the lead when El - Shenawy 's clearance punch found Roman Zobnin , whose first - time follow up shot spun in off Ahmed Fathy , with VAR confirming that Artem Dzyuba had not fouled his opponent . Mário Fernandes soon drove into the box before supplying a cut - back form the right for Denis Cheryshev to slot home Russia 's second with his left foot . Dzyuba made it 3 -- 0 as he took a lofted ball into the box down on his chest , taking a touch to go past Ali Gabr and finish past El - Shenawy with a low shot . Salah won a penalty after he was fouled by Zobnin - although it was only given after a consultation with the video assistant referee as the referee had initially said the offence took place outside the area . Salah scored from the spot to become only the third Egyptian player to score at a World Cup . This is the first time Russia have won their opening two matches at a World Cup since 1966 ( as the Soviet Union ) . And following with Uruguay 's 1 -- 0 victory over Saudi Arabia , Russia , for the first time since the collapse of the Soviet Union , qualified for the next round . 19 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Russia 3 -- 1 Egypt Fathy 47 ' ( o.g. ) Cheryshev 59 ' Dzyuba 62 ' Report Salah 73 ' ( pen . ) Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,468 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) Russia Egypt GK Igor Akinfeev ( c ) RB Mário Fernandes CB Ilya Kutepov CB Sergei Ignashevich LB 18 Yuri Zhirkov 86 ' CM 11 Roman Zobnin CM 8 Yury Gazinsky RW 19 Aleksandr Samedov AM 17 Aleksandr Golovin LW 6 Denis Cheryshev 74 ' CF 22 Artem Dzyuba 79 ' Substitutions : MF 7 Daler Kuzyayev 74 ' FW 10 Fyodor Smolov 84 ' 79 ' DF 13 Fyodor Kudryashov 86 ' Manager : Stanislav Cherchesov GK 23 Mohamed El - Shenawy RB 7 Ahmed Fathy ( c ) CB Ali Gabr CB 6 Ahmed Hegazi LB 13 Mohamed Abdel - Shafy CM 8 Tarek Hamed CM 17 Mohamed Elneny 64 ' RW 10 Mohamed Salah AM 19 Abdallah Said LW 21 Trézéguet 57 ' 68 ' CF 9 Marwan Mohsen 82 ' Substitutions : FW 22 Amr Warda 64 ' FW 14 Ramadan Sobhi 68 ' FW 11 Kahraba 82 ' Manager : Héctor Cúper Man of the Match : Denis Cheryshev ( Russia ) Assistant referees : Eduardo Cardozo ( Paraguay ) Juan Zorrilla ( Paraguay ) Fourth official : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) Reserve assistant referee : Bahattin Duran ( Turkey ) Video assistant referee : Massimiliano Irrati ( Italy ) Assistant video assistant referees : Mauro Vigliano ( Argentina ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Szymon Marciniak ( Poland ) Uruguay vs Saudi Arabia ( edit ) Uruguay - Saudi Arabia The two teams had met in two games . Their most recent meeting was a friendly in 2014 , ending in a 1 -- 1 draw . A left - wing Carlos Sánchez corner was missed by Mohammed Al - Owais , giving Luis Suárez a close - range finish into an unguarded net with his left foot . Fernando Muslera had to tip over a long - range drive from Hattan Bahebri , who then missed a chance in the box . The flat feel of the game continued after the interval with both sides struggling to build tempo in hot conditions at the Rostov Arena . Martín Cáceres headed over in the 68th minute from a Sanchez delivery . Saudi Arabia had plenty of the ball in the closing stages but were unable to score a goal . The result ensured that both Russia and Uruguay would advance to the knockout stage , while Egypt and Saudi Arabia would be eliminated at the group stage . Uruguay have won all four of their World Cup matches against Asian opposition . Suarez became the sixth player to make 100 appearances for his country . He also became the first Uruguay player to score in three World Cups . Uruguay 's victory had also helped Russia to qualify for the first time since the fall of the Soviet Union , as Russia had won 3 -- 1 over Egypt earlier . 20 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Uruguay 1 -- 0 Saudi Arabia Suárez 23 ' Report Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Attendance : 42,678 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) Uruguay Saudi Arabia GK Fernando Muslera RB Guillermo Varela CB José Giménez CB Diego Godín ( c ) LB 22 Martín Cáceres RM 5 Carlos Sánchez 82 ' CM 15 Matías Vecino 59 ' CM 6 Rodrigo Bentancur LM 7 Cristian Rodríguez 59 ' CF 9 Luis Suárez CF 21 Edinson Cavani Substitutions : MF 17 Diego Laxalt 59 ' MF 14 Lucas Torreira 59 ' MF 8 Nahitan Nández 82 ' Manager : Óscar Tabárez GK 22 Mohammed Al - Owais RB 6 Mohammed Al - Breik CB Osama Hawsawi ( c ) CB Ali Al - Bulaihi LB 13 Yasser Al - Shahrani DM 14 Abdullah Otayf CM 7 Salman Al - Faraj CM 17 Taisir Al - Jassim 44 ' RW 9 Hattan Bahebri 75 ' LW 18 Salem Al - Dawsari CF 19 Fahad Al - Muwallad 78 ' Substitutions : MF 16 Housain Al - Mogahwi 44 ' MF 12 Mohamed Kanno 75 ' FW 10 Mohammad Al - Sahlawi 78 ' Manager : Juan Antonio Pizzi Man of the Match : Luis Suárez ( Uruguay ) Assistant referees : Nicolas Danos ( France ) Cyril Gringore ( France ) Fourth official : John Pitti ( Panama ) Reserve assistant referee : Gabriel Victoria ( Panama ) Video assistant referee : Szymon Marciniak ( Poland ) Assistant video assistant referees : Paweł Gil ( Poland ) Paweł Sokolnicki ( Poland ) Daniele Orsato ( Italy ) Uruguay vs Russia ( edit ) Uruguay team The two teams had met in one previous game , a friendly in 2012 , which ended in a 1 -- 1 draw . With Russia formerly playing as the Soviet Union , the sides had faced each other seven times , including two matches at the World Cup , one in the 1962 FIFA World Cup group stage , won by the Soviet Union 2 -- 1 , and the other one at the 1970 FIFA World Cup quarter - finals , won by Uruguay 1 -- 0 . Luis Suárez curled a low free - kick into the bottom - right corner after Yury Gazinsky 's foul on Rodrigo Bentancur . Denis Cheryshev struck a half - volley straight at Fernando Muslera . He then found the net at the other end on 23 minutes , though , as his touch diverted Diego Laxalt 's first - time effort past Igor Akinfeev . In the 36th minute , Igor Smolnikov picked up his second booking after lunging in on Edinson Cavani , just eight minutes after being carded for a foul on Matías Vecino . Muslera 's pass enabled Russia to counter , though Artem Dzyuba sent his close - range effort well wide . In the final minute of normal time , Cavani thumped home the rebound after Akinfeev had kept out Diego Godín 's header . Russia are the first European side to fail to top their group as the host nation since Spain in 1982 , and they are equal with South Africa ( 2010 ) in suffering the heaviest defeat as hosts in the group stage -- both defeated 3 -- 0 by Uruguay . Uruguay are the first side to win all three of their group games ( scoring five goals ) without conceding a single goal since Argentina in 1998 ( seven goals scored , none conceded ) . Smolnikov is the first outfield player to be sent off for the host nation of a World Cup since Marcel Desailly for France against Brazil in the 1998 final . Cavani became just the second player to score a goal in three separate World Cup tournaments for Uruguay after Luis Suárez . Muslera became Uruguay 's all - time leading appearance maker at the World Cup ( 14 ) overtaking Ladislao Mazurkiewicz . 25 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 18 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Uruguay 3 -- 0 Russia Suárez 10 ' Cheryshev 23 ' ( o.g. ) Cavani 90 ' Report Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 41,970 Referee : Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) Uruguay Russia GK Fernando Muslera CB 19 Sebastián Coates CB Diego Godín ( c ) CB 22 Martín Cáceres DM 14 Lucas Torreira CM 15 Matías Vecino CM 6 Rodrigo Bentancur 59 ' 63 ' RW 8 Nahitan Nández 73 ' LW 17 Diego Laxalt CF 9 Luis Suárez CF 21 Edinson Cavani 90 + 3 ' Substitutions : MF 10 Giorgian De Arrascaeta 63 ' MF 7 Cristian Rodríguez 73 ' FW 18 Maxi Gómez 90 + 3 ' Manager : Óscar Tabárez GK Igor Akinfeev ( c ) RB 23 Igor Smolnikov 27 ' , 36 ' CB Ilya Kutepov CB Sergei Ignashevich LB 13 Fyodor Kudryashov CM 11 Roman Zobnin CM 8 Yury Gazinsky 9 ' 46 ' RW 19 Aleksandr Samedov AM 15 Aleksei Miranchuk 60 ' LW 6 Denis Cheryshev 38 ' CF 22 Artem Dzyuba Substitutions : DF Mário Fernandes 38 ' MF 7 Daler Kuzyayev 46 ' FW 10 Fyodor Smolov 60 ' Manager : Stanislav Cherchesov Man of the Match : Luis Suárez ( Uruguay ) Assistant referees : Djibril Camara ( Senegal ) El Hadji Samba ( Senegal ) Fourth official : Bamlak Tessema Weyesa ( Ethiopia ) Reserve assistant referee : Hasan Al Mahri ( United Arab Emirates ) Video assistant referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) Assistant video assistant referees : Paweł Gil ( Poland ) Cyril Gringore ( France ) Daniele Orsato ( Italy ) Saudi Arabia vs Egypt ( edit ) Saudi Arabia The two teams had met in six previous matches , the most recent one in the 2007 Pan Arab Games , won by Egypt 2 -- 1 . Mohamed Salah took Abdallah Said 's long ball in his stride and then sent a deft lob over the onrushing Yasser Al - Mosailem with his second touch in the 22nd minute . Salah broke Saudi Arabia 's offside trap and clipped an effort wide of the right - hand post . Five minutes before the interval Ahmed Fathy was adjudged to have deliberately handled Yasser Al - Shahrani 's cross inside the area . Essam El - Hadary produced a save to deny Fahad Al - Muwallad , but his celebrations were cut short when a second penalty was awarded for Ali Gabr 's tug on Al - Muwallad 's shirt . Salman Al - Faraj stepped up this time to fire past the goalkeeper and draw his side level . Egypt substitute Kahraba fired straight at Al - Mosailem late on . Salem Al - Dawsari finished a right - footed volley past El - Hadary in the closing stages . This match was the first time Egypt have ever led in a World Cup match , in what was their seventh match in the competition . Al - Faraj 's penalty goal for Saudi Arabia , scored after 50 minutes and 36 seconds , was the latest goal scored in the first half of a World Cup game since 1966 . El - Hadary , at the age of 45 years and 161 days , is the oldest player in the history of the World Cup , breaking the record set by Colombia 's Faryd Mondragón in 2014 ( 43y 3d ) . Salah became the first African player to score in his first two appearances at the World Cup . Abdullah Otayf completed 110 passes in this match , the most by an Asian player in a World Cup match since 1966 . Saudi Arabia remains undefeated when it comes against their Arab rivals in the World Cup , having beaten Morocco 2 -- 1 in 1994 and drew 2 -- 2 to Tunisia in 2006 . All in all , it was Saudi Arabia 's first World Cup win since 1994 . 25 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Saudi Arabia 2 -- 1 Egypt Al - Faraj 45 + 6 ' ( pen . ) Al - Dawsari 90 + 5 ' Report Salah 22 ' Volgograd Arena , Volgograd Attendance : 36,823 Referee : Wilmar Roldán ( Colombia ) Saudi Arabia Egypt GK 21 Yasser Al - Mosailem RB 6 Mohammed Al - Breik CB Osama Hawsawi ( c ) CB 23 Motaz Hawsawi LB 13 Yasser Al - Shahrani DM 14 Abdullah Otayf CM 7 Salman Al - Faraj CM 16 Housain Al - Mogahwi RW 9 Hattan Bahebri 65 ' LW 18 Salem Al - Dawsari CF 19 Fahad Al - Muwallad 79 ' Substitutions : FW 20 Muhannad Assiri 65 ' MF 8 Yahya Al - Shehri 79 ' Manager : Juan Antonio Pizzi GK Essam El - Hadary ( c ) RB 7 Ahmed Fathy 86 ' CB Ali Gabr 45 + 5 ' CB 6 Ahmed Hegazi LB 13 Mohamed Abdel - Shafy CM 17 Mohamed Elneny CM 8 Tarek Hamed RW 10 Mohamed Salah AM 19 Abdallah Said 45 + 7 ' LW 21 Trézéguet 81 ' CF 9 Marwan Mohsen 64 ' Substitutions : FW 22 Amr Warda 45 + 7 ' FW 14 Ramadan Sobhi 64 ' FW 11 Kahraba 81 ' Manager : Héctor Cúper Man of the Match : Mohamed Salah ( Egypt ) Assistant referees : Alexander Guzmán ( Colombia ) Cristian de la Cruz ( Colombia ) Fourth official : Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) Reserve assistant referee : Hiroshi Yamauchi ( Japan ) Video assistant referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Assistant video assistant referees : Tiago Martins ( Portugal ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Wilton Sampaio ( Brazil ) Discipline ( edit ) Fair play points would have been used as tiebreakers if the overall and head - to - head records of teams had been tied . These were calculated based on yellow and red cards received in all group matches as follows : first yellow card : minus 1 point ; indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : minus 3 points ; direct red card : minus 4 points ; yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points ; Only one of the above deductions would be applied to a player in a single match . Team Match 1 Match 2 Match 3 Points Uruguay − 1 Saudi Arabia − 1 Egypt − 5 Russia − 6 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Russia 2018 -- Match Schedule '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations -- 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 FIFA World Cup -- Statistical Kit '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Russia coast past Saudi Arabia and leave them all smiling in Putin 's place '' . Guardian . 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fletcher , Paul ( 14 June 2018 ) . `` Russia 5 Saudi Arabia 0 '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Blow for Russia as Dzagoev limps off with hamstring injury in World Cup opener '' . Goal.com. 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hosts Russia kick off World Cup in style '' . FIFA.com. 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Staunton , Peter ( 14 June 2018 ) . `` Golovin genius caps dream World Cup start for ' worst Russia ' ever '' . Goal.com . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group A -- Russia v Saudi Arabia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tactical Line - up -- Group A -- Russia v Saudi Arabia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia v Saudi Arabia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Gimenez grabs late winner for Uruguay to break Egyptian hearts '' . The Telegraph . 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Bairner , Robin ( 15 June 2018 ) . `` No Salah , no party as Suarez sinks on World Cup return '' . Goal.com . ^ Jump up to : Emons , Michael ( 15 June 2018 ) . `` Egypt 0 Uruguay 1 '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Pain for returning Egypt as Uruguay earn late win '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group A -- Egypt v Uruguay '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tactical Line - up -- Group A -- Egypt v Uruguay '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt v Uruguay -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup -- Statistical Kit '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Russia all but qualify for knockout stage with win over Mo Salah 's Egypt '' . Guardian . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Ridge , Patric ( 19 June 2018 ) . `` Salah strikes but hosts right on course for last 16 '' . Goal.com . ^ Jump up to : Emons , Michael ( 19 June 2018 ) . `` Russia 3 Egypt 1 '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Russia race on despite Salah consolation '' . FIFA.com. 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group A -- Russia v Egypt '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tactical Line - up -- Group A -- Russia v Egypt '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia v Egypt -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 FIFA World Cup -- Statistical Kit '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jamie ( 20 June 2018 ) . `` Centurion Suarez strikes to send La Celeste , Russia through '' . Goal.com . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay seal their place in last - 16 '' . FIFA.com. 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Sutcliffe , Steve ( 20 June 2018 ) . `` Uruguay 1 Saudi Arabia 0 '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group A -- Uruguay v Saudi Arabia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tactical Line - up -- Group A -- Uruguay v Saudi Arabia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay v Saudi Arabia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay beat ten - man Russia to win Group A '' . FIFA.com. 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Ridge , Patric ( 25 June 2018 ) . `` Suarez & Cavani strike as hosts miss out on top spot '' . Goal.com . Jump up ^ Jennings , Patrick ( 25 June 2018 ) . `` Uruguay 3 Russia 0 '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group A -- Uruguay v Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tactical Line - up -- Group A -- Uruguay v Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay v Russia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Late Saudi strike settles send - off with Egypt '' . FIFA.com. 25 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Atkinson , Guy ( 25 June 2018 ) . `` Last - gasp Al Dawsari earns consolation win '' . Goal.com . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 25 June 2018 ) . `` Saudi Arabia 2 Egypt 1 '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group A -- Saudi Arabia v Egypt '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tactical Line - up -- Group A -- Saudi Arabia v Egypt '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia v Egypt -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2018 FIFA World Cup Group A . 2018 FIFA World Cup Group A , FIFA.com 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Squads Statistics Official symbols Adidas Telstar 18 ( ball ) `` Live It Up '' ( song ) Zabivaka ( mascot ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_A&oldid=850189945 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Saudi Arabia at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Egypt at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Uruguay at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia ქართული Кыргызча Magyar मैथिली Македонски Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 07 : 56 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who won group a in world cup 2018 | [
"\n\nPos\n\nTeam[ vte ]\n\nPld\n\nW\n\nD\n\nL\n\nGF\n\nGA\n\nGD\n\nPts\n\nQualification\n\n\n1\n\n Uruguay\n\n3\n\n3\n\n0\n\n0\n\n5\n\n0\n\n+5\n\n9\n\nAdvance to knockout stage\n\n\n2\n\n Russia (H)\n\n3\n\n2\n\n0\n\n1\n\n8\n\n4\n\n+4\n\n6\n\n\n3\n\n Saudi Arabia\n\n3\n\n1\n\n0\n\n2\n\n2\n\n7\n\n−5\n\n3\n\n\n\n\n4\n\n Egypt\n\n3\n\n0\n\n0\n\n3\n\n2\n\n6\n\n−4\n\n0\n"
] | [
"Uruguay"
] |
6414657854622877413 | It (miniseries) | It ( miniseries ) - wikipedia It ( miniseries ) Jump to : navigation , search For the 2017 film adaptation of the same novel , see It ( 2017 film ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It Promotional artwork Genre Horror drama Based on It by Stephen King Written by Lawrence D. Cohen Tommy Lee Wallace Directed by Tommy Lee Wallace Starring Harry Anderson Dennis Christopher Richard Masur Annette O'Toole Tim Reid John Ritter Richard Thomas Tim Curry Narrated by Tim Reid Theme music composer Richard Bellis Country of origin United States Canada Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes Production Producer ( s ) Mark Basino Allen S. Epstein Jim Green Cinematography Richard Leiterman Editor ( s ) David Blangsted Robert F. Shugrue Running time 192 minutes ( original version ) 187 minutes ( DVD version ) Production company ( s ) Lorimar Productions DawnField Entertainment The Konigsberg & Sanitsky Company Greeb & Epstein Productions Distributor Warner Bros. Television Release Original network ABC Original release November 18 -- November 20 , 1990 It is a 1990 American - Canadian supernatural horror drama miniseries directed by Tommy Lee Wallace and adapted by Lawrence D. Cohen from the Stephen King novel of the same name . The story revolves around a predatory shapeshifter which has the ability to transform itself into its prey 's worst fears , allowing it to exploit the phobias of its victims . It mostly takes the form of a sadistic , wisecracking clown called Pennywise played by Tim Curry . The protagonists are The Lucky Seven , or The Losers Club , a group of outcast kids who discover Pennywise and vow to destroy him by any means necessary . The series takes place over two different time periods , the first when the Losers first confront Pennywise as children in 1960 , and the second when they return as adults in 1990 to defeat him a second time after he resurfaces . It features an ensemble cast , starring Richard Thomas , John Ritter , Annette O'Toole , Harry Anderson , Dennis Christopher , Tim Reid , and Richard Masur as the seven members of the Losers Club , and Tim Curry as Pennywise . The child counterparts of the Losers that appear in part one are played by Jonathan Brandis , Seth Green , Emily Perkins , Brandon Crane , Adam Faraizl , Marlon Taylor , and Ben Heller . Michael Cole , Jarred Blancard , Gabe Khouth , Chris Eastman , Olivia Hussey , Frank C. Turner , Tony Dakota , Ryan Michael , Tom Heaton , and Chelan Simmons also play supporting roles . Originally conceived as a four - part eight - hour series , ABC enlisted writer Lawrence D. Cohen to adapt the 1,138 - page King novel . Cohen 's script condensed the source work into a two - part , three - hour miniseries that retained the core elements of the novel , but Cohen was forced to abandon numerous subplots by virtue of the novel 's length and the network 's time - slot restrictions . Production on It began in early 1990 , and the series was filmed over a period of three months in New Westminster , British Columbia in mid-1990 . It aired on ABC over two nights on November 18 and 20 , 1990 , attracting 30 million viewers in its premiere . Critics praised Tim Curry 's performance as Pennywise . For his work on the miniseries , Richard Bellis received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Music Composition for a Miniseries or a Special ( Dramatic Underscore ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 The Losers Club 2.2 Forms of It 2.3 The Bowers Gang 2.4 The Losers Club relatives 2.5 Derry townspeople 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Special effects 4 Broadcast history 5 Reception 6 Home media 7 Musical score 7.1 Track listing 8 References 9 Works cited 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In Derry , Maine , in 1960 , Bill Denbrough gives his younger brother Georgie a paper sailboat to take the boat out onto the street to sail in the gutter . But Georgie is unable to stop it from sailing down the storm drain , peering in to see a strange clown who introduces himself as Pennywise . Pennywise then entices Georgie to reach into the drain to retrieve his boat , killing the boy while ripping his arm off . Months later , during the spring semester at their school , Bill befriends the overweight and nerdy new kid Ben Hanscom , asthmatic Eddie Kaspbrak who lives with his overbearing mother , Beverly Marsh who lives with her abusive father , comical Richie Tozier , and Jewish Boy Scout , Stanley Uris . Besides being tormented by a gang of local bullies led by Henry Bowers , the group each had disturbing encounters with Pennywise . During one afternoon after school , Bill and his friends encounter African - American outcast Mike Hanlon being pursued by Henry 's gang . They chase the bullies off with rocks and befriend Mike , Henry vowing to kill them all . The group , calling themselves `` The Losers Club '' , come to realize that they are each being terrorized by the same entity . Noticing that `` It '' assumes the appearance of what they fear , they deduce Pennywise is a monster that surfaces every 27 years in Derry to feed on the town 's children before returning to hibernation again . The Losers decide to venture into the sewers under Derry to kill It , followed by Henry and his friends , Victor Criss and Belch Huggins , intent on killing them . But It kills Victor , who had separated to set an ambush on the Losers , and Belch , who helps Henry separate Stan from the others , sparing a horrified Henry while chasing Stan as he regroups with the Losers . But Pennywise grabs Stan , only for the Losers to use It 's ability to access their imaginations against him when Eddie uses his aspirator to melt the clown 's face while Beverly smashes a hole in the clown 's head using one of the two silver projectiles . Pennywise evades the second and escapes down a drain , seemingly dying as the Losers assumed . But Bill makes the others promise to return and kill It should the creature resurface 30 years later . Henry , his hair whitened while having lost his mind from seeing It 's Deadlights , later emerged from the sewers and is institutionalized when he takes credit for murdering It 's victims . In 1990 , now the town librarian , Mike is investigating the string of missing children and killings as he arrived to the crime scene of a murdered girl named Laurie Anne Winterbarger . Finding Georgie 's picture convinces Mike that It is back as he proceeds to connect the others to fulfill their vow . Bill became a horror novelist married to British actress Audra Phillips , Ben is an architect , Beverly is a fashion designer abused by her lover Tom Rogan , Richie is a late night TV comedian , Eddie runs a limousine service but still lives with his mother , and Stan is a real estate broker . Prior to Mike 's phone calls , the other Losers had completely forgotten each other along with their childhood traumas and memories of It . While the other five reluctantly agree to come , a fear - stricken Stan slits his wrists in his bathtub and writes `` IT '' on the wall in his own blood . The remaining six find themselves harassed by Pennywise once reaching Derry as they eventually meet at dinner , learning of Stan 's suicide shortly after while Mike reminds them of what It is . Two other people also converging on the town : an older Henry who Pennywise freed to kill the Losers , and a worried Audra who ends up being abducted by It while exposed to the creature 's Deadlights . Mike is hospitalized by Henry before he is killed by his own knife during a scuffle with the other Losers . After Mike gives Bill the two pieces of silver he retrieved from the sewers , the five remaining Losers decide to destroy It for good . They descend into the sewers once again , Bill learning Audra is being held while overcoming It 's attempt to induce further guilt . The Losers eventually reach It 's inner sanctum , finding both a catatonic Audra and It 's true form as a giant spider . Bill , Ben , and Richie nearly get lost in It 's Deadlights when Eddie is killed attempting to save his friends , as Beverly mortally wounds It with her slingshot . It limps away , but the surviving Losers pursue and knock the creature down and rip its heart out . They remove the comatose Audra and Eddie 's body from the sewers , burying him in Derry 's cemetery . With It finally dead , the Losers go their separate ways and move on with their lives as their memories of It fade away . A recovered Mike also has his memories begin to fade as he considers starting a new life elsewhere . Richie is cast in a film with an actor resembling Eddie , while Beverly and Ben are married and expecting their first child . Bill is the last to leave Derry , using his last hour in town to coax Audra out of her catatonia by giving her a ride on his childhood bicycle Silver . Cast ( edit ) The principal cast of It : From top left to top right , Tim Curry , Richard Thomas , Harry Anderson , and Dennis Christopher . From bottom left to bottom right , Tim Reid , John Ritter , Richard Masur , and Jonathan Brandis . The Losers Club ( edit ) Richard Thomas as Bill Denbrough Jonathan Brandis as Young Bill Denbrough John Ritter as Ben Hanscom Brandon Crane as Young Ben Hanscom Annette O'Toole as Beverly Marsh Emily Perkins as Young Beverly Marsh Harry Anderson as Richie Tozier Seth Green as Young Richie Tozier Dennis Christopher as Eddie Kaspbrak Adam Faraizl as Young Eddie Kaspbrak Tim Reid as Mike Hanlon Marlon Taylor as Young Mike Hanlon Richard Masur as Stanley Uris Ben Heller as Young Stanley Uris Forms of It ( edit ) Tim Curry as Pennywise the Dancing Clown Steve Makaj as Captain Hanscom Florence Paterson as Mrs. Kersh The Bowers Gang ( edit ) Michael Cole as Henry Bowers Jarred Blancard as Young Henry Bowers Gabe Khouth as Victor Criss Chris Eastman as Belch Huggins The Losers Club relatives ( edit ) Olivia Hussey as Audra Phillips / Denbrough Frank C. Turner as Alvin `` Al '' Marsh Tony Dakota as George `` Georgie '' Denbrough Steven Hilton as Zack Denbrough Sheelah Megill as Sharon Denbrough Ryan Michael as Tom Rogan Caitlin Hicks as Patti Uris Susan Astley as Aunt Jean Claire Vardiel as Arlene Hanscom Sheila Moore as Ms. Sonya Kaspbrak Derry townspeople ( edit ) Terence Kelly as Officer Nell Jay Brazeau as Derry Cab Driver Donna Peerless as Miss Douglas Merrilyn Gann as Mrs. Winterbarger Chelan Simmons as Laurie Anne Winterbarger William B. Davis as Mr. Gedreau Laura Harris as Loni Garry Chalk as Coach Kim Kondrashoff as Joey Helena Yea as Rose Venus Terzo as Cyndi Charles Siegel as Nat Noel Geer as Bradley Amos Hertzman as `` Chubby Kid '' Megan Leitch as Library aide Boyd Norman as Gas station attendant Suzie Payne as Female cabbie Scott Swanson as Rademacher Nicola Cavendish as Desk clerk Tom Heaton as Mr. Keene Paul Batten as Pharmacist Russell Roberts as Greco Bill Croft as Koontz Deva Neil DePodesta as Bum Katherine Banwell as Television announcer Douglas Newell as Doctor Gary Hetherington as Police deputy Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) George A. Romero initially planned to direct It , but left due to scheduling problems . ABC had acquired the rights to a television miniseries of It , for what would be the first made - for - television film based on a Stephen King work since Salem 's Lot ( 1979 ) , directed by Tobe Hooper . Lawrence D. Cohen , who had previously written the film adaptation of Carrie in 1976 , was hired to write It . According to both Stephen King and Cohen , King had little to no involvement in the writing of the miniseries . George A. Romero had originally been signed on to direct the project , which at the time ABC had planned for an eight - to - ten - hour series that would run over four two - hour blocks . Romero left the project due to scheduling conflicts , after which ABC condensed it to a three - part series . Shortly after , Tommy Lee Wallace was brought in to direct . After Wallace signed on to the project , ABC had ultimately decided to condense the series to two parts . According to writer Cohen : `` Speaking candidly , ABC was always nervous about It , primarily the fact that it was in the horror genre , but also the eight - to - ten hour commitment . They loved the piece , but lost their nerve in terms of how many hours they were willing to commit . Eventually , they agreed to a two - night , four - hour commitment . '' Given the length of the King novel , which runs 1,138 pages , a great deal of material was left out of Cohen 's adaptation , including subplots concerning the personal lives of the adult characters , one of which had the main male characters each losing their virginity to Beverly . `` I ca n't even begin to enumerate my favorite scenes from the book that we had to cut , because there are so many of them , '' Cohen reflected . `` I look at it as a glass half full situation . There are scenes in both nights that were created by Steve ( King ) on the page , and I 'm delighted that they survived , like the fortune cookie scene and adult Beverly going to her childhood house . The way I see it , the best moments from the book made the cut and the rest are casualties of war . '' Wallace and Cohen , however , retained the centrality of Pennywise in the source novel ; as noted by film scholar Tony Magistrale in Hollywood 's Stephen King , the miniseries retains the `` association between the adult world of Derry and It ( which ) is further established in the masterful choice of a carnival clown as a unifying symbol for the various creatures representing the monster . '' Casting ( edit ) Malcolm McDowell ( left ) and Roddy McDowall ( right ) were initial choices for the role of Pennywise before Tim Curry was cast . The majority of the adult actors in the film , including John Ritter , Dennis Christopher , Tim Reid , and Harry Anderson , were hand - chosen by Wallace and Cohen for their roles . Annette O'Toole was cast in the film at the suggestion of Ritter , with whom she had recently shot The Dreamer of Oz : The L. Frank Baum Story ( 1990 ) : `` I think ( John ) may have talked to somebody , because I got an offer ( to play Beverly ) , '' O'Toole recalled . `` It happened really fast ; I do n't think I even went in for a reading . I was living in Oregon at the time , and the next thing I knew , I was in Vancouver hanging out with the coolest , most fun guys of all time . '' Emily Perkins and Marlon Taylor , who played the young Beverly Marsh and Mike Hanlon , were cast out of Vancouver , while Seth Green and Jonathan Brandis were cast out of Los Angeles for the parts of young Richie and Bill . According to Cohen , he had written the script for the series without a specific actor in mind for the role of Pennywise . According to director Tommy Lee Wallace , before he was attached to the project , Malcolm McDowell and Roddy McDowall were in consideration to play Pennywise , but Wallace wanted Tim Curry for the part ; Wallace had previously worked with the latter in Fright Night Part 2 ( 1988 ) . Filming ( edit ) It was shot over a period of three months in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada on a budget of $12 million . Given that the shooting entailed an adult cast with child counterparts , Wallace sought to have the adult actors meet with the children playing the younger versions of their characters : `` We made a point of bringing the adult and children actors together for a couple of days , even though it was costly , since the adults and the kids have no scenes together . '' Filming locations in Vancouver included Stanley Park , Beaver Lake and Saint Thomas Aquinas High School Convent in North Vancouver . Wallace told The Hollywood Reporter that his job as a director `` was to give Tim the stage and not get in his way too much . He was like Robin Williams in the way he brought a spontaneous improvisation to the part . '' Curry gave Pennywise a Bronx accent in order to sound like `` an old - time Catskills comic '' . `` I just let it happen , '' Curry said . `` Clowns are your worst fear realized . I think I scared a lot of children . '' Special effects ( edit ) The appearance of Pennywise was based on Lon Chaney in Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) . Original storyboards for Pennywise featured exaggerated cheekbones , a sharp chin , and bulbous forehead . According to director Wallace , `` Tim ( Curry ) objected strongly to all the rubber . He had recently been in several movies which covered him in prosthetics and I 'm sure he felt all the glue and latex would just get in his way . He was right , of course . With those eyes , and that mouth , and his crazy , sardonic sense of humor , less turned out to be more in the makeup department . '' Special effects coordinator Bart Mixon began working on a head cast for the Pennywise character after Curry was cast in the role ; he also designed three clay molds for testing . According to Mixon , he based the shape of Pennywise 's head on Lon Chaney in The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) , `` stylized into a clown . '' Three different versions of the clown 's face were created , one of which resembled a hobo clown , another that was `` a little meaner , '' and the final one seen in the series . To achieve the white complexion , Curry wore prosthetic make - up cream to make him appear `` almost like a living cartoon . '' The majority of the special effects in the film were done practically without digital alteration , aside from the shower scene in which Pennywise comes out of the drain ; this scene was done with replacement animation , an animation technique similar to stop motion animation . The spider figure in the conclusion of the series was hand - constructed by Mixon and his art department team . Wallace recalled of the spider : We labored long and hard designing a spider that was very beefy and muscular , almost reptilian in appearance . It looked great in the drawings , and I even recall a little clay model Bart did , which sealed the deal and won my enthusiastic approval . Bart and team went back to Hollywood to work the whole thing up full - size , and shooting started . When the SVFX team returned to Vancouver and unpacked the full - size spider , what I expected to see was the big version of that original model , the beefy , reptilian thing that was scary on sight . What they assembled on set was very , very different . Not chunky at all , very lean and mean . '' Broadcast History ( edit ) It originally aired on ABC in 1990 on the nights of November 18 and November 20 . Part 1 was the fifth highest rated program of the week with an 18.5 / 29 rating / share , and being watched in 17.5 million households . Part 2 was the second highest rated program of the week with a 20.6 / 33 rating / share , and watched in 19.2 million households . According to writer Cohen , It was considered a major success for ABC , garnering nearly 30 million viewers over its two - night premiere . Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2017 ) As of September 2017 , the film has a 57 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 14 reviews . Matt Roush of USA Today gave the series a positive review , writing : `` If Twin Peaks is a midnight movie for prime - time live , It is the miniseries equivalent of those Saturday matinee shockers that merrily warped a generation before Freddie and Jason began stalking their more graphic turf ... Accept It on its own popcorn - munching terms , and keep the lights on high . '' Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly praised the performances in the film , but had a negative response to its special effects and pacing , noting : `` It features a high level of ensemble acting rare for any horror film ... in addition to It 's slow pace , I found the ending a big letdown -- unimaginative special effects animate the monster in its final incarnation . But the cast is terrific , Curry 's cackle is chilling , and King 's usual buried theme -- about the pain adults inflict on children without even realizing it ( It ? ) -- is always worth pondering . '' The Hollywood Reporter called It `` one big kicky ride thanks to the charismatic acting of Curry as savage , sneering malevolence . '' Sandra Harris of Movie Pilot gave the film a positive review , noting : `` There 's some gorgeous scenery too and a nice interweaving of flashbacks with the regular scenes . For Stephen King fans , this film is a must for your collection . For fans of horror in general , I 'd say you could do a lot worse . Take the phone off the hook and burrow under the duvet for three hours with the popcorn and the remote control . '' Ian Jane of DVD Talk highlighted the miniseries ' combination of childhood nostalgia with horror elements and praised Curry 's performance as Pennywise . Bloody Disgusting 's John Campopiano commended director Tommy Lee Wallace for `` relying less on jump scares and more on creating an unsettling atmosphere to contrast against the kids and their stories . '' In 2017 , Rolling Stone writer Sean T. Collins called the miniseries `` legendary '' and commented that it had become a cult classic . He said although the miniseries `` largely bungles Pennywise 's powers '' , Curry 's portrayal of Pennywise is `` the stuff sleepless nights are made of . He gloats , he giggles , he taunts , he devours the scenery like the monster himself devours middle - schoolers -- and he generally sears his way right into the brain of the viewer . '' Dan Stephens from the UK website Top 10 Films awarded the film four out of five stars . In his review Stephens praised the film 's story , character development , and suspense during the first half . But criticized the second half as disappointing and criticizing the lack of `` friendship and togetherness '' of the main characters that was present during the first half , and clichéd ending . Stephen King commented on the miniseries in a 2015 interview , and was appreciative of it : `` You have to remember , my expectations were in the basement . Here was a book that sprawled over 1,000 pages , and they were going to cram it into four hours , with commercials . But the series really surprised me by how good it was . It 's a really ambitious adaptation of a really long book . '' Home media ( edit ) It was released on VHS and Laserdisc in 1991 . The original VHS release was on two cassette tapes , one for each part . The VHS and Laserdisc releases feature It as originally aired . In 1998 , It was re-released on VHS , this time , on one cassette tape ( in EP format ) . The film was later released on DVD in 2002 and on Blu - ray on October 4 , 2016 . Both the DVD and the Blu - ray feature an edited version of the film , which presents It as one `` movie '' . The suicide scene at the end of Part 1 is shortened , the hotel scene from Part 2 is missing , and the graveyard scene toward the beginning of Part 2 is also slightly shortened to remove the on - screen credits that originally appeared . Musical score ( edit ) A 2 - CD release of the miniseries ' complete score by Richard Bellis was released on November 15 , 2011 . The music of the film ranges from orchestral music to trumpet - heavy music that accompanies the setting of Derry to unsteady electronic instrument arrangements for the film 's scarier moments . Bellis won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Music Composition for a Miniseries or a Special ( Dramatic Underscore ) for his work on the film . Track listing ( edit ) ( show ) Disc 1 No . Title Length 1 . `` Main Title '' 1 : 52 2 . `` Enter the Clown '' 3 : 04 3 . `` Georgie Dies '' 4 : 17 4 . `` Ben Gets the News '' 0 : 51 5 . `` Punks '' 2 : 18 6 . `` I Hate It Here '' 1 : 53 7 . `` Bedroom Jazz Source '' 2 : 24 8 . `` The Slap '' 1 : 45 9 . `` Die if You Try '' 4 : 02 10 . `` Richie 's Talk Show Play - Off '' 0 : 34 11 . `` The Beast -- First Encounter '' 2 : 05 12 . `` Mike Remembers '' 0 : 58 13 . `` Mike Joins the Group '' 5 : 07 14 . `` Pennywise '' 0 : 39 15 . `` Circus Source '' 1 : 10 16 . `` Target Practice '' 2 : 51 17 . `` The Sewer Hole '' 3 : 13 18 . `` Stan Gets Nabbed '' 4 : 27 19 . `` The Fog '' 3 : 25 20 . `` The Pact '' 1 : 43 21 . `` Stan 's Suicide '' 0 : 50 22 . `` End Credits I '' 1 : 00 Total length : 50 : 28 ( show ) Disc 2 No . Title Length 1 . `` Main Title Part II '' 1 : 51 2 . `` The Graves '' 1 : 48 3 . `` Library Balloons '' 2 : 53 4 . `` Ben 's Flashback '' 0 : 35 5 . `` Skeleton on the Pond '' 0 : 40 6 . `` Guillory 's Muzak '' 1 : 27 7 . `` Hydrox '' 2 : 49 8 . `` Audra '' 1 : 45 9 . `` Fortune Cookie '' 1 : 54 10 . `` Silver Flyer '' 2 : 22 11 . `` Leftover Stan '' 1 : 52 12 . `` Henry and Belch '' 2 : 20 13 . `` Every Thirty Years '' 1 : 56 14 . `` Audra Arrives '' 2 : 02 15 . `` This Time It 's for Real '' 4 : 26 16 . `` The Smell of Death '' 1 : 59 17 . `` Something 's Coming '' 4 : 00 18 . `` The Spider 's Web '' 5 : 11 19 . `` Hi Ho Silver '' 4 : 33 20 . `` End Credits Part II '' 1 : 00 Total length : 47 : 23 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goble 1999 , p. 260 . ^ Jump up to : Alter , Ethan ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Back to Derry : An Oral History of ' Stephen King 's It ' '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graham - Dixon , Charles ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Why Stephen King 's IT scares off film - makers '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sarah ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` I 'm Every Nightmare You 've Ever Had : 9 Insane Facts You Never Knew About ' IT ' ! '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Magistrale 2003 , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Broeske , Pat H. ( April 5 , 1990 ) . `` Producers scare up 5 more King films '' . Los Angeles Times . p . D6 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 -- via The Statesman . Jump up ^ Newton , Steve ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` Horror in Vancouver : Stephen King 's evil clown stalks Stanley Park in 1990 '' . The Georgia Straight . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Higgins , Bill ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Flashback : Tim Curry Played ' It 's ' Scary Clown in 1990 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hastings , Deborah ( November 21 , 1990 ) . `` TV movies score big in Nielsen ratings '' . The Times - News . p. 12 . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Hastings , Deborah ( November 23 , 1990 ) . `` ABC posts first ratings win of the season '' . The Times - News . p. 10 . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` It '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Quoted in Beam 1998 , p. 108 Jump up ^ Harris , Sandra ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It . ' 1990 . '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jane , Ian ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It ( Blu - ray ) '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Campopiano , John ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Why We Should Enjoy ' IT ' 2017 Without Comparing to ' IT ' 1990 '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collins , Sean T. ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' : Everything You Need to Know About Stephen King 's Killer Clown Story '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Stephen King 's It - Top 10 Films '' . Top10Films.co.uk . Dan Stephens . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen King 's It ( VHS ) . Amazon . ASIN 0790736039 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Stephen King 's It Soundtrack '' . Soundtrack.net . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 43rd Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Emmys.com . Emmys . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . Works cited ( edit ) Beahm , George ( September 1 , 1998 ) . Stephen King from A to Z : An Encyclopedia of His Life and Work . Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 836 - 26914 - 7 . Goble , Alan ( ed . ) ( January 1 , 1999 ) . The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film . Bowker - Saur . ISBN 978 - 3 - 598 - 11492 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Magistrale , Tony ( November 22 , 2003 ) . Hollywood 's Stephen King . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 29321 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : It ( miniseries ) It ( 1990 ) on IMDb It ( 1990 ) at AllMovie It ( 1990 ) at Rotten Tomatoes `` Back to Derry '' : An Oral History of ' Stephen King 's It ' at Yahoo ! Stephen King Bibliography Short fiction Unpublished and uncollected Awards and nominations Novels Carrie ( 1974 ) ' Salem 's Lot ( 1975 ) The Shining ( 1977 ) The Stand ( 1978 ) The Dead Zone ( 1979 ) Firestarter ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1981 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Pet Sematary ( 1983 ) Cycle of the Werewolf ( 1983 ) The Talisman ( 1984 ) It ( 1986 ) The Eyes of the Dragon ( 1987 ) Misery ( 1987 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1987 ) The Dark Half ( 1989 ) Needful Things ( 1991 ) Gerald 's Game ( 1992 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1992 ) Insomnia ( 1994 ) Rose Madder ( 1995 ) The Green Mile ( 1996 ) Desperation ( 1996 ) Bag of Bones ( 1998 ) The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon ( 1999 ) The Plant ( 2000 ; unfinished ) Dreamcatcher ( 2001 ) Black House ( 2001 ) From a Buick 8 ( 2002 ) The Colorado Kid ( 2005 ) Cell ( 2006 ) Lisey 's Story ( 2006 ) Duma Key ( 2008 ) Under the Dome ( 2009 ) 11 / 22 / 63 ( 2011 ) Joyland ( 2013 ) Doctor Sleep ( 2013 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2014 ) Revival ( 2014 ) Finders Keepers ( 2015 ) End of Watch ( 2016 ) Gwendy 's Button Box ( 2017 ) Sleeping Beauties ( 2017 ) The Dark Tower series The Gunslinger ( 1982 ) The Drawing of the Three ( 1987 ) The Waste Lands ( 1991 ) Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Wolves of the Calla ( 2003 ) Song of Susannah ( 2004 ) The Dark Tower ( 2004 ) The Wind Through the Keyhole ( 2012 ) Richard Bachman novels Rage ( 1977 ) The Long Walk ( 1979 ) Roadwork ( 1981 ) The Running Man ( 1982 ) Thinner ( 1984 ) The Bachman Books ( 1985 ) The Regulators ( 1996 ) Blaze ( 2007 ) Short fiction collections Night Shift ( 1978 ) Different Seasons ( 1982 ) Skeleton Crew ( 1985 ) Four past Midnight ( 1990 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes ( 1993 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 1999 ) Everything 's Eventual ( 2002 ) Just After Sunset ( 2008 ) Full Dark , No Stars ( 2010 ) The Bazaar of Bad Dreams ( 2015 ) Non-fiction Danse Macabre ( 1981 ) Nightmares in the Sky ( 1988 ) On Writing ( 2000 ) Secret Windows ( 2000 ) Faithful ( 2004 ) `` Guns '' ( 2013 ) Screenplays Creepshow ( 1982 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ; also director ) Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) Teleplays `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) `` Chinga '' ( 1998 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Rose Red ( 2002 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Desperation ( 2006 ) `` Heads Will Roll '' ( 2014 ) Comics Creepshow ( 1982 ) Heroes for Hope ( 1985 ) The Secretary of Dreams ( 2006 ) The Dark Tower ( 2007 -- ) The Stand ( 2008 -- 12 ) The Talisman ( 2009 -- 10 ) American Vampire ( 2010 ) N. ( 2010 ) Road Rage ( 2012 ) The Dark Man ( 2013 ) Musical collaborations Michael Jackson 's Ghosts ( 1997 ) Black Ribbons ( 2010 ) Ghost Brothers of Darkland County ( 2012 ) Anthologies edited The Best American Short Stories 2007 ( 2007 ) Six Scary Stories ( 2016 ) Worlds and concepts Fictional locations of Maine Jerusalem 's Lot Castle Rock Derry Fictional books Multiverse All - World Dollar Baby Related articles List of adaptations Books about Stephen King Rock Bottom Remainders Philtrum Press Six Stories Stephen King Goes to the Movies Charlie the Choo - Choo Hearts in Suspension Tabitha King Joe Hill Owen King Book Adaptations of works by Stephen King Films The Shining ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1983 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) The Running Man ( 1987 ) Tales from the Darkside : The Movie ( 1990 ) Graveyard Shift ( 1990 ) Misery ( 1990 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) Needful Things ( 1993 ) The Dark Half ( 1993 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1995 ) Thinner ( 1996 ) The Night Flier ( 1997 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 2001 ) Dreamcatcher ( 2003 ) Secret Window ( 2004 ) Riding the Bullet ( 2004 ) 1408 ( 2007 ) The Mist ( 2007 ) Dolan 's Cadillac ( 2009 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Mercy ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) The Dark Tower ( 2017 ) It ( 2017 ) Gerald 's Game ( 2017 ) Carrie Carrie ( 1976 ) The Rage : Carrie 2 ( 1999 ) Carrie ( 2002 ) Carrie ( 2013 ) Creepshow Creepshow ( 1982 ) Creepshow 2 ( 1987 ) Creepshow 3 ( 2007 ) Children of the Corn Disciples of the Crow ( 1983 ) Children of the Corn ( 1984 ) The Final Sacrifice ( 1992 ) Urban Harvest ( 1995 ) The Gathering ( 1996 ) Fields of Terror ( 1998 ) Isaac 's Return ( 1999 ) Revelation ( 2001 ) Children of the Corn ( 2009 ) Genesis ( 2011 ) Different Seasons Stand by Me ( 1986 ) The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) Firestarter Firestarter ( 1984 ) Rekindled ( 2002 ) Trucks Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ) Trucks ( 1997 ) Pet Sematary Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Pet Sematary Two ( 1992 ) The Mangler The Mangler ( 1995 ) The Mangler 2 ( 2002 ) The Mangler Reborn ( 2005 ) The Lawnmower Man The Lawnmower Man ( 1992 ) Beyond Cyberspace ( 1996 ) TV films , episodes , and miniseries `` Gramma '' ( 1986 ) `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) It ( 1990 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1993 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Langoliers ( 1995 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) Quicksilver Highway ( 1997 ) `` The Revelations of Becka Paulson '' ( 1997 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Stephen King 's Desperation ( 2006 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes : From the Stories of Stephen King ( 2006 ) Bag of Bones ( 2011 ) Big Driver ( 2014 ) Salem 's Lot Salem 's Lot ( 1979 ) A Return to Salem 's Lot ( 1987 ) Salem 's Lot ( 2004 ) Sometimes They Come Back Sometimes They Come Back ( 1991 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... Again ( 1996 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... for More ( 1998 ) Rose Red Rose Red ( 2002 ) The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer ( 2003 ) TV series Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Dead Zone ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Haven ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Under the Dome ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 11.22. 63 ( 2016 ) The Mist ( 2017 -- present ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2017 ) Castle Rock ( TBA ) Book Films directed by Tommy Lee Wallace Halloween III : Season of the Witch ( 1982 ) Aloha Summer ( 1988 ) Fright Night II ( 1988 ) It ( 1990 ) The Comrades of Summer ( 1992 ) Danger Island ( 1992 ) Witness to the Execution ( 1994 ) Once You Meet a Stranger ( 1996 ) Steel Chariots ( 1997 ) The Spree ( 1998 ) Vampires : Los Muertos ( 2002 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_(miniseries)&oldid=802425263 '' Categories : 1990s American television miniseries 1990 American television series debuts American horror fiction television series American supernatural horror films Domestic violence in television Films about shapeshifting Films set in 1960 Films set in 1990 Films set in Maine Films shot in Vancouver Horror films about clowns Horror adventure films Horror television films Monster movies Suicide in fiction Television programs based on works by Stephen King Hidden categories : CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN Use mdy dates from August 2016 Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles to be expanded from September 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Track listings with deprecated parameters CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 02 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played pennywise the clown in the original it movie | [
"The story revolves around a predatory shapeshifter which has the ability to transform itself into its prey's worst fears, allowing it to exploit the phobias of its victims. It mostly takes the form of a sadistic, wisecracking clown called Pennywise played by Tim Curry. The protagonists are The Lucky Seven, or The Losers Club, a group of outcast kids who discover Pennywise and vow to destroy him by any means necessary. The series takes place over two different time periods, the first when the Losers first confront Pennywise as children in 1960, and the second when they return as adults in 1990 to defeat him a second time after he resurfaces."
] | [
"Tim Curry"
] |
-611464315560803268 | List of Dragon Ball Super episodes | List of Dragon Ball Super episodes - wikipedia List of Dragon Ball Super episodes Jump to : navigation , search Promotional artwork Dragon Ball Super is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation that began airing on July 5 , 2015 on Fuji TV . It is the first Dragon Ball television series featuring a new storyline in 18 years . Storywise , the series retells the events of the last two Dragon Ball Z films , Battle of Gods and Resurrection ' F ' , which themselves follow the events of Dragon Ball Z . Afterwards , the series proceeds to tell an original story about the exploration of other universes , the reemergence of Future Trunks , and a new threat to his Earth known as Goku Black and a Supreme Kai from Universe 10 named Zamasu . Later , the Z Fighters participate in a universal tournament held by Zeno - sama to decide the fate of multiple universes . If they lose in the universal tournament , then their entire universe will be erased . Thirteen pieces of theme music are used : two opening themes and eleven ending themes . For the first 76 episodes , the opening theme is `` Chōzetsu ☆ Dynamic ! '' ( 超絶 ☆ ダイナミック ! , Chōzetsu Dainamikku , `` Excellent Dynamic ! '' ) performed by Kazuya Yoshii of The Yellow Monkey . The lyrics were penned by Yukinojo Mori who has written numerous songs for the Dragon Ball series . Beginning with episode 77 , the second opening theme is `` Limit - Break x Survivor '' ( 限界 突破 × サバイバー , Genkai Toppa x Sabaibā ) by Kiyoshi Hikawa . Mori wrote the lyrics for the rock number `` Genkai Toppa x Survivor '' and Takafumi Iwasaki composed the music . For the first 12 episodes , the ending theme is `` Hello Hello Hello '' ( ハロー ハロー ハロー , Harō Harō Harō ) by Japanese rock band Good Morning America . The second ending theme song for episodes 13 to 25 is `` Starring Star '' ( スターリング スター , Sutāringu Sutā ) by Key Talk . The third ending theme song for episodes 26 to 36 is `` Usubeni '' ( 薄 紅 , `` Light Pink '' ) by Lacco Tower . The fourth ending theme song for episodes 37 to 49 is `` Forever Dreaming '' ( フォーエバー ドリーミング , Fōebā Dorīmingu ) by Czecho No Republic . The fifth ending theme song for episodes 50 to 59 is `` Yokayoka Dance '' ( よかよか ダンス , Yokayoka Dansu , `` It 's Fine Dance '' ) by idol group Batten Showjo Tai . The sixth ending theme for episodes 60 to 72 is `` Chao Han Music '' ( 炒飯 MUSIC , Chāhan Myūjikku ) by Arukara . The seventh ending theme from episodes 73 to 83 is `` Aku no Tenshi to Seigi no Akuma '' ( 悪 の 天使 と 正義 の 悪魔 , An Evil Angel and the Righteous Devil ) by THE COLLECTORS . The eighth ending theme from episodes 84 to 96 is `` Boogie Back '' by Miyu Innoue . The ninth ending theme from episodes 97 to 108 is `` Haruka '' by Lacco Tower . From episodes 109 to 121 , the tenth ending theme is `` By A 70cm Square Window '' by the rock band RottenGraffty . From episodes 122 onwards , the eleventh ending theme is `` Lagrima '' by OnePixecel . The anime episodes are being released on Japanese Blu - ray and DVD sets that contain twelve episodes each . The first set was released on December 2 , 2015 . The second set was released on March 2 , 2016 . The third set was released on July 2 , 2016 . The fourth set was released on October 10 , 2016 . Dragon Ball Super received an English - language dub that premiered on the Toonami channel in Southeast Asia in January 2017 . The series has been aired in Israel on Nickelodeon and in Portugal on SIC . Toei Animation Europe announced that Dragon Ball Super would be broadcast in France , Italy , Spain , and English - speaking Africa in Fall 2016 . An official English sub of the series would be simulcasted legally on Crunchyroll , Daisuki.net , and Anime Lab beginning October 22 , 2016 . Funimation announced the company acquired the rights to the series and will be producing an English dub . As well as officially announcing the dub , it was also announced they will be simulcasting the series on their streaming platform , FunimationNow . Funimation 's English dub of Dragon Ball Super started airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami block starting January 7 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 : God of Destruction Beerus 2.2 Season 2 : Golden Frieza 2.3 Season 3 : Universe 6 2.4 Season 4 : `` Future '' Trunks 2.5 Season 5 : Universe Survival 3 Blu - ray and DVD release 3.1 Region 1 ( North America ) 3.2 Region 2 ( Japan ) 4 Notes 5 References Series overview Season Saga Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired God of Destruction Beerus 14 July 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 05 ) October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) Golden Frieza 13 October 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 18 ) January 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 17 ) Universe 6 19 January 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 24 ) June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) `` Future '' Trunks 30 June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) January 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) 5 Universe Survival TBA February 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 05 ) TBA Episode list Season 1 : God of Destruction Beerus Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate `` The Peace Reward - Who Will Get the 100 Million Zeni ? '' / `` A Peacetime Reward : Who Gets the 100,000,000 Zeni ? ! '' `` Heiwa no hōshū - ichioku Zenī wa dare no te ni ! ? '' ( 平和 の 報酬 1 億 ゼニー は 誰 の 手 に ! ? ) July 5 , 2015 January 7 , 2017 After Son Goku defeated the dangerous Majin Buu , peace has returned to Earth . Chi - Chi wants Goku to get a job , so he works as a farmer . Son Goten and his friend Trunks search for a gift for his sister - in - law Videl , who is married to his older brother , Son Gohan . The two consider jewelry and makeup , but they are unable to afford anything . Goten and Trunks head for the hot springs in the woods to bottle up some mineral water instead . While there , they are attacked by a giant snake , which they manage to scare away . For his purported role in saving Earth from Majin Buu , Mr. Satan has been awarded with 100 million Zeni that he does not want . He decides to give the money to one of the fighters . Goku gives the money to Chi - Chi , so she would let him train . Meanwhile , somewhere in the depths of space , Beerus , the God of Destruction , has awakened from his slumber . Keen on battling the worthy opponent that appeared to him in his visions , Beerus and his attendant , Whis , set out to discover who this opponent is . `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Goes on a Family Trip ? ! '' / `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Takes a Family Trip ! '' `` Yakusoku no rizōto e ! Bejīta ga kazoku ryokō ! ? '' ( 約束 の リゾート へ ! ベジータ が 家族 旅行 ! ? ) July 12 , 2015 January 14 , 2017 Goku goes to King Kai 's planet to train with King Kai . Meanwhile , Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks take a family trip to a resort . Bulma and Trunks are enjoying the family time together , while Vegeta is bothered by the fact that Goku gets to train . Fed up with what he considers a waste of time , Vegeta flies away and heads back to Capsule Corporation to train . Somewhere in space , Beerus and Whis scour an alien planet in search of dinosaur meat . They are confronted by the planet 's strongest dweller , but he proves to be no match for them . Shortly afterwards , Beerus destroys the planet in order to have another vision of his destined opponent -- the Super Saiyan God . `` Where 's the Rest of the Dream ? ! In Search of the Super Saiyan God ! '' / `` Where Does the Dream Pick Up ? Find the Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Yume no tsuzuki wa doko da ! ? Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o sagase ! '' ( 夢 の 続き は どこ だ ! ? 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 探せ ! ) July 19 , 2015 January 21 , 2017 Fearing what might happen knowing that the God of Destruction is awake , the Old Supreme Kai and Supreme Kai urge King Kai to ensure that Goku never finds out about Beerus . However , Goku overhears the conversation and becomes curious . Back in his temple , Beerus and Whis continue their search for the Super Saiyan God . They soon learn of Goku and his feats . Beerus and Whis decide to pay him and King Kai a visit . Meanwhile , back on Earth , Goku 's friends and family members begin gathering on the cruise ship for Bulma 's birthday party except for Vegeta who is still training to overpower Goku and everyone else in the universe . `` Aim for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf Gang in Action ! '' / `` Bid for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf and Crew 's Impossible Mission ! '' `` Mezase Doragon Bōru ! Pirafu ichimi no dai - sakusen ! '' ( 目指せ ドラゴンボール ! ピラフ 一味 の 大 作戦 ! ) August 2 , 2015 January 28 , 2017 With all guests now gathered except for Goku and Vegeta , Bulma 's birthday party gets underway . Trunks shows Goten where his mother hid the bingo tournament grand prize -- the Dragon Balls . Not far off from the ship , the Pilaf Gang are now poor and hungry . They are trying to get by until they find the Dragon Balls and make their wishes come true . When his Dragon Radar picks up a signal coming from Bulma 's ship , Pilaf and his henchmen hastily board the ship with Trunks and Goten 's help . Meanwhile , on his planet , King Kai explains to Goku who and what Beerus exactly is and that for every benevolent God there must be a malevolent one in order to keep the universe in balance . Just as he finishes , Beerus and Whis arrive . 5 5 `` The Ultimate Fight on King Kai 's Planet ! Goku vs. the God of Destruction Beerus '' / `` Showdown on King Kai 's World ! Goku vs. Beerus the Destroyer ! '' `` Kaiō - sei no kessen ! Gokū VS Hakaishin Birusu '' ( 界 王 星 の 決戦 ! 悟空 VS 破壊 神 ビルス ) August 9 , 2015 February 4 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on King Kai 's planet and detect Goku 's presence . While he is initially disappointed that Goku does not know what a `` Super Saiyan God '' is , he agrees to test his strength in a sparring match . Goku attempts to fight him in all of the Super Saiyan transformations , but Beerus effortlessly defeats him in two strikes . Beerus and Whis head for Earth shortly afterwards , while King Kai uses his telepathy to warn Vegeta ahead of their arrival . 6 6 `` Do n't Anger the God of Destruction ! Excitement at the Birthday Party '' / `` Do n't Anger the Destroyer ! A Heart - Pounding Birthday Party ! '' `` Hakaishin o okoraseru na ! Doki - doki tanjō pātī '' ( 破壊 神 を 怒ら せる な ! ドキドキ 誕生 パーティー ) August 16 , 2015 February 11 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on Earth , where Bulma 's birthday party is underway . Initially , Vegeta is paralyzed by Beerus ' presence . He recalls a childhood encounter with the deity a long time ago when Beerus visited Planet Vegeta and threatened his father , King Vegeta . Shortly afterwards , Bulma pops up . She invites Beerus and Whis to join the party . The two gladly accept her offer and quickly become enamored with the Earth 's cuisine . They start mingling with the other guests , while Vegeta tries his best to ensure that Beerus remains calm . Whis soon learns of pudding , which he finds to be extraordinarily delicious . Whis urges Beerus to have some too . It turns out that Majin Buu had taken the remaining pudding cups for himself and refuses to share . Angered by Majin Buu 's insolence , Beerus attacks him . 7 7 `` How Dare You Hurt My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Sudden , Angry Shift ? ! '' / `` How Dare You Do That To My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Metamorphosis of Fury ? '' `` Yokumo ore no Buruma o ! Bejīta ikari no totsuzenhen'i ! ? '' ( よく も オレ の ブルマ を ! ベジータ 怒り の 突然 変異 ! ? ) August 23 , 2015 February 18 , 2017 Beerus effortlessly disposes of Majin Buu , while Vegeta stands by in awe . Vegeta tries to persuade Beerus to calm down and enjoy himself , but he refuses to listen . Trunks and Goten fuse into Gotenks and attack to no avail . Powerless to do anything else , Gotenks starts insulting Beerus for which he is promptly punished . Piccolo , Tien Shinhan , and Android 18 try taking on Beerus with little success . Majin Buu attacks again , but he is unable to land a single hit . While observing the battle , Dende realizes what Beerus actually is and immediately informs Piccolo . Before Piccolo is able to warn him , Gohan powers up and charges towards Beerus . Using Majin Buu as a weapon , Beerus repels Gohan and takes them both out . Being the last one standing , Vegeta confronts Beerus , but he is swiftly brought to the ground . Beerus tells Vegeta that he is disappointed with him since he is just as weak as his father was . Just as Beerus is about to finish Vegeta , Bulma walks up and slaps him for ruining her party . Beerus retaliates in similar fashion . Seeing Bulma struck infuriates Vegeta . He explodes and powers up immensely . 8 8 `` Goku Arrives ! A Last Chance from Beerus Sama ? ! '' / `` Goku Makes an Entrance ! A Last Chance from Lord Beerus ? '' `` Gokū kenzan ! Birusu - sama kara no rasuto chansu ! ? '' ( 悟空 見参 ! ビルス 様 から の ラスト チャンス ! ? ) August 30 , 2015 February 25 , 2017 Having powered up , Vegeta charges towards Beerus . He manages to land a few punches before Beerus , who was using only a fraction of his power , knocks him out . Just as he is about to destroy Earth , Beerus has a sudden idea . He decides to give the Earthlings another chance at saving Earth . Meanwhile , fearing for their lives , the Pilaf Gang disembark Bulma 's ship on a rowboat and sail away . Thinking he is the same as Majin Buu because of his pink hue , Beerus picks Oolong out of the crowd and challenges him to a game of rock -- paper -- scissors to decide the fate of the Earth . Oolong manages to draw twice , but Beerus eventually wins and proceeds to power up his attack . Just as Beerus is about to fire , Goku chimes in and says he has thought of a way to find out about the Super Saiyan God . He will summon and ask Shenron about it . 9 9 `` Sorry for the Wait , Beerus Sama . The Super Saiyan God Is Finally Born ! '' / `` Thanks for Waiting , Lord Beerus ! A Super Saiyan God is Born At Last ! '' `` O matase , Birusu - sama . Tsuini Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo tanjō ! '' ( お 待た せ 、 ビルス 様 . ついに 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド 誕生 ! ) September 6 , 2015 March 4 , 2017 Goku gathers the Dragon Balls together and summons Shenron , who is startled by Beerus ' presence . Shenron quickly explains that the Super Saiyan God is not a person , but it is a legendary transformation that only kindhearted Saiyans can achieve by fusing their power together . The Saiyans attempt to transform Goku , but they fail as they are one Saiyan short . Growing tired of waiting , Beerus starts preparing his attack to destroy the planet . Suddenly , Videl jumps in front of the Saiyans . She says that there is one more Saiyan who might be able to help them , who happens to be her and Gohan 's unborn child . The Saiyans and Videl attempt the transformation again and manage to transform Goku into the Super Saiyan God . 10 10 `` Unleash It , Goku ! The Power of the Super Saiyan God ! ! '' / `` Show Us , Goku ! The Power of a Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Misero Gokū ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo no pawā ! ! '' ( 見せろ 悟空 ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド の 力 ( パワー ) ! ! ) September 13 , 2015 March 11 , 2017 Goku is now a Super Saiyan God . He confronts Beerus . Goku is amazed by the immense power his body has gained with the transformation . He is initially unable to fully grasp its newfound potential . Fighting with Beerus , Goku manages to grow gradually into his new form . Seeing as how Goku might turn out to be a worthy adversary after all , Beerus decides it is time for them to unleash their true power and have a real battle of Gods . 11 11 `` Let 's Keep Going , Beerus Sama ! Our Battle of Gods ! '' / `` Let 's Keep Going , Lord Beerus ! The Battle of Gods ! '' `` Tsudukeyō ze Birusu - sama ! Kami to kami no tatakai o ! '' ( 続け よう ぜ ビルス 様 ! 神 と 神 の 戦い を ! ) September 20 , 2015 March 18 , 2017 Having somewhat got a grip on the Super Saiyan God form , Goku initially manages to keep up with Beerus . He soon realizes that his opponent is still not fighting at his maximum . It is revealed that Beerus is doing so only to motivate Goku to catch up with him . To that end , Beerus drags Goku to space , where he swiftly knocks him out . Goku comes crashing down back to Earth and ends up in an ocean . Amazed by such power , Goku gets excited and powers up . He heals himself in the process . Willing to have another go , Goku flies out of the ocean and dashes towards Beerus . 12 12 `` The Universe Crumbles ? ! Clash ! God of Destruction vs. Super Saiyan God '' / `` The Universe Will Shatter ? Clash ! Destroyer vs. Super Saiyan God '' `` Uchū ga kudakeru ! ? Gekitotsu ! Haikaishin VS Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo ! '' ( 宇宙 が 砕ける ! ? 激突 ! 破壊 神 VS 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド ! ) September 27 , 2015 March 25 , 2017 Goku and Beerus continue to fight in space . As both of them power up and clash , the universe begins to crumble under the power of the gods . Celestial bodies blow up due to the shock waves . Meanwhile , Old Supreme Kai reveals to the younger Supreme Kai that with three more blows the whole universe would be destroyed along with Beerus and Goku . When Goku lands the third clash with Beerus , he unknowingly stops the universe 's collapse by balancing Beerus ' attack with his own . Beerus gets enraged and uses his atomic bomb attack on Goku . Goku uses the Super Saiyan God energy to power up his Kamehameha attack to keep Beerus ' attack at bay . 13 13 `` Goku , Go Beyond Super Saiyan God '' / `` Goku , Surpass Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Gokū yo , Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o koete ike ! '' ( 悟空 よ 、 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 越え て 行け ! ) October 4 , 2015 April 8 , 2017 The Supreme Kais are surprised that the universe is still intact following the battle , but they fear the worst is still to come . On Earth , Vegeta , Whis , and the others are still standing by while watching the battle . Whis is surprised by the Super Saiyan God 's power and its ability to keep up with his trainee . In space , Goku struggles to keep up with Beerus ' attack , which ultimately ends up in a massive explosion that blinds everyone on Earth . Shortly after , the light clears out , which reveals everything to be as it was prior to the explosion . Beerus explains that he used his full power to negate the explosion , which saved the universe . Seeing it as a perfect opportunity to boast , Mr. Satan arranges to have himself be falsely credited with saving the planet yet again . Despite being at his limit , Goku remains calm , which annoys the God of Destruction . Beerus thinks Goku might have a strategy that he has been hiding , which Goku promptly denies . Goku says that everything he had been doing was improvised as they fought . The Gods quickly power up and continue fighting , but this time both are at their limit . As soon as they start , Goku loses his Super Saiyan God aura and reverts to the ordinary Super Saiyan form . Upon noticing that , Beerus decides to quit . He thinks it is pointless to fight an ordinary Super Saiyan . However , Goku does not notice and keeps going at it . Whis is able to sense Goku 's mortal energy . Whis assumes that the battle has concluded and that Goku has lost . However , Piccolo begs to differ . Surprised that Goku is still able to hit him even after losing his Super Saiyan God form , Beerus surmises that Goku 's body has adjusted to the Super Saiyan God power . This made him stronger in his ordinary form . With or without the Super Saiyan God form , Goku proclaims that it is still him that Beerus is up against . Beerus and Goku resume their battle of Gods . Note : This episode was originally scheduled to air on April 1 , 2017 , but an unannounced change in schedule on April Fools ' Day supplanted a new Dragon Ball Super episode with the premiere of the third season of Rick and Morty , which aired repeatedly from 8 PM to midnight . 14 14 `` This Is Every Ounce of Power I Have ! The Battle of Gods ' Conclusion ! '' / `` This Is All the Power I 've Got ! A Settlement Between Gods '' `` Kore ga ora no arittake no chikarada ! Ketchaku ! Kami to kami '' ( これが オラ の ありったけ の 力 だ ! 決着 ! 神 と 神 ) October 11 , 2015 April 15 , 2017 Now with only a Super Saiyan form at his disposal , Goku powers up and attacks but to no avail , as Beerus knocks him out effortlessly . With Goku knocked out , Beerus prepares to destroy the Earth . In a final effort to stop Beerus , Goku once again powers up and charges his Kamehameha attack . Goku manages to prevent Beerus ' attack , but he completely depletes what was left of his energy in the process . He comes crashing down to Earth onto Bulma 's ship , where Vegeta manages to catch him . Beerus lands on the planet shortly after to finish what he started , but he suddenly falls asleep . Whis explains that Goku must have tired Beerus out , and that by the time he wakes up he will have forgotten about their trip to Earth . Beerus was faking his sudden sleep because the Earth 's food convinced him to spare the planet . Beerus and Whis leave for Beerus ' planet . With Earth safe again , Goku decides to relax and enjoy the party . Season 2 : Golden Frieza Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 15 `` Make a Miracle , Satan the Hero ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' / `` Valiant Mr. Satan , Work a Miracle ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' `` Yūsha Satan yo kiseki o okose ! Uchū kara no chōsenjō ! ! '' ( 勇者 サタン よ 奇跡 を 起こせ ! 宇宙 から の 挑戦 状 ! ! ) October 18 , 2015 April 22 , 2017 With Earth no longer in danger , Goku and the others return to their ordinary lives . Chi - Chi tells Goku she has already spent the 100 million Zeni received from Mr. Satan . She orders Goku to leave training behind and find a job so he can support the family . Meanwhile , Mr. Satan 's self - promotion goes awry when a group of aliens land in the city . The aliens reveal that they are ambassadors who wish to thank and reward whoever defeated Beerus and thus protected their planet from destruction . Before he is given the reward , Mr. Satan is asked to demonstrate his godlike power against the alien 's mightiest champion in a sparring match . Knowing that he does not stand a chance , Mr. Satan quickly scampers away to safety and calls for help , but no one answers him . Suddenly , Goku arrives at the scene in need of Mr. Satan 's help . Mr. Satan arranges to have Goku fight for him instead . Just before the fight , Goku spots Chi - Chi and immediately runs away to avoid being scolded for disobeying her . Mr. Satan is left to confront the alien champion on his own . Suddenly , the cynophobic aliens spot Mr. Satan 's dog and run away in fear . With the aliens gone , the crowd praises Mr. Satan , whom they think saved them and Earth yet again . 16 `` Vegeta Becomes an Apprentice ? ! Winning Whis Over ! '' / `` Vegeta Becomes a Student ? ! Win Over Whis ! '' `` Bejīta ga deshi'iri ! ? Uisu o kōryakuse yo ! '' ( ベジータ が 弟子入り ! ? ウイス を 攻略 せよ ! ) October 25 , 2015 April 29 , 2017 Chi - Chi still has Goku doing work out on the farm . Instead of working , Goku decides to rest and falls asleep . Krillin flies in and wakes up Goku . Krillin is very surprised to hear that Goku is still on Earth and not training with King Kai . He reminisces about his training with Goku under Master Roshi and the power level difference between them since they were children . Curious to see how large the gap is , Krillin tells Goku to punch him with all his power . A reluctant Goku tries to change Krillin 's mind . Goku ends up punching Krillin anyway , which sends Krillin flying into a boulder . Shortly afterwards , Goku heads home . Android 18 treats Krillin 's wounds . Krillin states that he misses martial arts and wishes to start training again . Meanwhile , Vegeta is seen in the wastelands standing determined . He states his intent to surpass Goku without the aid of others . Elsewhere , Whis and Bulma are having lunch together . Whis is enjoying all the food Bulma is having her chef make . While they dine , Bulma asks Whis to protect Earth from Beerus in case he ever shows up again . Vegeta arrives and sees Whis . He asks Whis to see Beerus , but Whis refuses to do so . Whis tells Vegeta that he is Beerus ' martial arts teacher . Whis informs Vegeta that with the proper tutelage he could one day surpass Goku . Vegeta bows and kneels before Whis and begs to become his student . An unimpressed Whis walks past him . Vegeta decides to convince Whis by giving him the tastiest food on Earth . After several failed attempts , Vegeta finally impresses Whis with a cup of instant noodle . Before Vegeta heads off with Whis to train on Beerus ' planet , Bulma hands him new battle armor . Whis and Vegeta arrive on Beerus ' planet . Whis prepares to train Vegeta . 17 `` Pan Is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Trip ? ! '' / `` Pan is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Journey ? ! '' `` Pan tanjō ! Soshite Gokū wa shugyō no tabi he ! ? '' ( パン 誕生 ! そして 悟空 は 修行 の 旅 へ ! ? ) November 1 , 2015 May 6 , 2017 Pan has been born . While most of her family members and friends think that she should be taught martial arts , Chi - Chi is revolted by the very idea . She believes that Pan should be raised to be a lady and not a mindless fighter like her grandfather Goku . Everyone tries to persuade Chi - Chi to change her mind but to no avail . Bulma accidentally mentions that Vegeta has been away training with Whis for six months , which shocks Goku . After some time , Whis returns to Earth to enjoy more of the food Earth has to offer . Goku approaches Whis and asks to become his pupil . Whis accepts Goku 's plea . Whis thinks it is the perfect time for Goku to join Vegeta in training . Just as the two are about to depart , Chi - Chi runs up and stops Goku from leaving . Despite her wishes , Goku ends up leaving with Whis . Chi - Chi has a sudden change of heart . She says that Goku will return once he gets hungry anyway . 18 `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Begins on Beerus ' Planet ! '' / `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Commences on Beerus ' World ! '' `` Ora mo kita zo ! Birusu - sei de shugyō kaishi da ! '' ( オラ も 来 た ぞ ! ビルス 星 で 修行 開始 だ ! ) November 8 , 2015 May 13 , 2017 Goku and Whis arrive on Beerus ' planet , where Vegeta is tasked with housekeeping . Goku is surprised to learn that Vegeta has gotten considerably stronger training under Whis . Goku wants to start his training right away . Before he is allowed to train , Whis orders him to help Vegeta with the chores including changing Beerus ' bed sheets without waking him up . Goku and Vegeta promptly do their chores and start their training with Whis . Whis ' training routine quickly wears Goku out . He falls asleep . Vegeta , who is willing to surpass Goku at any cost , keeps on training . The next day , Whis decides to have a sparring match with his apprentices in order to gauge their speed . The two prove to be no match for Whis . Goku and Vegeta are too slow to land a single hit on Whis . Somewhere in space , surviving members of Frieza 's army are led by Sorbet . They continue with their effort of resurrecting their leader . Not far off , mysterious beings from a different universe named Champa ( シャンパ , Shanpa ) and Vados ( ヴァドス , Vadosu ) continue their search for Beerus . 19 5 `` Despair Rises ! The Emperor of Evil , Frieza , Resurrected ! '' / `` Despair Redux ! The Return of the Evil Emperor , Frieza ! '' `` Zetsubō futatabi ! Aku no teiō Furīza no fukkatsu ! '' ( 絶望 ふたたび ! 悪 の 帝王 ・ フリーザ の 復活 ! ) November 15 , 2015 May 20 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . Meanwhile , Sorbet and his assistant Tagoma ( タゴマ ) depart their ship and head for Earth in order to find the Dragon Balls , which they intend to resurrect their leader Frieza . They run into the Pilaf Gang , who had collected all seven Dragon Balls just before their arrival . Sorbet coerces Pilaf into summoning Shenron . At first , Shenron refuses to revive Frieza because he sees it as pointless given his current state , where Frieza was cut in pieces just as he was when Future Trunks killed him . Tagoma suggests using their advanced healing technology to make Frieza intact again . Sorbet has Frieza resurrected . Sorbet and Tagoma collect all of Frieza 's pieces and return to their ship . Frieza is completely renewed shortly afterwards . 20 6 `` Jaco 's Warning ! Frieza and His 1000 Troops Approach '' / `` A Warning from Jaco ! Frieza and 1,000 Soldiers Close In '' `` Jako kara no keikoku ! Semari kuru Furīza to 1000 - ri no heishi - tachi ! '' ( ジャコ から の 警告 ! 迫り 来る フリーザ と 1000 人 の 兵士 達 ) November 22 , 2015 June 3 , 2017 Once restored , Frieza plans revenge against Goku and Future Trunks . Tagoma objects to Frieza 's plans , but Frieza promptly subdues him . When Frieza finds out that Goku has gotten much stronger since they last met , he decides to train in order to become more powerful . Since Frieza 's power was inborn , he reveals that he had never felt the need to train a day in his life before now . Four months pass before Frieza and his army head for Earth . All the while , Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis . Jaco the Galactic Patrolman travels to Earth to inform Bulma that Frieza had been revived . Frieza will be approaching Earth shortly with an army of one thousand soldiers . With Frieza 's army fast approaching , Bulma gathers the remaining fighters to fight Frieza 's army in hopes of holding out until Goku and Vegeta make it back to Earth . 21 7 `` The Start of Revenge ! The Malice of Frieza Army Strikes Gohan ! '' / `` The Start of Vengeance ! The Frieza Force 's Malice Strikes Gohan ! '' `` Fukushū no hajimari ! Furīza - gun no akuiga satoshi Gohan outsu ! '' ( 復讐 の 始まり ! フリーザ 軍 の 悪意 が 悟 飯 を 撃つ ! ) November 29 , 2015 June 10 , 2017 Frieza and his army arrive on Earth , where Gohan , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , Tien , and Jaco have gathered to hold out until Goku and Vegeta return . Frieza says that he has waited a long time to have his revenge and that he wishes to face Goku . Seeing as how Goku is not present to help , Frieza orders his army to attack the Earthlings . His army proves to be no match for the fighters even for Krillin , who had given up fighting . Disappointed with his lackluster army , Frieza orders Sorbet to send in his elite soldier , Shisami ( シサミ ) , to take out Gohan . Suddenly , Tagoma fires a beam at Shisami and Gohan , which kills the former and badly injures the latter . Sorbet is surprised by Tagoma 's newfound power , which he had achieved through training with Frieza . Frieza promises Tagoma the command of his army if he takes out the Earthlings . He accepts and prepares to fight the Earthlings . Meanwhile , Goku and Vegeta are oblivious to what is happening on Earth . They continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . 22 8 `` Change ! An Unexpected Return ! His Name is Ginyu ! ! '' `` Chēnji ! Masaka no fukkatsu ! Sono na wa Ginyū ! ! '' ( チェーンジ ! まさかの 復活 ! その 名 は ギニュー ! ! ) December 6 , 2015 June 17 , 2017 Tagoma powers up and confidently approaches his opponents . Piccolo is instantly outmatched . Gohan blasts Tagoma , which causes him to fly several yards away . As the dust settles , Tagoma reveals himself to be unharmed . Suddenly , Gotenks arrives and headbutts Tagoma . Everybody is shocked to see this . While Tagoma is struggling to recuperate from Gotenks ' attack , Captain Ginyu , who is in his frog form , pounces close to him and inscribes a message in the gravel . Tagoma accidentally sets off Ginyu 's signature move , and the two swap bodies . Ginyu rapidly adjusts to his new body 's immense power and assaults all of his rivals simultaneously . Bulma , Trunks , and Goten attempt to contact Whis , which bewilders Jaco . While fighting Gohan , Ginyu appears to have the upper hand until Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan and defeats him . When Gohan shows mercy to Ginyu , Frieza becomes enraged and repeatedly fires multiple blasts at Gohan . Before Frieza can kill Gohan , Piccolo steps in to save him . 23 9 `` The Earth ! Gohan ! Absolute Peril ! Hurry and Get Here , Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Earth ! Gohan ! Both on the Ropes ! Hurry and Get Here , Goku ! ! '' `` Chikyū ga ! Gohan ga ! Zettaizetsumei ! Hayaku kite kure Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 地球 が ! 悟 飯 が ! 絶 体 絶命 ! 早く 来 て くれ 孫悟空 ! ! ) December 13 , 2015 June 24 , 2017 Piccolo takes Frieza 's attack to save Gohan and dies in the process . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus desires more pizza . Whis gets an invitation from Bulma for a strawberry dessert . As Whis telepathically contacts her , she reveals Frieza 's revival and Piccolo 's death to him . Initially shocked to realize that Frieza is revived , Goku and Vegeta get set to fight Frieza . As Whis says it would take some time to reach Earth , Goku resorts to instant transmission on Beerus ' advice . Goku realizes that instant transmission is impossible due to the large distance between Earth and Beerus ' planet . Nevertheless , Goku tries to search for someone 's energy on Earth . On Earth , Gohan powers up to his maximum limit . This helps Goku to identify an energy source to perform instant transmission . Goku and Vegeta arrive on Earth in the nick of time to save Gohan . Vegeta executes Ginyu . As Goku and Frieza meet after a long time , Frieza transforms into his final form in a fit to demonstrate his new power . This results in the death of all his men except for Sorbet , who is at a considerable distance . Perplexed by Frieza 's new power , Goku prepares to engage in a battle . 24 10 `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Son Goku ; This Is The Result of My Training ! '' / `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Goku ! This is the Result of My Training ! '' `` Gekitotsu ! Furīza VS Son Gokū ; Kore ga ora no shugyō no seikada ! '' ( 激突 ! フリーザ VS 孫悟空 これが オラ の 修行 の 成果 だ ! ) December 20 , 2015 July 8 , 2017 The battle between Goku and Frieza begins . They fight on even ground , and neither one is able to inflict significant damage to the other . Frieza resorts to attacking Krillin and Bulma . When Goku tries to save them , he is caught off guard when Frieza lands several blows on him . Vegeta grows impatient due to the constant rambling by both fighters . He charges at Goku in frustration and asks him to give it all he has . Goku takes Vegeta 's request into account and convinces Frieza to power up to his maximum . When Frieza calls out to Goku to show his full power , Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan Blue . 25 11 `` An All - Out Battle ! The Revenge of Golden Frieza ! '' / `` A Full - Throttle Battle ! The Vengeful Golden Frieza '' `` Zenkai Batoru ! Fukushū no Gōruden Furīza '' ( 全開 バトル ! 復讐 の ゴールデン フリーザ ) December 27 , 2015 July 15 , 2017 After briefly testing Goku 's new transformation , Frieza transforms into a new gold - colored form , tersely named as Golden Frieza . After expressing how impressed they are by each - other 's progress , Goku and Frieza engage in a fierce battle . Meanwhile , Whis informs Bulma of their arrival on Earth in a few minutes but , on their way to Earth , Beerus and Whis encounter the God of Destruction of Universe Six , Champa , and his assistant , Vados . After having a short conversation with Champa and Vados , Beerus and Whis finally arrive on the battlefield . While eating Bulma 's delicious dessert , Beerus and Whis acknowledge that Frieza has indeed become significantly stronger and that Goku seems to have a tough time keeping up with Golden Frieza . Still not use to his newest form , Goku struggles to keep up with Golden Frieza 's speed and prowess , eventually getting pummeled into the ground . 26 12 `` A Glint of Hope Shines Through in a Crisis ! Time to Fight Back , Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chance Appears in a Tight Spot ! Launch a Counteroffensive , Goku ! '' `` Dai pinchi ni shōki ga mieta ! Hangeki kaishida Son Gokū ! '' ( 大 ピンチ に 勝機 が 見え た ! 反撃 開始 だ 孫悟空 ! ) January 10 , 2016 July 22 , 2017 Frieza and Goku continue their protracted battle with Frieza landing more blows on Goku than can be returned . Unable to match Frieza 's raw power , Goku manages to withstand and dodge Frieza 's attacks . Goku and Vegeta notice that Frieza is progressively losing stamina and that his power level is dropping , though Frieza himself fails to notice this . Vegeta urges Goku to quickly finish Frieza off before he has a chance to recover , or he will step up and do so himself . After Goku and Frieza exchange some sarcastic banter , they power up again and continue their fight . Frieza still has the upper hand , but Goku realizes he only needs to stall Frieza long enough for his weakness to reappear . After a fully powered Frieza unleashes a barrage of attacks , he quickly becomes tired and starts running out of breath , with his attacks no longer hurting Goku . Frieza finally realizes his weakness ; a lack of endurance , as his Golden form exhausts more energy than he can produce . Goku explains this is because Frieza rushed to Earth immediately after achieving the Golden form without giving himself enough time to master it . Frieza agonizes over his failed chance at revenge in combat , but mouths a few inaudible words to Sorbet for assistance . Goku tells Frieza to leave Earth while he still can - but to everyone 's surprise , a laser beam pierces Goku 's chest from behind , fired from Sorbet 's ray gun . Stomping on Goku 's chest wound to make him scream , Frieza gloats about his backup strategy to have Goku let his guard down , mocking him by claiming Goku 's overconfidence prevents him from being the strongest fighter . Before Frieza can unleash his killing shot on Goku , Vegeta fires at Frieza and announces that it is his turn to fight . 27 13 `` The Earth Explodes ? ! The Deciding Kamehameha '' / `` The Earth Explodes ? A Decisive Kamehameha ! '' `` Chikyū bakuhatsu ! ? Ketchaku no kamehameha '' ( 地球 爆発 ! ? 決着 の かめ はめ 波 ) January 17 , 2016 July 29 , 2017 Goku is critically injured , but Vegeta intervenes before Frieza can deliver a killing blow . When Krillin attempts to deliver Goku a Senzu Bean , Frieza attempts to blast him - but Vegeta redirects the blast to Sorbet , killing him . Afterwards , Vegeta demonstrates his own ability to transform into a Super Saiyan Blue . Frieza attempts to land a hit on Vegeta but fails to do so and , already exhausted from his fight with Goku , Frieza quickly finds himself completely outmatched by Vegeta . Enraged and humiliated , Frieza refuses to accept defeat and , while Vegeta powers up a killing shot , Frieza instead fires an attack at the Earth and destroys it out from under them . Whis protects Goku and the others , but Vegeta and everyone else on the planet are killed - with Whis suspecting Frieza survived and escaped through his ability to breathe in space . As Goku laments his failure to stop Frieza and protect Earth , Whis offers to turn back time by a couple of minutes and allow Goku one last chance . The moment is reset to the end of Vegeta and Frieza 's battle , allowing Goku just enough time to charge up a Kamehameha attack and kill Frieza , saving the world . Later , the group gathers at Capsule Corporation , where Piccolo is revived with the Namekian Dragon Balls . Shaken by his helplessness against Frieza , Gohan tells Piccolo that he intends to resume his training so that he can protect his loved ones , which Piccolo is delighted to hear . Season 3 : Universe 6 Overall No . Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 28 `` The God of Destruction from Universe 6 - His Name Is Champa ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Destroyer ! His Name is Champa ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū no hakaishin - Sono na wa Shanpa '' ( 第 6 宇宙 の 破壊 神 その 名 は シャンパ ) January 24 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 As Goku and Vegeta continue their vigorous training , Champa and Vados abruptly arrive on Beerus ' planet . After a small skirmish between Beerus and Champa , everyone settles down to eat some food . Formal introductions are exchanged , where Champa is introduced as Beerus ' twin brother and Vados as Whis ' older sister . An argument erupts concerning which universe 's food is superior . This leaves Goku and Vegeta bewildered . Whis explains that there are twelve universes . When two universes add up to thirteen , each universe compliments each other such as the sixth and the seventh universe . After Vados discovers that Universe Six 's Earth has been destroyed through warfare , Champa proposes a tournament between Universe Six and Seven to determine who acquires the Earth of Universe Seven . Beerus protests the idea . He believes it is impossible to do so . Champa ascertains that it is doable by using the Super Dragon Balls , which the Namekian Dragon Balls were trimmed from . At the current moment , Champa has six of them . Goku informs Beerus and Champa that Bulma is capable of locating the final Super Dragon Ball necessary to perform the wish . With tensions mounted , Beerus accepts Champa 's proposal . 29 `` The Martial Arts Match Has Been Decided ! The Team Captain Is Stronger Than Goku '' / `` Combat Matches Are a Go ! The Captain Is Someone Stronger Than Goku '' `` Kakutō shiai kaisai kettei ! Shushō wa Gokū yori tsuyoi yatsu '' ( 格闘 試合 開催 決定 ! 主将 は 悟空 より も 強い ヤツ ) January 31 , 2016 August 12 , 2017 Champa decides to host the tournament on a vacated nameless planet located between Universe Six and Universe Seven . Goku suggests the rules be similar to that of the Tenkaichi Budokai tournaments held on Earth . Vegeta recommends a written exam be implemented in order to prevent insensitive beings lacking knowledge of the regulations from participating . The tournament is scheduled to begin several days after the encounter between Beerus and Champa . On Earth , Whis requests that Bulma use her Dragon Radar in order to obtain the final Super Dragon Ball . Contrary to this , Bulma believes it would be easier to simply summon Shenron to locate it instead . Shenron reveals that tracking down the Super Dragon Balls is beyond his power . Meanwhile , Vados selects a portion of the nameless planet and transforms it into the tournament 's arena . After judging Whis ' students , Champa realizes he should also enlist a Saiyan onto his team . Beerus explains that Goku is merely the second strongest opponent he has ever faced . He proceeds to take off to inform Monaka ( モナカ ) , the strongest warrior he has ever fought , of the tournament . The next morning , Bulma finishes constructing the Super Dragon Radar . She intends to collect the Super Dragon Balls of Universe Seven before Beerus can use them to wish for total annihilation of the entire world . 30 `` A Review Before the ' Martial Arts Match ' - Who Are the Last Two Members ? ! '' / `` A Run - Through For the Competition ! Who Are the Last Two Members ? '' `` '' Kakutō '' shiai e no o sarai - Nokori futari no menbā wa dareda ! ? '' ( 「 格闘 試合 」 へ の お さらい 残り 二 人 の メンバー は 誰 だ ! ? ) February 7 , 2016 August 19 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta meet up with Krillin , who goes with them to recruit Majin Buu as the fourth combatant of the Universe Seven team . Although Majin Buu is reluctant due to his hatred of Beerus , he agrees when Goku promises him a wish from the Super Dragon Balls , which he plans on giving to Mr. Satan . Goten and Trunks try to join , but they are denied by Vegeta because their use of fusion is illegal . The group finds Piccolo training with Gohan . They recruit Piccolo as the fifth and final member . Gohan considers joining the team , but he can not participate due to a business meeting on the day of the tournament . Beerus and the others think back over recent events . Beerus and Whis contemplate the intentions behind Champa 's plans . A series of flashbacks recapping the series is shown up to Frieza 's demise . 31 `` Off to Zuno Sama 's ! Find Out Where Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' / `` Off to See Master Zuno ! Find Out Where the Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' `` Zunō - sama no moto e ! Sūpā Doragon Bōru no arika o kikidase ! '' ( ズノー 様 の も と へ ! 超 ( スーパー ) ドラゴンボール の あり か を 聞き 出せ ! ) February 14 , 2016 August 26 , 2017 Bulma and Jaco travel to meet an omniscient alien , Zunō - sama ( ズノー 様 ) , to ask him about the Super Dragon Balls . After arriving on Zunō - sama 's planet , the duo encounters a spacefaring criminal named Burpman ( ゲップマン , Geppuman ) , who is wanted for leaving a restaurant without paying the bill . As a reward for subduing the criminal , Zunō - sama 's attendants allow Bulma and Jaco to skip the lengthy waiting list and seek Zunō - sama 's advice right away . Bulma unwittingly wastes two of her three questions , but she does glean information on the radius and other properties of the Super Dragon Balls . This includes the fact that they were formerly scattered across both Universe Six and Universe Seven . 32 5 `` The Match Begins ! Let 's All Go to the `` Nameless Planet '' ! '' / `` The Matches Begin ! We 're All Off to the `` Planet With No Name ! '' '' `` Shiaikaishi da ! Min'na de `` Namae no nai hoshi '' e ! '' ( 試合 開始 だ ! みんな で 「 名前 の ない 星 」 へ ! ) February 21 , 2016 September 9 , 2017 On Earth , everyone gathers for the trip to the tournament . Goku and Vegeta arrive after having trained in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for three years . After stopping at Beerus ' planet to get both him and Monaka , everyone proceeds to go to the tournament . The group meets their competition who are all somewhat unusual . This includes a Saiyan with a radically different history as well as a fighter who looks like Frieza . After the written test , the Universe Seven team is left one team member down because Majin Buu falls asleep . Majin Buu is deemed unfit and disqualified . Beerus decides that Monaka will go last . After a round of rock - paper - scissors , it is decided that Goku will fight first , followed by Piccolo , and then Vegeta . Goku and his competitor named Botamo ( ボタモ ) , who is a giant bear - like creature , enter the tournament ring . 33 6 `` Behold , Universe 6 ! This Is the Super Saiyan ? Son Goku ! '' / `` Surprise , 6th Universe ! This is Super Saiyan Goku ! '' `` Odoroke Dai - 6 uchū yo ! Kore ga Sūpā Saiya - jin ・ Son Gokū da ! '' ( 驚け 第 6 宇宙 よ ! これが 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ・ 孫悟空 だ ! ) February 28 , 2016 September 16 , 2017 The fight between Goku and Botamo commences . Goku takes a while to warm up due to having overeaten during the trip . Although Goku seems faster and more well trained than Botamo , none of the hits that he lands seem to have an effect . Botamo seems content to simply take the punishment . Urged by Vegeta to think before he acts , Goku drags Botamo to the side of the ring and throws him out . This results in a win for Universe Seven . The next match begins almost immediately . The Frieza look alike named Frost ( フロスト , Furosuto ) is Goku 's next opponent . In direct contrast to Frieza , Frost is a kind and beloved hero in Universe Six who looks forward to a challenge . Goku surprises Frost with knowledge of his transformations . Frost assumes a form that mirrors Frieza 's third form . Goku mentions his ability to transform as well . He transforms into a Super Saiyan . Frost responds by transforming into his final form . Frost seems greatly outmatched by Goku even in his final transformation . Suddenly , a strange effect comes over Goku that severely weakens him and allows Frost a chance to strike . Frost knocks Goku out of the ring , which stuns everyone from Universe Seven . 34 7 `` Piccolo vs. Frost - Put It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' / `` Piccolo vs. Frost - Stake It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' `` Pikkoro VS Furosuto - Makankōsappō ni subete o kakero ! '' ( ピッコロ VS フロスト 魔 貫 光 殺 砲 に すべて を かけろ ! ) March 6 , 2016 September 23 , 2017 Frost beats Goku by knocking him out of the ring . Piccolo walks up to Frost to face him next . Piccolo charges his signature attack while simultaneously evading Frost 's attacks . To buy himself time to charge his attack , Piccolo creates clones of himself to distract Frost . Frost quickly disposes of decoys and charges at Piccolo . After a bout of close combat , Frost defeats Piccolo with a power blast . Before the referee could rule in Frost 's favor , Jaco chimes in claiming that Frost had been cheating all along . The referee examines Frost and finds that he had been using a forbidden tool . Champa is initially outraged to find that Frost had cheated . Champa decides to forgive and help him in his universe if Frost continues to play by the rules . Frost reveals that he set up the attacks on the planets he saved . The referee declares Piccolo the winner until Vegeta steps in and says that he wishes to face Frost . 35 8 `` Turn Rage into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - On Battle ! '' / `` Turn Your Anger Into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - Bore Battle '' `` Ikari o chikara ni kaero ! Bejīta no zenkai batoru '' ( 怒り を 力 に 変えろ ! ベジータ の 全開 バトル ) March 20 , 2016 September 30 , 2017 Frost cockily announces his intent to utterly defeat Vegeta in combat with the presentation of yet another weapon . Both parties agree that the match should not be regulated by the standard rules of the tournament in order to avoid disqualification and allow the combatants to fight at their full power . Vegeta mercilessly assaults Frost and sends him flying out of the barrier . Vegeta declares that he did not kill Frost because he was not going to stoop down to the latter 's level . Beerus discovers that Goku was also affected by Frost 's weapon , and he proceeds to convince the referee to allow Goku to return to the competition . Goku protests the turn order because he desperately wants to see Monaka in combat . Beerus explains that Monaka , as his trump card , must fight last . This prompts a hushed remark from Whis concerning Monaka 's `` true colors '' . Vados generates a new barrier around the ring as the referee announces a new rule , where any contact an individual makes with the barrier automatically disqualifies them . Meanwhile , Frost attempts to steal the tournament winnings and escape in Champa 's transportation cube . Frost is stunned by a purple humanoid , Hit ( ヒット , Hitto ) , in the process . Hit takes the unconscious Frost back to the arena . The next match begins . Vegeta faces off against the robot Magetta ( マゲッタ ) . The audience begins to dispute over Magetta 's eligibility because of the fact that Magetta can spit lava . Magetta is declared eligible because the lava is just his saliva . Magetta 's volcanic fumes engulf the barrier and cause Vegeta to perspire rapidly and breathe heavily from the extreme heat . 36 9 `` An Unexpected Desperate Battle ! Vegeta 's Furious Explosion ! '' / `` An Unexpectedly Uphill Battle ! Vegeta 's Great Blast of Fury ! '' `` Masaka no dai kusen ! Bejīta ikari no dai bakuhatsu ! '' ( まさかの 大 苦戦 ! ベジータ 怒り の 大 爆発 ! ) March 27 , 2016 October 7 , 2017 Vegeta continues his battle with Magetta . He is struggling against the rising temperatures in the enclosed arena . Vegeta tries to win quickly , but Magetta endures and counters his attacks . Magetta follows it with a punch that sends Vegeta flying toward the ground . After nearly being disqualified through by going out of bounds , Vegeta powers up in anger and destroys the barrier of the arena . He blasts Magetta and forces him to the very edge of the stage . However , Vegeta is unable to knock Magetta off the stage . After Vegeta insults Magetta , he loses his will to fight . Magetta is knocked out of the ring . 37 10 `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs. the Saiyan of Universe 6 ! '' / `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs The 6th Universe 's Saiyan ! '' `` Saiya - jin no hokori o wasureruna ! Bejīta VS Dai - 6 uchū no Saiya - jin '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誇り を 忘れる な ! ベジータ VS 第 6 宇宙 の サイヤ 人 ) April 3 , 2016 October 14 , 2017 Vegeta faces a slim and short Saiyan from Universe Six , Cabba ( キャベ ) , in the following round . Unlike their Universe Seven counterparts , Saiyans of Universe Six are heroic and kind . They are known as benevolent galactic protectors . Vegeta and Cabba are initially equally matched . After Vegeta pushes Cabba to power up , Cabba admits he can not do it . Cabba asks for Vegeta to teach him how to transform . This seemingly enrages Vegeta . Vegeta transforms into a Super Saiyan and begins to mercilessly beat Cabba . Vegeta threatens Cabba . He says he will kill him and destroy his planet if he forfeits . An enraged Cabba suddenly transforms and goes on the offensive . Vegeta reveals the Super Saiyan transformation is unlocked through drawing on one 's inner anger . Vegeta 's actions were intended to bring about that transformation . Vegeta quickly powers up even more and knocks Cabba out with a single punch . After the fight , Cabba thanks Vegeta for telling him about his untapped potential . Vegeta brushes him off and tells him not to forget his Saiyan pride . Vegeta also tells Cabba to surpass all other Saiyans . Cabba acknowledges Vegeta 's advice and walks off the stage . With Universe Six now down to their last fighter , Champa is still unconcerned as he is certain his hit man , Hit , will be able to settle the score . 38 11 `` The Ultimate Warrior of Universe 6 ! Assassin Hit Appears ! ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Mightiest Warrior ! Engage the Assassin Hit ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū saikyō no senshi ! Koroshi ya Hitto kenzan ! ! '' ( 第 6 宇宙 最強 の 戦士 ! 殺し 屋 ヒット 見参 ! ! ) April 10 , 2016 October 21 , 2017 Vegeta and Hit start their battle . To Vegeta 's surprise , he is unable to land a single blow on Hit due to his superior speed . Eventually , Vegeta is struck by a heavy blow and collapses . Hit is declared the winner of the match . Suddenly , it is revealed that Hit used a `` time - skipping '' technique , where he gets to time travel and be the only person able to move for a split second . Goku walks up to battle Hit . Initially , Hit overpowers Goku , which prompts him to ask Goku to surrender . Goku refuses and says he used the time to figure out how Hit 's technique works . Goku predicts Hit 's moves and evades his attacks . Hit claims that Goku 's foresight was just a fluke and that he will not be able to use it again . However , Goku is able to foresee Hit 's attacks and defend himself . Goku proposes that both of them fight at their full power . Hit concurs and withdraws . Shortly afterwards , both start preparing for their next fight . 39 12 `` The Advanced `` Time - Skip '' Fights Back ? ! Will It Come Forth ? Goku 's New Technique ! '' / `` A Developed `` Time Skip '' Counterstrike ? Here Comes Goku 's New Move ! '' `` Seichōshita `` toki tobashi '' no hangeki ! ? Deru ka ! ? Gokū no aratana waza ! '' ( 成長 した `` 時 とばし '' の 反撃 ! ? 出る か ! ? 悟空 の 新た な 技 ! ) April 17 , 2016 November 4 , 2017 Goku and Hit both power up before the match . Goku is finally able to counter Hit 's time - manipulating attacks , which displeases Hit . Hit tries to power up even more , but Goku prevents him . Soon after , Hit manages to counter Goku 's blows , while he simultaneously grows even stronger . Badly hurt , Goku hits the ground . Champa tells Hit to finish off Goku , but Hit refuses to obey his order . Goku manages to get back on his feet , and the two resume their fight . Goku is soon backed into a corner and resorts to his Kaiō - ken technique , which greatly increases his strength and speed . Having powered up , Goku begins pummeling and blasting Hit , who manages to evade most of the attacks with ease . 40 13 `` At Last , It Comes to an End ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' / `` A Decision at Last ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' `` Tsuini ketchaku ! Shōsha wa Birusu ? Soretomo Shanpa ? '' ( ついに 決着 ! 勝者 は ビルス ? それとも シャンパ ? ) April 24 , 2016 November 11 , 2017 Goku and Hit fight to an indecisive stalemate . Neither side is able to gain ground against the other . Goku requests that the rules of the fight be waived so that Hit can use his assassination techniques freely . Champa and Beerus argue over this decision . During their argument , Goku jumps out of the fighting stage . He forfeits the match . Goku argues that he would have been unable to continue due to the strain on his body brought on by his Kaiō - ken technique . Shortly afterwards , Monaka faces Hit . Monaka is scared to fight . Monaka punches Hit and wins the fight . Hit throws the fight as repayment for Goku enabling him to surpass his limits . With Hit defeated , the Universe Seven team is declared the winner of the tournament . Just as the festivities are about to conclude , Grand Zenō ( 全 王 ) , a mysterious `` King of Universes '' , appears in the center of the fighting stage . 41 14 `` Come , God of Dragons - And Pretty Please Grant My Wish ! '' / `` Come Forth , Divine Dragon ! And Grant My Wish , Peas and Carrots ! '' `` Ide deyo kami no ryū - soshite negai o kanaete chonmage ! '' ( 出 で よ 神 の 龍 そして 願い を 叶え て ちょんまげ ! ) May 1 , 2016 November 18 , 2017 Grand Zenō announces that he will organize a martial arts tournament for all twelve universes . Goku disrespectfully approaches and talks to Grand Zenō . Grand Zenō is amused , and everyone else is discomforted . Champa scolds his team for losing and orders them to train for the upcoming tournament . Shortly afterwards , Champa and his team leave . Beerus asks the Earthlings to find the Super Dragon Balls . Android 18 notices that all Super Dragon Balls are clumped together on the radar , and Monaka deduces that the planet they have been fighting on is actually the seventh Super Dragon Ball . Beerus , Goku , and the others leave for the location of all seven Super Dragon Balls . Once they are there , Whis summons Super Shenron ( スーパー シェンロン , Chāo Shénlóng ) , which is a more powerful version of Shenron . Unknown to anyone else , Beerus secretly wishes to have Universe Six 's Earth restored back to normal . Vados informs Champa what Beerus wished for . Whis leaves Beerus and Monaka on Beerus ' planet and departs for Earth . Monaka is revealed to be an ordinary mail deliveryman , who is an aspiring fighter . Beerus rewards Monaka with money for his help motivating Goku and Vegeta . Goku , Vegeta , and the others from Earth return home . 42 15 `` Trouble at the Victory Celebration ! Showdown at Last ? ! Monaka vs. Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chaotic Victory Party ! Showdown at Last ? Monaka vs. Goku ! '' `` Haran no shukushō kai ! Tsuini taiketsu ! ? Monaka VS Son Gokū ! '' ( 波乱 の 祝勝 会 ! 遂に 対決 ! ? モナカ VS 孫悟空 ) May 8 , 2016 December 2 , 2017 With the tournament completed , Bulma decides to hold a celebration party at the Capsule Corporation . She also decides to invite Monaka . Bulma considers Monaka to be the real winner of the tournament . Beerus and Whis are opposed to Bulma 's idea as they believe that Goku would want to fight Monaka if he were to attend . Ultimately , Monaka does attend . Beerus decides to tell everyone besides Goku about Monaka 's secret . Monaka is not nearly as powerful as everyone believes him to be . Goten and Trunks suggest that Beerus disguise himself as Monaka and fight Goku in Monaka 's place . Beerus agrees to the plan and disguises himself . Pu'ar also shape - shifts itself into Beerus to act as a decoy . Shortly afterwards , Goku and a disguised Beerus begin their fight . Following a brief clash , Whis interrupts the battle . Everyone carries on with the festivities . 43 16 `` Goku 's `` Ki '' is Out of Control ? ! Looking After Pan is A Lot of Trouble ! '' / `` Goku 's Energy is Out of Control ? The Struggle to Look After Pan '' `` Gokū no `` Ki '' ga seigyo funō ! ? Pan no osewa de shikuhakku ! '' ( 悟空 の 「 気 」 が 制御 不能 ! ? パン の お世話 で 四苦八苦 ) May 15 , 2016 December 9 , 2017 Due to overexerting himself during the tournament , Goku has problems controlling his energy . He decides to take a break and relax in order to get his strength back . While Gohan and Videl are out , Goku and his family babysit Pan . That morning , Pilaf , Shu , and Mai plan to attack Goku , while he is asleep . They end up fleeing in terror and bring Pan along with them . Inside their ship , Pilaf accidentally launches them into the stratosphere . The pressure from the launch destroys their ship , but Pan is able to fly back home with her captives in tow . On their way home , Goku 's family is relieved to find Pan even though they remain ignorant of her exploits . 44 17 `` Seal of Planet Potofu - Secret of the Superhuman Water Is Unleashed ! '' / `` The Seal of Planet Po - tau - feu ! Secrets of the Unleashed Superhuman Water ! '' `` Potofu sei no fūin toki hanatareta - `` Chōjin sui '' no himitsu ! '' ( ポトフ 星 の 封印 解き放た れ た `` 超人 水 '' の 秘密 ! ) May 22 , 2016 December 16 , 2017 While Monaka delivers a package to Bulma , Goten and Trunks sneak into his delivery truck and are accidentally taken to Planet Po - tau - feu . A group of space bandits are led by a teal humanoid Gryll ( グリル , Guriru ) . They attempt to steal a key to an item called the Superhuman Water ( 超人 水 , Chōjin Mizu ) from an elder named Potaji ( ポタジ ) . The bandits succeed and are absorbed and cloned by the purple viscous liquid . At Bulma 's request , Vegeta and Jaco arrive on the planet to search for the children . Shortly after they arrive , the liquid absorbs and clones Vegeta . 45 18 `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! The Threat of Duplicated Vegeta ! '' / `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! Menace of the Duplicate Vegeta ! '' `` Bejīta ga kieru ! ? Fukusei bejīta no kyōi ! '' ( ベジータ が 消える ! ? 複製 ベジータ の 脅威 ! ) May 29 , 2016 January 6 , 2018 Vegeta is powerless due to the purple viscous liquid cloning and absorbing his powers . The liquid is revealed to be a sentient being known as Komeson ( コメソン ) . Superhuman Water is just one of its many names known throughout the universe . Vegeta and the rest flee from the cloned Vegeta and the space bandits . They learn from Potaji that the original will disappear once cloned . Goten and Trunks attempt to defeat the clone before that happens . Goku is fully recovered while training on King Kai 's planet . He senses that Goten and Trunks are in danger and teleports to Goten 's side . Goku prepares to fight the cloned Vegeta . 46 19 `` Goku vs. Duplicated Vegeta ! Who 's Gonna Win ? ! '' / `` Goku vs. The Duplicate Vegeta ! Which One Is Going to Win ? ! '' `` Gokū VS fukusei Bejīta ! Katsu no wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS 複製 ベジータ ! 勝つ の は どっち だ ! ? ) June 5 , 2016 January 13 , 2018 Goku and the cloned Vegeta begin their battle . Each side holds its own . Vegeta tells Goku that he can not beat him with attacks like that . The cloned Vegeta backs Goku into a corner . Goku teleports behind his opponent and lands a blow on him , which briefly turns the battle in his favor . Vegeta starts getting frustrated that his clone is failing to dodge certain attacks and begins cheering for the clone when it knocks Goku away . Trunks reminds Vegeta that if they do not defeat the clone , Vegeta would die . Vegeta attempts to attack the clone himself , but he fails to do any damage . Frustrated , Vegeta criticizes both his clone and Goku . Goku begins wondering whose side Vegeta is on . He and the cloned Vegeta quickly power up , and the two continue their fight . Jaco points out that Vegeta is even more transparent than before . Potaji tells Vegeta to use Komeson to gain time . Trunks wonders if there might be another way to save Vegeta in case their plan fails . Potaji suggests that the Komeson should be destroyed to weaken the clones it had created . Trunks , Goten , Potaji , and Jaco fly away to retrieve the weapon . Meanwhile , Goku manages to fight off cloned Vegeta . Vegeta is frustrated that it is Goku who is fighting the clone and not him . The fight causes a destructive shock wave . Komeson takes advantage of this and quickly attacks Trunks . Vegeta feels that Trunks is in trouble and tries to reach him . Monaka accidentally steps on Komeson 's core behind him , which damages it along with its clones . Potaji notes that even though the core was destroyed , time has run out and Vegeta is disappearing . Realizing this is his last chance , Goku destroys the cloned Vegeta . As a result , Vegeta 's body regenerates and Potaji reseals Komeson . Goku thanks Monaka for his help and says that he would have been beaten by the cloned Vegeta if it were not for him . With the Planet Potofu saved and the threat destroyed , Goku and the others return to Earth . Meanwhile , in an annihilated alternate timeline , Future Trunks looks to destroy a new threat that has been terrorizing his world . Season 4 : `` Future '' Trunks Overall No . Saga No . English translation Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 47 `` An SOS from the Future ! A Dark New Enemy Emerges ! ! '' / `` An SOS From the Future ! A Dark New Enemy Appears ! '' `` Mirai kara no esuōesu ! Kuroki arata na teki arawaru ! '' ( 未来 から の SOS ! 黒き 新た な 敵 現 る ! ! ) June 12 , 2016 January 20 , 2018 In an alternate timeline , Future Trunks is hiding from a mysterious enemy that has been terrorizing the Future Earth . He meets with his mother in their hideout , Future Bulma , who is relieved that he survived . She is revealed to have been working on the time machine for their trip to find help . Just as they are about to leave , an explosion destroys Future Bulma 's equipment . Seeing as they are in danger , Future Bulma urges Future Trunks to leave without her . Shortly after , a mysterious enemy demolishes the hideout . Future Bulma is killed by falling debris following the explosion , but Future Trunks manages to escape . Back in the present timeline , Goku is showing his new farm to Chi - Chi and Goten . Piccolo arrives shortly after at Goku 's request . Goku says he wants to use his work as a way to train . While Goku and Piccolo are having a harvesting competition , on Beerus ' planet , Vegeta is training with Whis . Goku notices this and teleports to them . Beerus asks if Goku brought him a gift , and Goku gives him a ball of lettuce he grabbed during his contest with Piccolo . Beerus enjoys the lettuce , but he considers it inadequate . Meanwhile , in the alternate timeline , Future Trunks meets up with Future Mai . Future Trunks tells her that his mother has sacrificed herself so he could escape and return to the past and save his world . Back on Beerus ' planet , Goku , Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis discuss Zenō , who is the `` King of Universes '' . Beerus says that Zenō is the most powerful being there is . Whis says that Zenō is also able to erase entire universes as there has originally been more than there are at present . In the alternate timeline , Future Trunks and Future Mai are eating and resting . They discuss about going back 17 years in the past , where Future Trunks ' friends would be . They make their way to Capsule Corporation . They stumble upon a vortex in the sky out of which arrives the mysterious enemy that the two have been running away from . Future Trunks tells Future Mai to go on ahead as he draws his sword . He tries to face the enemy but to no avail . In order to save Future Trunks and give him a chance to escape , Future Mai acts as a decoy . Future Mai is hit by the enemy 's blast and seemingly killed on the spot . Future Trunks is enraged and looks at the enemy , who is revealed to be a Goku look - alike being named Goku Black ( ゴクウ ブラック , Gokū Burakku ) . 48 `` Hope ! ! Once More Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' / `` Hope ! ! Again ! Trunks Wakes Up in the Present ! '' `` Kibō ! ! Futatabi - Imade mezame yo Torankusu '' ( HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! 再び 現在 で 目覚めよ トランクス ) June 19 , 2016 January 27 , 2018 Goku Black taunts Future Trunks as he could not save any of his family or friends . Future Trunks powers up to Super Saiyan to fight Goku Black , but he is outmatched . He distracts Goku Black with an energy attack and quickly boards the Time Capsule and escapes 17 years into the past . Goku Black is frustrated that he can not find Trunks in the future timeline . Meanwhile in the present timeline , Trunks is studying in class along with Pilaf 's Gang . During a recess break , Trunks feels strange and looks at the sky to observe the Time Capsule arriving with Future Trunks inside . He immediately calls for his mother Bulma . Bulma contacts Vegeta and Goku who are training on Beerus ' planet . Bulma asks Trunks to power up in order for Goku to be able to teleport himself and Vegeta to their location . Whis and Beerus also arrive to see Future Trunks . Vegeta asks Goku to get some Senzu beans . Goku goes to Korin 's place to get some Senzu beans . Future Trunks regains consciousness thanks to the Senzu bean . Upon spotting Goku , Future Trunks recalls Goku Black 's attacks and immediately charges towards Goku , which shocks everyone around . 49 `` A Message from the Future - Goku Black Strikes ! '' / `` Mirai kara no messēji - Gokū Burakku shūrai ! '' ( 未来 から の メッセージ ゴクウ ブラック 襲来 ! ) June 26 , 2016 TBA Goku manages to fight off Future Trunks . Bulma manages to calm down Future Trunks . Future Trunks gets clued in as to where he had ended up . He is also introduced to Beerus and Whis . Future Trunks apologizes to Goku for attacking him . He tells him he looks just like an enemy he was after . Both Goku and Vegeta are intrigued by this enemy . They decide to help him . Meanwhile in an alternate timeline , Goku Black is searching for Future Trunks . Realizing Future Trunks escaped using a time - traveling machine , Goku Black decides to go after him . Goku and Future Trunks decide to have a quick fight to determine each other 's power . Goku easily defeats Future Trunks , but Future Trunks warns Goku that Goku Black is a lot more powerful . While Goku and Future Trunks practice , a portal opens above them . Goku Black comes out of the portal and introduces himself . 50 `` Goku vs. Black ! The Closed Path to the Future '' / `` Gokū VS Burakku ! Tozasareta mirai e no michi '' ( 悟空 VS ブラック ! 閉ざさ れ た 未来 へ の 道 ) July 3 , 2016 TBA Goku Black arrives in the past . Future Trunks decides to fight Goku Black , but Vegeta stops him . Curious to know how powerful Goku Black really is , Goku decides to fight him . Neither of them seems to be particularly interested in their fight . Goku decides to transform into a Super Saiyan . Goku Black proves to be no match for powered - up Goku . Future Trunks wonders why Goku does not simply destroy his opponent . Goku Black tries to power up but before he is able to , Goku thwarts him . While Goku and Goku Black fight , the time portal starts to disappear . It also starts dragging Goku Black towards itself . Goku Black realizes this . He destroys the Time Machine as soon as he had been dragged into it , which prevents others to return to the future . With Goku Black suddenly gone , Goku wonders where his enemy could have disappeared . Whis explains that Goku Black used a time - traveling method only Supreme Kai know about . Bulma decides to search for the other Time Machine that Cell used to travel back in time . Just as Goku Black reappears in the future timeline , Mai regains consciousness . 51 5 `` Feelings That Travel Beyond Time - Trunks and Mai '' / `` Toki o koeta omoi - Torankusu to Mai '' ( 時 を こえ た 想い トランクス と マイ ) July 10 , 2016 TBA Bulma finds the Time Machine that Cell used to travel to the past and promptly gathers the team to repair it . While Future Trunks is waiting for Bulma to finish the repairs , Goku heads off to King Kai 's planet to train . Future Trunks and Mai discuss their counterparts from alternate timelines . Future Trunks explains to Mai that Future Mai was a leader of Earth 's resistance movement who died fighting to protect the planet . He also mentions Goku Black 's ultimate goal , which is to rid the world of humans who are seen as inferior beings . Determined to find Goku Black , Beerus and Whis search for the villain 's energy signature . Meanwhile , Goku Black is surprised that he had grown stronger fighting Goku . He seeks to fight him again to become even stronger . 52 6 `` Teacher and Student Reunited - Son Gohan and `` Future '' Trunks '' / `` Shitei saikai - Son Gohan to `` Mirai '' Torankusu '' ( 師弟 再会 孫 悟 飯 と `` 未来 '' トランクス ) July 17 , 2016 TBA Bulma and her team are still repairing the Time Machine . Piccolo and Krillin are mending the damages in the wake of Goku 's fight with Goku Black . Piccolo mentions that Gohan had changed since he is not the pupil he had trained years ago . He is dissatisfied with the fact that Gohan decided to abandon his training to become a scholar . Future Trunks is surprised by Piccolo 's point of view . Piccolo and Krillin suggest that Future Trunks should meet their timeline 's Gohan . Future Trunks meets Gohan at the latter 's house , and the two discuss their shared future . Gohan introduces Future Trunks to his family . Shortly after , Future Trunks leaves for the Capsule Corporation . Meanwhile , Goku , Beerus , and Whis travel to an alternate universe , where they had detected Goku Black 's energy . 53 7 `` Uncover Black 's Identity ! To the Sacred World of the Kais ! '' / `` Burakku no shōtai o abake ! Iza dai 10 uchū no kaiōshin kai e ! '' ( ブラック の 正体 を 暴け ! いざ 第 10 宇宙 の 界 王 神 界 へ ! ) July 31 , 2016 TBA Goku , Beerus , and Whis arrive to Universe Ten . They meet the Supreme Kai beings called Zamasu ( ザマス ) , an apprentice Supreme Kai , and Gowasu ( ゴワス ) , Zamasu 's master . Gowasu shows to be a kind hearted Supreme Kai who loves all creation , while Zamasu despises mortals , specifically humans . Goku is excited by the idea of fighting a Supreme Kai . He asks Zamasu to spar with him . Zamasu objects to fighting Goku , but he is asked to fight by his master . Zamasu is baffled to learn that he is no match for Goku . Beerus and Whis realize that the energy they had detected is actually that of Zamasu . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head back to Universe Seven 's Earth . Meanwhile on Earth , Krillin introduces Future Trunks to his wife , Android 18 , and his daughter , Marron . 54 8 `` The One Who Inherits the Saiyan Blood - Trunk 's Resolve '' / `` Saiya - jin no chiohikumono - Torankusu no ketsui '' ( サイヤ 人 の 血 を ひく 者 トランクス の 決意 ) August 7 , 2016 TBA Bulma and her team put the finishing touches to the rebuilt Time Machine . Meanwhile , Vegeta wants to test Future Trunks ' power to see how strong his son had become . Future Trunks proves to be no match for Vegeta at his full power . Future Trunks is outmatched in every way . However , Future Trunks finds this fact reassuring . Knowing how powerful Vegeta and Goku have become , he is certain that Goku Black will not be much of a threat . Vegeta is disappointed and angry with Future Trunks . Vegeta believes that Saiyans should continually strive to grow stronger and not only when enemies present themselves . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus and Whis are about to eat dinner . Suddenly , Zenō contacts them and tells them that he wishes to meet Goku , which shocks Beerus and Whis . 55 9 `` I Want to See Son Goku - Zen - Oh Sama 's Summoning ! '' / `` Son Gokū ni aitai no ne - Zenō - sama kara no yobidashi ! '' ( 孫悟空 に 会 いたい の ね 全 王様 から の よびだし ! ) August 21 , 2016 TBA Whis and Beerus are worried over Zenō - sama 's request to meet Goku and what it could mean for their universe . They do not want Goku to meet Zenō - sama out of fear that he would come across as crude and offensive . Whis and Beerus reluctantly decide to heed Zenō - sama 's request . They tell Goku to keep quiet about their plans regarding Goku Black and time - traveling . In Universe Ten on Planet Babari ( 惑星 ババリ , Wakusei Babari ) , Zamasu kills one of the natives after it tried to attack them . Gowasu scolds his student and says such behavior goes against his teaching of maintaining the balance between good and evil . Zamasu flouts that mindset and argues that the only way to maintain balance is to eradicate mortals . As Zamasu stands in the wind , rose petals start to whirl around him , which gives an allusion to distinctive red energy of Goku Black . Goku and the others arrive to Zenō - sama 's sanctuary . Zenō - sama says that all he wanted was a friend to play with when he feels like having fun . Goku promises that he will find more friends for him to play with . Before Goku leaves , Zenō - sama gives him a button and says to press it if Goku ever wants to summon him . Shortly afterwards , Goku and the others leave for Earth , where the Time Machine has been repaired . Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks arrive into Future Trunks ' alternate timeline . As soon as they arrive , Goku is attacked by the Earth 's resistance forces who mistook him for Goku Black . 56 10 `` Rematch With Goku Black ! Super Saiyan Rosé Appears '' / `` Saisen Gokū Burakku ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze tōjō ! ! '' ( 再戦 ゴクウ ブラック ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ロゼ 登場 ! ! ) August 28 , 2016 TBA Future Trunks quickly pacifies the resistance fighters . He explains that he has returned with Goku and Vegeta to defeat Goku Black . The fighters reveal that Future Mai has left them with an action plan in case Goku Black appears . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta leave and meet Future Mai at her hideout . Future Mai explains that after she managed to escape , she stumbled on a group of resistance members who took her in . However , their refuge was soon attacked and destroyed by Goku Black . Goku spots Future Yajirobe ( 未来 の ヤジロベー , Mirai no Yajirobē ) , who Future Trunks believed to be dead in the resistance 's ranks . Future Yajirobe reveals that his life was saved by a Senzu bean , which Korin had given him . Vegeta states that he plans to take on Goku Black alone this time . Goku suggests that they play a game of Rock - paper - scissors to decide who gets to fight first . Vegeta accepts the proposal and wins . Meanwhile , Goku Black is wandering the desolate ruins of Earth . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta suddenly appear near him . Vegeta powers up and engages Goku Black who seems to be completely uninterested . Goku Black transforms into a pink - haired Super Saiyan and fights Vegeta . He dubs the form Super Saiyan Rose ( 超 サイヤ 人 ロゼ , Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze ) following Goku 's naming pattern . Goku Black tells Vegeta that their fight only made him stronger . Vegeta and Goku Black exchange a few blows . Vegeta knocks him away . Vegeta charges in to attack again . Goku Black uses his ki to form an energy blade on his hand and stabs Vegeta in the chest , which critically wounds him . Goku quickly powers up and charges at Goku Black . As the two fight , Future Trunks thinks they are evenly matched , but Vegeta notices that Goku Black has an advantage over Goku as well . Just as Goku Black begins charging his attack , Zamasu appears and stops the fight . He urges Goku Black to allow him to kill Goku just as they have agreed . 57 11 `` The God With the Immortal Body - Zamasu Descends '' / `` Fujimi no karada o motsu kami - Zamasu kōrin '' ( 不死身 の 体 を 持つ 神 ザマス 降臨 ) September 4 , 2016 TBA Zamasu appears unexpectedly from the sky . He states that he and Goku Black are `` kindred spirits '' who want a world without mortals . Goku challenges Zamasu to a fight and Zamasu accepts . During the fight , Goku Black suddenly comes between Goku and Zamasu and smashes Goku into a corner . Future Trunks appears and attacks Goku Black . Goku Black uses Goku 's Kamehameha blast at Goku and Future Trunks . They fail to dodge it . As Goku Black and Zamasu use their combined power to finish off Goku and Future Trunks , Vegeta steps in and saves the two . Vegeta himself gets badly wounded . Future Yajirobe swoops in to rescue wounded Goku and Future Trunks and takes them to a safer location . Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to finish off Vegeta , Future Mai and the resistance soldiers intervene and rescue Vegeta . Goku and the others return to their timeline using the Time Machine . Future Mai and Future Yajirobe are left behind . 58 12 `` Zamasu and Black - The Mystery of the Two Deepens '' / `` Zamasu to Burakku - Fukamaru futari no nazo '' ( ザマス と ブラック 深まる 二 人 の 謎 ) September 11 , 2016 TBA Wanting to learn more about the Super Dragon Balls , Zamasu visits Zunō - sama 's planet . Under duress , Zunō - sama explains exactly how the Super Dragon Balls work and where they are . At Capsule Corporation , Bulma nurses Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks back to health . Beerus and Whis arrive with Supreme Kai . After listening to what happened in the alternate timeline , Whis posits a theory as to what exactly Zamasu is planning . He believes that , after losing to Goku , Zamasu became obsessed with Goku and his incredible power . Zamasu needed an ally as powerful as Goku to achieve his goal of obliterating mortals . Goku Black was therefore supposed to be a copy of Goku and created using the Super Dragon Balls . Whis also adds his earlier theory about how Goku Black is able to time travel using Supreme Kai 's method . He believes that their timeline 's Zamasu is the one who is going to kill Gowasu and give Goku Black the time - traveling device known as the Time Ring ( 時 の 指輪 , Toki no yubiwa ) . Supreme Kai takes Goku , Beerus , and Whis to Universe Ten to warn Gowasu , while Vegeta stays behind . They arrive to the Supreme Kai Realm ( 界 王 神 界 , Kaiōshin Kai ) , where they meet Gowasu . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has left on what he called an important mission . Goku tries to warn Gowasu of what Zamasu has done in the future , but Beerus promptly silences him . They wonder if Gowasu noticed anything wrong with his apprentice . Gowasu mentions the doubts Zamasu has had regarding the role of the Supreme Kai and their relationship with mortals , but it should not be a cause for concern . Just as Gowasu finishes , Zamasu arrives . 59 13 `` Protect Supreme Kai Gowasu - Destroy Zamasu ! '' / `` Kaiōshin Gowasu o mamore - Zamasu o hakai seyo ! '' ( 界 王 神 ゴワス を 守れ ザマス を 破壊 せよ ! ) September 25 , 2016 TBA Whis gifts Gowasu with rice cakes and says that he and the others did not mean to disturb Zamasu and him . They leave shortly after . While they are in space , Whis uses his staff to eavesdrop on Gowasu and Zamasu . They watch as Zamasu kills Gowasu . Whis turns back time so that Goku can save Gowasu . Zamasu claims he did not plan on killing Gowasu , but Whis tells him otherwise . Angered that his plan has failed , Zamasu tries to kill Goku . Beerus saves Goku and kills Zamasu . With the present day Zamasu killed , Goku and the others decide to track down Goku Black . In the alternate timeline , Zamasu and Goku Black are discussing Goku Black 's power . 60 14 `` Back to the Future - Goku Black 's Identity Is Revealed ! ! '' / `` Futatabi mirai e - Akasareru Gokū Burakku no shōtai ! ! '' ( 再び 未来 へ 明かさ れる ゴクウ ブラック の 正体 ! ! ) October 2 , 2016 TBA With Zamasu defeated , Beerus is convinced that Future Trunks ' timeline has become peaceful once again . Although hesitant , Future Trunks decides to go back to his timeline to make sure that is the case . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma accompany him . As soon as they arrive , they realize that nothing has changed . Future Zamasu and Goku Black learn of Goku and the others ' return . The two groups meet shortly after . Goku Black reveals himself to be the version of Zamasu who successfully killed Gowasu and was apparently erased by Whis ' time powers ; he had protected himself by using the Time Ring . Afterwards , he stole the body of his timeline 's Goku with the wish granted by the Super Dragon Balls . Goku Black used its potential to grow stronger than Goku himself . 61 15 `` Zamasu 's Ambition - The Awful `` Zero Mortal Plan '' Is Revealed '' / `` Zamasu no yabō - Katarareru kyōfu no `` Ningen 0 keikaku '' '' ( ザマス の 野望 語 られる 恐怖 の 『 人間 0 計画 』 ) October 9 , 2016 TBA Future Zamasu reveals himself to be Zamasu from Future Trunks ' alternate timeline , who used the Super Dragon Balls in this timeline to wish for immortality . Goku fights Goku Black and Future Zamasu , but he is outmatched by the two villains . Goku Black tells Goku that after taking over his body , he killed Chi - Chi and Goten just to spite him . Enraged , Goku takes on both of the villains . He is initially able to hold his own , but he is soon overpowered and knocked out . With Goku defeated , Future Trunks and Vegeta are backed into a corner . Future Zamasu holds Future Trunks and his constant time - traveling responsible for thwarting his plan to eradicate all mortals . This infuriates Future Trunks , who explodes and transforms into an immensely powerful new form of Super Saiyan . 62 16 `` I 'll Protect the World ! Trunks ' Furious Super Power Explodes ! ! '' / `` Sekai wa ore ga mamoru ! Torankusu ikari no sūpā pawā sakuretsu ! ! '' ( 世界 は オレ が 守る ! トランクス 怒り の 超 ( スーパー ) パワー 炸裂 ! ! ) October 16 , 2016 TBA While Future Trunks ' new form is enough to match Goku Black , Future Trunks is still unable to deal the death blow . Future Trunks tells Vegeta to take Goku back to the past , while he faces their opponents . Goku Black attempts to prevent them from escaping , but he fails to do so . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma arrive in the present . Vegeta explains what happened in Future Trunks ' timeline and Goku Black 's origin to Beerus and Whis . Believing they had done their part , Beerus and Whis leave . Meanwhile , Chi - Chi and Gohan meet with Krillin to ask if he knows where Goku went . Krillin hesitates and dodges the question . They leave for Bulma 's house to ask her the same question . Once there , they meet Goku in bandages . With everyone present , Piccolo thinks of a new plan . He proposes using Evil Containment Wave ( 魔 封 波 , Mafūba ) , which is an ancient technique used to seal demons in jars . Wondering what the Evil Containment Wave is , Goku quickly teleports to Kame House . Goku spends the night at Master Roshi 's house training to master the Evil Containment Wave , while Vegeta trains in the Hyberbolic Time Chamber . 63 17 `` Do n't Disrespect Saiyan Cells ! Vegeta 's Heroic Battle Begins ! ! '' / `` Saiya - jin no saibō o kegasu na ! Bejīta no sōzetsu batoru kaien ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 細胞 を 汚す な ! ベジータ の 壮絶 バトル 開演 ! ! ) October 23 , 2016 TBA Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to kill him , Future Trunks is saved by the resistance . Future Yajirobe informs Future Trunks that Mai has found Goku Black 's hideout . Future Trunks leaves for the hideout . Mai tries to shoot Goku Black , but she misses her shot . Just as Goku Black and Zamasu try to retaliate , Future Trunks intervenes in the nick of time . Future Trunks fights the two again without success . Goku and Vegeta arrive just in time to save him . Goku Black destroys the Time Machine , but Bulma manages to salvage what was left by dousing the fire . Gowasu and Supreme Kai arrive from the past to stop Zamasu from going on a killing spree . Goku Black and Future Zamasu explain that they killed all of the Supreme Kais in the future timeline ; during the conversation , it is revealed that Whis and those like him are actually angels . Goku Black tries to kill Gowasu , but Goku and Vegeta stop him . Goku fights Future Zamasu , while Vegeta battles Goku Black . Bulma begins repairing the Time Machine and asks Future Trunks to prepare the seal , which Goku has brought to seal Zamasu . Vegeta gets the upper hand over Goku Black due to his latest training , which he interprets as a tipping point in his latent power that he possesses as the Prince of Saiyans . 64 18 `` Revere Him ! Praise Him ! Fusion Zamasu 's Explosive Birth ! ! '' / `` Agameyo ! Tataeyo ! Gattai Zamasu bakutan ! ! '' ( 崇めよ ! 讃えよ ! 合体 ザマス 爆誕 ! ! ) October 30 , 2016 TBA Vegeta continues to overpower Goku Black . Future Zamasu attempts to intervene , but Goku cuts him off . Goku Black realizes that Vegeta 's increased power comes from his anger and uses that method to increase his own power . Goku Black distracts Goku and Vegeta by creating many energy duplicates of himself to confuse them , while Future Zamasu goes after Future Trunks , Mai , and Bulma . Bulma attempts to buy time for Future Trunks to prepare the Evil Containment Wave by flirting with Future Zamasu . However , he sees through her trick and knocks her out . This angers Future Trunks , who powers up to his new Super Saiyan form and uses the Evil Containment Wave on Future Zamasu . The Evil Containment Wave works on Future Zamasu , who is sealed within the jar . However , in the present , Master Roshi realizes that he forgot to give Goku the paper amulet that would make the seal permanent . As a result , the seal fails and Future Zamasu breaks out of the jar , which weakened him . Goku Black goes to help him , and Goku and Vegeta follow in pursuit . Realizing that they have underestimated their enemies , Goku Black and Future Zamasu use their Potarra Earrings to fuse into a single immensely powerful being known as Fusion Zamasu . 65 19 `` Is This the Final Judgement ? ! The Ultimate Power of the Absolute God '' / `` Saigo no shipan ka ! ? Zettai shin no kyūkyoku no pawā '' ( 最後 の 審判 か ! ? 絶対 神 の 究極 の 力 ( パワー ) ) November 6 , 2016 TBA Fusion Zamasu explains that he possesses the immortality of Future Zamasu as well as Goku Black 's Saiyan ability to grow stronger from each fight . He shows off his power and devastates the Earth in the process . Meanwhile , Future Trunks decides to rejoin the fight , while Mai and Bulma are working on the Time Machine . Goku and Vegeta fight Fusion Zamasu , but they are easily defeated . Future Trunks joins the fight , but he is also overpowered . Fusion Zamasu begins charging up an enormous ki blast known as the Holy Wrath to destroy the planet . Future Trunks uses a last - ditch Galick Gun attack to hold him off . Vegeta joins the clash with his own all - out Galick Gun . Surprisingly , their combined attack overpowers Fusion Zamasu 's attack and saves the Earth . However , Fusion Zamasu survives unscathed . Vegeta barely saves Future Trunks from a deadly attack by Fusion Zamasu . Vegeta gets knocked out by the blast . Fusion Zamasu charges a second attack , but Goku rejoins the fight and counters it with his Kamehameha attack . 66 20 `` The Climactic Battle ! The Miraculous Power of a Relentless Warrior ! '' / `` Kessen ! Akiramenai senshi - tachi no kiseki no pawā ! '' ( 決戦 ! あきらめ ない 戦士 たち の 奇跡 の 力 ( パワー ) ! ) November 13 , 2016 TBA Goku puts all of his power into his Kamehameha , which is able to pierce through Fusion Zamasu 's attack and stop him from destroying Earth . In the wake of the explosion , Goku is exhausted , and Fusion Zamasu is injured . When Fusion Zamasu grabs him , Goku overpowers him using his Kaio - ken technique , and knocks Fusion Zamasu back temporarily . However , Goku 's use of the Kaio - ken drains all of his energy , and he collapses . Fusion Zamasu regains consciousness and powers up , but he still does not heal properly . Vegeta wonders why Fusion Zamasu is not healing . Gowasu explains that Fusion Zamasu must be mortal since Goku Black was as well . Goku decides that the only way they can win is for him and Vegeta to fuse using Supreme Kai 's Potarra Earrings . Vegeta initially refuses until Gowasu explains that a Potarra fusion that does not involve a Kai only lasts for one hour . Goku and Vegeta fuse to become Vegito . Vegito powers up to Super Saiyan Blue and begins fighting Fusion Zamasu . Vegito quickly gains the advantage , but Fusion Zamasu grows even stronger . Gowasu explains that Zamasu 's mutation is a result of his anger manifesting in physical form . Meanwhile , Bulma and Mai finish repairing the Time Machine . Mai gives Future Trunks his broken sword , which inspires him to keep fighting . Future Trunks uses his power to restore the sword . Vegito and Fusion Zamasu continue fighting . Vegito is winning until his fusion abruptly breaks . Fusion Zamasu begins to pummel Goku and Vegeta until Future Trunks arrives to help . Future Trunks unknowingly begins gathering energy from all living things on Earth . With this new power , Future Trunks runs his sword through Fusion Zamasu and cuts him in half . 67 21 `` With New Hope ! ! In Our Hearts - Farewell , Trunks '' / `` Aratana kibō ! ! O mune ni - saraba Torankusu '' ( 新た な HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! を 胸 に さらば トランクス ) November 20 , 2016 TBA Fusion Zamasu expresses his disbelief that a mortal could defeat him and then disintegrates . However , as everyone exchanges congratulations , Fusion Zamasu 's essence returns and begins spreading over the entire planet . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has cast off his physical form and is trying to physically merge his spirit and energy with the entire universe . Zamasu begins raining destruction down on the Earth and annihilates everything and everyone on the planet except Goku and the others . Zamasu 's power is even felt in the present timeline , where Beerus and Whis sense it . Goku looks for another Senzu bean in his pocket , but instead he finds the button that Zenō - sama gave him in the present timeline . Goku presses the button and Future Zenō - sama appears . After Goku explains the situation , Future Zenō - sama decides to erase the future timeline due to the corruption that Zamasu has caused . Gowasu and Supreme Kai teleport away , while Goku and the others escape using the Time Machine . Future Zenō - sama erases the entire future timeline and Fusion Zamasu . After the others return to the present , Goku and Future Trunks return to what is left of the future timeline . They retrieve Future Zenō - sama and bring him back to the present with them . Goku and Whis bring Future Zenō - sama to meet the present Zenō - sama , which fulfills Goku 's promise to provide the present Zenō - sama with a friend to play with . Whis also meets another angel , the Great Priest ( 大 神官 , Daishinkan ) , who is revealed to be his father , and invites him to visit Universe Seven . In the aftermath , Whis devises a solution for Future Trunks and Future Mai . Whis explains that they can return to the future timeline before Zamasu became a threat , which would create a new and safe version of the future timeline with the price of there being two duplicates of both Future Trunks and Future Mai living in the new timeline . Future Trunks and Future Mai accept Whis ' solution and use the time machine to travel to their new future . 68 22 `` Come Forth , Shenron ! Whose Wish Will Be Granted ? ! '' / `` Ideyo Shenlong ! Kanaeru negai wa dare no mono ! ? '' ( いでよ 神龍 ( シェンロン ) ! 叶える 願い は 誰 の もの ! ? ) November 27 , 2016 TBA Bulma is secretly trying to build a new Time Machine , but she has so far been unsuccessful . Goku decides to gather the Dragon Balls and use them to revive King Kai . However , Bulma wants to use them to acquire a rare mineral that she needs for the Time Machine , which can only be found at the Earth 's core . Wanting to taste more Earth food , Beerus and Whis return to Earth . Bulma takes them to a seafood restaurant and attempts to keep them from finding out about the Time Machine as they had previously forbidden her from making another Time Machine . Goku gathers the Dragon Balls and summons Shenron . Before Goku can make his wish , several others show up who want to make their respective wishes . As the others are all fighting over the wishes , Gohan arrives with Pan , who is sick and suffering from a severe fever . Goku and the others immediately allow Gohan to use one of the two wishes to heal Pan . After Gohan and Pan leave , the others resume fighting over the remaining wish . Bulma manages to talk everyone else out of making wishes by solving their problems herself . Goku still insists on getting his wish granted . Bulma agrees , but she convinces Goku to go to the Earth 's core and retrieve the rare mineral she needs in exchange for letting him use the wish . Beerus and Whis finish eating and leave the restaurant . They spot Shenron and promptly go to the scene , and they find Goku at the Earth 's core . Having deduced that Bulma is trying to make another Time Machine , Beerus destroys both the mineral and the Time Machine . Just as Goku is about to make his wish , the Dragon Balls deactivate and scatter around the Earth . Goku promises to revive King Kai as soon as the Dragon Balls reactivate . 69 23 `` Goku vs. Arale ! A Ridiculous Battle Will End the Earth ? ! '' / `` Gokū VS Arare ! Hachamechabatoru de Chikyū ga owaru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS アラレ ! ハチャメチャ バトル で 地球 が 終わる ! ? ) December 4 , 2016 TBA Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks attend a science competition that Bulma is participating in , which is hosted by Mr. Satan , while Goku is hired to work security for the event . Dr. Senbei Norimaki of Penguin Village , who has created a device that can create any item its user can think of out of thin air , wins the award . Dr. Norimaki 's nemesis , Dr. Mashirito , appears as a ghost , and reveals that he has used a chemical called Playtine - X to gain control over Norimaki 's powerful robot daughter , Arale Norimaki . Vegeta attempts to stop Arale , but her overwhelming strength and seeming ability to defy the laws of physics are too much for him . She sends him flying into the distance . Goku transforms into Super Saiyan Blue and begins fighting Arale . They initially seem to be evenly matched , but it becomes apparent that their battle could easily destroy the Earth . Dr. Norimaki is able to use his new invention to distract Arale temporarily . Meanwhile , Bulma uses the invention to conjure up a mass of delicious food , which immediately attracts Beerus , who had been taking a nap . Dr. Mashirito confronts Beerus , who promptly obliterates him . Beerus also easily overpowers Arale . Just as Beerus is about to destroy her , the food he has eaten causes him severe stomach pain , which prompts him to rush home with Whis immediately . Shortly after , Dr. Norimaki and Arale leave and return home . Goku and Arale agree to fight again in the future . 70 24 `` Champa 's Challenge ! This Time We Fight with Baseball ! ! '' / `` Shanpa kara no chōsen - jō ! Kondo wa yakyū de shōbuda ! ! '' ( シャンパ から の 挑戦 状 ! 今度 は 野球 で 勝負 だ ! ! ) December 11 , 2016 TBA Champa contacts Beerus and challenges him to a game of baseball ( 野球 , Yakyū ) as a way of reconciling Universes Six and Seven . The baseball game is arranged to be held on Universe Seven 's Earth . Champa explains to Vados that he intends to use the game as an opportunity to steal food from Earth . The game begins with Goku initially unsuccessful as the pitcher for Beerus ' team due to his lack of experience . Yamcha , who has extensive experience playing baseball , steps up and gives the Universe Seven team an advantage . However , he is injured several times over the course of the game by Vegeta , who is playing on the Universe Six team with Champa . Champa and Beerus end up fighting , which almost destroys the planet . Whis and Vados intervene and call the game off . Vados reveals that Yamcha , despite his injuries , made it to home plate and scored a run before the game was called off , thereby winning the game for Universe Seven . Champa and his team return to Universe Six . Champa has seemingly forgotten his goal of stealing Universe Seven 's Earth 's food , as he has already become obsessed with training to prepare for a rematch . 71 25 `` The Death of Goku ! The Guaranteed Assassination Mission '' / `` Gokū shisu ! Zettai shikkō no ansatsu ninrai ! '' ( 悟空 死す ! 絶対 執行 の 暗殺 任 頼 ) December 18 , 2016 TBA Goku begins acting strangely . He admits to Gohan and Goten that he thinks someone wants to kill him . Meanwhile , in Universe Six , Hit carries out an assassination mission by killing a crime boss . His next target is revealed to be Goku . Goku senses Hit coming and flies to a remote area so that their fight would not put anyone else in danger . Hit arrives to kill Goku . Goku charges at Hit , but he can not hit him . Hit seemingly kills Goku with a single blow to the chest and disappears just before Piccolo , Gohan , and Goten arrive and find Goku 's body . 72 26 `` Will There Be a Counterattack ? ! The Invisible Killing Strike ! ! '' / `` Hangeki naruka ! ? Mienai koroshi no waza ! ! '' ( 反撃 なる か ! ? 見え ない 殺し の 技 ! ! ) December 25 , 2016 TBA Piccolo tries to revive Goku to no avail , but Goku had fired an energy blast in the air shortly before he was killed , reviving him . Goku learns that Hit 's assassination technique is an invisible energy blast . Goku shocks Hit by being the first person to ever dodge this technique , but he is still unable to land a blow on Hit and remains at a disadvantage . Meanwhile , Champa and Vados come to see the fight . They are later joined by Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis . Vados explains how Hit is able to use his secret technique , which makes him seemingly untouchable . In the midst of the battle , Goku fires his Kamehameha attack , which proves to be powerful enough to knock out both Hit and himself . In the aftermath , Goku reveals to Vegeta , Champa , and Beerus that he had hired Hit , because he wanted to fight him at full strength , and that Whis and Vados were involved in his plan as well . 73 27 `` Gohan 's Misfortune ! An Unexpected Great Saiyaman Movie ? ! '' / `` Gohan no sainan ! Gurētosaiyaman masakano eiga ka ! ? '' ( 悟 飯 の 災難 ! グレート サイヤマン まさかの 映画 化 ! ? ) January 8 , 2017 TBA Mr. Satan reveals to Videl and Gohan that he is starring in a new superhero film : `` Great Saiyaman vs. Mister Satan '' ! As Videl , Gohan , and Pan check out the film set , the lead in the film -- - a famous but self - absorbed actor named Barry Kahn -- becomes enamored with Videl and tries to woo her . Videl rejects Barry in front of the entire film crew , which angers him . Seeking revenge on Videl for his humiliation , Barry convinces Gohan to take over as the main stuntman for the film in order to embarrass and potentially maim him . As Gohan is the real Great Saiyaman , he uses his powers to easily take on the role . Gohan later dons the suit again for a fight against a pair of bank robbers . When the film crew accuses Gohan of using the suit and stopping the bank robbery , Bulma bails him out . However , Gohan 's identity is accidentally revealed to Cocoa , who is a starlet in the film . Cocoa blackmails Gohan into flying her around the city . Meanwhile , Jaco chases after a being known as Watagashi ( 綿 餓死 ) , which is an extraterrestrial parasitic criminal that possesses its hosts . Suspecting that `` The Great Saiyaman '' might be the host of Watagashi , Jaco attacks Gohan with a vaporizing cannon . 74 28 `` For the Ones He Loves ! The Unbeatable Great Saiyaman ! ! '' / `` Aisuru mono no tame ni ! Fukutsu no Gurēto Saiyaman ! ! '' ( 愛する ものの ため に ! 不屈 の グレート サイヤマン ! ! ) January 15 , 2017 TBA Gohan manages to dodge Jaco 's cannon blast and learns of Watagashi 's ability to possess its hosts . Cocoa brings Gohan back to her apartment to rehearse , but she hides the fact that she was forced by Barry to let photos be taken of the pair for the tabloids . She has a secret change of heart and does not let the photos get taken in her room . When the pair go to the roof the next morning , Barry gets the pictures of Gohan getting a kiss from Cocoa and revealing himself as Great Saiyaman . Barry immediately brings the photos to Videl in an attempt to expose Gohan as a cheater . As he tries to woo Videl again , she sees through Barry 's act and refuses his advances . Watagashi finds and possesses Barry by turning him into a powerful monster in the process . The possessed Barry dispatches Gohan and kidnaps Pan . He seeks a final showdown with Gohan . Barry proves formidable . Gohan is nearly killed in the struggle . Videl and Pan express complete faith in Gohan 's desire to protect them and call out for his aid . Gohan transforms into `` Super Great Saiyaman '' and knocks out Barry , which separates him from Watagashi in the process . The film becomes a hit . Cocoa blackmails Barry into keeping Gohan 's secret with the knowledge that Barry was the monster that attacked the city . Now seeing him as less of a threat , Jaco lets Watagashi escape . 75 29 `` Goku and Krillin Back to the Old Training Grounds '' / `` Gokū to Kuririn - Natsukashi no shugyō no ba e '' ( 悟空 と クリリン 懐かし の 修行 の 場 へ ) January 22 , 2017 TBA Goku seeks a sparring partner to train with , but he laments being unable to find a suitable opponent . On Goten 's suggestion , Goku goes to ask Krillin , who is still working as a police officer . Krillin is grazed by a bullet during a shootout with a pair of burglars , but they are easily disarmed by Goku . Krillin declines Goku 's offer to spar . He knows he would be no challenge for Goku and that he has given up martial arts for good . Krillin is chastised by Android 18 , who says the strong man she fell in love could never be harmed by a bullet . Her words lead Krillin to reconsider Goku 's offer and ultimately accepts it . The two leave for Master Roshi 's to train as they did when they were children . Krillin proves to be no match for Goku even though Goku is wearing a heavy suit as a handicap . Sensing Krillin 's self - doubt and believing that a different approach is needed , Master Roshi sends his students on a race to a heavily forested island to recover a rare herb . As a reward , Master Roshi offers to teach the winner a secret technique that can immensely increase the user 's strength . On the island , Goku and Krillin meet Fortuneteller Baba . They tell her about Master Roshi 's challenge . Interested to see what will happen , Baba decides to observe the race using her crystal ball . Goku and Krillin venture into the forest in search of the herb . As they enter , a heavy fog rolls in , where familiar foes emerge . 76 30 `` Defeat These Terrifying Enemies ! Krillin 's Fighting Spirit Returns ! '' / `` Kowa teki o uchiyabure ! Kuririn no tōshi futatabi ! '' ( 恐 敵 を 打ち破れ ! クリリン の 闘志 ふたたび ! ) January 29 , 2017 TBA Android 18 arrives at Master Roshi 's house and searches for Krillin . Master Roshi and Fortuneteller Baba explain that Krillin and Goku have entered the `` Forest of Terror , '' which is a place where they have to face illusions of enemies that they had battled before . Master Roshi intended this exercise as a way to help Krillin overcome his lack of confidence . In the forest , Krillin is terrified by what he sees . Among the group of illusions are Tambourine , Frieza , Dabura , and Majin Buu , where all of them previously killed or seriously wounded Krillin . Overcome with fear , Krillin attempts to abandon the race and fly out of the forest . The trees move to block the entrance , which leave Goku and Krillin stranded . The illusions attack and separate Goku and Krillin . Krillin finds himself surrounded by the illusions , but his attacks only make them stronger . After slicing one in half , he discovers that they are powered by his own energy . He heeds Master Roshi 's training and calms himself down , which weakens the illusions . As a final challenge , Fortuneteller Baba summons an illusion of Super Shenron , which immediately ensnares Goku . Krillin quickly arrives and frees him . The two of them use a combined Kamehameha blast to destroy the illusion . The illusions turn into the rare herbs that Master Roshi wanted . Goku and Krillin return to Master Roshi 's house with bags full of the herb . Master Roshi admits that there is actually no secret technique . Krillin , who has regained his confidence , disagrees . Goku and Krillin soon leave . Krillin returns home , where Android 18 shaves his head . This signals Krillin 's decision to pick up his martial arts training once again . Season 5 : Universe Survival Overall No . Saga No . English translation Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 77 `` Let 's Do It , Zen - Oh Sama ! The All - Universe Martial Arts Tournament ! ! '' `` Yarou ze Zenō - sama ! Uchū ichi Budō - kai ! ! '' ( や ろう ぜ 全 王様 ! 宇宙 一 武道 会 ! ! ) February 5 , 2017 TBA The Present Zenō - sama and Future Zenō - sama are playing a game together in their realm , but both have become bored with their monotonous routine . Meanwhile , Goku heads to a local farmer 's market to sell his produce and get Chi - Chi off his back about making money . On the way home , he is ambushed by some robbers . Goku defeats them , but he is injured in the process . Deciding that he has grown rusty , Goku and Goten decide to train with Whis . They head to the Capsule Corporation building , where Bulma reveals she is pregnant with her and Vegeta 's second child . Goten remains behind to train with Trunks . Vegeta declines to accompany Goku so that he can be with Bulma when she gives birth . Goku heads to Beerus ' planet alone . While training with Whis , Goku remembers Zenō - sama 's intention to hold a multiverse martial arts tournament . Heedless of Beerus and Whis ' warnings , Goku uses Zenō - sama 's button to head to his realm and convince both Zenō - samas to hold the tournament . When he returns to Beerus ' planet , Beerus angrily berates Goku and explains that Zenō - sama 's naive and innocent nature combined with his extreme power makes him a danger to the multiverse . Beerus threatens to kill Goku if he steps out of line again . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head to the Sacred World of the Kais , where the Great Priest arrives . He tells the group to assemble their ten most powerful warriors to compete in the `` Tournament of Power '' ( 力 の 大会 , Chikara no Taikai ) . 78 `` The Gods of Every Universe in Shock ? ! Losers Erased in the Tournament of Power '' `` Zen uchū no kami - sama mo don hiki ! ? Maketara shōmetsu `` Chikara no taikai '' '' ( 全 宇宙 の 神様 も ドン 引き ! ? 負け たら 消滅 「 力 の 大会 」 ) February 12 , 2017 TBA The Great Priest explains the details of the `` Tournament of Power '' and states that it will be held on `` the World of Void '' . It is a place of `` infinite nothingness '' , where the competitors can fight without limits . The tournament champion will be granted a wish by the Super Dragon Balls , while the losers and their respective universes will be completely erased from existence . Everyone is horrified by this harsh penalty . Goku suggests asking Zenō - sama to ignore it , but Whis advises against this . Whis tells Goku that Zenō - sama has already made up his mind and attempting to change it could be dangerous . Beerus demands that Goku takes responsibility for asking Zenō - sama to hold the tournament in the first place . Goku declares that he will defeat any opponent he faces . The Great Priest also reveals that Universes 7 and 9 are to have a smaller exhibition tournament for Future Zenō - sama 's benefit . Each universe is to name three fighters . Goku sets off to recruit teammates . After Vegeta refuses , Goku recruits Gohan and Majin Buu , who is accompanied by Mr. Satan to represent Universe 7 . Goku also explains the potential penalty to Gohan . Gohan tells Goku to keep the stakes a secret to prevent mass panic . Back at Zenō - sama 's palace , all the gods from all 12 universes gather . The Great Priest explains the purpose of the Zen Exhibition Match . He alludes to the possibility of Zenō - sama erasing the fighters that he deems unfit for the tournament . In the first round , Majin Buu is to fight Basil ( バジル , Bajiru ) , a humanoid canine fighter from Universe 9 . 79 `` Universe 9 's Basil the Kicker VS Universe 7 's Majin Buu ! ! '' `` Dai kyu uchū keri no Bajiru basasu Dai nana uchū Majinbū ! ! '' ( 第 9 宇宙 蹴り の バジル VS 第 7 宇宙 魔 人 ブウ ! ! ) February 19 , 2017 TBA Basil quickly gains the upper hand and beats down Majin Buu , who is not taking the fight seriously and thinks of it as a game . Goku goads Basil into showing his full power to get Majin Buu 's attention , which leads to Basil using his ultimate attack . As Roh ( ロウ , Rō ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 9 , claims victory , Majin Buu emerges with a hole in his stomach , but he is otherwise unmoved . Basil and Roh are shocked to see this . Mr. Satan is injured during the attack . He tells Majin Buu to beat Basil before falling unconscious . This enrages Majin Buu to the point , where he effortlessly beats Basil and knocks him out of the ring . However , since neither Zenō - sama is satisfied with the fight , Basil is allowed to get back into the ring . Roh gives Basil a drug that makes him far more powerful . Although Beerus demands that Basil is disqualified for obvious cheating , Zenō - sama is entertained by this and allows the fight to continue . The Great Priest announces that the rules will be improvised as the tournament goes along . Basil overpowers Majin Buu and seemingly beats him , which causes Roh to prematurely gloat about the superiority of Universe 9 . However , Majin Buu emerges unscathed and launches a full power attack at Basil . This knocks him out and clinches Universe 7 the victory . As the Universe 9 team laments Basil 's loss , Basil 's second oldest brother Lavender ( ラベンダ , Rabenda ) says that if he is allowed to kill his opponent , which Bergamo gives him permission to do , he can win his match . Gohan volunteers to fight Lavender . 80 `` Awaken Your Sleeping Battle Spirit ! Son Gohan 's Fight ! ! '' `` Nemutta tōshi o yobisamase ! Son Gohan no tatakai ! ! '' ( 眠っ た 闘志 を 呼び覚ませ ! 孫 悟 飯 の 闘い ! ! ) February 26 , 2017 TBA As their battle begins , Lavender spits a poison mist into Gohan 's eyes and blinds him . Shin offers Gohan a Senzu bean to cure the poison , but Gohan refuses and says he wants to fight with his strength alone . Unable to see , Gohan uses his other senses to track Lavender and scores several blows . Lavender counters by levitating , which eliminates the sound of his footsteps . Gohan responds by powering up to Super Saiyan and bouncing his own ki off of Lavender 's body , which uses it as a kind of active radar . Powering up also causes the poison to spread rapidly through Gohan 's body . Lavender mounts a comeback . In desperation , Gohan grabs hold of Lavender and launches a kamikaze attack . He drives both of their bodies into the ring at high speed . Lavender is knocked out , but Gohan is so weakened by the poison that he can not continue . With both fighters down , the match is declared a tie . After Goku feeds Gohan a Senzu bean , the Great Priest announces to those in attendance that all universes that lose the Tournament of Power will be erased with their respective gods as well . However , Universes 1 , 5 , 8 , and 12 will be exempt from erasure as will the Angels from all universes because their inhabitants are particularly strong . Zeno - sama had long believed that there were too many universes . He was planning to erase most of them anyway , but the tournament will afford one of the weaker universes the chance to be spared . With the announcement concluded , the ring is repaired in preparation for the final exhibition match where Goku will fight Bergamo ( ベルガモ , Berugamo ) , Basil 's oldest brother who is also a humanoid canine . 81 5 `` Bergamo the Crusher Vs Son Goku ! Which One Wields the Limitless Power ? ! '' `` Tsubushi no Berugamo VS Son Gokū ! Aotenjō no tsuyosa wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 潰し の ベルガモ VS 孫悟空 ! 青 天井 の 強 さ は どっち だ ! ? ) March 5 , 2017 TBA Before their battle begins , Bergamo denounces Goku before the assembled gods . Bergamo pleads with Zenō - sama to rescind the rule that the universes that lose the Tournament of Power be erased . Zenō - sama agrees on the condition that Bergamo beats Goku in an all out battle . Great Priest states that if Goku holds back to cancel the erasure , Zenō - sama will immediately erase all of the universes . Both Goku and Bergamo agree to the terms . When the fight begins , Bergamo invites Goku to hit him and leaves himself exposed . Goku obliges and strikes Bergamo several times , but Bergamo absorbs the energy of Goku 's attacks . He grows stronger and physically larger . Goku continues to attack , which causes Bergamo to grow so large that the ring begins to buckle under his weight . Goku transforms to Super Saiyan Blue , which shocks the gods and quickly overwhelms Bergamo with a Kaioken powered Kamehameha . Bergamo claims every universe participating in the Tournament of Power will seek vengeance on Goku for making them face erasure , but Goku relishes the idea of such a challenge . The Zen Exhibition Match comes to a close and the Tournament of Power will soon begin . The universe with the most fighters remaining or the last fighter standing will be declared the winner . Suddenly , a mysterious fighter from Universe 11 named Toppo ( トッポ ) appears and challenges Goku to a battle . Goku , who is unsatisfied after his short fight with Bergamo , agrees to fight Toppo . 82 6 `` Never Forgive Son Goku ! Toppo the Warrior of Justice Intrudes ! ! '' `` Son Gokū yurusumaji ! Seigi no senshi Toppo ran'nyū ! ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 許す まじ ! 正義 の 戦士 トッポ 乱入 ! ! ) March 19 , 2017 TBA After obtaining Zenō - sama 's blessing to proceed , Goku and Toppo begin their battle . Toppo quickly gains the upper hand and dislocates Goku 's shoulder . Goku responds by attacking with a flurry of blows , but Toppo manages to grab Goku in a powerful bear hug . He begins squeezing the life out of Goku , which forces Goku to turn Super Saiyan Blue to escape . Goku gains the upper hand in this form and damages Toppo with a Kamehameha . Just as the two power up even more , the Great Priest puts an end to the fight . As Toppo leaves , he reveals to Goku that Universe 11 has a warrior even stronger than him named Jiren ( ジレン ) . The Great Priest begins creating a martial arts arena suitable for the Tournament of Power . In the Sacred World of the Kais , Beerus and Goku get into an argument over Goku 's constant relaxed and negligent attitude , which Whis breaks up . The group agrees to convene at the Capsule Corporation to discuss their future strategy . 83 7 `` Form the Universe 7 Representing Team ! Who are the Strongest Ten ? ! '' `` Dai - 7 uchū daihyō chīmu o kessei seyo ! Saikyō no 10 - ri wa dareda ? '' ( 第 7 宇宙 代表 チーム を 結成 せよ ! 最強 の 10 人 は 誰 だ ! ? ) March 26 , 2017 TBA Goku and the others arrive at Capsule Corporation . They discuss who should be on the team . Goku immediately suggests Monaka , but Beerus tells him that Monaka is sick and can not participate . Goku and Gohan agree on Vegeta , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , No. 18 , and No. 17 , which would bring the total number of fighters up to nine . Trunks and Goten are ruled out due to their inexperience . They proceed to ask Vegeta , who has been thinking of a name for his second child . Vegeta refuses to participate . He says he will not fight , while Bulma is pregnant . Whis uses his time warping ability to birth the baby sooner than expected in order to get Vegeta to agree to the fight . Everyone celebrates the baby 's birth . Trunks is slightly disappointed he has a sister because he wanted to train with a younger brother . As soon as the baby is handed to Vegeta , he develops an attachment to her . Bulma names the baby Bulla even though Vegeta hoped to give her the Saiyan name Eschalot . However , Vegeta quickly accepts Bulla 's name . Goku leaves to recruit members and heads to Krillin 's house . 84 8 `` Son Goku the Recruiter Invites Krillin and No. 18 '' `` Sukautoman Son Gokū - Kuririn to 18 - gō o izanau '' ( スカウト マン 孫悟空 クリリン と 18 号 を 誘う ) April 2 , 2017 TBA Goku and Gohan arrive at Krillin 's house and ask him and No. 18 to join the Tournament of Power . No. 18 convinces Krillin to participate in order to put his newfound martial arts training to use . No. 18 is reluctant to join herself . She quickly suspects Goku and Gohan of hiding something from them , but Goku convinces her that the secret is a 10 million Zeni reward , which convinces her to participate . Gohan decides to test Krillin in a sparring match on the coast . After Gohan overpowers him in hand to hand combat , Krillin swiftly defeats Gohan by blinding him with his new move named Solar Flare x 100 and knocking him into the sea . Goku is excited by Krillin 's new power . He challenges him to a sparring match as well . They relocate to a building owned by Mr. Satan , where Krillin 's strategies make up for the gap in power , forcing Goku to go Super Saiyan . Goku then transforms into his Super Saiyan Blue form , and he and Krillin have a Kamehameha clash . As Goku increases his power and starts to overpower Krillin , No. 18 intervenes and blocks Goku 's Kamehameha , just as Krillin collapses from exhaustion . She justifies herself by noting that the Tournament of Power will be a battle royal and that Goku can not expect to fight one - on - one all the time . Goku concedes the match and realizes he will have to adjust his tactics in order to win the Tournament of Power . No. 18 reveals that No. 17 is currently working at a wildlife reserve , but she does not know where . Goku decides to ask Dende to find No. 17 . 85 9 `` The Universes Begin to Make Their Moves Their Individual Motives '' `` Ugokidasu uchū - sorezore no omowaku '' ( 動き出す 宇宙 - それぞれ の 思惑 ) April 9 , 2017 TBA Gohan leaves to recruit Piccolo , while Goku prepares to head to the Lookout . He encounters Majin Buu and Mr. Satan training . Goku discovers that Buu has lost weight and has gotten much slimmer in appearance . The two spar together . Buu defeats Goku by overwhelming him with ki blasts and knocking him out of the fighting stage . Meanwhile , Khai ( カイ ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 11 , gathers all of the Supreme Kais involved in the tournament except for Universe 7 's , who is ostracized due to Goku 's involvement with the creation of the tournament . Khai asks his fellow Supreme Kais to request that Zenō - sama cancel the erasure of the universes , but they are all too afraid of his wrath to do so . Champa gathers all the Gods of Destruction involved in the tournament except Beerus after finding out about the Supreme Kai 's meeting , and they discuss Goku . Toppo recruits his fellow Pride Troopers Kahseral ( カーセラル , Kāseraru ) and Dyspo ( ディスポ , Disupo ) . Champa recruits Cabba and demands he find more powerful Saiyans . Goku meets Dende and Mr. Popo at the Lookout and learns No. 17 's location . Gohan prepares to train with Piccolo . 86 10 `` Fist Cross for the First Time ! Android # 17 VS Son Goku ! ! '' `` Hajimete majiwaru kobushi ! Jinzōningen Jūnana - gō VS Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 初めて 交わる 拳 ! 人造 人間 17 号 VS 孫悟空 ! ! ) April 16 , 2017 TBA On their way to the island where No. 17 is working , Dende explains that since the conclusion of the Cell Games , No. 17 has started a family and gotten far stronger . Dende also reveals that Kid Buu has reincarnated as a young Earthling with massive fighting potential and asks Goku to train him when he is old enough . They reach the island as Goku arrives just in time to witness No. 17 defeat a group of armed poachers . As they introduce themselves to each other , a large army of poachers arrive . Goku and No. 17 team up to subdue them all . Afterwards , No. 17 explains that the poachers are after the last Minotaurus in order to steal its rare and valuable horns . The two decide to have a sparring match . No. 17 evenly matches Super Saiyan Goku , which causes him to turn Super Saiyan Blue . Goku launches a Kamehameha at No. 17 , who easily deflects it with an energy shield . The two go toe - to - toe until No. 17 ends the match in order to avoid catching the island in the crossfire . Goku and No. 17 acknowledge that they were both holding back in the fight . Afterwards , Goku attempts to convince him to join the Tournament of Power , but No. 17 is uninterested . He remains indifferent even when Goku reveals that the losing universes will be erased . Meanwhile , alien poachers arrive on Earth and they set their sights on the Minotaurus . 87 11 `` Hunt the Poachers ! Goku and No. 17 's United Front ! ! '' `` Mitsuryō - dan o kare ! Gokū to Jūnana - gō no kyōtō ! ! '' ( 密漁 団 を 狩れ ! 悟空 と 17 号 の 共闘 ! ! ) April 23 , 2017 TBA Goku entices No. 17 with a wish on the Super Dragon Balls . As he begins to consider Goku 's offer , the alien poachers arrive and abduct all of the island 's animals . Goku uses his Instant Transmission to teleport himself and No. 17 aboard their ship before it can escape . After defeating some of the poachers , No. 17 sets off to defeat the leader , while Goku remains behind to battle the rest of the poachers . No. 17 confronts and easily defeats the leader . Goku catches up just as the leader pulls out a switch and threatens to self - destruct if he is not released immediately . No. 17 smashes him out of a window , which vents both of them into deep space . Goku manages to use his Instant Transmission to teleport all three of them to King Kai 's world . Dende contacts Goku and informs him that the leader 's threat was a bluff . Afterwards , Goku and No. 17 return the animals to their rightful homes . Jaco arrives to arrest the alien poachers . No. 17 decides to leave his island in the hands of Goten and Trunks and accepts Goku 's offer to fight in the Tournament of Power . He hopes to use the Super Dragon Balls to wish for an expensive boat and travel the world with his family . 88 12 `` Gohan and Piccolo Teacher and Pupil Clash in Max Training ! '' `` Gohan to Pikkoro Shitei gekitotsu no Genkai shugyō ! '' ( 悟 飯 と ピッコロ 師弟 激突 の 限界 修業 ! ) April 30 , 2017 TBA Gohan and Piccolo engage in intense training . Piccolo explains that Goku has already informed him about the potential erasure of the universe and that he is going to participate in the Tournament of Power . He points out that Gohan 's over eagerness to protect his loved ones is making him reckless . Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan , and the two continue to spar . Meanwhile , Cabba heads to the residence of his retired captain and mentor , Renso ( レンソウ ) . Cabba asks him to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power , but Renso refuses due to an injury to his leg . Renso suggests his sister , Caulifla ( カリフラ , Karifura ) , instead , who he claims is even stronger than him . Back in Universe 7 , Piccolo removes his weighted clothes to go all out and quickly defeats Gohan . Piccolo explains that Gohan has a tendency to become arrogant when he has the advantage in battle . After being encouraged by Piccolo , Gohan manages to reach the level of power he had against Super Buu . The two fight again , and Gohan successfully severs Piccolo 's arm . However , Piccolo blasts him in the back with the severed arm and defeats Gohan , which proves Piccolo 's point about Gohan 's overconfidence . That night , Piccolo vows to push Gohan to new heights of power . They both agree to work on combination moves . 89 13 `` An Unknown Beauty Appears ! The Tenshin - Style Dojo 's Mystery ? ! '' `` Arawareta nazo no bijo ! Tenshin - ryū Dōjō no kai ! ? '' ( 現れ た 謎 の 美女 ! 天津 流 道場 の 怪 ! ? ) May 7 , 2017 TBA Goku heads to Master Roshi 's island , where Oolong informs him that Tien and Chiaotzu have started a martial arts dojo , and that Roshi has headed there to act as a special instructor . Goku decides to make Tien the tenth member of the team , and heads off to recruit him and Roshi . At Tien 's dojo , a woman named Yurin ( ユーリン , Yūrin ) with a grudge against Tien arrives and requests to join the dojo . Although Tien denies her because her motivation of beauty was unfit for his dojo , Roshi drags Yurin off to ogle her . Goku arrives and asks Tien to join the Tournament of Power , but , even after Goku bribes him with 10 million Zeni , Tien refuses . Yurin escapes Roshi 's advances and uses witchcraft to drive Tien 's students on a rampage throughout town . Goku , Tien , Chiaotzu , and Roshi arrive at the village , where Yurin confronts them . Yurin explains that she is a former classmate of Tien 's during his time at the Crane School and that she swore revenge on him after he left the school and refused to fight her . Meanwhile , Cabba sways Caulifla into joining Universe 6 's team by promising to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . Back on Earth , while Goku , Chiaotzu , and Tien cure the students of their brainwashing , Roshi battles Yurin . He lowers his guard after catching a glimpse of Yurin 's panties , which allows her to brainwash him . The brainwashed Roshi quickly defeats Tien , but Goku intervenes . While Chiaotzu temporarily disables Yurin , Goku subdues Roshi with a Kamehameha and cures him of the brainwashing . Tien orders Yurin to apologize to everyone she hurt and offers her a place at his dojo . Tien decides to join the Tournament of Power because he believes that the 10 million Zeni Goku promised will repair the village . After hearing about the 10 million Zeni , Master Roshi quickly agrees to join as well . 90 14 `` See The Wall That Must Be Passed ! Goku vs Gohan '' `` Koerubeki kabe o misuete ! Gokū bāsasu Gohan '' ( 超える べき 壁 を 見据え て ! 悟空 VS 悟 飯 ) May 14 , 2017 TBA As Gohan finishes training with Piccolo , they go to meet with Goku , Master Roshi , and Tien . At Gohan 's request , Goku and Tien have a fight against Gohan and Piccolo to practice for the tournament . Although Tien views this as a practice match and wants to avoid injuring anyone , Gohan and Goku take the fight seriously . As Gohan fights both his father and Tien , Piccolo spends the time charging a strong technique , which ultimately destroys the mountain fighting stage when it is launched . Tien calls the match off on the grounds that the fighting stage is now destroyed . Although Goku agrees , Gohan requests to have a one - on - one fight against his father . Goku accepts , and Gohan powers up while Goku goes Super Saiyan 2 . Although Goku has the upper hand for much of the fight , Gohan turns the tables and begins to overpower Goku . Gohan begs Goku to use his full power . Goku responds by becoming a Super Saiyan Blue and using his Kaio - Ken technique , then defeats Gohan with a single blow . Impressed with his son 's improvement , Goku assigns Gohan as the leader of their Universe 7 team . Meanwhile , Rumsshi ( ラムーシ , Ramūshi ) recruits a powerful fighter named Murichim ( ムリチム , Murichimu ) and his companions to represent Universe 10 in the tournament . 91 15 `` Which Universe Will Survive ? ! The Strongest Warriors Are Gathering ! ! '' `` Kachinokoru no wa dono Uchū da ! ? Zokuzoku to tsudou Saikyō no senshi - tachi ! ! '' ( 勝ち残る の は どの 宇宙 だ ! ? 続々 と 集う 最強 の 戦士 たち ! ! ) May 21 , 2017 TBA The Zenō - samas are suffering from extreme boredom again . They decide to observe the universes ' progress in assembling their strongest warriors . In Universe 7 , Vegeta prepares to enter the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for some intense training . Goku spars with Whis in Vegeta 's gravity chamber . Master Roshi and Puar train to remove Roshi 's weakness to seduction techniques , which fails miserably . In Universe 9 , word has spread of the potential erasure of their universe . The populace has descended into anarchy . The three canine brothers have been unable to find any other fighters . In Universe 6 , Hit tracks down the destitute Frost and forces him to join the Tournament of Power , while he relieves him of his poison needles in the process . In Universe 11 , Toppo 's comrade Kahseral is delayed from joining when he aids a cat stuck in a tree . In Universe 2 , a magical girl named Brianne de Chateau ( ブリアン ・ デ ・ シャトー , Burian de Shatō ) transforms into her alter ego named Ribrianne ( リブリアン , Riburian ) and auditions for a spot in the tournament . In Universe 10 , Murichim and his comrades record a dance video to improve team spirit . Back in Universe 7 , Mr. Satan calls and unexpectedly reveals that Majin Buu has fallen into a deep sleep and can not join the tournament , which horrifies everyone . 92 16 `` Emergency Development ! The Incomplete Ten Members ! ! '' `` Kinkyū jitai hassei ! Sorowanai jū nin no menbā ! ! '' ( 緊急 事態 発生 ! そろわ ない 10 人 の メンバー ! ! ) May 28 , 2017 TBA Goku races to Mr. Satan 's house , where he proves unable to wake Majin Buu from his hibernation . Meanwhile , all of Universe 7 's remaining warriors except Master Roshi and No. 17 gather at the Capsule Corporation . After Krillin brings up the 10 million Zeni prize that Goku had bribed him , Piccolo and Gohan reveal to Krillin , No. 18 , and Tien that the prize of 10 million Zeni was a lie and that the universe will be erased if they lose . When Goku returns , Krillin berates him and threatens to withdraw from the team along with No. 18 . After Goku fails to convince them otherwise , Beerus swiftly threatens Krillin into staying , while Bulma agrees to pay out the promised reward . In Universe 6 , Cabba takes Caulifla to a deserted wasteland to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . As Caulifla 's protégée , Kale ( ケール , Kēru ) , observes them , Cabba ineffectually attempts to provoke Caulifla in order to make her transform . When that fails , he teaches her to focus her energy on an area in her back . Caulifla successfully transforms into a Super Saiyan . Caulifla tests her newfound power and agrees to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power . She beckons Kale over to attempt the transformation herself . In Universe 11 , Kahseral arrives at the Pride Trooper headquarters , where he and Toppo agree to leave the universe in their trainees ' hands so they can participate in the tournament . In Universe 3 , two cyborg warriors named Nigrisshi ( ニグリシ , Nigrisshi ) and Narirama ( ナリラマ , Narirāma ) display their upgrades for the tournament to Universe 3 's God of Destruction Mosco ( モスコ , Mosuko ) , Supreme Kai Ea ( エア ) , and Angel Campari ( カンパーリ , Kanpāri ) . Back in Universe 7 , Goku and his friends are unable to figure out who can replace Buu . When Beerus claims they have no suitable fighters because Goku destroyed the Frieza Force , Goku is inspired to recruit Frieza , which shocks everyone . 93 17 `` You 're The Tenth Warrior ! Goku Goes To See Frieza ! ! '' `` Jū ninme no senshi wa omē da ! Gokū Furīza no moto e ! ! '' ( 10 人目 の 戦士 はお め え だ ! 悟空 フリーザ の も と へ ! ! ) June 4 , 2017 TBA Goku 's idea is met with much hesitance from his comrades . He explains that he intends to have Fortuneteller Baba resurrect Frieza for 24 hours to fight in the tournament . If Frieza betrays them then either he or Vegeta can defeat him . Goku 's friends reluctantly agree , and he sets out to the afterlife . The Universe 7 team are unaware that a spy from Universe 4 is observing them . In Universe 6 , Cabba and Caulifla attempt to teach Kale how to turn into a Super Saiyan but to no avail . Kale begins to despair over her own uselessness , and it enrages her enough to trigger her transformation into an extremely powerful Berserker Super Saiyan . Kale immediately goes berserk and attacks Cabba . Caulifla quickly deduces that Kale is jealous of her and Cabba 's perceived relationship . She denies having any sort of feelings for Cabba . Kale calms down and collapses in Caulifla 's arms . Cabba , who is impressed by Kale 's power , decides to add her to Universe 6 's team . Back in Universe 7 , Goku arrives in the afterlife and receives King Yemma 's permission to visit Frieza . He explains about the Tournament of Power and asks Frieza to join them . Frieza agrees to aid him on the condition that he be properly resurrected with Earth 's Dragon Balls . When Goku hesitates to agree , Frieza goads him by playing to his desire to see how powerful Frieza can become . Goku accepts his terms . In Universe 4 , Ganos ( ガノス , Ganosu ) reports Universe 7 's latest actions to Universe 4 's God of Destruction Quitela ( キテラ , Kitera ) and Supreme Kai Kuru ( クル ) . Quitela immediately begins making plans to counter Beerus . 94 18 `` The Emperor of Evil Returns ! A Reception of Mysterious Assassins ? ! '' `` Aku no Teiō fukkatsu ! Demukaeru Nazo no Shikaku - tachi ! ? '' ( 悪 の 帝王 復活 ! 出迎える 謎 の 刺客 たち ! ? ) June 11 , 2017 TBA Quitela contacts Universe 9 's God of Destruction Sidra ( シドラ , Shidora ) and informs him that Universe 7 is planning to use Frieza to assassinate their rivals before the tournament begins and that the only way to counter them is to kill them first . Sidra and Roh agree to have Frieza killed . Meanwhile , Goku returns to the Capsule Corporation to update everyone on his success . As Master Roshi completes his training at Korin 's tower , Krillin and No. 18 head to No. 17 's island to pick him up and drop off Goten , Trunks , and Marron . Goku goes to Fortuneteller Baba 's home , where she completes the ritual to resurrect Frieza . As Goku and Frieza prepare to depart , an army of assassins arrives to claim their heads . Despite the time pressure , Frieza wounds the assassins ' leader , transforms into his Golden form , and prepares for battle . 95 19 `` The Worst ! The Most Evil ! Frieza 's Rampage ! ! '' `` Saikyō ! Saiaku ! Furīza Ōabare ! ! '' ( 最 凶 ! 最悪 ! フリーザ 大 暴れ ! ! ) June 18 , 2017 TBA Frieza explains to Goku that he spent his recent incarceration in Hell undergoing intense mental training to overcome the stamina issues that plagued him during his previous battles with the Z - Fighters . He quickly slaughters most of the assassins , which horrifies Goku . The assassins ' leader , who has been directly empowered by Sidra , attacks Frieza with Sidra 's power , but Frieza manages to overcome and hijack the attack . Frieza spitefully uses the attack on Goku and traps him . Frieza tortures and kills the assassins until they reveal that Roh and Sidra hired them . Frieza contacts Universe 9 and offers his services as a defector . Roh and Sidra begin arguing about whether or not to accept him . Roh fears Frieza 's psychopathic and treasonous nature , while Sidra wants his power . Sidra is confident he could kill him if he stepped out of line . Their argument buys time for Beerus and Whis to arrive and rescue Goku . Frieza cuts the connection . He begins making plans to use the Tournament of Power to manipulate the gods to suit his own ends . Goku and Frieza have a brief sparring match , which ends in a draw . Goku , Frieza , Beerus , and Whis return to the Capsule Corporation . The Universe 7 team prepare to travel to the World of Void for the Tournament of Power . 96 20 `` The Time Is Here ! To The World Of Void For The Fate Of The Universe ! ! '' `` Toki wa kita ! Uchū no Meiun o kake Mu no Kai e ! ! '' ( 時 は きた ! 宇宙 の 命運 を かけ 無 の 界 へ ! ! ) June 25 , 2017 TBA In the World of Void , Universes 1 , 5 , and 8 's Gods of Destruction Iwne ( イワン , Iwan ) , Arack ( アラク , Araku ) , and Liquiir ( リキュール , Rikīru ) have a brief exhibition match to test the durability of the Tournament of Power 's fighting stage . Afterwards , the Great Priest forces them all to clean up their mess and fix the stage . In Universe 7 , Gohan and Shin 's strategy is to have the team members stick together to conserve energy and use strength of numbers to defeat anyone who attacks them . This suggestion offends Goku and Vegeta 's Saiyan pride . Whis transports the team to the World of Void . All of the other universes arrive . Frieza and Frost befriend each other and agree to work together , while Goku singles out Jiren as a potential rival due to his extreme power . As the Great Priest introduces each team , Universe 4 seemingly has only 8 warriors on their team , which confuses most of Universe 7 , except for Tien , who tells No. 18 that he can sense a faint presence . After a speech from the Zenō - samas , the 80 warriors prepare for battle . 97 21 `` Survive ! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last ! ! '' `` Ikinokore ! Tsui ni kaimaku Chikara no Taikai ! ! '' ( 生き残れ ! ついに 開幕 「 力 の 大会 」 ! ! ) July 2 , 2017 TBA The Great Priest reminds everyone of the rules and officially starts the tournament . A massive free - for - all ensues . Goku targets Toppo , but he is intercepted by Ganos . Disregarding Gohan 's plan as well , No. 17 , No. 18 , Vegeta , and Frieza all jump into the fray . Universe 3 gains an early advantage when Narirama unleashes a spinning attack designed to knock its opponents off the stage , but Hit and Basil disable it . Universe 10 's Lilibeu ( リリベウ , Ririberu ) attacks Basil , but Basil successfully knocks her off the stage . Meanwhile , the five Universe 7 warriors who stayed together are confronted by a gang of warriors from varying universes , but Universe 7 uses teamwork to fend them off . Basil nearly defeats Universe 10 's Napapa , but Napapa is able to push his attacks away at the last moment . As Goku is pursuing Toppo , he comes face to face with Jiren until Universe 4 's Nink ( ニンク , Ninku ) outflanks Goku by grappling and dragging him towards the edge of the stage with the intention of jumping off with him . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and knocks Nink off the stage . As Goku reverts back to his normal form to conserve energy , Basil , Lavender , Bergamo , and two other Universe 9 warriors surround him with 47 minutes remaining in the tournament . 98 22 `` Oh , Uncertainty ! A Universe Despairs ! ! '' `` Ā mujou ! Zetsubō suru Uchū ! ! '' ( あぁ 無常 ! 絶望 する 宇宙 ! ! ) July 9 , 2017 TBA Roh orders his warriors to attack Goku to avenge their defeat at the Zen Exhibition Match . Goku is forced to avoid fighting at his fullest in order to conserve stamina for later in the tournament . He fights Team Universe 9 , where the Trio de Dangers brothers manage to overwhelm him thanks to their teamwork . Vegeta notices Goku 's plight and reinforces him . Roh sends over three more fighters . Team Universe 9 is able to push Goku and Vegeta to the brink until Vegeta tricks Lavender and Hop ( ソレル , Hoppu ) into accidentally hitting each other . Goku and Vegeta take advantage of the confusion to defeat five of the Universe 9 warriors . No. 18 and Frieza each defeat Sorrel ( ソレル , Soreru ) and Roselle . Only Basil , Lavender , and Bergamo remain in the tournament for Team Universe 9 . Goku and Vegeta push them to the edge of the stage . The brothers use a combination beam as a last ditch effort , but Goku and Vegeta power up to Super Saiyan Blue and knock them off the stage with a Final Kamehameha . With all 10 members defeated , Universe 9 is eliminated from the tournament . As a result , the Zenō - samas erase Universe 9 , Roh , Sidra , and all of their fighters . This amuses Universe 9 's angel Mojito ( モヒイト , Mohi'ito ) and horrifies everyone else . 99 23 `` Show Them ! Krillin 's True Power ! ! '' `` Misetsukero ! Kuririn no sokojikara ! ! '' ( 見せつけろ ! クリリン の 底力 ! ! ) July 16 , 2017 TBA As the other warriors recover from the shock of Universe 9 's erasure , No. 17 reminds No. 18 that they have infinite stamina due to their cyborg bodies and have no reason to hold back . Vegeta tries to fight Hit , but he is blocked by Botamo , who is immune to damage . Vegeta manages to pick Botamo up and nearly throws him off the stage , but Magetta stops him at the last moment . Meanwhile , Universe 10 's Jium ( ジウム , Jiumu ) attacks Gohan and his friends . Jium is swiftly defeated by Master Roshi . Universe 4 's Shosa ( ショイサ , Shōsa ) tricks No. 18 into lowering her guard by faking his own death and nearly knocks her off the stage with a barrage of ki blasts . Krillin rescues No. 18 , and the two defeat Shosa with a powerful combination attack . They are challenged by Universe 4 's Majora ( マジョラ ) , who is a blind fighter that uses his powerful sense of smell to locate his enemies in battle . Although Majora proves to be stronger than Krillin , Krillin disables his nose by throwing his smelly shoe at him and knocks him off the stage . Krillin boasts about his victory , which allows Frost to knock him off with a single blow . Beerus and Shin berate Krillin for his carelessness with 43 minutes remaining in the tournament . 100 24 `` Out Of Control ! The Savage Berserker Awakens ! ! '' `` Daibōsō ! Mezame araburu Kyōsenshi ! ! '' ( 大 暴走 ! 目覚め 荒 ぶる 狂 戦士 ! ! ) July 23 , 2017 TBA As Universe 7 recovers from Krillin 's defeat , Cabba defeats Nigrisshi and Universe 10 's Murisam ( ムリサーム ) and confronts Vegeta . Hit blows off Narirama 's limbs and uses his time skip ability to dodge his ultimate attack . He flicks him off the stage . Meanwhile , Kale is disabled by Universe 10 's Napapa and Methiop ( メチオープ ) . They knock her unconscious and attempt to throw her off the stage , but Caulifla rescues her and defeats Napapa . The two confront Goku , and Caulifla knocks away Universe 2 's Jimeze ( ジーミズ , Jimizu ) and demands to know how to become a Super Saiyan Blue . Goku refuses , and Caulifla transforms into an Ultra Super Saiyan . However , her increased muscle mass cripples her speed and allows Goku to counterattack . With Goku 's aid , Caulifla manages to become a Super Saiyan 2 , and the two resume their fight . As Kale watches them , she is once again consumed by her feelings of uselessness and transforms into her Berserker Super Saiyan form . Hit uses his time skip to save Caulifla from getting caught in the crossfire . Kale flies into a jealous rage and attacks Goku for allegedly stealing Caulifla from her . Kale easily overwhelms Goku and forces him to power up to Super Saiyan Blue . He unleashes a powerful Kamehameha , but Kale powers through it unharmed . As Piccolo realizes she has lost control of her power , Kale begins firing ki blasts at everything in sight and defeats Methiop . When Universe 11 's Vuon ( ブーオン , Būon ) attempts to stop her , Kale defeats him as well . Jiren knocks her unconscious with a single ki blast . As Hit and Caulifla retreat with Kale , Goku challenges Jiren . 101 25 `` The Impending Warriors of Justice ! The Pride Troopers ! ! '' `` Semari kuru seigi no senshi ! Puraido Torūpāsu ! ! '' ( 迫り くる 正義 の 戦士 ! プライド ・ トルーパス ! ! ) July 30 , 2017 TBA As Goku prepares to fight Jiren , Toppo suddenly ambushes him with a barrage of ki blasts . Toppo and Jiren decide to retreat and conserve their stamina . This leaves Goku to be dealt with by Kahseral and their fellow Pride Troopers Tupper ( タッパー , Tappā ) , Zoiray ( ゾイレー , Zoirē ) , Cocotte ( ココット , Kokotto ) , and Kettol . The five declare their intent to defeat Caulifla and Kale to avenge Vuon 's defeat . The two are forced to form a temporary alliance with Goku . Meanwhile , Master Roshi and Tien team up to defeat Universe 3 's The Preecho ( ザ ・ プリーチョ ) . They regroup with Gohan , Piccolo , Vegeta , and Frieza , where he has defeated Murichim . The Pride Troopers push Goku , Caulifla , and Kale to the brink , but No. 17 and No. 18 rescue them . No. 18 and Goku defeat Tupper , while No. 17 easily overpowers Kahseral . The remaining Pride Troopers regroup and focus their assault on the wounded Caulifla and Kale . Cocotte seals them in a separate dimension to ensure that Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 do not interfere . As the four beat Caulifla , Kale 's self - hatred causes her to return to the Berserker Super Saiyan form , but she remains in control of herself this time . Caulifla and Kale use an extremely powerful combination ki blast to defeat Kahseral , Zoiray , and Kettol . Cocotte seals herself in a mini-dimension to avoid the blast , but No. 18 simply throws it off , eliminating Cocotte . Goku allows Caulifla and Kale to retreat so he can fight them at their full strength after they rest . The group is unaware that Brianne is observing them . 102 26 `` The Power of Love Explodes ? ! Universe 2 's Little Witch Warriors ! ! '' `` Ai no chikara ga dai bakuhatsu ! ? dai ni uchu majo - kko senshi ! ! '' ( 愛 の 力 が 大 爆発 ! ? 第 2 宇宙 の 魔女 っ 子 戦士 ! ! ) August 6 , 2017 TBA Brianne and her companions Sanka Ku ( サンカ ・ クー , Sanka Kū ) and Su Roas ( スー ・ ロース , Sū Rōsu ) announce themselves to the other fighters and begin to transform into their magical girl alter - egos . No. 17 blasts them before they can transform , but Brianne , Goku , and Toppo berate him for his dishonorable tactics and browbeat him into allowing them to transform , much to Beerus ' dismay . They assume their alter - egos Ribrianne , Kakunsa ( カクンサ , Kakunsa ) , and Rozie ( ロージィ , Rōjī ) and barrage the arena with a powerful love - based attack that brainwashes some of the fighters . Universe 7 's mental discipline allows them to overcome its effects . Gohan 's group elects to split up and fight independently . Vegeta attacks Ribrianne , who counters with a rolling attack that knocks out Universe 10 's Jirasen ( ジラセン ) . Rozie attacks Goku with a flurry of blows that grows more powerful the longer she keeps it up , while Kakunsa battles No. 17 with her animalistic fighting style . No. 17 baits her into overextending herself and stuns her with a barrier . He attempts to knock her out of the stage , but her teammate Vikal ( ビカル , Bikaru ) rescues her . No. 17 decides to stop holding back and swiftly eliminates Vikal . He also eliminates Kakunsa with a powerful ki blast . Enraged by his actions , Ribrianne powers up and prepares to battle No. 17 . 103 27 `` Gohan , Show No Mercy ! Showdown With Universe 10 ! ! '' `` Gohan yo hijōnare ! Dai ju uchu to no kessen ! ! '' ( 悟 飯 よ 非情 なれ ! 第 10 宇宙 と の 決戦 ! ! ) August 13 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne and No. 17 fiercely attack each other , while Rozie begins to overwhelm Goku 's defenses . She surrounds him with ki balls and attempts to blow him up , but No. 17 protects him with a barrier . Goku , who has studied Rozie 's techniques , hits her with a powerful ki blast . As he and No. 17 corner Rozie and Ribrianne , Jimeze arrives and rescues them with instant transmission . Elsewhere , Botamo challenges Gohan on Champa 's orders . As Piccolo and Goku observe , Gohan attacks with a flurry of blows , which apparently have no effect . However , Gohan 's attacks begin to lift Botamo off the ground and renders him unable to defend himself , allowing Gohan to knock him off the stage . Universe 10 's Obuni ( オブニ ) and Rubalt ( ルバルト , Rubaruto ) appear to challenge Gohan and Piccolo . Jimeze defeats Universe 10 's Jilcol ( ジルコル Jirukoru ) . With 8 warriors eliminated , Gowasu accepts his imminent demise , while Rumsshi remains defiant . Obuni shifts his ki away from his body to render himself impossible to detect and wounds Gohan . Rubalt initially has the upper hand against Piccolo , but Piccolo uses his Hellzone Grenade attack to knock out Rubalt , leaving Universe 10 with only Obuni . Obuni begins to overwhelm Gohan , which makes Gowasu want to cling to life again . Gohan powers up and powers through one of Obuni 's punches . He counterattacks Obuni 's moves by locating and hitting Obuni after he gets hit . Obuni pauses the fight to show his respect for Gohan , but refuses to lose for the sake of Universe 10 . Gohan battles and defeats Obuni with a Kamehameha . All of Universe 10 's fighters have been eliminated . Right before Universe 10 is annihilated , Gohan discovers a locket containing a picture of Obuni and his wife and child . Gohan and Universe 10 's angel , Cus ( クス , Kusu ) , mourn Universe 10 's erasure . 104 28 `` The Ultimate High Speed Battle Begins ! Goku and Hit Join Forces ! ! '' `` Chōzetsu kōsoku batoru boppatsu ! Gokū to hitto no kyōdō sensen ! ! '' ( 超絶 光速 バトル 勃発 ! 悟空 と ヒット の 共同 戦線 ! ! ) August 20 , 2017 TBA Dyspo challenges Hit and uses his incredible speed to overwhelm Hit 's Time Skip . Everyone quickly deduces that Dyspo is listening for the sound of Hit 's body tensing up to determine when he is about to attempt to use Time Skip . Hit resorts to fighting him conventionally , but he is pushed to the edge of the stage . Toppo deduces that Hit has adjusted to Dyspo 's fighting style and is luring him into a trap . Toppo sends fellow pride trooper Kunshi ( クンシー , Kunshī ) to back him up . Before Dyspo can land the finishing blow , Hit suddenly turns intangible and sends Dyspo over the edge . However , Kunshi uses ropes made of his energy to pull Dyspo back onto the stage before he is eliminated . The two launch a renewed assault against Hit and drive him into a corner . Before they can finish him off , Goku interferes and rescues Hit . Goku uses his Super Saiyan God form to counter Dyspo 's speed , while Hit uses his assassination technique to injure Kunshi . The two switch places . Hit uses a fake Time Skip to throw Dyspo off and wound him , while Goku overwhelms Kunshi with his Super Saiyan Blue form . Hit attempts to eliminate Dyspo , but Kunshi rescues him again . Kunshi charges Hit , who turns intangible and knocks him off the stage . Dyspo retreats and regroups with his allies . Toppo abandons all notions of justice and decides to focus on survival . Hit decides not to battle Goku as thanks for lending a hand . Goku and Hit vow to settle the score if they both make it to the end of the tournament . 105 29 `` A Desperate Battle ! Master Roshi 's Sacrifice ! ! '' `` Funsen ! Mutenroshi inochi o Moyasu ! ! '' ( 奮戦 ! 武 天 老師 命 を 燃やす ! ! ) August 27 , 2017 TBA Master Roshi quietly observes the battles from afar . He is challenged by an attractive warrior from Universe 4 , Caway ( キャウェイ , Kyauei ) , who attempts to seduce him . However , Caway 's attempts to attack him brings him back to his senses . Roshi destroys her energy weapon , powers up , and drives her to jump off the stage . Roshi is next challenged by Dercori ( ダーコリ , Dākori ) , who is a talisman - wielding warrior from Universe 4 . She uses her talismans to confound Roshi with illusions and trap him in a single spot . Roshi uses the Evil Containment Wave to seal her in a small bottle and throw her off the arena . Quitela and Beerus get into an argument about the legality of the move , which is defused when both Zenō - samas rule in Roshi 's favor . Ganos , who is enraged at Roshi for eliminating his friends , challenges him and powers up into an avian form . Initially , Roshi is able to use his experience to predict , evade , and counter Ganos ' attacks . However , Ganos is able to grow more powerful the longer a fight drags on . He rallies and delivers a fierce series of blows to Roshi . Roshi attempts to hypnotize Ganos into falling asleep , but he attacks himself to wake himself up . Ganos demands that Roshi accept his limits and give up , but Roshi refuses . He unleashes a Max Power Kamehameha that defeats Ganos . However , the effort is too much for Roshi 's body to handle , and he collapses . Goku races over to him and successfully defibrillates him with his ki . Goku escorts Roshi to safety . 106 30 `` Find Him ! Death Match With An Invisible Attacker ! ! '' `` Mikiwamero ! Sugata naki atakkā to no shitō ! ! '' ( 見極めろ ! 姿 なき アタッカー と の 死闘 ! ! ) September 3 , 2017 TBA Goku brings Master Roshi to an isolated part of the stage and leaves him to rest at his request . Gohan and Piccolo are confronted by Universe 6 's Dr. Rota ( Dr. ロタ , Dokutā Rota ) , but Rota is shot down by a sniper before he can reveal his ability . Gohan and Piccolo are unable to find the location of the sniper until they find a red orb on the ground . It is revealed that the sniper , Universe 2 's Prum ( プラン , Puran ) , can see through these orbs . The lasers ricochet off of the orbs so that his true location is a secret . Piccolo tries to create a smokescreen in order to blur the vision , but Prum can still see them via their heat signatures . Prum shoots Piccolo and destroys both of his arms , which forces him to painfully regenerate them . Gohan and Piccolo realize that the orbs depend on heat signatures and blast the surrounding area to create multiple heat signatures . Prum responds by coming out of his hiding spot and blasting the entire area . Gohan and Piccolo are forced into hiding . Tien analyzes Dr. Rota and deduces that he was hit by a sniper as Goku and Vegeta arrive . Vegeta berates Tien , who warns them about Prum , but Vegeta arrogantly brushes it off until he is almost incapacitated by one of Prum 's blasts . As Goku and Tien observe Prum , they deduce that there is another shooter from behind as Prum is merely reflecting the blasts . Vegeta and Goku go after Prum , while Tien goes to save Gohan and Piccolo . Goku and Vegeta try to attack Prum , but their ki blasts are reflected off of his body . Tien navigates through the field of blasts and confronts the true sniper , Prum 's teammate Hermila ( ハーミラ , Hāmira ) . Realizing that Prum can deflect ki blasts and not physical attacks , Vegeta and Goku throw giant boulders at him . Tien uses his Multi-form technique in order to buy himself time against Hermila , but three of his clones are shot down . The fourth and final Tien defeats Hermila . Just as Tien is about to eliminate him , Hermila shoots the ground underneath Tien 's feet and knocks him off the stage . However , Tien 's other three clones come back and drag Hermila down with them . Tien and Hermila are eliminated from the tournament . Although Beerus praises Tien for forcing the battle into a draw , Tien is noticeably upset about being defeated . As Prum is confronted by Vegeta , Dr. Rota comes back and attacks Prum as revenge for shooting him . Shortly after , Vegeta eliminates Prum and Dr. Rota from the tournament . 107 31 `` Revenge `` F '' The Cunning Trap ? ! '' `` Fukushū no Efu ! Shikakerareta Kōkatsu na Wana ! ? '' ( 復讐 の 「 F 」 ! しかけ られ た 狡猾 な 罠 ! ? ) September 17 , 2017 TBA Frost recalls how Champa promised to pardon his crimes if he humiliated and defeated Universe 7 . Elsewhere , Universe 3 's Maji Kayo confronts Universe 11 's remaining warriors . He entraps Dyspo with his liquid body , but Jiren effortlessly defeats him with a single blow . As Master Roshi attempts to recover from his previous fights , Frost corners and attacks him . Goku sees this and tries to rush to his aid , but he is confronted by Ribrianne . Roshi hits Frost with a flurry of blows and attempts to use the Evil Containment Wave , but the strain proves too much for him . He flubs the attack . Frost barrages Roshi with ki blasts and sends an attack towards Vegeta , which provokes him . Vegeta interferes before Frost can finish Roshi . Magetta arrives to reinforce Frost , and the two battle Vegeta . Frost goads Roshi into using the Evil Containment Wave on Magetta despite the risk of killing himself . When Roshi falls for it , Frost reflects the attack and seals Vegeta into a bottle . With the last of his strength , Roshi uses a small ki blast to destroy the bottle and free Vegeta . Vegeta immediately turns Super Saiyan Blue , and Frost flees . Vegeta knocks Magetta off the stage and tells Roshi to drop out so he can receive medical attention . Roshi jumps off the stage , and he is given a Senzu Bean . Beerus admits that Roshi has earned his respect . 108 32 `` Frieza and Frost ! Conjoined Malice ? ! '' `` Furīza to Furosuto ! Majiwaru Akui ! ? '' ( フリーザ と フロスト ! 交わる 悪意 ! ? ) September 24 , 2017 TBA As Goku battles Ribrianne , the gods of the top four universes speculate on who will win the tournament . Meanwhile , Gohan is confronted by Jimeze . Jimeze makes use of his Instant Transmission technique to confound and damage Gohan . As he prepares to finish him , Frieza intervenes . When Frieza does not immediately attack Jimeze , Universe 7 's spectators speculate he may intend to betray and defeat Gohan so he can seize the wish on the Super Dragon Balls for himself . Frieza steps aside and allows Jimeze to continue his fight with Gohan . Jimeze corners Gohan again and attempts to finish him , but Frieza destroys his attack with a ki blast . Enraged , Jimeze attacks Frieza , who swiftly tortures and eliminates him . Frost appears and declares his intention to defeat Gohan , and Frieza admits that the two intend to work together in order to exact revenge on the Saiyans . Frieza battles Gohan , who counterattacks . Frieza uses his Golden form to knock out Gohan . However , instead of eliminating him , he double - crosses and eliminates Frost . Gohan admits that he immediately figured out Frieza 's plan and played along with him . An enraged Frost attempts to attack Frieza from the spectator stands , but Zenō - sama erases him , who explains this is forbidden and Universe 6 would be erased upon a second offence . Meanwhile , Goku continues to battle Ribrianne . 109 33 `` The Ultimate Enemy Approaches Goku ! Now , Let Loose ! The Killer Spirit Bomb ! ! '' `` Goku ni Semaru Saikyo no Teki ! Ima Koso Hanate ! Hisassu no Genki - Dama ! ! '' ( 悟空 に 迫る 最強 の 敵 ! 今 こそ 放 て ! 必殺 の 元気 玉 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne declares her intention to use the wish to become a love goddess adored by all beings using the Super Dragon Balls . Goku considers using the wish to benefit his family or meet a strong opponent . Ribrianne absorbs the love of her teammates and becomes Super Ribrianne . She attacks Goku with several ki blasts , and he counters by turning Super Saiyan Blue and knocking her away . Ribrianne lands near Jiren , and Goku sees him and prepares to finally battle him . Universe 11 's God of Destruction , Belmod , telepathically orders Jiren to defeat Goku . Belmod hopes to demoralize the other universes by defeating the strongest fighter besides Jiren himself . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 , but that proves to be no match for Jiren 's overwhelming power . Goku begins powering up a Spirit Bomb , and all of his teammates except Vegeta lend him their energy . Despite the time it takes to charge the attack , Jiren agrees to wait for him to complete it . Ribrianne attempts to attack Goku from behind , but she is stopped by Vegeta . Goku completes the Spirit Bomb and throws it , but Jiren deflects it . The two engage in a struggle to take control of the Spirit Bomb . This forces Goku to use Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 to keep up . However , Jiren prevails and begins to overwhelm Goku with his own attack . 110 34 `` Son Goku Wakes ! New Level of the Awakened ! ! '' `` Son Gokū kakusei ! Mezameshi mono no aratanaru gokui ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 覚醒 ! 目覚め し 者 の 新た なる 極意 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Goku rallies himself and pushes the Spirit Bomb back towards Jiren , which locks him in a stalemate . Whis realizes that Jiren is at least as powerful as a God of Destruction . As the two struggle to overpower each other , the Spirit Bomb suddenly condenses into a small black ball , which absorbs Goku and causes him to vanish . The Great Priest rules that since Goku 's own attack apparently vaporized him , Jiren will not be disqualified for destroying him . As the Zenō - samas prepare to eliminate Goku , he suddenly reappears and reaches a new level of power . Goku resumes the fight , and he is able to go toe - to - toe with Jiren . Whis theorizes Goku must have absorbed the Spirit Bomb and unlocked an ability called Ultra Instinct ( 身勝手 の 極意 , Migatte no Goku'i ' ) . Goku uses another powerful attack in an attempt to eliminate Jiren , but he fails and exhausts his newfound power . Jiren knocks him away , and Hit attempts to take advantage of the opportunity and attacks Jiren . Vegeta demands to know what happened to Goku before preparing to fight Ribrianne , while Frieza appears to corner Goku and aim an attack at him . 111 35 `` The Surreal Supreme Battle ! Hit vs Jiren ! ! '' `` I jigen no kyokuchi batoru ! Hitto basasu Jiren ! ! '' ( 異 次元 の 極致 バトル ! ヒット VS ジレン ! ! ) October 15 , 2017 TBA Instead of killing the defenseless Goku , Frieza shares with him some of his energy and repays his act of mercy during their fight on Planet Namek . Meanwhile , Hit uses his time - skip powers against Jiren , but his attacks fail to connect . Goku spectates the battle , but he is ambushed by Saonel ( サオネル , Saoneru ) and Pirina ( ピリナ , Pirina ) , Namekians from Universe 6 , who are confronted by Gohan and Piccolo . Elsewhere , Vegeta fights Ribrianne , and he is easily overpowering her in his base form until Rozie interferes and retreats with Ribrianne . Ribrianne loses hope due to the gap in power , but Rozie motivates her . Meanwhile , Hit keeps attacking Jiren to no avail , but he is able to react and block most of Jiren 's punches . After being knocked back , Hit sneaks up behind Jiren and lands a strong punch on his heart . He knocks Jiren to the edge of the ring after a brief struggle . Hit uses his own time - skip powers continually on Jiren to stop his movement . Realizing that he can not hold Jiren for long , Hit urges Cabba , Caulifla , and Kale to keep fighting for Universe 6 . Hit pools all his energy in a final attack to defeat him , but Jiren stops Hit 's attack only with his glare . Jiren breaks free and eliminates Hit . As the Tournament of Power reaches its midway point , Jiren begins to meditate . He is certain that there are no other warriors strong enough to fight him . Jiren leaves the fight to Toppo and Dyspo . Viara ( ビアラ , Biara ) and Katopesla ( カトペスラ , Katopesura ) of Universe 3 attempt to attack him while meditating , but Jiren 's energy alone is enough to push them back . 112 36 `` A Saiyan 's Vow ! Vegeta 's Resolution ! ! '' `` Saiya - jin no chikai ! Bejīta no kakugo ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誓い ! ベジータ の 覚悟 ! ! ) October 22 , 2017 TBA Despite his exhaustion and low energy , Goku is determined to keep fighting . However , he is suddenly targeted by Koitsukai ( コイツカイ , Koitukai ) , Panchia ( パンチア , Panchia ) , and Bollarator ( ボラレータ , Borarēta ) of Universe 3 . Gohan and Piccolo want to help him , but they are distracted by their own battle with Saonel and Pilina . Caulifla and Kale are discussing the battle between Goku and Jiren , when they are confronted by Monna ( モンナ , Monna ) , a female warrior from Universe 4 . Caulifla faces off against Monna , but Cabba appears and takes her place . He instructs Caulifla and Kale to retreat for now . Cabba turns Super Saiyan and battles Monna , but he is initially overpowered . Monna almost knocks Cabba off the stage , but Vegeta intervenes and catches him before he can fall . Vegeta and Cabba both promise that , if either of them wins the tournament , the winner will use the Super Dragon Balls to restore the other 's erased universe and its inhabitants . Newly inspired , Cabba fights Monna again , but he is losing until he taps into his anger and unlocks Super Saiyan 2 . With his new power , Cabba easily defeats and eliminates Monna . However , Frieza appears , fights Cabba , and easily eliminates him as well . Frieza reveals that he plans to win the tournament in order to use the Super Dragon Balls to control the gods . Meanwhile , Vegeta decides to challenge Jiren , but he is intercepted by Toppo . The two battle each other . Vegeta ends up meeting up with Goku , who is still having difficulty with his three opponents . However , Caulifla intervenes and knocks Koitsukai , Borareta , and Pancea away before powering up to Super Saiyan 2 and challenging Goku herself . 113 37 `` With Great Joy ! The Repeat Battle - Crazy Saiyan Fight ! ! '' `` Kiki to Shite ! Sentō - kyō Saiya - jin Batoru Futatabi ! ! '' ( 嬉々 として ! 戦闘 狂 サイヤ 人 バトル 再び ! ! ) October 29 , 2017 TBA Caulifla demands that Goku fight her and teach her how to unlock Super Saiyan 3 so that she can become strong enough to win the tournament . She begins fighting Goku , who does not initially power up beyond his base form . However , Goku 's superior martial arts skills allow him to keep up with her even in her Super Saiyan 2 form . Eventually , she is able to adapt to his moves , which forces Goku to power up to Super Saiyan 2 himself . The two of them fight evenly for some time . Goku later calls in Kale to join the battle . His superior power and skill enables him to fight them both at once , but they are able to match him by working together . They land a massive combined attack on him , but Goku powers up to Super Saiyan 3 and easily deflects their attacks . However , Goku lacks the stamina to maintain that form and reverts to Super Saiyan 2 . Kale 's desire to become stronger inadvertently causes her to transform into her Berserker Super Saiyan form again . 114 38 `` Intimidating Passion ! The Birth of a New Super Warrior ! ! '' `` Kiki semaru ! Aratana chō sen - shi no bakutan ! ! '' ( 鬼気 せまる ! 新た な 超 戦士 の 爆誕 ! ! ) November 5 , 2017 TBA Vegeta continues his battle with Toppo , while Caulifla is able to help Kale regain control of her Berserker form . Caulifla and Kale battle Goku together and are able to hold him off . Meanwhile , Frieza is confronted by Katopesla , but they are interrupted by Goku 's battle with Caulifla and Kale . Frieza wants to fight Caulifla and Kale , but Goku insists that he will fight them himself . Frieza backs down and watches the fight . The three Saiyans resume their battle . After unsuccessfully attempting to use Instant Transmission as a strategy , Goku powers up to his Super Saiyan God form and easily overpowers the two of them . As Goku prepares to eliminate Caulifla and Kale with a powerful Kamehameha , it is revealed that the girls were given a pair of Potara earrings by Fuwa , Universe 6 's Supreme Kai . They use the earrings and fuse to become a single being with immense power , who takes the name Kefla ( ケフラ , Kefura ) . 115 39 `` Goku VS Kefla ! Super Saiyan Blue Defeated ? ! '' `` Gokū vāsasu Kefura ! Sūpāsaiya - jin Burū Yabureru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS ケフラ ! 超 サイヤ 人 ブルー 敗れる ! ? ) November 12 , 2017 TBA As Vegeta continues to fight Toppo , Gohan and Piccolo are engaged with Saonel and Pirina . No. 18 is attacked by Katopesla , but she is saved by No. 17 . Meanwhile , Goku continues his fight with Kefla . The Zenōs approve Kefla 's use of the Potara earrings . The other universes consider giving the Potara to their warriors as well . Pell ( ペル , Peru ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 2 , gives his Potara to Rabanra ( ラバンラ , Rabanra ) and Zarbuto ( ザーブト , Zābuto ) , but the earrings are destroyed by Kefla charging through them to continue fighting Goku . The battle becomes intense with Kefla gaining the upper hand . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue , but Kefla counters by powering up to Super Saiyan . However , Goku uses the Kaio - ken and regains the advantage . He appears to be winning , but Kefla lands a sneak attack that knocks him out of Super Saiyan Blue . She prepares to eliminate him , but Goku unexpectedly reawakens Ultra Instinct again and easily dodges her attacks . 116 40 `` The Sign of a Comeback ! Ultra Instinct 's Huge Explosion ! ! '' `` Gyakuten no kizashi ! Migatte no gokui ga dai bakuhatsu ! ! '' ( 逆転 の 兆し ! 身勝手 の 極意 が 大 爆発 ! ! ) November 19 , 2017 TBA To counter Goku 's increase in power , Kefla powers up to Super Saiyan 2 , and the two of them face off . Goku still easily dodges Kefla 's attacks , but his own attacks are not enough to take her down . When Goku launches his attacks , it interferes with his concentration and prevents him from using Ultra Instinct to its full potential . Jiren senses the energy from their battle , which prompts him to awaken from his meditation and rejoin Toppo and Dyspo . Vegeta realizes that Ultra Instinct is the level of skill that Whis was training him and Goku to attain . Vegeta decides that he must reach it too . Goku begins running low on stamina . He declares that he will end the fight with his next attack . Kefla panics and unleashes a multitude of deadly energy beams . Her ultimate attack devastates the ring , but Goku easily dodges her blasts while charging a Kamehameha . Goku jumps into the air . Kefla focuses all of her power into a single blast and launches it at him . She takes advantage of his apparent inability to dodge . However , he back flips and uses the charge up energy to slide over her attack and launches his Kamehameha at point - blank range . Goku blasts Kefla out of the ring and eliminates her . Her Potara earrings shatter , and she splits back into Kale and Caulifla . With both of them eliminated , Saonel and Pirina are the only remaining warriors from Team Universe 6 . NOTE : This episode is dedicated in memory of Hiromi Tsuru , who passed away on November 16 , 2017 . 117 41 `` Showdown of Love ! Androids VS Universe 2 ! ! '' `` Ai no daikessen ! Jinzōningen VS Dai ni uchū ! ! '' ( 愛 の 大 決戦 ! 人造 人間 VS 第 2 宇宙 ! ! ) November 26 , 2017 TBA Goku is left exhausted from his battle with Kefla . He is confronted by all five remaining warriors from Universe 2 . Gohan and Piccolo try to help him , but they are intercepted by Saonel and Pirina . Elsewhere , Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and tries to unlock Ultra Instinct against him . However , he is unsuccessful and resorts to his normal fighting style . Vegeta easily overpowers Katopesla . Rozie and Ribrianne launch a combined attack at Goku , but No. 17 and No. 18 arrive in time to deflect it . The androids battle Rozie and Ribrianne . No. 17 defeats and eliminates Rozie , while No. 18 knocks Ribrianne out of her powered - up transformation . This causes her to revert into Brianne . Brianne is able to catch No. 18 in an energy trap , while her comrades from Universe 2 send their love to her . This allows Brianne to transform into a giant manifestation version of her Super Ribrianne form . No. 18 almost gives up until her love for Krillin and Marron gives her the determination to break free of Ribrianne 's trap . With No. 17 's help , No. 18 blasts through Ribrianne 's giant form and eliminates her . Brianne realizes that she lost because of No. 18 's strong love for Krillin , while Goku faces off against Zirloin ( ザーロイン , Zāroin ) , Zarbuto , and Rabanra of Universe 2 . 118 42 `` Accelerated Tragedy Vanishing Universes ... '' `` Kasokusuru Higeki Kieyuku Uchū ... '' ( 加速 する 悲劇 消え ゆく 宇宙 ... ) December 3 , 2017 TBA Goku battles against Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra from Universe 2 , while Gohan and Piccolo are fighting against Saonel and Pirina . Saonel and Pirina 's power suddenly increases , and it is revealed that they had each fused with many Namekians from their universe before coming to the tournament , which greatly increased their own powers . No. 17 and No. 18 join Goku to help in the battle against the remaining Universe 2 warriors . It is revealed that Universe 2 's angel , Sour ( サワア , Sawaa ) , has been broadcasting the tournament to the populace of their universe . Universe 2 's inhabitants channel their love to Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , who are able to transform into forms similar to Ribrianne , Rozie , and Kakunsa 's transformed states . Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 battle Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , while Gohan and Piccolo continue fighting Saonel and Pirina . The Universe 2 trio unleash a legendary Universe 2 technique , the Pretty Black Hole , which traps and threatens to sink Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 through the fighting stage . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue and breaks through the Pretty Black Hole with a Kamehameha that eliminates Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , while Gohan and Piccolo blast Saonel and Pirina off the ring with a powerful combined attack that eliminates them as well . With all of their fighters eliminated , both Universe 2 and Universe 6 are erased . Brianne leads the Universe 2 team in a final happy moment before their erasure , while Cabba wishes Vegeta good luck . Champa taunts Beerus before being erased . Beerus remains impassive in the face of his brother 's erasure . Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and warns him that he is in a bad mood . 119 43 `` Unavoidable ? ! The Fierce Stealth Attack ! ! '' `` Kaihi funō ! ? Suterusu kōgeki no mōi ! ! '' ( 回避 不能 ! ? ステルス 攻撃 の 猛威 ! ! ) December 10 , 2017 TBA Vegeta overpowers Katopesla and drives him to the edge of the ring . Katopesla is able to catch himself , but he is pushed over the edge and eliminated by an unseen force . Vegeta and Gohan are attacked by the same force , but Vegeta is able to stop himself from going over the edge , while Piccolo catches Gohan . No. 18 is attacked by the invisible fighter , who is revealed to be one of the missing Universe 4 fighters , Gamisaras ( ガミサラス , Gamisarasu ) . Gohan creates a cloud of dust that coats Gamisaras , which allows Piccolo to see him and then easily eliminates Gamisaras . Undaunted , Quitela orders the remaining Universe 4 fighters to step up their game . Shantza ( シャンツァ , Shantsa ) generates a dome that envelops the Universe 7 team and manifests illusions of the defeated fighters from the erased universes . However , Piccolo spots Shantza and blasts him off the ring , which eliminates him and destroys the illusions . Universe 4 's last fighter , Damon ( ダモン , Damon ) , is also assumed to be invisible since no one can see him . Piccolo is able to sense Damon 's attacks , but he proves unable to hit Damon , who knocks him out of the ring and eliminates him . No. 17 discovers the truth and exposes Damon as a tiny bug - like creature rather than an invisible person , which explains why none of the fighters were able to hit him . To solve this problem , Goku repeatedly punches the ring and creates shock waves that launch Damon into the air , which cancels out his agility and allows No. 17 to hit him with energy blasts . No. 17 traps Damon in a miniature force field and kicks him out of the ring to eliminate him . With all of their fighters eliminated , Universe 4 is promptly erased . 120 44 `` The Perfect Survival Tactic ! Universe 3 's Menacing Assassin ! ! '' `` Kanpeki na Seizon Senryaku ! Dai san Uchū Kyōi no Shikaku ! ! '' ( 完璧 なる 生存 戦略 ! 第 3 宇宙 脅威 の 刺客 ! ! ) December 17 , 2017 TBA Following the elimination of Universe 4 , the remaining fighters from Universe 3 take the offensive against Universe 7 . While Viara is defeated and eliminated by No. 17 and No. 18 's combined efforts , Paparoni ( パパロニ , Paparoni ) sends Panchia , Koitsukai , and Bollarator to attack Goku , Gohan , and Vegeta . To help Goku and Vegeta save their energy to confront Universe 11 , Gohan decides to face the three robots alone . He gains the upper hand until Paparoni has them combine together into a much stronger robot called Koichiarator ( コイチアレータ , Koichiarēta ) . Koichiarator overpowers Gohan until Goku and Vegeta step in . The two distract the enemy , while Gohan charges and strikes with an attack powerful enough to defeat it . With his robots defeated , Paparoni refuses to surrender and declares that he will unleash his trump card on Universe 7 . 121 45 `` All - Out War ! The Ultimate Quadruple Merge vs Universe 7 's Full - Scale Attack ! ! '' `` Sōryokusen ! Kyūkoku no Yontai Gattai VS Dai nana Uchū Sōkōgeki ! ! '' ( 総力 戦 ! 究極 の 4 体 合体 VS 第 7 宇宙 総 攻撃 ! ! ) December 24 , 2017 TBA Paparoni and Koichiarator merge to form Anilaza ( アニラーザ , Anirāza ) , the most powerful warrior from Universe 3 . Anilaza begins to overwhelm the Saiyans , which forces No. 17 and No. 18 to reinforce them . The five attempt to coordinate their attacks to catch Anilaza off - guard , but he deflects them all . It is revealed that Anilaza can use echolocation to detect his opponents ' movements . Anilaza begins teleporting his punches , and he nearly knocks Goku off the stage until Frieza steps in and knocks him back into the arena . Realizing that the Universe 7 warriors will rescue each other from defeat , Anilaza attempts to eat No. 18 , who is rescued by Goku . Anilaza corners No. 17 and overwhelms him . He knocks him out of the arena , but No. 18 sacrifices herself to kick No. 17 back into the arena . She is eliminated from the tournament . With no other options , the Universe 7 warriors power up to their maximum levels and engage in a ki clash with Anilaza . They buy time for No. 17 to pierce through Anilaza 's attack and damage his energy reactor . This enables the others to overwhelm and eliminate Anilaza . With all of their warriors eliminated , Universe 3 is erased . As the Universe 7 warriors begin to celebrate , the remaining Universe 11 warriors step forward to challenge them . 122 46 `` For One 's Own Pride ! Vegeta 's Challenge to Be The Strongest ! ! '' `` Onore no Hokori wo Kakete ! Bejīta Saikyō he no Chōsen ! ! '' ( 己 の 誇り を かけ て ! ベジータ 最強 へ の 挑戦 ! ! ) January 7 , 2018 TBA With only two universes remaining , the Great Priest compresses the bleachers so that everyone is brought together . The final warriors begin to fight ; Gohan and No. 17 battle Toppo , Frieza duels Dyspo , and Goku and Vegeta battle Jiren . Jiren overwhelms Goku with a flurry of punches . Vegeta analyzes his patterns , dodges his attacks , and lands a solid blow to his midsection . Jiren counters with a powerful blast that nearly rings Vegeta out . Meanwhile , Frieza blocks one of Dyspo 's attacks with his tail , but Dyspo uses it as leverage to injure him . Jiren disparages Vegeta for his self - righteousness , but Vegeta declares that it is the source of his strength . He powers up a Final Flash and goads Jiren into taking it head - on . However , the attack fails to damage Jiren , who acknowledges the power of Vegeta 's attack before incapacitating him . 123 47 `` Body and Soul , Full Power Release ! Goku and Vegeta ! ! '' January 14 , 2018 TBA Blu - ray and DVD release Region 1 ( North America ) Name Date Discs Episodes Part One July 25 , 2017 01 -- 13 Part Two October 3 , 2017 14 -- 26 Part Three February 20 , 2018 27 -- 39 Region 2 ( Japan ) Name Date Discs Episodes Box 1 December 2 , 2015 1 -- 12 Box 2 March 2 , 2016 13 -- 24 Box 3 July 2 , 2016 25 -- 36 Box 4 October 4 , 2016 37 -- 48 Box 5 January 6 , 2017 49 -- 60 Box 6 April 4 , 2017 61 -- 72 Box 7 August 2 , 2017 73 -- 84 Box 8 October 3 , 2017 85 -- 96 Box 9 January 6 , 2018 97 - 108 Box 10 April 3 , 2018 109 - 120 Box 11 July 3 , 2018 121 - 133 Notes ^ Jump up to : Episodes 109 and 110 aired together as a 1 - hour television special . ^ Jump up to : English titles per Crunchyroll . ^ Jump up to : English dub titles per Funimation . References Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super TV Anime Debuts on July 5 '' . Anime News Network . June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kazuya Yoshii , Good Morning America to Perform Theme Songs For Dragon Ball Super '' . Anime News Network . May 19 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gods And Heroes Of `` Dragon Ball Super - Universal Survival Arc '' Gathered For New Opening Preview Shots `` . Crunchyroll . February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super 's New Opening Sequence Previewed in Screenshots '' . Anime News Network . February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : KEYTALK Performs New ED Song for `` Dragon Ball Super '' `` . Crunchyroll . October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super To Introduce A New Theme This April '' . attackofthefanboy . March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batten Showjo Tai Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band Arukara Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE COLLECTORS Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending Theme `` . Crunchyroll . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spring 's `` Dragon Ball Super '' End Theme Revealed `` . Crunchyroll . March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miyu Inoue Sings New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme Song '' . Anime News Network . March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lacco Tower Returns For New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' To Get New Ending '' . Comicbook . September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RottenGraffty To Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Announces New Ending Theme '' . Comicbook . December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blu - ray ・ DVD 情報 ドラゴンボール 超 東映 アニメーション ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami Snaps up ' Dragon Ball Super ' '' . Animation World Network . November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL SUPER , READY FOR EMEA TAKEOVER WITH TURNER '' . www.toei-animation.com . Toei Animation Europe . October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barder , Ollie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' Will Start Airing In Europe This Fall , Still No Word On A US Release '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Dragon Ball Super English Sub Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super to Simulcast on Crunchyroll , Daisuki , AnimeLab ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' DRAGON BALL SUPER '' SUBTITLED EPISODES BEGIN STREAMING TODAY ON FUNIMATIONNOW WITH NEW SIMULCAST EPISODES STARTING NOVEMBER 5 , 2016 . Funimation to Produce English Dub of New Series `` . Funimation . Funimation . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Licenses Dragon Ball Super , Plans English Dub '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami : Hope you 're sitting down for this ... '' Facebook . December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super -- Universe Survival Saga -- Official PV 1 ( SUB ) '' . Funimation . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dragon Ball Super Universe Survival arc jump festa 17 promo video '' . kanzenshuu . December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : あらすじ ドラゴンボール 超 ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Listings Grid , TV Guide and TV Schedule , Where to Watch TV Shows - Screener '' . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Julia Alexander ( April 3 , 2017 ) , Samurai Jack gets left behind for Rick and Morty , and no one 's happy about it , retrieved April 3 , 2017 Jump up ^ Rick and Morty Twitter account ( April 1 , 2017 ) , New Episode of RICK AND MORTY airing NOW thru MIDNIGHT ( ET / PT ) and ONLINE at http://www.adultswim.com/streams , archived from the original on May 7 , 2017 , retrieved May 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 1 '' . FUNimation . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 2 '' . FUNimation . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 3 '' . FUNimation . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 2 '' ( in Urdu ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 3 '' ( in e ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 4 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 5 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 6 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 7 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 8 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 9 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 10 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 11 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . ( hide ) Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama Media Manga chapters Dragon Ball Z Dragon Ball episodes Z episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 GT episodes Kai episodes Super episodes Films and TV specials Video games Soundtracks Characters Goku Bulma Yamcha Krillin Tien Shinhan Piccolo Gohan Vegeta Frieza Trunks Android 17 Android 18 Cell Majin Buu Beerus Zamasu Related Dr. Slump Neko Majin Episode of Bardock Jaco the Galactic Patrolman Portal Anime and manga portal Dragon Ball portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dragon_Ball_Super_episodes&oldid=819160022 '' Categories : Dragon Ball episode lists Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Urdu - language sources ( ur ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Português ไทย Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 20 : 28 . 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"\n\nSeason\nSaga[25]\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\n\n\n\n1\nGod of Destruction Beerus[26]\n14\nJuly 5, 2015 (2015-07-05)\nOctober 11, 2015 (2015-10-11)\n\n\n\n2\nGolden Frieza[26]\n13\nOctober 18, 2015 (2015-10-18)\nJanuary 17, 2016 (2016-01-17)\n\n\n\n3\nUniverse 6\n19\nJanuary 24, 2016 (2016-01-24)\nJune 5, 2016 (2016-06-05)\n\n\n\n4\n\"Future\" Trunks\n30\nJune 12, 2016 (2016-06-12)\nJanuary 29, 2017 (2017-01-29)\n\n\n\n5\nUniverse Survival\nTBA\nFebruary 5, 2017 (2017-02-05)\nTBA\n\n"
] | [
"5"
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669984550304016711 | Owen Hunt | Owen Hunt - wikipedia Owen Hunt Jump to : navigation , search Owen Hunt Grey 's Anatomy character The season nine promotional photograph of Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt First appearance `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' 5x01 , September 25 , 2008 ( as recurring cast ) `` Beat Your Heart Out '' 5x14 , February 5 , 2009 ( as a series ' regular ) Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Kevin McKidd Information Occupation Attending Trauma Surgeon Chief of Surgery ( former ) Title Chief of Trauma Surgery M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Megan Hunt ( sister ) Evelyn Hunt ( mother ) Spouse ( s ) Cristina Yang ( divorced ) Amelia Shepherd ( wife ) Significant other ( s ) Emma Marling Beth Whitman ( ex fiancée ) Owen Hunt , M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , which airs on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States . The character was created by series ' producer Shonda Rhimes , and is portrayed by actor Kevin McKidd . He was introduced in season five as a U.S. Army trauma surgeon who served in war - torn Iraq , and subsequently joins the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital to teach medicine as a surgical attending , head of trauma surgery , and eventual chief of surgery , sometimes with unorthodox methods . Originally contracted to appear for a multi-episode story arc , he was upgraded to a series ' regular at the conclusion of his first appearance . The fictional character served as a love interest for surgical fellow Cristina Yang , and had an unstable personality when first introduced , suffering from PTSD . McKidd 's connection with fellow actress Sandra Oh ( Cristina Yang ) has been acclaimed amongst critics , with Matt Roush of TV Guide calling the `` instant sparks '' between McKidd and Oh `` electrifying '' . McKidd was nominated for two awards for his work on the show , winning one of them . Chris Monfette of IGN has praised the addition of `` fresh , new characters '' such as Owen Hunt . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) Before his regular appearances on the show , Owen Hunt was a United States Army surgeon , specializing in trauma surgery . The character makes a dramatic first appearance when he performs a tracheotomy on a man with a pen , winning the admiration of resident Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) . He is offered a job by former chief of surgery Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) , but declines , explaining that he has not completed his tour in Iraq . His appointment as the new head of trauma surgery at Seattle Grace Hospital was not well - received initially . By his first week he manages to irk both Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) and Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , head of neurosurgery and plastic surgery , respectively , who view his treatment of some of the patients as crude , and also rebuffed by resident Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) when he stabs a set of pigs and then orders the residents and interns to save their lives , in order to teach them medicine on `` live tissue . '' Hunt eventually embarks on a relationship with Yang , but it comes to a sudden close when his PTSD gets the best of him , and he unconsciously strangles her . Soon after the breakup , he begins therapy with the hospital psychiatrist , Dr. Wyatt . Some time later , a soldier visits the hospital for treatment , and his presence influences Owen to contemplate returning to the US Army . When he shares this with Cristina , she disagrees with his decision , stating that she does n't want him to die , and the two eventually rekindle their relationship . Owen brings in Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) , his best friend and colleague from when he was in the army , as the new head of cardiothoracic surgery . When it is revealed that Hunt and Altman may be potential lovers , Hunt and Yang 's relationship is challenged , and eventually concluded by Yang . During a hospital shooting , Owen is shot and injured , attracting the sympathy of Cristina , who subsequently restores their relationship . Due to the emotional reverberations of the shooting crisis , Owen and Cristina decide to wed one another shortly after their reconciliation , not wanting to risk separation . When Cristina discovers she is pregnant , Owen is displeased with her desire to abort the baby , and the two separate from each other . In the fallout of resident Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) 's tampering with Derek Shepherd 's Alzheimer 's trial , Owen is promoted to Chief of Surgery after Webber steps down . After substantial thought , Owen reluctantly decides to accompany Cristina to the abortion , uniting the two . Owen 's friendship with Teddy ends when Owen lies to Teddy about her husband 's sudden death , due to Owen wanting her to finish a surgery she was currently performing and Teddy blaming Owen for her husband 's death . Feeling abandoned and disconcerted after an altercation with Cristina , Owen has a one - night stand with a patient 's friend . Cristina consequently finds out , terminates their relationship , and their marriage is tested . After Cristina passed her medical boards , she reconciles with Owen , but reveals to him that she is leaving Seattle to go to Mayo Clinic . Teddy and Owen eventually became friends again . She had been offered a position at the United States Army Medical Command but chose to stay at Seattle Grace Mercy West out of loyalty . After Teddy 's husband Henry dies she wallows in her grief and it affects her colleagues and residents , causing Owen to `` fire '' her so that she can have a fresh start elsewhere . He also fires April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) because the hospital can not afford to keep her due to her not being a Board certified . Months later , Hunt visits Kepner and rehires her as he realized he made a mistake . In season 9 Cristina and Owen 's marriage is again very strained . Cristina is working at Mayo Clinic and Owen in Seattle but she returns . Owen asks for a divorce . He later shows that he is still in love with her and only asked for a divorce so Cristina and the others involved in the plane crash get the money . Cristina and Owen reconcile in episode 9 before Bailey 's wedding . In season 10 , Cristina decides to accept a job to run a state of the art clinic in Switzerland . Owen supports her decision as he realizes no good could come from him asking her to stay , but requests her not to leave him until she has to leave him for good , following which , they both spend two weeks leading to her permanent departure together . While saying her farewell to her colleagues of the last seven years , there is a possible act of terrorism in Seattle , which later turns out to be just a gas main explosion . Cristina has a quick but emotional goodbye hug with Derek , Bailey , and Webber , leaves her shares of the hospital to Alex , and dances it out with Meredith one last time to an old favorite song . Owen , however , is busy saving a patient in the O.R. , so they share a silent goodbye through the gallery 's glass . In Season 11 , Owen develops a relationship with Amelia Shepherd . This is off and on throughout Season 11 and 12 until the end of Season 12 where he and Amelia get married . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) McKidd had to postpone his appointment with series ' creator Shonda Rhimes due to it being his son 's birthday . Shonda Rhimes , series ' creator , says that the character was envisioned `` an old - fashioned tortured hero '' and likens him to Heathcliff . Originally set to appear in a multi-episode story arc , Kevin McKidd 's contract was extended , securing him a slot as a series ' regular of Grey 's Anatomy . In July 2008 , Entertainment Weekly announced the possibility of McKidd becoming a series ' regular , with this possibility eventually being confirmed by People . When asked of how he got involved with the show , McKidd offered the insight : `` I was doing a movie off and on for three months , and it was my son 's birthday , so I managed to land back in LA . around 2 p.m. Then I got a call from my agent , saying , `` You have to turn back around because Shonda wants to meet you for this role on Grey 's . '' I was like , `` I 'd love to meet her , but I ca n't . Can we do tomorrow ? '' And they 're family - friendly , so they were really understanding . As soon as I heard the pitch for the character , I was sold on it . It 's a different energy and a different viewpoint . I thought it was an important story to tell , especially on a prime - time TV show . To get in there and get your hands dirty and explore what trauma surgery is like in war zones and what it 's like to rehabilitate yourself to civilian life . It 's not just a new doctor showing up . It 's exploring how hard it is to reintegrate yourself back into the real world after being in the war zone for three tours . '' McKidd told BuddyTV , `` It 's been really great . I was nervous when I started because every job I 've ever done before this , I have been in the job right from day one when everybody 's new and getting to know each other . So I was nervous because I had never done this before . And I feel really grateful to the Grey 's cast and crew and everyone there , really , because they 've been so nice to me and gracious and accepting of me joining the show . The transition was much easier than I thought it might be , which I 'm very grateful for . '' McKidd has told People that he thinks Grey 's Anatomy is a great show and he feels lucky to be on it . Shonda Rhimes , the series ' creator , said of his addition , `` I am excited to have Kevin McKidd joining us for the season , he 's been a delight to collaborate with and brings incredible passion , talent and creativity to his work . Plus , he 's already got the ' Mc ' built into his name so we had to keep him . '' Characterization ( edit ) McKidd and Oh 's characters ' relationship and connection has been a major aspect of Owen 's characterization The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) characterized Hunt as `` confident '' , `` innovative '' , `` intelligent '' , while he also can be `` aggressive '' , `` brazen '' , `` presumptuous '' , `` hasty and rash '' . McKidd said of his character : `` ( ... ) He 's not an easy character to connect to , I think . There 's some darkness to him and there 's some danger to him that I think is really interesting and exciting to play . ( ... ) '' Additionally , McKidd describes Hunt as `` very instinctive , and follows his gut , and he 's very impulsive , and very immediate . He immediately assesses a situation . And he 's very honest , sometimes painfully honest , with himself and with others . He wants to make himself better . He wants to improve himself as a person . He 's a decent guy , a sort of a guy I 'd like to go out and have a beer with . '' Hunt 's unorthodox teaching methods have been the subject of controversy . McKidd said of this : `` You know , I think , at the end of the day , ( Owen ) 's basically a good man who has some pretty extreme teaching techniques that he learned in the army . And all these things that are in the show are actually the way trauma surgeons are taught . But I think probably beyond that , he very much just calls a spade a spade and looks at each scenario . He 's not trying to be difficult . He just looks at each scenario and each case and each patient and knows what is needed and when to cut to the chase , and does n't want to mess about with the periphery of it . And sometimes that gets him into trouble , and sometimes that is for the best . So , it 'd be interesting and kind of exciting to see where he goes . '' -- Kevin McKidd , BuddyTV The look of Owen has been described as hardcore and the antithesis of the other males on the show . McKidd says it 's not just the look of Owen , but the fact that in his profession , he is dealing with life and death everyday . The one distinction he finds between his character and the others is that Owen does not care what other people think of him . When McKidd returned from his first appearance , his character appeared to have been changed . McKidd told TV Guide : `` Yes , that was who he really is in the premiere , but now we 're seeing what can happen to a good man , a good soldier and good surgeon ( because of war ) . '' There 's a great debate there for what the dynamic is , with what Cristina has done to this marriage and her choice and what Owen 's choice is and his behavior . There 's a really interesting conversation to be had because of those choices : How do you move on ? How does that change the dynamic of the relationship ? If you can really dive into that -- there 's two betrayals , very big ones . I do n't know how they sustain that relationship . I do n't know how you come back from that kind of betrayal . Certainly if you 're married , the notion of the next step would be to have children and if that 's been taken away , I would find it very hard for Owen to stay in that relationship . `` '' -- Patrick Dempsey ( Derek Shepherd ) on Owen and Cristina 's relationship , involving Cristina 's no desire to bear children . The character of Owen Hunt had an almost instant attraction to Cristina Yang since his first appearance at Seattle Grace , illustrated by the passionate kiss they share soon after they meet . Owen 's story and connection with fellow character Cristina has been a topic of discussion . McKidd said : `` Between him ( Owen ) and her ( Cristina ) , it 's going to get really complex and kind of tense and explosive . '' Owen and Cristina have experienced roadblocks in their fictional relationship , and continue to . McKidd offered this insight on his character 's relationship with Cristina : `` It 's not going to be easy for them . What I read when I read the season premiere , and this is just my take on it , is that it was very much two very analytical people , Owen and Cristina . They 're very similar in a way , I think , as people . Two analytical people see each other over a crowded ER room and their eyes meet . It 's almost more complicated , but on a really simplistic level , it 's almost a love at first sight scenario that happened on the season premiere . And then , what we 're seeing is the road to connect that back , because obviously the season premiere was before he went back to Iraq and this event has happened to him that 's changed him . And so , they 're trying to get that feeling back because there 's obviously something really true and meant to be between these two people . But it 's complicated right now because she 's damaged because of what 's happened to her , and he is certainly struggling with himself and the people around him and the world in general , and trying to keep himself together after what 's happened to him . So , I think , it 's exciting to see what happens with these two guys because , in a way , they 're the two people you 'd least expect to have a love affair , but it 's happening to them and they ca n't stop it . '' McKidd has referred to his character and the character of Cristina Yang as `` soulmates . '' Speaking of Owen 's PTSD storyline , McKidd stated : `` What 's exciting about telling this story with this character is that it 's quite brave of ABC and Shonda ( Rhimes ) , on a prime - time network TV show , to address a tough subject , and one that people do n't necessarily want to hear about . But so far the writing room is handling it beautifully . They 're not banging people over the head with it but exploring it in a sensitive and interesting way . '' Owen and Cristina have struggled with their fictional relationship in season eight , leading to Owen having a sexual affair . Directly before the episode involving the affair aired , McKidd said to Entertainment Weekly : `` The thing about Owen is that he tries to do things perfectly , and obviously , he messes up as the chief because you have to make these odd black - and - white decisions and sometimes you make the wrong decision . There 's a lot of stress in his life at the moment , so he 's trying not to let that affect his efficiency as chief . '' Although the characters ' marriage is tested , McKidd reported to The Hollywood Reporter : `` I think they 're meant for each other . I hold out faith in Cristina and Owen , even though they go to the darkest places out of all the couples on the show . It 's going to get worse but it 's going to get better soon . '' Reception ( edit ) The character has received generally positive feedback from television critics . Weeks after Hunt 's first appearance on the show , Matt Roush of TV Guide commented that `` Hunt / McKidd is the most encouraging thing to happen to Grey 's Anatomy in quite a while . '' He also added : `` The instant sparks between him ( Hunt ) and Yang were electrifying . '' On the other hand , Robert Rorke of the New York Post states that McKidd was brought in as Hunt to `` boost the sagging fortunes '' of the show 's ratings . Kelley L. Carter of USA Today , describes Hunt as `` hardcore '' and `` the antithesis of the other males on the show . '' Chris Monfette of IGN said that the fifth season of Grey 's Anatomy was an improvement on the previous two seasons , attributing this in part to the introduction of `` fresh , new characters '' , Owen and Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) . He also referred to McKidd as `` the season ( five ) 's best , most effective addition '' , adding : `` Not only is McKidd an immediately likeable and engaging actor , his struggle with PTSD throughout the season -- and especially how it impacted his burgeoning relationship with Cristina -- proved both relevant and dramatically gripping . His interactions with Cristina were perfectly balanced for optimum drama , never together and never apart for so long that the back - and - forth became frustrating . Viewers could clearly see a softening of the typically hard - edged Cristina , a pleasant change for what had become something of a one - note character , as well as relate to Owen 's internal struggles , shared by many a real - life war vet . '' Margaret Lyons of New York Magazine judged Hunt `` too sad '' for the first part of the ninth season . In 2010 , Kevin McKidd was nominated for the Prism Award for Best Performance in a Drama Series ' Multi-Episode Storyline , and won the award . In 2011 , McKidd was nominated for the Prism Award for Best Performance in a Drama Series , for his work on Grey 's Anatomy . McKidd was nominated , along with the rest of the Grey 's Anatomy cast , for Best Drama Series at the 21st GLAAD Media Awards , in 2010 . Also in 2010 , McKidd , and the rest of the cast , were nominated for Outstanding Drama Series , at the NAACP Image Awards . The same nomination was received at the 2011 NAACP Image Awards , with the cast winning the award . At the 43rd NAACP Image Awards , in 2012 , McKidd and the cast were nominated yet again for Outstanding Drama Series . References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . September 25 , 2008 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Life During Wartime '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . October 30 , 2008 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` An Honest Mistake '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . February 19 , 2009 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Now or Never '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . May 14 , 2009 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` New History '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . November 12 , 2009 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Sanctuary '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . May 20 , 2012 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Death and All His Friends '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . May 20 , 2010 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` With You I 'm Born Again '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . September 23 , 2012 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Unaccompanied Minor '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . May 19 , 2011 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Free Falling '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . September 22 , 2011 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` She 's Gone '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . September 22 , 2011 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Dark Was the Night '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . November 10 , 2011 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Suddenly '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . January 5 , 2012 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` One Step Too Far '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . March 15 , 2012 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Support System '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . April 12 , 2012 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Flight '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . May 17 , 2012 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Carter , Kelley . `` Kevin McKidd plays military doctor on ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . MarineTimes . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin McKidd Joins ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Cast As Series Regular '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Kevin McKidd in talks to join the show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin McKidd Joins the Cast of Grey 's Anatomy '' . People . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive Interview : Kevin McKidd of ' Grey 's Anatomy '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) Bio '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kevin McKidd . Ask Grey 's Anatomy , Part 3 ( Adobe Flash Player ) . ABC.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Kevin McKidd : Love and War Haunt Hunt '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Postmortem : Kevin McKidd Warns of Tougher Times Ahead for Cristina '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` bettersoon '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : Rorke , Robert ( October 26 , 2008 ) . `` No Kidding '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' star Kevin McKidd previews Owen 's struggles '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carter , Kelley L. ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Meet McKidd , new dreamboat doc on ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Monfette , Chris ( May 29 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 5 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` Now That Private Practice Is Over , Addison Should Go Back to Grey 's Anatomy '' . New York . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ T , Buddy ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` 2010 PRISM Awards Winners Announced '' . About.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tomasi , Rollo ( February 19 , 2011 ) . `` Prism Awards 2011 : Nominations '' . FilmBook . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 21st Annual GLAAD Media Awards -- English Language Nominees '' . Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. 2010 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2010 . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 41st NAACP Image Awards '' . NAACP . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd NAACP Image Awards '' . NAACP . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 43rd NAACP Image Awards '' . NAACP . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . General `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Owen Hunt at ABC.com Owen Hunt on IMDb ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Owen_Hunt&oldid=800349835 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional surgeons Fictional majors Fictional characters introduced in 2008 Fictional United States Army personnel Fictional Iraq War veterans Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : missing author or editor Pages with duplicate reference names Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Polski Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 00 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does owen come on grey's anatomy | [
"Owen Hunt, M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey's Anatomy, which airs on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States. The character was created by series' producer Shonda Rhimes, and is portrayed by actor Kevin McKidd. He was introduced in season five as a U.S. Army trauma surgeon who served in war-torn Iraq, and subsequently joins the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital to teach medicine as a surgical attending, head of trauma surgery, and eventual chief of surgery, sometimes with unorthodox methods. Originally contracted to appear for a multi-episode story arc, he was upgraded to a series' regular at the conclusion of his first appearance."
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7835598546185937365 | ATP | ATP - wikipedia ATP Jump to : navigation , search ATP may refer to : Contents ( hide ) 1 Commerce 2 Companies and organizations 3 Geography 4 Music and theater 5 Science and technology 6 Transport Commerce ( edit ) Available - to - promise , a business function that provides a response to customer order enquiries Companies and organizations ( edit ) Association of Tennis Professionals , international men 's professional tennis association American Technical Publishers , an employee - owned publishing company located in Orland Park , Illinois Arbejdsmarkedets Tillægspension , the largest pension program in Denmark Armenia Tree Project , a non-profit organization promoting Armenia 's socioeconomic development through reforestation Associated Talking Pictures , a British film studio of the 1930s later renamed as Ealing Studios Association for Transpersonal Psychology , a psychological organization ATP architects engineers , an international architecture and engineering office for integrated design ATP Oil and Gas , a Texas - based oil and gas company that operates in the Gulf of Mexico and the North Sea Geography ( edit ) Anantapur , Andhra Pradesh , a city in Andhra Pradesh , India Anantapur district , a district in Andhra Pradesh , India Music and theater ( edit ) Adenosine Tri-Phosphate ( band ) , a Japanese alternative rock / pop band All Tomorrow 's Parties ( music festival ) , a music festival which takes place in Great Britain Alberta Theatre Projects , a Canadian theatre production company ATP Recordings , a record label affiliated with the All Tomorrow 's Parties festival Science and technology ( edit ) Adenosine triphosphate , coenzyme used as an energy carrier in the cells of all known organisms ; an integral part of the process by which energy is moved throughout the cell Advanced Technology Program , a United States government program anti-tachycardia pacing Accidental Tech Podcast ( atp.fm ) , hosted by Marco Arment , John Siracusa and Casey Liss Alberta Taciuk process , thermal retorting technology for extracting oil from oil sands , oil shale , and oil contaminated soils / sludges Automated theorem proving , the proving of mathematical theorems by a computer program Transport ( edit ) Airline Transport Pilot License , a type of pilot 's license ATP Flight School , a flight training school with multiple locations throughout the United States . ATP ( treaty ) , the 1970 Agreement on the International Carriage of Perishable Foodstuffs and on the Special Equipment to be used for such Carriage Automatic train protection , a British train protection system BAe ATP , a British Aerospace turboprop passenger aircraft designed for the short range market Aitape Airport in Papua New Guinea , IATA airport code ATP This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title ATP . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATP&oldid=806987535 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : Articles containing Danish - language text All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Seeltersk Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 07 : 29 . About Wikipedia | what is the full form of atp in bio | [
"\nAdenosine triphosphate, coenzyme used as an energy carrier in the cells of all known organisms; an integral part of the process by which energy is moved throughout the cell\nAdvanced Technology Program, a United States government program\nanti-tachycardia pacing\nAccidental Tech Podcast (atp.fm), hosted by Marco Arment, John Siracusa and Casey Liss\nAlberta Taciuk process, thermal retorting technology for extracting oil from oil sands, oil shale, and oil contaminated soils / sludges\nAutomated theorem proving, the proving of mathematical theorems by a computer program\n"
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-2037051566263477880 | Elena Gilbert | Elena Gilbert - wikipedia Elena Gilbert Jump to : navigation , search For the book series character , see Elena Gilbert ( novel character ) . Elena Gilbert The Vampire Diaries character First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Created by L.J. Smith ( book series ) Julie Plec Kevin Williamson ( television series ) Portrayed by Nina Dobrev Kayla Madison ( Young Elena ) Information Aliases Elena Salvatore ( marriage name , season 8 ) Species Human ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 6 - 8 ) Doppelgänger ( seasons 1 -- 8 ) Vampire ( seasons 4 -- 6 ) Gender Female Occupation High school student ( formerly ) College student ( formerly ) Family Grayson Gilbert ( adoptive father / paternal uncle ) Miranda Gilbert ( adoptive mother / paternal aunt ) John Gilbert ( biological father / adoptive paternal uncle ) Isobel Flemming ( biological mother ) Jeremy Gilbert ( adoptive brother / paternal cousin ) Jenna Sommers ( adoptive aunt ) Damon Salvatore ( husband ) Alaric Saltzman ( stepfather ) Stefan Salvatore ( brother - in - law ) Significant other ( s ) Matt Donovan ( ex-boyfriend ) Stefan Salvatore ( ex-boyfriend ) Damon Salvatore ( husband ) Relatives Amara ( maternal ancestor ; doppelgänger of ) Tatia ( maternal ancestor ; doppelgänger of ) Katherine Pierce / Katerina Petrova ( maternal ancestor ; doppelgänger of ) Nadia Petrova ( maternal ancestor ) Jonathon Gilbert ( paternal ancestor ) Samantha Gilbert ( paternal ancestor ) Nationality American Status Alive ( Deceased in flash - forward ) Elena Gilbert is a fictional character and protagonist in the novel series The Vampire Diaries . In The Vampire Diaries , set in the fictional town of Mystic Falls , she is portrayed by Nina Dobrev . In the books , Elena was blonde , popular , selfish and a `` mean girl '' . However the show 's producers , Julie Plec and Kevin Williamson , felt that it was n't the direction they wanted to go with their heroine in The Vampire Diaries television series . Instead , she became a nicer , relatable and more of `` the girl next door '' type , until her life gets flipped upside down when she meets the Salvatores . In April 2015 , Nina Dobrev announced that she would be departing the series after the sixth season finale . Much of Elena 's story revolves around her relationships with vampires Stefan Salvatore and his older brother , Damon . It is revealed that Elena is a Petrova Doppelgänger , which is thus responsible for her being identical to her ancestor , Katherine Pierce ( née Katerina Petrova ) . This also has the implication of making her a supernatural creature . Dobrev portrayed the `` conniving '' Katherine as well , who is opposite of Elena . The actress stated that it has been a challenge distinguishing the two , and enjoys playing them both . In the television series 's fourth season , Elena becomes a vampire and deals with the struggles that come with her change . She took the cure and became human again towards the end of the sixth season . In the finale of the sixth season , Kai linked Elena to Bonnie 's life by magic . Elena will only wake up when Bonnie dies in around 60 years . She was locked inside the Salvatore tomb , which was changed in the seventh season , and was relocated in Brooklyn , New York . In late 2016 , when it was announced that the eighth season would be the final season , Dobrev was in talks about returning to the television series to reprise her role in the final episode . After much speculation . Dobrev 's return was confirmed on January 26 , 2017 , via an Instagram post . Dobrev appeared in the final episode of the show as both Elena and her evil doppelgänger Katherine Pierce . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting and portrayal 2 Development 2.1 Characterization 2.2 Romances 2.3 Transition 3 Television series 3.1 Backstory 3.2 Storyline 3.2. 1 Season 1 3.2. 2 Season 2 3.2. 3 Season 3 3.2. 4 Season 4 3.2. 5 Season 5 3.2. 6 Season 6 3.2. 7 Season 7 3.2. 8 Season 8 4 Reception 5 Merchandising 6 References 7 External links Casting and portrayal ( edit ) When I look in the mirror , I just feel different when I 'm Katherine or when I 'm Elena . My voice changes a little bit , I think , and even just mentally , I feel like I can get away with a lot more . `` '' -- Dobrev On March 9 , 2009 , it was announced that Bulgarian - born Canadian actress Nina Dobrev , known for her portrayal of Mia Jones on Degrassi : The Next Generation , had joined the cast of The Vampire Diaries as Elena . She was the second cast member to be announced following Steven R. McQueen , who plays Elena 's brother Jeremy Gilbert . Steve West Cinema Blend said the vampire brothers ' battle over Elena will wreak havoc on the entire town. `` . Executive producer Kevin Williamson recalled Dobrev auditioning while having the flu , which he described as the `` worst audition ever '' , and they `` did n't even look at her a second time '' . Dobrev went back home to Canada , yet , still wanting the part , she submitted a videotape audition , which saw her cast as Elena Gilbert . Dobrev said that after reading the script , she was drawn to Elena because she was `` this average girl who was damaged in many ways '' . Initially , she believed that she would be playing the `` bad girl '' Elena from the books , but the show wanted to go in a different direction for the character . After researching , Dobrev discovered she would also play Elena 's 534 - year - old vampire doppelgänger Katherine Pierce whose characteristics are the `` complete opposite '' . Dobrev described this as `` one of the rarest , coolest opportunities in television , to play two people on the same medium '' . She had confessed that she enjoys playing Katherine more than Elena . Dobrev stated that she changes her appearance to distinguish Elena from her doppelgänger , Katherine ; `` Changing my hair helps me transform , '' she told Glamour . Additionally , she said `` I think I have one of the coolest characters on the show -- I get to play two completely different people on opposite sides of the spectrum and I just have so much fun doing it '' . Dobrev felt that her biggest challenge on The Vampire Diaries was distinguishing Katherine and Elena , and found it `` interesting '' to create a whole new character . In the novels , Katherine originated from Germany . However , in the television series , she is Bulgarian , as is Dobrev , who can speak the language fluently . Dobrev said , `` The writers heard me speaking Bulgarian to my mom on the phone while I was on set one day . One thing led to the other and voila '' . Development ( edit ) Characterization ( edit ) Nina Dobrev , who plays Elena Gilbert , at PaleyFest 2014 In the books , Elena is considered `` one of the popular girls '' at her high school and always gets `` anything she wants '' . Executive producer of the television show , Julie Plec , said the Elena from the books was `` really kind of selfish '' . In The Vampire Diaries , Elena 's `` selfishness '' in the books as a human was never explored , because it `` did n't ever feel like a characteristic '' the show wanted for their heroine . Plec said `` We kind of abandoned that queen - bee popular complex that in a lot of ways defined early Elena in the books '' , while feeling that Elena 's actual flaw is her `` deep , deep connection to other people '' . In the books , Elena had blonde hair , but has brown hair in the television show . Describing Elena from the books , Dobrev said she is `` one of those mean girls that gets what she wants , popular ... and she 's blonde and blue eyed '' . Williamson told her that `` the angle we wanted to go for was the relatable , nice , girl next door , who the audience roots for '' . Katherine , on the other hand , is penned as a `` conniving , narcissistic , bitch '' . Describing Elena years later , Dobrev said she evolved from a `` younger , naive , sad , young girl '' to a `` strong woman '' . Romances ( edit ) Before The Vampire Diaries , Elena dated Matt Donovan ( Zach Roerig ) , who was unable to move past his feelings for her initially after their break - up . Elena began dating Stefan Salvatore ( Paul Wesley ) , and later discovered he was a vampire . As the episodes progressed , she developed a connection with Stefan 's adventurous brother Damon Salvatore ( Ian Somerhalder ) , who consumes human blood , unlike Stefan , who has an animal blood diet . Speaking about the different qualities Stefan and Damon bring to Elena , Dobrev said they have `` different qualities that are very appealing '' , which combined make `` the perfect man '' . She said `` Stefan is committed and sweet and protective and loving , and Damon is spontaneous and crazy and fun and exciting '' . Dobrev with her Vampire Diaries co-stars Paul Wesley ( Stefan ) and Ian Somerhalder ( Damon ) at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International . After Elena became a vampire , she became sired to Damon and they slept together . According to Plec during an interview with TVLine , Elena `` really believes what she feels is 100 percent genuine and real '' , and the couple `` wants to be together and realizes that they should n't , yet really wants to . So what do they do ? '' Stefan became heartbroken , feeling angry and betrayed , and lashed out at Damon and Elena . In the season 4 finale , an unsired Elena confirms that she is in love with Damon , and the two kiss passionately . At the end of season 6 , the two plan to become human , get married , and have children together , but their dream is abruptly compromised by Kai , who puts Elena into a magical coma . Damon remains entirely devoted to Elena throughout the remaining two seasons as Elena sleeps peacefully . In the season 8 finale , she is revealed to be happily married to Damon . Elena considers Damon to be the love of her life and her soulmate . Transition ( edit ) Executive producers Julie Plec and Kevin Williamson agreed that in the book series , Elena was turned into a vampire too early , which was around page 200 of The Awakening . Elena 's transition into a vampire was planned for two years . Plec said : `` That felt obviously too soon , and rushed , and we did n't want to make a show about a teenage girl who instantly becomes a vampire . But we always knew that her journey would take her there eventually '' . At the second season 's conclusion , Elena was nearly turned into a vampire . Dobrev was happy that she was n't , because she felt `` it would have been too soon '' , and also did n't think it was something Elena or she wanted . In the show 's third season , Elena has a brain hemorrhage which was initially thought to be a concussion , and begins to die . In what was described by the International Business Times as `` the moment Vampire Diaries fans have been waiting for '' , Elena had to choose whether to be driven to Damon or Stefan to say goodbye to . At the time , Klaus was killed , meaning all vampires sprouting from his bloodline also die , which includes Damon and Stefan . She picks to say goodbye to Stefan . However , all these vampires end up surviving when Klaus never really dies . To save her , Doctor Merideth Fell ( Torrey DeVitto ) fed Elena Damon 's blood . Rebekah Mikaelson kills Elena on Wickery Bridge , unaware of the vampire blood in her system . She woke up as a vampire at the end of the season . The Hollywood Reporter interviewed Plec , and described her transition as `` monumental changes '' which would have Elena in for a `` wild ride '' . Plec said Elena becoming a vampire is `` an awakening of a person who is about to go through a lot of changes '' , and `` she is going to evolve as a person and her relationships are going to evolve accordingly '' . While Stefan was afraid she would hurt someone , Damon thought it was inevitable and wanted to `` rip the band - aid off '' . Plec felt that `` She 's , unfortunately , not getting the same advice from the two people she values most in the world . It 's going to make it more difficult for her '' , while describing the situation as `` a whole new Elena and it 's a whole new day . It 's a different dynamic between the three of them especially '' . Television series ( edit ) Backstory ( edit ) Elena Gilbert is born on June 22 , 1992 in Mystic Falls , Virginia to John Gilbert ( David Anders ) and Isobel Flemming ( Mia Kirshner ) while they were still in highschool . With the help of John 's brother Grayson , Isobel and John flee town days later , leaving Grayson and his wife Miranda to adopt Elena as their own . A doctor , Grayson fakes a birth certificate so that it appeared Elena was his daughter with Miranda . The next year , Miranda and Grayson had a child of their own , Jeremy Gilbert . Elena dates her childhood friend Matt Donovan , who was her first love . On 23 May 2009 , Elena is picked up by her mother and father after getting in a fight with Matt while attending the party . The three of them later end up in a car accident , with their car driving off a bridge . Stefan Salvatore finds them , and saves Elena , but it was too late to save Grayson and Miranda , who died . It remained unknown for months who saved Elena , and it was considered a miracle that she lived . Her relationship with Matt ended when they broke up . Storyline ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Elena , still empty after losing her parents , begins to fit back into school . She meets a mysterious new student named Stefan Salvatore . They connect instantly , and begin dating . She meets his older and malevolent brother , Damon . After researching , Elena realizes Stefan was alive in 1953 . It is later revealed that he is a 162 - year - old vampire . Damon also begins falling for Elena . After she and Stefan slept together , Elena finds a picture of a woman named Katherine Pierce who looks exactly like her . Stefan reveals that it is the woman who made him and Damon feud 145 years ago , and the person who turned them into vampires . He also told her that he is the person that saved her the night of her parents death . At the end of season one , Elena discovers that Grayson and Miranda were n't her biological parents , and that a woman named Isobel and her uncle John , who she grew up hating , were . Season 2 ( edit ) In season two , she learns that she is a Petrova doppelgänger , having an appearance just like Katherine Pierce , which means that she has to be sacrificed to release Klaus ' werewolf side . The sacrifice later happens , but Elena is saved , because John sacrificed himself for her after being put under a spell by Bonnie . However , her aunt Jenna is turned into a vampire and , as part of the sacrifice , is killed by Klaus , leaving Elena without a guardian . In the season two finale , while Damon is dying due to a werewolf bite , she forgives him for forcing her to drink his blood and kisses him with the thought that it might be Damon 's last day , however Damon gets cured by drinking Klaus ' blood . Season 3 ( edit ) In season three , Elena does everything in her power to make Stefan get his humanity back , which was turned off by Klaus as payment for saving Damon from a werewolf bite in the latter part of season two . Meanwhile , she grows closer to Damon while working together on saving Stefan and trying to defeat Klaus , eventually even sharing a kiss . She later admits to Stefan that she has feelings for Damon as well but that she never stopped loving Stefan . While in Denver together , Elena kisses Damon , later telling him that she does n't know how she feels about him . It is eventually revealed that Elena met Damon the night of her parent 's death , though he compelled her to forget . She eventually chooses Stefan in the season finale but before she can tell him , Elena drowns while having vampire blood in her system . During the last moments of season three , she awakens as a vampire in transition . Season 4 ( edit ) In season four , Elena is faced with the tough decision of whether to die or to feed on human blood so she can fully transition into a vampire . Elena , after realizing Stefan 's desperation to keep her alive , decides to complete her transition . Her relationship with Stefan ends , allowing her to begin a proper romance with Damon . Although , it is later revealed there is a sire bond between them . Sometime later whilst searching for the cure for vampirism , Jeremy is fed to the immortal Silas by Katherine . As a result , Damon used the sire bond to convince her to turn off her humanity , due to her incredible grief over losing her brother and the last remaining member of her family . Elena became ruthless without her emotions , going on killing sprees and being very hateful towards her friends . Towards the end of season four , Damon kills Matt in front of Elena to trigger her grief . After revealing that Matt had the Gilbert Ring on , Elena 's humanity was switched on and her emotions were focused on hate towards Katherine for killing Jeremy . Season four ended with Bonnie as a ghost after bringing Jeremy back to life and Elena fed Katherine the cure for vampirism in a moment of desperation as she was about to be killed . Elena had chosen Damon as the Salvatore that she loved . Season 5 ( edit ) In season five , Elena starts at Whitmore College and is happy after spending the summer with Damon . There she realises that Silas has taken Stefan 's place and that Stefan is in that safe in a river constantly drowning . She and Damon then find the safe , only to find a dead body there meaning that someone opened the safe and Stefan is a Ripper again . However , Qyetsiyah had fried Stefan 's brain causing him to suffer amnesia . While trying to bring him back , they almost kiss meaning that she still feels something for him . Qyetsiyah soon brings back Stefan 's memories and says that Elena and Stefan were always meant to be as the Universe had to unite the doppelgängers of Silas and Amara . This leaves Damon and Elena questioning their relationship . Later on she is kidnapped and experimented on by Wes Maxfield , and she learns that her father also used to experiment on vampires . Later , when Katherine is about to die as a result of all of her years catching up with her as a result of having the cure in her system , Katherine uses a spell and possesses Elena , a fact that her friends were initially unable to deduce . But once they did , they trapped Katherine and left her with no escape . Stefan stabbed her with the traveller dagger , but ghost Katherine reveals to Bonnie , shortly before trying to cross into the Other Side , that she had injected Dr. Maxfield 's enhanced ripper / werewolf virus into Elena 's body , infecting Elena . The gang is eventually able to find an antidote . She unfortunately loses trust in Damon , partly because he killed her friend Aaron , so they break up , but realise they can not survive being apart and get back together . Once Markos and his traveller army begin to take over Mystic Falls , setting an anti-magic barrier around the town , the gang comes up with a plan to take out the travellers by killing them all at the same time , overpowering the anchor to the Other Side AKA Bonnie and creating a possible way out of the now - collapsing Other Side . Elena and Damon drive into the gas - filled Mystic Grill with most of the travellers in it , blowing it up and killing most of the people in it , including Elena and Damon . She wakes up as a ghost and finds her body , sending her to Bonnie , where she passes to the Other Side , and she and many others are able to pass back to the land of the living afterwards . But the spell that allows this is broken before Damon passes back through , and as Bonnie is the anchor , she is a part of the Other Side and shall therefore disappear along with it . This leaves the gang mourning the loss of Damon and Bonnie in the season finale . Season 6 ( edit ) In season six , Elena starts back at Whitmore , and is unable to set foot in her hometown . She is also unable to recover from Damon 's death and starts lurking the borders of Mystic Falls in order to grab civilians , drink their blood , then compel them to forget , but as spirit magic no longer works in Mystic Falls , any of her victims who cross into the town remember the ordeal , putting her identity as a vampire at risk when one of her victims , Sarah , comes to town . Elena begs Alaric to compel her to forget that she ever loved Damon , which Alaric is able to do , due to him being an Enhanced Original , with the ability to compel other vampires . She eventually wears him down and asks her friends to never remind her once the compulsion had been done . After a number of failed attempts , Alaric successfully compels her to forget her love for Damon . She however leaves Alaric with some of her reminders of Damon , should she ever need them again . She is told of her former feelings for Damon soon afterwards , but decides to stay the way she is , as she does n't want to go back to being unhappy again . She starts to date her classmate , Liam . Once Damon comes back to life , Alaric tries to convince Elena to allow him to undo the compulsion , a decision she is reluctant to make . She eventually decides to have him undo it , but Alaric goes back to being human again after crossing into Mystic Falls , causing him to lose his vampire status ( he only stayed alive because his once fatal human injuries were healed ) , meaning he will not be able to do so . She is then left to finally come face - to - face with Damon and see if she 'll still feel the same way about him . They eventually rekindle their relationship , Elena takes the cure that Bonnie gave Damon . At Alaric 's wedding Kai ruins their wedding and casts a sleeping spell on Elena , linking her life to Bonnie 's . She makes a sacrifice to let Bonnie live out her life until it is her turn . She bids goodbye to her friends and loved ones before parting ways but knows that she will see Damon , Stefan and Caroline again one day . Season 7 ( edit ) Elena does n't make an appearance but is heard calling Damon 's name when he visits the Armory vault . It was a way of Sybill , the Siren , luring him into a trap . Season 8 ( edit ) In the final episode , Elena makes an appearance . When a weakened Bonnie dies from the sounding bell , she meets Elena in a dream - like forest . Elena hugs her and wonders if she really has died . Enzo appears and says it is n't her time and takes Bonnie back to the world of the living . When Bonnie wakes up , it was Stefan who resuscitated her . Elena , asleep , is then taken to the Mystic Falls High School by Katherine and places her in the boiler room . Stefan tries to rescue Elena , but Katherine had Kai spell the boiler room , so that Elena ca n't be taken out of the room . After Bonnie had deflected the hellfire back into the bell , Bonnie passes out . Elena wakes up and wanders the school . Stefan meets up with her . It looks like Bonnie has died , but in fact Elena is still sleeping and Stefan 's ghost came to visit her in her dream . He had taken the place of killing Katherine instead of Damon , since Damon is human after Stefan gave him the cure . He came to say goodbye . After a tearful hug and saying goodbye , Stefan goes into afterlife . Elena finally wakes up because Bonnie has broken the spell over her . Elena reunites with Damon and the rest of the gang . Elena gives Caroline the message Stefan whispered into her ear , saying he did hear her voice message and will love her forever . In the epilogue , Elena continued to studying medical school . After finishing her education , she went back to Mystic Falls and lived together with Damon , happily married for a long time . After living out her life , she crosses over to the afterlife where she finally reunites with her parents , Aunt Jenna and Uncle John . Reception ( edit ) Elena has received mainly positive reviews . Steve West of the Cinema Blend compared the story of The Vampire Diaries and the character of Elena to the popular vampire franchise , Twilight , and its protagonist Bella Swan . West said `` Clearly Elena is way hotter than Bella , she has two immortal vampires fighting over her '' . After she transitioned into a vampire , Carina Adly MacKenzie of Zap2it hoped that the `` fierce '' and `` ripper '' side of Elena would emerge when `` someone messes with the people she loves '' . McKenzie noted that when a person becomes a vampire , `` their strongest personality traits are heightened '' , and hoped that would n't see Elena 's `` compassion and selflessness '' double into `` helping old ladies with their groceries and nursing injured animals back to health '' . Robyn Ross of TV Guide also hoped that after Elena `` has had a taste for blood '' , she would lose control . Prior to her becoming a vampire , Ross thought she was less fun and `` slightly boring '' , and wanted Elena to follow her instinct and `` stop protecting everyone 's feelings '' . Elena 's romances with Stefan and Damon have become a popular craze with viewers , who have nicknamed them `` Stelena '' and `` Delena '' . Andy Swift of the website HollywoodLife praised Elena 's relationship with Damon , which was a combination of real love and a sired bond , hoping they would live `` happily ever after '' . Vlada Gelman of TVLine , however , felt that their romance was `` over in a rather mature way for a young love triangle '' and questioned whether Elena was `` ready to jump into a relationship with Damon right away '' while Stefan was still in the picture . Merchandising ( edit ) Tonner Doll Company , Inc. created dolls for Elena and Katherine along with Stefan and Damon , from 1864 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Vestal , Shannon ( 25 July 2011 ) . `` Nina Dobrev Interview About The Vampire Diaries at Comic - Con '' . Buzzsugar , PopSugar . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : West , Steve ( 9 March 2009 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Finds Its Heroine In Nina Dobrev '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( 27 February 2009 ) . `` CW casts ' Melrose Place , ' ' Vampire ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tasty bites : The Vampire Diaries cast dishes '' . Buzzsugar , PopSugar. 21 January 2010 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Jillian . `` The Vampire Diaries star Nina Dobrev '' . Saturday Night Magazine . Michael H. Ritter . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nina Dobrev ' Glamour ' Interview : Star Talks ' Vampire Diaries , ' Beauty And Ian Somerhalder '' . The Huffington Post . 8 October 2012 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 3 March 2011 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' : Nina Dobrev Sinks Her Teeth Into Dual Role '' . Xfinity , Comcast . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Covel , Bonnie . `` The Vampire Diaries Book Series by L.J. Smith '' . About . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bricker , Tierney ( 6 June 2012 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Boss Sounds Off on Elena 's Transition and Dark Side ! '' . E ! Online , NBCUniversal . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Vernon , Cheril ( 14 August 2009 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries : New photos '' . Crushable . crushable.com . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Kevin Williamson , Julie Plec ( writers ) , Marcos Siega ( director ) ( 10 September 2009 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries episode 01 '' . The Vampire Diaries . Series 1 . Episode 1 . The CW . Jump up ^ Sean Reycraft , Gabrielle Stanton ( writers ) , Kevin Bray ( director ) ( 8 October 2009 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries episode 05 '' . The Vampire Diaries . Series 1 . Episode 5 . The CW . Jump up ^ Barbie Kligman , Andrew Chambliss ( writers ) , David Von Ancken ( director ) ( 15 April 2010 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries episode 18 '' . The Vampire Diaries . Series 1 . Episode 18 . The CW . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( 13 December 2012 ) . `` Post Mortem : Vampire Diaries Boss on the Big Death , Elena and Damon 's Struggles and More ! '' . TVLine , PMC . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( 28 December 2012 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Boss on Stefan 's Anger , Jeremy 's Killer Urges and Caroline and Tyler 's Future '' . TVLine , PMC . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bierly , Mandi ( 11 May 2012 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' EP Julie Plec talks season finale shocker and what comes next '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Warner . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Remling , Amanda ( 10 May 2012 ) . `` Vampire Diaries ? Season 3 Finale : Elena Turns Into A Vampire , Chooses Stefan Before She Dies '' . International Business Times , Etienne Uzac . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ng , Philiana ( 5 October 2012 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Boss Previews Elena 's Dilemmas , Dueling Salvatores and a ' Lonely ' Damon '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzie , Carina Adly ( 24 May 2012 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' Season 4 : Elena vs Katherine and 10 other things we want to see '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( 2 November 2011 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries : 5 Ways We Want Elena to Lose Control '' . TV Guide . tvguide.com . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( 6 December 2012 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Recap : Will Damon Choose To Let Elena Go ? '' . HollywoodLife , PMC . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( 15 November 2012 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Recap : Confessions of the Heart '' . TVLine , PMC . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Elena Gilbert Vampire Diaries Doll by Tonner '' . Man of Action Figures . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries TM Tonner Doll Company '' . Tonner Doll Company , Inc . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . External links ( edit ) Elena Gilbert on IMDb ( hide ) The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elena_Gilbert&oldid=814584854 '' Categories : The Vampire Diaries characters Fictional vampires Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands Português Русский Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 18 : 26 . About Wikipedia | who does elena stay with in the vampire diaries | [
"After Elena became a vampire, she became sired to Damon and they slept together. According to Plec during an interview with TVLine, Elena \"really believes what she feels is 100 percent genuine and real\", and the couple \"wants to be together and realizes that they shouldn’t, yet really wants to. So what do they do?\"[14] Stefan became heartbroken, feeling angry and betrayed, and lashed out at Damon and Elena.[15] In the season 4 finale, an unsired Elena confirms that she is in love with Damon, and the two kiss passionately. At the end of season 6, the two plan to become human, get married, and have children together, but their dream is abruptly compromised by Kai, who puts Elena into a magical coma. Damon remains entirely devoted to Elena throughout the remaining two seasons as Elena sleeps peacefully. In the season 8 finale, she is revealed to be happily married to Damon. Elena considers Damon to be the love of her life and her soulmate."
] | [
"Damon"
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-5706904005058887788 | Tennis scoring system | Tennis scoring system - wikipedia Tennis scoring system Jump to : navigation , search The Mens Final score for the 2005 singles taken place in San Jose at the SAP Open . The winner was Andy Roddick and the finalist was Cyril Saulnier The tennis scoring system is a way to keep track of tennis matches and tournaments . Tennis competitions are organized by tournaments that offer matches for doubles and singles . Every tournament begins with a draw that displays all the players participating . Each player is placed in a bracket on the draw sheet , which allows the elimination process . All tournaments need a draw so they can easily have all players organized . Once the tournament begins , round 1 starts . All the players or teams play a match against their assigned player but taking in mind that there may be some `` byes '' . So in tennis terms , `` bye '' means when the draw either has insufficient amount of players or the player pulled out . That causes the player from the first round to automatically advance to the second round . Players get taken off the draw if they lose . Some tournaments give the option for consolation . This method is applied to the players that lost their first round to continue to play but in the back draw . But once you loose the second match then your officially disqualified . Compared to other tournaments that are single elimination . The losers are eliminated , and take no further part in the tournament . The winners are again paired to matches in the next round . The tournament continues until the quarterfinal round ( having eight players or teams playing a total of four matches ) , then the semifinal round ( four players or teams , two matches ) , and finally the final round ( with just two players or teams ) is played . The winner of the final round is declared the winner of the entire tournament . Without a scoring system , all this would n't have been possible . Like in all sports , each has their specific scoring system that determines a champion . A tennis match is composed of points , games , and sets . A set consists of a number of games ( a minimum of six ) , which in turn each consist of points . A set is won by the first side to win 6 games , with a margin of at least 2 games over the other side ( e.g. 6 -- 3 or 7 -- 5 ) . There is usually a tie - break if the set is tied at six games per player . A match is won when a player or a doubles team wins the majority of prescribed sets . Matches employ either a best - of - three or best - of - five set format . The best - of - five set format is typically only played in the men 's singles or doubles matches at Majors and Davis Cup matches . Contents ( hide ) 1 Game score 1.1 Description 1.2 History 1.3 Alternative ( `` no - ad '' ) game scoring 2 Set score 2.1 Description 2.2 Comparison 2.3 Scoring a tiebreak game 2.3. 1 History of the tiebreak 2.4 Alternative set scoring format 3 Match score 3.1 Description 3.2 Total points won 3.3 Total games won 4 Announcing the score 4.1 Variations and slang 5 Scorecards 6 Notes 7 References Game score ( edit ) Description ( edit ) A game consists of a sequence of points played with the same player serving , and is won by the first side to have won at least four points with a margin of two points or more over their opponent . Normally the server 's score is always called first and the opponent 's score second . Score calling in tennis is unusual in that each point has a corresponding call that is different from its point value . Number of points won Corresponding call 0 `` love '' `` 15 '' `` 30 '' `` 40 '' Game = winner For instance if the server has won three points so far in the game , and the non-server has won one , the score is `` 40 - 15 '' . When both sides have won the same number of points then : when each side has won one , or two , points , the score is described as `` 15 - all '' and `` 30 - all '' ( or `` 15 - up '' and `` 30 - up '' ) , respectively . However , if each player has won three points , the score is called as `` deuce '' , not `` 40 -- all '' . From that point on in the game , whenever the score is tied , it is described as `` deuce '' , regardless of how many points have been played . In standard play , scoring beyond a `` deuce '' score , in which both players have scored three points each , requires that one player must get two points ahead in order to win the game . This type of tennis scoring is known as `` advantage scoring '' ( or `` ads '' ) . The side which wins the next point after deuce is said to have the advantage . If they lose the next point , the score is again deuce , since the score is tied . If the side with the advantage wins the next point , that side has won the game , since they have a lead of two points . When the server is the player with the advantage , the score may be called as `` advantage in '' . When the server 's opponent has the advantage , the score may be called as `` advantage out '' . These phrases are sometimes shortened to `` ad in '' or `` van in '' ( or `` my ad '' ) and `` ad out '' ( or `` your ad '' ) . Alternatively , the players ' names are used : in professional tournaments the umpire announces the score in this format ( e.g. `` advantage Federer '' or `` advantage Murray '' ) . In the USTA rule book ( but not the ITF rules ) there is the comment : ' `` Zero , '' `` one , '' `` two , '' and `` three , '' may be substituted for `` Love , '' `` 15 , '' `` 30 , '' and `` 40 . '' This is particularly appropriate for matches with an inexperienced player or in which one player does not understand English . ' For tie - breaks the calls are simply the number of points won by each player . Tie break point score examples Corresponding call 1 -- 0 `` One , zero '' 4 -- 3 `` Four , three '' 4 -- 4 , 5 -- 5 , 6 -- 6 , etc . `` Four - all '' , `` five - all '' , `` six - all '' , etc . 4 -- 7 , 10 -- 8 , etc . `` set '' The current point score is announced orally before each point by the judge , or by the server if there is no judge . When stating the score , the server 's score is stated first . If the server ( or the judge ) announces the score as `` 30 -- love '' , for example , it means that the server has won two points and the receiver none . History ( edit ) The origins of the 15 , 30 , and 40 scores are believed to be medieval French . The earliest reference is in a ballad by Charles D'Orleans in 1435 which refers to quarante cinque ( which gave rise to modern 40 ) and in 1522 there is a sentence in Latin `` we are winning 30 , we are winning 45 '' . The first recorded theories about the origin of 15 were published in 1555 and 1579 . However , the origins of this convention remain obscure . It is possible that clock faces were used on court , with a quarter move of the hand to indicate a score of 15 , 30 , and 45 . When the hand moved to 60 , the game was over . However , in order to ensure that the game could not be won by a one - point difference in players ' scores , the idea of `` deuce '' was introduced . To make the score stay within the `` 60 '' ticks on the clock face , the 45 was changed to 40 . Therefore , if both players have 40 , the first player to score receives ten and that moves the clock to 50 . If the player scores a second time before the opponent is able to score , they are awarded another ten and the clock moves to 60 . The 60 signifies the end of the game . However , if a player fails to score twice in a row , then the clock would move back to 40 to establish another `` deuce '' . Although this suggestion might sound attractive , the medieval period ran until the end of the 15th century ( i.e. until 1500 ) , at which time clocks recorded only the hours ( 1 to 12 ) . It was n't until 1690 that clocks regularly had minute hands when the pendulum system was invented and such a valuable piece of delicate equipment would not have been on an early tennis court where it could easily have been damaged . So the concept of tennis scores originating from the clock face , could not have come from medieval times . Another theory is that the scoring nomenclature came from the French game jeu de paume ( a precursor to tennis which initially used the hand instead of a racket ) . Jeu de paume was very popular before the French revolution , with more than 1,000 courts in Paris alone . The traditional court was 90 ft ( pied du roi ) in total with 45 ft on each side . When the server scored , he or she moved forward 15 ft . If the server scored again , he or she would move another 15 ft . If the server scored a third time , he or she could only move 10 ft closer . The origin of the use of `` love '' for zero is also disputed . It is possible that it derives from the French expression for `` the egg '' ( l'œuf ) because an egg looks like the number zero . This is similar to the origin of the term `` duck '' in cricket , supposedly from `` duck 's egg '' , referring to a batsman who has been called out without completing a run . One possibility comes from the Dutch expression iets voor lof doen , which means to do something for praise , implying no monetary stakes . Another theory on the origins of the use of `` love '' comes from the acceptance that , at the start of any match , when scores are at zero , players still have `` love for each other '' . Alternative ( `` no - ad '' ) game scoring ( edit ) A popular alternative to advantage scoring is `` no - advantage '' ( or `` no - ad '' ) scoring , created by James Van Alen in order to shorten match playing time . No - advantage scoring is a scoring method in which the first player to reach four points wins the game . No - ad scoring eliminates the requirement that a player must win by two points . Therefore , if the game is tied at deuce , the next player to win a point wins the game . This method of scoring is used in most World TeamTennis matches . When this style of play is implemented , at deuce , the receiver then chooses from which side of the court he or she desires to return the serve . However , in no - ad mixed doubles play gender always serves to the same gender at game point and during the final point of tiebreaks . Set score ( edit ) Description ( edit ) In tennis , a set consists of a sequence of games played with alternating service and return roles . There are two types of set formats that require different types of scoring . An advantage set is played until a player or team wins 6 games and that player or team has a 2 - game lead over their opponent ( s ) . The set continues , without tiebreak ( er ) , until a player or team wins the set by 2 games . Advantage sets are no longer played under the rules of the United States Tennis Association , however they are still used in the final sets in men 's and women 's draws in singles of the Australian Open , French Open , Wimbledon and Fed Cup . Mixed doubles at the Grand Slams except for Wimbledon are a best - of - three format with the final set being played as a `` Super Tie Break '' ( sometimes referred to as a `` best of two '' format ) except at Wimbledon , which still plays a best - of - three match with the final set played as an advantage set and the first two played as tie - break sets . A tie - break set is played with the same rules as the advantage set , except when the score is tied at 6 -- 6 , a tie - break game ( or tiebreaker ) is played . Typically , the tie - break game continues until one player wins seven points by a margin of two or more points . However , many tie - break games are played with different tiebreak point requirements , such as 8 or 10 points . Often , a 7 - point tie - breaker is played when the set score is tied at 6 - 6 to determine who wins the set . The score of games within a set is counted in the ordinary manner , except when a player or team has a score of no games it is read as `` love '' . The score is written using digits separated by a dash . This score is announced by the judge or server at the start of each game . Example set scores Corresponding verbal set score 0 -- 0 `` love -- love '' 7 -- 5 `` set '' 3 -- 6 `` set '' In doubles , service alternates between the teams . One player serves for an entire service game , with that player 's partner serving for the entirety of the team 's next service game . Players of the receiving team receive the serve on alternating points , with each player of the receiving team declaring which side of the court ( deuce or ad side ) they will receive serve on for the duration of the set . Comparison ( edit ) Advantage sets have a tendency to go significantly longer than tie - break sets . The 2010 Wimbledon first - round match between John Isner and Nicolas Mahut , which is the longest professional tennis match in history , notably ended with Isner winning the 5th set , 70 -- 68 . The match lasted in total 11 hours and 5 minutes with the 5th set alone lasting 8 hours , 11 minutes . Nevertheless , even tie - break sets can last a long time . For instance , once players reach 6 -- 6 set score and also reach 6 -- 6 tiebreaker score , play must continue until one player has a 2 - point advantage , which can take a considerable time . Sets decided by tiebreakers , however , are typically significantly shorter than extended advantage sets . The set is won by the first player ( or team ) to have won at least six games and at least two games more than his or her opponent . Traditionally , sets would be played until both these criteria had been met , with no maximum number of games . To shorten matches , James Van Alen created a tie - breaker system , which was widely introduced in the early 1970s . If the score reaches 6 -- 5 ( or 5 - 6 ) , one further game is played . If the leading player wins this game , the set is won 7 -- 5 ( or 5 - 7 ) . If the trailing player wins the game , the score is tied at 6 -- 6 and a special tiebreaker game is played . The winner of the tiebreak wins the set by a score of 7 -- 6 ( or 6 - 7 ) . The tiebreak is sometimes not employed for the final set of a match and an advantage set is used instead . Therefore , the deciding set must be played until one player or team has won two more games than the opponent . This is true in three of the four major tennis championships , all except the US Open where a tiebreak is played even in the deciding set ( fifth set for the men , third set for the women ) at 6 -- 6 . A tiebreak is not played in the deciding set in the other three majors -- the Australian Open , the French Open , and Wimbledon . ( When the tiebreak was first introduced at Wimbledon in 1971 , it was invoked at 8 -- 8 rather than 6 -- 6 . ) Scoring a tiebreak game ( edit ) At a score of 6 -- 6 , a set is often determined by one more game called a `` twelve point tiebreaker '' . Only one more game is played to determine the winner of the set ; the score of the set is always 7 -- 6 ( or 6 -- 7 ) . Points are counted using ordinary numbering . The set is decided by the player who wins at least seven points in the tiebreak but also has two points more than his or her opponent . For example , if the score is 6 points to 5 points and the player with 6 points wins the next point , he or she wins the tiebreak and the set . If the player with 5 points wins the point , the tiebreak continues and can not be won on the next point , since no player will be two points better . In the scoring of the set , sometimes the tiebreak points are included as well as the game count , for example 7 -- 6 . Another way of listing the score of the tiebreak is to list only the loser 's points . For example , if the set score is listed as 7 -- 6 , the tiebreak score was 10 -- 8 ( since 8 is the loser 's points , and the winner must win by two points ) . Similarly , 7 -- 6 means the tiebreak score was 7 -- 3 . The player who would normally be serving after 6 -- 6 is the one to serve first in the tiebreak , and the tiebreak is considered a service game for this player . The server begins his or her service from the deuce court and serves one point . After the first point , the serve changes to the first server 's opponent . Each player then serves two consecutive points for the remainder of the tiebreak . The first of each two - point sequence starts from the server 's advantage court and the second starts from the deuce court . In this way , the sum of the scores is even when the server serves from the deuce court . After every six points , the players switch ends of the court ; note that the side - changes during the tiebreak will occur in the middle of a server 's two - point sequence . At the end of the tiebreak , the players switch ends of the court again , since the set score is always odd ( 13 games ) . An alternative tie - break system called the `` Coman Tie - Break '' is sometimes used by the United States Tennis Association . Scoring is the same , but end changes take place after the first point and then after every four points . This approach allows the servers of doubles teams to continue serving from the same end of the court as during the body of the set . It also reduces the advantage the elements ( e.g. wind and sun ) could give playing the first six points of a seven - point tiebreak on one side of the court . History of the tiebreak ( edit ) The tiebreaker -- more recently shortened to just `` tiebreak '' , though both terms are still used interchangeably -- was invented by James Van Alen and unveiled in 1965 as an experiment at the pro tournament he sponsored at Newport Casino , Rhode Island , after an earlier , unsuccessful attempt to speed up the game by the use of his so - called `` Van Alen Streamlined Scoring System '' ( `` VASSS '' ) . For two years before the Open Era , in 1955 and 1956 , the United States Pro Championship in Cleveland , Ohio , was played by VASSS rules . The scoring was the same as that in table tennis , with sets played to 21 points and players alternating five services , with no second service . The rules were created partially to limit the effectiveness of the powerful service of the reigning professional champion , Pancho Gonzales . Even with the new rules , however , Gonzales beat Pancho Segura in the finals of both tournaments . Even though the 1955 match went to 5 sets , with Gonzales barely holding on to win the last one 21 -- 19 , it is reported to have taken 47 minutes to complete . The fans attending the matches preferred the traditional rules , however , and in 1957 the tournament reverted to the old method of scoring . Van Alen called his innovation a `` tiebreaker '' , and he actually proposed two different kinds or versions of it : best - five - of - nine - points tiebreaker and best - seven - of - 12 - points tiebreaker . The first lasts a maximum of 9 points , and awards victory in the set to whichever player or team first reaches 5 points -- even if the other player or team already has 4 ; the margin of victory can be a single point . Because this `` 9 - point '' tiebreaker must end after a maximum of 9 points , even if neither player or team has a 2 - point ( or greater ) margin , Van Alen also called it a `` sudden - death tiebreaker '' ( If and when the score reached four points all , both players faced simultaneous set point and / or match point . ) . This type of tiebreaker had its Grand Slam debut at 1970 US Open and was employed there until 1974 . Apart from being used for 5 years at US Open it was also used 1 year at Wimbledon and for a while on the Virginia Slims circuit and in American Colleges . The other type of tiebreaker Van Alen introduced is the `` 12 - point '' tiebreaker that is most familiar and widely used today . Because it ends as soon as either player or team reaches 7 points -- provided that that player or team leads the other at that point by at least two points -- it can actually be over in as few as 7 points . However , because the winning player or team must win by a margin of at least two points , a `` 12 - point '' tiebreaker may go beyond 12 points -- sometimes well beyond . That is why Van Alen derisively likened it to a `` lingering death '' , in contrast to the 9 - point ( or fewer ) `` sudden - death tiebreaker '' that he recommended and preferred . The impetus to use some kind of a tie - breaking procedure gained force after a monumental 1969 struggle at Wimbledon between Pancho Gonzales and Charlie Pasarell . This was a 5 - set match that lasted five hours and 12 minutes and took 2 days to complete . In the fifth set the 41 - year - old Gonzales won all seven match points that Pasarell had against him , twice coming back from 0 -- 40 deficits . The final score was 22 -- 24 , 1 -- 6 , 16 -- 14 , 6 -- 3 , 11 -- 9 for Gonzales . The tiebreaker gave tennis a definite `` finish line '' . In what follows , the `` final set '' means the fifth set for best - of - five matches , and the third set for best - of - three matches . In 1971 , the nine - point tiebreaker was introduced at Wimbledon ( the first scoring change at Wimbledon in 94 years ) . In 1972 , Wimbledon put into effect a 12 - point tiebreaker when the score in a set reached 8 -- 8 in games unless the set was one in which one of the players could achieve a match victory by winning it . In 1979 , Wimbledon changed their rules so that a ( 12 - point ) tiebreak would be played once any set except the final set reached 6 -- 6 in games . In 1989 , the Davis Cup adopted the tie - break in all sets except for the final set , and then extended it to the final set starting in 2016 . In 2001 , the Australian Open replaced the deciding third set of mixed doubles with an eighteen - point `` match tiebreak '' ( first to ten points and win by two points wins the match ) . Despite some criticism of the change by fans and former pros , the US Open and the French Open have since gone on to join the Australian Open in using the same format for mixed doubles . Wimbledon continues to play a traditional best of three match , requiring an advantage set for the third set . Tie - break sets are now nearly universal in all levels of play , for all sets in a match ; however , the tie - break is not a compulsory element in any set , and the actual formatting of sets and tie - breaks depends on the tournament director in tournaments , and , in private matches , on the players ' agreement before play begins . Tie - breaks are not used in the final set in the Australian Open for singles , the French Open for singles , Wimbledon , or the Fed Cup , nor were they used for final sets in Davis Cup play or the Olympics before 2016 . The US Open now uses a tiebreak in the final set , both in singles and in doubles , and is the only major tournament to use a tiebreak in the final set for singles . However , the Australian Open and French Open do now use a final set tiebreak in both men 's and women 's doubles . Alternative set scoring format ( edit ) While traditional sets continue until a player wins at least six games by a margin of at least two games there are some alternative set scoring formats in use . A common alternative set format is the eight or nine game pro set . Instead of playing until one player reaches six games with a margin of two games , one plays until one player wins eight or nine games with a margin of two games . A tie - break is then played at eight or nine games all . While the format is not used in modern professional matches or recognized by the ITF rules , it was supposedly used in early professional tours . It is commonly utilized in various amateur leagues and high school tennis as a shorter alternative to a best of three match , but longer than a traditional tie - break set . In addition , eight game pro sets were used during doubles for all Division I college dual matches , until the 2014 - 2015 season . Another alternative set format are so called `` short sets '' where the first to four games to win by two games . In this format a tie - break is played at four games all . The ITF experimented with this format in low level Davis Cup matches , but the experiment was not continued . Nevertheless , this alternative remains as an acceptable alternative in the ITF rules of Tennis . Another alternative set format is seen in World Team Tennis where the winner of a set is the first to win five games and a nine - point tie - break is played at 4 -- 4 . Match score ( edit ) Description ( edit ) Most singles matches consist of an odd number of sets , the match winner being the player who wins more than half of the sets . The match ends as soon as this winning condition is met . Men 's singles and doubles matches may consist of up to five sets ( the winner being the first to take the majority of total allocated sets ) while women 's singles matches are usually best of three sets . Doubles matches ( including mixed doubles ) are usually best of three sets , with a Super Tiebreak to ten points played if the score reaches a set all . While the alternation of service between games continues throughout the match without regard to sets , the ends are changed after each odd game within a set ( including the last game ) . If , for example , the second set of a match ends with the score at 6 -- 3 , 1 -- 6 , the ends are changed as the last game played was the 7th ( odd ) game of the set and in spite of it being the 16th ( even ) game of the match . Notably , in situations where a set ends with an odd game , back to back games see change of ends -- i.e. , ends are changed before and after the first game of the following set . A tiebreaker game is treated as a single game for the purposes of this alternation . Since tiebreakers always result in a score of 7 -- 6 , there is always a court change after the tiebreaker . The score of a complete match may be given simply by sets won , or with the scores of each set given separately . In either case , the match winner 's score is stated first . In the former , shorter form , a match might be listed as 3 -- 1 ( i.e. three sets to one ) . In the latter form , this same match might be further described as `` 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 '' . ( As noted above , an alternate form of writing the tiebreak score lists only the loser 's score -- e.g. , `` 7 -- 6 '' for the fourth set in the example . ) This match was won three sets to one , with the match loser winning the second set on a tiebreaker . The numbers in parentheses , normally included in printed scorelines but omitted when spoken , indicate the duration of the tiebreaker following a given set . Here , the match winner lost the second - set tiebreaker 7 -- 4 and won the fourth - set tiebreaker 8 -- 6 . Total points won ( edit ) Because tennis is scored set by set and game by game , a player may lose a match despite winning the majority of points and / or games played . Consider a player who wins six games in each of two sets , all by a score of game -- 30 . The winner has scored 4 × 12 = 48 points and the loser 2 × 12 = 24 . Suppose also that the loser wins four games in each set , all by a score of game - love . The loser has scored 4 × 8 = 32 points and the winner zero in those games . The final score is a win by 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 ; total points 48 -- 56 . An example of this in actual practice was the record - breaking Isner - Mahut match in the Wimbledon first round , 22 -- 24 June 2010 . American John Isner beat Nicolas Mahut of France 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 70 -- 68 -- Mahut winning a total of 502 points to Isner 's 478 . Total games won ( edit ) Likewise , a player may lose a match despite winning the majority of games played ( or win a match despite losing the majority of games ) . Roger Federer won the 2009 Wimbledon final over Andy Roddick ( 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 16 -- 14 ) despite Roddick 's winning more games ( 39 , versus Federer 's 38 ) . Announcing the score ( edit ) When playing a match , usually its best to report each score out loud with your opponent this avoids conflicts . But at times you forget to do it , only when there is no judge , its not required . During a game , the server has the responsibility to announce the game score before serving . This is done by announcing the server 's score first . If , for example , the server loses the first three points of his or her service game , he or she would say `` love -- 40 '' . This is to be done every time . After a set is complete , the server , before serving for the first game of the next set , announces the set scores so far completed in the match , stating his or her own scores first . If the server has won the first two sets and is beginning the third , he or she would say , `` two -- love , new set . '' If the server had lost the first two sets , he or she would say , `` love -- two , new set . '' Finally , after the completion of the match , either player , when asked the score , announces his or her own scores first . As an example , consider a match between Victoria Azarenka and Ana Ivanovic . Azarenka wins the first set 6 -- 4 , Ivanovic wins the next set 7 -- 6 , and Azarenka wins the final set 6 -- 0 . At the end of each set , the umpire would announce the winner of each set : Game , first set , Azarenka . Game , second set , Ivanovic . At the completion of the match , the result would be announced as : Game , set , match , ( Victoria ) Azarenka , two sets to one , six -- four , six -- seven , six -- love . The result would be written as : Victoria Azarenka defeated Ana Ivanovic 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 0 The score is always written and announced in respect to the winner of the match . The score of the tiebreak is not included in announcing the final result ; it is simply said `` seven -- six '' or `` six -- seven '' regardless of the score in the tiebreak . If a match ends prematurely due to one player retiring or being disqualified ( defaulting ) , the partial score at that point is announced as the final score , with the remaining player as the nominal winner . For instance , the result in the final of the 2012 Aegon Championships is written : Marin Čilić defeated David Nalbandian 6 -- 7 , 4 -- 3 ( default ) Variations and slang ( edit ) During informal play of tennis , especially at tennis clubs in the U.S. ( also in other English speaking countries ) , score announcements are frequently shortened with the use of abbreviations . For example , a score 15 is replaced with `` five '' , or in some cases `` fif '' . Similarly , the scores of 30 and 40 may sometimes be spoken as `` three '' or `` four '' respectively . A score of 15 - all may sometimes be announced as `` fives . '' To further confuse score announcements , a score of 30 - all ( 30 -- 30 ) may often be called `` deuce '' , and the following point referred to as `` ad in '' or `` ad out '' ( or `` my ad '' or `` your ad '' ) , depending on which player ( or team ) won the point . The logic for this is that a 30 - all score is effectively the same as deuce ( 40 -- 40 ) . Scorecards ( edit ) Sample scorecard , from Isner -- Mahut at Wimbledon 2010 For formal scorekeeping , the official scoring the match ( e.g. the chair umpire ) fills out a scorecard , either on paper or electronically . The scorecard allows the official to record details for each point , as well as rule violations and other match information . Standard markings for each point are : ⁄ -- point won A -- point won via ace D -- point won via double - fault C -- point won via code violation T -- point won via time violation An additional dot is marked in a score box to indicate a missed first serve fault . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ITF , `` Rules of Tennis 2010 '' p. 5 http://www.itftennis.com/shared/medialibrary/pdf/original/IO_46376_original.PDF Last visited : 11 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Friend at Court ( PDF ) . United States Tennis Association . 2013 . p. 7 . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitman , Malcolm ( 2004 ) . `` The Mystery of Fifteen in Scoring '' . Tennis : Origin and mysteries ( reprint of 1932 ed . ) . Dover Publications . Jump up ^ `` The Baltimore Sun : A scoring system you have to love '' . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Hart , Jay . `` Yahoo Sports : So What 's Up With The Strange Scoring System ? '' . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Milham , Willis I. Time and Timekeepers . New York : MacMillan . p. 195 . ISBN 0 - 7808 - 0008 - 7 . Jump up ^ Françoise Bonnefoy ( 1991 ) . Jeu de Paume : History . Réunion des musées nationaux . p. 42 . ISBN 9782908901016 . Jump up ^ Palmatier , Robert . Speaking of animals : a dictionary of animal metaphors , page 245 ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Horn , Geoffrey . Rafael Nadal , page 13 ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Bondt , Cees de ( 1993 ) Heeft yemant lust met bal , of met reket te spelen ... ? Hilversum : Uitgeverij Verloren p. 10 Jump up ^ Collynshum , Cirt Frijk ( 1971 ) Brikt noordjest tennis ul areven Kreb. : Steken of en lad Verk p. 132 Jump up ^ USTA ( n.d. ) . `` Improving your game : Scoring '' . United States Tennis Association . Retrieved 21 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USTA : Improve Your Game '' . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WTT Rules '' . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , ITF `` Rules of Tennis 2010 '' , Appendix IV -- Alternative Procedures and Scoring Methods Jump up ^ ITF , `` Rules of Tennis 2010 '' p. 6 http://www.itftennis.com/shared/medialibrary/pdf/original/IO_46376_original.PDF Last visited : 22 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Last visited 22 April 2010 '' ( PDF ) . usta.com . Retrieved 29 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tennis Score Solutions . Tie - Breaker Scoring . Playing a ' 7 Point Tiebreak ' '' . tennistips.org . Retrieved 29 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fein , Paul ( 29 March 2018 ) . `` Tennis Confidential : Today 's Greatest Players , Matches , and Controversies '' . Potomac Books , Inc . Retrieved 29 March 2018 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ USTA Midwest , http://www.midwest.usta.com/content/custom.sps?iType=1435&icustompageid=2647 Jump up ^ CNNSI.com , `` Reactions : Mixed doubles , Responses overwhelmingly against new format '' http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/your_turn/news/2001/01/16/reactions_mixeddoubles/ Last visited : 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What They 're Saying about Tiebreakers Replacing Third Sets ... '' http://www.tennisconfidential.com/articles6.htm Last visited : 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Improving your game Scoring http://www.usta.com/Improve-Your-Game/Rules/Rules-and-Line-Calls/Scoring/ Jump up ^ Rules of Tennis 2010 http://www.itftennis.com/shared/medialibrary/pdf/original/IO_46376_original.PDF Jump up ^ `` Wimbledon Championships Website '' . Wimbledon.org. 1998 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Why do club players say `` five '' not `` fifteen '' when scoring ? - Talk Tennis `` . Tt.tennis-warehouse.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` USTA Chair Umpire Handbook '' ( PDF ) . usta.com . Retrieved 29 March 2018 . References ( edit ) Faulkner , Trish & Lemelman , Vivian , The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Tennis . New York : Macmillan Publishing , 1999 . ( hide ) Tennis ITF History Glossary Match types Statistics Players Umpires Women 's tennis Basics General Scoring system point Strategy grips serve and volley Equipment ball racket strings Official Technology electronic line judge hawk - eye cyclops Courts Carpet Clay Grass Hard Shots Backhand Backspin Drop shot Flat Forehand Groundstroke Half volley Lob Passing shot Serve ace Smash Topspin Volley Grand Slams Events Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Stats Records Singles finals Professional tours Men ATP World Tour ATP Challenger Tour ITF Men 's Circuit Women WTA Tour WTA 125K series ITF Women 's Circuit Team tennis tournaments Active Davis Cup Fed Cup Hopman Cup Laver Cup World TeamTennis Defunct Wightman Cup World Team Cup Champions Tennis League International Premier Tennis League Multi-sport events Intercontinental Olympics Youth Olympics Universiade Commonwealth Island Mediterranean Continental All - Africa Asian Pacific Pan American Outline Portal WikiCommons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennis_scoring_system&oldid=835711698 '' Categories : Tennis Tennis terminology Scoring ( sport ) Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 09 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does tennis go to a tie break | [
"A tennis match is composed of points, games, and sets. A set consists of a number of games (a minimum of six), which in turn each consist of points. A set is won by the first side to win 6 games, with a margin of at least 2 games over the other side (e.g. 6–3 or 7–5). There is usually a tie-break if the set is tied at six games per player. A match is won when a player or a doubles team wins the majority of prescribed sets. Matches employ either a best-of-three or best-of-five set format. The best-of-five set format is typically only played in the men's singles or doubles matches at Majors and Davis Cup matches."
] | [
"usually a tie-break if the set is tied at six games per player"
] |
-4137419799542539319 | Big Brother 20 (U.S.) | Big Brother 20 ( U.S. ) - wikipedia Big Brother 20 ( U.S. ) Big Brother ◄ Season 20 ( 2018 ) show HouseGuests Name Entered Exited Kaycee Day 1 Day 99 Tyler Day 1 Day 99 JC Day 1 Day 99 Angela Day 1 Day 93 Sam Day 1 Day 91 Brett Day 1 Day 86 Haleigh Day 1 Day 86 Scottie Day 1 Day 72 Day 65 Day 79 Faysal Day 1 Day 72 Rockstar Day 1 Day 58 Bayleigh Day 1 Day 51 Rachel Day 1 Day 44 Kaitlyn Day 1 Day 37 Winston Day 1 Day 30 Swaggy C Day 1 Day 23 Steve Day 1 Day 16 Winner $500,000 Evicted Runner - up ( $50,000 ) and America 's Favorite HouseGuest ( $25,000 ) Big Brother 20 is the twentieth season of the American reality television series Big Brother . It is based upon the Dutch series of the same name . It was renewed in August 2016 as part of a double renewal for seasons nineteen and twenty . Julie Chen , credited as Julie Chen Moonves from episode 35 onwards , returned as host . Sixteen new competitors , known as House Guests , were announced to be competing and their identities were released in June 2018 . Each week in the game , House Guests compete in a series of competitions and then vote to eliminate , or `` evict '' , one of their own until there are only two remaining . In the finale episode previous House Guests vote on who they think they should win the game with the House Guest who receives the most votes being declared the winner . The season premiered on June 27 , 2018 on CBS in the United States and is set to conclude on September 26 , 2018 consisting of forty episodes and lasting for 99 days , tying the eighteenth season to be the longest U.S. season to date . The season also received many controversies and criticisms throughout the season but received mostly positive viewing figures . Despite an uncertain future for the show , CBS began accepting applications for a future season in September 2018 . After 99 days in the Big Brother House , the September 26 , 2018 finale saw Kaycee Clark crowned the winner of Big Brother in a 5 -- 4 vote over Tyler Crispen . Contents 1 Production 1.1 Development 1.2 Prize 1.3 Main Twists 1.3. 1 BB App Store 1.3. 2 H@cker Competition 1.3. 3 Jury Battleback 2 HouseGuests 2.1 Other appearances 3 Episodes 3.1 Notes 4 Have - Nots 5 Voting history 5.1 Notes 6 Controversies and criticisms 7 Reception 7.1 Viewing figures 7.2 Uncertain future 8 References 9 External links Production Development The series was announced in August 2016 as part of a double renewal for Big Brother 19 and Big Brother 20 . Along with the series the 24 / 7 live feeds returned with a CBS All Access subscription and Big Brother : After Dark is also returned on Pop . The season is produced by Endemol Shine North America and Fly on the Wall Entertainment . Julie Chen returned as host and Allison Grodner as well as Rich Meehan returned as Executive Producers . CBS began allowing online applications in September 2017 , however open casting calls did not begin until March 2018 . Celebrity Big Brother winner and runner up Marissa Jaret Winokur and Ross Mathews host a new companion show known as Off the Block with Ross and Marissa following the end of former House Guest Jeff Schroeder 's Big Brother Live Chat . Prize The last remaining House Guest is set to receive a prize of $500,000 . Main twists This season 's main theme and twists centered on technology . BB App Store For the first three weeks , viewers were asked a series of questions about their opinions on the remaining House Guests . The House Guest who was named in the most overall answers was deemed the `` top trending '' House Guest of the week and earned a `` Power App '' , which would give them an advantage in the game , while the House Guest who was answered the least was deemed `` least trending '' was given a `` Crap App '' , which gave them a punishment . Once HouseGuests received an app , they were no longer eligible to receive one in the future . Week Top trending Power App Least trending Crap App Punishment Name Ability Status Sam Bonus Life To be used immediately after a HouseGuest is evicted from the house , this power will give that House Guest a chance to return to the game via a competition . This power must be used in the first three evictions , or else the fourth evicted House Guest will automatically be given the chance to return . Used ( by default ) Faysal Hamazon The House Guest will routinely be given packages of ham , which they must consume on arrival . ( As Faysal is Muslim , a vegetarian ham substitute was used instead . ) Tyler The Cloud The House Guest has the power to make themselves immune from nomination during one Nomination or Veto Ceremony of their choice over the following eight weeks . Not used Rachel Yell ! For 24 hours , an angry reviewer was unleashed into the house at random times to loudly give the House Guest feedback on their game . Bayleigh Identity Theft The House Guest can secretly replace the HoH 's nominations with two of their own . This does not affect replacement nominations and can be used until eight players remain . Not used Haleigh Read It ! Periodically throughout the week , the House Guest must wear a costume and read Hamlet in a Shakespearean accent . This punishment will continue until the entire play has been read . H@cker competition On Day 44 , following Rachel 's eviction , a new twist was unleashed on the HouseGuests called the `` H@cker Competition '' . It lets one HouseGuest hack the game for a week . After the nominations , all of the HouseGuests compete in a competition at the same time in different rooms , making the winner anonymous to the other HouseGuests . The winner of the competition is able to `` hack '' the game in three different ways . First , they can replace one of the Head of Household 's nominations and change it to someone of their choosing . Second , they get to select one of the three participants chosen for the Power of Veto competition . Finally , they can nullify one vote at the live eviction . Week H@cker Ability Action 6 Haleigh 1 . Replace one nomination 2 . Pick one veto player 3 . Nullify one eviction vote 1 . Took Scottie off the Block and nominated Tyler in his place 2 . Picked Kaycee to play in the veto 3 . Nullified Tyler 's vote during the live eviction 7 Kaycee 1 . Took herself off the Block and nominated Rockstar in her place 2 . Picked Tyler to play in the veto 3 . Nullified Faysal 's vote during the live eviction Jury battleback The first four jury members had the opportunity to battle each other for a chance to return to the game . The competition between Bayleigh , Rockstar , Scottie , and Faysal aired on August 30 , 2018 in episode 29 following the live eviction . Scottie was the winner and returned to the game . HouseGuests Main article : List of Big Brother 20 houseguests ( U.S. ) The cast of the twentieth season of Big Brother . Top : Kaycee , Faysal , Rockstar , Swaggy C and Steve Middle : Scottie , Kaitlyn , Brett , Bayleigh , Winston , Sam , Tyler and Haleigh Bottom : Rachel , JC and Angela The HouseGuests were announced on Monday , June 18 at 7 AM PDT through the CBS website . Name Age on entry Occupation Residence Angela Rummans 26 Fitness model Playa Vista , California Angie `` Rockstar '' Lantry 34 Stay - at - home mom Columbia , Maryland Bayleigh Dayton 25 Flight attendant Atlanta , Georgia Brett Robinson 25 Cybersecurity engineer Charlestown , Massachusetts Chris `` Swaggy C '' Williams 23 Day trader Bridgeport , Connecticut Faysal Shafaat 26 Substitute teacher Orlando , Florida Haleigh Broucher 21 College student College Station , Texas Joseph `` JC '' Mounduix 28 Professional dancer West Hollywood , California Kaitlyn Herman 24 Life coach Encino , California Kaycee Clark 30 Pro-football player Tempe , Arizona Rachel Swindler 29 Vegas entertainer Las Vegas , Nevada Samantha `` Sam '' Bledsoe 27 Welder Stuarts Draft , Virginia Scottie Salton 26 Shipping manager Chicago , Illinois Stephen `` Steve '' Arienta 40 Former undercover cop Wanaque , New Jersey Tyler Crispen 23 Lifeguard Hilton Head , South Carolina Winston Hines 28 Medical sales rep Bowling Green , Kentucky Other appearances All evicted HouseGuests appear on the Facebook Watch exclusive Off the Block with Ross and Marissa for an extended interview following their evictions. Tyler Crispen appeared in the second episode of TKO : Total Knock Out as a contestant . Crispen finished in third place and received $2,500 . Episodes No . overall No. in season Title Day ( s ) Original air date US viewers ( millions ) Rating / share ( 18 - 49 ) Week 1 667 `` Episode 1 '' Day 1 June 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 5.33 1.5 / 7 Sixteen new HouseGuests entered the newest version of the Big Brother House . After getting settled in the HouseGuests began formal introductions . Following formal introductions Julie informed the HouseGuests that the theme for the summer is `` Big Brother Technology '' and the first competition of the summer began . Safety Competition -- Part 1 ( `` The Trash Folder '' ) : There are 7 folders hidden inside of the `` supercomputer '' . 6 of the folders are labeled `` escape '' however , 1 of them is labeled `` escape and play '' . Each HouseGuest must collect a folder as fast as possible . The one who finds the `` escape and play '' folder moves on to face the winner of part 2 in part 3 of the competition . The HouseGuest who does not collect a folder suffers a punishment . Angela was the winner and Kaycee was the loser . Safety Competition -- Part 2 ( `` HouseGuest CAPTCHA '' ) : The HouseGuests must collect block letters from the pit below their tether which is constantly raising and lowering . Each HouseGuest must collect the correct letters and be the first one to spell `` HouseGuest '' on their platform . The first HouseGuest to correctly collect and spell `` HouseGuest '' moved on to face the winner of part 1 in part 3 of the competition . The last remaining HouseGuest will suffer a punishment . Swaggy C was the winner and Sam was the loser . Safety Competition -- Part 3 ( `` Surfing the BB Web '' ) : The winners of part 1 and part 2 faced off in this competition and must `` surf '' the web . The winner of this competition will have the opportunity to keep 8 HouseGuests including themselves safe from the first eviction . Swaggy C was the winner . Following the competitions Julie informed Swaggy C that of the four original groups that moved into the Big Brother house he must keep two of the groups safe . The punishments for the two losing HouseGuests were revealed . Kaycee received the `` Pinwheel of Doom '' punishment and is forced to wear a pinwheel unitard . Whenever the pinwheel spins she must stay in the room she is currently in until it stops spinning . Sam is forced to occasionally play the game as a robot , when the words `` Robot online '' are announced she plays the game as a robot , but when the words `` Robot offline '' are announced she plays the game as a human . Both punishments are in effect until the first live eviction . Swaggy C chose to keep groups 3 and 4 safe from eviction . 668 `` Episode 2 '' Days 2 - 5 June 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 5.13 1.4 / 6 Head of Household ( `` Microchip Mayhem '' ) : When the competition starts HouseGuests must cross their beam and collect a `` deletion dot '' . Once they have collected one they must cross back , place it inside another HouseGuests tube , and repeat . When a HouseGuest has 10 deletion dots inside their tube they are eliminated from the competition . Tyler was the winner and became the first HoH of the season . On Day 5 , Tyler nominated Sam and Steve for eviction . 669 `` Episode 3 '' Days 5 - 9 July 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) 4.78 1.2 / 6 Following nominations Sam has a one on one conversation with the other HouseGuests . As the HoH , Tyler was forced to chose the first four Have - Nots of the season . Kaitlyn volunteered and Tyler chose Brett , Scottie , and Winston to be the remaining Have - Nots . Each week in the new BB App Store the most trending HouseGuest will receive a power to help them in the Big Brother game . However , the least trending HouseGuest each week will receive a punishment . Each HouseGuest may only receive a power in the BB App Store once . Faysal was the least trending HouseGuest and received the Hamazon punishment , throughout the week Hamazon will deliver a fresh plate of ham which Faysal must eat in full . Meanwhile , Sam was the top trending HouseGuest and received Bonus Life power , this gives Sam or a HouseGuest of her choice the chance to return to the game if evicted . The power is only good through the first four evictions and if Sam does not use it by the third eviction then the fourth evicted HouseGuest automatically has the chance to return to the game . 670 `` Episode 4 '' Days 9 - 12 July 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 04 ) 3.95 0.9 / 5 The HouseGuests begin speculating who received the Power App as Faysal receives non-stop delivery 's of Hamazon Swine . Power of Veto ( `` VimeBro Studios '' ) : The competition was played in five rounds . In each round the losing competitor is eliminated from the competition . The competitors were Tyler , Sam , Steve , Scottie , Swaggy C , and Faysal . Stage 1 ( `` Snake Bite Pit '' ) : When `` action '' is said the competitors must reach into a snake pit and pull out a like icon . Once they have a like icon they must place it in their corresponding score card . When a HouseGuest has three like icons in their score card they are finished with that stage . The last HouseGuest who does not have three like icons or the HouseGuest with the least amount of like icons after five minutes is eliminated . Scottie was eliminated following Stage 1 . Stage 2 ( `` Polar Plunge '' ) : When the competition begins the HouseGuests must plunge to the bottom of an arctic pool and retrieve a like icon . Once they have a like icon they must place it in their corresponding score card . When a HouseGuest has ten like icons in their score card they are finished with that stage . The last HouseGuest who does not have ten like icons is eliminated . Swaggy C was eliminated following Stage 2 . Stage 3 ( `` Human Canvas '' ) : When `` action '' is said the HouseGuests must stand on a post as they are fired at with paint balls . When told to do so they must move forward to a smaller post . The first HouseGuest to touch the ground is eliminated from the competition . Steve was eliminated following Stage 3 . Stage 4 ( `` Electricity in the Air '' ) : When the competition starts HouseGuests must transfer balls one at a time using their device from the start to their scoreboard . However , the HouseGuests are schocked with shocking collars while attempting to transport their balls . When a HouseGuest collects ten balls they are finished . The last HouseGuest remaining is eliminated from the competition . Sam was eliminated following Stage 4 . Stage 5 ( `` Sloda '' ) : When the competition begins the HouseGuests goal are to find and match the top three flavors to `` Sloda '' , a soda version of slop . Once done they must place them in the corresponding order . The first HouseGuest to place the three flavors in the corresponding order will win the Power of Veto . Faysal was the winner and received the Power of Veto . At the Veto Meeting , Faysal chose not to use the PoV , thus keeping the nominations the same . 671 5 `` Episode 5 '' Days 12 - 16 July 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 05 ) 4.96 1.3 / 6 Ahead of the first eviction , with a split house , alliances begin attempting to secure votes for their side . On Day 16 , by a vote of 7 - 6 , Steve was the first HouseGuest to be evicted from the Big Brother house . Head of Household ( `` Land a Job '' ) : When the competition starts HouseGuests must step up to the launch pad and launch their ball into the new town of `` San Brosé '' The building the ball lands on has a corresponding salary . The HouseGuest with the highest salary after everyone has launched their balls became the new HoH . Kaitlyn was the winner and became the second HoH of the season . Week 2 672 6 `` Episode 6 '' Days 16 - 17 July 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 08 ) 5.11 1.3 / 6 Following the HoH competition Kaitlyn begins strategizing her nominations . The BB App Store opens for business again . Rachel was the least trending while Tyler was the most trending HouseGuest . Rachel received the `` Yell ! '' Crap App , periodically throughout the next twenty - four hours an angry reviewer was released into the house to give her feedback . Tyler received `` The Cloud '' Power App , this gives him the opportunity to make himself immune from one nomination ceremony of veto meeting throughout the next eight weeks . Kaitlyn nominated Scottie and Winston for eviction 673 7 `` Episode 7 '' Days 17 - 20 July 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) 5.43 1.5 / 7 Following nominations the HouseGuests prepared to compete in the Power of Veto competition The HouseGuests picked to compete in the Veto competition were Kaitlyn , Scottie , Winston , Faysal , Rachel , and Tyler . The HouseGuests then received a visit from Big Brother 19 HouseGuests and winners of the 30th season of The Amazing Race , Jessica Graf and Cody Nickson , who hosted the Power of Veto competition . Power of Veto ( `` HouseGuestsOnly.com '' ) : When the competition begins players must review dating profiles of former HouseGuests . Once reviewed they must place the former HouseGuests in their ideal dating location . Once all former HouseGuests are placed they must hit the buzzer . If all former HouseGuests are correctly placed their time gets locked in however , if they are incorrect they must try again until they are all correctly placed . If a HouseGuest takes longer than twenty minutes to correctly place all HouseGuests tey are automatically eliminated . The HouseGuest with the fastest time won the Power of Veto. Tyler was the winner with a time of 5 minutes and 29 seconds . Rachel then begins receiving visits from her angry reviewer as a result of her Crap App from the BB App Store . At the Veto Ceremony Tyler chose to use the PoV to remove Scottie from the block . On Day 20 , Kaitlyn then named Swaggy C as the replacement nominee . 674 8 `` Episode 8 '' Days 20 - 23 July 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 12 ) 5.32 1.5 / 6 Following the Veto Ceremony Swaggy C and Winston both begin campaigning for votes . The HouseGuests then cast their votes on who the want to evict . On Day 23 , by a vote of 8 - 4 , Swaggy C was the second HouseGuest to be evicted from the Big Brother house . Head of Household ( `` Product Launch '' ) : The competing HouseGuests watched a two videos about product launches for `` Pineapple , Inc . '' . Julie then asked the HouseGuests a series of questions where the answer is either true or false . If a HouseGuest answered incorrectly they were eliminated from the competition . The last HouseGuest remaining became the next Head of Household . If two HouseGuests remain at the end the game would enter tiebreaker mode . Rachel and Scottie remained at the end . Both HouseGuests were given whiteboards and the answer to the final question was a number . The HouseGuest who came closest to the correct answer without going over would become the next HoH . If both HouseGuests went over the who was closest to the number would be the winner . Scottie was the winner and became the third HoH of the season . Week 3 675 9 `` Episode 9 '' Days 23 - 24 July 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) 5.19 1.4 / 6 Following Swaggy 's eviction the BB App Store opened for the final time . Inside , Haleigh was the least trending HouseGuest and received the `` Read It ! '' Crap App . When told to read Haleigh must dress up in a costume , report to a specified room , and read Hamlet until told to stop . This punishment will continue until the entire book is read . Meanwhile , Bayleigh was the most trending HouseGuest and received the `` Identity Theft '' Power App . This power allows her to secretly chose the nominees for the week . On Day 24 , Scottie nominated Brett and Winston for eviction . 676 10 `` Episode 10 '' Days 24 - 27 July 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 18 ) 5.24 1.4 / 6 Following nominations the HouseGuests picked players for the Veto Competition . The competitors were Scottie , Brett , Winston , Tyler , Rachel , and Rockstar . Power of Veto ( `` Mamma Mia ! Madness '' ) : When the competition starts the HouseGuests must grab onto their disco ball and spin 15 times to set 30 seconds on their clock . They must then run acros the playing field and build a tower of champagne glasses . Before the clock runs out they must run back and spin again to get another 30 seconds . If their clock runs out before they make it back they are eliminated from the competition . However , if they volunteer to be a have - not for the week they may re-enter the competition . The first HouseGuest to successfully build their tower won the Power of Veto and a trip for 2 to the Greek islands . Scottie was the winner and received the PoV . Meanwhile , Haleigh begins suffering from her Crap App punishment . Brett and Winston begin campaigning to Scottie in an attempt to get him to take one of them off of the block . Scottie informs Kaitlyn of their secret meeting causing confrontation throughout the house . At the Veto Ceremony , Scottie chose not to use the PoV thus keeping his nominations the same . 677 11 `` Episode 11 '' Days 27 - 30 July 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 19 ) 5.58 1.6 / 7 Following the Veto Ceremony each side of the house begins looking for votes . The HouseGuests voted in the live vote and eviction . On Day 30 , by a vote of 6 - 5 , Winston was the third HouseGuest to be evicted from the Big Brother house . Following Winston 's eviction , a major confrontation occurs between Rockstar and Brett due to his eviction speech . Head of Household ( `` Out On A Limb '' ) : In this competition each participating HouseGuest must stand on a peg attached to their tree and hold on as long as possible . Throughout the competition the trees move and water is sprayed on the HouseGuests . The last HouseGuest to remain on their tree will become the next Head of Household . Week 4 678 12 `` Episode 12 '' Days 27 , 30 - 31 July 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 22 ) 5.45 1.5 / 6 Head of Household ( `` Out On A Limb '' ) : During the competition honey and feathers also begin to spray at the HouseGuests . Sam was the last HouseGuest remaining on their tree and became the fourth HoH of the season . Tensions begin to flare throughout the house between different HouseGuests following the eviction . The episode also covered a major controversy between HouseGuests JC and Bayleigh following an incident where JC used the n - word in a conversation which Bayleigh took as offensive . On Day 31 , Sam nominated Haleigh and Kaitlyn for eviction . 679 13 `` Episode 13 '' Days 31 - 34 July 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 25 ) 5.69 1.5 / 6 Sam 's nomination reasoning begins causing friction throughout the house . The HouseGuests then picked players for the Power of Veto competition . The competitors were Sam , Haleigh , Kaitlyn , JC , Rockstar , and Faysal . Former Big Brother HouseGuest , Rachel Reilly , entered the house to host the PoV competition . Power of Veto ( `` Chop Bonk Spank '' ) : Inspired by Big Brother 19 's `` Punch , Slap , Kick '' and sponsored by the fictional `` Bro Fund Me '' , HouseGuests must stand on their target as Rachel randomly played sequences which Chomped , Bonked , and Spanked them . Rachel then asked the HouseGuests a question based on the sequence . Each correct answer earned the HouseGuest a point . The HouseGuest with the most points at the end of the game was the winner . After 7 rounds , Faysal was the winner with 7 points and received the Power of Veto . At the Veto Ceremony , Fessy chose to use the PoV on Haleigh . Sam chose Rockstar to become the replacement nominee . She then informed the rest of the HouseGuests about her Bonus Life Power App . 680 14 `` Episode 14 '' Days 34 - 37 July 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 26 ) 5.44 1.5 / 6 Following the Veto Ceremony , Faysal gets caught in the middle of Haleigh and Kaitlyn . The HouseGuests then participated in the live vote eviction by voting on who they wished to evict from the house . On Day 37 , by a vote of 9 - 1 , Kaitlyn was the fourth HouseGuest to be evicted from the Big Brother house . However , due to Sam not using her Bonus Life Power App the evictee was automatically offered chance to win re-entry into the game . Bonus Life Competition ( `` Outside The House '' ) : In the Bonus Life Competition Kaitlyn must disassemble the life - sized puzzle of herself and must reassemble the puzzle on the opposite side of the fictional house within two minutes and thirty seconds . When she believes the puzzle is correctly built she must hit the buzzer . If the puzzle is correctly built she will win re-enter into the game however , if it is incorrectly built she will have the opportunity to continue working until her time is up . Kaitlyn did not correctly build the puzzle and was the officially evicted from the house . Week 5 681 15 `` Episode 15 '' Days 37 - 38 July 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 29 ) 5.40 1.5 / 6 Head of Household ( `` Perfect Timing '' ) : In the Head of Household competition , the HouseGuests must sit on an email and slide from their outbox to their inbox . The HouseGuest with the closest time to 8 seconds will be the new Head of Household . Bayleigh , with a time of 8.08 seconds , was the winner . On Day 38 , Bayleigh nominated Brett and Rachel for eviction . 682 16 `` Episode 16 '' Days 38 - 41 August 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) 5.55 1.5 / 6 Power of Veto ( `` Goober Driver '' ) : In the Power of Veto competition , HouseGuests had to pave a road so they can give the four evicted HouseGuests a ride across town . The player who paves the road and gets the evicted HouseGuests to the other side of town the fastest wins the Power of Veto . Rachel , JC , and Sam timed out while Tyler won . Bayleigh shares with Rachel the fact that she has a Power App . After Tyler asks if Bayleigh would put Angela up if he uses the veto , Bayleigh tells Rachel that Tyler 's targetting Angela . Then , Rachel tells Angela about Tyler targetting her which she does n't believe . Angela tells Kaycee and she also thinks it 's false . Kaycee tells Tyler about this , Tyler talks with Angela , who all agree Rachel should be the target , not Brett . At the Veto Ceremony , Tyler chose to not use the PoV , thus keeping the nominations the same . 683 17 `` Episode 17 '' Days 41 - 44 August 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 02 ) 5.61 1.5 / 6 Ahead of eviction the show gives an update on Bayleigh 's family which includes Swaggy C meeting Bayleigh 's parents . The HouseGuests then participated in the live vote eviction by voting on who they wished to evict from the house . On Day 44 , by a vote of 5 - 4 , Rachel was the fifth HouseGuest to be evicted from the Big Brother house . Head of Household ( `` GIF That Keeps on Giving '' ) : Throughout the past week HouseGuests were shown gif 's of themselves at predetermined times . In the competition Julie asked HouseGuests true or false questions about the gif 's they viewed . Following the question the HouseGuests must lock in their answers . If they answer incorrectly they are eliminated from the competition . The last HouseGuest standing becomes the new Head of Household . If there are two HouseGuests remaining there will be a tie - breaker . Angela and Rockstar were the last two HouseGuest 's standing and participated in the tie - breaker . Julie asked a question to which the answer was a number . The HouseGuest with the closest answer without going over would be the next HoH . If both HouseGuests went over the one closest to the answer would become the HoH . Angela provided the closest answer without going over and became the sixth HoH of the season . Julie Chen announced after the Head of Household Competition about the `` H@cker Comp '' . Each week , the HouseGuests will compete to `` hack '' the week . She also announces the first competition will be on Sunday night 's nomination episode . Week 6 684 18 `` Episode 18 '' Days 44 - 45 August 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 05 ) 5.57 1.6 / 7 On Day 45 , Angela nominated Rockstar and Scottie for eviction and planned to backdoor Bayleigh . H@cker Competition ( `` Crack The Code '' ) : Over seven rounds , HouseGuests had to unscramble notorious Big Brother words in a certain amount of time . If a HouseGuest unscrambles a word correctly , they get one point . Haleigh became the first H@cker with four points . Haleigh took Scottie off the block and nominated Tyler in his place . 685 19 `` Episode 19 '' Days 45 - 48 August 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 08 ) 5.63 1.6 / 8 The H@cker , Haleigh , picked Kaycee to play in the Power of Veto competition . Power of Veto ( `` Boom Power Trip '' ) : In an elimination style , HouseGuests had to roll a ball back and forth for a set number of times . The HouseGuest who was not able to finish before everyone else was eliminated and received a prize or a punishment . After someone was eliminated , they could keep their prize or exchange it for anyone else 's prize . This went on until only one person remained . The HouseGuest who ended up with the Power of Veto was the winner . Angela ended up with the Power of Veto . At the Veto Ceremony , Anglea chose to use the PoV on Tyler and chose Rockstar to become the replacement nominee . 686 20 `` Episode 20 '' Days 48 - 51 August 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 09 ) 4.99 1.4 / 7 Haleigh calls a house meeting and tells everyone she was the H@cker . This sparks a fight between Bayleigh and Tyler . As part of the H@cker 's abilities , Haleigh chose to nullify Tyler 's vote during the live evictionThe HouseGuests then participated in the live vote eviction by voting on who they wished to evict from the house . On Day 51 , by a vote of 6 - 1 , Bayleigh was the sixth HouseGuest to be evicted from the Big Brother house and became the first member of the jury . Head of Household ( `` # HashtagTooLong '' ) : In a knockout elimination style , two players were challenged against each other to a multiple choice question . If the HouseGuest who rang in got it wrong , they were eliminated . If the HouseGuest was correct , the competitor was eliminated . The last remaining HouseGuest won the Head of Household . It came down to Haleigh and JC . Haleigh beat JC to become the next Head of Household . Week 7 687 21 `` Episode 21 '' Days 51 - 52 August 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 12 ) 5.74 1.6 / 8 Following the HoH competition , Haleigh and Rockstar discussed who should be nominated . They decided on putting Angela and Kaycee on the block in order to eventually backdoor Tyler . The Level 6 alliance tried to persuade Haleigh to nominate Sam instead of one of them . Then , Sam went to Haleigh after hearing that her closest allies were conspiring against her , so Haleigh spilled how Level 6 wanted Sam nominated . On Day 59 , Haleigh nominated Angela and Kaycee for eviction . H@cker Competition ( `` Hack the House '' ) : The HouseGuests are shown fragments of an image from cameras around the house . Then they have to identify which room the camera is from by examining the image it 's producing . If they correctly identify the room , they get one point . The HouseGuest who gets the most points after seven rounds becomes the final H@cker . Kaycee became the final H@cker with four points . Kaycee took herself off the block and nominated Rockstar in her place . 688 22 `` Episode 22 '' Days 52 - 55 August 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 15 ) 5.82 1.7 / 8 Rockstar , Haleigh , and Faysal talk about who the h@cker is . They start to believe it is Kaycee . The H@cker , Kaycee , picked Tyler to play in the Power of Veto competition . Power of Veto ( `` OTEV the Sneezy Skunk '' ) : In an elimination style , HouseGuests would receive a clue from a sick skunk to find two evicted HouseGuests ' names on medicine bottles . The last HouseGuest to get find the medicine bottle is eliminated . The last HouseGuest remaining would win the Power of Veto . During the Power of Veto , Tyler grabbed the wrong medicine bottle , but Rockstar accidentally told him the correct one , so Tyler was able to go back and grab the correct one before Haleigh found it . Tyler won the Power of Veto after Rockstar got the wrong answer . At the Veto Ceremony , Tyler chose to use the PoV on Angela . Haleigh chose Kaycee to become the replacement nominee . 689 23 `` Episode 23 '' Days 55 - 58 August 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 16 ) 5.71 1.7 / 8 Following the Power of Veto ceremony , Rockstar calls Angela `` entitled '' and says Kaycee `` was n't supposed to go home '' after believing she has the votes to stay . Rockstar talks with Brett to ensure his vote to evict Kaycee and keep Rockstar . After talking , Rockstar believes Brett is loyal to only Rockstar and no one else , making an alliance called Mr. and Mrs. Smith . In order to make sure Rockstar fully believes it , Brett helps Rockstar with her speech . After Rockstar talks with Faysal and Haleigh about having the numbers , Faysal calls Rockstar , Haleigh , and himself `` unevictable '' . As part of the H@cker 's abilities , Kaycee chose to nullify Faysal 's vote during the live eviction . On Day 58 , by a vote of 5 - 1 , Rockstar was the seventh HouseGuest to be evicted from the Big Brother house and became the second member of the jury . Head of Household ( `` Glow & Flow '' ) : HouseGuests will slide along a path where they have to fill up a bucket in order to retrieve a ball . There is also a second bucket where if you retrieve that ball , you win $5,000 . The first HouseGuest to fill up the first bucket will become the next Head of Household . Week 8 690 24 `` Episode 24 '' Days 58 - 59 August 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 19 ) 5.80 1.6 / 7 Head of Household ( `` Glow & Flow '' ) : Everyone except Faysal , Scottie , and Tyler have fallen out of the competition within the first fifteen minutes . Faysal became the eighth HoH of the season . JC makes the plan to pin Scottie as voting out Rockstar and not Kaycee , planning to say Brett was the one vote . After Faysal invites everyone to his HoH room , he asks them who the one vote to evict Kaycee was . Scottie claimed it , then Brett did right after . Kaycee backed Brett up by saying she `` felt the energy '' around him . Scottie laughed at Kaycee saying she was a bad actor and said their whole production was `` cute '' . The next day , JC continuted to try to convince Faysal that Scottie should be his real target by bringing up that Scottie wants Faysal out so he can be with Haleigh . On Day 59 , Faysal nominated Brett and Scottie for eviction . 691 25 `` Episode 25 '' Days 59 - 61 August 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 22 ) 5.70 1.6 / 8 On Day 60 , Zingbot went into the house to start the special Zingbot Competition . Power of Veto ( `` Zing - a-Lago '' ) : In this competition , HouseGuests had three minutes to individually hide their locked veto card in the House . Then , one at a time , HouseGuests entered the House and had one minute to attempt to find a veto card . If a HouseGuest 's veto card is found , they will be eliminated , though the owner of the veto cards will not be revealed until the end of the competition . The HouseGuest who hides their veto card the best will win the Power of Veto . Angela was knocked out first . Tyler was knocked out second . Haleigh was knocked out third . Faysal was knocked out fourth . It all came down to Brett and Scottie . Scottie was knocked out fifth . Brett won the Power of Veto . 692 26 `` Episode 26 '' Days 61 - 65 August 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 23 ) 5.61 1.6 / 8 At the Veto Ceremony , Brett chose to use the PoV on himself . Faysal chose Kaycee to become the replacement nominee . HouseGuests start to speculate if this will be the first unanimous vote . They also say that they will keep Scottie thinking that he has their votes . On Day 65 , by a unanimous vote , Scottie was the eighth HouseGuest to be evicted from the Big Brother house and became the third member of the jury . Head of Household ( `` Sweet Shot '' ) : HouseGuests have to search the candy pits for tickets inside the candies . HouseGuests exchange the candies with balls or give it to another HouseGuests . Then , they have to roll the balls in order to get a perfect shot at the end . If they do n't , the ball lands in a number 1 - 40 . The HouseGuest to the perfect shot first or get the highest number at the end of one hour wins Head of Household . Julie Chen announces that the three jury members plus a fourth member evicted this week will compete in Week 10 in a jury battleback . Week 9 693 27 `` Episode 27 '' Days 65 - 66 August 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 26 ) 5.67 1.6 / 7 Head of Household ( `` Sweet Shot '' ) : After one hour was over and no one had sunk the perfect shot , Angela won with a score of 39 . Haleigh walks in on Angela , Tyler , Kaycee , and Brett celebrating Angela 's HoH . Faysal continues to believe the alliance is genuine , but Haleigh believes she 's targetting them . Faysal continues to talk to her saying Angela `` is smarter than that '' and she will put Sam and a pawn up . Angela talks with Tyler to talk about who to nominate . She contemplates putting up Haleigh and Sam . Then , JC walks in and tells Angela that if either of them come down , she has to nominate one of her allies . Angela decides to stick with the plan of Faysal and Haleigh . On Day 66 , Angela nominated Faysal and Haleigh for eviction . 694 28 `` Episode 28 '' Days 66 - 69 August 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 29 ) 5.77 1.6 / 8 Faysal talks to the camera about how they had the power in the house for three weeks and all three weeks an alliance member went home . Haleigh says they are the worst Big Brother players ever . Power of Veto ( `` Mission to Planet Veto '' ) : When alien creatures fire at a HouseGuest , vetonium is also thrown at them . When the vetonium hits the ground , it is out of play . The round one vetonium is worth one point . The round two vetonium is worth two points . The round three vetonium is worth three points , although the HouseGuests have to catch it in their mouth . The HouseGuest to catch the most amount of vetonium wins the Power of Veto . Kaycee won the Power of Veto with 33 points with Faysal one point behind at 32 points . At the Veto Ceremony , Kaycee chose not to use the PoV . 695 29 `` Episode 29 '' Days 69 - 72 August 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 30 ) 4.54 1.3 / 5 Faysal and Haleigh both begin canvassing for votes to keep them safe for the week . The HouseGuests then participated in the live vote and eviction by voting who they wish to evict from the game . On Day 72 , by a vote of 4 - 1 , Faysal was the ninth HouseGuest to be evicted from the Big Brother house and became the fourth member of the jury . Following his eviction interview , Julie informed Faysal of his chance to return to the game via the Jury Battle Back . She then informed the remaining HouseGuests of the same thing . Jury Battleback ( `` Big Top Drop '' ) : When the competition begins the evicted HouseGuests must run and collect a ball that corresponds to their color . They must then return to their podium and drop the ball in their tube . The first evicted HouseGuest to fill their tube all the way must run to the other side and hit their buzzer . The first evictee to do such will return to the game . Scottie was the winner . On Day 72 , Scottie returned to the Big Brother house for another chance to win the game . Week 10 696 30 `` Episode 30 '' Days 72 - 73 September 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 02 ) 4.66 1.3 / 7 Head of Household ( `` High in the Sky '' ) : HouseGuests have to stand with both feet on disks spinning through the backyard . The last HouseGuest to remain on their disk would win the Head of Household . Throughout the competition , they would be hit by pie , squirted with ketchup and mustard , and showered in feathers . Tyler stayed on for the longest time and won the Head of Household . On Day 73 , Tyler nominated Scottie and Haleigh for eviction . 697 31 `` Episode 31 '' Days 73 - 76 September 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 05 ) 5.52 1.6 / 8 Power of Veto ( `` Control Your Emojis '' ) : HouseGuests have to grab an `` emoji '' , walk across a seesaw , and place the emoji in the message bubble . If one or more emojis fell out of their message bubble , the HouseGuest had to restart . The first HouseGuest to have all of their emojis in the message bubble and hit the button would win the Power of Veto . Kaycee was the winner . At the Veto Ceremony , Kaycee chose not to use the PoV . 698 32 `` Episode 32 '' Days 76 - 79 September 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 06 ) 5.21 1.5 / 6 On Day 79 , by a unanimous vote of 5 - 0 , Scottie was re-evicted from the Big Brother house . He became the tenth HouseGuest to be evicted and re-joined the jury as the fourth member . Head of Household ( `` Shell or Highwater '' ) : The HouseGuests have three minutes to maneuver pearls down the seaweed plant one at the time . The first HouseGuest to get all three pearls into the oysters and buzz in , or whoever sank the most pearls after three minutes will become the new HOH . Kaycee was the winner . Julie then told home viewers that Week 11 would have a double eviction episode . Week 11 699 33 `` Episode 33 '' Days 79 - 80 September 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 09 ) 5.48 1.6 / 6 Big Brother 16 HouseGuest and winner of Big Brother 18 Nicole Franzel visited the house to host a Luxury Competition . In reality , it was part of fellow Big Brother 18 HouseGuest and boyfriend Victor Arroyo 's plan to surprise her with a proposal , which she accepted . Then , former Big Brother HouseGuests , Derrick Levasseur , Britney Haynes , Daniele Donato , Josh Martinez and Paul Abrahamian arrived at the house to celebrate Victor & Nicole 's engagement . On Day 80 , Kaycee nominated Haleigh and Sam for eviction . 700 34 `` Episode 34 '' Days 80 - 83 September 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 12 ) 5.70 1.5 / 7 Power of Veto ( `` BB Comics '' ) : One at the time , the HouseGuests must climb a ladder and zip line slowly to view a window with comic books situated behind them . Down below , the players must precisely replicate the comics in order . There are , however , fake comic books in the pile of comics to choose from , so players have to be careful . Kaycee was the winner . Kaycee chose not to use the POV , keeping nominations the same . 701 35 `` Episode 35 '' Days 83 - 86 September 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 13 ) 5.57 1.6 / 7 The HouseGuests begin planning on who they wish to evict . Julie then informs the HouseGuests of the double eviction . The HouseGuests then participate in the first live vote and eviction for the evening by voting on who they wish to evict from the Big Brother house . On Day 86 , by a unanimous vote of 4 - 0 , Haleigh became the eleventh HouseGuest to be evicted from the game and also became the fifth member of the jury . Head of Household ( `` Buffering '' ) : Throughout the day HouseGuests were shown videos of past competitions . In this competition HouseGuests were shown the videos again however , at a certain part the video stops , or `` buffers '' , and the HouseGuests must answer a multiple choice question about the video before the remainder is shown . If the HouseGuests guess correctly they receive a point . The HouseGuest with the most point with the most points after seven rounds became the next Head of Household. Tyler was the winner with six points and became the next HoH . With only a few moments to strategize , Tyler immediately chose to nominate JC and Sam for eviction . Power of Veto ( `` Block and Roll '' ) : When the competition begins the HouseGuests must strategically place blocks in order to roll their ball down their tube and into a hole on the other end of their playing board . The first HouseGuest to do so won the Power of Veto . Angela was the winner . Angela chose to use the PoV by removing JC from the block . Tyler then nominated Brett as the replacement nominee . On Day 86 , by a unanimous vote of 3 - 0 , Brett was also evicted from the Big Brother house . He became the twelfth HouseGuest to be evicted and joined the jury as the sixth member . Week 12 702 36 `` Episode 36 '' N / A September 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 16 ) 6.36 1.7 / 6 Bebe Rexha surprises the HouseGuests with a private concert in the backyard . Head of Household : Angela was the winner . Angela nominated JC and Sam for eviction . 703 37 `` Episode 37 '' Days N / A-91 September 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 19 ) 5.56 1.5 / 7 Julie informed the HouseGuests that eviction night had come early . Power of Veto : Kaycee was the winner . Kaycee decided not to use the PoV keeping nominations the same . On Day 91 , by a unanimous vote of 2 - 0 , Sam was evicted from the Big Brother house . She became the thirteenth HouseGuest to be evicted and joined the jury as the seventh member . Head of Household ( `` What the Bleep '' ) : In this competition , Julie showed the competing HouseGuests clips of the show from throughout the summer that included conversations or speeches from evicted HouseGuests . However , one word or phrase was `` bleeped '' out and the HouseGuests must choose the correct word or phrase from two answers . The HouseGuests were then shown the rest of the clip . Answering correctly earns the competitors a point . The HouseGuest with the most points at the end became the winner . JC had the most points and became the next Head of Household . 704 38 `` Episode 38 '' Days 91 - 92 September 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 20 ) 5.68 1.5 / 7 JC nominated Angela and Tyler for eviction . Scottie and Haleigh are then shown entering the jury house as the jurors watch the competitions in the week of Scottie 's and Haleigh 's eviction . Brett and Sam are also shown entering the jury house and their competitions in the week of their evictions are also shown . Power of Veto ( `` Down to the Wires '' ) : '' In the final PoV competition of the season , the HouseGuests were asked questions about the summer . They then must use their wire to raise a random number of balls up and drop it in the thumbs up icon of the competition that is the answer until all answers are met . When they believe they have the correct answer , they must hit their buzzer . If a HouseGuest answers incorrectly or fails to answer before the other competing HouseGuests answer , they receive a strike . After two strikes , a HouseGuest is eliminated . The last HouseGuest standing received the PoV . Kaycee was the winner . Kaycee chose not to use the Power of Veto keeping nominations the same . On Day 92 , Kaycee cast to sole vote to evict Angela . Angela became the fourteenth HouseGuest to be evicted from the Big Brother house and joined the jury as the eighth member . Week 13 705 39 `` Episode 39 '' Days 93 - N / A Various September 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 23 ) 5.44 1.4 / 6 JC , Kaycee , and Tyler celebrated making it to the final three . Former Big Brother competitor Jeff Schroeder entered the house and the four looked back on the summer highlighting their favorite moments . Head of Household : The final Head of Household competition of the season consisted of three parts . The winner of the first part immediately advances to the third part while the other two HouseGuests move on to compete in part two . In the final part the winner of part one faces the winner of part two . The winner of the final part becomes the final HoH of the season . Part 1 : ( `` Jetpack Attack '' ) In this competition HouseGuests must grab and hold onto their `` jetpack '' as it `` flies '' . The last remaining HouseGuest to hold onto their jetpack became the winner of the first part of the final HoH competition . 706 40 `` Episode 40 '' Days N / A-99 September 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 26 ) 5.65 1.7 / 7 Head of Household : The final Head of Household competition of the season consisted of three parts . The winner of the first part immediately advances to the third part while the other two HouseGuests move on to compete in part two . In the final part the winner of part one faces the winner of part two . The winner of the final part becomes the final HoH of the season . Part 1 : ( `` Jetpack Attack '' ) JC fell first , followed by Kaycee. Tyler was the winner . Part 2 : ( `` Mount Evictus '' ) The competing HouseGuests , throughout four different rounds , are given clues to a group of evicted HouseGuests . They must put the names of the four evicted HouseGuests that fit the category onto their board and then hit their buzzer . If they are correct a laser `` carves '' their faces into `` Mount Evictus '' if they are incorrect they must attempt to correct it . The HouseGuest to do this with the fastest time became the winner . Kaycee was the winner with a time of 18 minutes and 55 seconds . Former Big Brother HouseGuest Dr. Will Kirby then hosted the jury round table , interviewing the jury on who they think should win and why . Part 3 : ( `` Jury Oddcasts '' ) Kaycee and Tyler are shown `` oddcasts '' of jury members mentioning facts of their time in the house . They must decide if the oddcast is right or wrong . If they answer correctly they gain a point . The HouseGuest with the most points after eight rounds became the final HoH of the season . Kaycee and Tyler tied with six points each sending the competition to a tiebreaker . Julie asked the competitors a question to which the answer was a number . The HouseGuest closest to the number without going over , or the closest to the number if both went over , would become the winner . Kaycee was the winner and was crowned the final HoH of the season . On Day 99 , as HoH Kaycee cast the sole vote to evict JC from the Big Brother house . JC became the fifteenth and final HouseGuest to be evicted from the house and joined the jury as the ninth and final member . The Jury members then had a chance to ask Kaycee and Tyler questions . The Jury members then voted on who they think should win Big Brother . Julie then asked some of the former HouseGuests a few final questions which involved Swaggy C proposing to Bayleigh . Later on Day 99 , Kaycee Clark was declared the winner of Big Brother 20 , by a final jury vote of 5 - 4 , against Tyler Crispen. Tyler was also subsequently crowned America 's Favorite HouseGuest . Notes ^ Jump up to : Only eight HouseGuests participated in this competition Jump up ^ Only two HouseGuests participated in this competition ^ Jump up to : This Head of Household competition began in episode 11 on Day 30 . However , completion was not broadcast on television until episode 12 . ^ Jump up to : This Head of Household competition began in episode 23 on Day 58 . However , completion was not broadcast on television until episode 24 . ^ Jump up to : This Head of Household competition began in episode 26 on Day 65 . However , completion was not broadcast on television until episode 27 . ^ Jump up to : The first part of the final Head of Household competition began in episode 39 . However , completion was not broadcast on television until episode 40 . Jump up ^ In episode 39 the HouseGuests looked back over their time in the game . Have - Nots Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Week 13 Brett , Kaitlyn , Scottie , Winston Faysal , Haleigh , JC , Rockstar Angela , Brett , Sam , Tyler Bayleigh , Kaycee , Rachel , Scottie Faysal , Scottie , Tyler none JC , Sam , Tyler Faysal , Haleigh , Kaycee JC , Sam , Scottie none Voting history Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Week 13 Day 79 Day 86 Day 87 Day 91 Day 99 Finale Head of Household Tyler Kaitlyn Scottie Sam Bayleigh Angela Haleigh Faysal Angela Tyler Kaycee Tyler Angela JC Kaycee ( none ) Technology Winner Sam Faysal Tyler Rachel Bayleigh Haleigh ( none ) Haleigh Kaycee ( none ) Nominations ( pre-veto ) Sam Steve Scottie Winston Brett Winston Haleigh Kaitlyn Brett Rachel Rockstar Scottie Tyler Angela Kaycee Rockstar Brett Scottie Faysal Haleigh Haleigh Scottie Haleigh Sam JC Sam JC Sam Angela Tyler JC Tyler Veto Winner Faysal Tyler Scottie Faysal Tyler Angela Tyler Brett Kaycee Kaycee Kaycee Angela Kaycee Kaycee ( none ) Nominations ( post-veto ) Sam Steve Swaggy C Winston Brett Winston Kaitlyn Rockstar Brett Rachel Bayleigh Rockstar Kaycee Rockstar Kaycee Scottie Faysal Haleigh Haleigh Scottie Haleigh Sam Brett Sam JC Sam Angela Tyler Kaycee Steve Swaggy C Winston Kaitlyn Rachel Bayleigh Nominated Nominated Faysal Scottie Head of Household Brett Sam Angela JC Winner ( Day 99 ) Tyler Head of Household Swaggy C Winston Kaitlyn Rachel Not eligible Rockstar Scottie Faysal Head of Household Haleigh Head of Household Sam Nominated Nominated Runner - up ( Day 99 ) JC Steve Swaggy C Winston Rockstar Rachel Bayleigh Rockstar Scottie Faysal Scottie Haleigh Brett Nominated Head of Household Evicted ( Day 99 ) Tyler Angela Steve Swaggy C Winston Kaitlyn Rachel Head of Household Rockstar Scottie Head of Household Scottie Haleigh Brett Head of Household Nominated Evicted ( Day 93 ) Tyler Sam Nominated Swaggy C Winston Head of Household Rachel Rockstar Rockstar Scottie Haleigh Scottie Nominated Nominated Nominated Evicted ( Day 91 ) Kaycee Brett Steve Swaggy C Nominated Kaitlyn Nominated Bayleigh Rockstar Scottie Faysal Scottie Haleigh Nominated Evicted ( Day 86 ) Tyler Haleigh Sam Winston Brett Kaitlyn Brett Bayleigh Head of Household Scottie Nominated Nominated Nominated Evicted ( Day 86 ) Tyler Scottie Sam Swaggy C Head of Household Kaitlyn Brett Bayleigh Kaycee Nominated Evicted ( Day 65 ) Nominated Re-evicted ( Day 79 ) Kaycee Faysal Sam Winston Brett Kaitlyn Brett Bayleigh Not eligible Head of Household Nominated Evicted ( Day 72 ) Kaycee Rockstar Sam Winston Brett Nominated Brett Nominated Nominated Evicted ( Day 58 ) Kaycee Bayleigh Sam Winston Brett Kaitlyn Head of Household Nominated Evicted ( Day 51 ) Kaycee Rachel Steve Swaggy C Winston Kaitlyn Nominated Evicted ( Day 44 ) Kaitlyn Steve Head of Household Brett Nominated Evicted ( Day 37 ) Winston Steve Nominated Nominated Evicted ( Day 30 ) Swaggy C Sam Nominated Evicted ( Day 23 ) Steve Nominated Evicted ( Day 16 ) Notes 1 , 2 none none 5 none 6 none 7 Evicted Steve 7 of 13 votes to evict Swaggy C 8 of 12 votes to evict Winston 6 of 11 votes to evict Kaitlyn 9 of 10 votes to evict Rachel 5 of 9 votes to evict Bayleigh 6 of 7 votes to evict Rockstar 5 of 6 votes to evict Scottie 6 of 6 votes to evict Faysal 4 of 5 votes to evict Scottie Won re-entry into game Haleigh 4 of 4 votes to evict Brett 3 of 3 votes to evict Sam 2 of 2 votes to evict Angela Kaycee 's choice to evict JC Kaycee 's choice to evict Tyler 4 votes to win Kaitlyn Lost re-entry into game Scottie 5 of 5 votes to evict Kaycee 5 votes to win Notes ^ Note 1 : As the winner of the opening competition , Swaggy C had the power to grant immunity to two move - in groups . He chose group 3 and group 4 . The immune HouseGuests were not able to compete in the Head of Household competition . ^ Note 2 : Each week in the BB App Store a power app and crap app were released into the game . The winner of the crap app is represented in italics . ^ Note 3 : Due to Sam not using her Bonus Life Power App , the Bonus Life automatically activated for the 4th eviction and Kaitlyn received a chance to re-enter the house . However , she was unable to complete the challenge and was ultimately evicted . ^ Note 4 : The H@cker earned the power to remove one of the HoH 's nominations ( represented by strikethrough font ) and secretly replace it with their own ( represented by bold font ) . The H@cker was also able to stop one HouseGuest from voting at the live eviction . ^ Note 5 : In Week 10 , the first four jurors , Bayleigh , Rockstar , Scottie , and Faysal , competed for an opportunity to return to the house . Scottie won the challenge and re-entered the house on Day 72 . ^ Note 6 : This week was a double eviction week . Following Haleigh 's eviction , the remaining HouseGuests played a week 's worth of games -- including HoH and Veto competitions and Nomination , Veto and Eviction ceremonies -- during the remainder of the live show , culminating in a second eviction for the week . ^ Note 7 : During the finale , the jury members voted for which finalist should win Big Brother . Controversies and criticisms Joseph Charles `` JC '' Mounduix received criticism after he was shown using an ice cream scooper on the genitals of his other HouseGuests . Mounduix later told fellow HouseGuest Kaycee Clark to open up her vagina , saying it `` feels good '' . Viewers questioned Angela Rummans and Rachel Swindler after they were caught on the live feeds making racist remarks , referencing fellow HouseGuest , Bayleigh Dayton . Rummans called her tan `` ghetto '' , while Swindler compared her skin tone to Dayton 's , who is African American . CBS later released a statement and warned Rummans and Swindler with future consequences . Since the start of the live feeds , Kaitlyn Herman has been criticized from viewers for her feelings and actions towards several men in the Big Brother House , while being in a 5 - year relationship outside of the house . In Week 3 , Herman 's then - boyfriend released a statement on Twitter , stating that he wanted to distance himself from the show and situation . Kaitlyn Herman and Joseph Charles `` JC '' Mounduix both came under fire after they used the n - word in separate occasions . Herman used the word as she was singing the lyrics of a Drake song . Mounduix used the word after fellow HouseGuest Bayleigh Dayton , who is African American , asked Mounduix if there is a `` difference between a midget and a dwarf '' . Offended , Mounduix said that the word `` midget '' is a derogatory term and then compared it to the n - word . Many came to the defense of the two , saying that they did n't use the word towards someone . Herman later apologized for using the word on an Instagram live stream . During a live eviction episode , HouseGuest Brett Robinson called out Angela `` Rockstar '' Lantry in his eviction speech for `` strategic purposes '' . Lantry responded by confronting Robinson in his face claiming that it was her daughter 's birthday . Lantry later called Robinson a `` rich , snobby , white - privileged - ass dude '' . Later that night , Lantry confronted Robinson with pots and pans during which she exclaimed that Robinson has a `` micropenis '' . Upon confrontation , Lantry sat between Robinson 's legs whom repeatedly asked her to get off of him . Joseph Charles `` JC '' Mounduix was criticized by fans after he asked Rachel Swindler if she was transgender , stating that she has `` a big Adam 's apple . '' Mounduix proceeded to feel Swindler 's neck , but she told him to stop . Moments later , he began to touch Swindler 's neck again before being stopped by her . Viewers perceived some of Bayleigh Dayton 's comments about Faysal Shafaat as being anti-Muslim . After Shafaat , a Muslim , complained about his in - house crush Haleigh Broucher talking about her past sexual experiences , Dayton claimed in private that Shafaat should `` go find a virgin '' and that he should `` go to Pakistan and ( get himself ) one '' because `` that 's what they do . '' Many viewers interpreted `` they '' as meaning Muslims . During a conversation between Dayton and Lantry , Dayton claimed that Lantry was the only white person who she knew that did n't like white people . Dayton then said that Lantry dislikes `` normal white people '' more than she does . Days later , in a conversation with Haleigh Broucher , Dayton referred to her housemates as `` crazy - ass white people . '' Many viewers saw Dayton 's statements as racist . Joseph Charles `` JC '' Mounduix was criticized by both fans and his fellow housemates for making light of the # MeToo movement after making jokes at the movement 's expense . Joseph Charles `` JC '' Mounduix was once again involved in two separate sexual misconduct incidents in which he was accused of sexual harassment and sexual assault . While sleeping in the same bed , Mounduix was seen caressing Tyler Crispen 's arm , face , and chest , as well as kissing his armpit while Crispen was sleeping . The following morning Crispen stated to Kaycee Clark `` I 'm sleeping alone tonight -- JC is not sleeping with me '' . Mounduix explained his version by stating that he was `` comforting Crispen who was having nightmares '' . Later , Mounduix opened the toilet door while HouseGuest Haleigh Broucher was using it . Broucher repeatedly asked Mounduix to close the door whom refused and tied the door open . Broucher then yelled for assistance from production and later filed a complaint with executive producer Allison Grodner . The producers later released a statement saying that neither Crispen nor Broucher filed official complaints and that the two had expressed to them that they `` did not feel threatened or unsafe by Mounduix 's actions . '' During a live eviction speech , HouseGuest Scottie Salton made sexual and vulgar comments towards HouseGuests Tyler Crispen and Angela Rummans . He hinted that Crispen received oral sex from Rummans , which got censored out by CBS . Haleigh Broucher was criticized by both fans and her fellow houseguests after making a joke about disabled people . During a conversation with Tyler Crispen and Joseph `` JC '' Mounduix , Broucher opened a fortune cookie that read , `` Nothing can stop you from reaching your goals . '' After reading the quote , she responded by saying `` That is not true because if you are paralyzed , you can not reach anything . '' Crispen was quick to call her out , telling Broucher that it was `` the worst thing ( he had ) ever heard ( her ) say '' . Crispen then told Broucher that she needed `` to rephrase '' what she had just said , to which Mounduix added that he had seen disabled people achieve their goals . On finale night , Swaggy C , proposed to contestant Bayleigh Dayton . This sparked controversy among rumours that she got pregnant while in the Big Brother House . They later confirmed in a video that while in the house , Bayleigh did get pregnant but she suffered a miscarriage . Reception Viewing figures Unless noted below all episode aired in the United States on Sundays and Wednesdays at 8 : 00 Eastern Standard Time ( 7 : 00 Central Standard Time ) and live Thursdays at 9 : 00 EST ( 8 : 00 CST ) . # Air Date United States Source 18 -- 49 ( rating / share ) Viewers ( millions ) Rank ( timeslot ) Rank ( night ) Wednesday , June 27 , 2018 1.5 / 7 5.33 Thursday , June 28 , 2018 1.4 / 6 5.13 Sunday , July 1 , 2018 1.2 / 6 4.78 Wednesday , July 4 , 2018 0.9 / 5 3.95 5 Thursday , July 5 , 2018 1.3 / 6 4.96 6 Sunday , July 8 , 2018 1.3 / 6 5.11 7 Wednesday , July 11 , 2018 1.5 / 7 5.43 8 Thursday , July 12 , 2018 1.5 / 6 5.32 9 Sunday , July 15 , 2018 1.4 / 6 5.19 10 Wednesday , July 18 , 2018 1.4 / 6 5.24 11 Thursday , July 19 , 2018 1.6 / 7 5.58 12 Sunday , July 22 , 2018 1.5 / 6 5.45 13 Wednesday , July 25 , 2018 1.5 / 6 5.69 14 Thursday , July 26 , 2018 1.5 / 6 5.44 15 Sunday , July 29 , 2018 1.5 / 6 5.40 16 Wednesday , August 1 , 2018 1.5 / 6 5.55 17 Thursday , August 2 , 2018 1.5 / 6 5.61 18 Sunday , August 5 , 2018 1.6 / 7 5.57 19 Wednesday , August 8 , 2018 1.6 / 8 5.63 20 Thursday , August 9 , 2018 1.4 / 7 4.99 21 Sunday , August 12 , 2018 1.6 / 8 5.74 22 Wednesday , August 15 , 2018 1.7 / 8 5.82 23 Thursday , August 16 , 2018 1.7 / 8 5.71 24 Sunday , August 19 , 2018 1.6 / 7 5.80 25 Wednesday , August 22 , 2018 1.6 / 8 5.70 1 ( tied ) 26 Thursday , August 23 , 2018 1.6 / 8 5.61 27 Sunday , August 26 , 2018 1.6 / 7 5.67 1 ( tied ) 28 Wednesday , August 29 , 2018 1.6 / 8 5.77 29 Thursday , August 30 , 2018 1.3 / 5 4.54 30 Sunday , September 2 , 2018 1.3 / 7 4.66 31 Wednesday , September 5 , 2018 1.6 / 8 5.52 32 Thursday , September 6 , 2018 1.5 / 6 5.21 33 Sunday , September 9 , 2018 1.6 / 6 5.48 6 34 Wednesday , September 12 , 2018 1.5 / 7 5.70 35 Thursday , September 13 , 2018 1.6 / 7 5.57 36 Sunday , September 16 , 2018 1.7 / 6 6.36 5 37 Wednesday , September 19 , 2018 1.5 / 7 5.56 38 Thursday , September 20 , 2018 1.5 / 7 5.68 39 Sunday , September 23 , 2018 1.4 / 6 5.44 6 40 Wednesday , September 26 , 2018 1.7 / 7 5.65 3 ( tied ) ^ Note 1 : Episode 21 was delayed to 8 : 20 PM EST ( 7 : 20 PM CST ) due to the 2018 PGA Championship golf event running long . ^ Note 2 : Episode 36 was delayed to 8 : 37 PM EST ( 7 : 37 PM CST ) due to an NFL football game running long . Uncertain future The American adaptation of Big Brother has aired on CBS since its inception on July 5 , 2000 with Julie Chen as host . Following two articles published by The New Yorker by Ronan Farrow in July and September 2018 where several women accused Chen 's husband Les Moonves of harassment , intimidation , and sexual misconduct , effective September 9 , 2018 , Moonves departed CBS Corporation as President , Chairman and CEO with Joseph Ianniello appointed as President and Acting CEO . In response to the claims against him , Moonves released a statement denying the allegations . After the first article was published , Chen released a statement on Twitter in July defending her husband . While Chen was initially confirmed to return to the ninth season of her other CBS show The Talk , she was absent from the season premiere that aired on September 10 , 2018 . Chen issued a statement where she was taking a few days off , but would continue with Big Brother . Chen 's first television appearance since Moonves ' departure was the live eviction on September 13 , 2018 , where she closed out the episode with `` From outside the Big Brother house ... I 'm Julie Chen Moonves , good night . '' The new sign - off broke with an established pattern that Chen has used in the past on Big Brother and showcased her support for her husband , while it received a mix response from fans and viewers on Twitter . Chen subsequently announced her departure from The Talk in a pre-recorded segment that aired on the September 18 , 2018 episode where she stood outside the Big Brother house . Chen will continue to host Big Brother . The twentieth season had been confirmed since August 10 , 2016 as part of a two - year renewal between CBS and Fly on the Wall Entertainment , in association with Endemol Shine North America . Celebrity Big Brother was renewed for a second season on May 12 , 2018 during CBS ' annual upfront for the 2018 -- 19 television season . Speculation on the status of the show intensified after the departure of Moonves from CBS , with fans of the show and former HouseGuests began spreading the hashtag # SaveBBUSA in an attempt to get the program renewed . Unnamed insiders close to the production of the show have cast doubt if Chen would return to host potential future installments if CBS renews the show . In an article from US Weekly , an insider noted that former HouseGuests Will Kirby , Ross Mathews , and Big Brother Canada host Arisa Cox have been mentioned as potential replacements in the event that Chen does not to return , while TMZ reported that Chen will continue with the show if the network decides to renew it . However , despite the show 's uncertain future , CBS began accepting online applications for a twenty - first season on September 20 , 2018 . References Jump up ^ `` CBS RENEWS HIT SUMMER SERIES `` BIG BROTHER '' FOR TWO MORE EDITIONS `` . August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porreca , Brian ( September 13 , 2018 ) . `` Julie Chen Supports Les Moonves in ' Big Brother ' Return : `` I 'm Julie Chen Moonves '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schultz , Cody ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` When does Big Brother season 20 premiere on CBS ? '' . Hidden remote . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.cbs.com/recommended/news/1008539/-2018-summer-tv-premiere-schedule-the-best-shows-are-on-cbs/ Jump up ^ `` How And When To Meet The Big Brother 20 Houseguests '' . CBS . June 12 , 2018 . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' renewed through Season 20 on CBS '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother Renewed For Two More Seasons Set To Air In 2017 And 2018 '' . CBS . August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Big Brother : CBS Renews Summer Series for Two More Seasons '' . TV series finale . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Brother Now Casting ! '' . Big Brother Casting . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kass , Robyn ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` OK # BB20 hopefuls ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` Ross Mathews and Marissa Jaret Winokur will host Big Brother recap show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BIG BROTHER '' . On Camera Audiences . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Meet The Houseguests On Big Brother Season 20 '' . CBS . 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Off the Block with Ross and Marissa - Episodes '' . Facebook Watch . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porreca , Brian ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother 20 ' Favorite Competes on Kevin Hart 's ' TKO ' ( Exclusive Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Get Some , Goldilocks ! '' . TKO : Total Knock Out . Season 1 . Episode 2 . July 18 , 2018 . CBS . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' and ' Reverie ' adjust up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Take Two ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother Spoilers Board '' . Big Brother Network . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers ' rerun adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Code Black ' and NBC 's fireworks hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon ' rerun adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' To Tell the Truth ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Originals ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Four ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Running Wild , ' ' Big Brother , ' everything else unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' The ESPY Awards ' stay low , all shows hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' holds onto season high : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Shades of Blue ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' encore adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Trial and Error , ' ' Young Sheldon ' rerun adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 31 , 2018 ) . `` Big Brother ' adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' reruns adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Big Bang Theory ' encore adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' and ' Shades of Blue ' adjust up , ' iHeart Country Festival ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Trial & Error , ' ' Big Brother , ' everything else adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Teen Choice Awards ' and ' Big Brother ' adjust up , ' 60 Minutes ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Supergirl ' encore adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Take Two ' and most shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers ' repeat adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Burden of Truth ' adjusts down : Wednesday final broadcast '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 24 , 2018 ) . `` NFL Preseason and ' SWAT ' repeat adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Dateline ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' The Goldbergs ' rerun adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Gong Show ' finale , ' Big Brother , ' everything else adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , College football adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' America 's Got Talent , ' and ' World of Dance ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Sunday Night Football , ' and ' REL ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Big Brother ' adjust up , ' Castaways ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Sunday Night Football ' adjusts up , ' 60 Minutes ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' and ' America 's Got Talent ' adjust up , ' I Feel Bad ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' 9 - 1 - 1 , ' ' Big Brother , ' and ' Sunday Night Football ' adjust up , ' 60 Minutes ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago Fire ' and ' Survivor ' adjusts up , ' Star ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' Fans are Pissed Contestant is Ice Cream Scooping Vaginas '' . TMZ . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' : CBS responds to sexual assault , racism accusations '' . Global News . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' Star Kaitlyn Herman 's Boyfriend Reacts to Her Flirty Behavior : ' I Tried to Stay Silent ' '' . US Weekly . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' Contestant Kaitlyn Says N - Word After CBS Warning '' . Us Weekly . 2018 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother 's JC Mounduix Under Fire for Using the N - Word '' . Us Weekly . 2018 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' contestants often make offensive comments . But this episode was still unusual '' . The Washington Post . 2018 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Ex - ' Big Brother ' Houseguest Defends JC Using the N - Word '' . TMZ . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Bohr , Niel ( 30 July 2018 ) . `` Big Brother 20 Kaitlyn Herman IG Live spilling Tea about the BB House on Jul 30 , 2018 '' . YouTube . Google . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Keeffe , Jack ( July 20 , 2018 ) . `` Winston Was Evicted On ' Big Brother 20 ' & It Was A Shocker On So Many Levels '' . Bustle . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jamal , Zakiya ( July 20 , 2018 ) . `` Brett Stays On ' Big Brother ' & Accuses Rockstar Of Flipping Votes '' . Romper . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( July 20 , 2018 ) , Big Brother 20 Spoilers : Accusation Causes Houseguest to Snap , retrieved July 24 , 2018 , I do n't know why this rich , snobby , white - privileged ass dude is targeting me , a working mom Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 20 ' Third Evictee on Exit : `` The Bromance Ended Up Killing Me '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 12 '' . Big Brother . Season 20 . Episode 12 . July 22 , 2018 . Event occurs at 27 minutes , 8 seconds . CBS . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Do n't talk about his micropenis Jump up ^ BB20 Rockstar gets the pots and pans out Big Brother . July 20 , 2018 . Event occurs at 2 minutes , 47 seconds . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Alright , you can get off me . Jump up ^ Hautman , Nicholas ( 31 July 2018 ) . `` Big Brother 's JC Slammed for Asking Rachel If She Is Transgender '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Mandy ( 30 July 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' 20 Spoilers : Bayleigh 's Anti-Muslim Hate Speech '' . Soap Dirt . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Tateham , Jess ( 6 August 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' 20 : Bayleigh admits on camera she hates ' White People ' -- More BB20 Hate - Speech ( VIDEO ) Soap Dirt '' . Soap Dirt . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 6 August 2018 ) . `` Big Brother 20 Spoilers : Major move at Veto Ceremony '' . GlobalTV . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Tiffany ( 7 August 2018 ) . `` Big Brother 20 spoilers : Bayleigh gets reckless with her mouth '' . Monsters & Critics . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Vacco - Bolanos , Jessica ( 12 August 2018 ) . `` Big Brother 's JC Gets Called Out for Misusing # MeToo '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved 28 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porreca , Brian ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' Producers Step in After Contestant Is Accused of Sexual Misconduct '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nakamura , Reid ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' Houseguest Comes Under Fire Again for Inappropriate Touching '' . TheWrap . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mar , Kylie ( August 29 , 2018 ) . `` Twitter calls out ' Big Brother ' contestant for sexually harassing another houseguest while he 's asleep '' . Yahoo ! Entertainment . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Kate ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` CBS ' warning to ' Big Brother ' contestants has already failed as JC Mounduix filmed kissing housemate while he sleeps '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gennis , Sadie ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` Big Brother 20 Fans Call for JC Mounduix 's Removal After Alleged Sexual Assault '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stream Big Brother 20 Live Feeds - Watch on CBS All Access . CBS . August 29 , 2018 . Event occurs on August 29 , 2018 , 11 : 01 PM , PST . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Slogeris , Tammie ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` Big Brother 20 Live Feeds : Harmless Prank or Unacceptable Behavior By JC Mounduix ? '' . Big Brother Network . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wynne , Kelly ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' BIG BROTHER 'S ' JC MOUNDUIX TO BE REMOVED AFTER ALLEGED SEXUAL ASSAULT ? '' . Newsweek . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' Houseguest Scottie Censored for Making Lewd Oral Sex Joke '' . TMZ . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Vick , Megan ( 12 September 2018 ) . `` Haleigh Is the Latest Problematic Big Brother 20 Houseguest TV Guide '' . TV Guide . CBS . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Victoria ( 13 September 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother 20 's ' Haleigh Broucher Under Fire For Insensitive Comment On Live Feeds '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . Jump up ^ LeZotte , Camille ( 11 September 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' : Haleigh Broucher Mocks the Handicapped - Live Feeds Outrage Fans Soap Dirt '' . Soap Dirt . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Matt ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Big Brother 20 : Start Date & Schedule Details '' . Big Brother Network . Retrieved September 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ CBS ( August 12 , 2018 ) . `` New start Times for 60 Minutes 7 : 20ET / 6 : 20CT Big Brother 8 : 20ET / 7 : 20CT NCIS : Los Angeles 9 : 20ET / 8 : 20CT Elementary 10 : 20ET / 9 : 20CT '' . Facebook . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ CBS ( September 16 , 2018 ) . `` Due to an NFL overrun , the CBS Sunday lineup is delayed in the East / Central cities ONLY . New start times : 60 Minutes : 7 : 37 ET / 6 : 37 CT Big Brother : 8 : 37 ET / 7 : 37 CT NCIS : Los Angeles : 9 : 37 ET / 8 : 37 CT & 10 : 37 ET / 9 : 37 CT '' . Facebook . Retrieved September 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( September 9 , 2018 ) . `` Les Moonves is out at CBS after harassment allegations , corporate battle '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pomarico , Nicole ( September 18 , 2018 ) . `` Julie Chen Is Reportedly Leaving ' The Talk ' Following Her Husband Les Moonves ' CBS Exit '' . Bustle . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( September 14 , 2018 ) . `` With Her Big Brother Return , Julie Chen Showed Support for Husband Les Moonves '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Keeffe , Jack ( September 14 , 2018 ) . `` Julie Chen Used Her ' Big Brother ' Return To Support Her Husband , Les Moonves '' . Bustle . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chiu , Allyson ( September 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' I 'm Julie Chen Moonves ' : Les Moonves 's wife stands by him in return to CBS '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kludt , Tom ( September 18 , 2018 ) . `` Julie Chen officially leaves ' The Talk ' '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Renews Summer Series `` Big Brother '' for Two More Editions `` . The Futon Critic . August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( May 12 , 2018 ) . `` CBS brings back ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Celebrity Big Brother , ' and Matt LeBlanc '' . EW.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Victoria ( September 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' Stars React To The Possibility Of Cancelation After Les Moonves ' Exit From CBS '' . The Inquisitr . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Helling , Steve ; Dugan , Christina ( September 19 , 2018 ) . `` Big Brother Staff Is ' Nervous ' Julie Chen Will Leave amid Husband Les Moonves ' Scandal : Source '' . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Longeretta , Emily ( September 19 , 2018 ) . `` Is Julie Chen Leaving ' Big Brother ' ? '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barney , Chuck ( September 19 , 2018 ) . `` Will Julie Chen leave ' Big Brother ' ? Staff members ' nervous ' '' . The Mercury News . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . External links CBS Official Site Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Over the Top 19 Celebrity 1 20 Houseguests 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Over the Top 19 Celebrity 1 20 Winners Eddie McGee Will Kirby Lisa Donahue Jun Song Drew Daniel Maggie Ausburn Mike Malin Dick Donato Adam Jasinski Dan Gheesling Jordan Lloyd Hayden Moss Rachel Reilly Ian Terry Andy Herren Derrick Levasseur Steve Moses Nicole Franzel Morgan Willett Josh Martinez Marissa Jaret Winokur Kaycee Clark Other contestants Jamie Kern Lima George Boswell Brittany Petros Danielle Reyes Jason Guy Marcellas Reynolds Alison Irwin Erika Landin Diane Henry Adria Montgomery - Klein and Natalie Montgomery - Carroll Will Wikle Janelle Pierzina Howie Gordon James Rhine Daniele Donato Sheila Kennedy Jessie Godderz Steven Daigle Jeff Schroeder Chima Simone Brendon Villegas Jenn Arroyo Frank Eudy Kara Monaco Aaryn Gries Candice Stewart Cody Calafiore Caleb Reynolds Frankie Grande Liz and Julia Nolan Vanessa Rousso Austin Matelson James Huling Paul Abrahamian Cody Nickson Jessica Graf Related shows House Calls After Dark Celebrity After Dark Off the Block with Ross and Marissa Coordinates : 34 ° 8 ′ 40.12 '' N 118 ° 23 ′ 20.71 '' W / 34.1444778 ° N 118.3890861 ° W / 34.1444778 ; - 118.3890861 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Brother_20_(U.S.)&oldid=864281994 '' Categories : 2018 American television seasons Big Brother ( U.S. ) seasons Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users Articles with hCards Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 08 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won second head of household on big brother | [
"Head of Household (\"Land a Job\"): When the competition starts HouseGuests must step up to the launch pad and launch their ball into the new town of \"San Brosé\" The building the ball lands on has a corresponding salary. The HouseGuest with the highest salary after everyone has launched their balls became the new HoH. Kaitlyn was the winner and became the second HoH of the season."
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"Kaitlyn"
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761947246086141447 | Kevin Rahm | Kevin Rahm - wikipedia Kevin Rahm Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Kevin Rahm Rahm in 2009 ( 1971 - 01 - 07 ) January 7 , 1971 ( age 47 ) Mineral Wells , Texas , U.S. Occupation Actor Spouse ( s ) Amy Lonkar ( m . 2012 ) Children Kevin Rahm ( born January 7 , 1971 ) is an American actor best known for his television roles as Kyle McCarty on Judging Amy , Lee McDermott on Desperate Housewives , and Ted Chaough on Mad Men . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Rahm was born in Mineral Wells , Texas . While a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) , he served as a missionary in France , Switzerland , and on the islands of Mauritius and Réunion between 1990 - 92 . After returning to the U.S. he studied pre-law at Brigham Young University , before changing his major to drama . In 1994 , he was awarded the Irene Ryan Award for best college actor , and in 1996 dropped out of university to pursue an acting career in Hollywood . Rahm has stated that he is no longer a practicing Mormon . Career ( edit ) Rahm played Kyle McCarty , Amy Gray 's cousin , for 3 seasons on Judging Amy . He joined the show in season 3 , when Dan Futterman left the show . He also played Norvo Tigan , the brother of Nicole de Boer 's character of Ezri Dax , in the Star Trek : Deep Space Nine episode , `` Prodigal Daughter '' ; `` psychic - guy '' patient Mr. Duff in the Grey 's Anatomy episode , `` Save Me '' ; the driver in the 2001 VW Jetta ad , `` Big Day '' ; and the groom in the Apple iDVD ad , `` Elope '' . He also appeared in Scrubs as a patient . In September 2006 , Rahm guest - starred in the two - part 7th season premiere of CSI : Crime Scene Investigation . On October 21 , 2007 , he made his first appearance as Lee McDermott , a new Wisteria Lane resident on ABC 's Desperate Housewives , who is gay and has a husband , Bob Hunter ( played by Tuc Watkins ) . Rahm guest - starred on Friends as Tim , Monica 's inexperienced sous - chef , in `` The One with Rachel 's Date '' in Season 8 ; has a recurring role on AMC 's Mad Men as Ted Chaough , from rival firm CGC ; played car salesman Brad Elias on the CBS ' , The Mentalist ; and played Jack , Annie 's ex-brother - in - law and crush , on Fox 's I Hate My Teenage Daughter . In 2014 , Rahm played a newsroom editor in the movie Nightcrawler . In March 2015 , Rahm played a management consultant ( Michael Barnow ) to the Secretary of State in the TV show Madam Secretary . Personal life ( edit ) He graduated Atlanta High School in Atlanta , Texas in May 1989 . Rahm married Amy Lonkar , a cardio - thoracic surgeon at the UC Davis Medical Center , on April 28 , 2012 , on a soundstage in Burbank , California . Their first child , a daughter , was born on September 13 , 2014 . They currently live in Sacramento , California . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1995 Out of Annie 's Past Young Waiter 1995 Of Love & Betrayal Jack O'Connor Turning Point Young Frank Thomas Same River Twice Moocher 1997 Tiny Heroes Weasels 1998 Clay Pigeons Bystander at Amanda 's 1999 Valerie Flake Jogger Ronald 2000 Intrepid Steward Beck 2000 Nurse Betty Friend # 1 2001 Alfred Hitchcock 's Gun Andrew Everybody and Their Mother Wants to Write and Direct Agent 's Assistant Alfie Terry 2005 Chasing Leonard Clark Short film 2006 Moosecock Jimmy Johnson Short film 2006 Mojave Phone Booth Tim 2006 Falling Objects Peter Short film 2007 Route 30 Arden 2007 LA Blues Bobby Gordon 2007 Easy Pickins Jimmy Short film 2007 Nonplussed Liam Short film 2012 Overnight Chip 2014 Nightcrawler Frank Kruse 2017 Clinical Alex Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Touched by an Angel Doug Richards Episode : `` The One That Got Away '' In the Blink of an Eye Gate Guard Television movie Unabomber : The True Story Template : Gary Wright Television movie 1997 Divided by Hate Frank Television movie 1998 Legion of Fire : Killer Ants ! Glenn Television movie 1998 Pacific Blue Ed Simmons Episode : `` Cutting Edge '' 1999 -- 2000 Jesse Dr. Danny Kozak 20 episodes 1999 Star Trek : Deep Space Nine Norvo Episode : `` Prodigal Daughter '' 1999 Beverly Hills , 90210 Jay Snelling Episode : `` Bobbi Dearest '' 1999 Rescue 77 Hansen 3 episodes 1999 Silk Stalkings N / A Episode : `` Dream Weavers '' 1999 Everything 's Relative Leo Gorelick 4 episodes 2001 -- 2004 Judging Amy Kyle McCarty 65 episodes 2001 Ally McBeal Clayton Hooper Episode : `` Reach Out and Touch '' 2001 Friends Tim Episode : `` The One with Rachel 's Date '' 2005 Joan of Arcadia Dana Tuchman 2 episodes 2005 Grey 's Anatomy Mr. Duff Episode : `` Save Me '' 2005 Close to Home Pastor Mark Rayburn Episode : `` Divine Directions '' 2006 Crumbs Roger 2 episodes 2006 CSI : NY Tony Collins Episode : `` Fair Game '' 2006 Night Stalker Dr. Aaron Shields Episode : `` Timeless '' 2006 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Joe Hirschoff 2 episodes 2006 Alpha Mom N / A Television movie 2007 -- 2012 Desperate Housewives Lee McDermott 53 episodes 2007 Scrubs Joe Hutnick Episode : `` My Own Worst Enemy '' 2007 Conspiracy N / A Unsold TV pilot 2008 Without a Trace Ryan McAvoy Episode : `` Closure '' 2009 CSI : Miami Dr. Sean Loftin Episode : `` Chip / Tuck '' 2009 Three Rivers John Warren Episode : `` The Kindness of Strangers '' The Mentalist Brad Elias Episode : `` Redline '' Open Books Dale Television movie 2010 -- 2015 Mad Men Ted Chaough 24 episodes Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series 2011 -- 2013 I Hate My Teenage Daughter Jack 13 episodes 2014 Surviving Jack Adult Frankie 7 episodes 2014 Red Zone Paul Jordan Television movie 2015 -- 2016 Bates Motel Bob Paris 9 episodes 2015 -- 2016 Madam Secretary Michael ' Mike B ' Barnow 7 episodes 2016 -- present Lethal Weapon Captain Brooks Avery Series regular References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kevin Rahm would like to go out in ' Desperate ' glory '' . The Salt Lake City Tribune . Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/news/madam-secretary-producers-promise-answers-for-season-long-mystery/ Jump up ^ Profile , hollywoodreporter.com ; accessed May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.newsreview.com/sacramento/kevin-rahm-mad-men/content?oid=16642255 External links ( edit ) Kevin Rahm on IMDb VIAF : 71210586 LCCN : no2008123373 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Rahm&oldid=797960984 '' Categories : 1971 births Living people American male film actors American Latter Day Saints American male television actors American Mormon missionaries in France Mormon missionaries in Mauritius Mormon missionaries in Réunion American Mormon missionaries in Switzerland Brigham Young University alumni People from Bossier City , Louisiana Actors from Shreveport , Louisiana People from Mineral Wells , Texas Male actors from Louisiana Male actors from Texas 20th - century Mormon missionaries American expatriates in Mauritius Former Latter Day Saints 21st - century American male actors 20th - century American male actors Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from December 2011 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 August 2017 , at 05 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the psychic in grey's anatomy | [
"Rahm played Kyle McCarty, Amy Gray's cousin, for 3 seasons on Judging Amy. He joined the show in season 3, when Dan Futterman left the show. He also played Norvo Tigan, the brother of Nicole de Boer's character of Ezri Dax, in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode, \"Prodigal Daughter\"; \"psychic-guy\" patient Mr. Duff in the Grey's Anatomy episode, \"Save Me\"; the driver in the 2001 VW Jetta ad, \"Big Day\"; and the groom in the Apple iDVD ad, \"Elope\". He also appeared in Scrubs as a patient."
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"Rahm"
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-5064573329514865698 | Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series) | Last Man Standing ( U.S. TV series ) - Wikipedia Last Man Standing ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Last Man Standing Genre Sitcom Created by Jack Burditt Starring Tim Allen Nancy Travis Alexandra Krosney Molly Ephraim Kaitlyn Dever Christoph Sanders Héctor Elizondo Amanda Fuller Flynn Morrison Jordan Masterson Jonathan Adams Composer ( s ) Monte Montgomery Carl Thiel Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 130 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Tim Allen Becky Clements Marty Adelstein Richard Baker Rick Messina John Pasquin Producer ( s ) John Amodeo Shawn Levy Cinematography Donald A. Morgan Editor ( s ) Pamela J. Marshall Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 21 minutes Production company ( s ) 21 Laps - Adelstein Productions Double Wide Productions / NestEgg Productions ( season 1 ) Mr. Big Shot Fancy - Pants Productions , Inc. ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) Lyonsberry Productions ( season 5 -- 6 ) 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network ABC Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Original release October 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 11 ) -- March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) External links Website beta.abc.go.com/shows/last-man-standing Last Man Standing is an American television sitcom starring Tim Allen as a senior employee of a sporting goods store in Denver , Colorado , who is a married father of three daughters . The series includes his interactions with family , neighbors , and coworkers and often expressions of his conservative political views . The series aired on ABC from October 11 , 2011 to March 31 , 2017 with 130 episodes . Syndication of the series began in 2015 and continues on multiple cable networks and video - on - demand subscription services . Production was canceled by ABC on May 10 , 2017 , after six seasons -- a decision that outraged the series ' fans and brought surprised displeasure from its star . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Notable guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development and casting 4.2 Filming 4.3 Cancellation 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Awards and nominations 6 Syndication 7 Broadcast 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows Mike Baxter , a senior executive and director of marketing for an outdoor sporting goods store chain based in Denver , Colorado , whose world is filled with his wife , three daughters , and grandson . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Tim Allen as Mike Baxter : Mike is a father of three daughters and the director of marketing for the Outdoor Man chain of sporting goods stores . He fervently supports traditional American values , is a Protestant , and is politically conservative . Mike loves his daughters but says his favorite is Eve , the youngest and most athletic daughter , and whose political opinions and interests mirror his own . He is proud of her ability to excel at anything she tries , including school work , hunting , and playing sports . Mike often finds himself annoyed with Outdoor Man 's young slow - witted employee Kyle , and with Ryan , his politically liberal son - in - law and the father of Mike 's grandson Boyd . The video blog or `` vlog '' that Mike does for Outdoor Man is frequently used as a vehicle to rant about his political views . Mike is a graduate of the University of Michigan , and an amateur radio operator using the call sign KA0XTT . Nancy Travis as Vanessa Baxter , Mike 's wife : Vanessa is a geologist working in the energy industry for a company that does hydraulic fracturing , or `` fracking '' . In season four , Vanessa becomes frustrated with her job and decides to become a high school science teacher . Vanessa was ambiguous in her political views until season five , when she announces she is supporting Hillary Clinton for president , mainly because she thinks it will advance women 's causes . She is also shown drinking wine frequently , and nearly as frequently mocked by Mike and her daughters about it . She is a graduate of Ohio State University . Vanessa has a tendency to put her foot in her mouth when around people of other races . Despite this , she and her African - American neighbor Carol Larabee seem to get along . Vanessa 's humor tends to include puns . Amanda Fuller ( seasons 2 -- 6 ) and Alexandra Krosney ( season 1 ) as Kristin Beth Baxter , the oldest daughter : Kristin , unlike her father , espouses more liberal beliefs . During her senior year of high school , Kristin became pregnant with her son , Boyd . She was a single mom living in the Baxter home until moving out in the season two finale . She began to reconcile with Boyd 's father , Ryan , in season three , and the two get married between seasons four and five . Kristin worked at a diner until landing a job at an upscale restaurant run by a former co-worker at the end of season two . In season four , she becomes the manager of the new restaurant opened by Outdoor Man . Kristin tends to work extra hard in this new job to prove she did not get the position through nepotism , despite Mike and Ed frequently telling her she was qualified . Alexandra Krosney portrayed Kristin in the show 's first season , but she was replaced by Amanda Fuller prior to season two for unspecified creative reasons . Molly Ephraim as Amanda Elaine `` Mandy '' Baxter - Anderson , the middle daughter : Mandy is nowhere near as intelligent as her sisters , but excels in social situations . Interested in fashion ( and little else ) , she was one of the most popular girls at her high school . Mandy is very confident and creative , demonstrating traits found in her father . Unlike the rest of the family , she is lazy , conceited , selfish , insulting , and delinquent -- she drinks underage , ignores all driving laws , and has been caught staying out all night -- but occasionally displays moments of generosity and caring . She started dating Kyle in season 2 . As of season three , she is attending a local college and working at the diner where Kristin used to work . Later that same season , she begins an online clothing business , selling her self - designed fashions which she assembles in the basement of her parents ' house . Kyle asks her to marry him in season 5 , the 100th episode . She marries Kyle in season six , but they have yet to move out of the Baxter home . Up until she turned 21 , a running gag on the show was Mike , Vanessa , and occasionally Kristin snatching glasses of alcohol out of Mandy 's hand , usually followed by Mandy making a lame excuse . Kaitlyn Dever as Eve Baxter , the youngest daughter : Eve is an intelligent , athletic tomboy and generally has the same interests as Mike , including camping , sports , guns , and the military . She is Mike 's favorite daughter , and excels at her hobbies . She frequently outplays the boys in soccer and makes the boys ' football team as their placekicker . She is well aware of being the favorite over her two sisters . Eve has also inherited her father 's sense of humor , and her trademark sarcastic wit is frequently directed at clueless sister Mandy . Eve is a member of Army Junior ROTC and works toward gaining admittance to West Point . Her attempt to do so is unsuccessful , which seriously depresses her , so in season six , Eve decideds to take a `` personal year '' rather than immediately attend college . She spends some of this time singing and playing guitar for money , but this proves to be unfruitful . During her gap year , Eve applies to the Air Force Academy in nearby Colorado Springs , and is accepted . Christoph Sanders as Kyle Anderson , a young employee at Outdoor Man : Kyle is universally recognized as a good guy . Kyle idolizes Mike , having grown up without a father figure . Kyle takes care of his grandmother who has dementia , and it is implied he grew up in her home . Kyle is often oblivious to social cues and is slow to catch on to the events happening around him . Kyle dated Kristin in season one and started dating Mandy in season two before proposing in season five , and marrying Mandy in season six . Héctor Elizondo as Edward `` Ed '' Alzate , Mike 's longtime boss : Ed started a bait and tackle shop many years ago and hired Mike , who helped turn the shop into the 20 - store Outdoor Man chain . Ed is perhaps fifteen years older than Mike , but the two men bond over similar outdoor hobbies and shared conservative values . Mike regularly talks to Ed about the happenings in his home and occasionally seeks advice . Having been divorced four times , Ed 's suggestions are rarely helpful . Ed is a Vietnam veteran , although he saw no combat in Vietnam , stating that he was a clerk in Saigon . He continues to help fellow veterans at the local Veterans of Foreign Wars hall with their Veteran Affairs paperwork . Ed is also a recurring target for jokes about his age and lack of hair , most often from Mike . It is revealed in season 6 that Ed has early onset dementia . Flynn Morrison ( regular , seasons 2 -- 6 ) and Evan and Luke Kruntchev ( recurring , season 1 ) as Boyd Baxter , Kristin 's son : Mike enjoys spending quality time with his grandson Boyd , and affectionately views him as the son he never had . Mike and Ryan often clash on how he should be raised . Boyd enjoys activities encouraged by both his father and grandfather . Jordan Masterson ( regular , seasons 2 -- 6 ) and Nick Jonas ( guest star , season 1 ) as Ryan Vogelson , Boyd 's Canadian father : Though Ryan initially fled when Kristin got pregnant , the two reconciled and got engaged at the end of season 3 . Ryan holds staunchly liberal views , both politically and philosophically . He and Mike routinely clash over their fundamentally opposing values , especially when it comes to child - rearing . Mike is often quick to point that many of Ryan 's atheistic and liberal views are hypocritical . Ryan wishes to raise his son without religion and patriotism , but neither Mike nor Kristin allow this . His vegan diet , political correctness , views on discipline , and general oversensitivity are an affront to Mike 's beliefs . On rare occasions , Ryan agrees with Mike on what is best for Boyd 's future , but this usually winds up creating rifts with Kristin and / or Vanessa . Jonathan Adams as Chuck Larabee ( regular , seasons 4 -- 6 ; recurring , seasons 2 -- 3 ) , Mike and Vanessa 's neighbor : Chuck is a retired U.S. Marine and a veteran of the first Gulf War who runs a private security business and later takes charge of security for the Denver Outdoor Man . Chuck is an African - American , and often jokes with Mike about racial stereotypes . Mike and Chuck regularly exchange barbs as if they do n't like each other . In reality , they are good friends , despite being unwilling to admit it . Vanessa sees right through their heated exchanges , often telling them to `` get a room '' . Recurring cast ( edit ) Robert Forster as Bud Baxter ( seasons 1 , 3 -- 4 ) , Mike 's widower father who is initially in the construction business , but later opens a marijuana store after it becomes legal in Colorado . Erika Alexander as Carol Larabee ( seasons 2 -- 5 ) , Chuck 's wife and Mike and Vanessa 's neighbor . She is also Vanessa 's best friend . Vanessa often goes overboard trying to act racially open - minded around her , but usually ends up looking foolish and annoying Carol . Carla Jimenez as Blanca Alvarez ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) , the Baxters ' Guatemalan - born housekeeper who also helps Mandy with her fashion business . The Baxters were happy to celebrate with Blanca after she was sworn in as an American citizen . Sarah Gilman as Cammy Harris ( seasons 2 -- 6 ) , Eve 's soccer teammate and extremely chatty best friend . Jonathan Taylor Thomas as John Baker ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) , Kristin 's boss at a fancy restaurant where she works . Thomas also guest - starred as `` Randy '' ( a nod to his Home Improvement character ) in the season 4 episode `` Helen Potts '' , with fellow Home Improvement co-star Patricia Richardson . Christina Moore as April ( seasons 1 & 3 ) , Vanessa 's air - headed and immature younger sister . She is always asking for money . Danielle Bisutti as Michelle ( season 1 ) , Vanessa 's friend and next - door neighbor ; she is a meteorologist who gets most of her data from a free phone app . Tye Sheridan as Justin ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) , Eve 's fellow Jr . ROTC member and football teammate who becomes her boyfriend . The two break up in season 4 . Zachary Gordon as Andrew ( season 3 ) , Eve 's nerdy classmate who worships her and desperately wants to be her boyfriend . Joely Fisher as Wendi Gracin ( seasons 3 -- 5 ) , Ed 's meddling younger girlfriend , whom he meets near the end of season three . Ed routinely has to put her in her place , particularly when she tries to get involved in decisions pertaining to his business . Wendi deserts Ed offscreen between Seasons 4 and 5 , but the two patch things up and reunite . Jay Leno as Joe Leonard ( seasons 5 -- 6 ) , a semi-retired auto technician from whom Vanessa buys a classic car for Mike . Joe later works in the repair shop at Outdoor Man , servicing ATVs and snowmobiles . Travis Tope as Rob ( season 6 ) , Eve 's boyfriend who is studying criminal justice at UC Boulder . He 's a recovering alcoholic , which worries Mike and Vanessa when they first meet him . Notable guest Stars ( edit ) Several notable guest stars have appeared throughout the series , including appearances made from cast members of Tim Allen 's previous series , Home Improvement . Jere Burns ( 4.22 ) as Victor Vogelson , Ryan 's estranged father Blake Clark ( 5.16 ) as Clark , the owner of a club in which Eve performed . Clark played Harry Turner , Tim 's friend and owner of the hardware store on Home Improvement Andrew Daly ( 1.16 ) Bill Engvall ( 5.21 , 6.7 & 6.18 ) as Reverend Paul Brad Leland ( 6.17 ) as Wayne Sizemore Michael Gross ( 3.19 ) as Mr. Hardin Tony Hawk ( 1.12 ) as himself Nick Jonas ( 1.10 ) as Ryan in his first appearance Kim Kardashian ( 1.16 ) as herself Richard Karn ( 2.9 & 2.17 ) as Bill McKendree . Karn portrayed Al Borland , co-worker and friend to Tim Allen 's character on Home Improvement Reba McEntire ( 5.19 ) as Billie Cassidy , Mike 's mountain - climbing former girlfriend Frankie Muniz ( 1.18 ) as Richard Melanie Paxson ( 1.23 ) as Liz Cassandra Peterson ( 1.4 ) as Elvira Patricia Richardson ( 4.12 & 5.17 ) as Helen Potts , the Baxters 's widowed neighbor . Richardson portrayed Jill Taylor , the wife of Tim Allen 's character in Home Improvement Robin Roberts ( 5.17 ) as Teresa , a tank mechanic and Persian Gulf War veteran Si Robertson ( 3.1 ) Willie Robertson ( 3.1 ) Mike Rowe ( 1.18 ) as Jimmy Baxter , Mike 's younger brother Jamie - Lynn Sigler ( 1.13 ) as Gabriella Alzate , one of Ed 's five daughters Tony Stewart ( 1.17 ) as himself Paul F. Tompkins ( 1.2 ) as Chester McAllister Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Last Man Standing episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 24 October 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 11 ) May 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 08 ) 18 November 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 02 ) March 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 22 ) 22 September 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 20 ) April 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 25 ) 22 October 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 03 ) April 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 17 ) 5 22 September 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) April 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 22 ) 6 22 September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) Production ( edit ) Development and casting ( edit ) Last Man Standing first appeared on ABC 's development slate in late 2010 when writer Jack Burditt received a put pilot commitment from the network under the original title Man Up . In January 2011 , ABC green - lighted production of a pilot episode under the title Last Days of Man . On February 18 , Tim Allen , who had been attached to the potential series from the beginning , officially joined the project in the lead role . At the end of March , Nancy Travis joined the cast in the leading female role as Allen 's `` smart and loving wife who does n't miss much '' . Soon thereafter , Héctor Elizondo came on board in a supporting role as the boss to Allen 's character . Filming ( edit ) On May 13 , 2011 , ABC picked up the pilot for the 2011 -- 2012 television season under the new title Last Man Standing . On May 17 , 2011 , ABC announced that the series would air on Tuesday nights at 8 Eastern / 7 Central . It debuted on October 11 , 2011 , with the first two episodes airing in a one - hour premiere . On November 3 , 2011 , the series was picked up for a full season of twenty - two episodes . On January 12 , 2012 , the order was increased to twenty - four episodes . On May 11 , 2012 , ABC renewed the series for a second season set to air in the 2012 -- 2013 season in November . On June 11 , 2012 , Tim Doyle was hired as the new showrunner of the series . Doyle was the third showrunner that the series had had since it entered production . Doyle replaced Kevin Abbott , who joined the staff as the showrunner mid-way in the first season . Abbott replaced series creator Jack Burditt , who was the showrunner for the first thirteen episodes . Unlike Burditt , who is no longer credited as an executive producer , Abbott continued to serve as an executive producer while showrunning the fellow ABC sitcom Malibu Country starring Reba McEntire . Both Last Man Standing and Malibu Country aired as a part of ABC 's Friday night lineup for the 2012 -- 2013 primetime television season . On November 8 , 2012 , Abbott re-joined the Last Man Standing crew full - time , after a stint in rehab , and gave Nastaran Dibai full showrunning duties of Malibu Country . On June 11 , 2012 , it was announced that Alexandra Krosney ( Kristin ) was let go from the show for creative reasons . Krosney was replaced by Amanda Fuller in season 2 . On June 19 , 2012 , it was also announced that twins Luke and Evan Kruntchev , who played the role of Boyd in season 1 , would not be returning ; they were replaced by Flynn Morrison in season 2 . The character of Boyd was also age - advanced from two years old to five years old . Jordan Masterson plays Ryan , Boyd 's father , in a recurring role beginning in season 2 . The role was previously played by Nick Jonas , who guest - starred in one episode in season 1 . The second season initially received a 13 - episode order . ABC announced on November 12 , 2012 , that an additional three scripts had been ordered . On November 27 , five more episodes were ordered to bring the second - season episode total to 18 . On May 10 , 2013 , the series was renewed for a third season , which premiered on September 20 , 2013 , and ended on April 25 , 2014 , after 22 episodes . On May 10 , 2014 , ABC renewed Last Man Standing for a fourth season , which premiered on October 3 , 2014 . Allen and Elizondo guest - starred as their Last Man Standing characters in a crossover episode with the fellow ABC Friday sitcom Cristela . On May 10 , 2015 , ABC announced the show had been renewed for a fifth season . Last Man Standing had become a solid performer for the Friday night lineup at ABC , which with the help of Shark Tank and 20 / 20 has become the top network among adults 18 -- 49 for the night . Leading off Friday night for ABC , the sitcom averaged a 1.8 rating in adults 18 -- 49 and 8.2 million viewers overall , according to Nielsen 's Live + 7 estimates . On May 13 , 2016 , ABC renewed the series for a sixth and final season , which premiered on September 23 , 2016 . Cancellation ( edit ) On May 10 , 2017 , ABC canceled Last Man Standing after six seasons , despite the series being the second most - watched ABC sitcom during the 2016 -- 17 season ( based on Live + 7 figures ) , with ratings remaining mostly steady during its sixth season . A rep for 20th Century Fox TV said cancellation decisions are made by ABC . `` This was a scheduling decision , '' wrote Jori Arancio , senior vice president of ABC Entertainment and ABC Studios . ABC and its production partner for the show , 20th Century Fox TV , typically negotiate licensing fees prior to each season ; however , the network decided to cancel the show without doing so . Also , the contract between 20th Century Fox Television and ABC for the show , in which 20th Century Fox Television covered the cost of production , had expired after six seasons . Had the series been renewed for a seventh season , ABC would have been required to pick up Last Man Standing 's production costs , which the network was unwilling to do . The cancellation was met with outrage from the show 's fans , many of whom took to social media to voice their displeasure and petition for another network to pick up the show . It also happened some months after lead actor Tim Allen ( who is also a real - life Republican ) said in an interview on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , that being a Republican in Hollywood is `` like 1930s Germany . You got ta be real careful around here , you know . You 'll get beat up if you do n't believe what everybody believes . '' His comment was widely criticized , especially his comparing the treatment of Republicans in Hollywood with Nazi Germany . A viewer petition on the website Change.org calling for ABC to reinstate Last Man Standing surpassed 380,000 signatures as of May 23 , 2017 . In a conference call with reporters earlier in May , ABC president Channing Dungey stated , `` Last Man Standing was a challenging one for me , because it was a steady performer . Once we made the decision not to continue with comedy on Friday , it was just kind of that 's where we landed . '' Dungey cited studio ownership , future creative direction , ratings and viewer engagement as all factors in her decision . Tim Allen voiced his displeasure with the cancellation , tweeting on May 16 : `` Stunned and blindsided by the network I called home for the last six years . '' On May 20 , 2017 , Howard Kurtzman , president of 20th Century Fox Television , reportedly showed some interest in his studio continuing to produce the show . `` We 're starting to explore that , '' Kurtzman said . `` ... ( Fox Co-President ) Jonnie ( Davis ) and I are hopeful that we can find another home for it . '' Variety also confirmed in an exclusive report that 20th Century Fox Television would shop the series to other networks and streaming services in hopes it would be picked up for a seventh season ; another home has not been found , however . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Last Man Standing stars Héctor Elizondo ( left ) , Tim Allen and Christoph Sanders While popular among viewers ( receiving an 82 % `` Fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes and 7.5 / 10 stars on IMDb ) , Last Man Standing received generally negative reviews from critics . Season one has an approval rating of 16 % on Rotten Tomatoes and a score of 33 out of 100 on Metacritic . The Hollywood Reporter commented : `` A predictable sitcom with a stupid premise and bad acting . '' Los Angeles Times : `` The jokes and plots have been efficiently constructed , but most have no traction ; they slide right off you , and the characters themselves seem disconnected from one another . '' Entertainment Weekly offered a slightly more favorable review of the show : `` When I look at the now - rounded softness of Tim Allen , and note once again how his sandpaper voice contrasts winningly with his hopeful eyes , it 's impossible to plunge a shiv into this series . '' Season two scored 40 % at Rotten Tomatoes . Entertainment Weekly commented : `` I think it 's time the folks involved with Last take a closer look at All in the Family , in which the prejudice was built around real jokes . '' The A.V. Club : `` The problem with Last Man Standing 's attempts to go political is exemplified by the first scene of the season première , which remains one of the most uncomfortable scenes of television I 've ever watched ... doing its best to push buttons in the audience that do n't need to be pushed , as if it thinks what made ( Norman ) Lear 's sitcoms a success was the yelling or the mentions of social issues that people sometimes argued about . '' Philly.com wrote about season three : `` The unlikely comeback vehicle for Tim Allen , Last Man Standing on ABC , is a thoroughly traditional , absolutely charming sitcom . ( ... ) Last Man is both economical and efficient , getting excellent comic mileage out of the most marginal bit players . '' The series was particularly popular among conservatives , many of whom viewed the show as a counterpoint to Modern Family , another 20th Century Fox sitcom that aired on ABC at the same time and featured more liberal ideologies . A study conducted during the 2016 U.S. presidential election found that it was the tenth most popular show on television with Republicans . Ratings ( edit ) ABC 's series premiere of Last Man Standing drew a 3.5 adults 18 -- 49 rating . That was 9 % better than the 3.2 adults 18 -- 49 rating for the series premiere of No Ordinary Family in the same time - slot the previous year ( which was two weeks earlier in the season ) . Season 2 of Last Man Standing premiered with a 2.0 , down about 38 % from its first - season premiere , but up about 18 % from the previous season 's finale . Season Timeslot ( ET ) No. of episodes Premiered Ended TV season Rank Viewers ( million ) Live + DVR viewers Date Premiere viewers ( million ) Premiere 18 -- 49 rating / share Date Finale viewers ( million ) Finale 18 -- 49 rating / share Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 24 October 11 , 2011 12.93 3.4 / 10 May 8 , 2012 6.62 1.7 / 5 2011 -- 12 50 9.12 9.76 Friday 8 : 00 pm 18 November 2 , 2012 8.07 2.0 / 7 March 22 , 2013 7.85 1.6 / 6 2012 -- 13 53 7.93 8.34 22 September 20 , 2013 6.67 1.5 / 6 April 25 , 2014 6.10 1.4 / 6 2013 -- 14 58 7.17 7.92 22 October 3 , 2014 6.91 1.3 / 5 April 17 , 2015 6.16 1.1 / 5 2014 -- 15 60 8.18 8.52 5 22 September 25 , 2015 6.26 1.1 / 5 April 22 , 2016 5.94 1.0 / 4 2015 -- 16 56 7.96 TBA 6 22 September 23 , 2016 5.95 1.1 / 5 March 31 , 2017 6.06 1.1 / 5 2016 -- 17 41 8.06 TBA Awards and nominations ( edit ) Last Man Standing was nominated for a 2012 People 's Choice Award for `` Favorite New TV Comedy '' , but lost to CBS 's 2 Broke Girls . Year Association Nominee / episode Outcome 2011 ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Carl Thiel ( composer ) Won 2012 People 's Choice Awards Favorite New TV Comedy Last Man Standing Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Actor Tim Allen Nominated TV Guide Magazine 's Fan Favorites Awards Favorite Comeback Won Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Supporting Young Actress Kaitlyn Dever Nominated 2013 Environmental Media Awards Television Episodic Comedy `` Mother Fracker '' Won ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Carl Thiel ( composer ) Won 2014 Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography For A Multi-Camera Series Donald A. Morgan -- `` Eve 's Boyfriend '' Nominated ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Carl Thiel ( composer ) Won 2015 ASCAP Screen Music Awards Top Television Series Carl Thiel ( composer ) Won Syndication ( edit ) On September 4 , 2015 , the series joined the CMT Network with a mini-marathon of episodes . On September 3 , 2015 , it was announced that ABC Family ( now Freeform ) had obtained syndication rights to the series , which began airing episodes on September 28 , 2015 . Additionally , on May 15 , 2015 , it was announced that Hallmark Channel has obtained the rights to the sitcom and began airing the series in January 2016 . Five seasons are available for streaming on Netflix and the sixth and final season is also available on Hulu . The syndication of Last Man Standing is a major success in a time when few off - network reruns were becoming hits . Broadcast ( edit ) Last Man Standing aired on ABC in the U.S. , on Fox8 , Network Ten and Eleven ( previously aired on One ) in Australia , City in Canada , and TV3 in New Zealand . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , it premiered on October 9 , 2012 . The second season premiered on January 30 , 2014 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Since becoming series regulars in season 4 , Jordan Masterson and Jonathan Adams are only credited for the episodes in which they appear . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ; Hibberd , James ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` ABC picks up Tim Allen comedy , renews ' Happy Endings ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chozick , Amy ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` A New Generation of TV Wimps '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ham Radio in Hollywood : Comedian Tim Allen Stars as Radio Amateur on New TV Show '' . American Radio Relay League . December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Alexandra Krosney Exits Last Man Standing , Role Recast '' . tvline.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vince Calandra ( writer ) & Victor Gonzalez ( director ) ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` Rediscover America '' . Last Man Standing . Season 4 . Episode 3 . ABC . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 8 , 2010 ) . `` ABC Lands ' Man Up ' Comedy From Writer Jack Burditt Which May Star Tim Allen '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Wednesday , January 19 '' . The Futon Critic . January 19 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( January 19 , 2011 ) . `` NBC orders Ron Moore pilot '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Home Improvement Redux : Tim Allen Returns to ABC Roots With Comedy Pilot '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . 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Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ; Hibberd , James ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` ABC picks up Tim Allen comedy , renews ' Happy Endings ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` ABC 2011 -- 12 Primetime Schedule Announced '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` ABC Announces Fall Series Premiere Dates : Late Starts for ' Once Upon a Time , ' ' Man Up ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 3 , 2011 ) . `` ABC Picks Up Full Seasons of ' Once Upon a Time , ' ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Happy Endings ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` ABC orders more of ' Last Man Standing ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : Private Practice , ' Body of Proof ' Renewed ; ' Last Man Standing , ' ' Scandal ' & ' Apt 23 ′ Renewed Too ; ' GCB ' Canceled '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Fall TV : ABC Announces Premiere Dates '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` Tim Doyle Joins ABC 's ' Last Man Standing ' As New Showrunner '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 28 , 2012 ) . `` Nastaran Dibai To Run ' Malibu Country ' , Kevin Abbott Rejoins ' Last Man Standing ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello . `` Last Man Standing Drops Alexandra Krosney -- Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` TV Castings -- Chicago Fire , Last Man Standing , Arrow '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Kristen . `` ' Last Man Standing ' adds actors to play Tim Allen 's daughter , grandson '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Last Man Standing ' Season 2 retools family dynamic and ages up the kid -- From Inside the Box -- Zap2it '' . Blog.zap2it.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Keck 's Exclusives : Last Man Standing Recasts Role -- Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com . August 16 , 2012 . Retrieved October 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Kristen . `` ' Last Man Standing ' adds actors to play Tim Allen 's daughter , grandson '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` ABC Comedies ' Malibu Country ' & ' Last Man Standing ' Get Orders For More Scripts '' . deadline.com on November 12 , 2012 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Malibu Country ' Get 5 More Episodes Each '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' Renewed : ABC Orders Season 3 '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` ABC Sets Premiere Dates for 2013 -- 2014 Including ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Once Upon A Time In Wonderland ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Last Man Standing ' renewed for 4th season '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 10 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Allen Guest Stars on ' Cristela ' in ' Last Man Standing ' Crossover Episode ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing renewed for season 5 '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( 2015 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' Renewed : Season 5 Greenlit by ABC -- Variety '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` ' Last Man Standing ' Season 6 Premiere Date Revealed '' . TV Series . June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' Canceled By ABC After 6 Seasons '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Despite High Ratings , ABC Cancels Trump - Friendly Sitcom ' Last Man Standing ' '' . May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mooney , Paula . `` ' LAST MAN STANDING ' CANCELED WITH 8.1 M VIEWERS : FANS BOYCOTT ABC OVER TIM ALLEN 'S CONSERVATIVE CHRISTIAN ROLE '' . Inquisitir . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ; Gajewski , Ryan . `` Did Tim Allen 's Nazi Germany Joke Help Kill ' Last Man Standing ' ? '' . TheWrap . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blasting News '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Allen Breaks Silence on Cancellation of `` Last Man Standing '' as Petition Clears 140,000 + Signatures `` . Tribuist.com . May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , AOL . `` Tim Allen lashes out at ABC after ' Last Man Standing ' cancellation '' . AOL.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AOL.com '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' : 20th Century Fox TV Will Seek New Home for Tim Allen Comedy '' . Variety.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rotten Tomatoes '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IMDb '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing ( 2011 ) -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Last Man Standing : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Last Man Standing ' : Review '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' : Tim Allen returns to TV , no ' Home Improvement ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Malibu Country ' : Season premiere reviews '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( April 1 , 2013 ) . `` Last Man Standing 's second season was the weirdest sitcom season since ' Til Death '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hiltbrand , David ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Lots of funny business all over TV '' . Philly.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 favorite TV shows of Democrats and Republicans '' . Business Insider . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( November 5 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Malibu Country ' Adjusted Up ; ' Fringe ' and ' Nikita ' Adjusted Down '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Last Man , ' ' NCIS , ' ' 90210 , ' ' Dancing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Ringer , ' ' Body Of Proof ' Adjusted Down -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Voice ' , ' Glee ' , ' DWTS ' + ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' LA Complex ' , + ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 2012 Full Season Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Ratings and Viewership Gains , ' Grimm ' Ranks Number One In Percentage Increases -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . June 11 , 2012 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Daily Preliminary Broadcast Cable Finals Broadcast Finals ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Malibu Country ' Adjusted Up ; ' Fringe ' and ' Nikita ' Adjusted Down -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 23 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Friday : ' Last Man Standing ' & ' Malibu Country ' Finales Rise , ' Grimm ' Flat , ' Touch ' Up , Plus NCAA Tournament Preliminary Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2012 -- 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS , ' ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Complete 2012 -- 13 Season ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase & Tops Total Viewership Gains ; ' Hannibal ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up , ' 20 / 20 ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' Last Man Standing ' or ' The Neighbors ' '' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' , ' Blue Bloods ' , ' Last Man Standing ' & ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grimm ' , ' Hannibal ' & ' Dateline ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team . `` Primetime TV Series 2013 Ratings & Rankings -- Full List -- Deadline '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Complete 2013 - 14 Season ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Raising Hope ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase , ' The Blacklist ' Tope Viewership Gains - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Last Man Standing ' , ' Shark Tank ' & ' 20 / 20 ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' Adjusted Up ; ' 20 / 20 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 Ratings : Complete 2014 - 15 Season ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Messengers ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Gains - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dixon , Dani ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' + ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' and ' 20 / 20 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts up , ' MacGyver ' and ' Exorcist ' hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' finale adjusts up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Magazine Fan Favorites Awards Winners Revealed ! '' . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Awards Past and present '' . The Environmental Media Association . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Television Series '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Television Series '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 ASCAP Screen Music Awards '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . March 24 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family Fall 2015 Schedule with Last Man Standing ; Girl Meets World Tackles Asperger 's Syndrome in Upcoming Episode -- SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . sitcomsonline.com . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel Acquires Last Man Standing for 2016 ; Sitcom Stars on Talk Shows ( Week of May 18 , 2015 ) -- SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . sitcomsonline.com . Jump up ^ `` ABC Primetime Schedule 2011 '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` FOX8 premieres : Sept / Oct '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing -- Shows -- TV3 '' . MediaWorks . September 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` Sky1 Acquires UK Rights To ABC 's Comedy Series ' Last Man Standing ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` Sky1 Sets UK Premiere Date For ' Last Man Standing ' Season 2 '' . TVWise . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Last Man Standing . Official website Last Man Standing on IMDb Last Man Standing at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Last_Man_Standing_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=808164507 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy television series 2011 American television series debuts 2017 American television series endings American Broadcasting Company network shows American television sitcoms English - language television programs Teenage pregnancy in television Television series about families Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television shows set in Colorado Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2015 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 07 : 49 . 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"Last Man Standing is an American television sitcom starring Tim Allen as a senior employee of a sporting goods store in Denver, Colorado, who is a married father of three daughters. The series includes his interactions with family, neighbors, and coworkers and often expressions of his conservative political views."
] | [
"Denver, Colorado"
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-6440971841960578974 | MasterChef Australia (series 9) | MasterChef Australia ( series 9 ) - Wikipedia MasterChef Australia ( series 9 ) Jump to : navigation , search MasterChef Australia ( series 9 ) Country of origin Australia No. of episodes 63 Release Original network Network Ten Original release 1 May ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) -- 24 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 24 ) Season chronology ← Previous Series 8 Next → Series 10 The ninth series of MasterChef Australia premiered on 1 May 2017 on Network Ten . Judges George Calombaris , Gary Mehigan and Matt Preston from the previous series returned . This series was won by Diana Chan in the grand finale against Ben Ungermann , on 24 July 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Changes 2 Contestants 2.1 Top 24 3 Guest Chefs 4 Elimination chart 5 Episodes and ratings 6 References Changes ( edit ) This season introduced the `` Power Pin '' in the seventh week . The pin grants the wearer an extra 15 minutes cooking time in the challenge the user chooses to use the pin until the finals . Contestants ( edit ) Top 24 ( edit ) The Top 24 contestants were announced on 1 -- 3 May 2017 . Chosen contestant Josh Clearihan was a previous auditionee from the eighth series who failed to reach the auditions when he was hospitalized with brain damage after a run - in with a car thief . The series featured other previous auditionees : Pia Gava , Benita Orwell and Eloise Praino . Contestant Age State Occupation Status Diana Chan 29 VIC Accountant Winner 24 July Ben Ungermann 32 QLD Retail Manager Runner - up 24 July Karlie Verkerk 26 NSW Copywriter Third place 23 July Tamara Graffen 28 WA Engineering Officer Eliminated 20 July Returned 13 June Eliminated 12 June Arum Nixon 34 NSW Advertising Strategist Eliminated 18 July Sarah Tiong 26 NSW Risk Consultant Eliminated 17 July Eliza Wilson 30 VIC Theatre Nurse Eliminated 13 July Eloise Praino 32 SA Graduate Law Clerk Eliminated 10 July Callan Smith 18 NSW Student Eliminated 6 July Sam Goodwin 25 VIC Construction Coordinator Eliminated 29 June Nicole Stevenson 24 QLD Medical Secretary Eliminated 26 June Michelle Lukman 19 VIC Student Eliminated 22 June Ray Silva 42 NSW Doctor Eliminated 15 June Samuel Whitehead 26 SA Market Stall Owner Eliminated 8 June Pete Morgan 31 WA Crane Operator Eliminated 5 June Jess Butler 29 VIC Nurse Eliminated 1 June Trent Devincenzo 27 NSW Systems Engineer Eliminated 29 May Benjamin Bullock 27 WA Lawyer Eliminated 25 May Bryan Zhu 23 NSW Photographer Eliminated 22 May Benita Orwell 57 QLD Ex-Ground Staff Eliminated 18 May Pia Gava 49 VIC Contracts Officer Eliminated 15 May Josh Clearihan 32 VIC Senior IT Administrator Eliminated 11 May Lee Behan 29 WA Hospitality Manager Eliminated 8 May Rashedul Hasan 35 NSW IT Program Director Eliminated 4 May Guest Chefs ( edit ) Week Guest Chef Challenge Maggie Beer Auditions Part 2 Anna Polyviou Auditions Part 3 Elena Duggan Top 24 Mystery Box Challenge ( Home Cooking Week ) Jarrod Di Blasi Immunity Challenge Johnny Di Francesco Team Challenge Ben Shewry Mystery Box Challenge / Invention Test Andy Bowdy Pressure Test Charlie Carrington Immunity Challenge ( Sweet Week ) Kirsten Tibballs Mystery Box Challenge Janice Wong Invention Test Christy Tania Pressure Test Lauren Eldridge Immunity Challenge Angélique Pereto Reynold Poernomo Darren Purchese Team Challenge 5 David Thompson Mystery Box Challenge / Invention Test Josue Lopez Pressure Test Clinton McIver Immunity Challenge 6 ( Yotam Week ) Yotam Ottolenghi All Challenges & MasterClass Blayne Bertoncello Immunity Challenge 7 Curtis Stone Mystery Box Challenge / Invention Test Deniz Karaca Pressure Test Matt Sinclair Team Challenge 8 ( Heston 's Road Trip ) Heston Blumenthal All Challenges & MasterClass 9 Peter Gilmore Mystery Box Challenge / Invention Test Paul Carmichael Pressure Test Ben Devlin Immunity Challenge 10 ( Japan Week ) Tsutomo Kodama Service Challenge Odaka Takayuki MasterClass Kagehisa Imada 11 Kylie Millar Pressure Test Federico Zanellato Immunity Challenge Clare Smyth Service Challenge 12 Shaun Quade Pressure Test Peter Gilmore Elimination Challenge Ross Lusted Alla Wolf - Tasker Ashley Palmer - Watts Service Challenge Curtis Stone MasterClass Finals Kirsten Tibballs Grand Finale Elimination chart ( edit ) Week 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Finals Mystery Box Challenge Winner Bryan Callan Pia Sam Eloise Ray Pete Karlie Karlie Sam Diana Tamara Diana Arum Ben None Invention Test Winner None Eliza Karlie Sarah Eloise Sam Sarah Callan Diana Sam Ben Samuel Tamara Diana Karlie Tamara Diana Karlie Michelle None Eliza Eloise Sarah Ben Arum Eliza Tamara Arum Ben Tamara Immunity Challenge Lose : Sarah Win : Eloise Lose : Callan , Diana , Sam Lose : Tamara Lose : Karlie None Lose : Sarah Win : Sarah Win : Arum None Diana Top 24 IN IN Team Win IN Team Win Top 3 Team Win IN Team Win 1 Top 3 Team Lose Top 3 Team Win Btm 9 IN Team Lose IN Team Win Btm 3 Top 3 Btm 3 Top 3 Btm 3 Top 2 WINNER Ben Top 24 IN IN Team Win IN Team Lose IN Team Win Top 3 Team Lose 2 IN Team Win IN Team Lose Top 3 IN Team 3rd Top 3 Team 2nd Btm 3 Top 2 Top 3 Btm 2 ADV Top 2 Runner - up Karlie Top 24 IN Top 3 Team Win IN Team 3rd IN Team Win IN Btm 5 Top 3 Team Lose Top 3 P.P. Team Win Btm 9 IN Team 3rd Top 3 Team Win IN Btm 3 Btm 3 Top 3 Btm 3 3rd Eliminated ( Ep 62 ) Tamara Top 24 IN IN Team Lose IN Team 3rd IN Btm 3 Top 3 Team Win 2 Top 3 Btm 3 Elim Team Lose Btm 9 IN Team Win IN Team Lose Top 3 Btm 3 Top 3 Top 3 Elim Eliminated ( Ep 61 ) Arum Top 24 IN IN Team Lose IN Team Lose IN Team Win IN Team Win 2 IN Btm 3 Btm 4 Team Lose Top 3 Btm 3 Team 2nd IN Team 2nd Top 3 ADV Top 3 Elim Eliminated ( Ep 59 ) Sarah Top 24 IN Top 3 Team Win Top 3 Team 3rd IN Team Win IN Team Win 2 IN Team Lose IN Team Win Btm 9 Top 3 Team Win Top 3 Team Lose IN Btm 3 / Imm . Elim Eliminated ( Ep 58 ) Eliza Top 24 IN Top 3 Team Win IN Team Win IN Team Win IN Team Win 1 IN Team Win IN Team Win Top 3 Top 3 Team 2nd IN Team 2nd Top 3 Elim Eliminated ( Ep 56 ) Eloise Top 24 IN IN Team Lose Top 3 Team Win IN Team Lose / Imm . IN Team Win 2 Btm 3 Team Win IN Saved Btm 9 Top 3 Team Lose IN Team Win Elim Eliminated ( Ep 53 ) Callan Top 24 Top 4 IN Team Win IN Team Win Top 3 Team Lose IN Btm 3 IN Team Win IN Team Win Btm 9 Btm 3 Btm 2 IN Elim Eliminated ( Ep 50 ) Sam Top 24 Top 4 IN Team Lose Top 3 Team Win Top 3 Team Win Btm 3 Team Win 1 IN Team Lose Btm 4 Team Lose Btm 3 IN Elim Eliminated ( Ep 45 ) Nicole Top 24 IN IN Team Lose IN Team Lose IN Team Lose IN Team Lose 1 IN Team Win IN Team Win Btm 3 Elim Eliminated ( Ep 42 ) Michelle Top 24 IN IN Btm 4 IN Team 3rd IN Team Lose IN Team Lose 2 IN Team Win Top 3 Team Lose Elim Eliminated ( Ep 40 ) Ray Top 24 IN Btm 3 Team Win Btm 3 Team Win IN Btm 3 IN Team Win 1 Btm 3 Team Win Btm 4 Elim Eliminated ( Ep 35 ) Samuel Top 24 IN IN Team Lose IN Team Win Btm 3 Team Lose Top 3 Btm 5 IN Elim Eliminated ( Ep 30 ) Pete Top 24 IN Btm 3 Team Win Btm 3 Team Lose IN Team Win IN Btm 3 Elim Eliminated ( Ep 27 ) Jess Top 24 IN IN Btm 4 IN Team 3rd IN Team Lose Btm 3 Elim Eliminated ( Ep 25 ) Trent Top 24 IN IN Team Win IN Team Win Btm 3 Team Win Elim Eliminated ( Ep 22 ) Benjamin Top 24 Btm 4 IN Btm 4 IN Team Win IN Elim Eliminated ( Ep 20 ) Bryan Top 24 Top 4 IN Team Win IN Team Win Elim Eliminated ( Ep 17 ) Benita Top 24 Btm 4 IN Team Win IN Elim Eliminated ( Ep 15 ) Pia Top 24 Top 4 IN Team Lose Elim Eliminated ( Ep 12 ) Josh Top 24 IN IN Elim Eliminated ( Ep 10 ) Lee Top 24 Btm 4 Elim Eliminated ( Ep 7 ) Rashedul Top 24 Elim Eliminated ( Ep 5 ) Eliminated Rashedul Lee Josh Pia Benita Bryan Benjamin Trent Jess Pete Samuel Tamara 1st Elimination Ray Michelle Nicole Sam Callan Eloise Eliza Sarah Arum Tamara Re-elimination Karlie Ben 89 points Diana 90 points ( win ) Episodes and ratings ( edit ) Colour key : -- Highest rating during the series -- Lowest rating during the series Ep # / Wk - Ep # Original airdate Episode Title / Event Total viewers ( five metro cities ) Nightly Ranking Week 1 1 / 01 - 1 Monday , 1 May 2017 Series Premiere : Auditions Part 1 - The ninth series started with contestants cooking their signature dish in one hour for an automatic entry to the Top 24 . Each judge awarded contestants with a `` yes '' or `` no '' . Twenty contestants received three `` yes '' votes and won their way through to the main competition while the second - chance contestants , with one or two `` yes '' votes , were to cook again in the next episode . 1,060,000 # 5 2 / 01 - 2 Tuesday , 2 May 2017 Auditions Part 2 - Maggie Beer set a challenge for the twelve home cooks who received a second chance to cook either a savoury dish or a dessert in 75 minutes , with lemons as the core ingredient , to secure a place in the competition . The top three dishes were chosen by Maggie and the judges sent their makers to join the Top 24 . The bottom three who failed to impress the judges were eliminated while the remaining six competed for their last chance to secure the 24th spot in the next day 's Pressure Test . In the end , it was Eliza , Lee and Sarah who received an apron each during the tasting after earning overall praise from the judges with their respective dishes . 913,000 # 6 3 / 01 - 3 Wednesday , 3 May 2017 Auditions Part 3 - To win the last apron and secure a spot in the Top 24 , the remaining contestants faced a Pressure Test set by Anna Polyviou . They had three - and - a-half hours to recreate her intricate firecracker - based dessert with ten technical dessert elements inside the dish . The two hopefuls who delivered the best take of the dish were considered by the judges for the last spot in the Top 24 . Arum 's dish was declared the best , winning him the last apron . 917,000 # 5 4 / 01 - 4 Thursday , 4 May 2017 Top 24 Mystery Box Challenge - In their first cook in the competition , the Top 24 contestants faced a Mystery Box that contained ingredients chosen by Elena Duggan ( series 8 winner ) . Cooking with 75 minutes on the clock , the majority of the contestants opted to cook a pasta dish while some opted for an inventive dish . Rashedul suffered a major setback when he dropped a dish containing many of his elements in the final minute of cooking time . In the end , it was Sam , Callan , Pia and Bryan who were declared the Top 4 while Rashedul was sent to elimination along with Lee , Benjamin and Benita . 899,000 # 6 5 / 01 - 5 Hidden Pairs Elimination Challenge - Benita , Benjamin , Lee and Rashedul competed in the first elimination challenge . Each had to pick an ingredient of their choice next to a cloche that contained a hidden paired ingredient and make a dish in 75 minutes . Rashedul selected mango paired with green peppercorns , Benjamin had walnuts and dates , Benita got peaches and Earl Grey tea , and Lee chose salmon with aniseed . Benita 's risk of producing an ice cream dessert did n't pay off , forcing her to change it into a custard dish . Benjamin 's katoumari received criticism on his presentation but received overall praise on the taste . Lee 's dish also won praise from the judges . Rashedul struggled to think of a dish , and chose to make a mango , mint and peppercorn sorbet . The judges could n't taste the green peppercorn in his sorbet , which meant it did not meet the brief of highlighting both ingredients , and that was enough to eliminate him . 910,000 # 5 Week 2 - Home Cooking Week 6 / 02 - 1 Sunday , 7 May 2017 Judges ' Mystery Box Challenge and Invention Test - The 23 remaining contestants could only rely on the basics of home cooking for the week by using simple kitchen equipment . They faced a Mystery Box Challenge with ingredients like prawns , chillies , pineapple and parmesan , that were chosen by the judges for the 75 - minute cook . Sarah , Pia , Diana , Michelle and Eloise were chosen as the Top 5 and Eloise 's Pineapple Tarte Tatin with Pumpkin Chilli Caramel won her the advantage for the choice of the core ingredient for the Invention Test . She chose halloumi ( over fennel and mussels ) . This ingredient caused some of the contestants to struggle throughout the 75 - minute cook , including Lee , Ray and Pete , who found themselves in elimination . Eliza , Karlie and Sarah managed to champion the cheese in creative ways and were declared the Top 3 . 767,000 # 5 7 / 02 - 2 Monday , 8 May 2017 Pressure Test : Gary Mehigan 's Roast Chicken , Peas and Potatoes - Lee , Pete and Ray had to follow and recreate Gary 's roasted chicken dish without a recipe provided ; they had to follow the chef before plating the dish within 10 seconds of Gary to be spared from elimination . Ray struggled throughout , he poured too much cream in the pea custard and his fondant potatoes were cooked inconsistently . Pete fell behind when he tried to prepare his vegetable jus but his dish received overall praise and was first to be declared safe . Throughout the challenge , Lee started well and his dish impressed the judges , but it was his cooking of the chicken that let him down , as he failed to sear the flesh side of the protein at the end of the cook . 861,000 # 8 8 / 02 - 3 Tuesday , 9 May 2017 Immunity Challenge : Jarrod Di Blasi - In the 32 - minute first round , Eliza , Sarah and Karlie had to make a savoury dinner plate with just one trip to the pantry . Sarah 's Pan Friend Barramundi with Bok Choy and Vinaigrette won the round and she advanced to the Immunity Challenge against Jarrod Di Blasi , who was the Victorian Young Chef of the Year . She chose one of the judges ' home fridges ( Gary 's which contained Asian Ingredients ) and with 75 minutes , prepped a XO Marinated Steak with Pickled Mushrooms and Potato Mash while Jarrod made a Sashimi of Whiting with Roast Bone Dressing and Avocado Puree in 60 minutes . Jarrod received overall praise on the creativity of his dish while Sarah 's dish also pleased the judges but her mashed potatoes and her marinade divided the judges ' opinions , giving her 23 points to Jarrod 's 27 . 979,000 # 4 9 / 02 - 4 Wednesday , 10 May 2017 400 Gradi Team Challenge - The contestants arrived at the 400 Gradi Pizzeria headed by World Pizza Champion Johnny Di Francesco for a team challenge cooking for 250 guests . The two teams , led by Diana ( Green ) and Eloise ( Red ) , had four hours preparation and service time to cook and plate an Italian three - course meal : two pizzas , a pasta dish and a dessert . During their first challenge , both teams struggled in prepping their respective pizza dough and desserts . The Red Team 's pizzas received higher praise than the Green Team 's , which had technical issues with the topping and the crust . However , the judges slammed their bland pasta and heavy sponge dessert compared to the Green Team 's , and sent the Red Team into elimination . 876,000 # 5 10 / 02 - 5 Thursday , 11 May 2017 Potato Elimination Challenge - The losing team members faced a two - round elimination challenge featuring the core ingredient : potatoes . The first round was to cook a classic side dish of chips and dip in 60 minutes . Samuel , Arum and Eloise had the Top 3 chip dishes while Benjamin , Jess , Josh and Michelle served soggy chips , sending them to the second round . After 60 minutes to cook a dish with potatoes , Jess and Michelle delivered exemplary dishes . And while one of Benjamin 's sweet potato doughnuts was mushy , Josh 's undercooking of his potato resulted in his gnocchi being lumpy and made him the third contestant to be eliminated . 875,000 # 5 MasterClass : George Calombaris , Gary Mehigan and Matt Preston - The judges individually presented their respective simple dishes to the contestants in their MasterClass : George demonstrated the cooking of broccoli on a grill , Gary presented a dessert that featured chocolate and beetroot , and Matt cooked nuggets and chips . Gary helped George make his Lamb Tortellini with Butter Sauce and Yoghurt Dressing . 669,000 # 8 Week 3 11 / 03 - 1 Sunday , 14 May 2017 Ben Shewry 's All - Australian Mystery Box Challenge and Invention Test - Ben Shewry showcased his Mystery Box that contained Australian ingredients for the contestants . After 75 minutes , the top five were Jess , Tamara , Trent , Nicole and Ray , with the latter winning the challenge . Ray 's advantage for the Invention Test was to choose one of the three cooking techniques that had to be highlighted in the contestants ' dishes . Throughout the second challenge , Ray , despite choosing smoking as the highlight of the dish , was responsible for under - cooked crayfish and under - smoked broth , while Pia failed to plate up all of her elements . Sarah , Sam and Eloise impressed with their inventive dishes while Ray and Pia were joined by Pete in the Bottom 3 . 734,000 # 5 12 / 03 - 2 Monday , 15 May 2017 Pressure Test : Andy Bowdy 's `` Rita '' - Pete , Pia and Ray had four - and - a-half hours to recreate pastry chef Andy Bowdy 's signature twelve element intricate layered cake . The judges were impressed with Pete 's dish overall , despite him burning his second batch of candied pecans , and he was declared safe . Ray lost points in the presentation of his cake layers but was praised on the tasting apart from his thick biscuit base . Although Pia 's dish had the best presentation , her bavarois was heavy and her meringue was too grainy . In the end , the errors in Pia 's dessert outweighed Ray 's bulging cake appearance , sealing her elimination . 868,000 # 9 13 / 03 - 3 Tuesday , 16 May 2017 Immunity Challenge : Charlie Carrington - In the 45 - minute first round , Eloise , Sam and Sarah were tasked to cook a dish with the use of a waffle maker . While Sam and Sarah opted for the sweet option for their waffle dishes , Eloise 's savoury take on chicken and waffles with chilli soy caramel won her the opportunity to cook against chef Charlie Carrington of Atlas Dining in Melbourne . Eloise had the advantage to beat the chef by choosing the ' indulgent ' pantry that had sweet ingredients and , with 75 minutes , cooked a dessert of chocolate and peanut butter . The judges applaud Eloise 's dish over Charlie 's midnight snack dish that left them uncertain of his mascarpone ginger beer foam , awarding her the immunity pin with 28 points to Charlie 's 21 . 1,045,000 # 4 14 / 03 - 4 Wednesday , 17 May 2017 Relay Team Challenge - Four teams competed in a relay challenge where each member had 15 minutes of cooking time and 45 seconds to pass their instructions to the next cook . The captains Diana ( Red Team ) , Benjamin ( Yellow ) , Tamara ( Blue ) and Benita ( Green ) were tasked with choosing a dish that featured maple syrup . Benita and Tamara chose the savoury option for their dishes ( Green 's Singaporean Chilli Crab and Prawns , and Blue 's Asian Sticky Pork Belly with Bao Buns and Slaw ) while Benjamin and Diana opted for Maple Ice Cream desserts . Throughout the following changeovers , Benita 's choice of dish confused her team members when she decided to replace the palm sugar with the syrup at the start of the cook , the Red Team struggled with their jelly element which they failed to plate at the last minute and the Yellow Team provided improvements to their dish . Michelle , who was the third to cook for the Blue Team , struggled throughout and tampered with the elements of her team 's dish , forcing the last two members to salvage it . The Yellow and Red Teams were applauded for their desserts despite the missing jelly in the Red Team 's dish , while the judges praised Diana 's leadership and organization of her team 's dish . The Blue Team 's dish was criticised on their overcooked pork while the Green Team 's maple flavour could n't be detected despite using all of the syrup throughout the cook . As their dish failed to highlight the core ingredient , the Green Team were sent to elimination . 958,000 # 5 15 / 03 - 5 Thursday , 18 May 2017 Time Shopping Elmination Challenge - Arum , Ben , Benita , Nicole and Pete faced an elimination challenge where each contestant could bid part of their 90 minutes ' cooking time to purchase their ingredients . Each pantry of ingredients ( except the staples ) cost different minutes of time . Arum and Nicole spent 20 minutes to cook with ginger , sugar and pistachios . Ben had John Dory , artichokes and vanilla beans that cost 15 minutes . Benita decided to spend 45 minutes for prawns , ginger , coriander and kecap manis . Pete bought cherries , vanilla beans , sugar and pistachios for 25 minutes . Arum 's cake was loved by the judges with Ben 's dish also receiving praise , while Pete had issues in plating his cake but stood out in the tasting . Nicole chose a pudding that was crumbled and dry which lacked sauce . Benita faced problems in her allocated cooking time producing an underwhelming dish and despite her efforts of improvising her burnt broth , it was not enough to save her from elimination . 935,000 # 5 Week 4 - Sweet Week 16 / 04 - 1 Sunday , 21 May 2017 Kirsten Tibballs ' Mystery Box Challenge and Flower Affinity Invention Test - The daily challenges in the coming week focus the contestants to cook desserts . Kirsten Tibballs presents her Mystery Box , with chocolate and her chosen ingredients ( coconut , raspberries , mint , instant coffee , coffee beans , green tea , nectarines , desiccated coconut and dark rum ) along with additional pantry dessert staples , for contestants to make their dishes in half an hour . Bryan , Eloise , Arum , Eliza and Pete were chosen for tasting and impressed with the creativity of their desserts , with Pete winning the advantage in the Invention Test set by Janice Wong . He was rewarded an extra 30 - minute head start with Janice mentoring him to make a dish inspired by flowers but it was Callan , Diana and Sam who thrived in highlighting the flowers in their desserts and won the chance to cook for immunity . Samuel and Trent had technical issues with their dishes while Bryan 's dessert had too many elements and the flavours in his dish did not balance together correctly . Therefore , the three of them were sent to the Pressure Test . 839,000 # 7 17 / 04 - 2 Monday , 22 May 2017 Pressure Test : Christy Tania 's Ice Cream Float - Christy Tania showed Bryan , Samuel and Trent her gravity - defying ice cream dessert for them to replicate in three hours , with thirty minutes to make their sugar balloons . The time pressure proved too much for the contestants as they had flaws in their dishes : Trent 's balloon was too small as it dispersed when he presented his dish to the judges , Samuel used excess chocolate to cover the crevice of his cone after he poured his hot chocolate sauce during the cook , and Bryan 's semifreddo was too dense and contained dollops of meringue in the mixture , while he ran out of time to make his balloon . Ultimately , Trent and Samuel scored in taste and presentation , respectively . Despite having a good run in the competition , Bryan 's first Pressure Test sealed his elimination . 936,000 # 8 18 / 04 - 3 Tuesday , 23 May 2017 Immunity Challenge : Lauren Eldridge , Angélique Pereto and Reynold Poernomo - As a team , Callan , Diana and Sam individually competed against one of the three guest pastry chefs for immunity . By knife draw : Sam was pitted against pastry chef Lauren Eldridge , Diana faced chef Angélique Pereto and Callan cooked against KOI Dessert Bar 's Reynold Poernomo ( from season 7 ) . In 75 minutes , Diana made a dark chocolate sorbet with orange sauce , Sam cooked a deconstructed black forest gateaux and Callan baked a layered sponge cake with fruits , jelly , toffee and chocolate ganache . In 60 minutes , Reynold made a mango cream with spiced pineapple and lemongrass ginger consommé , Angélique decided to cook a dessert of green tea with coconut and raspberry , and Lauren did a honeycomb with crème fraiche ice cream . When Reynold 's dessert scored 27 points , the judges felt Callan 's use of his chocolate ganache was unnecessary and gave him 16 points . Diana 's dish was liked by the judges but the creativity of Angélique 's dessert highly impressed the judges , giving her a perfect score of 30 to Diana 's 18 . While Sam earned rave reviews on his dish , Lauren 's use of two simple elements and precision earned her high praise ( 27 - 28 ) . 899,000 # 7 19 / 04 - 4 Wednesday , 24 May 2017 Edible Dessert Greenhouse Art Team Challenge - Two teams were tasked by Darren Purchese to construct edible dessert art installations in their respective stations for public viewing in eight hours . Sarah 's Red Team chose a Japanese zen garden concept while Tamara 's Blue Team took inspiration of a beehive . During prep time , the Red Team overcooked their first batch of dehydrated strawberry cherry blossoms and forced them to only make 300 blossoms while the Blue Team took too long to make their honeycomb biscuits and to build their cookie cutters . Afterwards , both teams were praised in their creativity by the judges but the Blue Team 's installations lacked balance in the sweetness of each element over the Red Team 's and landed them in elimination . 845,000 # 7 20 / 04 - 5 Thursday , 25 May 2017 Blind Ingredient Tasting Elimination Challenge - The losing contestants ( except Eloise , who used her Immunity Pin ) had to correctly guess each ball of a dessert ingredient while blindfolded , to avoid landing in one of three places for the second elimination round . The bottom three : Ray ( who mistook grapes for watermelon ) , Benjamin ( banana instead of rockmelon ) and Tamara ( cucumber rather than rockmelon ) had 75 minutes to cook their desserts with the ingredient they guessed incorrectly . Both Tamara and Ray impressed with their dishes but , while Ray struggled throughout the challenge , it was Benjamin 's overcooked bananas that sent him home . 879,000 # 4 Week 5 21 / 05 - 1 Sunday , 28 May 2017 David Thompson 's Mystery Box Challenge and Invention Test - Thai cuisine expert and chef David Thompson set up a Mystery Box Challenge for the contestants to cook their dishes with his chosen Thai ingredients , with Tamara , Diana , Michelle , Karlie and Samuel selected as the top five . Karlie won the advantage in the Invention Test which was the choice between two of Thompson 's dishes to cook an inventive dish with the ingredients of the chosen dish . She chose his pineapple and crab curry ( over his tom yum soup ) and several contestants prospered with their dishes to compete for three places in the Immunity Challenge . Tamara , Ben and Samuel had the top dishes chosen by the judges . Jess , Sam and Trent had technical errors in their dishes and were at risk of elimination . 737,000 # 6 22 / 05 - 2 Monday , 29 May 2017 Pressure Test : Josue Lopez 's `` After the Eucalypt Fire '' - Jess , Sam and Trent had three hours to replicate `` After the Eucalypt Fire '' , a 14 - element emu dish cooked by Brisbane 's Chef of the Year Josue Lopez . Despite his beetroot leaf puree being grainy , Sam was first to be declared safe . Jess ' puree was bitter and lacked vibrance but while Trent was praised for the cooking of his emu , his plating was unorganized and the lack of the essential crispy elements in his dish left him eliminated . 765,000 # 11 23 / 05 - 3 Tuesday , 30 May 2017 Immunity Challenge : Clinton McIver - Ben , Samuel and Tamara had 45 minutes to recreate a classic macaroni and cheese in the first round . Tamara 's chilli mac ' n ' cheese won her the chance to cook off against Melbourne chef Clinton McIver of Amaru . From a choice of herbs , she chose rosemary and cooked Chicken Rosemary Garlic Dumplings with Chicken Broth in 75 minutes while Clinton made a Rosemary Lamb with Pickled Vegetables and Pear in 60 minutes . Both of their dishes were praised on simplicity but Clinton 's modern flavours of his dish beat Tamara 's overall quality presentation by 27 points to 26 . 874,000 # 6 24 / 05 - 4 Wednesday , 31 May 2017 South Melbourne Market Team Challenge - Four teams competed at the South Melbourne Market to cook two snacks ( savoury and sweet ) and sell them to 1000 people , with only two teams to be pronounced safe after they delivered the best dishes and earned the most money from the public . All teams struggled to plan their dishes : Michelle 's Yellow Team attempted to estimate the mass of their ingredients , Tamara 's Green Team took a lot of time to prepare the food and Sam 's Blue Team had issues with the lime curd in their dessert . After service , the teams made $13,728 to be donated to Kidney Health Australia . The judges applauded the Blue Team 's dishes that were free from flaws and declared the team safe . The Green Team was also safe with takings of $4,158 , sending the other two teams to the elimination round . 704,000 # 10 25 / 05 - 5 Thursday , 1 June 2017 Three Dishes from Six Eggs Elimination Challenge - The eight losing contestants faced a three - round elimination challenge to cook dishes in 45 minutes with only six eggs available . Ben , Michelle and Nicole had the top dishes in the first round . Karlie and Samuel thrived in the second round , sending Callan , Jess and Pete in the final elimination round . The judges doubted Pete 's choice of cooking a simple steak and chips with a fried egg but they applauded his dish in the tasting . Callan was also safe with the creativity of his smoked egg yolk . Jess ' flavours of her dish were flat while her egg cracked in the cooking which was overdone , and she was eliminated . 778,000 # 6 Week 6 - Yotam Week 26 / 06 - 1 Sunday , 4 June 2017 Yotam 's Mystery Box Challenge and Invention Test - Celebrity chef and writer Yotam Ottolenghi made his first appearance as this week 's guest judge . His Mystery Box had ingredients that are used in Middle - Eastern cuisine : freekeh , tahini paste , lamb , date syrup , parsley , eggplant , rose water and sumac . After 75 minutes against Michelle , Eliza , Sarah and Ben , Karlie won the challenge for the second time , gaining the advantage of a 30 - minute head start to cook a stuffed dish in 60 minutes . She then won the Invention Test , and joined Diana and Tamara with immunity . Pete and Ray , facing their third Pressure Test , were joined by Eloise , after all three served undercooked dishes . 794,000 # 6 27 / 06 - 2 Monday , 5 June 2017 Pressure Test : Yotam Ottolenghi 's Mezze Feast - Eloise , Pete and Ray had one hour to recreate five dishes from Yotam 's mezze : lamb koftas , deep fried olives , butter bean hummus and roasted ricotta with broad bean spread . Eloise won praise for the overall taste and quality of her dishes . Ray also won praise with his feast but served large chunks of onions in the koftas and some of his dishes were under - seasoned . Pete 's disorganized plating failed in presentation while his flatbreads and fried olives received praise in the tasting , but overcooking his lamb and pomegranate jam saw him eliminated . 767,000 # 12 28 / 06 - 3 Tuesday , 6 June 2017 Immunity Challenge : Blayne Bertoncello - Karlie , Tamara and Diana compete in the first round where each of them take turns to name one of the 25 ingredients of Yotam 's pastilla . Diana and Tamara were eliminated in consecutive guesses which left Karlie to cook up against O.MY head chef Blayne Bertoncello . Both of them had to feature the ingredients from the first round to cook their dishes . In 75 minutes , Karlie cooked Braised Chicken with Onion Sauce , Chipotle and Tomato while Blayne made a Tomato Salad with Chicken in 60 minutes . Karlie was praised for the cooking of her dish but received mixed reviews on the blubbery chicken skin . While Blayne 's salad lacked acidity , it received overall praise for its taste and presentation , winning by 35 points to 30 . 927,000 # 7 29 / 06 - 4 Wednesday , 7 June 2017 Vegetarian Feast Team Challenge - Teams had to cook a feast with vegetable - based dishes to impress 10 meat - eating guests and the judges . In the two - hour prep time , Callan 's uncertain leadership and decisions pushed the Blue Team over the edge while both teams had issues in cooking their flatbreads . In the tasting , both teams ' dishes were praised for highlighting the brief but their flatbreads were undercooked and , despite Callan 's restrained leadership , it was the Green Team 's overuse of the sour plum compote that diluted and imbalanced their fried halloumi dish which sent them to elimination . 868,000 # 6 30 / 06 - 5 Thursday , 8 June 2017 Visual Perception Elimination Challenge - The seven contestants took turns identifying a chosen sliced cross-section of an ingredient . Incorrect guesses led to three contestants being sent to the elimination round . Arum , Samuel , and Tamara had 75 minutes to cook their dishes from the pantry of ingredients that were guessed correctly in the first round . Arum 's apple dessert was applauded , saving him from elimination . The verdict came down to Tamara 's fruit tart with unusual flavour combinations and Samuel 's vegetable tart with disproportionate quantities . The latter was eliminated as a result . 834,000 # 5 MasterClass : Yotam Ottolenghi , George Calombaris and Gary Mehigan - Yotam , with assistance from Matt , presented three dishes to the contestants : a salad of cauliflower , shallots , barberries and pistachios , scotch eggs with aubergine and manchego ; and a pistachio and rose semolina cake . George cooked one of the dishes from his Press Club restaurant : a potato skordalia , while Gary made a savoury yabby tomato tart . 562,000 # 10 Week 7 31 / 07 - 1 Sunday , 11 June 2017 Curtis Stone 's Mystery Box Challenge and Power Pin Invention Test - Curtis Stone presented the ingredients for the Mystery Box challenge . Sam beat Diana and Ray to secure the advantage for the Invention Test . He chose three core ingredients ( kingfish , capers and turnips ) from farmers ' produce . This season introduces the Power Pin that grants the wearer 15 minutes extra time in any individual challenge until the finals . The best dish in this Invention Test will win the pin . Diana , Karlie and Michelle were named the Top 3 with Karlie delivering the winning dish for the pin . The four cooks facing elimination are Arum , Ray , Sam and Tamara . 605,000 # 8 32 / 07 - 2 Monday , 12 June 2017 Pressure Test : Deniz Karaca 's `` Passion for Caramel '' - The bottom four were tasked in a three - hour challenge to recreate a chocolate caramel tart by pastry chef and chocolatier Deniz Karaca . While some of the contestants struggled in replicating the elements , Arum got the dish of the day . Though Sam 's tart was too soft and his passionfruit jam lacked flavour , Tamara excluded her tempered chocolate garnishes while her cremeux leaked into her tart shell and her caramel crème was undercooked . Ultimately , the caramelization in the mousse was vital to the dish and Tamara 's mistake was enough for her to be eliminated . 847,000 # 8 33 / 07 - 3 Tuesday , 13 June 2017 Second Chance Cook - Off - The previously eliminated contestants returned to compete for a place back in the competition . In two rounds , they could only choose one core ingredient from the given pantry to cook a first - round savoury dish and a second - round dessert dish . Jess , Samuel , Bryan , Tamara , Pete and Lee had the top savoury dishes and advanced to the next round . The top three in the second round were Bryan , Tamara and Jess . After her elimination in the previous episode , Tamara returned to the competition after producing the best dish . 902,000 # 5 34 / 07 - 4 Wednesday , 14 June 2017 Pop - Up Restaurant Team Challenge - Season 8 runner - up Matt Sinclair mentored two teams of contestants to create pop - up restaurants and cook a four - course meal to be served to 100 customers in three hours . Tamara , having an advantage after earning back her place in the competition , chose to spare Eloise from the team challenge . Karlie 's Red Team were assigned to cook dishes with meat and Ben 's Blue Team cooked seafood dishes . Both teams struggled early in the prep time : The Red Team fell behind making their dishes due to a series of technical errors , while the Blue Team had issues of preparing their entrée and delayed their second main dish in preparing the noodles . Both of the teams ' dishes show technique and flavour but the Blue Team 's delayed tuna dish with technical flaws and confusing apricot flavours of their dessert took them to elimination . 889,000 # 6 35 / 07 - 5 Thursday , 15 June 2017 Potluck Elimination Challenge - The contestants chose a covered bench of their choice with different ingredients and kitchen equipment , to make a dish without the use of the pantry . Ben received praise for the cooking of his Moreton Bay bug bisque . Tamara 's use of the hibachi grill for her duck dish met with acclaim . Sam succeeded in the cooking of his lamb apart from his use of fruit . Michelle 's crepe dessert was applauded for the use of apple in three different ways . Ray tried to think of a dish with the use of a fryer and an oven , and he decided to cook a simple fish and chips dish , of which the judges were not impressed with its lack of originality . Arum , despite his concerns of the rareness of his steak after having issues with his cooking time , was commended on the quality of his dish . It was clear that Ray 's dish did not match the competition and he was eliminated . 824,000 # 5 Week 8 - Heston 's Road Trip 36 / 08 - 1 Sunday , 18 June 2017 Murray River Mystery Box Challenge and Invention Test : Water - Heston Blumenthal took the Top 12 contestants on a road trip around Victoria for the week 's challenges inspired by the four classical elements . They arrive at Swan Hill on the Murray River for their first challenge based on water . Contestants were given 75 minutes to cook a dish with Heston 's Mystery Box ingredients : corn , olives , oranges , Murray cod , currants , saltbush , oats and snails . Diana , Karlie and Sarah produced the top dishes , with Diana gaining the advantage of extra time and mentoring by Heston in the second round . The least - performing contestants from the following challenges will be sent to this week 's Elimination round . In the Invention Test , some of the contestants produced inventive dishes but Diana ( whose elements in her dessert were disjointed ) , Tamara ( whose technical dessert was too sweet ) and Sarah ( who served undercooked yabbies ) struggled . Consequently , Diana and Sarah were the first two contestants to face elimination . 737,000 # 7 37 / 08 - 2 Monday , 19 June 2017 Brim Silos Team Challenge : Earth - The remaining contestants arrived at the silo mill in Brim , Victoria for their second challenge . They were divided into pairs and had 75 minutes to cook a main dish and dessert inspired by the earth element . The Purple Team ( Karlie and Nicole ) were first to be declared safe after impressing with their saltbush lamb dish , and grapes and grains dessert . While the Blue Team 's ( Callan and Sam ) dessert pleased the judges , their chocolate lamb dish was deemed the worst with undercooked meat and an unnecessary flavour combination . The elements conflicted in the main dish of the Yellow Team ( Arum and Ben ) , however , their refined dessert was enough to save them and the Blue Team was sent to elimination . 839,000 # 8 38 / 08 - 3 Tuesday , 20 June 2017 Mildura Salt Flats Team Challenge : Air - The contestants arrive at the salt pans of Mildura for their air element - based challenge . They split into two teams to cook a three - course meal , including a salt element dessert , to be served to the guests and the judges . The progress of Eliza 's Blue Team strive in the captain 's poor leadership , composing a small underseasoned entrée . While Nicole 's Red Team were fascinated with their entrée and main dishes , they struggled to cope their team member Michelle in making the dessert - their whipped chocolate ganache was too thick and lacked salt in the plate . Eventually , the Blue Team wins and were pronounced safe with their other course dishes . For the Red Team , their dessert failed to meet the brief and they were sent to elimination . 913,000 # 5 39 / 08 - 4 Wednesday , 21 June 2017 Jack 's Magazine Invention Test : Fire - Arum , Ben , Eliza and Eloise faced off in their last challenge inside Jack 's Magazine from Maribyrnong . The challenge was an two - round Invention Test cooking dishes ( savoury and sweet ) with the element of fire as inspiration . Ben 's dish met with acclaim from the judges with Arum also declared safe while Eliza and Eloise , both had technical issues with their dishes , were sent to the second round to compete and avoid landing the last place of the Elimination Round with Eliza 's Peach Ember dessert beat Eloise 's Rhubarb Sorbet with Smoked Italian Meringue to join Ben and Arum in the Top 3 . 761,000 # 9 40 / 08 - 5 Thursday , 22 June 2017 Elimination Challenge : Deception - The contestants return to the kitchen after their four - day road trip for the Elimination Challenge . From series 6 , the contestants got 75 minutes to cook a dish that focused on culinary deception . While she struggled with her caramel element , Eloise was safe after delivering the dish of the day . Ultimately , Sam and Nicole ( both of their dishes had less deceptive creativity ) were among the Bottom 3 . Michelle , however , presented a frigid parfait when she used cream cheese as the base for the mixture while her coating was butyraceous and that sealed her elimination . 790,000 # 5 MasterClass : Heston Blumenthal , Gary Mehigan and Matt Preston - Heston presented dishes with different cooking methods of eggs . Gary made a Blue Eye Cod with Bacon and Mussels . Matt showcased his use of molecular gastronomy in making his ice cream bread and baked a self - saucing chocolate pudding . Lastly , Heston served a spit roasted barbecue lamb to the contestants . 623,000 # 10 Week 9 41 / 09 - 1 Sunday , 25 June 2017 Peter Gilmore 's Mystery Box Challenge and Invention Test - Peter Gilmore 's choice of ingredients from his Mystery Box tasked the contestants to cook a dish in 75 minutes . After winning the advantage for the Invention Test over Arum and Diana , Tamara was given the choice to pick one of Peter 's three technical dessert dishes that were used in Pressure Tests of previous seasons : Guava and Custard Apple Snow Egg ( from series 2 ) , Eight Texture Chocolate Cake ( from series 4 ) and Cherry Jam Lamington ( from series 8 ) . She chose his series 8 Pressure Test dish , requiring the contestants to cook a dish inspired by the lamington in 60 minutes . It was Eliza , Eloise and Sarah who won the opportunity to cook for immunity . Callan , Arum and Nicole failed to recreate the flavour of the dish and were sent to elimination . 709,000 # 7 42 / 09 - 2 Monday , 26 June 2017 Pressure Test : Paul Carmichael 's `` Bajan Fish Fry '' - Arum , Callan and Nicole had three hours and forty five minutes to replicate a Bajan three - course meal - a fried snapper , a charred pumpkin with salted cod , a black pudding with cucumber and a spiced cucumber juice by guest chef Paul Carmichael . None of them managed to complete all the elements in their dishes , particularly in their pumpkin . Arum 's cooking of the fish damaged the presentation , but his dishes stood out in the tasting . After Callan struggled throughout the challenge and won praise for his fish , his accompanying dishes had too much spice and vinegar while his pumpkin was undercooked . However , it was Nicole 's failure in deboning her fish which was the deciding factor in her elimination . 871,000 # 9 43 / 09 - 3 Tuesday , 27 June 2017 Immunity Challenge : Ben Devlin - Eliza , Eloise and Sarah were given 60 minutes to cook a stuffed dish in the first round . The judges loved Sarah 's chicken wings with mushroom filling and she competed in round two against chef Ben Devlin of the Paper Daisy restaurant . From a choice of similar paired ingredients , Sarah picked prawns and shrimp paste for her 75 - minute cook . Both she and Ben received overall praise on their grilled prawn dishes but the professional won the challenge by one point over Sarah ( 28 - 27 ) . 894,000 # 5 44 / 09 - 4 Wednesday , 28 June 2017 Blind Pairing Team Challenge - The Top 10 were divided randomly in pairs for the team challenge . Through the use of communication , they had to cook two plates of the same dish while each member was separated by a divider . None of the teams ' dishes matched completely , but all won praise in the tasting . The split decision came down to the Green Team ( Tamara and Sarah ) and the Purple Team ( Arum and Eliza ) with the judges voting the Green Team as the winners . Ultimately , Eloise and Callan 's overcooked scallops and Diana and Sam 's misplaced praline sent them to elimination . 904,000 # 5 45 / 09 - 5 Thursday , 29 June 2017 Time or Ingredients Elimination Challenge - Callan , Diana , Eloise and Sam competed in the time displacement elimination challenge from series 8 where they had to gather their ingredients from one of the following four different hidden pantries on the prescribed time limit . Eloise , Sam and Callan had 60 minutes to cook with herbs , fruits and vegetables while Diana waited for the last pantry ( protein ) with 30 minutes left to cook . Her risk paid off when her dish was praised by the judges , along with Eloise 's ice cream dessert . The difficult decision was between Callan and Sam as their dishes did not impress . Callan took a risk with odd flavour combinations in his ice cream dessert , while Sam 's execution let him down when his flawed elements impacted the presentation and taste of his dessert . As a result , he was eliminated from the competition . Tamara and Sarah will fly business class for the Top 9 contestants ' trip to Japan after winning the team challenge . 899,000 # 5 Week 10 - Japan Week 46 / 10 - 1 Sunday , 2 July 2017 Tokyo Eclectic Box Challenge and Invention Test - After arriving in Japan with the judges , the Top 9 contestants each bought one ingredient around Tokyo for the Mystery Box : scallops ( by Tamara ) , lily root ( Sarah ) , soya beans ( Callan ) , honey yams ( Arum ) , cherry blossom radish ( Eloise ) , wagyu ( Karlie ) , sesame dressing ( Diana ) , miso ( Eliza ) and sake ( Ben ) . After 60 minutes , the three best dishes were cooked by Karlie , Eloise and Diana , who was the winner for the Invention Test 's advantage . She chose wasabi ( over ginger and soy sauce ) . The contestants then had 60 minutes and an open pantry to cook their dishes . Beating Eliza and Sarah was Ben , whose Wasabi Ice Cream with Yam Fondants and Nutmeg Biscuit earned him a chance for immunity . 780,000 # 8 47 / 10 - 2 Monday , 3 July 2017 Kodama Eight - course Degustation Challenge - The other contestants arrive at the Michelin - starred restaurant of chef Tsutomo Kodama where each must cook a dish of a Japanese eight course degustation menu under mentorship by George . The two contestants who produce the best dishes will join Ben in the Immunity Challenge . Tamara had the first course of shiso with crab and yuzu . Eliza was assigned to cook white asparagus accompanied with a quail egg for course 2 . Diana 's assigned core ingredient for the third course were clams , producing a clam broth with spring onions and ginger floss . Mackerel was assigned for Eloise 's fourth course dish , with cauliflower , tomato and wasabi . Karlie had course 5 with mushrooms in different ways . Arum 's dish of marinated eye fillet with sake , broccoli and wasabi was course 6 . Callan produced a dessert with matcha for course 7 . Sarah was last with a savoury dessert of black sesame for the eighth course . All of their dishes ( except Eloise 's and Callan 's , after struggling with the flavours ) earned general acclaim from the judges and the customers . In the end , the dishes of Karlie and Sarah won overall praise from the judges and they joined Ben to compete for immunity . 903,000 # 7 48 / 10 - 3 Tuesday , 4 July 2017 Mount Fuji Immunity Challenge - Ben , Karlie and Sarah arrive at the Obuchi Tea Plantation in the foothills of Mount Fuji for the two - round immunity challenge . In the first round , each must cook a dish with one of the three Japanese fruits of their choice ( fuji apple , shiranui and yuzu ) to land two places in the second round . Karlie and Sarah had 60 minutes to make a dish that featured tea as the main ingredient . In the end , Sarah managed to claim the immunity pin after beating Karlie 's Tea Poached Chicken Broth with her Tea Braised Pork Belly , Vegetables and Bean Curd . 879,000 # 6 49 / 10 - 4 Wednesday , 5 July 2017 Shinjuku Food Stalls Team Challenge - The contestants arrive at the food stalls of Shinjuku where they were divided into teams of three to cook three Japanese street foods to be served to 100 diners . The Yellow Team won the challenge with the prize of a private MasterClass and they were first to be declared safe . The Red Team 's beef skewer dish lacked sauce but otherwise , they were also safe . Although the judges applauded the prawn dish of Blue Team member Sarah , it was the technical flaws of her other team members ' dishes that sent them to elimination . 840,000 # 6 50 / 10 - 5 Thursday , 6 July 2017 Akagi Shrine Elimination Challenge - Sarah decided to participate in the elimination round by not using her immunity pin . She , Callan and Tamara had 75 minutes to make a dish inspired by their personal past and future at the Akagi Shrine . Callan made a sushi - inspired dessert , Sarah made a dish called `` steamboat '' ( pork with mushrooms , taro and wombok ) , and Tamara made pork dumplings with a spicy broth . In the end , both Tamara and Sarah had outstanding dishes and they were both safe , whereupon Callan was eliminated when his dessert lacked flavour in its roasted rice ice cream . 917,000 # 5 51 / 10 - 6 Friday , 7 July 2017 MasterClass : Odaka Takayuki , George Calombaris , Matt Preston and Kagehisa Imada - On the last day in Japan , the judges along with local Japanese chefs gave the contestants a MasterClass before the finals . Yesterday , Gary took the Yellow Team members to the Soba restaurant Kanda Matsuya for their private MasterClass with chef Odaka Takayuki who explained the history and demonstrated the making of Soba noodles . The next day , the Yellow Team rejoined their fellow contestants in the next MasterClases at the Tateyama Castle . George made a modern Japanese seafood salad , Matt made three Japanese dessert slices and sushi chef Kagehisa Imada presented the basics of making sushi . 422,000 # 14 Week 11 52 / 11 - 1 Sunday , 9 July 2017 Shannon Bennett 's Mystery Box Challenge and Re-invention Test - Shannon 's Mystery Box contained four special ingredients : Moreton bay bugs , porcini , yukon gold potatoes and sunrise lime , for the contestants to cook a dish and after 60 minutes ; Eloise , Karlie and Arum delivered the top dishes . Arum won the advantage which is to pick a random dish from the knife block to re-invent the core dish in 60 minutes . Beef Wellington was chosen and he also got an extra 30 minutes to make his dish . Karlie used her Power Pin that she won in her previous Invention test , with an extra 15 minutes to re-invent a dessert version of a wellington . But Tamara , Eliza and Arum received praise in their dishes and were named the Top 3 . The challenge struggled Eloise , Diana and Ben which sent them to elimination . 625,000 # 9 53 / 11 - 2 Monday , 10 July 2017 Pressure Test : Kylie Millar 's `` Nest '' - Kylie Millar set up a challenging Pressure Test in three hours for Ben , Diana and Eloise to recreate her elaborate 10 - element dessert : `` The Nest '' with 15 minutes to plate it . Both Eloise and Ben struggled in making the honeycomb as well as plating the dish ( the cured egg yolk in particular ) . In the tasting , Diana manage to interpret the dish while Eloise 's panna cotta was grainy while both her honeycomb and parsnip bark were overcooked which made the dish too bitter and Ben 's honeycomb was too chewy . Between the both of them in which their dishes did not score in presentation , the final decision came down to taste . As a result , the bitterness in Eloise 's dish failed to match the flavour profile of the chef 's dish and she was eliminated from the competition . 753,000 # 8 54 / 11 - 3 Tuesday , 11 July 2017 Fast - Track to the Finals Immunity Challenge : Federico Zanellato - Before Finals Week instead of winning an immunity pin in the second round , a Top 3 contestant from the Invention Test will cook against a guest chef to win an automatic pass to the Finals . In the first round ; Arum , Eliza and Tamara had 45 minutes to make a soufflé to advance . It was Arum who won with his vanilla soufflé despite missing out his prune puree . He compete against New South Wales ' Chef of the Year Federico Zanellato with the advantage of choosing 10 ingredients of his choice from the available pantry of 20 . It was his use of strategy of cooking his seared beef with celeriac , apple , black pudding and pernod to beat the simplicity of the professional chef 's pasta dish that won praise overall from the judges ( 26 points to Federico 's 24 ) . 779,000 # 7 55 / 11 - 4 Wednesday , 12 July 2017 Six - Course Meal Service Challenge - The other contestants faced an individual three - hour service challenge on a commercial kitchen with three - starred Michelin chef Clare Smyth as their mentor . Each had a responsibility to cook a dish of a six - course meal to be served to 50 diners and the judges . Clare assigned the pair of ingredients for each contestant to highlight their dishes . By knife pull ; Tamara ( with marron and ras el hanout ) and Eliza ( mushrooms and spruce ) were assigned to cook entrées , Diana ( who had venison and pear ) and Karlie ( duck and Tasmanian mountain pepper ) do the mains & desserts were tasked for Sarah ( assigned with sheep 's milk yoghurt and bergamot leaf ) and Ben ( pineapple and coriander seeds ) . The best performers of the challenge will join Arum in the Finals . The time pressure was great for the contestants as they struggled to prep their dishes . Ben 's performance in the kitchen delivered the dish of the day and advances in the Finals . Tamara failed to highlight the second ingredient : ras el hanout while her couscous was undercooked which derailed the overall grade of her dish , Karlie 's duck was cooked inconsistently and Sarah 's savoury dessert was imbalanced with the use of roasted fennel . They were named the Bottom 3 as a result but Eliza , who overpowered the spruce flavour in her dish with her parmesan custard , has never been into any previous Elimination Challenges ( including Pressure Tests ) and therefore , she will face in her first if Sarah decided to use her immunity pin . 716,000 # 8 56 / 11 - 5 Thursday , 13 July 2017 Outdoor Food Memory Elimination Challenge - Eliza took Sarah 's place in the Bottom 3 after the latter decided to use the pin . She , Karlie and Tamara had 75 minutes to inspire their dishes with the memories of their respective vacation with their loved ones for the last two places to advance in Finals Week . Karlie cooked Oysters with Oyster Cream , Cucumber Granita , Gin and Fennel which reflected in her beach living . Eliza 's trip to Sorrento inspired her Beetroot and Gin Cured Trout with Horseradish Crème Fraiche , Fennel Crackers and Beetroot Butter . Tamara 's Macaron Parfait Sandwiches with Strawberries contemplate her honeymoon in Paris . All of their dishes won praise with their creativity , flavour and technique from the judges but unfortunately Eliza 's choice of fish was slightly dry compared to the other contestants ' dishes without receiving any flaws . In the end , her first ( and only ) Elimination Challenge sealed her fate despite being consistent throughout the competition . 895,000 # 5 Week 12 - Finals Week 57 / 12 - 1 Sunday , 16 July 2017 Finals Mystery Box Challenge and Free Choice Invention Test - The top 6 finalists must use all of the ingredients from their Mystery Box to make a dish in 60 minutes . All of the finalists chose to make a dessert with these ingredients and three of them ( Karlie , Ben and Tamara ) stood out in the judging . It was Ben 's unique ice cream dessert that won him the Invention Test 's advantage . The advantage was that he got to choose any ingredient of his choice from the pantry to be a main feature in the dish . Relying to strategy , Ben chose liquorice and despite serving his second ice cream dish that was too soft , it was Diana , Karlie and Sarah who struggled with the core ingredient that sent them to the Pressure Test . 806,000 # 6 58 / 12 - 2 Monday , 17 July 2017 Pressure Test : Shaun Quade 's `` Pearl on the Ocean Floor '' - Diana , Karlie and Sarah had three and a half hours to recreate `` Pearl on the Ocean Floor '' -- one of the very intriguing signature dishes of the Lûmé restaurant by chef Shaun Quade . The dish is composed of various seafood and lemon marmalade concealed with flavoured sand , mussel foam and a miso pine nut ice cream encased in a small sugar pearl and chocolate . Karlie was the only contestant who manage to have all the elements in her dish and impressed the judges . The missing singular elements of Diana and Sarah could affect the balance in both of their dishes . But Sarah not only missed out her foam , she also had a pale and bland ice cream which ensures her elimination . 853,000 # 7 59 / 12 - 3 Tuesday , 18 July 2017 World Class Service Elimination Challenge - The Top 5 compete in their places for the Top 4 in the Surprise Elimination Challenge . They each had to cook a dish of a five - course meal ( 3 savoury and 2 desserts ) in two hours of service to impress the judges , Shannon , returning chef Peter Gilmore and other popular chefs : Ross Lusted and Alla Wolf - Tasker . Diana , Arum and Karlie were assigned to mains while Ben and Tamara did desserts . In judging , Diana 's Charred Squid with Peas , Mint and Cucumber and Tamara 's Chocolate Mousse with Orange and Fennel delivered the dishes of the day with Karlie also declared safe with her Pork Loin with Mushrooms and Blueberries . Arum and Ben were the last two remaining . While Ben 's lavender ice cream impressed the judges , his shortbread was undercooked but the fact that Arum cooked his duck ( the main element ) early before service hinted his meat becoming dry , which meant he was eliminated . 828,000 # 7 60 / 12 - 4 Wednesday , 19 July 2017 Dinner by Heston Service Challenge - Ashley Palmer - Watts instructs the Top 4 finalists to recreate four signature dishes of the menu at the restaurant Dinner by Heston in Melbourne to be served to 40 diners in 5 hours . Karlie got the Frumenty octopus dish , Tamara recreate the Roast Groper and Green Sauce but she discarded the onion element when she ran out of time to make it and her dish was imbalanced . Diana cut the sirloin for the Beef Royale incorrectly . Ben was tasked to replicate the complexed 105 step Lamington Cake . After being affected and struggled with the recipe , he took control to produce the best replication of the dish which impressed the judges overall and Ben advances to the semifinals . 955,000 # 5 61 / 12 - 5 Thursday , 20 July 2017 Freestyle Elimination Challenge - Diana , Karlie and Tamara were given the option to design the concept of their own innovative dish with any cuisine and ingredients . After 75 minutes , the two best dishes will secure the last two places and join Ben in the semifinals . In the tasting , Diana 's Thai Broth with Crayfish and Karlie 's Spicy XO Pork Belly with Rice Cakes met with high acclaim . Both of them were declared safe and advanced while it was Tamara who served underbaked brownies to the judges despite winning praise in the flavour . She was eliminated for the second time in the competition . 980,000 # 4 MasterClass : Chefs vs. Contestants - In the last MasterClass of 2017 , the semifinalists and Matt set a Mystery Box Challenge with their chosen ingredients for Gary , George and Shannon to cook a dish in 60 minutes . The winning dish was Gary 's roti with pepper and tea pork . Curtis Stone returns to join George and Gary to pit against Ben , Diana and Karlie to cook a dish featuring coral perch in a team relay challenge in 60 minutes . In a split decision verdict , the finalists were declared the winners with their Steamed Coral Perch with Spiced Tamarind . 841,000 # 6 Grand Finale Week 62 / 13 - 1 Sunday , 23 July 2017 Semi-Finals : Service Challenge - The semifinalists compete in a four - hour service challenge where they had to cook one main dish and a dessert to be served to 25 diners and to the judges . Diana 's dishes of Wagyu with Mushrooms and Lemon Verbena with Whey Caramel met with overall acclaim in its complexity . Despite struggling in the challenge to prep his dishes , Ben also won praise with his main ( Cinder Fillet , Tulip Bulbs , Port Jus and Greens ) and dessert ( Pumpkin Galette with Dutch Spices , Cream Cheese Mousse and Vanilla Bay Leaf Ice Cream ) on his bold flavours . Karlie also struggled throughout in prepping her dishes and , despite the judges applaud her main dish of Crayfish with Ginger Broth , they noted the pieces of pith and the bitterness involved in her mandarin syrup for her black sesame ice cream . This dessert does n't match her sophisticated main dish to advance as she was eliminated , leaving Diana and Ben to compete in the Grand Finals . 953,000 # 5 63 / 13 - 2 Monday , 24 July 2017 Grand Finale - The finale took place over three rounds : In the first round , the finalists had to choose at least one ingredient from a selection of every mystery box they had in 60 minutes from which Ben picked Elena 's mystery box and Diana picked Peter Gilmore 's mystery box . Ben 's Lemon Myrtle Ice Cream with Macadamia Shortbread received 26 points out of 30 , while Diana 's Abalone with Chinese Broccoli , Mushroom and Green Juice received raved reviews from the judges and got a perfect score of 30 points . For the second round , there were no rules , with contestants cooking three identical dishes to the judges in 75 minutes . Ben 's Cardamom Coffee Ice Cream with Butternut Three - ways and a Dutch Spice Biscuit impressed the judges with his creativity of his ice cream and received 28 points while Diana 's Malaysian Oatmeal Prawns with Vegetables in a Creamy Sauce also impressed the judges and received 27 points . Diana took the lead with the total score of 57 while Ben got a total of 54 points . For the last round , Ben and Diana faced the longest pressure test yet in which they have to recreate Kirsten Tibballs ' Trio of Fruits dessert made of chocolate disguised as an apple , pear and mandarin . In six hours , Both Ben and Diana struggled with the final task , failing to make the sugar - crusted liquor center for the apple , which came out like a jelly rather than a liquid . In the tasting , Diana 's trio of fruit received praise in flavor but the chocolate in her mandarin is thick and lacking in mandarin flavor . Ben had a better replication despite accidentally covering his pear with too much tempered chocolate . Diana scored 33 points ( 8 points each from all the judges except Matt who gave 9 points ) , tallying to the overall score of 90 points . Ben scored 35 points ( 9 each from all of the judges except Gary who gave 8 points ) , but it was n't enough to beat Diana finalizing the score of 89 points . 1,120,000 # 3 Winner Announced - Diana Chan won the title of Masterchef 2017 , the grand prize of $250,000 and a monthly column in the magazine Delicious while Ben Ungermann , as runner - up , received $40,000 . Karlie Verkerk , who finished in third - place , also received a cash prize of $10,000 . 1,303,000 # 2 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Returning : MasterChef Australia '' . tvtonight.com.au. 20 April 2017 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' It was pressure on the day ' : Josh Clearihan eliminated from MasterChef Australia '' . news.com.au. 11 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MasterChef , the cooking show that changes lives and makes food dreams come true '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emotional ending as MasterChef Australia 's oldest contestant eliminated after prawn broth disaster '' . News.com.au. 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor , engineer and lawyer among this year 's MasterChef contestants as they hope to shift careers '' . The Daily Telegraph . 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Ten , Network . `` MasterChef Australia '' . TenPlay - MasterChef Australia . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ratings -- TV Tonight '' . MasterChef Australia Series 2009 2011 2012 All - Stars 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Winners Julie Goodwin Adam Liaw Kate Bracks Andy Allen Emma Dean Brent Owens Billie McKay Elena Duggan Diana Chan Notable alumni Marion Grasby Matthew Hopcraft Alana Lowes Lucas Parsons Poh Ling Yeow Junior MasterChef Australia Series 2011 Winners Isabella Bliss Greta Yaxley Celebrity MasterChef Australia Winner : Eamon Sullivan MasterChef Australia : The Professionals Winner : Rhys Badcock Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MasterChef_Australia_(series_9)&oldid=817737169 '' Categories : MasterChef Australia 2017 in Australian television 2017 Australian television seasons Hidden categories : Use Australian English from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from April 2017 Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 07 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who are the finalists on masterchef australia 2017 | [
"\nWinner Announced - Diana Chan won the title of Masterchef 2017, the grand prize of $250,000 and a monthly column in the magazine Delicious while Ben Ungermann, as runner-up, received $40,000. Karlie Verkerk, who finished in third-place, also received a cash prize of $10,000.\n1,303,000\n#2\n",
"\nWinner Announced - Diana Chan won the title of Masterchef 2017, the grand prize of $250,000 and a monthly column in the magazine Delicious while Ben Ungermann, as runner-up, received $40,000. Karlie Verkerk, who finished in third-place, also received a cash prize of $10,000.\n1,303,000\n#2\n"
] | [
"Diana Chan",
"Ben Ungermann"
] |
-3638366332983948816 | Epic (2013 film) | Epic ( 2013 film ) - wikipedia Epic ( 2013 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Epic Theatrical release poster Directed by Chris Wedge Produced by Lori Forte Jerry Davis Screenplay by William Joyce James V. Hart Daniel Shere Tom J. Astle Matt Ember Story by William Joyce James V. Hart Chris Wedge Based on The Leaf Men and the Brave Good Bugs by William Joyce Starring Colin Farrell Josh Hutcherson Amanda Seyfried Christoph Waltz Aziz Ansari Chris O'Dowd Pitbull Jason Sudeikis Steven Tyler Beyoncé Knowles Music by Danny Elfman Cinematography Renato Falcão Edited by Andy Keir Production company Blue Sky Studios 20th Century Fox Animation Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date May 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 24 ) Running time 102 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $93 million Box office $268.4 million Epic ( stylized as epic ) is a 2013 American 3D computer - animated action - adventure film loosely based on William Joyce 's children 's book The Leaf Men and the Brave Good Bugs . It was produced by Blue Sky Studios , written by William Joyce , James V. Hart , Daniel Shere , Tom J. Astle and Matt Ember and directed by Chris Wedge , the director of Ice Age ( 2002 ) and Robots ( 2005 ) . The film stars the voices of Colin Farrell , Josh Hutcherson , Amanda Seyfried , Christoph Waltz , Aziz Ansari , Chris O'Dowd , Pitbull , Jason Sudeikis , Steven Tyler , and Beyoncé Knowles . The film was released on May 24 , 2013 , by 20th Century Fox . Epic received mixed reviews from critics and earned $268 million on a $93 million budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Home media 5 Accolades 6 Soundtrack 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) 17 year old Mary Katherine , or M.K. , moves in with her eccentric scientist father Professor Bomba , who has been searching for tiny humanoid soldiers called Leafmen . They protect the forest that Bomba lives near from wicked creatures called Boggans and their malevolent leader Mandrake . An independent young soldier named Nod decides to quit , much to the ire of the no - nonsense Leafmen leader Ronin . The queen of the forest , Queen Tara , must choose an heir to her throne and goes out to a field of leaf pods , guarded by a laid - back slug named Mub and a wannabe Leafman snail named Grub . Immediately after she chooses a pod , the Boggans attack . Tara flees the area with the pod , and though her bodyguards do their best to protect her , they are soon overwhelmed by the sheer number of Boggans . Eventually , Ronin arrives for her and the pair fly off on his hummingbird mount . They are then attacked by Mandrake and his son Dagda . Dagda is killed by Ronin , but the former shoots Tara beforehand . Meanwhile , M.K. decides to leave after having an argument with Bomba about his research . Before she can leave , Bomba 's dog Ozzy runs into the woods . While looking for Ozzy , M.K. sees Tara falling . Dying , Tara gives her the pod and uses her magic to shrink her . She tells M.K. to take the pod to a Glowworm named Nim Galuu before she dies , and M.K. joins Ronin and the Leafmen , along with Mub and Grub . Ronin discovers that Nod has entered a race against other creatures and bugs on birds . Nod goes back on a deal with a tough toad named Bufo to throw the race . Before Bufo and his two henchmen can feed Nod to a snake , Ronin intervenes and orders them to leave . A reluctant Nod joins him , M.K. , Mub , and Grub after hearing about Queen Tara 's death , which Bufo overhears . Ronin , Nod , M.K. , Mub , and Grub eventually track Nim Galuu down . He then leads them down to the scroll library , where M.K. discovers Tara 's brief message before shrinking her , and a message that will get her back to normal size . When Ronin leaves , Nod takes M.K. on a deer ride and they begin to fall in love . Meanwhile , Mandrake has had the Boggans bring Bufo to him , finding out the location of the pod . Mandrake goes to Nim Galuu 's place to steal the pod , which , if it blooms in darkness , will help Mandrake destroy the forest . He takes the pod and kidnaps Mub and Grub . Ronin scolds Nod for not being there to protect the pod . To get into Boggan territory undiscovered , M.K. , Nod , and Ronin set out to Bomba 's house to get some disguises , where M.K. learns that the Leafmen have deliberately been leading Bomba off their trail . Bomba sees that he has visitors and captures M.K. , fainting when he sees her . M.K. marks the location of Moonhaven on a map Bomba has made of the forest before rejoining Nod and Ronin . When they reach the Boggan land Ronin distracts the Boggans while M.K. and Nod rescue Mub , Grub , and the pod . Mandrake discovers them and orders the Boggans to stop them . M.K. , Nod , Mub , and Grub escape alive , but Ronin sacrifices himself to ensure their escape . Before the full moon can sprout the pod at Moonhaven , Mandrake 's bats block the light , causing the pod to begin sprouting in darkness . The Leafmen set out to fight the Boggans ; M.K. tries to get help from her father by visiting his various cameras he had set in the forest . However , upon regaining consciousness , Bomba believes that he did n't really see M.K. and that he has been insane all these years , and shuts down all his cameras . He changes his mind when he sees the red push - pin that M.K. had put on his map . Bomba is overjoyed to see that he has been right and he follows M.K. to Moonhaven . M.K. uses Bomba 's iPod to make bat sounds , luring Mandrake 's bats away . Meanwhile , Mub and Nim Galuu try to stop Mandrake from reaching the pod , but are unsuccessful . Just then , Ronin appears , bearing scars and bruises from the Boggans . Mandrake manages to outdo him , but is defended by Nod , who finally realizes the importance of teamwork . Before Mandrake can obtain his victory , the pod blooms in moonlight , defeating the Boggans , and sealing Mandrake into the burl of a nearby tree . The chosen heir is the flower child who helped save Tara earlier in the film . Grub becomes a Leafman , Nod and Ronin reconcile , and Nod and M.K. kiss before M.K. is returned to her original size . After reuniting with Bomba and becoming his assistant , the human family still keeps regular contact with their small friends as they continue the research of their world . Cast ( edit ) Colin Farrell as Ronin , a seasoned Leafman warrior , leader of the Leafmen , Nod 's guardian and teacher , and a friend of Nod 's late father . Josh Hutcherson as Nod , a rookie Leafman warrior . Amanda Seyfried as Mary Katherine ( a.k.a. M.K. ) , Professor Bomba 's 17 - year - old daughter . She is named after William Joyce 's deceased daughter . Christoph Waltz as Mandrake , the leader of the Boggans . Waltz also voiced Mandrake in the German dub of the film since German is his native language . Aziz Ansari as Mub , a slug , Grub 's best friend and caretaker of the pods . Chris O'Dowd as Grub , a snail , Mub 's best friend and fellow caretaker . Pitbull as Bufo , a toad who works as a race fixer and a businessman . Jason Sudeikis as Professor Radcliffe Bomba , Mary Katherine 's father and a scientist . Steven Tyler as Nim Galuu , a Glowworm , a showman and keeper of magic scrolls that tell what has occurred during the times , in a tree . Beyoncé Knowles as Queen Tara , the Mother Nature - like queen of the forest and Ronin 's childhood love . Blake Anderson as Dagda , Mandrake 's son and the Boggan general . Judah Friedlander as Larry The taxi driver . Thomas F. Wilson as Finn , second - in - command of the Leafmen . His name only appears in the closing credits . John DiMaggio as Pinecone Jinn . Production ( edit ) In 2006 , it was reported that Chris Wedge would be directing an animated feature film based on William Joyce 's book , The Leaf Men and the Brave Good Bugs for Fox Animation . Joyce , who had already collaborated with Wedge as a designer and producer on the 2005 film Robots , was set to produce the film . At one point , Wedge got permission to find a new home for the film and turned to Pixar , led by John Lasseter , a close friend that Wedge knew from working on Tron . When Pixar tried to close the rights for the film and start development , Fox changed their mind , and the film returned to Fox . The film was officially greenlit in 2009 , under the title Leaf Men . In May 2012 , Fox announced the final title for the film ( Epic ) , its first cast details , and a plot . According to Wedge , he was not satisfied with the renaming , which was decided by the marketing department . He also expressed dissatisfaction with subtitles given to the film in some non-English countries , including the French subtitle , The Battle of the Secret Kingdom . Although the film is based on and borrows many characters from Joyce 's book , its plot has been significantly changed . Wedge explained : `` But while Bill wrote a wonderful book , it is a quaint story . We wanted to make a gigantic action - adventure movie . '' To address online speculations about whether the film is similar to other films , like FernGully : The Last Rainforest or Avatar , Wedge said : `` I hate to associate it with other movies . It is adventure on the scale of Star Wars . And it does immerse the audience completely in a world like Avatar . But it has its own personality . '' Release ( edit ) The film was released publicly on May 16 , 2013 , in Argentina , Bolivia , Chile , Germany , Peru , Puerto Rico , and Switzerland . The film was released in the United States on May 24 , 2013 . Box Office ( edit ) Produced on a budget of $93 million , Epic grossed $107,518,682 in North America , and $160,907,952 in other countries , for a worldwide total of $268,426,634 . In North America , the film earned $9.3 million on its opening day , and opened to number four in its first weekend , with $33,531,068 , behind Fast & Furious 6 , The Hangover Part III , and Star Trek Into Darkness . In its second weekend , the film dropped to number five , grossing an additional $16,616,310 . In its third weekend , the film stayed at number five , grossing $11,876,003 . In its fourth weekend , the film dropped to number seven , grossing $6,284,905 . While the film was overshadowed by other animated films that summer including Monsters University and Despicable Me 2 , the film finished in third out of six family films that summer , and became a moderate box office success . Critical reception ( edit ) Epic received mixed reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 64 % based on 119 reviews , with an average rating of 5.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Though its narrative themes are all too familiar , Epic is beautifully animated and crafted with just enough flair to make for solid family entertainment . '' Another review aggregation website , Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics , calculated a score of 52 out of 100 based on 30 reviews . Audiences polled by the market research firm CinemaScore gave Epic an `` A '' grade on average and an `` A + '' among kids . Stephan Lee of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B+ , saying `` The story lacks the specialness of a Pixar movie -- it retreads the same eco-battle archetypes as FernGully and Avatar -- but it 's a perfectly appealing explosion of color for a lazy summer day . '' Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a mixed review , saying `` Where the animated film comes up short is on the inspiration front -- despite the intriguing terrain , its stock inhabitants lack the sort of unique personality traits that would prevent them from feeling overly familiar . '' Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film two stars , saying `` It 's difficult to keep its story and characters , or even its visual design , in your mind 's eye , in part because the five credited screenwriters overload the narrative with incident and threatening complication . '' Kyle Smith of the New York Post gave the film one - and - a-half stars out of four , saying `` It 's not that the plot of Epic is complex ; it 's just untidy . There 's a lot going on that goes nowhere . '' Moira Macdonald of The Seattle Times gave the film three - and - a-half stars out of four , saying `` The story 's simple enough to appeal to young kids ( the 8 - year - old with me pronounced the movie `` awesome '' ) , but adults will enjoy the beautiful animation , whether 3D or 2D . '' Stephen Holden of The New York Times gave the film two - and - a-half stars out of five , saying `` As beautiful as it is , Epic is fatally lacking in visceral momentum and dramatic edge . '' Home media ( edit ) Epic was released on DVD , Blu - ray and Blu - ray 3D on August 20 , 2013 . Accolades ( edit ) Awards Award Date of ceremony Recipients and nominees Result Annie Awards February 1 , 2014 Animated Effects in an Animated Production Alen Lai , David Quirus , Diego Garzon Sanchez , and Ilan Gabai Nominated Character Animation in an Animated Feature Production Thom Roberts Nominated Directing in an Animated Feature Production Chris Wedge Nominated Music in an Animated Feature Production Danny Elfman Nominated Production Design in an Animated Feature Production Michael Knapp , Greg Couch , and William Joyce Nominated Black Reel Awards 2014 Outstanding Voice Performance Beyoncé Knowles Nominated Casting Society of America Awards November 18 , 2013 Outstanding Achievement in Casting - Animation Feature Christian Kaplan Nominated Motion Picture Sound Editors February 16 , 2014 Best Sound Editing in an Animated Feature Film Randy Thom , Gwendolyn Yates Whittle Won Producers Guild of America Award January 19 , 2014 Outstanding Producer of Animated Theatrical Motion Picture Jerry Davis , Lori Forte Nominated Satellite Awards February 23 , 2014 Best Motion Picture , Animated or Mixed Media Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards February 12 , 2014 Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Bomba ( Thom Roberts , Haven Gordon Cousins , Tim Bower , Daniel Lima ) Nominated Mary Katherine ( Jeff Gabor , Dylan C. Maxwell , Sang Jun Lee , Chris Pagoria ) Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Pod Patch ( Aaron Ross , Travis Price , Jake Panian , Antelmo Villarreal ) Nominated Outstanding FX and Simulation Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Boggan Crowds ( Thierry Dervieux - Lecocq , David Gatenby , Mark Adams , Matthew D. Simmons ) Nominated World Soundtrack Academy October 25 , 2013 Film Composer of the Year Danny Elfman also for Frankenweenie , Hitchcock , Oz the Great and Powerful , Promised Land , and Silver Linings Playbook Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) Epic : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Film score by Danny Elfman Released May 28 , 2013 Recorded 2013 Genre Score Length 52 : 25 Label Sony Classics Danny Elfman film scores chronology Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) Epic : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 2013 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) Danny Elfman composed the original music for the film , which was released on May 28 , 2013 by Sony Classics . Beyoncé performed and co-wrote with Sia an original song , titled `` Rise Up . '' The song was released as a digital single and as part of the digital version of the soundtrack . This is the first time that a film produced by Blue Sky Studios has not been scored by John Powell since the first Ice Age installment , which was composed by David Newman . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` EPIC ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2013 . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Oldham , Stuart ( May 24 , 2013 ) . `` UPDATE : ' Fast and Furious 6 ′ Racing Towards $35 Million Friday , $100 Million Four - Day Weekend ; ' Hangover ' and ' Epic ' Eye $50 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 ... along with Fox - Blue Sky Animation 's $93 million family film , `` Epic , '' ... ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki ( May 25 , 2013 ) . `` $317 M Record - Breaking Memorial Weekend ! # 1 ' Fast & Furious 6 ′ $317 M Global For Franchise Biggest ; ' Hangover III ' $82.2 M ; ' Epic ' $86.6 M '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2013 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Fox claims cost was $93 M for this Chris Wedge - directed animated actioner ^ Jump up to : `` Epic ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDB . June 2 , 2013 . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ; Giardina , Carolyn ( January 3 , 2014 ) . `` Roundtable : 5 Top Animators on the Good and Bad of Celebrity Voices and Creative Input From Their Own Kids '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Michael ( September 23 , 2009 ) . `` Wedge turns over new ' Leaf ' at Fox '' . Variety . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` Beyonce , Colin Farrell , Josh Hutcherson , Amanda Seyfried , Steven Tyler Lead Voice Cast For Fox Animated Film ' Epic ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blue Sky Studios breaks new grounds in the animated spectacle ' Epic ( 3D ) ' '' . Philstar. April 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Desowitz , Bill ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Immersed in Movies : Chris Wedge Gets ' Epic ' '' . Animation Scoop . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wloszczyna , Susan ( November 18 , 2012 ) . `` Sneak peek : ' Epic ' action in a small world '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.alumniportal-deutschland.org/en/germany/culture/article/christoph-waltz-actor.html Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` EPIC Behind - the - Scenes Preview with Director Chris Wedge Reveals a Battle Between Life and Decay in a Magical Hidden World Right Beneath Our Noses '' . Collider.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 ... Mandrake ( Christoph Waltz , who will also be voicing the German version of his character ) . Jump up ^ Wedge , Chris ( Director ) ( May 24 , 2013 ) . Epic ( Motion picture ) . United States : 20th Century Fox . Event occurs at 1 : 37 : 11 . Jump up ^ Twentieth Century Fox ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` Twentieth Century Fox Animation and Blue Sky Studios Announce EPIC Casting '' ( Press release ) . Business Wire . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ball , Ryan ( August 23 , 2006 ) . `` Fox Falls for Joyce 's Leaf Men '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nbu ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` ( INTERVIEW ) A PROPOS D'EPIC AVEC CHRIS WEDGE '' ( in French ) . Focus on Animation . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ EpicINTL Release Dates in Facebook . `` Epic - INTL Release Dates '' . Facebook . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for May 24 - 26 , 2013 '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDB . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for May 31 - June 2 , 2013 '' . Box Office Mojo . June 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for June 7 - 9 , 2013 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for June 14 - 16 , 2013 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Summer 2013 Family Movies '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Epic '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . August 20 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Epic Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 27 , 2013 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Fast 6 ' Earns $122 Million - Plus , Runs ' Hangover III ' Off Course '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee , Stephan ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Epic Movie Review Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rechtshaffen , Michael ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Epic Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` ' Epic ' ca n't see the forest for the plot '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Do not go out on a limb for ' Epic ' '' . New York Post . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Moira ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` ' Epic ' : Wee warriors in a grand adventure '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Tiny Folk in a Big War of Good Versus Evil '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Epic Officially Announced '' . Blu-ray.com . July 23 , 2013 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Awards 2014 : Complete list of winners and nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Blac REEL Awards 2004 nominees '' . allthatsfab . Retrieved December 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Jon ( August 19 , 2013 ) . `` Artios Awards : Casting Society 2013 Nominees Revealed '' . Variety . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATE : Motion Picture Sound Editors Unveil Full List Of Golden Reel Nominees '' . Deadline.com . PMC . January 15 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2014 . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 MPSE Golden Reel Awards winners '' . HitFix . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Complete list of 2014 Golden Reel award winners '' . Los Angeles Times . February 16 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for Theatrical Motion Picture , Animated Theatrical Motion Picture and Long - Form TV '' ( Press release ) . Producers Guild of America . January 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ International Press Academy ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` The International Press Academy Announces Nominations For The 18th Annual Satellite Awards TM '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gravity ' Soars in Visual Effects Society Nominations '' . The Wrap . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Soundtrack Academy announces 2013 nominees '' ( Press release ) . World Soundtrack Academy . August 16 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Epic ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . May 3 , 2013 . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Epic ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 20th Century Fox Film ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` Beyoncé Creates Original Song `` RISE UP '' for the Upcoming Motion Picture EPIC '' ( Press release ) . Business Wire . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rise Up '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Epic ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Epic ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Epic ( 2013 film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Epic ( 2013 film ) Official website Epic on IMDb Epic at The Big Cartoon DataBase Epic at AllMovie Epic at Rotten Tomatoes Epic at Metacritic Epic at Box Office Mojo Blue Sky Studios Feature films Released Ice Age ( 2002 ) Robots ( 2005 ) Ice Age : The Meltdown ( 2006 ) Dr. Seuss ' Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( 2009 ) Rio ( 2011 ) Ice Age : Continental Drift ( 2012 ) Epic ( 2013 ) Rio 2 ( 2014 ) The Peanuts Movie ( 2015 ) Ice Age : Collision Course ( 2016 ) Ferdinand ( 2017 ) Upcoming Spies in Disguise ( 2019 ) Nimona ( 2020 ) Foster ( 2021 ) Short films Bunny ( 1998 ) Gone Nutty ( 2002 ) Aunt Fanny 's Tour of Booty ( 2005 ) No Time for Nuts ( 2006 ) Surviving Sid ( 2008 ) Cosmic Scrat - tastrophe ( 2015 ) Scrat : Spaced Out ( 2016 ) Television specials Ice Age : A Mammoth Christmas ( 2011 ) Ice Age : The Great Egg - Scapade ( 2016 ) Franchises Ice Age ( 2002 -- 2016 ) Rio ( 2011 -- present ) People Chris Wedge Films directed by Chris Wedge Bunny ( 1998 ) Ice Age ( 2002 ) Robots ( 2005 ) Epic ( 2013 ) Monster Trucks ( 2016 ) Works of William Joyce Books A Day with Wilbur Robinson ( 1990 ) Films Produced Robots ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) Epic ( 2013 ) Directed The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore ( 2012 ) TV series Rolie Polie Olie ( 1998 - 2006 ) George Shrinks ( 2000 - 2001 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epic_(2013_film)&oldid=843554985 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films 2013 3D films 2013 computer - animated films 2010s American animated films 2010s comedy - drama films 2010s fantasy films American action adventure films American films American 3D films American action comedy films American adventure drama films American animated films American children 's animated adventure films American children 's animated fantasy films American computer - animated films American comedy - drama films Animated comedy films Animated drama films Animated films based on children 's books Blue Sky Studios films Children 's comedy - drama films Children 's fantasy films Films about fairies and sprites Films about size change Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films using computer - generated imagery 20th Century Fox animated films Films scored by Danny Elfman Films directed by Chris Wedge Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use mdy dates from July 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 22 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does the voice of ronan in epic | [
"Colin Farrell as Ronin, a seasoned Leafman warrior, leader of the Leafmen, Nod's guardian and teacher, and a friend of Nod's late father.[7]"
] | [
"Colin Farrell"
] |
-3635607867578998577 | Colorado River Compact | Colorado River compact - wikipedia Colorado River compact Jump to : navigation , search The Colorado River Compact is a 1922 agreement among seven U.S. states in the basin of the Colorado River in the American Southwest governing the allocation of the water rights to the river 's water among the parties of the interstate compact . The agreement was signed at a meeting at Bishop 's Lodge , near Santa Fe , New Mexico , by representatives of the seven states the Colorado river and its tributaries pass through on the way to Mexico . Contents ( hide ) 1 Law of the River 2 Provisions 3 Future developments and issues 4 Criticism and renegotiation 5 References 6 Further reading Law of the River ( edit ) The Colorado River is managed and operated under numerous compacts , federal laws , court decisions and decrees , contracts , and regulatory guidelines collectively known as `` The Law of the River . '' Provisions ( edit ) The compact divides the river basin into two areas , the Upper Division ( comprising Colorado , New Mexico , Utah and Wyoming ) and the Lower Division ( Nevada , Arizona and California ) . The compact requires the Upper Basin states not to deplete the flow of the river below 7,500,000 acre feet ( 9.3 km ) during any period of ten consecutive years . Based on rainfall patterns observed in the years before the treaty 's signing in 1922 , the amount specified in the compact was assumed to allow a roughly equal division of water between the two regions . The states within each basin were required to divide their 7,500,000 - acre ( 30,000 km ) foot per year ( 289 m3 / s ) share allotment among themselves . The compact enabled the widespread irrigation of the Southwest , as well as the subsequent development of state and federal water works projects under the United States Bureau of Reclamation . Such projects included the Hoover Dam and Lake Powell . The current specific annual allotments in the Lower Basin were established in 1928 as part of the Boulder Canyon Project , while the current specific annual allotments in the Upper Basin were established by the Upper Colorado River Basin Compact of 1948 . They are : Upper Basin , 7.5 million acre ft / year ( 293 m3 / s ) total Colorado 51.75 % * 3.86 million acre ft / year ( 150.7 m3 / s ) Utah 23.00 % * 1.71 million acre ft / year ( 67.0 m3 / s ) Wyoming 14.00 % * 1.04 million acre ft / year ( 40.8 m3 / s ) New Mexico 11.25 % * 0.84 million acre ft / year ( 32.8 m3 / s ) Arizona 0.70 % 0.05 million acre ft / year ( 2.0 m3 / s ) * Percentages with a star are a percentage of the total after Arizona 's 0.05 million are deducted . Arizona 's percentage is of the total . Lower Basin , 7.5 million acre ft / year ( 293 m3 / s ) total California 58.70 % 4.40 million acre ft / year ( 172 m3 / s ) Arizona 37.30 % 2.80 million acre ft / year ( 109 m3 / s ) Nevada 4.00 % 0.30 million acre ft / year ( 12 m3 / s ) In addition to this , 1,500,000 - acre - foot ( 1.9 × 10 m ) / year of Colorado River water is allocated to Mexico , pursuant to the treaty relating to the use of waters of the Colorado and Tijuana rivers and of the Rio Grande , signed February 3 , 1944 , and its supplementary protocol signed November 14 , 1944 . Also , the lower basin can get an additional 1,100,000 - acre - foot ( 1.4 × 10 m ) / year in surplus conditions . The compact was the fruit of several years of negotiations among the states . The seven states had previously formed the League of the Southwest in 1917 to promote development along the river . In 1921 , Congress authorized the states to enter into a compact for allocation of the river resources . The agreement was approved by Congress in 1922 , the same year it was signed . Colorado River Compact was signed by the delegates from the seven Colorado River Basin states : Wyoming , Colorado , Utah and New Mexico were designated Upper Basin states and California , Arizona and Nevada as the Lower Basin states . This compact determined that the water would be shared equally among the upper and lower basin states . Prior to the compact , the name of the river was standardized along its length . Previously the portion of the river upstream from its confluence with the Green River had been known locally as the `` Grand River '' . The change was opposed by many local residents in Utah and Colorado , and the new name was enforced locally by acts of the state legislatures in both states in the early 1920s . One of the major concerns both today and back in the 1920s was the expanding population , and this increased the demand for water , particularly in California . In more recent years , mainly because of Las Vegas , Nevada has been looking for more use of the Colorado River . In 1934 , Arizona , unhappy with California 's decision to dam and divert the river , called out the National Guard and even commissioned a two boat `` navy . '' The matter was eventually settled in court . The agreement was controversial even at the time , however . Arizona , for example , was dissatisfied with the lower basin allotment . Led by Fred Colter , the state refused to sign the agreement , and did not do so until two months after Colter 's death in 1944 . The specific allotments were disputed by Arizona until the United States Supreme Court upheld the amount in the 1963 decision in Arizona v. California . The agreement ended many years of dispute , clearing the way for the Central Arizona Project , authorized by Congress in 1968 . Mexico was able to gain some of the river rights , Arizona took steps to protect its water rights and keep from California gaining too large of a share , which ultimately led to the Arizona v. California supreme Court Case . The Arizona v. Colorado court case lasted 11 years and cost over $5 million and 50 lawyers . This case set the precedent of SCOTus using water rights . The case ultimately decided that the Boulder Canyon Provision was correct for the lower states ( which are California , Nevada , and Arizona ) . The Court ultimately ruled in favor of Arizona , however they agreed with the way that California interpreted that it got surplus water was correct and so there was essentially some compromise on both sides . Future developments and issues ( edit ) Since the development of the Colorado River Compact , California has been using the surplus water that has been left over from other states . With increasing population growth in the Southwest there is concern that this surplus soon will not exist for California 's use . In 2001 , Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt signed an interim agreement , determining how water surplus from the Colorado River will be allocated between the states , and creating a fifteen - year period to allow California time to put conservation methods in place to reduce the state 's water usage and dependence on Colorado River water . There is also concern regarding Nevada 's increasing population and the state 's water usage . Nevada , with the smallest water allocation in the lower river basin , may find in the near future that the water supplied by the Colorado River will not meet the state 's growing needs . In 2008 Southern Nevada Water Authority General Manager Pat Mulroy said that she does not support a water reallocation . This is because all of the states in the river basin have experienced growth she says that it is unlikely that Nevada 's allocation would increase , and it could even decrease . Instead Nevada , like California , may have to work on conservation methods as well as finding other water sources to support the state 's growing population . Development was the prime concern of the Colorado River Compact , when signed in 1922 . Using and reusing the river water as well as frequent damming results in an unfavorable environment for native fish species . Dams block fish passage , reduce natural silt deposition along flood plains and in deltas , and change water temperatures -- all negatively impacting the natural ecosystem. ( 14 ) The high water usage has also caused the river delta , located in Mexico , to significantly deteriorate . Once a lush and green area from the high amounts of silt deposit , the plentiful ecosystem has now all but disappeared . The Colorado River had been over allocated since the beginning of its time , as during the during the signing of the Colorado River Compact , the flows were vastly overestimated and much more generous than they should have been . It was originally estimated to have 17 million acre - feet a year , but even prior to the drought flows have often been less than a third of that . Criticism and renegotiation ( edit ) In recent years , the compact has become the focus of even sharper criticism , in the wake of a protracted decrease in precipitation in the region . Specifically , the amount of water allocated was based on an expectation that the river 's average flow was 16,400,000 acre feet ( 20.2 km ) per year ( 641 m3 / s ) . Subsequent tree ring studies , however , have concluded that the long - term average water flow of the Colorado is significantly less . Estimates have included 13,200,000 acre feet ( 16.3 km ) per year ( 516 m3 / s ) , 13,500,000 acre feet ( 16.7 km ) per year ( 528 m / s ) , and 14,300,000 acre feet ( 17.6 km ) per year ( 559 m / s ) . Many analysts have concluded that when the compact was negotiated , the period used as the basis for `` average '' flow of the river ( 1905 -- 1922 ) included periods of abnormally high precipitation , and that the recent drought in the region is in fact a return to historically typical patterns . The decrease in precipitation has led to widespread dropping of reservoir levels in the region , in particular at Lake Powell , created by the Glen Canyon Dam in 1963 , where the exposure of long - inundated canyons has prompted calls for the reservoir to be permanently drained and decommissioned . In December 2007 , a set of interim guidelines on how to allocate Colorado River water in the event of shortages was signed by the Secretary of the Interior . The guidelines are described as interim because they extend through 2026 , and , `` acknowledging the potential for impacts due to climate change and increased hydrologic variability , '' interim guidelines provide `` the opportunity to gain valuable operating experience for the management of Lake Powell and Lake Mead , particularly for low reservoir conditions ... whether during the interim period or thereafter . '' The agreement specifies three levels of shortage conditions , depending on the level of Lake Mead : Light shortage . When the surface elevation at Lake Mead is below 1,075 feet ( 328 m ) relative to mean sea level but above 1,050 feet ( 320 m ) , the Lower Basin states will receive 7,167,000 acre feet ( 8.840 km ) per year : 4,400,000 acre feet ( 5.4 km ) to California , 2,480,000 acre feet ( 3.06 km ) to Arizona , and 287,000 acre feet ( 0.354 km ) to Nevada . Heavy shortage . When the surface elevation of Lake Mead is below 1,050 feet ( 320 m ) but above 1,025 feet ( 312 m ) , 7,083,000 acre feet ( 8.737 km ) per year will be delivered to the Lower Basin states : 4,400,000 acre feet ( 5.4 km ) to California , 2,400,000 acre feet ( 3.0 km ) to Arizona , and 283,000 acre feet ( 0.349 km ) to Nevada . Extreme shortage . The most severe shortage considered in the interim guidelines is when the level of Lake Mead drops below 1,025 feet ( 312 m ) , in which event 7,000,000 acre feet ( 8.6 km ) per year will be delivered to the Lower Basin states : 4,000,000 acre feet ( 4.9 km ) to California , 2,320,000 acre feet ( 2.86 km ) to Arizona , and 280,000 acre feet ( 0.35 km ) to Nevada . On August 15 , 2008 , Arizona Senator John McCain called for the compact to be renegotiated . Due to the Senator 's position as the Republican Party nominee in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election and Colorado 's swing state status , criticism of the compact may have gained national significance . Minute 319 . On November 20 , 2012 , the International Boundary and Water Commission of the United States and Mexico signed an agreement termed `` Minute 319 , '' which updated the Law of the River to address how the 1,500,000 acre feet ( 1.9 km ) of Colorado River water that Mexico receives every year would be affected by surplus or drought conditions . Under surplus conditions ( when the surface elevation of Lake Mead is above 1,145 feet ( 349 m ) relative to mean sea level ) the annual flow to Mexico will increase by 40,000 acre feet ( 0.049 km ) . In cases where the surface elevation of Lake Mead is higher than that , the extra deliveries to Mexico progressively increase , reaching a maximum of an additional 200,000 acre feet ( 0.25 km ) per year . Minute 319 also specifies that deliveries to Mexico will be reduced under drought conditions . Starting from the base allocation of 1,500,000 acre feet ( 1.9 km ) per year , annual deliveries will be reduced by 50,000 acre feet ( 0.062 km ) if the surface elevation of Lake Mead is between 1,075 feet ( 328 m ) and 1,050 feet ( 320 m ) above mean sea level ; reduced by 70,000 acre feet ( 0.086 km ) acre - feet if the elevation is 1,050 feet ( 320 m ) to 1,025 feet ( 312 m ) ; and reduced by 125,000 acre feet ( 0.154 km ) if the surface elevation is below 1,025 feet ( 312 m ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Reclamation : Lower Colorado Region - Law of the River '' . Usbr.gov. 2005 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Upper Colorado River Basin Compact , 1948 '' ( PDF ) . Usbr.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Colorado River interim guidelines for Lower Basin shortages and the coordinated operations for Lake Powell and lake Mead '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Bureau of Reclamation . December 1 , 2007 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Eric I. Boime , `` Fluid Boundaries : Southern California , Baja California , and the Conflict over the Colorado River , 1848 - 1944 , '' ( Ph. D diss . University of California , San Diego , 2002 ) Jump up ^ `` Sharing Colorado River Water : History , Public Policy and the Colorado River Compact '' . Wrrc.arizona.edu . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona '' . Usbr.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Central Arizona Project '' . 2005 - 04 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` National Register of Historic Places Registration Form '' . National Park Service . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.crwua.org/colorado-river/uses/law-of-the-river Jump up ^ https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/967706.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/05/25/the-disappearing-river Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Sweet , P. `` Leave the Venerable Colorado River Be . '' Las Vegas Sun , November 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/05/25/the-disappearing-river Jump up ^ H.G. Hidalgo , T.C. Piechota , and J.A. Dracup , 2000 : Alternative principal components regression procedures for dentrohydrological reconstructions , Water Resources Research v. 36 , p. 3241 - 3249 Jump up ^ C.W. Stockton and G.C. Jacoby , 1976 : Long - term surface - water supply and streamflow trends in the Upper Colorado River Basin . Lake Powell Res . Proj . Bulletin no 18 , National Science Foundation , Arlington , VA Jump up ^ C.A. Woodhouse , S.T. Gray , and D.M. Meko , 2005 : Updated streamflow reconstructions for the Upper Colorado River Basin , Water Resources Research v. 42 , W05415 , doi : 10.1029 / 2005 / WR004455 , 2006 Jump up ^ National Research Council , Colorado River Basin Water Management , National Academies Press , Jun 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Western States to Share Colorado River Water '' . Npr.org. 2007 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Final Environmental Impact Statement : Colorado River Interim guidelines for Lower Basin shortages and coordinated operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead '' . Usbr.gov . October 2007 . p. 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( 2008 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Today 's Polls , 8 / 16 '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Interim International Cooperative Measures in the Colorado River Basin Through 2017 ... '' ( PDF ) . Ibwc.gov. 2012 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Further reading ( edit ) Norris Hundley . Water and the West : The Colorado River Compact and the Politics of Water in the American West ( University of California Press , 2009 ) 415 pp. the standard scholarly history ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 26011 - 5 Lawrence J. MacDonnell ; et al. ( October 1995 ) . `` The Law of the Colorado River : Coping with Severe Sustained Drought '' . Water Resources Bulletin . 31 : 825 -- 836 . Jason Robison . `` Review of Hundley , Water and the West , '' H - Water , H - Net Reviews . September , 2010 . online Sandra Postel . The Colorado River Delta Series , National Geographic . March through May , 2013 . online Daniel Tyler . Silver Fox of the Rockies : Delphus E. Carpenter and Western Water Compacts , ( Norman : University of Oklahoma Press ) 2003 . Colorado River system Jurisdictions United States Arizona California Colorado Nevada New Mexico Utah Wyoming Mexico Baja California Sonora Canyons Byers Canyon Gore Canyon Red Gorge Glenwood Canyon De Beque Canyon Horsethief Canyon Ruby Canyon Westwater Canyon Cataract Canyon Narrow Canyon Glen Canyon Grand Canyon Marble Canyon Granite Gorge Middle Granite Gorge Lower Granite Gorge Grand Wash Canyon Iceberg Canyon Virgin Canyon Boulder Canyon Black Canyon Pyramid Canyon Mohave Canyon Natural features River course Rocky Mountains Colorado River Basin Colorado Plateau Grand Lake Horseshoe Bend Sonoran Desert Mojave Desert Lower Colorado River Valley Mohave Valley Parker Valley Palo Verde Valley Colorado Desert Alamo River New River Salton Sea Imperial Valley Delta Montague Island Gulf of California / Sea of Cortez Tributaries Blue River Dirty Devil River Dolores River Escalante River Eagle River Fraser River Gila River Green River Gunnison River Kanab Creek Little Colorado River Paria River Roaring Fork River San Juan River Thunder River / Tapeats Creek Virgin River Las Vegas Wash Williams Fork Río Hardy Engineering Mainstem dams Shadow Mountain Granby Windy Gap Grand Valley Price - Stubb Glen Canyon Hoover Davis Parker Headgate Rock Palo Verde Imperial Laguna Morelos Major reservoirs Fontenelle Reservoir Flaming Gorge Reservoir Blue Mesa Reservoir Navajo Lake Lake Powell Lake Mead Lake Mohave Lake Havasu Imperial Reservoir Theodore Roosevelt Lake San Carlos Lake Aqueducts and canals Grand Ditch Colorado River Aqueduct San Diego Aqueduct Central Arizona Project All - American Canal Coachella Canal Water projects Boulder Canyon Project Colorado - Big Thompson Project Colorado River Storage Project Grand Valley AVA Yuma Project Designated areas Arches National Park Canyonlands National Park Colorado National Monument Dead Horse Point State Park Glen Canyon National Recreation Area Grand Canyon National Park Lake Mead National Recreation Area Rocky Mountain National Park Related topics Arizona v. California Colorado River Board of California Colorado River Compact Floyd Dominy Lee 's Ferry International Boundary and Water Commission Metropolitan Water District of Southern California Rapids and features U.S. Bureau of Reclamation William Mulholland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River_Compact&oldid=819988419 '' Categories : History of the American West United States interstate compacts Colorado River Water and the environment Water in Colorado Water law in the United States Colorado law New Mexico law Utah law Wyoming law Nevada law Arizona law California law Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 12 January 2018 , at 12 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who decides where the water in the colorado river system goes | [
"The Colorado River Compact is a 1922 agreement among seven U.S. states in the basin of the Colorado River in the American Southwest governing the allocation of the water rights to the river's water among the parties of the interstate compact. The agreement was signed at a meeting at Bishop's Lodge, near Santa Fe, New Mexico, by representatives of the seven states the Colorado river and its tributaries pass through on the way to Mexico."
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"Colorado River Compact"
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-3346585405026933671 | Camera obscura | Camera obscura - wikipedia Camera obscura Jump to : navigation , search This article is about an optical device . For other uses , see Camera obscura ( disambiguation ) . illustration of the camera obscura principle An image of the New Royal Palace at Prague Castle projected onto an attic wall by a hole in the tile roofing . Camera obscura ( plural camerae obscurae or camera obscuras ; from Latin , meaning `` dark room '' : camera `` ( vaulted ) chamber or room , '' and obscura `` darkened , dark '' ) , also referred to as pinhole image , is the natural optical phenomenon that occurs when an image of a scene at the other side of a screen ( or for instance a wall ) is projected through a small hole in that screen as a reversed and inverted image ( left to right and upside down ) on a surface opposite to the opening . The surroundings of the projected image have to be relatively dark for the image to be clear , so many historical camera obscura experiments were performed in dark rooms . The term `` camera obscura '' also refers to constructions or devices that make use of the principle within a box , tent or room . Camerae obscurae with a lens in the opening have been used since the second half of the 16th century and became popular as an aid for drawing and painting . The camera obscura box was developed further into the photographic camera in the first half of the 19th century when camera obscura boxes were used to expose light - sensitive materials to the projected image . Before the term `` camera obscura '' was first used in 1604 , many other expressions were used including `` cubiculum obscurum '' , `` cubiculum tenebricosum '' , `` conclave obscurum '' and `` locus obscurus '' . A camera obscura device without a lens but with a very small hole is sometimes referred to as a `` pinhole camera '' , although this more often refers to simple ( home - made ) lens-less cameras in which photographic film or photographic paper is used . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physical explanation 2 Technology 3 History 3.1 30,000 BCE to 500 BCE : Possible inspiration for prehistoric art and possible use in religious ceremonies , gnomon 3.2 500 BCE to 500 CE : Earliest written observations 3.3 500 to 1100 : Experiments , study of light 3.4 1100 to 1400 : Optical and astronomical tool , entertainment 3.5 1450 to 1600 : Earliest depiction , lenses , drawing aid , mirrors 3.6 1600 to 1650 : Name coined , camera obscura telescopy , portable drawing aid in tents and boxes 3.7 1650 to 1800 : Introduction of the magic lantern , popular portable box - type drawing aid , painting aid 4 Role in the modern age 5 Examples 6 Public access 7 Cultural references 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Sources Physical explanation ( edit ) Rays of light travel in straight lines and change when they are reflected and partly absorbed by an object , retaining information about the color and brightness of the surface of that object . Lit objects reflect rays of light in all directions . A small enough opening in a screen only lets through rays that travel directly from different points in the scene on the other side and together form an image of that scene when they are reflected on a surface into the eye of an observer . The human eye as well as those of other animals including birds , fish reptiles etc. works much like a camera obscura with an opening ( pupil ) , a biconvex lens and a surface where the image is formed ( retina ) . Technology ( edit ) A diagram of a camera obscura with an upright projected image at the top . A camera obscura device consists of a box , tent or room with a small hole in one side . Light from an external scene passes through the hole and strikes a surface inside , where the scene is reproduced , inverted ( thus upside - down ) and reversed ( left to right ) , but with color and perspective preserved . The image can be projected onto paper , and can then be traced to produce a highly accurate representation . In order to produce a reasonably clear projected image , the aperture has to be about 1 / 100th the distance to the screen , or less . Many camerae obscurae use a lens rather than a pinhole ( as in a pinhole camera ) because it allows a larger aperture , giving a usable brightness while maintaining focus . As the pinhole is made smaller , the image gets sharper , but the projected image becomes dimmer . With too small a pinhole , however , the sharpness worsens , due to diffraction . Using mirrors , as in an 18th - century overhead version , it is possible to project a right - side - up image . Another more portable type is a box with an angled mirror projecting onto tracing paper placed on the glass top , the image being upright ( but still reversed ) as viewed from the back . History ( edit ) 30,000 BCE to 500 BCE : possible inspiration for prehistoric art and possible use in religious ceremonies , gnomon ( edit ) There are theories that occurrences of camera obscura effects ( through tiny holes in tents or in screens of animal hide ) inspired paleolithic cave paintings . Distortions in the shapes of animals in many paleolithic cave artworks might be inspired by distortions seen when the surface on which an image was projected was not straight or not in the right angle . It is also suggested that camera obscura projections could have played a role in Neolithic structures . The gnomon projection on the floor of the Santa Maria del Fiore Cathedral during the solstice on 21.06. 2012 Perforated gnomons projecting a pinhole image of the sun were described in the Chinese Zhoubi Suanjing writings ( 1046 BCE -- 256 BCE with material added until circa 220 CE ) . The location of the bright circle can be measured to tell the time of day and year . In Arab and European cultures its invention was much later attributed to Egyptian astronomer and mathematician Ibn Yunus around 1000 CE . Some ancient sightings of gods and spirits , especially in temple worship , are thought to possibly have been conjured up by means of camera obscura projections . 500 BCE to 500 CE : earliest written observations ( edit ) Holes in the leaf canopy project images of a solar eclipse on the ground . The earliest known written record of the camera obscura is to be found in Chinese writings called Mozi and dated to the 4th century BCE , traditionally ascribed to and named for Mozi ( circa 470 BCE - circa 391 BCE ) , a Han Chinese philosopher and the founder of Mohist School of Logic . In these writings it is explained how the inverted image in a `` collecting - point '' or `` treasure house '' is inverted by an intersecting point ( a pinhole ) that collected the ( rays of ) light . Light coming from the foot of an illuminated person would partly be hidden below ( strike below the pinhole ) and partly form the top part of the image . Rays from the head would partly be hidden above ( strike above the pinhole ) and partly form the lower part of the image . This is a remarkably early correct description of the camera obscura ; there are no other examples known that are dated before the 11th century . The Greek philosopher Aristotle ( 384 - 322 BCE ) , or possibly a follower of his ideas , touched upon the subject in the work Problems - Book XV , asking : `` Why is it that when the sun passes through quadri - laterals , as for instance in wickerwork , it does not produce a figure rectangular in shape but circular ? '' and further on : `` Why is it that an eclipse of the sun , if one looks at it through a sieve or through leaves , such as a plane - tree or other broadleaved tree , or if one joins the fingers of one hand over the fingers of the other , the rays are crescent - shaped where they reach the earth ? Is it for the same reason as that when light shines through a rectangular peep - hole , it appears circular in the form of a cone ? '' Aristotle never found an answer . The oldest known correct answer was given more than 1800 years later in Francesco Maurolico 's Photosmi de lumine et umbra ( 1521 ) . He concluded that the circular shapes on the ground were pinhole images of the sun and thus became crescent - shaped during an eclipse . Euclid is sometimes reported to have mentioned the camera obscura phenomenon as a demonstration that light travels in straight lines in his very influential Optics ( circa 300 BCE ) . However , in common translations no remarks of anything that resembles camera obscura can be found . Claims could be based on later versions , since Ignazio Danti added a description of camera obscura in his 1573 annotated translation . In the 4th century , Greek scholar Theon of Alexandria observed that `` candlelight passing through a pinhole will create an illuminated spot on a screen that is directly in line with the aperture and the center of the candle . '' 500 to 1100 : experiments , study of light ( edit ) Anthemius of Tralles ' diagram of light - rays reflected with plane mirror through hole ( B ) In the 6th century , the Byzantine - Greek mathematician and architect Anthemius of Tralles ( most famous as co-architect of the Hagia Sophia ) , experimented with effects related to the camera obscura . Anthemius had a sophisticated understanding of the involved optics , as demonstrated by a light - ray diagram he constructed in 555 CE . In the 9th century , Al - Kindi ( Alkindus ) demonstrated that `` light from the right side of the flame will pass through the aperture and end up on the left side of the screen , while light from the left side of the flame will pass through the aperture and end up on the right side of the screen . '' In the 10th century Yu Chao - Lung supposedly projected images of pagoda models through a small hole onto a screen to study directions and divergence of rays of light . Arab physicist Ibn al - Haytham ( known in the West by the Latinised Alhazen ) ( 965 -- 1039 ) explained in his Book of Optics ( circa 1027 ) that rays of light travel in straight lines and are distinguished by the body that reflected the rays and then wrote : `` Evidence that light and color do not mingle in air or ( other ) transparent bodies is ( found in ) the fact that , when several candles are at various distinct locations in the same area , and when they all face a window that opens into a dark recess , and when there is a white wall or ( other white ) opaque body in the dark recess facing that window , the ( individual ) lights of those candles appear individually upon that body or wall according to the number of those candles ; and each of those lights ( spots of light ) appears directly opposite one ( particular ) candle along a straight line passing through that window . Moreover , if one candle is shielded , only the light opposite that candle is extinguished , but if the shielding object is lifted , the light will return . '' He described a ' dark chamber ' and did a number of trials of experiments with small pinholes and light passing through them . This experiment consisted of three candles in a row and seeing the affects on the wall after placing a cutout between the candles and the wall . `` The image of the sun at the time of the eclipse , unless it is total , demonstrates that when its light passes through a narrow , round hole and is cast on a plane opposite to the hole it takes on the form of a moon - sickle . The image of the sun shows this peculiarity only when the hole is very small . When the hole is enlarged , the picture changes , and the change increases with the added width . When the aperture is very wide , the sickle - form image will disappear , and the light will appear round when the hole is round , square if the hole is square , and if the shape of the opening is irregular , the light on the wall will take on this shape , provided that the hole is wide and the plane on which it is thrown is parallel to it . '' Al - Haytham also analyzed the rays of sunlight and concluded that they make a conic shape where they meet at the hole , forming another conic shape reverse to the first one from the hole to the opposite wall in the dark room ( see illustration ) . Ibn al - Haytham is reported to have stated about the camera obscura : `` We did not invent this '' . al - Haytam 's writings on optics became very influential in Europe through Latin translations since circa 1200 . Among the people who he inspired were Witelo , John Peckham , Roger Bacon , Leonardo Da Vinci , René Descartes and Johannes Kepler . In his 1088 book Dream Pool Essays the Song Dynasty Chinese scientist Shen Kuo ( 1031 -- 1095 ) compared the focal point of a concave burning - mirror and the `` collecting '' hole of camera obscura phenomena to an oar in a rowlock to explain how the images were inverted : `` When a bird flies in the air , its shadow moves along the ground in the same direction . But if its image is collected ( shu ) ( like a belt being tightened ) through a small hole in a window , then the shadow moves in the direction opposite of that of the bird. ( ... ) This is the same principle as the burning - mirror . Such a mirror has a concave surface , and reflects a finger to give an upright image if the object is very near , but if the finger moves farther and farther away it reaches a point where the image disappears and after that the image appears inverted . Thus the point where the image disappears is like the pinhole of the window . So also the oar is fixed at the rowlock somewhere at its middle part , constituting , when it is moved , a sort of ' waist ' and the handle of the oar is always in the position inverse to the end ( which is in the water ) . '' Shen Kuo also responded to a statement of Duan Chengshi in Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang written in about 840 that the inverted image of a Chinese pagoda tower beside a seashore , was inverted because it was reflected by the sea : `` This is nonsense . It is a normal principle that the image is inverted after passing through the small hole . '' 1100 to 1400 : optical and astronomical tool , entertainment ( edit ) English statesman and scholastic philosopher Robert Grosseteste ( c. 1175 -- 9 October 1253 ) commented on the camera obscura . Three - tiered camera obscura , 13th century ? ( attributed to Roger Bacon ) English philosopher and Franciscan friar Roger Bacon ( c. 1219 / 20 -- c. 1292 ) tried to answer Aristotle 's question ( see above ) , but falsely argued that light travels in spherical waves and therefore assumed its natural shape after passing through square holes . He also advised to study solar eclipses safely by observing the rays passing through some round hole and studying the spot of light they form on a surface . Bacon wrote about optics in his work Opus Majus Part five De Scientia Perspectivae ( 1267 ) for which he seems to have studied the writings of Al - Kindi and Al - Haytam . Bacon is sometimes thought to have used a camera obscura projection in combination with mirrors , based on a passage in his book which says ( translated from Latin ) : `` Mirrors may be so arranged that we may see whatever we choose and anything in the house or in the street , and everyone looking at those things will see them as if they were real , but when they go to the spot they will find nothing . For the mirrors can be hidden from things in such a way that the images will be in the open and will appear in the air at the intersection of the visual rays and the catheti ( perpendicular plane ) , and therefore those looking at them would run up to the places where they appear and would judge that the objects are there when there is in reality nothing except an image . '' Others point out this contains no evidence of camera obscura and think this possibly alludes to projection with concave mirrors . A picture of a three - tiered camera obscura ( see illustration ) has been attributed to Bacon , but the source for this attribution is not given . A very similar picture is found in Athanasius Kircher 's Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae ( 1646 ) . Polish friar , theologian , physicist , mathematician and natural philosopher Erazmus Ciołek Witelo ( also known as Vitello Thuringopolonis and by many different spellings of the name `` Witelo '' ) wrote about the camera obscura in his very influential treatise Perspectiva ( circa 1270 - 1278 ) , which was largely based on Ibn al - Haytham 's work . English archbishop and scholar John Peckham ( circa 1230 -- 1292 ) wrote about the camera obscura in his Tractatus de Perspectiva ( circa 1269 - 1277 ) and Perspectiva communis ( circa 1277 - 79 ) , falsely arguing that light gradually forms the circular shape after passing through the aperture . His writings were influenced by Roger Bacon . At the end of the 13th century , Arnaldus de Villa Nova is credited with using a camera obscura to project live performances for entertainment . French astronomer Guillaume de Saint - Cloud suggested in his 1292 work Almanach Planetarum that the eccentricity of the sun could be determined with the camera obscura from the inverse proportion between the distances and the apparent solar diameters at apogee and perigee . Kamāl al - Dīn al - Fārisī ( 1267 -- 1319 ) described in his 1309 work Kitab Tanqih al - Manazir ( The Revision of the Optics ) how he experimented with a glass sphere filled with water in a camera obscura with a controlled aperture and found that the colors of the rainbow are phenomena of the decomposition of light . French Jewish philosopher , mathematician , physicist and astronomer / astrologer Levi ben Gershon ( 1288 -- 1344 ) ( also known as Gersonides or Leo de Balneolis ) made several astronomical observations using a camera obscura with a Jacob 's staff , describing methods to measure the angular diameters of the sun , the moon and the bright planets Venus and Jupiter . He determined the eccentricity of the sun based on his observations of the summer and winter solstices in 1334 . Levi also noted how the size of the aperture determined the size of the projected image . He wrote about his findings in Hebrew in his treatise Sefer Milhamot Ha - Shem ( The Wars of the Lord ) Book V Chapters 5 and 9 . 1450 to 1600 : earliest depiction , lenses , drawing aid , mirrors ( edit ) Da Vinci : Let abcde be the object illuminated by the sun and or the front of the dark chamber in which is the said hole at nm . Let st be the sheet of paper intercepting the rays of the images of these objects upside down , because the rays being straight , a on the right hand becomes k on the left , and e on the left becomes f on the right Italian polymath Leonardo da Vinci ( 1452 -- 1519 ) , familiar with the work of Alhazen in Latin translation and after an extensive study of optics and human vision , wrote the oldest known clear description of the camera obscura in mirror writing in a notebook in 1502 , later published in the collection Codex Atlanticus ( translated from Latin ) : If the facade of a building , or a place , or a landscape is illuminated by the sun and a small hole is drilled in the wall of a room in a building facing this , which is not directly lighted by the sun , then all objects illuminated by the sun will send their images through this aperture and will appear , upside down , on the wall facing the hole . You will catch these pictures on a piece of white paper , which placed vertically in the room not far from that opening , and you will see all the above - mentioned objects on this paper in their natural shapes or colors , but they will appear smaller and upside down , on account of crossing of the rays at that aperture . If these pictures originate from a place which is illuminated by the sun , they will appear colored on the paper exactly as they are . The paper should be very thin and must be viewed from the back . These descriptions , however , would remain unknown until Venturi deciphered and published them in 1797 . Da Vinci also drew 270 diagrams of the camera obscura in his notebooks . The camera obscura 's potential as a drawing aid may have been familiar to artists by as early as the 15th century . First published picture of camera obscura in Gemma Frisius ' 1545 book De Radio Astronomica et Geometrica The oldest known published drawing of a camera obscura is found in Dutch physician , mathematician and instrument maker Gemma Frisius ' 1545 book De Radio Astronomica et Geometrica , in which he described and illustrated how he used the camera obscura to study the solar eclipse of January 24 , 1544 Italian polymath Gerolamo Cardano described using a biconvex lens in a camera obscura in his 1550 book De subtilitate , vol . I , Libri I - VII , Sicilian mathematician and astronomer Francesco Maurolico ( 1494 - 1575 ) answered Aristotle 's problem how sunlight that shines through rectangular holes can form round spots of light or crescent - shaped spots during an eclipse in his treatise Photismi de lumine et umbra ( 1521 - 1554 ) . However this was n't published before 1611 , after Johannes Kepler had published similar findings of his own . Italian polymath Giambattista della Porta described the camera obscura , which he called `` obscurum cubiculum '' , in the 1558 first edition of his book series Magia Naturalis . He suggested to use a convex mirror to project the image onto paper and to use this as a drawing aid . Della Porta compared the human eye to the camera obscura : `` For the image is let into the eye through the eyeball just as here through the window '' . The popularity of Della Porta 's books helped spread knowledge of the camera obscura . In his 1567 work La Pratica della Perspettiva Venetian nobleman Daniele Barbaro ( 1513 - 1570 ) described using a camera obscura with a biconvex lens as a drawing aid and points out that the picture is more vivid if the lens is covered as much as to leave a circumference in the middle . Illustration of `` portable '' camera obscura ( similar to Risner 's proposal ) in Kircher 's Ars Magna Lucis Et Umbrae ( 1645 ) In his influential and meticulously annotated Latin edition of the works of Al - Haytam and Witelo Opticae thesauru ( 1572 ) German mathematician Friedrich Risner proposed a portable camera obscura drawing aid ; a lightweight wooden hut with lenses in each of its four walls that would project images of the surroundings on a paper cube in the middle . The construction could be carried on two wooden poles . A very similar setup was illustrated in 1645 in Athanasius Kircher 's influential book Ars Magna Lucis Et Umbrae . Around 1575 Italian Dominican priest , mathematician , astronomer , and cosmographer Ignazio Danti designed a camera obscura gnomom and a meridian line for the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella , Florence and he later had a massive gnomon built in the San Petronio church in Bologna . The gnomon was used to study the movements of the sun during the year and helped in determining the new Gregorian calendar for which Danti took place in the commission appointed by Pope Gregorius XIII and instituted in 1582 . In his 1585 book Diversarum Speculationum Mathematicarum Venetian mathematician Giambattista Benedetti proposed to use a mirror in a 45 degree angle to project the image upright . This leaves the image reversed , but would become common practice in later camera obscura boxes . Giambattista della Porta added a `` lenticular crystal '' or biconvex lens to the camera obscura description in the 1589 second edition of Magia Naturalis . He also imagined use of the camera obscura to project hunting scenes , battles , games or anything desired . Real or artificial forests , rivers , mountains as well as animals could be used for scenes on an outside stage and projected into a dark room with spectators . 1600 to 1650 : name coined , camera obscura telescopy , portable drawing aid in tents and boxes ( edit ) Detail of Scheiner 's Oculus hoc est ( 1619 ) frontispiece with a camera obscura 's projected image reverted by a lens . The earliest use of the term `` camera obscura '' is found in the 1604 book Ad Vitellionem Paralipomena by German mathematician , astronomer , and astrologer Johannes Kepler . Kepler discovered the working of the camera obscura by recreating its principle with a book replacing a shining body and sending threads from its edges through a many - cornered aperture in a table onto the floor where the threads recreated the shape of the book . He also realized that images are `` painted '' inverted and reversed on the retina of the eye and figured that this is somehow corrected by the brain . In 1607 Kepler studied the sun in his camera obscura and noticed a sunspot , but he thought it was Mercury transiting the sun . In his 1611 book Dioptrice Kepler described how the projected image of the camera obscura can be improved and reverted with a lens . It is believed he later used a telescope with three lenses to revert the image in the camera obscura . In 1611 Frisian / German astronomers David and Johannes Fabricius ( father and son ) studied sunspots with a camera obscura , after realizing looking at the sun directly with the telescope could damage their eyes . They are thought to have combined the telescope and the camera obscura into camera obscura telescopy . In 1612 Italian mathematician Benedetto Castelli wrote to his mentor , the Italian astronomer , physicist , engineer , philosopher and mathematician Galileo Galilei about projecting images of the sun through a telescope ( invented in 1608 ) to study the recently discovered sunspots . Galilei wrote about Castelli 's technique to the German Jesuit priest , physicist and astronomer Christoph Scheiner . Scheiner 's helioscope as illustrated in his book Rosa Ursina sive Sol ( 1626 - 30 ) From 1612 to at least 1630 Christoph Scheiner would keep on studying sunspots and constructing new telescopic solar projection systems . He called these `` Heliotropii Telioscopici '' , later contracted to helioscope . For his helioscope studies Scheiner built a box around the viewing / projecting end of the telescope , which can be seen as the oldest known version of a box - type camera obscura . Scheiner also made a portable camera obscura . In his 1613 book Opticorum Libri Sex Belgian Jesuit mathematician , physicist and architect François d'Aguilon described how some charlatans cheated people out of their money by claiming they knew necromancy and would raise the specters of the devil from hell to show them to the audience inside a dark room . The image of an assistant with a devil 's mask was projected through a lens into the dark room , scaring the uneducated spectators . A camera obscura drawing aid tent in an illustration for an 1858 book on physics By 1620 Kepler used a portable camera obscura tent with a modified telescope to draw landscapes . It could be turned around to capture the surroundings in parts . Dutch inventor Cornelis Drebbel is thought to have constructed a box - type camera obscura which corrected the inversion of the projected image . In 1622 he sold one to the Dutch poet , composer and diplomat Constantijn Huygens who used it to paint and recommended it to his artist friends . Huygens wrote to his parents ( translated from French ) : I have at home Drebbel 's other instrument , which certainly makes admirable effects in painting from reflection in a dark room ; it is not possible for me to reveal the beauty to you in words ; all painting is dead by comparison , for here is life itself or something more elevated if one could articulate it . The figure and the contour and the movements come together naturally therein and in a grandly pleasing fashion . Illustration of a scioptic ball with a lens from Daniel Schwenter 's Deliciae Physico - Mathematicae ( 1636 ) German Orientalist , mathematician , inventor , poet , and librarian Daniel Schwenter wrote in his 1636 book Deliciae Physico - Mathematicae about an instrument that a man from Pappenheim had shown him , which enabled movement of a lens to project more from a scene through the camera obscura . It consisted of a ball as big as a fist , through which a hole ( AB ) was made with a lens attached on one side ( B ) . This ball was placed inside two halves of part of a hollow ball that were then glued together ( CD ) , in which it could be turned around . This device was attached to a wall of the camera obscura ( EF ) . This universal joint mechanism was later called a scioptric ball . In his 1637 book Dioptrique French philosopher , mathematician and scientist René Descartes suggested placing an eye of a recently dead man ( or if a dead man was unavailable , the eye of an ox ) into an opening in a darkened room and scraping away the flesh at the back until one could see the inverted image formed on the retina . Illustration of a twelve - hole camera obscura from Bettini 's Apiaria universae philosophiae mathematicae '' ( 1642 ) Italian Jesuit philosopher , mathematician and astronomer Mario Bettini wrote about making a camera obscura with twelve holes in his Apiaria universae philosophiae mathematicae ( 1642 ) . When a foot soldier would stand in front of the camera , a twelve person army of soldiers making the same movements would be projected . French mathematician , Minim friar , and painter of anamorphic art Jean - François Nicéron ( 1613 - 1646 ) wrote about the camera obscura with convex lenses . He explained how the camera obscura could be used by painters to achieve perfect perspective in their work . He also complained how charlatans abused the camera obscura to fool witless spectators and make them believe that the projections were magic or occult science . These writings were published in a posthumous version of La Perspective Curieuse ( 1652 ) . 1650 to 1800 : introduction of the magic lantern , popular portable box - type drawing aid , painting aid ( edit ) German Jesuit scientist Gaspar Schott heard from a traveler about a small camera obscura device he had seen in Spain , which one could carry under one arm and could be hidden under a coat . He then constructed his own sliding box camera obscura , which could focus by sliding a wooden box part fitted inside another wooden box part . He wrote about this in his 1657 Magia universalis naturæ et artis ( volume 1 - book 4 `` Magia Optica '' pages 199 - 201 ) . By 1659 the magic lantern was introduced and partly replaced the camera obscura as a projection device , while the camera obscura mostly remained popular as a drawing aid . The magic lantern can be seen as a development of the ( box - type ) camera obscura device . The 17th century Dutch Masters , such as Johannes Vermeer , were known for their magnificent attention to detail . It has been widely speculated that they made use of camerae obscurae , but the extent of their use by artists at this period remains a matter of considerable controversy , recently revived by the Hockney -- Falco thesis . Illustration of a portable camera obscura device from Johann Sturm 's Collegium experimentale , sive curiosum ( 1676 ) German philosopher Johann Sturm published an illustrated article about the construction of a portable camera obscura box with a 45 ° mirror and an oiled paper screen in his book Collegium experimentale : sive curiosum ( 1676 ) . Johann Zahn 's Oculus Artificialis Teledioptricus Sive Telescopium , published in 1685 , contains many descriptions , diagrams , illustrations and sketches of both the camera obscura and the magic lantern . A hand - held device with a mirror reflex mechanism was first proposed by Johann Zahn in 1685 , a design that would later be used in photographic cameras . The scientist Robert Hooke presented a paper in 1694 to the Royal Society , in which he described a portable camera obscura . It was a cone - shaped box which fit onto the head and shoulders of its user . From the beginning of the 18th century craftsmen and opticians would make camera obscura devices in the shape of books , which were much appreciated by lovers of optical devices . One chapter in the Conte Algarotti 's Saggio sopra Pittura ( 1764 ) is dedicated to the use of a camera ottica ( `` optic chamber '' ) in painting . By the 18th century , following developments by Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke , more easily portable models in boxes became available . These were extensively used by amateur artists while on their travels , but they were also employed by professionals , including Paul Sandby and Joshua Reynolds , whose camera ( disguised as a book ) is now in the Science Museum in London . Such cameras were later adapted by Joseph Nicephore Niepce , Louis Daguerre and William Fox Talbot for creating the first photographs . Camera obscura in Encyclopédie , ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences , des arts et des métiers . 18th century Role in the modern age ( edit ) Cameras obscura for Daguerreotype called `` Grand Photographe '' produced by Charles Chevalier ( Musée des Arts et Métiers ) . While the technical principles of the camera obscura have been known since antiquity , the broad use of the technical concept in producing images with a linear perspective in paintings , maps , theatre setups and architectural and later photographic images and movies started in the Western Renaissance and the scientific revolution . While e.g. Alhazen ( Ibn al - Haytham ) had already observed an optical effect and developed a state of the art theory of the refraction of light , he was less interested to produce images with it ( compare Hans Belting 2005 ) ; the society he lived in was even hostile ( compare Aniconism in Islam ) towards personal images . Western artists and philosophers used the Arab findings in new frameworks of epistemic relevance . E.g. Leonardo da Vinci used the camera obscura as a model of the eye , René Descartes for eye and mind and John Locke started to use the camera obscura as a metaphor of human understanding per se . The modern use of the camera obscura as an epistemic machine had important side effects for science. While the use of the camera obscura has dwindled away , for those who are interested in making one it only requires a few items including : a box , tracing paper , tape , foil , a box cutter , a pencil and a blanket to keep out the light . Examples ( edit ) A freestanding room - sized camera obscura at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . A pinhole can be seen to the left of the door . A freestanding room - sized camera obscura in the shape of a camera . Cliff House , San Francisco Image of the South Downs of Sussex in the camera obscura of Foredown Tower , Portslade , England A camera obscura created by Mark Ellis in the style of an Adirondack mountain cabin , Lake Flower , Saranac Lake , NY A 19th - century artist using a camera obscura to outline his subject A modern - day camera obscura A modern - day camera obscura used indoors Public access ( edit ) Camera obscuras open to the public Name City or Town Country WWW Links Astronomy Centre Todmorden England 80 inches ( 200 cm ) table , 40 ° field of view , horizontal rotation 360 ° , vertical adjustment ± 15 ° Equipment on site # Camera obscura Bristol Observatory Bristol England View of Clifton Suspension Bridge Clifton Observatory Buzza Tower Hugh Town , Isles of Scilly England View of the Isles of Scilly Scilly Camera Obscura Photographer 's Gallery London England View of Ramillies St Photographer 's Gallery Constitution Hill Aberystwyth Wales 14 inch ( 356 mm ) lens , which is claimed to be the largest in the world Cliff Railway and Camera Obscura , Aberystwyth View from Aberystwyth 's camera obscura Camera Obscura , and World of Illusions Edinburgh Scotland Top of Royal Mile , just below Edinburgh Castle . Fine views of the city Edinburgh 's Camera Obscura Camera Obscura ( Greenwich ) Greenwich England Royal Observatory , Meridian Courtyard http://www.rmg.co.uk/see-do/we-recommend/attractions/camera-obscura/ Camera Obscura and museum `` Prehistory of Film '' Mülheim Germany Claimed to be the biggest `` walk - in '' Camera Obscura in the world . Installed in Broich Watertower in 1992 http://www.camera-obscura-muelheim.de/cms/the_camera.html Dumfries Museum Dumfries Scotland In Dumfries Castle . Claims to be oldest working example in the world Dumfries Museum Grand Union Camera Obscura Douglas Isle of Man On Douglas Head . Unique Victorian tourist attraction with eleven lenses Visit Isle of Man Camera Obscura ( Giant Camera ) Golden Gate National Recreation Area , San Francisco , California United States Adjacent to the Cliff House below Sutro Heights Park , with views of the Pacific Ocean . In the Sutro Historic District , and on the National Register of Historic Places . Giant Camera Santa Monica Camera Obscura Santa Monica , California United States In Palisades Park overlooking Santa Monica Beach , Santa Monica Pier , and the Pacific Ocean . Built in 1898 . Atlas Obscura Long Island 's Camera Obscura Greenport , Suffolk County , New York United States In Mitchell Park overlooking the Peconic Bay and Shelter Island , New York . Built in 2004 . Long Island Camera Obscura Griffith Observatory Los Angeles , California United States Slowly rotates and gives a panoramic view of the Los Angeles Basin . Griffith Park Camera Obscura The Exploratorium 's Bay Observatory Terrace San Francisco , California United States Offers a view of San Francisco Bay , Treasure Island , and the Bay Bridge ( 1 ) Cámara Oscura Havana Cuba Located in Plaza Vieja , Havana . Offers a view of Old Havana Cloud Chamber for the Trees and Sky Raleigh , North Carolina United States On the campus of the North Carolina Museum of Art http://ncartmuseum.org/art/detail/cloud_chamber_for_the_trees_and_sky/ Camera Obscura Grahamstown South Africa In the Observatory Museum http://www.sa-venues.com/things-to-do/easterncape/observatory-museum/ Kirrimuir Camera Obscura Camera Obscura , Tavira Tavira Portugal Uses a repurposed water tower for the viewing room . http://family.portugalconfidential.com/camera-obscura-in-the-tower-of-tavira/ Camera Obscura , Lisbon Lisbon Portugal Installed in the Castle of Saint George , Lisbon . Cultural references ( edit ) The 1966 film Andrei Rublev by Russian director Tarkovsky includes a scene with a pinhole image via a hole in the door of a medieval room . In the 1997 film Addicted to Love Matthew Broderick 's character sets up a camera obscura in an abandoned building opposite his ex-girlfriend's apartment . Camera Obscura is the title of several novels : an 1839 Dutch novel by Nicolaas Beets , the 1932 Russian novel by Vladimir Nabokov known in English as Laughter in the Dark , a 2002 novel by Lloyd Rose in the BBC Books Doctor Who series , a 2006 Slovenian novel by Nejc Gazvoda and a 2011 novel by Israeli - born writer Lavie Tidhar Camera Obscura was the name of an English new wave / synthpop duo formed in 1982 . Camera Obscura ( album ) is the title of a 1985 album by German singer Nico . Camera Obscura is the name of a Scottish indie pop band formed in 1996 . Camera Obscura is the title of a track on the 2000 album The Screen Behind the Mirror by German musical project Enigma . In the Fatal Frame video game series , started in 2002 , the Camera Obscura can be used to damage and pacify attacking ghosts . In A Matter of Life and Death ( film ) 1946 , Dr. Frank Reeves , Roger Livesey , uses a camera obscura to view the village around his home . See also ( edit ) Bonnington Pavilion - the first Scottish Camera Obscura dating from 1708 Black mirror Bristol Observatory Camera Camera lucida History of cinema Hockney -- Falco thesis Magic lantern Optics Pepper 's ghost Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In the Mozi passage , a camera obscura is described as a `` collecting - point '' or `` treasure house '' ( 庫 ) ; the 18th century scholar Bi Yuan ( 畢 沅 ) suggested this was a misprint for `` screen '' ( 㢓 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary . Plurals of foreign nouns Jump up ^ Stack Exchange : Plural of camera obscura Jump up ^ Phelps Gage , Henry ( 1914 ) . Optic projection , principles , installation , and use of the magic lantern , projection microscope , reflecting lantern , moving picture machine . Jump up ^ `` Paleolithic '' . paleo - camera . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Neolithic '' . paleo - camera . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Ouellette ( 2016 - 06 - 29 ) . `` deadspin - quote - carrot - aligned - w - bgr - 2 '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ The Asiatic Review . 1969 . Jump up ^ Rohr , René R.J. ( 2012 ) . Sundials : History , Theory , and Practice . ISBN 9780486151700 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient Greece '' . paleo - camera . 2010 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Ruffles , Tom ( 2004 ) . Ghost Images : Cinema of the Afterlife . pp. 15 -- 17 . ISBN 9780786420056 . ^ Jump up to : Needham , Joseph . Science and Civilization in China , vol. IV , part 1 : Physics and Physical Technology ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Renner , Eric ( 2012 ) . Pinhole Photography : From Historic Technique to Digital Application ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Ben - Menahem ( 2009 - 03 - 06 ) . Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences , Volume 1 . p. 465 . ISBN 9783540688310 . Jump up ^ Optics of Euclid ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Kleine Geschichte der Lochkamera oder Camera Obscura '' ( in German ) . Jump up ^ User , Super . `` History of Camera Obscuras - Kirriemuir Camera Obscura '' . www.kirriemuircameraobscura.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ G. Huxley ( 1959 ) Anthemius of Tralles : a study of later Greek Geometry pp. 6 - 8 , pp. 44 - 46 as cited in ( Crombie 1990 ) , p. 205 Jump up ^ User , Super . `` History of Camera Obscuras - Kirriemuir Camera Obscura '' . www.kirriemuircameraobscura.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Hammond , John H. ( 1981 ) . The camera obscura : a chronicle . p. 2 . ISBN 9780852744512 . Jump up ^ * Smith , A. Mark , ed. and trans . ( 2001 ) Alhacen 's Theory of visual perception : a critical edition , with English translation and commentary , of the first three books of Alhacen 's De aspectibus , ( the medieval latin version of Ibn al - Haytham 's Kitāb al - Manāẓir ) , Transactions of the American Philosophical Society , 2 vols : 91 ( # 4 -- Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text ) ; 91 ( # 5 -- Vol 2 English translation ) . ( Philadelphia : American Philosophical Society ) , 2001 . Books I - III ( 2001 ) Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR ; Vol 2 English translation , Notes , Bibl . via JSTOR Jump up ^ User , Super . `` History of Camera Obscuras - Kirriemuir Camera Obscura '' . www.kirriemuircameraobscura.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Eder , JOSEF MARIA ( 1945 ) . HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Adventures in CyberSound : The Camera Obscura Jump up ^ Plott , John C. ( 1984 ) . Global History of Philosophy : The Period of scholasticism ( part one ) . p. 460 . Jump up ^ A reconsideration of Roger Bacon 's theory of pinhole images ^ Jump up to : Mannoni , Laurent ( 2000 ) . The great art of light and shadow . Jump up ^ `` Camera Obscura - Encyclopedia '' . Theodora.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Doble , Rick ( 2012 ) . 15 Years of Essay - Blogs About Contemporary Art & Digital Photography . Jump up ^ Kircher , Athanasius ( 1646 ) . Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae . Jump up ^ Lindberg , David C. ; Pecham , John ( 1972 ) . Tractatus de perspectiva . Jump up ^ Burns , Paul T . `` The History of the Discovery of Cinematography '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Smith , Roger . `` A Look Into Camera Obscuras '' . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Mancha , J.L. `` Studies in Medieval Astronomy and Optics '' . pp. 275 -- 297 . Jump up ^ Nader El - Bizri , `` Optics '' , in Medieval Islamic Civilization : An Encyclopedia , ed . Josef W. Meri ( New York -- London : Routledge , 2005 ) , Vol. II , pp. 578 -- 580 Jump up ^ Nader El - Bizri , `` Al - Farisi , Kamal al - Din , '' in The Biographical Encyclopaedia of Islamic Philosophy , ed . Oliver Leaman ( London -- New York : Thoemmes Continuum , 2006 ) , Vol . I , pp. 131 -- 135 Jump up ^ Goldstein , Bernard R . The Astronomy of Levi ben Gerson . pp. 140 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Jean Paul Richter , ed. ( 1880 ) . `` The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci '' . FromOldBooks.org . p. 71 . Jump up ^ Josef Maria Eder History of Photography translated by Edward Epstean Hon . F.R.P.S Copyright Columbia University Press ^ Jump up to : Grepstad , Jon . `` Pinhole Photography -- History , Images , Cameras , Formulas '' . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Leonardo and the Camera Obscura / Kim Veltman '' . Sumscorp.com. 1986 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Ilardi , Vincent ( 2007 ) . Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes . Jump up ^ Maurolico , Francesco ( 1611 ) . Photismi de lumine et umbra . ^ Jump up to : Larsen , Kenneth . `` Sonnet 24 '' . Jump up ^ Durbin , P.T. ( 2012 ) . Philosophy of Technology . p. 74 . ^ Jump up to : Snyder , Laura J. ( 2015 ) . `` Eye of the Beholder '' . Jump up ^ Kircher , Athanasius ( 1645 ) . `` Ars Magna Lucis Et Umbrae '' ( in Latin ) . p. 806b . Jump up ^ Cassini. `` 1655 - 2005 : 350 Years of the Great Meridian Line '' . Jump up ^ Benedetti , Giambattista ( 1585 ) . Diversarum Speculationum Mathematicarum ( in Latin ) . Jump up ^ `` CHAP . VI . Other operations of a Concave - Glass ( extract from `` Natural Magic by Giovanni Battista della Porta '' -- page 363 in Chapter VI of Book 17 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Zielinski , Siegfried ( 1996 ) . `` Media Archaeology '' . Jump up ^ Dupre , Sven ( 2008 ) . `` Inside the `` Camera Obscura '' : Kepler 's Experiment and Theory of Optical Imagery `` . Early Science and Medicin. 13 ( 3 ) : 219 -- 244 . JSTOR 20617729 . Jump up ^ Lindberg , David C. ( 1981 ) . Theories of Vision from Al - kindi to Kepler . ^ Jump up to : `` March 9 , 1611 : Dutch astronomer Johannes Fabricius observes sunspots '' . ^ Jump up to : Whitehouse , David ( 2004 ) . `` The Sun : A Biography '' . Jump up ^ Daxecker , Franz ( 2006 ) . `` Christoph Scheiner und die Camera obscura '' . Jump up ^ d'Aguilon , François ( 1613 ) . Opticorum Libri Sex philosophis juxta ac mathematicis utiles . Jump up ^ Steadman , Philip ( 2001 ) . Vermeer 's camera . Jump up ^ Wheelock , Jr , Arthur K. ( 2013 ) . Constantijn huygens and early attitudes towards the camera obscura . Jump up ^ Schwenter , Daniel ( 1636 ) . Deliciae Physico - Mathematicae ( in German ) . p. 255 . Jump up ^ Collins , Jane ; Nisbet , Andrew ( 2012 ) . Theatre and Performance Design : A Reader in Scenographyy . Jump up ^ Nicéron , Jean François ( 1652 ) . La Perspective curieuse ( in French ) . Jump up ^ Sturm , Johann ( 1676 ) . Collegium experimentale , sive curiosum ( in Latin ) . pp. 161 -- 163 . Jump up ^ Gernsheim , pp. 5 - 6 Jump up ^ Wenczel , pg. 15 Jump up ^ Algarotti , Francesco ( 1764 ) . Presso Marco Coltellini , Livorno , ed . Saggio sopra la pittura . pp. 59 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Hans Belting Das echte Bild . Bildfragen als Glaubensfragen . München 2005 , ISBN 3 - 406 - 53460 - 0 Jump up ^ An Anthropological Trompe L'Oeil for a Common World : An Essay on the Economy of Knowledge , Alberto Corsin Jimenez , Berghahn Books , 15.06. 2013 Jump up ^ Philosophy of Technology : Practical , Historical and Other Dimensions P.T. Durbin Springer Science & Business Media Jump up ^ Contesting Visibility : Photographic Practices on the East African Coast Heike Behrend transcript , 2014 Jump up ^ Don Ihde Art Precedes Science : or Did the Camera Obscura Invent Modern Science ? In Instruments in Art and Science : On the Architectonics of Cultural Boundaries in the 17th Century Helmar Schramm , Ludger Schwarte , Jan Lazardzig , Walter de Gruyter , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Making a portable modern day camera obscura '' . Sources ( edit ) Crombie , Alistair Cameron ( 1990 ) , Science , optics , and music in medieval and early modern thought , Continuum International Publishing Group , p. 205 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 907628 - 79 - 8 , retrieved 22 August 2010 Kelley , David H. ; Milone , E.F. ; Aveni , A.F. ( 2005 ) , Exploring Ancient Skies : An Encyclopedic Survey of Archaeoastronomy , Birkhäuser , ISBN 0 - 387 - 95310 - 8 , OCLC 213887290 Hill , Donald R. ( 1993 ) , `` Islamic Science and Engineering '' , Edinburgh University Press , page 70 . Lindberg , D.C. ( 1976 ) , `` Theories of Vision from Al Kindi to Kepler '' , The University of Chicago Press , Chicago and London . Nazeef , Mustapha ( 1940 ) , `` Ibn Al - Haitham As a Naturalist Scientist '' , ( in Arabic ) , published proceedings of the Memorial Gathering of Al - Hacan Ibn Al - Haitham , 21 December 1939 , Egypt Printing . Needham , Joseph ( 1986 ) . Science and Civilization in China : Volume 4 , Physics and Physical Technology , Part 1 , Physics . Taipei : Caves Books Ltd . Omar , S.B. ( 1977 ) . `` Ibn al - Haitham 's Optics '' , Bibliotheca Islamica , Chicago . Wade , Nicholas J. ; Finger , Stanley ( 2001 ) , `` The eye as an optical instrument : from camera obscura to Helmholtz 's perspective '' , Perception , 30 ( 10 ) : 1157 -- 1177 , doi : 10.1068 / p3210 , PMID 11721819 Wolfgang Lefèvre ( ed :) Inside the Camera Obscura : Optics and Art under the Spell of the Projected Image . Max Planck Institut Fur Wissenschaftgesichte . Max Planck Institituter for the History of Science Mathematics and art Concepts Algorithm Catenary Fractal Golden ratio Plastic number Hyperboloid structure Minimal surface Paraboloid Perspective Camera lucida Camera obscura Projective geometry Proportion Architecture Human Symmetry Tessellation Wallpaper group Forms Algorithmic art Anamorphic art Computer art 4D art Fractal art Islamic geometric patterns Girih Jali Muqarnas Zellige Knotting Architecture Geodesic dome Islamic Mughal Pyramid Vastu shastra Music Origami Textiles String art Sculpture Tiling Artworks List of works designed with the golden ratio Continuum Octacube Pi Pi in the Sky Buildings Hagia Sophia Pantheon Parthenon Pyramid of Khufu Sagrada Família St Mary 's Cathedral Sydney Opera House Taj Mahal Artists Renaissance Paolo Uccello Piero della Francesca Albrecht Dürer Leonardo da Vinci Vitruvian Man Parmigianino Self - portrait in a Convex Mirror 19th -- 20th Century William Blake The Ancient of Days Newton ) Jean Metzinger Danseuse au café L'Oiseau bleu Man Ray René Magritte La condition humaine Salvador Dalí Crucifixion The Swallow 's Tail Giorgio de Chirico M.C. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the meaning of the latin word camera obscura | [
"Camera obscura (plural camerae obscurae or camera obscuras;[1][2] from Latin, meaning \"dark room\": camera \"(vaulted) chamber or room,\" and obscura \"darkened, dark\"), also referred to as pinhole image, is the natural optical phenomenon that occurs when an image of a scene at the other side of a screen (or for instance a wall) is projected through a small hole in that screen as a reversed and inverted image (left to right and upside down) on a surface opposite to the opening. The surroundings of the projected image have to be relatively dark for the image to be clear, so many historical camera obscura experiments were performed in dark rooms."
] | [
"dark room"
] |
8925084820199658561 | Ekbar biday de Ma ghure ashi | Ekbar biday de Ma ghure ashi - wikipedia Ekbar biday de Ma ghure ashi `` Ekbar Biday De Maa Ghure Ashi '' Song by Several artists Language Bengali Genre Patriotic Songwriter ( s ) Pitambar Das Composer ( s ) Pitambar Das Ekbar biday de Ma ghure ashi ( Bengali : একবার বিদায় দে মা ঘুরে আসি , `` Bid me goodbye Mother '' ) is a Bengali patriotic song written by Pitambar Das . This song was composed in honour of Khudiram Bose . This song is still very popular in West Bengal ( India ) , Khudiram Bose is highly revered as a hero in India particularly West Bengal . Contents 1 Background 2 Theme 3 Lyrics 4 References Background ( edit ) Khudiram Bose was the first Bengali warrior rebel who was hanged by British Government . Khudiram took part in armed revolution against the British Raj was sentenced to death and hanged on 11 August 1908 . At that time he was only 18 years old . The song was written on the occasion Khudiram 's death . It was celebrated farewell song by Khudiram . Entire Bengali nation shed tears over this song . Theme ( edit ) The song written when young Khudiram was hanged to death . In the song , ( in first person narrative ) , Khudiram is asking his mother to bid him goodbye ( since he is going to die ) . The song goes on -- `` Let me wear the noose round my neck with pleasure . I 'll come back in due time . Let the world be witness . '' Lyrics ( edit ) Bengali script Bengali phonemic transcription English translation একবার বিদায় দে মা ঘুরে আসি । হাসি হাসি পরব ফাঁসি দেখবে ভারতবাসী । কলের বোমা তৈরি করে দাঁড়িয়ে ছিলেম রাস্তার ধারে মাগো , বড়লাটকে মারতে গিয়ে মারলাম আরেক ইংলন্ডবাসী । হাতে যদি থাকতো ছোরা তোর ক্ষুদি কি পড়তো ধরা মাগো রক্ত - মাংসে এক করিতাম দেখতো জগতবাসী শনিবার বেলা দশটার পরে জজকোর্টেতে লোক না ধরে মাগো হল অভিরামের দ্বীপ চালান মা ক্ষুদিরামের ফাঁসি বারো লক্ষ তেত্রিশ কোটি রইলো মা তোর বেটা বেটি মাগো তাদের নিয়ে ঘর করিস মা বৌদের করিস দাসী দশ মাস দশদিন পরে জন্ম নেব মাসির ঘরে মাগো তখন যদি না চিনতে পারিস দেখবি গলায় ফাঁসি । Ekbaar biday de ma ghure ashi Hasi hasi porbo phnashi dekhbe bharatbasi Koler boma toiri kore Dnariye chhilam rastar dhare Ma go Borolatke marte giye Marlam aarek Englandbashi Haate jodi thakto chhora Tor Khudi ki porto dhora Rokte - mangshe ek koritam Dekhto jagatbashi Shonibaar bela doshtar pore Judgecourtete lok na dhore Ma go Holo Abhiram - er dwip chalan Ma Khudiram - er phnashi Baro lokkho tetris koti Roilo Ma tor beta beti tader niye ghor koris Ma Bouder koris dasi Dosh mash dosh din pore Jonmo nebo mashir ghore Ma go Tokhon jodi na chinte paris Dekhbi golay phnashi Mother bid me farewell once , I will be back soon . Whole of India will watch me While I wear the noose smiling With me I had a bomb I 'd made Waiting by the roadside O Mother I went to kill the Governor But killed some other poor Englander Had I had a dagger on me You think they could have caught me ? Would have made a blood bath And the world would have watched how to fight On Saturday morning after 10AM The Judge Court Road will be packed with people O Mother Abhiram was deported to an island , Khudiram will hang by the neck A million and nigh another quarter Is the number of sons and daughters you will still have left O Mother Build your family around them Make the brides your slaves 10 months and 10 days from now I shall be born to my maternal aunt O Mother If you do n't recognize me Look for the noose around my neck . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Biplobi Khudiram Basu '' . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Aurobindo Mazumdar ( 1 January 2007 ) . Vande Mataram And Islam . Mittal Publications . pp. 34 -- 35 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8324 - 159 - 5 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ West Bengal ( India ) . Information & Cultural Affairs Dept ( 1987 ) . India 's struggle for freedom : an album . Dept. of Information & Cultural Affairs , Govt. of West Bengal . p. 71 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Probal Dasgupta ( 1993 ) . The otherness of English : India 's auntie tongue syndrome . Newbury Park . pp. 59 -- 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8039 - 9456 - 0 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Sarmila Bose ( 2011 ) . Dead Reckoning : Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War . Columbia University Press . pp. 132 -- 133 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 70164 - 8 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sunil Gangopadhyaya ( 1 January 2004 ) . East - West . Sahitya Akademi . pp. 350 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 260 - 1895 - 6 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekbar_biday_de_Ma_ghure_ashi&oldid=848811240 '' Categories : Indian patriotic songs Bengali folklore Bengali culture Bengali - language songs Lata Mangeshkar songs Hidden categories : Articles containing Bengali - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Edit links This page was last edited on 4 July 2018 , at 13 : 45 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who wrote ekbar biday de ma ghure asi | [
"Ekbar biday de Ma ghure ashi (Bengali: একবার বিদায় দে মা ঘুরে আসি, \"Bid me goodbye Mother\") is a Bengali patriotic song written by Pitambar Das.[1] This song was composed in honour of Khudiram Bose.[2][3][4]\nThis song is still very popular in West Bengal(India), Khudiram Bose is highly revered as a hero in India particularly West Bengal.\n"
] | [
"Pitambar Das"
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-2079596357638739846 | United States House Committee on Ethics | United States House Committee on Ethics - wikipedia United States House Committee on Ethics Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the United States House of Representatives History of the United States House of Representatives Members Current members ( by seniority by age non-voting ) Former members Hill committees ( DCCC NRCC ) Congressional districts Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ( list ) Party leaders Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Committee of the Whole Closed session ( list ) Saxbe fix Committees ( list ) Procedures Origination Clause Quorum call Unanimous consent Salaries Apportionment ( Huntington -- Hill method ) Redistricting Gerrymandering Articles of impeachment Self - executing rule Rules suspension General ticket Plural district Places United States Capitol House office buildings ( Cannon Ford Longworth Rayburn ) The Committee on Ethics , often known simply as the Ethics Committee , is one of the committees of the United States House of Representatives . Prior to the 112th Congress it was known as the Committee on Standards of Official Conduct . The House Ethics Committee has often received criticism . In response to criticism , the House created the Office of Congressional Ethics ( OCE ) , an independent non-partisan entity established to monitor ethical conduct in the House . Contents ( hide ) 1 Members 1.1 115th Congress 2 Past committee rosters 2.1 114th Congress 2.2 113th Congress 2.3 112th Congress 3 Function 4 History 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Members ( edit ) The committee has an equal number of members from each party , unlike the rest of the committees , which are constituted with the majority of members and the committee chair coming from the party that controls the House . This even split has limited its power by giving either political party an effective veto over the actions of the committee . 115th Congress ( edit ) Majority Minority Susan Brooks , Indiana , Chairwoman Pat Meehan , Pennsylvania ( Until January 2018 ) Kenny Marchant , Texas Leonard Lance , New Jersey Mimi Walters , California John Ratcliffe , Texas Ted Deutch , Florida , Ranking Member Yvette Clarke , New York Jared Polis , Colorado Anthony Brown , Maryland Steve Cohen , Tennessee Sources : H. Res. 6 ( R ) , H. Res. 56 , H. Res. 127 ( D ) , H. Res. 685 ( R ) Past Committee rosters ( edit ) 114th Congress ( edit ) Majority Minority Charlie Dent , Pennsylvania , Chairman Pat Meehan , Pennsylvania Trey Gowdy , South Carolina Susan Brooks , Indiana Kenny Marchant , Texas Linda Sanchez , California , Ranking Member Mike Capuano , Massachusetts Yvette Clarke , New York Ted Deutch , Florida John B. Larson , Connecticut Sources : H. Res. 6 ( R ) , H. Res. 30 , H. Res. 71 ( D ) 113th Congress ( edit ) Majority Minority Mike Conaway , Texas , Chairman Charlie Dent , Pennsylvania Pat Meehan , Pennsylvania Trey Gowdy , South Carolina Susan Brooks , Indiana Linda Sanchez , California , Ranking Member Pedro Pierluisi , Puerto Rico Mike Capuano , Massachusetts Yvette Clarke , New York Ted Deutch , Florida Sources : H. Res. 6 ( R ) , H. Res. 7 , H. Res. 42 ( D ) 112th Congress ( edit ) Majority Minority Jo Bonner , Alabama , Chairman Michael McCaul , Texas Mike Conaway , Texas Charlie Dent , Pennsylvania Gregg Harper , Mississippi Linda Sanchez , California , Ranking Member John Yarmuth , Kentucky Donna Edwards , Maryland Pedro Pierluisi , Puerto Rico Joe Courtney , Connecticut Source : Resolutions ( H. Res. 6 and H. Res. 62 ) electing members to certain standing committees of the House of Representatives . Function ( edit ) It has many functions , but they all revolve around the standards of ethical conduct for members of the House . Under this authority , it : Agrees on a set of rules that regulate what behavior is considered ethical for members ( rules relating to gifts , travel , campaign activities , treatment of staff , conflicts of interest , etc. are typical ) Conducts investigations into whether members have violated these standards Makes recommendations to the whole House on what action , if any , should be taken as a result of the investigations ( e.g. censure , expulsion from the House , or nothing if the member is found not to be violating a rule ) Provides advice to members before they ( the members ) take action , so as to avoid uncertainty over ethical culpability . History ( edit ) The committee has a long history ; the first matter it handled was on January 30 , 1798 , when Rep. Matthew Lyon of Vermont was accused of `` gross indecency '' after he spat on Rep. Roger Griswold of Connecticut after an exchange of insults ( a week later , another complaint was filed against Lyon , this time for `` gross indecency of language in his defense before this House '' ) . Since the early days of the House , the Committee 's reports have gotten much more technical , delving into the details of campaign finance and other financial arcana . As a result of the criminal investigation of Majority Leader Tom DeLay ( R - TX ) , and lobbyist Jack Abramoff , there was pressure on the Ethics Committee to take action to admonish members involved in their activities . However , action was slow and the responsibility for impeding its progress was attributed to then - Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Dennis Hastert . When the Committee did admonish Tom DeLay for a third time , Hastert removed three Republicans from the panel , including chairman Joel Hefley , ( R - CO ) . Hastert had his own personal ethical problems , such as when he failed to take action when warned about Mark Foley 's sexual relationships with young congressional pages . The new chairman , Doc Hastings ( R - WA ) , acted to rein in the panel , leading to a Democratic boycott and preventing a quorum . The stalemate lasted three months until Hastings backed down . By then the committee was left broken and unable to take action in the DeLay case , the full Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal , or other cases such as that of ranking Ethics Committee Democrat Jim McDermott ( D - WA ) , who revealed violations by Newt Gingrich without authorization to the press . On November 16 , 2010 , Charles Rangel ( D - NY ) was found guilty on 11 of the 12 charges against him by the adjudicatory subcommittee of the House Ethics Committee . They included solicitation of funds and donations for the non-profit Rangel Center from those with business before the Ways and Means Committee and the improper use of Congressional letterhead and other House resources in those solicitations ; for submitting incomplete and inaccurate financial disclosures , for using an apartment as an office despite having Congressional dealings with its landlord and for failing to pay taxes on a Dominican villa . On March 29 , 2010 , the OCE released a report dated January 28 , 2010 , that concluded Rep. Nathan Deal ( R - GA ) appeared to have improperly used his office staff to pressure Georgia officials to continue the exclusive , no - bid state vehicle inspection program that generated hundreds of thousands of dollars a year for his family 's auto salvage business , Gainesville Salvage & Disposal . The Ethics Committee never reported or commented on any investigation of Deal . On March 1 , 2010 , Deal resigned his seat saying he was concentrating on a run for governor , which excluded him from the Office of Congressional Ethics ' jurisdiction . Besides Deal , another Georgia Republican , Rep. Paul Broun , accused of paying a consultant with taxpayer funds in his 2014 bid for a U.S. Senate race , avoided answering to charges by losing that primary and leaving office . The OCE discovered , via a difficult investigation , that a 2013 trip nine members took to Azerbaijan was paid for by funds laundered for the purpose from the Azerbaijani government . The Ethics committee had asked the OCE to drop the case , only approving release of a summary finding in 2015 , deeming the full report `` not appropriate for release because the referral followed the OCE Board 's decision not to cease its investigations . '' . On January 2 , 2017 , one day before the 115th United States Congress was scheduled to convene for its first session , the House Republican majority voted 119 -- 74 to effectively place the OCE under direct control of the House Ethics Committee , making any subsequent reviews of possible violations of criminal law by Congressional members dependent upon approval following referral to the Ethics Committee itself , or to federal law enforcement agencies . The new rules would have prevented the OCE from independently releasing public statements on pending or completed investigations . Ethics Committee chair Bob Goodlatte ( R - Va . ) defended the action on the rules amendment saying it `` builds upon and strengthens the existing Office of Congressional Ethics by maintaining its primary area of focus of accepting and reviewing complaints from the public and referring them , if appropriate , to the Committee on Ethics . '' House Republicans reversed their plan to gut the OCE less than 24 hours after the initial vote , under bipartisan pressure from Representatives , their constituents and the President - elect , Donald Trump . In addition to negative Trump tweets , criticism was widespread including from Judicial Watch , the Project on Government Oversight , former Representative Bob Ney ( R - OH ) , who was convicted of receiving bribes , and Abramoff , the lobbyist who provided such bribes . See also ( edit ) List of current United States House of Representatives committees References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hooper , Molly K. ( December 22 , 2010 ) . `` New GOP rules will make it tougher for House to raise debt ceiling '' . The Hill . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Attkisson , Sharyl ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` A Double Standard for House Ethics ? '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ Parker , Ashley ( December 7 , 2010 ) . `` Waters Calls for Investigation of House Ethics Committee '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Pershing , Ben ( December 7 , 2010 ) . `` Despite critics , Hill ethics office likely to survive '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Wang , Marian ( March 11 , 2010 ) . `` Investigating the Investigators : How the House Ethics Committee Works '' . ProPublica . Retrieved February 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Norm Ornstein , This Is n't Dennis Hastert 's First Scandal , The Atlantic ( June 3 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Mann , Thomas E. ; Ornstein , Norman J. ( 2006 ) . The Broken Branch . pp. 190 -- 191 . Jump up ^ Bookman , Jay ( August 2 , 2010 ) . `` Rangel , Waters ethics cases represent laudable progress '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved February 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tom DeLay 's Transgressions : A Pattern of Misbehavior '' . Common Cause . Retrieved February 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newman , Andy ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` Rangel 's Ethics Violations '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ de Vogue , Ariane ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` Rep. Charles Rangel Convicted of Violating House Ethics Rules '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Kocieniewski , David ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` Rangel Found Guilty By Ethics Panel '' . The New York Times . p . A24 . Jump up ^ March 29 , 2010 , by Eric Lipton ( March 29 , 2010 ) . `` Ethics Report Faults Ex-Congressman '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ OCE ( March 26 , 2010 ) . `` Review No. 09 - 1022 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Justin Elliott ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` Did GOP Rep Resign To Squelch Ethics Probe ? '' . Tpmmuckraker.talkingpointsmemo.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greg Bluestein ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Deal sells controversial salvage yard as he prepares for 2014 election '' . Atlanta Journal Constitution . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Embattled congressional ethics office previously probed Nathan Deal , Paul Broun , Atlanta Journal Constitution , Tamar Hallerman , January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Rep. Broun leaves congress with ethics case hanging , Atlanta Journal Constitution , Bret Schrade , January 10 , 2015 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ House GOP 's Blueprint To Gut Ethics Office Looks Like It Was Copied From Azerbaijan Scandal , Huffington Post , Laura Barron - Lopez , January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Lipton , Eric ( 2017 - 01 - 02 ) . `` With No Warning , House Republicans Vote to Gut Independent Ethics Office '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ CNN , Deirdre Walsh and Daniella Diaz . `` House GOP guts ethics panel '' . CNN . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Cassata , Donna . `` House GOP votes to gut independent ethics office '' . Pilotonline.com . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House Republicans Back Down on Bid to Gut Ethics Office '' . The New York Times . Washington , DC . January 3 , 2016 . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ After Backlash , Including From Trump , House GOP Drops Weakening Of Ethics Office , National Public Radio , Susan Davis & Brian Naylor , January 3 , 2016 . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . External links ( edit ) Committee on Ethics , official site ( Archive ) House Ethics Committee . Legislation activity and reports , Congress.gov . ( hide ) Current United States congressional committees Senate ( list ) Aging ( Special ) Agriculture , Nutrition and Forestry Appropriations Armed Services Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs Budget Commerce , Science , and Transportation Energy and Natural Resources Environment and Public Works Ethics ( Select ) Finance Foreign Relations Health , Education , Labor and Pensions Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Indian Affairs Intelligence ( Select ) Judiciary Narcotics ( Caucus ) Rules and Administration Small Business and Entrepreneurship Veterans ' Affairs House ( list ) Agriculture Appropriations Armed Services Budget Education and the Workforce Energy and Commerce Ethics Financial Services Foreign Affairs Homeland Security House Administration Intelligence ( Permanent Select ) Judiciary Natural Resources Oversight and Government Reform Rules Science , Space , and Technology Small Business Transportation and Infrastructure Veterans ' Affairs Ways and Means ( Whole ) Joint ( list ) Budget and Appropriations Process Reform ( Select ) Economic Inaugural Ceremonies ( Special ) Library Printing Solvency of Multiemployer Pension Plans ( Select ) Taxation ( Conference ) Standing committees , Defunct committees Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_House_Committee_on_Ethics&oldid=837171897 '' Categories : Committees of the United States House of Representatives Ethics organizations 1798 establishments in the United States Organizations established in 1798 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 04 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the chairman of the house ethics committee | [
"\n\nMajority\nMinority\n\n\n\n\nSusan Brooks, Indiana, Chairwoman\nPat Meehan, Pennsylvania (Until January 2018)\nKenny Marchant, Texas\nLeonard Lance, New Jersey\nMimi Walters, California\nJohn Ratcliffe, Texas\n\n\n\n\nTed Deutch, Florida, Ranking Member\nYvette Clarke, New York\nJared Polis, Colorado\nAnthony Brown, Maryland\nSteve Cohen, Tennessee\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Susan Brooks"
] |
1729472939342041618 | Amazon River | Amazon river - wikipedia Amazon river Jump to : navigation , search Amazon River ( Amazonia ) Apurímac , Ene , Tambo , Ucayali , Amazonas , Solimões River Sunset over the Amazon near Leticia , Colombia Countries Brazil , Colombia , Peru Tributaries - left Marañón , Japurá / Caquetá , Rio Negro / Guainía , Putumayo - right Ucayali , Purús , Madeira , Tapajós , Xingu City Iquitos ( Peru ) ; Leticia ( Colombia ) ; Tabatinga ( Brazil ) ; Tefé ( Brazil ) ; Itacoatiara ( Brazil ) Parintins ( Brazil ) ; Óbidos ( Brazil ) ; Santarém ( Brazil ) ; Almeirim ( Brazil ) ; Macapá ( Brazil ) ; Manaus ( Brazil ) Source Rio Mantaro - location Huancayo , Huancayo Province , Peru - elevation 5,220 m ( 17,126 ft ) - coordinates 10 ° 43 ′ 55 '' S 76 ° 38 ′ 52 '' W / 10.73194 ° S 76.64778 ° W / - 10.73194 ; - 76.64778 Mouth Atlantic Ocean - elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) - coordinates 0 ° 42 ′ 28 '' N 50 ° 5 ′ 22 '' W / 0.70778 ° N 50.08944 ° W / 0.70778 ; - 50.08944 Coordinates : 0 ° 42 ′ 28 '' N 50 ° 5 ′ 22 '' W / 0.70778 ° N 50.08944 ° W / 0.70778 ; - 50.08944 Length 6,400 km ( 3,977 mi ) Basin 7,050,000 km ( 2,722,000 sq mi ) Discharge - average 209,000 m / s ( 7,381,000 cu ft / s ) - max 340,000 m / s ( 12,007,000 cu ft / s ) - min 180,000 m / s ( 6,357,000 cu ft / s ) Amazon River and drainage basin Topography of the Amazon River Basin The Amazon River , usually abbreviated to Amazon ( US : / ˈæməzɒn / or UK : / ˈæməzən / ; Spanish and Portuguese : Amazonas ) , in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world and according to some authors , the longest in length . The headwaters of the Apurímac River on Nevado Mismi had been considered for nearly a century as the Amazon 's most distant source , until a 2014 study found it to be the Cordillera Rumi Cruz at the headwaters of the Mantaro River in Peru . The Mantaro and Apurímac confluence , and with other tributaries form the Ucayali River , which in turn confluences with the Marañón River upstream of Iquitos , Peru , to form what countries other than Brazil consider to be the main stem of the Amazon . Brazilians call this section the Solimões River above its confluence with the Rio Negro to form what Brazilians call the Amazon at the Meeting of Waters ( Portuguese : Encontro das Águas ) at Manaus , the river 's largest city . At an average discharge of about 209,000 cubic metres per second ( 7,400,000 cu ft / s ; 209,000,000 L / s ; 55,000,000 USgal / s ) -- approximately 6,591 cubic kilometres per annum ( 1,581 cu mi / a ) , greater than the next seven largest independent rivers combined -- the Amazon represents 20 % of the global riverine discharge to the ocean . The Amazon basin is the largest drainage basin in the world , with an area of approximately 7,050,000 square kilometres ( 2,720,000 sq mi ) . The portion of the river 's drainage basin in Brazil alone is larger than any other river 's basin . The Amazon enters Brazil with only one - fifth of the flow it finally discharges into the Atlantic Ocean , yet already has a greater flow at this point than the discharge of any other river . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Pre-Columbian era 1.2 European discovery 1.3 Exploration 1.4 Scientific exploration 1.5 Post-colonial exploitation and settlement 1.6 20th - century development 2 Course 2.1 Origins 2.2 The Upper Amazon or Solimões 2.3 The Lower Amazon 2.4 Mouth 2.5 Dispute regarding length 3 Watershed 3.1 Flooding 4 Geology 5 Protected areas 6 Flora and fauna 6.1 Flora 6.2 Fauna 6.2. 1 Mammals 6.2. 2 Birds 6.2. 3 Reptiles 6.2. 4 Fish 6.2. 5 Microbiota 7 Major tributaries 7.1 List by length 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Bibliography 10 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of Amazon history Pre-Columbian era ( edit ) The Jivaro people were famous for their head - hunting raids and shrinking the heads from these raids . During what many archaeologists call the formative stage , Amazonian societies were deeply involved in the emergence of South America 's highland agrarian systems . The trade with Andean civilisations in the terrains of the headwaters in the Andes , formed an essential contribution to the social and religious development of the higher altitude civilisations of among others the Muisca and Incas . Early human settlements were typically based on low - lying hills or mounds . Five types of archaeological mound have been noted in the Amazon region : shell refuse and artificial mounds , artificial earth platforms for entire villages , earth mounds and ridges for cultivation , causeways and canals , and figurative mounds , both geometric and biomorphic . Shell mounds were the earliest evidences of habitation ; they represent piles of human refuse and are mainly dated between 7500 and 4000 years BP . They are associated with ceramic age cultures ; no preceramic shell mounds have been documented so far by archaeologists . Artificial earth platforms for entire villages are the second type of mounds . They are best represented by the Marajoara culture . Figurative mounds are the most recent types of occupation . There is ample evidence that the areas surrounding the Amazon River were home to complex and large - scale indigenous societies , mainly chiefdoms who developed large towns and cities . Archaeologists estimate that by the time the Spanish conquistador De Orellana travelled across the Amazon in 1541 , more than 3 million indigenous people lived around the Amazon . These pre-Columbian settlements created highly developed civilisations . For instance , pre-Columbian indigenous people on the island of Marajó may have developed social stratification and supported a population of 100,000 people . In order to achieve this level of development , the indigenous inhabitants of the Amazon rainforest altered the forest 's ecology by selective cultivation and the use of fire . Scientists argue that by burning areas of the forest repetitiously , the indigenous people caused the soil to become richer in nutrients . This created dark soil areas known as terra preta de índio ( `` indian dark earth '' ) . Because of the terra preta , indigenous communities were able to make land fertile and thus sustainable for the large - scale agriculture needed to support their large populations and complex social structures . Further research has hypothesised that this practice began around 11,000 years ago . Some say that its effects on forest ecology and regional climate explain the otherwise inexplicable band of lower rainfall through the Amazon basin . Many indigenous tribes engaged in constant warfare . James Stuart Olson wrote : `` The Munduruku expansion dislocated and displaced the Kawahíb , breaking the tribe down into much smaller groups ... ( Munduruku ) first came to the attention of Europeans in 1770 when they began a series of widespread attacks on Brazilian settlements along the Amazon River . '' European discovery ( edit ) Amazon tributaries near Manaus In March 1500 , Spanish conquistador Vicente Yáñez Pinzón was the first documented European to sail up the Amazon River . Pinzón called the stream Río Santa María del Mar Dulce , later shortened to Mar Dulce , literally , sweet sea , because of its fresh water pushing out into the ocean . Another Spanish explorer , Francisco de Orellana , was the first European to travel from the origins of the upstream river basins , situated in the Andes , to the mouth of the river . In this journey , Orellana baptised some of the affluents of the Amazonas like Rio Negro , Napo and Jurua . The name Amazonas is taken from the native warriors that attacked this expedition , mostly women , that reminded De Orellana of the female Amazon warriors from the ancient Hellenic culture in Greece . Exploration ( edit ) Samuel Fritz 's 1707 map showing the Amazon and the Orinoco Native Mundurukú Painting by Hercules Florence Gonzalo Pizarro set off in 1541 to explore east of Quito into the South American interior in search of El Dorado , the `` city of gold '' and La Canela , the `` valley of cinnamon '' . He was accompanied by his second - in - command Francisco de Orellana . After 170 kilometres ( 110 mi ) , the Coca River joined the Napo River ( at a point now known as Puerto Francisco de Orellana ) ; the party stopped for a few weeks to build a boat just upriver from this confluence . They continued downriver through an uninhabited area , where they could not find food . Orellana offered and was ordered to follow the Napo River , then known as Río de la Canela ( `` Cinnamon River '' ) and return with food for the party . Based on intelligence received from a captive native chief named Delicola , they expected to find food within a few days downriver by ascending another river to the north . De Orellana took about 57 men , the boat , and some canoes and left Pizarro 's troops on 26 December 1541 . However , De Orellana apparently missed the confluence ( probably with the Aguarico ) where he was searching supplies for his men . By the time he and his men reached another village , many of them were sick from hunger and eating `` noxious plants '' , and near death . Seven men died at that village . His men threatened to mutiny if he followed his orders and the expedition turned back to join Pizarro 's larger party . He accepted to change the purpose of the expedition to discover new lands in the name of the king of Spain , and the men built a larger boat in which to navigate downstream . After a journey of 600 km down the Napo River they reached a further major confluence , at a point near modern Iquitos , and then followed the upper Amazon , now known as the Solimões , for a further 1,200 kilometres ( 750 mi ) to its confluence with the Rio Negro ( near modern Manaus ) , which they reached on 3 June 1542 . On the Nhamunda River , a tributary of the Amazon downstream from Manaus , Orellana 's party had a fierce battle with warriors who , they reported , were led by fierce female warriors who beat the men to death with clubs if they tried to retreat . Orellana 's men began referring to the women as Amazons , a reference to the tribe of women warriors from Greek mythology . The river was initially known as the Marañón ( the name by which the Peruvian part of the river is still known today ) or Rio de Orellana . It later became known as the Rio Amazonas , the name by which it is still known in both Spanish and Portuguese . Regarding the initial mission of finding cinnamon , Pizarro reported to the king that they had found cinnamon trees , but that they could not be profitably harvested . In fact , true cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum ) is not native to South America . Other related cinnamon - containing plants ( of the family Lauraceae ) are fairly common in that part of the Amazon and Pizarro probably saw some of these . The expedition reached the mouth of the Amazon on 24 August 1542 , demonstrating the practical navigability of the Great River . In 1560 another Spanish conquistador , Lope de Aguirre , may have made the second descent of the Amazon . Historians are uncertain whether the river he descended was the Amazon or the Orinoco River , which runs more or less parallel to the Amazon further north . Portuguese explorer Pedro Teixeira was the first European to travel up the entire river . He arrived in Quito in 1637 , and returned via the same route . From 1648 to 1652 , Portuguese Brazilian bandeirante António Raposo Tavares led an expedition from São Paulo overland to the mouth of the Amazon , investigating many of its tributaries , including the Rio Negro , and covering a distance of more than 10,000 km ( 6,214 mi ) . In what is currently Brazil , Ecuador , Bolivia , Colombia , Peru , and Venezuela , a number of colonial and religious settlements were established along the banks of primary rivers and tributaries for the purpose of trade , slaving and evangelisation among the indigenous peoples of the vast rainforest , such as the Urarina . In the late 1600s Spanish Jesuit Father Samuel Fritz , apostle of the Omaguas , established some forty mission villages . Scientific exploration ( edit ) Henry Walter Bates was most famous for his expedition to the Amazon ( 1848 -- 1859 ) . Early scientific , zoological and botanical exploration of the Amazon River and basin took place from the 18th century through the first half of the 19th century . Charles Marie de La Condamine explored the river in 1743 . Alexander von Humboldt , 1799 -- 1804 Johann Baptist von Spix and Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius , 1817 -- 1820 Henry Walter Bates and Alfred Russel Wallace , 1848 -- 1859 Post-colonial exploitation and settlement ( edit ) Amazonas state Amazon Theatre opera house in Manaus built in 1896 during the rubber boom This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Cabanagem revolt ( 1835 -- 1840 ) was directed against the white ruling class . It is estimated that from 30 to 40 % of the population of Grão - Pará , estimated at 100,000 people , died . The total population of the Brazilian portion of the Amazon basin in 1850 was perhaps 300,000 , of whom about two - thirds were Europeans and slaves , the slaves amounting to about 25,000 . The Brazilian Amazon 's principal commercial city , Pará ( now Belém ) , had from 10,000 to 12,000 inhabitants , including slaves . The town of Manáos , now Manaus , at the mouth of the Rio Negro , had a population between 1,000 and 1,500 . All the remaining villages , as far up as Tabatinga , on the Brazilian frontier of Peru , were relatively small . On 6 September 1850 , Emperor Pedro II of Brazil sanctioned a law authorising steam navigation on the Amazon and gave the Viscount of Mauá ( Irineu Evangelista de Sousa ) the task of putting it into effect . He organised the `` Companhia de Navegação e Comércio do Amazonas '' in Rio de Janeiro in 1852 ; in the following year it commenced operations with four small steamers , the Monarca ( ' Monarch ' ) , the Cametá , the Marajó and the Rio Negro . At first , navigation was principally confined to the main river ; and even in 1857 a modification of the government contract only obliged the company to a monthly service between Pará and Manaus , with steamers of 200 tons cargo capacity , a second line to make six round voyages a year between Manaus and Tabatinga , and a third , two trips a month between Pará and Cametá . This was the first step in opening up the vast interior . The success of the venture called attention to the opportunities for economic exploitation of the Amazon , and a second company soon opened commerce on the Madeira , Purús and Negro ; a third established a line between Pará and Manaus ; and a fourth found it profitable to navigate some of the smaller streams . In that same period , the Amazonas Company was increasing its fleet . Meanwhile , private individuals were building and running small steam craft of their own on the main river as well as on many of its tributaries . On 31 July 1867 the government of Brazil , constantly pressed by the maritime powers and by the countries encircling the upper Amazon basin , especially Peru , decreed the opening of the Amazon to all countries , but they limited this to certain defined points : Tabatinga -- on the Amazon ; Cametá -- on the Tocantins ; Santarém -- on the Tapajós ; Borba -- on the Madeira , and Manaus -- on the Rio Negro . The Brazilian decree took effect on 7 September 1867 . Thanks in part to the mercantile development associated with steamboat navigation coupled with the internationally driven demand for natural rubber , the Peruvian city of Iquitos became a thriving , cosmopolitan centre of commerce . Foreign companies settled in Iquitos , from whence they controlled the extraction of rubber . In 1851 Iquitos had a population of 200 , and by 1900 its population reached 20,000 . In the 1860s , approximately 3,000 tons of rubber were being exported annually , and by 1911 annual exports had grown to 44,000 tons , representing 9.3 % of Peru 's exports . During the rubber boom it is estimated that diseases brought by immigrants , such as typhus and malaria , killed 40,000 native Amazonians . The first direct foreign trade with Manaus commenced around 1874 . Local trade along the river was carried on by the English successors to the Amazonas Company -- the Amazon Steam Navigation Company -- as well as numerous small steamboats , belonging to companies and firms engaged in the rubber trade , navigating the Negro , Madeira , Purús and many other tributaries , such as the Marañón , to ports as distant as Nauta , Peru . By the turn of the 20th century , the exports of the Amazon basin were India - rubber , cacao beans , Brazil nuts and a few other products of minor importance , such as pelts and exotic forest produce ( resins , barks , woven hammocks , prized bird feathers , live animals ) and extracted goods , such as lumber and gold . 20th - century development ( edit ) Manaus , the largest city in Amazonas , as seen from a NASA satellite image , surrounded by the dark Rio Negro and the muddy Amazon River Floating houses in Leticia , Colombia Since colonial times , the Portuguese portion of the Amazon basin has remained a land largely undeveloped by agriculture and occupied by indigenous people who survived the arrival of European diseases . Four centuries after the European discovery of the Amazon river , the total cultivated area in its basin was probably less than 65 square kilometres ( 25 sq mi ) , excluding the limited and crudely cultivated areas among the mountains at its extreme headwaters . This situation changed dramatically during the 20th century . Wary of foreign exploitation of the nation 's resources , Brazilian governments in the 1940s set out to develop the interior , away from the seaboard where foreigners owned large tracts of land . The original architect of this expansion was president Getúlio Vargas , with the demand for rubber from the Allied forces in World War II providing funding for the drive . In the 1960s , economic exploitation of the Amazon basin was seen as a way to fuel the `` economic miracle '' occurring at the time . This resulted in the development of `` Operation Amazon '' , an economic development project that brought large scale agriculture and ranching to Amazonia . This was done through a combination of credit and fiscal incentives . However , in the 1970s the government took a new approach with the National Integration Programme . A large - scale colonisation programme saw families from northeastern Brazil relocated to the `` land without people '' in the Amazon Basin . This was done in conjunction with infrastructure projects mainly the Trans - Amazonian Highway ( Transamazônica ) . The Trans - Amazonian Highway 's three pioneering highways were completed within ten years but never fulfilled their promise . Large portions of the Trans - Amazonian and its accessory roads , such as BR - 319 ( Manaus - Porto Velho ) , are derelict and impassable in the rainy season . Small towns and villages are scattered across the forest , and because its vegetation is so dense , some remote areas are still unexplored . Many settlements grew along the road from Brasília to Belém with the highway and National Integration Programme however the programme failed as the settlers were unequipped to live in the delicate rainforest ecosystem . This , although the government believed it could sustain millions , instead could sustain very few . With a population of 1.9 million people in 2014 , Manaus is the largest city on the Amazon . Manaus alone makes up approximately 50 % of the population of the largest Brazilian state of Amazonas . The racial makeup of the city is 64 % pardo ( mulatto and mestizo ) and 32 % white . Although the Amazon river remains largely undammed , around 412 dams are in operation in the Amazon 's tributary rivers . From these 412 dams , 151 are constructed over six of the main tributary rivers that drain into the Amazon . Since only four percent of the Amazon 's hydropower potential has been developed in countries like Brazil , more damming projects are underway and hundreds more are planned . After witnessing the negative effects of environmental degradation , sedimentation , navigation and flood control caused by the Three Gorges Dam in the Yangtze River , scientists are worried that constructing more dams in the Amazon will harm its biodiversity in the same way by `` blocking - fish spawning runs , reducing the flows of vital oil nutrients and clearing forests '' . Damming the Amazon River could potentially bring about the `` end of free flowing rivers '' and contribute to an `` ecosystem collapse '' that will cause major social problems . Course ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) The Amazon was thought to originate from the Apacheta cliff in Arequipa at the Nevado Mismi , marked only by a wooden cross . Source of the Amazon Marañón River in Peru The most distant source of the Amazon was thought to be in the Apurímac river drainage for nearly a century . Such studies continued to be published even recently , such as in 1996 , 2001 , 2007 , and 2008 , where various authors identified the snowcapped 5,597 m ( 18,363 ft ) Nevado Mismi peak , located roughly 160 km ( 99 mi ) west of Lake Titicaca and 700 km ( 430 mi ) southeast of Lima , as the most distant source of the river . From that point , Quebrada Carhuasanta emerges from Nevado Mismi , joins Quebrada Apacheta and soon forms Río Lloqueta which becomes Río Hornillos and eventually joins the Río Apurímac . A 2014 study by Americans James Contos and Nicolas Tripcevich in Area , a peer - reviewed journal of the Royal Geographic Society , however , identifies the most distant source of the Amazon as actually being in the Río Mantaro drainage . A variety of methods were used to compare the lengths of the Mantaro river vs. the Apurímac river from their most distant source points to their confluence , showing the longer length of the Mantaro . Then distances from Lago Junín to several potential source points in the uppermost Mantaro river were measured , which enabled them to determine that the Cordillera Rumi Cruz was the most distant source of water in the Mantaro basin ( and therefore in the entire Amazon basin ) . The most accurate measurement method was direct GPS measurement obtained by kayak descent of each of the rivers from their source points to their confluence ( performed by Contos ) . Obtaining these measurements was difficult given the class IV -- V nature of each of these rivers , especially in their lower `` Abyss '' sections . Ultimately , they determined that the most distant point in the Mantaro drainage is nearly 80 km farther upstream compared to Mt . Mismi in the Apurímac drainage , and thus the maximal length of the Amazon river is about 80 km longer than previously thought . Contos continued downstream to the ocean and finished the first complete descent of the Amazon river from its newly identified source ( finishing November 2012 ) , a journey repeated by two groups after the news spread . After about 700 km ( 430 mi ) , the Apurímac then joins Río Mantaro to form the Ene , which joins the Perene to form the Tambo , which joins the Urubamba River to form the Ucayali . After the confluence of Apurímac and Ucayali , the river leaves Andean terrain and is surrounded by floodplain . From this point to the confluence of the Ucayali and the Marañón , some 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) , the forested banks are just above the water and are inundated long before the river attains its maximum flood stage . The low river banks are interrupted by only a few hills , and the river enters the enormous Amazon rainforest . The upper Amazon or Solimões ( edit ) Amazon River near Iquitos , Peru Although the Ucayali -- Marañón confluence is the point at which most geographers place the beginning of the Amazon River proper , in Brazil the river is known at this point as the Solimões das Águas . The river systems and flood plains in Brazil , Peru , Ecuador , Colombia and Venezuela , whose waters drain into the Solimões and its tributaries , are called the `` Upper Amazon '' . The Amazon proper runs mostly through Brazil and Peru , and is part of the border between Colombia and Perú . It has a series of major tributaries in Colombia , Ecuador and Peru , some of which flow into the Marañón and Ucayali , and others directly into the Amazon proper . These include rivers Putumayo , Caquetá , Vaupés , Guainía , Morona , Pastaza , Nucuray , Urituyacu , Chambira , Tigre , Nanay , Napo , and Huallaga . At some points the river divides into anabranches , or multiple channels , often very long , with inland and lateral channels , all connected by a complicated system of natural canals , cutting the low , flat igapó lands , which are never more than 5 metres ( 16 ft ) above low river , into many islands . From the town of Canaria at the great bend of the Amazon to the Negro , vast areas of land are submerged at high water , above which only the upper part of the trees of the sombre forests appear . Near the mouth of the Rio Negro to Serpa , nearly opposite the river Madeira , the banks of the Amazon are low , until approaching Manaus , they rise to become rolling hills . The lower Amazon ( edit ) Meeting of Waters ; the confluence of Rio Negro ( black ) and Amazon ( sandy ) near Manaus , Brazil Water samples of the Solimões ( left ) and Rio Negro ( right ) The Lower Amazon begins where the darkly coloured waters of the Rio Negro meet the sandy coloured Rio Solimões , and for over 6 km ( 4 mi ) these waters run side by side without mixing . At Óbidos , a bluff 17 m ( 56 ft ) above the river is backed by low hills . The lower Amazon seems to have once been a gulf of the Atlantic Ocean , the waters of which washed the cliffs near Óbidos . Only about ten percent of the Amazon 's water enters downstream of Óbidos , very little of which is from the northern slope of the valley . The drainage area of the Amazon basin above Óbidos city is about 5,000,000 square kilometres ( 1,900,000 sq mi ) , and , below , only about 1,000,000 square kilometres ( 390,000 sq mi ) ( around 20 % ) , exclusive of the 1,400,000 square kilometres ( 540,000 sq mi ) of the Tocantins basin . The Tocantins River enters the southern portion of the Amazon delta . In the lower reaches of the river , the north bank consists of a series of steep , table - topped hills extending for about 240 kilometres ( 150 mi ) from opposite the mouth of the Xingu as far as Monte Alegre . These hills are cut down to a kind of terrace which lies between them and the river . On the south bank , above the Xingu , a line of low bluffs bordering the floodplain extends nearly to Santarém in a series of gentle curves before they bend to the southwest , and , abutting upon the lower Tapajós , merge into the bluffs which form the terrace margin of the Tapajós river valley . Mouth ( edit ) Satellite image of the mouth of the Amazon River , from the north looking south Belém is the major city and port at the mouth of the river at the Atlantic Ocean . The definition of where exactly the mouth of the Amazon is located , and how wide it is , is a matter of dispute , because of the area 's peculiar geography . The Pará and the Amazon are connected by a series of river channels called furos near the town of Breves ; between them lies Marajó , the world 's largest combined river / sea island . If the Pará river and the Marajó island ocean frontage are included , the Amazon estuary is some 325 kilometres ( 202 mi ) wide . In this case , the width of the mouth of the river is usually measured from Cabo Norte , the cape located straight east of Pracuúba in the Brazilian state of Amapá , to Ponta da Tijoca near the town of Curuçá , in the state of Pará . A more conservative measurement excluding the Pará river estuary , from the mouth of the Araguari River to Ponta do Navio on the northern coast of Marajó , would still give the mouth of the Amazon a width of over 180 kilometres ( 110 mi ) . If only the river 's main channel is considered , between the islands of Curuá ( state of Amapá ) and Jurupari ( state of Pará ) , the width falls to about 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) . The plume generated by the river 's discharge covers up to 1.3 million square kilometres and is responsible for muddy bottoms influencing a wide area of the tropical north Atlantic in terms of salinity , pH , light penetration , and sedimentation . Dispute regarding length ( edit ) River taxi in Peru While debate as to whether the Amazon or the Nile is the world 's longest river has gone on for many years , the historic consensus of geographic authorities has been to regard the Amazon as the second longest river in the world , with the Nile being the longest . However , the Amazon has been measured by different geographers as being anywhere between 6,259 and 6,992 kilometres ( 3,889 and 4,345 mi ) long . It is often said to be `` at least '' 6,400 kilometres ( 4,000 mi ) long . The Nile is reported to be anywhere from 5,499 to 6,690 kilometres ( 3,417 to 4,157 mi ) . Often it is said to be `` about '' 6,650 kilometres ( 4,130 mi ) long . There are many factors that can affect these measurements . A study by Brazilian scientists concluded that the Amazon is actually longer than the Nile . Using Nevado Mismi , which in 2001 was labelled by the National Geographic Society as the Amazon 's source , these scientists made new calculations of the Amazon 's length . They calculated the Amazon 's length as 6,992 kilometres ( 4,345 mi ) . Using the same techniques , they calculated the length of the Nile as 6,853 kilometres ( 4,258 mi ) , which is longer than previous estimates but still shorter than the Amazon . They made it possible by measuring the Amazon downstream to the beginning of the tidal estuary of Canal do Sul and then , after a sharp turn back , following tidal canals surrounding the isle of Marajó and finally including the marine waters of the Río Pará bay in its entire length . Guido Gelli , director of science at the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics ( IBGE ) , told the Brazilian TV network Globo in June 2007 that it could be considered as a fact that the Amazon was the longest river in the world . However , other geographers have had access to the same data since 2001 , and a consensus has yet to emerge to support the claims of these Brazilian scientists . The length of both the Amazon and the Nile remains open to interpretation and continued debate . Watershed ( edit ) Main article : Amazon basin The Amazon basin , the largest in the world , covers about 40 % of South America , an area of approximately 7,050,000 square kilometres ( 2,722,020 sq mi ) . It drains from west to east , from Iquitos in Peru , across Brazil to the Atlantic . It gathers its waters from 5 degrees north latitude to 20 degrees south latitude . Its most remote sources are found on the inter-Andean plateau , just a short distance from the Pacific Ocean . The locals often refer to it as `` El Jefe Negro '' , referring to an ancient god of fertility . The Amazon River and its tributaries are characterised by extensive forested areas that become flooded every rainy season . Every year , the river rises more than 9 metres ( 30 ft ) , flooding the surrounding forests , known as várzea ( `` flooded forests '' ) . The Amazon 's flooded forests are the most extensive example of this habitat type in the world . In an average dry season , 110,000 square kilometres ( 42,000 sq mi ) of land are water - covered , while in the wet season , the flooded area of the Amazon basin rises to 350,000 square kilometres ( 140,000 sq mi ) . The quantity of water released by the Amazon to the Atlantic Ocean is enormous : up to 300,000 cubic metres per second ( 11,000,000 cu ft / s ) in the rainy season , with an average of 209,000 cubic metres per second ( 7,400,000 cu ft / s ) from 1973 to 1990 . The Amazon is responsible for about 20 % of the Earth 's fresh water entering the ocean . The river pushes a vast plume of fresh water into the ocean . The plume is about 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) long and between 100 and 200 kilometres ( 62 and 124 mi ) wide . The fresh water , being lighter , flows on top of the seawater , diluting the salinity and altering the colour of the ocean surface over an area up to 2,500,000 km ( 970,000 sq mi ) in extent . For centuries ships have reported fresh water near the Amazon 's mouth yet well out of sight of land in what otherwise seemed to be the open ocean . The Atlantic has sufficient wave and tidal energy to carry most of the Amazon 's sediments out to sea , thus the Amazon does not form a true delta . The great deltas of the world are all in relatively protected bodies of water , while the Amazon empties directly into the turbulent Atlantic . There is a natural water union between the Amazon and the Orinoco basins , the so - called Casiquiare canal . The Casiquiare is a river distributary of the upper Orinoco , which flows southward into the Rio Negro , which in turn flows into the Amazon . The Casiquiare is the largest river on earth that links two major river systems , a so - called bifurcation . Flooding ( edit ) NASA satellite image of a flooded portion of the river Not all of the Amazon 's tributaries flood at the same time of the year . Many branches begin flooding in November and may continue to rise until June . The rise of the Rio Negro starts in February or March and begins to recede in June . The Madeira River rises and falls two months earlier than most of the rest of the Amazon . The depth of the Amazon between Manacapuru and Óbidos has been calculated as between 20 to 26 metres ( 66 to 85 ft ) . At Manacapuru , the Amazon 's water level is only about 24 metres ( 79 ft ) above mean sea level . More than half of the water in the Amazon downstream of Manacapuru is below sea level . In its lowermost section , the Amazon 's depth averages 20 to 50 metres ( 66 to 164 ft ) , in some places as much as 100 metres ( 330 ft ) . The main river is navigable for large ocean steamers to Manaus , 1,500 kilometres ( 930 mi ) upriver from the mouth . Smaller ocean vessels of 3,000 or 9,000 tonnes ( 3,000 or 8,900 long tons ; 3,300 or 9,900 short tons ) and 5.5 metres ( 18 ft ) draft can reach as far as Iquitos , Peru , 3,600 kilometres ( 2,200 mi ) from the sea . Smaller riverboats can reach 780 kilometres ( 480 mi ) higher , as far as Achual Point . Beyond that , small boats frequently ascend to the Pongo de Manseriche , just above Achual Point in Peru . Annual flooding occurs in late northern latitude winter at high tide when the incoming waters of the Atlantic are funnelled into the Amazon delta . The resulting undular tidal bore is called the pororoca , with a leading wave that can be up to 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) high and travel up to 500 miles ( 800 km ) inland . Geology ( edit ) The Amazon River originated as a transcontinental river in the Miocene epoch between 11.8 million and 11.3 million years ago and took its present shape approximately 2.4 million years ago in the Early Pleistocene . The proto - Amazon during the Cretaceous flowed west , as part of a proto - Amazon - Congo river system , from the interior of present - day Africa when the continents were connected , forming western Gondwana . Fifteen million years ago , the main tectonic uplift phase of the Andean chain started . This tectonic movement is caused by the subduction of the Nazca Plate underneath the South American Plate . The rise of the Andes and the linkage of the Brazilian and Guyana bedrock shields , blocked the river and caused the Amazon Basin to become a vast inland sea . Gradually , this inland sea became a massive swampy , freshwater lake and the marine inhabitants adapted to life in freshwater . For example , over 20 species of stingray , most closely related to those found in the Pacific Ocean , can be found today in the freshwaters of the Amazon . Eleven to ten million years ago , waters worked through the sandstone from the west and the Amazon began to flow eastward , leading to the emergence of the Amazon rainforest . During glacial periods , sea levels dropped and the great Amazon lake rapidly drained and became a river , which would eventually become the world 's largest , draining the most extensive area of rainforest on the planet . Paralleling the Amazon River is a large aquifer , dubbed the Hamza River , the discovery of which was made public in August 2011 . Protected areas ( edit ) Name Country Coordinates Image ( hide ) Notes Allpahuayo - Mishana National Reserve Peru 3 ° 56 ′ S 73 ° 33 ′ W / 3.933 ° S 73.550 ° W / - 3.933 ; - 73.550 Amacayacu National Park Colombia 3 ° 29 ′ S 72 ° 12 ′ W / 3.483 ° S 72.200 ° W / - 3.483 ; - 72.200 Amazônia National Park Brazil 4 ° 26 ′ S 56 ° 50 ′ W / 4.433 ° S 56.833 ° W / - 4.433 ; - 56.833 Anavilhanas National Park Brazil 2 ° 23 ′ S 60 ° 55 ′ W / 2.383 ° S 60.917 ° W / - 2.383 ; - 60.917 Flora and fauna ( edit ) See also : Biodiversity of Colombia § Amazon natural region Flora ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2017 ) Fauna ( edit ) Cichlid native to rivers of the Amazon basin More than one - third of all known species in the world live in the Amazon rainforest , a giant tropical forest and river basin with an area that stretches more than 5,400,000 square kilometres ( 2,100,000 sq mi ) . It is the richest tropical forest in the world in terms of biodiversity . There are over 3,000 species of fish currently recognised in the Amazon basin , with more being discovered every year . In addition to the thousands of species of fish , the river supports crabs , algae , and turtles . Mammals ( edit ) Amazon river dolphin Along with the Orinoco , the Amazon is one of the main habitats of the boto , also known as the Amazon river dolphin ( Inia geoffrensis ) . It is the largest species of river dolphin , and it can grow to lengths of up to 2.6 metres ( 8 ft 6 in ) . The colour of its skin changes with age ; young animals are gray , but become pink and then white as they mature . The dolphins use echolocation to navigate and hunt in the river 's tricky depths . The boto is the subject of a legend in Brazil about a dolphin that turns into a man and seduces maidens by the riverside . The tucuxi ( Sotalia fluviatilis ) , also a dolphin species , is found both in the rivers of the Amazon basin and in the coastal waters of South America . The Amazonian manatee ( Trichechus inunguis ) , also known as `` seacow '' , is found in the northern Amazon River basin and its tributaries . It is a mammal and a herbivore . Its population is limited to freshwater habitats , and , unlike other manatees , it does not venture into salt water . It is classified as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature . The Amazon and its tributaries are the main habitat of the giant otter ( Pteronura brasiliensis ) . It is a member of the weasel family and is the largest of its kind . Because of habitat destruction and hunting , its population has dramatically decreased . Birds ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2017 ) Reptiles ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2017 ) The anaconda is found in shallow waters in the Amazon basin . One of the world 's largest species of snake , the anaconda spends most of its time in the water with just its nostrils above the surface . The caiman , which is related to alligators and other crocodilians , also inhabits the Amazon as do varieties of turtles . Fish ( edit ) Characins , such as the piranha species , are prey for the giant otter , but these aggressive fish may also pose a danger to humans . The Amazonian fish fauna is the centre of diversity for neotropical fishes . 5,600 species are currently known , and approximately fifty new species are discovered each year . The arapaima , known in Brazil as the pirarucu , is a South American tropical freshwater fish , one of the largest freshwater fish in the world , with a length of up to 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) . Another Amazonian freshwater fish is the arowana ( or aruanã in Portuguese ) , such as the silver arowana ( Osteoglossum bicirrhosum ) , which is a predator and very similar to the arapaima , but only reaches a length of 120 centimetres ( 47 in ) . Also present in large numbers is the notorious piranha , an omnivorous fish that congregates in large schools and may attack livestock and even humans . There are approximately 30 to 60 species of piranha . However , only a few of its species are known to attack humans , most notably Pygocentrus nattereri , the red - bellied piranha . The candirú , native to the Amazon River , is a species of parasitic fresh water catfish in the family Trichomycteridae , just one of more than 1200 species of catfish in the Amazon basin . Other catfish ' walk ' overland on their ventral fins , while the kumakuma ( Brachyplatystoma filamentosum ) , aka piraiba or `` goliath catfish '' , can reach 3.6 metres ( 12 ft ) in length and 200 kilograms ( 440 lb ) in weight . The electric eel ( Electrophorus electricus ) and more than 100 species of electric fishes ( Gymnotiformes ) inhabit the Amazon basin . River stingrays ( Potamotrygonidae ) are also known . The bull shark ( Carcharhinus leucas ) has been reported 4,000 kilometres ( 2,500 mi ) up the Amazon River at Iquitos in Peru . Microbiota ( edit ) Freshwater microbes are generally not very well known , even less so for a pristine ecosystem like the Amazon . Recently , metagenomics has provided answers to what kind of microbes inhabit the river . The most important microbes in the Amazon River are Actinobacteria , Alphaproteobacteria , Betaproteobacteria , Gammaproteobacteria and Crenarchaeota . Major tributaries ( edit ) Solimões , the section of the upper Amazon River Aerial view of an Amazon tributary The Amazon has over 1,100 tributaries , 12 of which are over 1,500 kilometres ( 930 mi ) long . Some of the more notable ones are : Branco Casiquiare canal Caqueta River Huallaga Putumayo ( or Içá River ) Javary Juruá Madeira Marañón Morona Nanay Napo Negro Pastaza Purús Tambo Tapajós Tigre Tocantins Trombetas Ucayali Xingu Yapura List by length ( edit ) 6,259 km ( 3,889 mi ) to 6,992 km ( 4,345 mi ) -- Amazon , South America 3,250 km ( 2,020 mi ) -- Madeira , Bolivia / Brazil 3,211 km ( 1,995 mi ) -- Purús , Peru / Brazil 2,820 km ( 1,750 mi ) -- Japurá or Caquetá , Colombia / Brazil 2,639 km ( 1,640 mi ) -- Tocantins , Brazil 2,627 km ( 1,632 mi ) -- Araguaia , Brazil ( tributary of Tocantins ) 2,400 km ( 1,500 mi ) -- Juruá , Peru / Brazil 2,250 km ( 1,400 mi ) -- Rio Negro , Brazil / Venezuela / Colombia 1,992 km ( 1,238 mi ) -- Tapajós , Brazil 1,979 km ( 1,230 mi ) -- Xingu , Brazil 1,900 km ( 1,200 mi ) -- Ucayali River , Peru 1,749 km ( 1,087 mi ) -- Guaporé , Brazil / Bolivia ( tributary of Madeira ) 1,575 km ( 979 mi ) -- Içá ( Putumayo ) , Ecuador / Colombia / Peru 1,415 km ( 879 mi ) -- Marañón , Peru 1,370 km ( 850 mi ) -- Teles Pires , Brazil ( tributary of Tapajós ) 1,300 km ( 810 mi ) -- Iriri , Brazil ( tributary of Xingu ) 1,240 km ( 770 mi ) -- Juruena , Brazil ( tributary of Tapajós ) 1,130 km ( 700 mi ) -- Madre de Dios , Peru / Bolivia ( tributary of Madeira ) 1,100 km ( 680 mi ) -- Huallaga , Peru ( tributary of Marañón ) See also ( edit ) Geography portal Brazil portal Colombia portal Ecuador portal Peru portal Amazon natural region 1930 Curuçá River event Hamza River Peruvian Amazon References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Amazon River at GEOnet Names Server ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon River '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Seyler , Patrick ; Laurence Maurice - Bourgoin ; Jean Loup Guyot . `` Hydrological Control on the Temporal Variability of Trace Element Concentration in the Amazon River and its Main Tributaries '' . Geological Survey of Brazil ( CPRM ) . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : James Contos ; Nicholas Tripcevich ( March 2014 ) . `` Correct placement of the most distant source of the Amazon River in the Mantaro River drainage '' . Area . 46 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 39 . doi : 10.1111 / area. 12069 . ^ Jump up to : Penn , James R. ( 2001 ) . Rivers of the World . ABC - CLIO . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 042 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Moura , Rodrigo L. ; Amado - Filho , Gilberto M. ; Moraes , Fernando C. ; Brasileiro , Poliana S. ; Salomon , Paulo S. ; Mahiques , Michel M. ; Bastos , Alex C. ; Almeida , Marcelo G. ; Silva , Jomar M. ; Araujo , Beatriz F. ; Brito , Frederico P. ; Rangel , Thiago P. ; Oliveira , Braulio C.V. ; Bahia , Ricardo G. ; Paranhos , Rodolfo P. ; Dias , Rodolfo J.S. ; Siegle , Eduardo ; Figueiredo , Alberto G. ; Pereira , Renato C. ; Leal , Camellia V. ; Hajdu , Eduardo ; Asp , Nils E. ; Gregoracci , Gustavo B. ; Neumann - Leitão , Sigrid ; Yager , Patricia L. ; Francini - Filho , Ronaldo B. ; Fróes , Adriana ; Campeão , Mariana ; Silva , Bruno S. ; Moreira , Ana P.B. ; Oliveira , Louisi ; Soares , Ana C. ; Araujo , Lais ; Oliveira , Nara L. ; Teixeira , João B. ; Valle , Rogerio A.B. ; Thompson , Cristiane C. ; Rezende , Carlos E. ; Thompson , Fabiano L. ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` An extensive reef system at the Amazon River mouth '' . Science Advances . American Association for the Advancement of Science . 2 ( 4 ) : e1501252 . ISSN 2375 - 2548 . doi : 10.1126 / sciadv. 1501252 . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tom Sterling : Der Amazonas . Time - Life Bücher 1979 , 7th German Printing , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Nigel J.H. ( 2003 ) . Amazon Sweet Sea : Land , Life , and Water at the River 's Mouth . University of Texas Press . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 77770 - 5 . Jump up ^ Anna Roosevelt ( 1996 ) . Silberman , Neil Asher , ed . The Oxford Companion to Archaeology ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . pp. 429 -- 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 973578 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wohl , 2011 , pp. 24 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Wohl , 2011 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Olson , James Stuart ( 1991 ) . The Indians of Central and South America : an ethnohistorical dictionary . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 57 -- 248 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 26387 - 6 . Jump up ^ Morison , Samuel ( 1974 ) . The European Discovery of America : The Southern Voyages , 1492 -- 1616 . New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Francisco de Orellana Francisco de Orellana ( Spanish explorer and soldier ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Graham , Devon . `` A Brief History of Amazon Exploration '' . Project Amazonas . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charles - Marie de La Condamine ( French naturalist and mathematician ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Renato Cancian . `` Cabanagem ( 1835 -- 1840 ) : Uma das mais sangrentas rebeliões do período regencial '' . Universo Online Liçao de Casa ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on 2 November 2007 . Retrieved 12 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Church 1911 , p. 789 . Jump up ^ `` Sobre Escravos e Regatões '' ( pdf ) ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Historia del Peru , Editorial Lexus . p. 93 . Jump up ^ La Republica Oligarquica . Editorial Lexus 2000 p. 925 . Jump up ^ Church 1911 , p. 790 . ^ Jump up to : Campari , João S. ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ) . The Economics of Deforestation in the Amazon : Dispelling the Myths . Edward Elgar Publishing . ISBN 9781845425517 . Jump up ^ Hecht , Susanna B. ; Cockburn , Alexander ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . The Fate of the Forest : Developers , Destroyers , and Defenders of the Amazon , Updated Edition . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226322728 . Jump up ^ Síntese de Indicadores Sociais 2000 ( PDF ) ( in Portuguese ) . Manaus , Brazil : IBGE. 2000 . ISBN 85 - 240 - 3919 - 1 . Retrieved 31 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , David ( 6 May 2014 ) . `` More than 400 dams planned for the Amazon and headwaters '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Ellen Wohl , `` The Amazon : Rivers of Blushing Dolphins '' in A World of Rivers ( Chicago : The University of Chicago Press , 2011 ) , 35 . ^ Jump up to : Fraser , Barbara ( 19 April 2015 ) . `` Amazon Dams Keep the Lights On But Could Hurt Fish , Forests '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Ellen Wohl , `` The Amazon : Rivers of Blushing Dolphins '' in A World of Rivers ( Chicago : The University of Chicago Press , 2011 ) , 279 . Jump up ^ `` Source of the Amazon River Identificated ( Jacek Palkiewicz ) '' . Palkiewicz.com. 19 November 1999 . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Donald ( 21 December 2000 ) . `` Explorers Pinpoint Source of the Amazon ( National Geographic News ) '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon river ' longer than Nile ' '' . BBC News . 16 June 2007 . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Studies from INPE indicate that the Amazon River is 140 km longer than the Nile '' . Brazilian National Institute for Space Research . Archived from the original on 11 April 2011 . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Contos , James ( Rocky ) ( 3 April 2014 ) . `` Redefining the Upper Amazon River '' . Geography Directions . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Church 1911 , p. 788 . Jump up ^ Church 1911 , pp. 788 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : Guo , Rongxing ( 2006 ) . Territorial Disputes and Resource Management : A Global Handbook . Nova . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60021 - 445 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon River '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 September 2010 . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nile River '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010 . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Roach , John ( 18 June 2007 ) . `` Amazon Longer Than Nile River , Scientists Say '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Church 1911 , p. 784 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon River and Flooded Forests '' . World Wide Fund for Nature . Retrieved 4 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Molinier M ; et al. ( 22 November 1993 ) . `` Hydrologie du Bassin de l'Amazone '' ( PDF ) ( in French ) . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Junk , Wolfgang J. ( 1997 ) . The Central Amazon Floodplain : Ecology of a Pulsing System . Springer . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 59276 - 1 . Jump up ^ Whitton , B.A. ( 1975 ) . River Ecology . University of California Press . p. 462 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03016 - 9 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Jon ( 14 May 2014 ) . Environmental Geology : Facing the Challenges of Our Changing Earth . Infobase Publishing . pp. 110 -- 11 . ISBN 9781438109633 . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lynch , David K. ( 1982 ) . `` Tidal Bores '' ( PDF ) . Scientific American . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Figueiredo , J. ; Hoorn , C. ; van der Ven , P. ; Soares , E. ( 2009 ) . `` Late Miocene onset of the Amazon River and the Amazon deep - sea fan : Evidence from the Foz do Amazonas Basin '' . Geology. 37 ( 7 ) : 619 -- 22 . doi : 10.1130 / g25567a. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Massive River Found Flowing Beneath the Amazon '' . Archived from the original on 10 November 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 08 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Allpahuayo Mishana '' ( in Spanish ) . Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado . Jump up ^ `` Parque Nacional Natural Amacayacu '' ( in Spanish ) . Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia . Jump up ^ `` Parna da Amazônia '' . Instituto Socioambiental ( ISA ) . Jump up ^ `` Parna de Anavilhanas '' . Instituto Socioambiental ( ISA ) . Jump up ^ World Bank ( 15 December 2005 ) . `` Brazilian Amazon rain forest fact sheet '' . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Albert , J.S. ; Reis , R.E. , eds. ( 2011 ) . Historical Biogeography of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes . Berkeley : University of California Press . Jump up ^ `` Amazon River Dolphin '' . Rainforest Alliance . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ James S. Albert ; Roberto E. Reis ( 8 March 2011 ) . Historical Biogeography of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes . University of California Press . p. 308 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 26868 - 5 . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Wohl , Ellen ( 2011 ) . A World of Rivers : Environmental Change on Ten of the World 's Great Rivers . Chicago . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 90478 - 4 . Jump up ^ Megafishes Project to Size Up Real `` Loch Ness Monsters '' . National Geographic . Jump up ^ `` Candiru ( fish ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Wohl , Ellen ( 2011 ) . A World of Rivers : Environmental Change on Ten of the World 's Great Rivers . Chicago . pp. 27 -- 29 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 90478 - 4 . Jump up ^ Helfman , Gene S. ( 15 July 2007 ) . Fish Conservation : A Guide to Understanding and Restoring Global Aquatic Biodiversity and Fishery Resources . Island Press . p. 31 . ISBN 9781597267601 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Ghai R , Rodriguez - Valera F , McMahon KD , et al. ( 2011 ) . `` Metagenomics of the water column in the pristine upper course of the Amazon river '' . PLoS ONE . 6 ( 8 ) : e23785 . PMC 3158796 . PMID 21915244 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0023785 . Jump up ^ Tom Sterling : Der Amazonas . Time - Life Bücher 1979 , 8th German Printing , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Extreme Science ( 2015 ) . `` World 's Greatest River : The Amazon '' . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Madeira ( river ) '' . Talktalk.co.uk . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Purus River : Information from '' . Answers.com . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Amy ( 9 February 2007 ) . `` Japurá River ( river , South America ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Infoplease ( 2012 ) . `` Tocantins '' . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Araguaia River ( river , Brazil ) -- Encyclopædia Britannica '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Juruá River : Information from '' . Answers.com . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Negro River : Information from '' . Answers.com . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tapajos River ( river , Brazil ) -- Encyclopædia Britannica '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Xingu River '' . International Rivers . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` HowStuffWorks `` The Ucayali River '' `` . Geography.howstuffworks.com. 30 March 2008 . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guapore River ( river , South America ) -- Encyclopædia Britannica '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Church , George Earl ( 1911 ) . `` Amazon '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 783 -- 90 . Wohl , Ellen ( 2011 ) . The Amazon : Rivers of Blushing Dolphins . A World of Rivers . The University of Chicago Press . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Find more aboutAmazon riverat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Texts from Wikisource Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Information on the Amazon from Extreme Science A photographic journey up the Amazon River from its mouth to its source Amazon Alive : Light & Shadow documentary film about the Amazon river Amazon River Ecosystem Research on the influence of the Amazon River on the Atlantic Ocean at the University of Southern California Geographic data related to Amazon River at OpenStreetMap Treasures of Colombia Archaeological sites Colombia magia salvaje National monuments National parks World Heritage sites Heritage of humanity Bolívar Cartagena Mompox National heritage Antioquia Puente de Occidente Atlántico Complejo Cultural de la Antigua Aduana Boyacá Estación de Chiquinquirá Tunja Vargas Swamp Lancers Villa de Leyva Caldas Palacio de la Gobernación de Caldas Salamina Cauca Popayán Tierradentro Cundinamarca Bolívar Square Casa de Moneda de Colombia Estación de la Sabana Museo del Oro Museo Nacional San Francisco Church San Francisco Palace Santa Clara Church and Museum Santamaría Bullring Teatro Colón Huila San Agustín Quindío National Coffee Park Santander San Juan de Girón Valle del Cauca San Francisco Church Architectural , artistic and archaeological treasures Antioquia Botero Collection Haciendas cafeteras Boyacá Ráquira Caldas Haciendas cafeteras Manizales Cathedral Cundinamarca Haciendas cafeteras Monserrate Sanctuary Quinta de Bolívar Salt Cathedral of Zipaquirá Magdalena Ciudad Perdida Haciendas cafeteras Quinta de San Pedro Alejandrino Nariño Las Lajas Sanctuary Norte de Santander Haciendas cafeteras Quindío Haciendas cafeteras Risaralda Haciendas cafeteras Santander Barichara Haciendas cafeteras Tolima Haciendas cafeteras Valle del Cauca La Ermita Church Hacienda El Paraíso Haciendas cafeteras National natural parks and treasures Amazonas Amacayacu Amazon River Angostura del Caquetá Araracuara Canyon La Chorrera Putumayo River Raudal de Jirijirimo Antioquia Los Katíos Piedra del Peñol Arauca Sierra Nevada del Cocuy Bolívar Rosario Islands Boyacá Lake Iguaque Páramo de Ocetá Sierra Nevada del Cocuy Siscuinsí Lake Lake Tota Caldas Los Nevados Caquetá Angostura del Caquetá Araracuara Canyon Caño Paujil Chiribiquete Claro River Mirití River Casanare Sierra Nevada del Cocuy Cauca Gorgona Island Lagunas de la Magdalena y de Santiago Nevado del Huila Puracé Volcano Cesar Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Chocó Cabo Marzo Ensenada de Utría Los Katíos Cundinamarca Chingaza Lake Guatavita Rocas de Suesca Guainía Atabapo River Cerros de Mavecure La Guajira Alta Guajira Cabo de la Vela Los Flamencos Sanctuary Salinas de Manaure Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Guaviare Cerro Pintado Chiribiquete Ciudades de Piedra Inírida River Raudales Huila Claro River Estrecho del Magdalena Lagunas de la Magdalena y de Santiago Nevado del Huila Tatacoa Desert Magdalena Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Meta Caño Cristales Chingaza Nariño Cumbal Volcano Galeras Volcano Laguna de la Cocha Laguna Verde del Azufral Putumayo River Sanquianga Norte de Santander Los Estoraques Putumayo Cascada del Indio La Paya Putumayo River Quindío Cocora valley Los Nevados Risaralda Los Nevados San Andrés y Providencia Isla de Providencia Santander Chicamocha Canyon El Gallineral Tolima Cerro Bravo Nevado del Huila Los Nevados Valle del Cauca Farallones de Cali Malpelo Island Vaupés Apaporis River Tunnel Raudal de Jirijirimo Raudal de Yuruparí Vichada El Tuparro Source : Wills , Fernando et al. 2001 . Nuestro patrimonio - 100 tesoros de Colombia - Our heritage - 100 treasures of Colombia , 1 - 311 . El Tiempo . New 7 Wonders of Nature Amazon rainforest and river Hạ Long Bay Iguazu / Iguaçu Falls Jeju Island Komodo Island Puerto Princesa Underground River Table Mountain VIAF : 127841845 GND : 4001626 - 2 BNF : cb13963444t ( data ) NDL : 00628108 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon_River&oldid=799707794 '' Categories : Amazon River Amazon basin Amazon rainforest Upper Amazon Rivers of South America International rivers of South America Rivers of Colombia Rivers of Ecuador Rivers of Peru Colombia -- Peru border Rivers of Amapá Rivers of Amazonas ( Brazilian state ) Rivers of Loreto Region Rivers of Pará Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Patois Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 10 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the amazon river start and end | [
"\n\nAmazon River (Amazonia)\n\n\nApurímac, Ene, Tambo, Ucayali, Amazonas, Solimões\n\n\nRiver\n\n\n\n\nSunset over the Amazon near Leticia, Colombia\n\n\n\nCountries\nBrazil, Colombia, Peru\n\n\n\n\n\nTributaries\n\n\n - left\nMarañón, Japurá/Caquetá, Rio Negro/Guainía, Putumayo\n\n\n - right\nUcayali, Purús, Madeira, Tapajós, Xingu\n\n\nCity\nIquitos (Peru); Leticia (Colombia);\nTabatinga (Brazil); Tefé (Brazil);\nItacoatiara (Brazil) Parintins (Brazil);\nÓbidos (Brazil); Santarém (Brazil);\nAlmeirim (Brazil); Macapá (Brazil);\nManaus (Brazil)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource\nRio Mantaro\n\n\n - location\nHuancayo, Huancayo Province, Peru\n\n\n - elevation\n5,220 m (17,126 ft)\n\n\n - coordinates\n10°43′55″S 76°38′52″W / 10.73194°S 76.64778°W / -10.73194; -76.64778\n\n\nMouth\nAtlantic Ocean\n\n\n - elevation\n0 m (0 ft)\n\n\n - coordinates\n0°42′28″N 50°5′22″W / 0.70778°N 50.08944°W / 0.70778; -50.08944Coordinates: 0°42′28″N 50°5′22″W / 0.70778°N 50.08944°W / 0.70778; -50.08944 [1]\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n6,400 km (3,977 mi) [2]\n\n\nBasin\n7,050,000 km2 (2,722,000 sq mi) [2]\n\n\nDischarge\n\n\n\n - average\n209,000 m3/s (7,381,000 cu ft/s) [3]\n\n\n - max\n340,000 m3/s (12,007,000 cu ft/s)\n\n\n - min\n180,000 m3/s (6,357,000 cu ft/s)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAmazon River and drainage basin\n\n\n",
"\n\nAmazon River (Amazonia)\n\n\nApurímac, Ene, Tambo, Ucayali, Amazonas, Solimões\n\n\nRiver\n\n\n\n\nSunset over the Amazon near Leticia, Colombia\n\n\n\nCountries\nBrazil, Colombia, Peru\n\n\n\n\n\nTributaries\n\n\n - left\nMarañón, Japurá/Caquetá, Rio Negro/Guainía, Putumayo\n\n\n - right\nUcayali, Purús, Madeira, Tapajós, Xingu\n\n\nCity\nIquitos (Peru); Leticia (Colombia);\nTabatinga (Brazil); Tefé (Brazil);\nItacoatiara (Brazil) Parintins (Brazil);\nÓbidos (Brazil); Santarém (Brazil);\nAlmeirim (Brazil); Macapá (Brazil);\nManaus (Brazil)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource\nRio Mantaro\n\n\n - location\nHuancayo, Huancayo Province, Peru\n\n\n - elevation\n5,220 m (17,126 ft)\n\n\n - coordinates\n10°43′55″S 76°38′52″W / 10.73194°S 76.64778°W / -10.73194; -76.64778\n\n\nMouth\nAtlantic Ocean\n\n\n - elevation\n0 m (0 ft)\n\n\n - coordinates\n0°42′28″N 50°5′22″W / 0.70778°N 50.08944°W / 0.70778; -50.08944Coordinates: 0°42′28″N 50°5′22″W / 0.70778°N 50.08944°W / 0.70778; -50.08944 [1]\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n6,400 km (3,977 mi) [2]\n\n\nBasin\n7,050,000 km2 (2,722,000 sq mi) [2]\n\n\nDischarge\n\n\n\n - average\n209,000 m3/s (7,381,000 cu ft/s) [3]\n\n\n - max\n340,000 m3/s (12,007,000 cu ft/s)\n\n\n - min\n180,000 m3/s (6,357,000 cu ft/s)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAmazon River and drainage basin\n\n\n"
] | [
"Huancayo, Huancayo Province, Peru",
"Atlantic Ocean"
] |
8471501806605476104 | Rust | Rust - wikipedia Rust This article is about the chemical compound . For other uses , see Rust ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Colors and porous surface texture of rust Steels and other iron -- carbon alloy phases Ferrite Austenite Cementite Graphite Martensite Microstructures Spheroidite Pearlite Bainite Ledeburite Tempered martensite Widmanstatten structures Classes Crucible steel Carbon steel Spring steel Alloy steel Maraging steel Stainless steel Weathering steel Tool steel Other iron - based materials Cast iron Gray iron White iron Ductile iron Malleable iron Wrought iron Rust is an iron oxide , a usually red oxide formed by the redox reaction of iron and oxygen in the presence of water or air moisture . Several forms of rust are distinguishable both visually and by spectroscopy , and form under different circumstances . Rust consists of hydrated iron ( III ) oxides Fe O nH O and iron ( III ) oxide - hydroxide ( FeO ( OH ) , Fe ( OH ) ) . Given sufficient time , oxygen , and water , any iron mass will eventually convert entirely to rust and disintegrate . Surface rust is flaky and friable , and it provides no protection to the underlying iron , unlike the formation of patina on copper surfaces . Rusting is the common term for corrosion of iron and its alloys , such as steel . Many other metals undergo similar corrosion , but the resulting oxides are not commonly called rust . Other forms of rust exist , like the result of reactions between iron and chloride in an environment deprived of oxygen . Rebar used in underwater concrete pillars , which generates green rust , is an example . Although rusting is generally a negative aspect of iron , a particular form of rusting , known as `` stable rust , '' causes the object to have a thin coating of rust over the top , and if kept in low relative humidity , makes the `` stable '' layer protective to the iron below , but not to the extent of other oxides , such as aluminum . Contents 1 Chemical reactions 1.1 Oxidation of iron 1.2 Associated reactions 2 Prevention 2.1 Rust - resistant alloys 2.2 Galvanization 2.3 Cathodic protection 2.4 Coatings and painting 2.5 Bluing 2.6 Inhibitors 2.7 Humidity control 3 Treatment 4 Economic effect 5 Cultural symbolism 6 Gallery 7 References 7.1 Further reading 8 External links Chemical reactions Heavy rust on the links of a chain near the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco ; it was continuously exposed to moisture and salt spray , causing surface breakdown , cracking , and flaking of the metal . Outdoor Rust Wedge display at the Exploratorium shows the enormous expansive force of rusting iron Rust is another name for iron oxide , which occurs when iron or an alloy that contains iron , like steel , is exposed to oxygen and moisture for a long period of time . Over time , the oxygen combines with the metal at an atomic level , forming a new compound called an oxide and weakening the bonds of the metal itself . Although some people refer to rust generally as `` oxidation '' , that term is much more general ; although rust forms when iron undergoes oxidation , not all oxidation forms rust . Only iron or alloys that contain iron can rust , but other metals can corrode in similar ways . The main catalyst for the rusting process is water . Iron or steel structures might appear to be solid , but water molecules can penetrate the microscopic pits and cracks in any exposed metal . The hydrogen atoms present in water molecules can combine with other elements to form acids , which will eventually cause more metal to be exposed . If chloride ions are present , as is the case with saltwater , the corrosion is likely to occur more quickly . Meanwhile , the oxygen atoms combine with metallic atoms to form the destructive oxide compound . As the atoms combine , they weaken the metal , making the structure brittle and crumbly . Oxidation of iron When impure ( cast ) iron is in contact with water , oxygen , other strong oxidants , or acids , it rusts . If salt is present , for example in seawater or salt spray , the iron tends to rust more quickly , as a result of electrochemical reactions . Iron metal is relatively unaffected by pure water or by dry oxygen . As with other metals , like aluminium , a tightly adhering oxide coating , a passivation layer , protects the bulk iron from further oxidation . The conversion of the passivating ferrous oxide layer to rust results from the combined action of two agents , usually oxygen and water . Other degrading solutions are sulfur dioxide in water and carbon dioxide in water . Under these corrosive conditions , iron hydroxide species are formed . Unlike ferrous oxides , the hydroxides do not adhere to the bulk metal . As they form and flake off from the surface , fresh iron is exposed , and the corrosion process continues until either all of the iron is consumed or all of the oxygen , water , carbon dioxide , or sulfur dioxide in the system are removed or consumed . When iron rusts , the oxides take up more volume than the original metal ; this expansion can generate enormous forces , damaging structures made with iron . See economic effect for more details . Associated reactions The rusting of iron is an electrochemical process that begins with the transfer of electrons from iron to oxygen . The iron is the reducing agent ( gives up electrons ) while the oxygen is the oxidising agent ( gains electrons ) . The rate of corrosion is affected by water and accelerated by electrolytes , as illustrated by the effects of road salt on the corrosion of automobiles . The key reaction is the reduction of oxygen : O + 4 e + 2 H O → 4 OH Because it forms hydroxide ions , this process is strongly affected by the presence of acid . Indeed , the corrosion of most metals by oxygen is accelerated at low pH . Providing the electrons for the above reaction is the oxidation of iron that may be described as follows : Fe → Fe + 2 e The following redox reaction also occurs in the presence of water and is crucial to the formation of rust : 4 Fe + O → 4 Fe + 2 O In addition , the following multistep acid -- base reactions affect the course of rust formation : Fe + 2 H O ⇌ Fe ( OH ) + 2 H Fe + 3 H O ⇌ Fe ( OH ) + 3 H as do the following dehydration equilibria : Fe ( OH ) ⇌ FeO + H O Fe ( OH ) ⇌ FeO ( OH ) + H O 2 FeO ( OH ) ⇌ Fe O + H O From the above equations , it is also seen that the corrosion products are dictated by the availability of water and oxygen . With limited dissolved oxygen , iron ( II ) - containing materials are favoured , including FeO and black lodestone or magnetite ( Fe O ) . High oxygen concentrations favour ferric materials with the nominal formulae Fe ( OH ) O . The nature of rust changes with time , reflecting the slow rates of the reactions of solids . Furthermore , these complex processes are affected by the presence of other ions , such as Ca , which serve as electrolytes which accelerate rust formation , or combine with the hydroxides and oxides of iron to precipitate a variety of Ca , Fe , O , OH species . Onset of rusting can also be detected in laboratory with the use of ferroxyl indicator solution . The solution detects both Fe ions and hydroxyl ions . Formation of Fe ions and hydroxyl ions are indicated by blue and pink patches respectively . Prevention Cor - Ten is a special iron alloy that rusts , but still retains its structural integrity Because of the widespread use and importance of iron and steel products , the prevention or slowing of rust is the basis of major economic activities in a number of specialized technologies . A brief overview of methods is presented here ; for detailed coverage , see the cross-referenced articles . Rust is permeable to air and water , therefore the interior metallic iron beneath a rust layer continues to corrode . Rust prevention thus requires coatings that preclude rust formation . Rust - resistant alloys See also : Stainless steel and Weathering steel Stainless steel forms a passivation layer of chromium ( III ) oxide . Similar passivation behavior occurs with magnesium , titanium , zinc , zinc oxides , aluminium , polyaniline , and other electroactive conductive polymers . Special `` weathering steel '' alloys such as Cor - Ten rust at a much slower rate than normal , because the rust adheres to the surface of the metal in a protective layer . Designs using this material must include measures that avoid worst - case exposures , since the material still continues to rust slowly even under near - ideal conditions . Galvanization Main article : Galvanization Interior rust in old galvanized iron water pipes can result in brown and black water . Galvanization consists of an application on the object to be protected of a layer of metallic zinc by either hot - dip galvanizing or electroplating . Zinc is traditionally used because it is cheap , adheres well to steel , and provides cathodic protection to the steel surface in case of damage of the zinc layer . In more corrosive environments ( such as salt water ) , cadmium plating is preferred . Galvanization often fails at seams , holes , and joints where there are gaps in the coating . In these cases , the coating still provides some partial cathodic protection to iron , by acting as a galvanic anode and corroding itself instead of the underlying protected metal . The protective zinc layer is consumed by this action , and thus galvanization provides protection only for a limited period of time . More modern coatings add aluminium to the coating as zinc - alume ; aluminium will migrate to cover scratches and thus provide protection for a longer period . These approaches rely on the aluminium and zinc oxides reprotecting a once - scratched surface , rather than oxidizing as a sacrificial anode as in traditional galvanized coatings . In some cases , such as very aggressive environments or long design life , both zinc and a coating are applied to provide enhanced corrosion protection . Typical galvanization of steel products which are to subject to normal day to day weathering in an outside environment consists of a hot dipped 85 μm zinc coating . Under normal weather conditions , this will deteriorate at a rate of 1 μm per year , giving approximately 85 years of protection . Cathodic protection Main article : Cathodic protection Cathodic protection is a technique used to inhibit corrosion on buried or immersed structures by supplying an electrical charge that suppresses the electrochemical reaction . If correctly applied , corrosion can be stopped completely . In its simplest form , it is achieved by attaching a sacrificial anode , thereby making the iron or steel the cathode in the cell formed . The sacrificial anode must be made from something with a more negative electrode potential than the iron or steel , commonly zinc , aluminium , or magnesium . The sacrificial anode will eventually corrode away , ceasing its protective action unless it is replaced in a timely manner . Cathodic protection can also be provided by using a special - purpose electrical device to appropriately induce an electric charge . Coatings and painting Main article : Rustproofing Flaking paint , exposing a patch of surface rust on sheet metal Rust formation can be controlled with coatings , such as paint , lacquer , varnish , or wax tapes that isolate the iron from the environment . Large structures with enclosed box sections , such as ships and modern automobiles , often have a wax - based product ( technically a `` slushing oil '' ) injected into these sections . Such treatments usually also contain rust inhibitors . Covering steel with concrete can provide some protection to steel because of the alkaline pH environment at the steel -- concrete interface . However rusting of steel in concrete can still be a problem , as expanding rust can fracture or slowly `` explode '' concrete from within . As a closely related example , iron bars were used to reinforce stonework of the Parthenon in Athens , Greece , but caused extensive damage by rusting , swelling , and shattering the marble components of the building . When only temporary protection is needed for storage or transport , a thin layer of oil , grease , or a special mixture such as Cosmoline can be applied to an iron surface . Such treatments are extensively used when `` mothballing '' a steel ship , automobile , or other equipment for long - term storage . Special antiseize lubricant mixtures are available , and are applied to metallic threads and other precision machined surfaces to protect them from rust . These compounds usually contain grease mixed with copper , zinc , or aluminium powder , and other proprietary ingredients . Bluing Main article : Bluing ( steel ) Bluing is a technique that can provide limited resistance to rusting for small steel items , such as firearms ; for it to be successful , a water - displacing oil is rubbed onto the blued steel and other steel . Inhibitors Main article : Corrosion inhibitor Corrosion inhibitors , such as gas - phase or volatile inhibitors , can be used to prevent corrosion inside sealed systems . They are not effective when air circulation disperses them , and brings in fresh oxygen and moisture . Humidity control See also : Dehumidifier and Desiccant Rust can be avoided by controlling the moisture in the atmosphere . An example of this is the use of silica gel packets to control humidity in equipment shipped by sea . Treatment Rust removal from small iron or steel objects by electrolysis can be done in a home workshop using simple materials such as a plastic bucket , tap water , lengths of rebar , washing soda , baling wire , and a battery charger . Rust may be treated with commercial products known as rust converter which contain tannic acid or phosphoric acid which combines with rust ; removed with organic acids like citric acid and vinegar or the stronger hydrochloric acid ; or removed with chelating agents as in some commercial formulations or even a solution of molasses . Economic effect Main article : Corrosion Rusting rebar has expanded and spalled concrete off the surface of this reinforced concrete support Rust is associated with degradation of iron - based tools and structures . As rust has a much higher volume than the originating mass of iron , its buildup can also cause failure by forcing apart adjacent parts -- a phenomenon sometimes known as `` rust packing '' . It was the cause of the collapse of the Mianus river bridge in 1983 , when the bearings rusted internally and pushed one corner of the road slab off its support . Rust was an important factor in the Silver Bridge disaster of 1967 in West Virginia , when a steel suspension bridge collapsed in less than a minute , killing 46 drivers and passengers on the bridge at the time . The Kinzua Bridge in Pennsylvania was blown down by a tornado in 2003 , largely because the central base bolts holding the structure to the ground had rusted away , leaving the bridge anchored by gravity alone . Reinforced concrete is also vulnerable to rust damage . Internal pressure caused by expanding corrosion of concrete - covered steel and iron can cause the concrete to spall , creating severe structural problems . It is one of the most common failure modes of reinforced concrete bridges and buildings . Structural failures caused by rust The collapsed Silver Bridge , as seen from the Ohio side The Kinzua Bridge after it collapsed Cultural symbolism Rust is a commonly used metaphor for slow decay due to neglect , since it gradually converts robust iron and steel metal into a soft crumbling powder . A wide section of the industrialized American Midwest and American Northeast , once dominated by steel foundries , the automotive industry , and other manufacturers , has experienced harsh economic cutbacks that have caused the region to be dubbed the `` Rust Belt '' . In music , literature , and art , rust is associated with images of faded glory , neglect , decay , and ruin . Gallery Rusted and pitted struts of the 70 - year - old Nandu River Iron Bridge Concentric rust patterns breaking through a painted surface A leaking water pump caused severe corrosion of this engine block A rusted but otherwise intact Pineapple grenade that was previously buried in the ground near Opheusden , Netherlands References Jump up ^ `` Interview , David Des Marais '' . NASA . 2003 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ ( www.oed.com/view/Entry/169112 `` rust , n. 1 and adj '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . OED Online . Oxford University Press . June 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . `` rust , n. 1 and adj . '' OED Online Jump up ^ Ankersmit , Bart ; Griesser - Stermscheg , Martina ; Selwyn , Lindsie ; Sutherland , Susanne . `` '' Rust Never Sleeps : Recognizing Metals and Their Corrosion Products `` '' ( PDF ) . depotwijzer . Parks Canada . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 9 August 2016 . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Sund , Robert B. ; Bishop , Jeanne ( 1980 ) . Accent on science . C.E. Merrill . ISBN 9780675075695 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Holleman , A.F. ; Wiberg , E. ( 2001 ) . Inorganic Chemistry . San Diego : Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 352651 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gräfen , H. ; Horn , E.M. ; Schlecker , H. ; Schindler , H. ( 2000 ) . `` Corrosion '' . Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry . Wiley - VCH . doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. b01_08 . Jump up ^ Ramaswamy , Hosahalli S. ; Marcotte , Michele ; Sastry , Sudhir ; Abdelrahim , Khalid ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) . Ohmic Heating in Food Processing . CRC Press . ISBN 9781420071092 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Heinz , Norbert . `` Corrosion prevention - HomoFaciens '' . www.homofaciens.de . Archived from the original on 2017 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Cathodic Protection Systems - Matcor , Inc '' . Matcor , Inc . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2018 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Lorraine Mirza , Krishnakali . Young Scientist Series ICSE Chemistry 7 . Pearson Education India . ISBN 9788131756591 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Rust Removal using Electrolysis '' . antique-engines.com . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rust Removal with Molasses '' . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Further reading Waldman , J. ( 2015 ) : Rust - the longest war . Simon & Schuster , New York . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 9159 - 7 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rust . Look up rust in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . corrosion case studies Analysis of corrosion Corrosion Doctors Rusting article Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rust&oldid=849229453 '' Categories : Corrosion Iron Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from June 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Armãneashti Bahasa Banjar Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kurdî Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська اردو 粵語 中文 53 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 July 2018 , at 13 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what type of reaction is the rusting of iron | [
"When impure (cast) iron is in contact with water, oxygen, other strong oxidants, or acids, it rusts. If salt is present, for example in seawater or salt spray, the iron tends to rust more quickly, as a result of electrochemical reactions. Iron metal is relatively unaffected by pure water or by dry oxygen. As with other metals, like aluminium, a tightly adhering oxide coating, a passivation layer, protects the bulk iron from further oxidation. The conversion of the passivating ferrous oxide layer to rust results from the combined action of two agents, usually oxygen and water.\n"
] | [
"electrochemical"
] |
-4448354402256291009 | Enema of the State | Enema of the State - wikipedia Enema of the State Jump to : navigation , search Enema of the State Studio album by Blink - 182 Released June 1 , 1999 Recorded January -- March 1999 Studio Various studios ( show ) Signature Sound , Studio West ( San Diego , California ) Mad Hatter Studios , The Bomb Factory ( Los Angeles , California ) Conway Recording Studios ( Hollywood , California ) Big Fish Studios ( Encinitas , California ) Genre Pop punk skate punk Length 35 : 17 Label MCA Producer Jerry Finn Blink - 182 chronology Dude Ranch ( 1997 ) Dude Ranch 1997 Enema of the State ( 1999 ) The Mark , Tom and Travis Show ( The Enema Strikes Back ! ) ( 2000 ) The Mark , Tom and Travis Show ( The Enema Strikes Back ! ) 2000 Singles from Enema of the State `` What 's My Age Again ? '' Released : April 1999 `` All the Small Things '' Released : January 18 , 2000 `` Adam 's Song '' Released : September 5 , 2000 Enema of the State is the third studio album by American rock band Blink - 182 . Produced by Jerry Finn , the album was released on June 1 , 1999 by MCA Records . After a long series of performances at various clubs and festivals and several indie recordings throughout the 1990s , Blink - 182 first achieved popularity on the Warped Tour and in Australia following the release of their sophomore effort Dude Ranch ( 1997 ) and its rock radio hit `` Dammit '' . To record their third album , Blink - 182 turned to veteran punk rock producer Jerry Finn , who previously worked on Green Day 's breakthrough album , Dookie ( 1994 ) . Enema was the band 's first album to feature second drummer Travis Barker , who replaced original drummer Scott Raynor . The group recorded with Finn over a period of three months at numerous locations in their hometown of San Diego and in Los Angeles . Finn was key in producing the fast - paced , melodic mixes , creating pop punk with a more radio - friendly , accessible polish . Lyrically , the album is inspired by adolescent frustration and relationships . Guitarist Tom DeLonge and bassist Mark Hoppus primarily culled stories from friends and autobiographical situations to craft summery tracks revolving around breakups , suburban parties and maturity , as well as more offbeat subject matter such as UFO conspiracy theories . The cover artwork for Enema of the State features porn star Janine Lindemulder famously clad in a nurse uniform , and the title is a pun on the term enemy of the state . Enema of the State was an enormous commercial success , though the band was criticized as synthesized , manufactured pop only remotely resembling punk and pigeonholed as a joke act due to the puerile slant of its singles and associating music videos . The album sold over 15 million copies worldwide , catapulting the band to become one of the biggest rock bands of the turn of the century . `` What 's My Age Again ? '' , `` All the Small Things '' and `` Adam 's Song '' became hit singles and MTV staples , generating heavy radio airplay . Enema of the State had an extensive impact on contemporary pop punk , reinventing it for a new generation and spawning countless tributes and acolytes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Recording and production 3 Musical style and composition 4 Songs 5 Artwork 6 Singles 7 Release 8 Reception 8.1 Critical response 8.2 Controversy 9 Legacy 9.1 Accolades 10 Touring 11 Track listing 12 Personnel 13 Charts 13.1 Weekly charts 13.2 Year - end charts 14 Certifications 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 17.1 Footnotes 17.2 Sources 18 External links Background ( edit ) Enema of the State is the first Blink - 182 album with drummer Travis Barker , pictured here in 2003 . By 1997 , Blink - 182 , consisting of Mark Hoppus , Tom DeLonge , and Scott Raynor , began to receive mainstream exposure as their sophomore record , Dude Ranch , shipped gold and the lead single `` Dammit '' began to be added to rock radio playlists across the country . The band entered an extended period of touring beginning that summer , which included each date of the worldwide 1997 Vans Warped Tour , a lifestyle tour promoting skateboarding and punk rock music . The trio would only return to their home of San Diego , California for days at a time before striking out the next tour . `` When we did our longest tour stretch , it was right when I started dating my fiancee , '' recalled guitarist Tom DeLonge in 2001 . `` We were all new and in love , and I had to leave . It was just , ' Hey , I 'll see you in nine months . ' It was really hard . '' Hoppus felt increasingly lonely ; while the other members had longtime girlfriends to return home to , Hoppus was single . In addition to the hefty touring schedule , the trio grew tired of other commitments , including interviews and TV appearances due to the success of `` Dammit '' . Desperate for a break , the overworked band began to argue and tensions formed . Raynor , who was at the center of this drama , had been commenting of his desire to attend college for years , and had been taking homework out with him on tour to try and complete his high school diploma . The tension came to a head in February 1998 as the band embarked on SnoCore , described as `` a winter version of the Warped Tour . '' Sharing the stage with Primus , the band was enjoying more success than ever before , but the drama between the musicians had grown substantially . The band reached a low point when the band engaged in a fight on a Nebraska date after SnoCore 's conclusion . Raynor would depart following SnoCore , and the ensemble recruited Travis Barker , drummer for the opening ska punk group The Aquabats , to fill in for Raynor . Barker , who had not had time to prepare or practice with the duo , learned the drum tracks for the 20 - song setlist in only 45 minutes before the first show and performed them flawlessly thereafter . `` I remember Travis rehearsing backstage for an hour or two , then playing with them during sound - check , '' said Adam Deibert of the Aquabats . `` A few of us were standing behind the stage and vividly remember the feeling of this is the new Blink . We should have looked for a new drummer right then because it was obvious what band he belonged in . '' Shortly thereafter , the band embarked on a short minitour along the western coast , most notably Southern California , the band 's favorite place to play . The tour ended with the band headlining a sold - out show at the Palladium in Hollywood , California , where the band had dreamed of performing at for years . Raynor returned for the band 's Palladium performance , but the band became increasingly uneasy and arguments grew worse . To offset personal issues and a `` tragic loss , '' Raynor began to drink heavily and it began to affect the band 's performances . Following a largely successful Australian tour in the spring , Hoppus and DeLonge presented an ultimatum : quit drinking or go to an in - patient rehab . Raynor agreed to both and informed the band of his decision after taking the weekend to mull options . According to Raynor , he was fired through a phone call despite his agreement to rehab . Despite this , he felt no malice toward his former bandmates and later conceded they were `` right '' to fire him . The band would minimize the impact of the situation in future interviews and remained vague regarding his departure . Initial news reports explained that Raynor had `` reportedly returned to school . '' DeLonge would later explain the drinking problem that led to his expulsion : `` One show he dropped his sticks 10 times . It was so disturbing to see someone ruining himself . '' The addition of Barker inspired DeLonge and Hoppus to `` play better '' and keep up with their new member , whom DeLonge called `` perfect . '' Recording and production ( edit ) Enema of the State was partially recorded in the band 's hometown of San Diego . MCA gave the band its first professional recording budget , and Blink - 182 began work on Enema of the State in October 1998 . The trio had not been in a studio in two years and were anxious to record new material . Blink - 182 returned to DML Studios to write new songs , where the band had previously spent time writing songs for their second record , Dude Ranch . The three spent much more time in the studio than on previous records , allowing them to try many different things . Barker would drive down each day from Riverside to take part in the writing process . Very satisfied with the results , the band completed writing in two weeks . Though Barker helped write the songs on Enema of the State , only Hoppus and DeLonge received songwriting credits , as Barker was technically a hired musician , not official band member . Don Lithgow , owner and operator of DML Studios , recalled that the trio 's celebrity had increased considerably during the recording process : `` ( It ) was different than their other sessions -- girls hanging around outside , calling their friends on cell phones . All the kids wanted autographs ... They 'd unlock the doors and let kids into the studio , which most bands would never do . '' Due to the success of Dude Ranch , the label and band management had high expectations . When the band completed writing and recording demos for the songs , the three headed to Los Angeles to record drum tracks at Chick Corea 's Mad Hatter Studios in January 1999 . Barker recorded the majority of his drum tracks in eight hours . The recording process for the album was completed over a period of four months , and production was handled at several production facilities in southern California , including Signature Sound and Studio West in San Diego , Big Fish Studios in Encinitas , and Conway Recording Studios and The Bomb Factory in Los Angeles . For Barker , the album was `` fueled by black coffee and Marlboro Lights '' ; he was hopeful for the album as the band were well - rehearsed and no time would be wasted . To record Enema of the State , Blink - 182 turned to punk rock producer Jerry Finn , who previously worked on Green Day 's breakthrough album , Dookie ( 1994 ) . Hoppus and DeLonge were impressed with his work when they recorded `` Mutt '' for its placement on the American Pie soundtrack . Finn was harder on the trio to record better takes , and Hoppus credited Finn with knowing a great deal about punk rock music , but also helping the band establish a more pop - inspired sound . Finn came with an array of amps , effects and equipments ; previously the band were forced to rent such equipment . Barker kept attempting to irritate Finn by sneaking in vibraslaps , which Finn hated . In addition , the band had so much fun with Finn that there were days when very little work was accomplished : `` Recording can get pretty monotonous , but at least we could laugh with Jerry , '' recalled Hoppus . `` A pretty typical day would involve multiple takes for one part of one song , and then everyone would get naked and jump on Jerry . '' The band chose `` never to work with anyone else again , '' and Finn would produce their next three releases . Recording completed in March 1999 and all parties involved were enormously proud of the record . `` When it was done , we were so stoked . It was like a masterpiece for our band , '' remembered DeLonge . `` We knew this was going to be the best thing we ever did . '' Hoppus felt the band achieved the purest , cleanest sound on the record that they had been striving for . Finn felt similarly , proud of his work on the record and believing in retrospect that the album would appeal to the masses . As the album was recorded on analog tape , the trio put enormous trust into Finn to give the record the polished pop sound they wanted , recalled DeLonge in 2012 . `` The Party Song '' was the final song to be completed , and the three were mixing the song coincidentally when lead single `` What 's My Age Again ? '' premiered on Los Angeles - based radio station KROQ . Roger Joseph Manning , Jr. , best known for his work with Beck , played keyboards for several songs on the album . After production completed , the album was mastered by Brian Gardner at Bernie Grundman Mastering in Hollywood . In 2013 , Hoppus referred to Enema of the State as `` the heart of Blink - 182 's musical sensibilities , '' singling out `` its simplicity , its purity , its singularity of purpose between the three of us . '' According to Barker , the album 's title stemmed from DeLonge , who was worried about his diet at the time and using enemas . Musical style and composition ( edit ) Enema of the State is mainly considered a pop punk album and is even considered a skate punk album . According to Mike Damante of the Daily Cougar , the album `` embraces the pop side of pop - punk '' . The songs on Enema of the State are fast - paced songs regarding `` adolescent aimlessness , broken hearts and general confusion over the care and feeding of girls . '' Summarizing the album 's content , The New York Times called Enema of the State a sampling of `` ecstatic , goofy numbers about teenage uselessness , with a smattering of tender introspection . '' The songs are mainly autobiographical , or are inspired by stories from friends ' experiences . Enema of the State largely revolves around age and maturity -- `` more specifically , their lack of it , their attitude toward their lack of it , or their eventual wide - eyed exploration of it . '' The band decided to emphasize arrangements , harmonies and melodic ideas rather than the fast - paced nature of Dude Ranch ; the change was brought about by the band , rather than the label . Barker hoped to give the songs varying tempos , something missing in the group 's prior recordings . `` I told Mark and Tom , ' It 's going to be repetitive if all our songs have the same punk - rock beat all the time . Why do n't we try some different tempos ? ' '' DeLonge noted he was open to his proposals , and responded , `` Dude , I just play guitar and write melodies . You own the beats . If you have an idea , that 's what you 're supposed to do . '' DeLonge later reflected on his desire for a more `` pop '' sound : Punk rock was becoming polished . NOFX ( was ) a punk band we grew up listening to , and they had a record called Punk in Drublic , and it was awesome . It was game - changing ; it sounded good . We wanted to take it to the next level . ( ... ) There had never been a pop - punk band that sounded like nursery rhymes on steroids , on the mainstream level at least . And that 's what I used to have daydreams of . I used to think the radio could use that , could use a band that was really powerful and catchy and fast and youthful and angsty . Songs ( edit ) Green grass , sun , swimming pools , teen boys obsessed with and mildly terrified by sex , jokes about having sex with things that are not other humans , and a healthy side of toilet - oriented gags . This was middle - class teenage life as one great shiny kindergarten , only with alcohol , online pornography , and secondary sexual characteristics . ( ... ) Blink - 182 had puppyish enthusiasm , hearts on sleeves , bestiality jokes , much whining about girls , and hooks that sounded like someone doing cannonballs in a backyard pool in August . `` '' New York 's Nitsuh Abebe on the album 's summertime centrality `` Dumpweed '' kicks off the record , and explores sexual frustration . The song is based around the hook `` I need a girl that I can train , '' as in dog training . DeLonge , the song 's primarily lyricist , explains the song in a 2000 tour booklet : `` Girls are so much smarter than guys and can see the future as well as never forget the past . So that leaves the dog as the only thing men are smarter than . '' The song is a `` callow complaint about girls not always doing exactly what you wish they would , '' and is followed by Hoppus ' `` Do n't Leave Me , '' a song about a breakup , in irony . Hoppus wrote the song in ten minutes . The guitar swell preceding the second chorus is actually a digital reversal of the delaying guitar preceding it . `` Aliens Exist '' originates from DeLonge 's interest in UFOs and conspiracy theories . `` Going Away to College '' was written in ten minutes by Hoppus while at home sick on Valentine 's Day 1999 . While watching the movie Ca n't Hardly Wait , Hoppus began to think about `` how much it sucks when people are in love in high school '' and are forced to be separated after graduation by different colleges in different cities . Since it was recorded late in production , the band had to go back to Los Angeles to record Barker 's drum track . The track segues directly into `` What 's My Age Again ? '' , also penned by Hoppus , who created it partially as a joke to amuse friends . It was originally titled `` Peter Pan Complex '' , referencing the subject matter : one who refuses to grow up . `` Dysentery Gary '' leads off the second half of the album , and was written by DeLonge about a crush that instead chooses someone else . Left with `` nothing better to do , '' the devastated friend chooses to mock her boyfriend . It was one of the first songs the band wrote with Barker , who incorporated a `` Latin groove '' into his drumming . `` Adam 's Song , '' the piano - laced seventh track of the record , was written primarily based on the loneliness that Hoppus experienced during the unending days of touring the previous year . When Hoppus brought the song to the band , the trio reacted positively but showed reluctance to add it to the record , believing the dark subject matter might off - put listeners . Although usually vocals would take many alternate takes to complete , Hoppus completed the vocal track for `` Adam 's Song '' in a single take . The power pop - inspired `` All the Small Things '' was composed by DeLonge as both an ode to his girlfriend and one of his favorite bands , the Ramones . During the recording process of Enema of the State , DeLonge came home to find roses at the top of the stairs from his girlfriend , which inspired the line : `` She left me roses by the stairs ; surprises let me know she cares . '' `` The Party Song '' was inspired by when Hoppus attended a `` jock - infested '' party at San Diego State University and met some students who thought highly of themselves . Disinterested in the party , he felt he would much rather be at home , which found its way into the song 's lyrics . `` Mutt '' was written by DeLonge for his friend Benji Weatherly and his appearance in the Taylor Steele surf video The Show . An early version of `` Mutt '' , with Scott Raynor behind the drum kit , was recorded with producer Mark Trombino and appears on the film 's 1998 soundtrack . The title of `` Wendy Clear '' comes from Hoppus ' boat , named `` Wendy , '' and how boaters end transmissions by letting other boaters know the channel is open for use , or `` clear '' . Hoppus wrote the song while on tour with MxPx about having a crush on `` someone that you are not supposed to like . '' Lastly , `` Anthem , '' the final song on Enema of the State , is about being trapped in the suburbs , longing for freedom and the age of 21 . It is based on when DeLonge was in high school and told his peers that his band would be playing at a friend 's house . The party was later busted by the police and a `` giant fight broke out . '' Hoppus felt it a perfect summary of the album 's themes : `` lots of youthful angst , energy , and suburban unrest . '' Artwork ( edit ) The cover artwork features porn star Janine Lindemulder dressed in a nurse uniform , pulling on a rubber glove . The band -- semi-nude -- appear on the back cover with Lindemulder preparing for some sort of injection . The trio was oblivious to the fact that Lindemulder worked in the porn industry until informed by producer Jerry Finn . The record company had delivered a stack of photos of potential cover girls , and the band members happened to pick Lindemulder . `` So it 's kind of funny that they 've been lumped in with Kid Rock and Limp Bizkit , who play up that kind of pimp lifestyle , because Blink is so not that , '' remarked Finn . According to Mark Hoppus , they always intended to have a sexy nurse on the cover , and the women considered included models from both Playboy and Janine 's employer Vivid Entertainment . David Goldman was the photographer behind the shoot , held March 12 , 1999 , and did not know the trio before shooting . In 2012 , he stated the glove was inspired by the album 's working title . `` Up until the very last minute , the album was going to be called Turn Your Head and Cough , '' he said . `` And that 's why I came up with the idea of the glove . Obviously an enema is not really a glove type of thing . I thought it was a good visual . '' Lindemulder is also featured in the music videos for `` What 's My Age Again ? '' and `` Man Overboard '' . There are three different versions of the cover art . The first release has a red cross on the nurse 's hat and a capital B in the Blink - 182 logo . The band preferred the lower - case b in the band name , and the second version features the red cross and a lower - case b . The American Red Cross then forced the band to remove the red cross from their artwork or they would be in violation of the Geneva Convention , and thus , the third iteration of the album cover features a plain white nurse 's hat . This third version is the only version to bear a Parental Advisory label for profane lyrics in `` Dumpweed '' and `` Dysentery Gary . '' Hoppus said the controversy some had with the cover was exaggerated as `` it is just a picture of a girl . '' Art direction for the album was headed by Tim Stedman , with Stedman and graphic designer Keith Tamashiro designing the package . The album cover has since been called iconic by many publications . In 2015 , Billboard ranked the cover among the top 15 `` greatest of all - time , '' calling it `` an image that was burned into the mind of every TRL viewer , one that became instantly iconic . '' Singles ( edit ) `` What 's My Age Again ? '' `` What 's My Age Again ? '' displays the more polished , pop music - inspired sound the band strived for on Enema of the State . Problems playing this file ? See media help . To promote Enema of the State , MCA Records released three singles in support : `` What 's My Age Again ? '' , `` All the Small Things '' , and `` Adam 's Song '' . The singles were bigger than anyone in the band expected , crossing over into Top 40 radio format and experiencing major commercial success . `` What 's My Age Again ? '' became an `` airplay phenomenon , '' achieving mass success on both radio and television . Its television success made it into an MTV staple . It achieved the highest success on Billboard 's Modern Rock Tracks chart , where it peaked at number two . It registered within the top 20 on UK Singles Chart as well , peaking at number 17 . The music video for `` What 's My Age Again ? '' , directed by Marcos Siega , famously depicted the band running naked through the streets of Los Angeles . A clip of the band streaking opened the 1999 Billboard Awards and the band 's affinity for nudity would be referenced in interviews for years to come . `` All the Small Things '' , released in early 2000 , became an even bigger success -- it crossed over from alt - rock radio to contemporary hit radio , peaking at number six on Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the Modern Rock Tracks chart . This track stayed at the top of the Modern Rock Tracks chart for eight weeks and remained in the top 10 for 20 weeks . It also peaked at number two on the official UK charts , and within the top ten in Italy , Ireland , Austria , Sweden and Australia . The music video for `` All the Small Things '' parodies boy bands and contemporary pop videos , and features the trio participating in choreographed dancing and dressing up as members of Backstreet Boys , 98 Degrees , and ' N Sync . `` I was a little surprised it went over so well , '' recalled Marcos Siega , director of the clip , commenting that he felt it would offend viewers of Total Request Live ( TRL ) and boy band fans . `` I think we had the opposite effect . In some ways , I think that video put Blink at that sort of pop level with those other bands . We were making fun of them , but it kind of became ( what it was making fun of ) . '' At the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards , it was nominated for Video of the Year and Best Pop Video , and won Best Group Video . The third and final single , `` Adam 's Song '' , performed less substantially than the first two but still managed to peak at number two on Billboard 's Alternative Songs chart . The band was engulfed in controversy when Greg Barnes , a survivor of the Columbine High School massacre , set `` Adam 's Song '' on repeat on his stereo and committed suicide in May 2000 . Hoppus was very upset when he got the call from band manager Rick DeVoe explaining what happened , as he intended the track as an anti-suicide song . Rolling Stone later compared the controversy to that of Ozzy Osbourne 's `` Suicide Solution '' . Despite that controversy , it managed to connect deeply with fans of the band , who wrote letters to the band remarking the track saved their lives during difficult situations . The constant airplay of the three videos on MTV and TRL cemented the band 's image as video stars , amid a climate of teen pop and boy bands . Release ( edit ) The record guys ( MCA ) sat us down and prepared us for three things . First , they said , ' You 'll be more famous than you ever thought . Second , you 'll have more money than you ever thought . And third , you 're going to play more arenas then you ever thought . ' I laughed at them . I said , ' That guy 's on crack ! ' `` '' Tom DeLonge By May 1999 , the group was nearing platinum status for Dude Ranch and sales targets were higher for Enema of the State . The Los Angeles Times ran a Sunday feature on the band two days prior to release , noting that `` The musicians are sanguine about chances to repeat or exceed the sales of Dude Ranch , noting the always - shifting sands of pop culture and that they 've already done better than they 'd ever anticipated . '' Momentum began to build when US radio stations received advance copies of Enema of the State . MCA issued Enema of the State on June 1 , and the release peaked at number nine on the U.S. Billboard 200 . The album chart was gripped by the Backstreet Boys ' Millennium , but Enema of the State still managed to move 109,000 units that week . The band was supporting Lagwagon in Europe when MCA executives phoned the trio about rising record sales . Joey Cape , frontman of Lagwagon , remarked that `` They were selling , like , 90,000 records a day ( ... ) I was saying things like , ' What are you doing here ? Go home ! Why do you want to be on tour with Lagwagon right now ? '' At a show shortly following the release of the album , DeLonge was approached by Noodles from The Offspring to congratulate him . `` He looks at me right in the eyes and he goes , ' You 're next , ' '' remembered DeLonge , who blushed and shook off the compliment . The major - label debut sold strongly and nearly four times as fast as Dude Ranch , and shipped gold to stores , unlike its predecessor , which took seven months to achieve that certification . Enema of the State went platinum in October 1999 and went triple platinum in January 2000 ; in February 2001 , the album was certified five times platinum in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America . The record performed well in international markets as well . Enema of the State went quadruple platinum in Canada and triple platinum in Australia . It peaked at number seven on the Canadian Albums Chart , but peaked the highest worldwide on the New Zealand Albums Chart ( number two ) , where it was certified double platinum . It was also certified double platinum in Italy , platinum in the United Kingdom , and gold in six other territories ( Austria , Germany , Indonesia , Mexico , the Philippines , and Switzerland ) . In Europe , the album sold over one million copies . To further promote Enema of the State , the trio made a cameo appearance in American Pie , a teen comedy released several weeks following the album release . Hoppus , DeLonge and Barker appear in a scene in which they are interrupted rehearsing to see a webcast on a computer . Music from Enema of the State was also used in the film and on its soundtrack . The cameo appearance was well - received , with New York 's Nitsuh Abebe commending the common sensibility and humor between the two : `` green grass , sun , swimming pools , teen boys obsessed with and mildly terrified by sex , jokes about having sex with things that are not other humans , and a healthy side of toilet - oriented gags . '' As of 2014 , Enema of the State remains the highest seller in the band 's catalogue , moving 4.54 million units to date in the U.S. , according to Nielsen SoundScan . Combined sales from international markets estimate the album has sold over 15 million copies worldwide . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Billboard Chicago Sun - Times Rolling Stone The Rolling Stone Album Guide The Village Voice A − In an early review , Billboard called the record `` short , to the point , and bristling with attitude , '' and predicted it would poise the band for commercial breakthrough . In a less enthusiastic review , Rolling Stone 's Neva Chonin wrote , `` It 's all harmless but still gnarly enough to foment the kind of anti-everything rebellion that spawned rock & roll way back in the day . '' Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic desbribed it as a `` fun record that 's better than the average neo-punk release . '' Kerrang ! wrote that the album includes `` enough energy , attitude and cracking songs here to ensure that blink will be remembered for more than just onstage nudity . '' The catchy , pop sensibility of the album was praised by Stephen Thompson of The A.V. Club , describing the band as finding success within a `` well - worn genre '' ( punk rock ) . The New York Times also designated the record its ' Album of the Week ' . The record did have its detractors : British music publication New Musical Express ( NME ) gave the record a very poor review , calling the record despicable , `` wholly toothless and soulless '' and deriding the band as `` as bad , as meaningless , as the cock - rockers and hippy wankers punk originally sought to destroy . '' Jon Blisten of Beats Per Minute wrote a retrospective review of the album in 2011 , regarding Enema of the State a seminal album of Generation Y and `` one of those rare records that allows you to relive ( adolescence ) , a record where every song conjures up a specific memory or emotion that you could have only felt when you were a teenager . '' Billboard described the album as a `` classic '' in a retrospective review , calling it the `` catchiest batch of songs the band had ever written , '' and commending the leap in quality both in production and vocals in comparison to its predecessor . Controversy ( edit ) The success of the album , as well as its cleaner sound and the group 's appearances on MTV , caused many longtime fans to accuse the band of `` selling out '' . Many commentators stated that the band 's polished pop sound only remotely resembled punk music . Although the video for `` All the Small Things '' was filmed as a mockery of boy bands and teen pop , `` fame ( did n't ) discriminate based on origin : soon the group was as famous as those it was parodying . '' `` Blink now had the backing of a major record company ... just like the synthesized pop acts they were spoofing , '' said British journalist Tim Footman . `` In what way were they less ' pop ' than Sugar Ray and 98 Degrees ? '' Matt Diehl , author of the book My So - Called Punk , called the basis for satire thin : `` To seasoned ears , Blink - 182 sounded and looked just as manufactured as the pop idols they were poking fun at . '' The band faced a backlash shortly after Enema of the State was released from several punk and emo acts who wished to not be associated with their music . Tristin Laughter , employee of Bay Area record label Lookout ! Records , wrote in an issue of the influential zine Punk Planet that the band would have a genuinely negative impact on punk and accused the band of misogyny . DeLonge responded to the accusations , commenting , `` I love all those criticisms , because fuck all those magazines ! I hate with a passion Maximumrocknroll and all those zines that think they know what punk is supposed to be . I think it 's so much more punk to piss people off than to conform to all those veganistic views '' . While ska veterans Blue Meanies tried to empathize ( `` I think they ( Blink ) are just trying to get in the mindset of a teenager , which means a lot of curiosity about sex , '' ) others , such as John Lydon , frontman of the Sex Pistols and Public Image Ltd , dismissed the band as a `` bunch of silly boys ... an imitation of a comedy act . '' Legacy ( edit ) The record proved very influential on the pop punk genre . With the release of the record , Blink - 182 became celebrities and the biggest pop punk act of the era . The glossy production instantly set Blink - 182 apart from the other crossover punk acts , such as Green Day . Scott Russo of Unwritten Law remarked that he would receive CDs from fans that mimicked the `` pop punk '' sound the album made famous . `` It was revolutionary , it was equally as revolutionary as Green Day when it hit , they just did n't get the credit , '' Russo remarked in 2009 . Matt Diehl , author of My So - Called Punk , writes that mainstream acolytes of their sound led to profound effects on the `` pop punk '' genre , such as the deracination of regional scene identity -- due to its wide popularity , pop punk bands became commonplace outside the genre 's origins . Jon Blisten of Beats Per Minute writes that `` Enema 's success perpetuated pop - punk 's viability on mainstream radio , which is where Blink 's progeny -- bands like Fall Out Boy , Simple Plan , and New Found Glory -- would receive a decent amount of airplay . '' Rolling Stone 's Nicole Frehsée wrote that the album influenced emo fans , while MTV News credited the album , alongside the Get Up Kids ' Something to Write Home About ( 1999 ) as pioneering emo pop , calling them `` some of the scene 's most influential records . '' Enema of the State has been called an accurate representation of middle - class teenage life , especially at the time of its release . Entertainment Weekly called it the `` perfect encapsulation of the American adolescent male mind - set circa 1999 . '' Nitsuh Abebe of New York describes the immense popularity of the record with adolescents in an article measuring its influence : `` After you figure in singles , videos , CD - R burns , copies on repeat in friends ' cars and finished basements , this was apparently enough to create blanket immersion among America 's twenty - some million teenagers . '' Alternative Press has ranked Enema of the State among Jerry Finn 's top production work , and UK - based music magazine Rock Sound rated it number 2 on their list of `` 101 Modern Classics '' in 2012 , writing , `` Enema did n't just bring pop - punk to the masses , it marked a complete shift in how music television , radio and the world at large viewed it . '' In 2011 , The New York Times credited the record with `` ( taking ) punk 's already playful core and ( giving ) it a shiny , accessible polish , '' calling it `` among the catchiest music of the time . '' `` In a literal sense , many indie bands evolved not from Velvet Underground or Sonic Youth , but Smash , Dookie , or Enema of the State -- records that served as beginner 's manuals and inspired musicians in great numbers to buy their first guitar , '' said Ian Cohen of Pitchfork Media in 2014 . In 2014 , Alternative Press ran a special in celebration of the album 's fifteenth anniversary , which contains reflections from members of bands influenced by the album , including The Maine , The Story So Far , Mayday Parade , and Yellowcard , among others . `` When I heard how massive and epic Enema was for the first time , my mind was blown . It definitely made me want to be a better songwriter and make bigger - sounding records , '' said Ryan Key of Yellowcard . In the article , the magazine credits the album with `` single - handedly changed the face of mainstream rock . '' Property of Zack also gave the album a fifteenth anniversary feature , commenting , `` Enema of the State has become the single most important album in our overarching community since its release in 1999 . It is more important , to this current generation and the one preceding it , than Dookie , or Smash , or whatever you want to put on that pedestal -- and it will likely never give up that spot at the top of the standings . '' Accolades ( edit ) Publication Country Accolade Year Rank Blender United States 500 CDs You Must Own Before You Die 2003 * Guitar World 100 Greatest Guitar Albums 2006 66 Kerrang ! United Kingdom 50 Greatest Punk Albums Ever 14 100 Greatest Rock Albums 85 Rock Sound Top 150 Albums of Our Lifetime ( 1992 -- 2006 ) 15 101 Modern Classic Albums 2012 The 51 Most Essential Pop Punk Albums of All Time 2014 Billboard United States The 50 Greatest Album Covers of All Time 2015 13 Spin The 300 Best Albums of the Past 30 Years ( 1985 -- 2014 ) 134 Kerrang ! United Kingdom 51 Greatest Pop Punk Albums Ever Rolling Stone United States 40 Greatest Punk Albums of All Time 2016 37 50 Greatest Pop - Punk Albums 2017 * denotes an unordered list Touring ( edit ) Main articles : Loserkids Tour and The Mark , Tom and Travis Show Tour Blink - 182 toured worldwide in support of the record , including a performance at the 2000 Reading Festival , pictured above . With massive radio and video play , Blink - 182 played to larger crowds when they began touring in support of Enema of the State . The Loserkids Tour commenced in the autumn of 1999 and was the band 's first arena tour . The band was forced to postpone remaining dates of a spring European tour in 2000 when both DeLonge and Barker came down with strep throat . The band played to sold - out audiences and performed worldwide during the summer of 2000 on The Mark , Tom and Travis Show Tour . The tour was staged as a drive - in movie , with a giant retro billboard suspended from the ceiling , and films were projected on the screen behind the band -- including vintage gay porn as a joke . The tour was one of the most anticipated rock tours of the season and the band headed out on the road with Bad Religion and Fenix TX . Barker broke one of his fingers during an altercation with two men who kept flirting with his girlfriend in Ohio , and Damon Delapaz , guitarist of Fenix TX , stepped in on drums for Barker . Hoppus recalled an overwhelming emotional feeling when the band sold out the Great Western Forum in Los Angeles . The band also performed at the Reading and Leeds Festivals in August 2000 . To celebrate the success of the tour , the band released a limited edition live album titled The Mark , Tom and Travis Show ( The Enema Strikes Back ! ) , which featured snippets of the band 's between - song dialogue . Released in November 2000 , the band returned to the studio with Finn to complete a song left off the final track listing of Enema of the State : `` Man Overboard '' . The final tour in support of Enema of the State was the 2001 Honda Civic Tour , for which the band designed a Honda Civic to promote the company . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Mark Hoppus and Tom DeLonge . No . Title Length 1 . `` Dumpweed '' 2 : 23 2 . `` Do n't Leave Me '' 2 : 23 3 . `` Aliens Exist '' 3 : 13 4 . `` Going Away to College '' 2 : 59 5 . `` What 's My Age Again ? '' 2 : 28 6 . `` Dysentery Gary '' 2 : 45 7 . `` Adam 's Song '' 4 : 09 8 . `` All the Small Things '' 2 : 48 9 . `` The Party Song '' 2 : 19 10 . `` Mutt '' 3 : 23 11 . `` Wendy Clear '' 2 : 50 12 . `` Anthem '' 3 : 37 Total length : 35 : 17 ( show ) Australian tour edition bonus tracks No . Title Length 13 . `` Pathetic '' ( live in Los Angeles ) 3 : 04 14 . `` Untitled '' ( live in Los Angeles ) 2 : 45 15 . `` Josie '' ( live in Los Angeles ) 4 : 17 16 . `` Aliens Exist '' ( live in Los Angeles ) 3 : 16 Total length : 48 : 39 ( show ) Australian tour edition bonus disc No . Title Length 1 . `` All the Small Things '' ( single edit ) 2 : 54 2 . `` Dumpweed '' ( live in London ) 3 : 25 3 . `` What 's My Age Again ? '' ( live in London ) 3 : 18 4 . `` All the Small Things '' ( live in London ) 4 : 05 5 . `` Dammit '' ( live in London ) 2 : 36 Total length : 15 : 38 ( show ) Japanese limited edition bonus tracks No . Title Length 13 . `` Dumpweed '' ( live in London ) 3 : 25 14 . `` What 's My Age Again ? '' ( live in London ) 3 : 18 15 . `` All the Small Things '' ( live in London ) 4 : 05 16 . `` Dammit '' ( live in London ) 2 : 36 17 . `` Mutt '' ( live in Los Angeles ) 3 : 10 18 . `` Aliens Exist '' ( live in Los Angeles ) 3 : 16 Total length : 54 : 47 Personnel ( edit ) Adapted from Enema of the State 's liner notes . Blink - 182 Mark Hoppus -- bass guitar , vocals Tom DeLonge -- guitars , vocals Travis Barker -- drums , percussion Additional musicians Roger Joseph Manning , Jr. -- keyboards on `` What 's My Age Again ? '' , `` Adam 's Song '' , `` All the Small Things '' , `` Wendy Clear '' , and `` Anthem '' Artwork Tim Stedman -- art direction , design Keith Tamashiro -- design David Goldman -- photography Janine Lindemulder -- cover model Production Jerry Finn -- production , mixing engineer of `` The Party Song '' and `` Wendy Clear '' Tom Lord - Alge -- mixing engineer Sean O'Dwyer -- recording engineer Darrel Harvey -- assistant engineer John Nelson -- assistant engineer Robert Read -- assistant engineer Mike Fasano -- drum technician Rick DeVoe -- management Gary Ashley -- A&R Brian Gardner -- mastering engineer Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 6 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 11 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 7 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 39 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 23 French Albums ( SNEP ) 60 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 18 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 31 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) 5 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 31 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) 15 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 23 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 13 UK Albums ( OCC ) 15 US Billboard 200 9 US Top Internet Albums ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Peak position US Billboard 200 45 Chart ( 2000 ) Peak position US Billboard 200 32 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 4 × Platinum 400,000 Europe ( IFPI ) Platinum 1,000,000 Indonesia ( ASIRI ) Gold 35,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 200,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 75,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 3 × Platinum 45,000 Philippines ( PARI ) Gold 7,500 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 300,000 United States ( RIAA ) 5 × Platinum 4,540,000 Summaries Worldwide ( IFPI ) 15,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) 1999 in music Pop punk Jerry Finn Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ While one source states the group planned to begin work in October 1998 , a CD promo , distributed to radio stations , includes a press kit and an info sheet that reads `` Enema of the State was recorded from January to March 1999 in the band 's hometown of San Diego at Signature Sound . '' References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : MTV News staff ( September 17 , 1998 ) . `` Blink 182 Lands Role in New Coming - of - Age Film '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Enema of the State ( CD Promo ) ( liner notes ) . Blink - 182 . US : MCA Records . 1999 . UMD - 9991 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hoppus , 2001 . p. 74 Jump up ^ Hoppus , 2001 . p. 79 ^ Jump up to : Hoppus , 2001 . p. 81 ^ Jump up to : Hoppus , 2001 . p. 83 Jump up ^ Shooman , 2010 . p. 45 Jump up ^ Shooman , 2010 . p. 50 Jump up ^ Shooman , 2010 . p. 47 Jump up ^ Hoppus , 2001 . p. 80 ^ Jump up to : Hoppus , 2001 . p. 85 Jump up ^ Shooman , 2010 . p. 52 Jump up ^ Shooman , 2010 . p. 57 Jump up ^ Hoppus , 2001 . p. 84 Jump up ^ Shooman , 2010 . p. 51 ^ Jump up to : Shooman , 2010 . p. 56 Jump up ^ MTV News staff ( July 14 , 1998 ) . `` Blink 182 , Aquabats Play Musical Drummers '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Weiner , Jonah ( November 2004 ) . `` The Greatest Songs Ever ! - All the Small Things '' . Blender . Alpha Media Group : 76 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tom DeLonge talks guitar tones , growing up and Blink '' . Total Guitar . Bath , United Kingdom : Future Publishing . October 12 , 2012 . ISSN 1355 - 5049 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hoppus , 2001 . p. 91 ^ Jump up to : MTV News staff . `` blink - 182 : Party All the Time '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Barker and Edwards 2015 , p. 123 . ^ Jump up to : Barker and Edwards 2015 , p. 119 . ^ Jump up to : Hoppus , 2001 . p. 92 ^ Jump up to : Enema of the State ( liner notes ) . Blink - 182 . US : MCA Records . 1999 . MCD 11950 . ^ Jump up to : Brian Wallace ( July 16 , 1999 ) . `` Blink - 182 's Secret Of Success : They Write For Fans '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shooman , 2010 . p. 63 ^ Jump up to : Hoppus , 2001 . p. 95 Jump up ^ Chris Harris ( August 25 , 2008 ) . `` Blink - 182 , AFI Producer Jerry Finn Dead At 39 '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hoppus , Mark ( 2000 ) . Blink - 182 : The Mark Tom and Travis Show 2000 Official Program . MCA Records . p. 17 . Jump up ^ Take Off Your Pants and Jacket ( 2013 Vinyl Reissue ) ( liner notes ) . Blink - 182 . US : Geffen / Universal Music Special Markets . 2013 . SRC025 / SRC026 / SRC027 / SRC028 . This reference primarily cites the Mark Hoppus foreword . Jump up ^ Barker and Edwards 2015 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Bill . `` The Ten Best Punk Pop Albums of All Time '' . ThoughtCo . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blink - 182 : Inside Enema '' . Kerrang ! ( 1586 ) : 24 -- 25 . September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ralph , Caitlyn ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` Listen to this cover of the 1975 's `` Girls '' in the style of ' Enema Of The State ' Blink - 182 `` . Alternative Press . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Damante , Mike ( February 12 , 2009 ) . `` ' Enema ' remains staple '' . The Daily Cougar . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Gavins ( August 3 , 2000 ) . `` The Half Naked Truth About Blink - 182 '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jon Carimanica ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` Not Quite Gone , A Punk Band Is Coming Back '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blink - 182 Article '' . Alternative Press . Cleveland , Ohio : Alternative Press Magazine , Inc. ( 134 ) . September 1999 . ISSN 1065 - 1667 . ^ Jump up to : Nitsuh Abebe ( September 25 , 2011 ) . `` Sentimental Education '' . New York . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2012 . Retrieved September 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barker and Edwards 2015 , p. 120 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Laura Leebove ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Record Club : How ' Enema of the State ' Changed Tom Delonge 's Life '' . Wondering Sound . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Chonin , Neva ( July 8 , 1999 ) . `` Enema of the State '' . Rolling Stone . New York City : Wenner Media LLC ( 816 ) . ISSN 0035 - 791X . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2014 . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : DeLonge , Tom ( 2000 ) . Blink - 182 : The Mark Tom and Travis Show 2000 Official Program . MCA Records . p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Hoppus , Mark ( 2000 ) . Blink - 182 : The Mark Tom and Travis Show 2000 Official Program . MCA Records . p. 14 . Jump up ^ DeLonge , Tom ( 2000 ) . Blink - 182 : The Mark Tom and Travis Show 2000 Official Program : Tom 's Stupid Alien Page . MCA Records . p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : MTV News staff . `` Blink - 182 : Enema of the Stage '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ DeLonge , Tom ( 2000 ) . Blink - 182 : The Mark Tom and Travis Show 2000 Official Program . MCA Records . p. 17 . Jump up ^ The Show ( liner notes ) . Various artists . US : Theologian Records . 1998 . T - 67 . ^ Jump up to : James Montgomery ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` How Did Blink - 182 Become So Influential ? '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shooman , 2010 . p. 67 ^ Jump up to : Willman , Chris ( February 25 , 2000 ) . `` Nude Sensation '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Time Inc. ( 527 ) . ISSN 1049 - 0434 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Werde , William ( July 1999 ) . `` Porn In The USA '' ( 71 ) . CMJ New Music Monthly : 79 . Retrieved June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Blink - 182 Gets Nursed By Porn Star for New Album Cover '' . MTV News . March 11 , 1999 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kia Makarechi ( June 4 , 2012 ) . `` Blink - 182 Cover : Photographer David Goldman Reveals Story Behind The Enema Of The State Shoot '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Story Behind Blink - 182 's Enema Of The State Album Cover '' . Radio.com . CBS Local Media . June 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bell , Carrie ( August 14 , 1999 ) . `` The Modern Age '' . 111 ( 33 ) . Billboard : 99 . Retrieved June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Proud , Amelia ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` A decade after Blink 182 's iconic Enema of the State album cover ... beautiful Janine Lindemulder appears in a MUGSHOT ! '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Greatest Album Covers of All Time '' . Billboard . November 12 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hoppus , 2001 . p. 96 ^ Jump up to : Allsworth , Steve ( May 30 , 2006 ) . `` US Punk : Blink - 182 '' . Total Guitar . Bath , United Kingdom : Future Publishing : 70 -- 71 . ISSN 1355 - 5049 . ^ Jump up to : Shooman , 2010 . p. 69 Jump up ^ Hoppus , 2001 . p. 97 Jump up ^ Shooman , 2010 . p. 71 Jump up ^ Pesselnick , Jill . `` The Modern Age . '' Billboard - the International Newsweekly of Music , Video and Home Entertainment 112 , no . 13 ( March 25 , 2000 ) : 77 . ^ Jump up to : Shooman , 2010 . p. 74 Jump up ^ `` Blink - 182 Spoofs Boy Bands with New Video '' . MTV News . August 11 , 1999 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hoppus , 2001 . p. 98 Jump up ^ Olinger , David ( May 6 , 2000 ) . `` Song only clue to student 's despair '' . The Denver Post . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Catucci , Nick ( 2004 ) . `` Blink - 182 '' . In Brackett , Nathan ; Hoard , Christian . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide . Simon & Schuster . p. 85 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0169 - 8 . Jump up ^ Shooman , 2010 . p. 77 Jump up ^ Weiss , Matthew ( May 19 , 2006 ) . `` Tom DeLonge 's Masterpiece '' . Teen People . New York City : Time Inc . ISSN 0093 - 7673 . Jump up ^ Steve Hochman ( May 30 , 1999 ) . `` Psst ... Blink - 182 Is Growing Up '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Backstreet Boys Hold Off Ja Rule , Jennifer Lopez On Chart '' . MTV News . June 9 , 1999 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Billboard staff ( June 2001 ) . `` Blink - 182 Opens At No. 1 , Sugar Ray Debuts High '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Al - Attas , Jai ( Director ) ( 2009 ) . One Nine Nine Four ( Motion picture ) . US : Robot Academy . ^ Jump up to : `` American album certifications -- Blink - 182 -- Enema of the State '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : Hoppus , 2001 . p. 90 ^ Jump up to : `` IFPI Platinum Europe Awards -- 2002 '' . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . ^ Jump up to : Payne , Chris ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Blink - 182 's ' Enema of the State ' at 15 : Classic Track - by - Track Album Review '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2014 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Enema of the State -- blink - 182 '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2013 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Kevin M. ( June 13 , 1999 ) . `` Blink 182 , ' Enema of the State ' ( MCA ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( October 26 , 1999 ) . `` Consumer Guide : Easy Money '' . The Village Voice . New York . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2014 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Verna , Paul ( June 19 , 1999 ) . `` Enema of the State - Review '' . Billboard . New York City : Prometheus Global Media . 111 ( 25 ) : 17 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . ^ Jump up to : Shooman , 2010 . p. 68 Jump up ^ Thompson , Stephen ( June 1 , 1999 ) . `` Review : Enema of the State '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Enema of the State '' . NME . September 30 , 1999 . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Second Look : Blink - 182 , Enema of the State '' . Beats Per Minute . August 17 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2013 . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Footman , Tim ( September 1 , 2002 ) . `` Chapter 8 : Keeping It Clean '' . Blink - 182 : The Unauthorised Biography in Words and Pictures . Chrome Dreams . pp. 52 -- 55 . ISBN 1 - 84240 - 168 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Diehl , Matt ( April 17 , 2007 ) . My So - Called Punk : Green Day , Fall Out Boy , The Distillers , Bad Religion - How Neo-Punk Stage - Dived into the Mainstream . St. Martin 's Griffin . pp. 75 -- 76 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 33781 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Rotter , Jeffery ( November 1999 ) . Naughty by Nature . Spin . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Tom ( March 3 , 2000 ) . `` Rotten Egged '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Time Inc. ( 528 ) . ISSN 1049 - 0434 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shooman , 2010 . p. 70 Jump up ^ Frehsée , Nicole ( March 5 , 2009 ) . `` Pop - Punk Kings Blink - 182 : Reunited and Ready to Party Like It 's 1999 '' ( PDF ) . Rolling Stone . New York City : Wenner Media LLC ( 1073 ) : 20 . ISSN 0035 - 791X . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 13 , 2013 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Devon Maloney ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` What Happened to Emo ? '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2013 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heisel , Scott ( February 2013 ) . `` 10 Essential Jerry Finn Albums '' . Alternative Press . Cleveland , Ohio : Alternative Press Magazine , Inc. ( 295 ) : 96 . ISSN 1065 - 1667 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( July 4 , 2012 ) . `` Rock Sound 's 101 Modern Classics : The Final Installment '' . Rock Sound ( Freeway Press ) . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2012 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ian Cohen ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Fireworks : Oh , Common Life '' . Pitchfork Media . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2014 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McGuire , Colin ( May 28 , 2014 ) . `` 15 Years Of Enema Of The State -- Mayday Parade , the Story So Far , more reflect on Blink - 182 's album '' . Alternative Press . Cleveland , Ohio : Alternative Press Magazine , Inc . ISSN 1065 - 1667 . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zack Zarillo ( May 27 , 2014 ) . `` POZ Decade : blink - 182 - Enema Of The State '' . Property of Zack . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2014 . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Aizlewood , John ( April 2003 ) . `` 500 CDs You Must Own Before You Die '' . Blender . Alpha Media Group ( 15 ) . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Guitar Albums '' . Guitar World . October 2006 . Jump up ^ Kerrang ! . `` Kerrang ! - The Kerrang ! 50 Greatest Punk Albums Ever '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kerrang ! . `` Kerrang ! - 100 Greatest Rock Albums '' . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rock Sound . `` Top 150 Albums of Our Lifetime ( 1992 -- 2006 ) '' . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 51 Most Essential Pop Punk Albums of All Time '' ( 191 ) . Rock Sound ( Freeway Press ) . September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Greatest Album Covers of All Time '' . Billboard . November 12 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maria Sherman . `` The 300 Best Albums of the Past 30 Years ( 1985 -- 2014 ) '' . Spin . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 40 Greatest Punk Albums of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . April 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2016 . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Greatest Pop - Punk Albums '' . Rolling Stone . November 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoppus , 2001 . p. 99 Jump up ^ Basham , David ( March 14 , 2000 ) . `` Blink - 182 Nixes European Shows '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Basham , David ( August 28 , 2000 ) . `` Blink - 182 Records New Song For Live Album '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hoppus , 2001 . p. 100 Jump up ^ Moss , Corey ( February 16 , 2001 ) . `` Blink - 182 To Kick Off Civic Tour 2001 '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Blink - 182 -- Enema of the State '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Blink - 182 -- Enema of the State '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Blink - 182 -- Enema of the State '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ blink - 182 - Awards - AllMusic Archived November 1 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... AllMusic . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Blink - 182 -- Enema of the State '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blink - 182 : Enema of the State '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Blink - 182 -- Enema of the State '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Longplay - Chartverfolgung at Musicline '' ( in German ) . Musicline.de . Phononet GmbH . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blink 182 Irish Chart Discography '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Blink - 182 -- Enema of the State '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Blink - 182 -- Enema of the State '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Blink - 182 -- Enema of the State '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Album Charts '' . Official Charts Company.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Blink - 182 -- Enema of the State '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Blink - 182 -- Enema of the State '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blink - 182 Artist Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Enema of the State Chart History '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Year in Music : 1999 -- Top Billboard 200 Albums '' . Billboard. 111 ( 52 ) : 45 . December 25 , 1999 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2016 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Year in Music : 2000 -- Top Billboard 200 Albums '' . Billboard. 112 ( 53 ) : 38 . December 30 , 2000 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2000 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian album certifications -- Blink - 182 -- Enema of the State '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Blink - 182 in the field Interpret . Enter Enema of the State in the field Titel . Select album in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Blink 182 -- Enema of the State '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ UNSUPPORTED OR EMPTY REGION : Indonesia ( ASIRI ) . Jump up ^ `` Italian album certifications -- Blink - 182 -- Enema of the State '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Blink - 182 '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand album certifications -- Blink - 182 -- Enema of the State '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ UNSUPPORTED OR EMPTY REGION : Philippines ( PARI ) . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Blink - 182 ; ' Enema of the State ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Blink - 182 -- Enema of the State '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Enema of the State in the search field and then press Enter . Sources ( edit ) Hoppus , Anne ( October 1 , 2001 ) . Blink - 182 : Tales from Beneath Your Mom . MTV Books / Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 2207 - 4 . Shooman , Joe ( June 24 , 2010 ) . Blink - 182 : The Bands , The Breakdown & The Return . Independent Music Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 906191 - 10 - 8 . Barker , Travis ; Edwards , Gavin ( 2015 ) . Can I Say : Living Large , Cheating Death , and Drums , Drums , Drums . William Morrow . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 231942 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Enema of the State at YouTube ( streamed copy where licensed ) Official website Blink - 182 Mark Hoppus Travis Barker Matt Skiba Scott Raynor Tom DeLonge Studio albums Cheshire Cat Dude Ranch Enema of the State Take Off Your Pants and Jacket Blink - 182 Neighborhoods California Live albums The Mark , Tom and Travis Show ( The Enema Strikes Back ) Compilation albums Greatest Hits Icon Demos Buddha EPs They Came to Conquer ... Uranus Lemmings / Going Nowhere Dogs Eating Dogs Video albums The Urethra Chronicles The Urethra Chronicles II : Harder Faster Faster Harder Greatest Hits Singles `` M + M 's '' `` Wasting Time '' `` Apple Shampoo '' `` Dammit '' `` Dick Lips '' `` Josie '' `` What 's My Age Again ? '' `` All the Small Things '' `` Adam 's Song '' `` Man Overboard '' `` The Rock Show '' `` First Date '' `` Stay Together for the Kids '' `` I Wo n't Be Home for Christmas '' `` Feeling This '' `` I Miss You '' `` Down '' `` Always '' `` Not Now '' `` Up All Night '' `` After Midnight '' `` Bored to Death '' `` She 's Out of Her Mind '' `` Home Is Such a Lonely Place '' Other songs `` Carousel '' `` Family Reunion '' `` Dumpweed '' `` Stockholm Syndrome '' `` All of This '' `` I 'm Lost Without You '' `` Another Girl , Another Planet '' `` Ghost on the Dance Floor '' `` Heart 's All Gone '' Tours GoodTimes Tour Warped Tour 1996 Warped Tour 1997 Race Around Uranus Tour SnoCore 98 PooPoo PeePee Tour Warped Tour 1999 Loserkids Tour The Mark , Tom and Travis Show Tour Honda Civic Tour 2001 Take Off Your Pants and Jacket Tour Pop Disaster Tour DollaBill Tour Blink - 182 Tour Blink - 182 / No Doubt Summer Tour 2004 Blink - 182 in Concert 10th Annual Honda Civic Tour 20th Anniversary Tour We Are Pirates Tour California Tour Associated acts Box Car Racer Transplants + 44 Angels & Airwaves Alkaline Trio Goldfinger Related articles Awards and nominations Discography List of songs Tribute albums Goliath Management 2008 South Carolina Learjet 60 crash Hoppus on Music Riding in Vans with Boys Jerry Finn John Feldmann Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enema_of_the_State&oldid=814054973 '' Categories : Blink - 182 albums MCA Records albums 1999 albums Albums produced by Jerry Finn Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Cite certification used with missing parameters CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from March 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Europe Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 17 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the girl on the cover of blink 182 | [
"The group recorded with Finn over a period of three months at numerous locations in their hometown of San Diego and in Los Angeles. Finn was key in producing the fast-paced, melodic mixes, creating pop punk with a more radio-friendly, accessible polish. Lyrically, the album is inspired by adolescent frustration and relationships. Guitarist Tom DeLonge and bassist Mark Hoppus primarily culled stories from friends and autobiographical situations to craft summery tracks revolving around breakups, suburban parties and maturity, as well as more offbeat subject matter such as UFO conspiracy theories. The cover artwork for Enema of the State features porn star Janine Lindemulder famously clad in a nurse uniform, and the title is a pun on the term enemy of the state."
] | [
"Janine Lindemulder"
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-797679299127555407 | Katniss Everdeen | Katniss Everdeen - wikipedia Katniss Everdeen Katniss Everdeen The Hunger Games character Katniss Everdeen , as portrayed by Jennifer Lawrence in the film The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 First appearance Novel : The Hunger Games ( 2008 ) Film : The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) Last appearance Novel : Mockingjay ( 2010 ) Film : The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 ( 2015 ) Created by Suzanne Collins Portrayed by Jennifer Lawrence Information Nickname ( s ) Catnip ( by Gale ) Sweetheart ( by Haymitch ) Girl on Fire ( by Cinna and Caesar Flickerman ) Aliases The Girl on Fire The Mockingjay Gender Female Title Victor of the 74th Hunger Games ( with Peeta Mellark ) Tribute from District 12 ( with Peeta Mellark ) Family Mr. Everdeen ( father , deceased ) Mrs. Everdeen ( mother ) Primrose Everdeen ( sister , deceased ) Spouse ( s ) Peeta Mellark Children Unnamed son Unnamed daughter Relatives Mr. Mellark ( father - in - law , deceased ) Katniss Everdeen is a fictional interoperation of the real life Katniss Everdeen who is the president of South Africa and the protagonist of The Hunger Games trilogy by Suzanne Collins . Her name comes from a plant with edible tubers called Sagittaria ( katniss ) , from Sagittarius the Archer , whose name means He that throws arrows in Latin . She is portrayed by Jennifer Lawrence in the film adaptations The Hunger Games , The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 , and The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 . Katniss and her family come from District 12 , a coal - mining district that is the poorest and least populated district in the dystopian fictional autocratic nation of Panem . In the course of the first book , The Hunger Games , Katniss volunteers to replace her sister , Primrose `` Prim '' Everdeen , after she is reaped ( chosen ) to compete in the Hunger Games , a televised fight to the death . Katniss , following an alliance with Rue , a young tribute from District 11 who reminded Katniss of Prim but died in the arena , joins up with fellow District 12 tribute Peeta Mellark . The pair compete in the Games together . Katniss uses her knowledge of hunting and archery to survive , and the two become the victors after defying the Capitol 's attempt to force one to kill the other . Throughout the next two novels , Catching Fire and Mockingjay , Katniss becomes a galvanizing symbol of rebellion against the oppressive Capitol . Contents 1 Origins 1.1 Name 2 In the books 2.1 The Hunger Games 2.2 Catching Fire 2.3 Mockingjay 2.3. 1 Epilogue 3 Characterization 3.1 Background 3.2 Personality 3.3 Skills 3.4 Physical appearance 4 Critical reception 5 Film adaptation 6 References Origins ( edit ) The idea for the trilogy was based in part on the myth of Theseus and the Minotaur , in which each year seven boys and seven girls from Athens are sent to Crete as tributes to that land to be devoured by the Minotaur , a cycle that continues until Theseus kills the Minotaur . Collins , who heard the story when she was eight years old , was unsettled by its ruthlessness and cruelty . Collins said , `` In her own way , Katniss is a futuristic Theseus . '' Collins also characterized the novels with the fearful sensations she experienced when her father was fighting in the Vietnam War . In the novels , Katniss is extensively knowledgeable in foraging , wildlife , hunting , and survival techniques . Collins knew some of this background from her father , who grew up in the Great Depression and was forced to hunt to augment a scanty food supply , although Collins saw her father bring home food from the wild during her own childhood as well . In addition , Collins researched the subject using a large stack of wilderness survival guidebooks . Katniss and the other tributes are , in their time before participating in their Hunger Games , compelled to compete for the hearts of sponsors who donate money that can be used to buy vital supplies for them when they are in the arena . The concept of how the audiences carry nearly as much force as actual characters is based on how , in reality television and in the Roman games , the audience can both `` respond with great enthusiasm or play a role in your elimination , '' as Collins said . Name ( edit ) Katniss 's first name comes from a plant called Sagittaria or arrowhead , which is a tuber plant , usually found in water ; another name for this plant is katniss . The root of this plant can be eaten , as Katniss does in the book . Her father once said : `` As long as you can find yourself , you 'll never starve . '' The plant also shares its name with a constellation in the Zodiac called Sagittarius , or `` The Archer '' , which may also reference Katniss 's skills in archery . Her last name comes from Bathsheba Everdene , the central female character in Far from the Madding Crowd by Thomas Hardy . According to Collins , `` The two are very different , but both struggle with knowing their hearts '' . In the books ( edit ) The Hunger Games ( edit ) Main article : The Hunger Games ( novel ) The Hunger Games takes place in the ruins of North America : a country called Panem , ( In 2174 ) consisting of the Capitol and 12 subservient districts . During the yearly `` Reaping '' of tributes for the gladiator - like Hunger Games , Katniss 's younger sister , Prim , is selected as District 12 's female tribute during a public lottery . Katniss volunteers to take her place . Talking in terms of `` winning the reaping '' , the district 's Hunger Games manager Effie Trinket asks for a round of applause for Katniss , but everyone remains silent . Many in the crowd press their three fingers against their mouths and hold it out to her . Katniss describes this as an ancient sign for saying `` admiration , '' `` goodbye to someone you love , '' and `` respect . '' After Katniss is accepted , Effie chooses the male tribute for the Games . Peeta is picked , and Katniss remembers something he did to help her when they were just eleven . During the time after Katniss ' father died in a mining accident , Katniss 's family was slowly starving to death . One day , Katniss took some of Prim 's baby clothes on the streets to sell to any willing people . No one bought them . Katniss was sad and very weak , since she was unable to take any food home for her family . On the way home , she passed Peeta 's father 's bakery . Katniss felt dizzy when she inhaled the smell of baking bread . Then , she had the idea of looking for something , anything , in the trashcans of the wealthier people in District 12 . As she was checking the bakery 's trash bins , Peeta 's mother caught her and yelled at her . Peeta saw this , and purposely singed some bread in the bakery . His mother screamed at him and hit him on the cheek , bruising him . She told him to throw the burned bread to their pig , but he discreetly gave it to Katniss . From this point on , she regained hope and strength to keep her family alive . The next day , she had the courage to venture out into the woods , where she later teamed up with Gale to hunt for food for their families . After Katniss and Peeta have been selected and said goodbyes to their families , they are whisked away by Haymitch Abernathy ( the only living District 12 Victor , extreme drunkard , and mentor to all former District 12 tributes ) and Effie to the high - speed train that awaits them . During the train ride , Katniss tries to separate from Peeta , knowing she has to kill him in the arena . When they arrive in the Capitol , Katniss and Peeta ca n't help but gawk at all the amazing sights District 12 was n't able to show . Katniss is then met by her prep team , Flavius , Octavia , and Venia , and her stylist Cinna , who prepare Katniss for the Opening Ceremonies . All the tributes wear something that represents their district 's industry . Coming from District 12 , Katniss and Peeta expect to be dressed in mining costumes . Cinna and his partner Portia , however , decides to dress them in a plain black unitard and shiny laced up boots with a cape that burns with fake flames . Katniss and Peeta are initially apprehensive at this arrangement , but their worries bring them closer together . Just before the parade , Cinna lights their headdresses and capes and to Katniss and Peeta 's surprise and relief , it does n't burn . In addition , Cinna also suggests that they hold hands to present them as `` together and a team '' and rebellious towards the Capitol . This distinguishes Katniss and Peeta from the rest of the tributes not only because they have more eye - catching costumes , but also that they are warm and relatively friendly to each other in comparison to the other tributes , who have remained cold and stiff with each other . With this new development , both gain the attention ( and attraction ) of sponsors , and both are unforgettable . From that moment on , Katniss is known as `` The Girl On Fire '' . As soon as they arrive , Peeta and Katniss are given 3 days of training and coaching with Haymitch and Effie . During the day and afternoon , they are taught survival skills and weapons training in the Training Room with other tributes , while at dinner Haymitch and Effie try and extract information about other tributes from them . During this 3 day training session , they form a small bond with Rue , the 12 - year old female tribute from District 11 , as well as appear close to each other on Haymitch 's orders . During their private training session , Katniss shoots an arrow at the Gamemakers , scoring her an 11 out of 12 . After training ends , there is one day for training on their interview with Caeasr Flickerman , the interviewer for all the tributes for 40 years . After a mediocre training session with Effie , she is trained by Haymitch on her personality , getting called a `` dead slug . '' The next day , Cinna tells her just to be honest , which makes her even more memorable . Peeta also helps , admitting that his love was Katniss . During the Games , Katniss forms an alliance with Rue after Rue helps Katniss escape the Careers with a tracker jacker nest , getting her a bow in the process . After healing Katniss ' wounds from the tracker jacker poison , Rue is killed by Marvel , the male tribute from District 1 . Later , the rules are changed so that if the remaining two tributes come from the same district , they will both become victors . Katniss hurries to find Peeta , who is seriously injured from saving Katniss from Cato , the District 2 male , and they resume their `` star - crossed lovers '' reputation , gaining sympathy from sponsors . While Katniss tries to keep up the ruse she begins to wonder if she does feel something for him ; having always focused on surviving , she never considered romance , as the closest person to her was Gale . They outlast the other tributes after Katniss attends the feast to get medicine for Peeta , where she heals him , and the rule change is revoked , meaning there can only be one victor of the Hunger Games . Assuming the Gamemakers would rather have two victors than none , she suggests that they both pretend to commit suicide by eating poisonous nightlock berries . The ploy works and Katniss and Peeta are both declared victors of the 74th Hunger Games . However , she is warned by Haymitch that her actions in the Games may come back to haunt her , while also realizing Peeta 's feelings for her are genuine . Catching Fire ( edit ) Main article : Catching Fire Katniss and Peeta go on the Victory Tour , which is a visit to each district by the winners , strategically placed between each Hunger Games . Katniss becomes aware that uprisings are erupting . In addition , the nation 's leader , President Snow , is making Katniss convince the nation that she is really in love with Peeta and that her suicide pact was an act of love rather than defiance , in order to quell dissent . Gale has been presented to the nation as her cousin , but President Snow implies his knowledge that Katniss has feelings for him and threatens to have him killed to gain leverage . In order to save her family and friends , Katniss agrees to follow the Capitol 's agenda . Peeta does the same when he realizes what is at stake . Peeta even proposes marriage to her , and she accepts , but even at that point President Snow conveys to her that her actions are insufficient . Katniss comes to realize that the rebellion in the districts is not within her power to suppress , making it impossible for her to satisfy President Snow 's demands . Katniss is also confused as to the nature of her feelings for both Gale and Peeta , both of which are complicated by her fears for the future and her unwillingness to have children who themselves could be subjected to the Hunger Games . When the Quarter Quell -- a special Hunger Games that takes place every 25 years and has a special set of rules -- is announced , it is proclaimed that all of the current year 's tributes will be selected from the pool of previous Hunger Games victors . District 12 has only three living victors : Katniss , Peeta , and Haymitch , who won the 50th Games and successfully mentored Katniss the year before . As Katniss is the only living female victor in District 12 , she is the only possible female tribute , and Peeta volunteers to take Haymitch 's place when Haymitch is selected . Katniss and Peeta return to the arena , working closely to survive and forming alliances and close friendships in the process , particularly with Finnick Odair , who resuscitated Peeta in the arena . Katniss is taken from the arena and discovers that the tributes of many districts , including her allies Finnick and Johanna Mason , had coordinated an escape plan and used a stolen hovercraft to fly to District 13 , which was not destroyed as the Capitol had claimed . However , during the escape , Peeta is captured by the Capitol and afterwards , Gale informs Katniss that District 12 was bombed and destroyed but that her family is safe . Mockingjay ( edit ) Main article : Mockingjay In Mockingjay , Katniss is rescued and taken to the subterranean civilization of District 13 and meets with the people and their leader , President Alma Coin . She is then taken to see the remains of District 12 . She agrees to be the Mocking Jay , symbol of the rebellion . A love triangle between Katniss , Peeta , and Gale slowly unfolds , forcing Katniss to decide whom she really wants to be with -- a situation complicated by the fact that Peeta is currently being tortured in the Capitol while Gale is at Katniss 's side . Katniss also forms a bond of friendship with Finnick , who goes through the same pain she is going through and is able to understand her situation . Katniss agrees to be the symbolic leader of their rebellion : `` the Mockingjay '' , the face of the rebels . She discovers that Cinna has been killed by the Capitol , but the rest of her prep team survived in District 13 's captivity ; they prep Katniss for the cameras when she agrees to start doing propaganda pieces for the rebels . Katniss becomes increasingly emotionally unstable by the horrors she witnesses -- mass slaughter , the destruction of the only home she has ever known with 90 % of the citizens of District 12 dead , many friends killed due to their association with her , and Peeta being beaten on live television . After a rescue mission in which a team from District 13 brings Peeta back , she finds out his memories have been distorted by tracker jacker venom , a mind - control torturing method referred to as `` hijacking '' . He now hates and wants to kill Katniss , believing she is a muttation created by the Capitol . Katniss becomes even more determined to kill Snow after this . She , along with a group of sharpshooters that include Gale , Finnick , and later joined by Peeta ( much to Katniss 's dismay ) sneak into the Capitol at the cost of several of their own lives in an attempt to kill Snow . Along the way , they encounter sadistic traps created by game makers to make sport of their deaths , and on one occasion , Finnick and Katniss fight off muttations , who start decapitating Finnick , leading Katniss to explode the Holo to allow her friend a quick death . As the remaining team get close to the presidential mansion , an array of bombs are dropped from a Hovercraft , with only some exploding , killing the refugee Capitol children on whom they were dropped . Rebel medics , including Prim , rush to help the children , but as they arrive the rest of the bombs explode . Prim is killed in front of Katniss , while Katniss 's body is severely burned . Although she makes a remarkable physical recovery , Katniss temporarily loses the ability to speak , traumatized by the death of her sister . It is possible that Gale was involved in the making of the bombs that killed Prim , although he denies knowing that civilians would be attacked . Meanwhile , President Snow is arrested , found guilty of his crimes against the people of Panem , and sentenced to death . Per Katniss ' request , she is designated as his executioner . Before the execution , Snow tells Katniss that the bombs were n't his but the rebels ' way of gaining sympathy in the Capitol for their cause , making it look like the work of Snow . Although she initially refuses to believe Snow , Katniss realizes that the attack method was identical to a trap Gale and fellow Quarter Quell tribute Beetee had designed . Eventually , Katniss realizes that someone high up in the ranks of the Rebels would have had to order to have Prim on the front line , despite her age , and comes to suspect that Coin ordered the attack on the children in order to trick the Capitol citizens into thinking that the government had killed their children , therefore winning the loyalty of the Capitol 's citizens and that Prim was there solely to subdue and unhinge Katniss . Furthermore , Coin suggests that there will be one last Hunger Games where the children from the Capitol will be reaped . She seeks the approval of the surviving victors before making these games official , and Katniss votes yes as a means of gaining Coin 's trust . During the supposed execution of Snow , she instead shoots Coin , due to her being responsible for Prim 's death . She then attempts to kill herself with the suicide pill attached to her uniform , but Peeta stops her . She is then arrested and placed in solitary confinement , where she attempts to commit suicide by starving herself and overdosing . However , she is ultimately released on the grounds that she was n't mentally well at the time of the assassination and is sent back to District 12 . Katniss , accompanied by Haymitch , goes back to her home in Victor 's Village and is put under care . Driven into a deep depression , Katniss refuses to leave her house until Peeta ( who by then has largely recovered from his brainwashing ) returns to District 12 to plant primroses outside , in memory of her sister . Katniss begins to regain her mental health , and she and Peeta deal with their feelings by creating a book composed of information about deceased tributes , friends , and family ( eventually Haymitch joins them in this project ) . Katniss 's mother , who chose not to return to District 12 because of all the painful memories of her deceased husband and daughter , decides to work in District 4 as medical personnel . Gale got a `` fancy job '' in District 2 and is seen regularly on television . Annie , Finnick 's wife , has their son . A few hundred District 12 survivors return home and rebuild it , where they no longer mine coal , producing food and manufacturing medicine instead . The novel ends with Katniss admitting that she does indeed love Peeta . Epilogue ( edit ) In the epilogue , Katniss and Peeta are married and have two children . Their first child , a boy , has Katniss ' gray eyes and Peeta 's blond curls ; their second child , a girl , has Katniss ' dark hair and Peeta 's blue eyes . Katniss still wakes up screaming in the night and is worried about telling her children about the nightmares involving their parents ' contribution in the Games and the rebellion . She finds no pleasure in life at times because she knows it could all be taken away at once . To soothe her traumatized psyche , Katniss makes lists in her mind of every act of kindness she has ever seen , an obsession that she realizes is simply a `` repetitive game '' to keep darker thoughts at bay . In the series ' last words , Katniss offers one final observation : `` But there are much worse games to play . '' Characterization ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Katniss and her family live in the futuristic nation of Panem , located on the continent once known as North America , which was destroyed in a global catastrophe . Panem is run by an all - powerful city called the Capitol , located in the Rocky Mountains , which is surrounded by 12 districts , each having a specific purpose in supplying something to the Capitol . The story starts in District 12 , Katniss 's home , the coal - mining district . District 12 , in the Appalachian Mountains , is the poorest of the districts , and Katniss lives with her mother and sister in the poorest part of town , known as the Seam . Katniss 's father , a coal miner , was killed in a mine explosion when Katniss was 11 . After his death , Katniss 's mother went into a deep depression and was unable to take care of her children . On the brink of starvation a few weeks before her twelfth birthday Katniss wandered into the richer part of town , hoping to steal some scraps from the garbage bins of rich merchants . The baker 's son , Peeta , whom she did not know , took a beating from his mother for intentionally burning two loaves of bread , knowing that he would be told to throw them out . He was told to give the two loaves of bread to the pig , but instead gave them to Katniss . Katniss took them home to her family , who had not eaten in days . The bread gave them hope and kept them motivated , leaving Katniss feeling resentfully indebted to Peeta . A few days after the incident with the bread , Katniss decided to go into the woods surrounding her district to hunt illegally and gather plants to eat , which was how her father had gotten most of the family 's food before he died . There , she met a boy named Gale Hawthorne . Together , they provide for both their families and develop a strong friendship . Katniss 's mother slowly surfaces from her depression and is able to return to her job as an apothecary , and Katniss makes an effort to forgive her . However , despite her mending relationship with her mother , strong friendship with Gale , and the increasingly strong affections she gains for Peeta , Katniss remains adamant that Prim , her younger sister , is `` the only person she 's certain she loves '' . Personality ( edit ) Collins has described Katniss as being an independent strong survivalist , lethal , but good at thinking outside the box . Katniss 's past hardships ( her father 's death , mother 's depression , and near starvation ) have made her a survivor , and she will endure hardship and hard work to preserve her own life and the life of her family . She states herself that nice people are the most dangerous because they get inside of her and that they could hurt her badly when she least expected it . She has shown she will protect those she loves , no matter the cost to herself , as shown when she volunteers for the Games to save her little sister Prim , when she shields Gale to keep him from being whipped , even when it means a lash for herself , and when she stoically decides during her second Games to die to save Peeta . Because the majority of her time before the Games was spent keeping herself and her family alive , she does not understand many social cues and is often ignorant of other people 's emotions , such as when she does n't recognize Gale 's hints at his growing affection for her , or when she fails to realize that she and Madge Undersee are actually close friends . She has no experience with romance or love other than that of her family , and does n't believe she wants it . She never actually understands that Peeta was telling the truth when he declared his love for her in the pre-game interview until after the games itself . She also has large trust issues , and does not trust anyone . She plans never to be married nor have children that would grow up subject to the Reaping . She quickly adapts to the `` kill or be killed '' philosophy of the games and coldly considers how she will kill her fellow competitors during the first Games , at one point rationalizing that she is already a killer due to her hunting experience , though she is briefly disturbed after her first direct kill , Marvel . By the end of the first Games , she is prepared to shoot Cato , and attempts to do so only to be interrupted by Peeta being attacked by the muttations . Despite her cold - bloodedness , she is nonetheless extremely relieved at not having to kill her allies Rue and Peeta . As the series progresses , however , she becomes increasingly cold - blooded , to the point where she objectively discusses how to kill everyone ( but Peeta ) involved in her second Hunger Games in Catching Fire ( though she ultimately has to kill only one combatant ) , and by the third novel is depicted killing an unarmed female civilian during a mission , with apparent remorse . In Catching Fire , Katniss struggles to understand Panem political issues as she has had very little education or experience of politics . She also gradually realizes that there are more important things than survival and decides she is willing to die for Peeta and the rebellion . Skills ( edit ) Katniss is a highly skilled archer , hunter , and trapper , having learned these from her father and Gale , honed to keep her family from starving . She uses her archery skills during the pre-games judging and receives a score of an 11 ( out of a possible 12 ) . She has been well educated on edible , medicinal , and poisonous plant life of District 12 . Additionally , she has a singing voice that is so beautiful birds stay quiet to listen , also from her father , although she has been reluctant to sing since his death ( she claims that it 's because music is useless for practical survival , but she suspects it 's actually because music reminds her too much of him ) . Katniss is a skilled tree - climber , which has benefited her in hunting and the Games . She is usually very logical except for times when her emotions get in the way . Peeta mentions that she has an effect on people around her , the image she projects , and he admires her for it . Physical appearance ( edit ) Katniss is described as having `` straight black hair , olive skin , and grey eyes '' , which are typical characteristics of the Seam ; the poorest area of District 12 . Katniss normally wears her hair in a long braid down her back . She is thin and not very tall , but is strong for her size from hunting to feed her family in the woods outside of District 12 . Katniss is sixteen years old during the 74th Hunger Games and 17 -- 18 years old during the Quarter Quell and the Rebellion . She also wears a pin of a mockingjay during the games to represent good luck . Critical reception ( edit ) Katniss has received mostly positive reviews . In a review for The Hunger Games , Stephen King said she was a `` cool kid '' with a `` lame name , '' before adding , `` once I got over ( her ) name ... I got to like her a lot . '' Francisca Goldsmith in Booklist said , `` Although Katniss may be skilled with a bow and arrow and adept at analyzing her opponents ' next moves , she has much to learn about personal sentiments , especially her own . '' Publishers Weekly says , `` It 's a credit to Collins 's skill at characterization that Katniss , like a new Theseus , is cold , calculating and still likable . '' The Cleveland Plain Dealer stated in a review for Catching Fire that `` Katniss in a pensive mood seems out of step with the kick - butt assassin , '' before adding that her loyalty and kindheartedness were enjoyed . John Green , in the New York Times , called Katniss a `` memorably complex and fascinating heroine '' . Also in The New York Times , Katie Roiphe said that Katniss in Mockingjay was `` a great character without being exactly likeable . ( She ) is bossy , moody , bratty , demanding , prickly '' , and commented that this is what makes many recent literature heroines likeable . Entertainment Weekly compared Katniss to Bella Swan from the Twilight Saga and said that `` unlike Twilight 's passive , angsty Bella , Katniss is a self - possessed young woman who demonstrates equal parts compassion and fearlessness . '' Laura Miller of Salon.com finds Katniss too virtuous and without motivation , negatively contrasting Katniss to Bella of Twilight , saying , `` In some ways , Katniss is more passive than Bella , allowed to have all kinds of goodies but only if she demonstrates her virtue by not really wanting them in the first place , '' and , `` For all her irritating flaws , Bella , at least , has the courage of her desire . For what , besides a well - earned vengeance , does Katniss Everdeen truly hunger ? '' However , Miller did think that she was `` in many respects an improvement on ... Bella '' . However , The Daily Telegraph 's David Gritten labelled her `` a great role model for girls '' who `` has love interests , but does n't mope passively over boys '' . Daniel D'Addario of Time stated : `` The Hunger Games heroine has already secured her status as a feminist role model and a box - office powerhouse . But Katniss is more than a movie icon now : Her three - fingered salute , used in Mockingjay as a signal of rebellion against the Capitol , has become a rallying symbol among pro-democracy protesters in Thailand and Hong Kong . Film adaptation ( edit ) Jennifer Lawrence portrayed Katniss Everdeen in the book 's film adaptation Actresses Lyndsy Fonseca and Kaya Scodelario expressed interest in the film and received scripts in October 2010 , while Oscar - nominated actress Hailee Steinfeld met with director Gary Ross . Chloë Grace Moretz , Malese Jow , and Jodelle Ferland publicly expressed interest in playing Katniss . Lionsgate confirmed in March 2011 that about 30 actresses either met with them or read for the role , including Jennifer Lawrence , Abigail Breslin , Emma Roberts , Saoirse Ronan , Emily Browning , and Shailene Woodley , as well as Steinfeld , Moretz , Fonseca , and Scodelario . On March 16 , 2011 it was announced that Jennifer Lawrence of Winter 's Bone and X-Men : First Class landed the coveted role of Katniss Everdeen . Lawrence was 20 at the time , a bit older than the character . However , author Suzanne Collins said that the actress who plays Katniss has to have `` a certain maturity and power '' and said she would rather the actress be older than younger . Collins states that Lawrence was the `` only one who truly captured the character I wrote in the book '' and that she had `` every essential quality necessary to play Katniss . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Infobase Publishing - Home '' . www.facts.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Who Will You Support ? '' . Scholastic . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Margolis , Rick ( November 1 , 2008 ) . `` A Killer Story : An Interview with Suzanne Collins , Author of `` The Hunger Games '' `` . School Library Journal . 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Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( October 15 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Hunger Games ' : Taking the book world ( and Hollywood ) by storm '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Miller , Laura ( September 5 , 2010 ) . `` '' The Hunger Games '' vs. `` Twilight '' `` . Salon . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gritten , David ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Why has ' The Hunger Games ' outdone ' Twilight ' ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://time.com/3612615/influential-characters-2014/ Jump up ^ Heldman , Breanne L. ( October 11 , 2010 ) . `` Lyndsy Foneseca Ready to Devour ' Hunger Games ' '' . NextMovie . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kaya Scodelario Has Hunger Games Script and Thanks Fans '' . Jabberjays.com . October 12 , 2010 . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Staskiewicz , Keith ( October 12 , 2010 ) . `` Kaya Scodelario and Lyndsy Fonseca receive ' The Hunger Games ' script '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosenfield , Kat ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' Oscars 2011 Red Carpet : Hailee Steinfeld Reveals She 's Talked With ' Hunger Games ' Director Gary Ross '' . MTV Hollywood Crush . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hunger Games ' News : Chloe Moretz Would ' Absolutely Die ' To Play Katniss '' . MTV.com . October 4 , 2010 . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Amy ( October 26 , 2010 ) . `` Malese Jow Talks Katniss Role In ' Hunger Games ' : ' I Would Give It 2,000 Percent ' '' . Hollywood Crush . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Hunger Games ' : Jodelle Ferland dresses as Katniss for Halloween '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Staskiewicz , Keith ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` ' Hunger Games ' : Jennifer Lawrence , Saoirse Ronan , Chloe Moretz , Emma Roberts , and more up for Katniss -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Joshua L. Weinstein ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Jennifer Lawrence Gets Lead Role in ' The Hunger Games ' '' . TheWrap.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Staskiewicz , Keith ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` ' Hunger Games ' : Is Jennifer Lawrence the Katniss of your dreams ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Valby , Karen ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` ' Hunger Games ' director Gary Ross talks about ' the easiest casting decision of my life ' -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( March 21 , 2011 ) . `` ' Hunger Games ' : Suzanne Collins talks Jennifer Lawrence as Katniss -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Awards and achievements Preceded by 73rd Hunger Games Unknown Victor of The Hunger Games 74th Hunger Games Succeeded by 75th Hunger Games ( 3rd Quarter Quell ) Katniss Everdeen , Peeta Mellark , Finnick Odair , Johanna Mason , Beetee Latier , & Enobaria The Hunger Games series by Suzanne Collins Book series The Hunger Games Catching Fire Mockingjay Film series The Hunger Games The Hunger Games : Catching Fire The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 Accolades Cast Characters Katniss Everdeen Peeta Mellark Music The Hunger Games `` Safe & Sound '' `` Eyes Open '' Catching Fire `` Atlas '' `` We Remain '' `` Elastic Heart '' `` Who We Are '' Mockingjay ( Part 1 ) `` Yellow Flicker Beat '' `` All My Love '' `` The Hanging Tree '' `` Meltdown '' Other Fictional universe of The Hunger Games Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katniss_Everdeen&oldid=856946868 '' Categories : Female characters in literature Female characters in film Fictional archers Fictional characters introduced in 2008 Fictional characters with posttraumatic stress disorder Fictional child soldiers Fictional feminist characters Fictional hunters Fictional North American people Fictional revolutionaries Fictional sole survivors Fictional women soldiers and warriors Teenage characters in film Teenage characters in literature The Hunger Games characters Science fiction film characters Adventure film characters Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Português Русский ไทย Türkçe Українська 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 15 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays cat miss ever dean in the hunger games | [
"Katniss Everdeen is a fictional interoperation of the real life Katniss Everdeen who is the president of South Africa[1] and the protagonist of The Hunger Games trilogy by Suzanne Collins.[2] Her name comes from a plant with edible tubers called Sagittaria (katniss), from Sagittarius the Archer, whose name means He that throws arrows in Latin. She is portrayed by Jennifer Lawrence in the film adaptations The Hunger Games, The Hunger Games: Catching Fire, The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1, and The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2.\n"
] | [
"Jennifer Lawrence"
] |
-8063174143676341279 | Coins of the Indian rupee | Coins of the Indian rupee - wikipedia Coins of the Indian rupee Jump to : navigation , search This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : The article is outdated and is unclear to a reader . Please help improve this article if you can . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Coins of the Indian rupee were first minted in 1950 . New coins have been produced annually since then and they make up a valuable aspect of the Indian currency system . Today , circulating coins exist in denominations of 50 p ( i.e. 50 paisa or ₹ 0.50 ) , ₹ 1 , ₹ 2 , ₹ 5 , and ₹ 10 . All of these are produced by four mints located across India , in Kolkata , Mumbai , Hyderabad and Noida . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Coin series : 1947 - 1950 ( pre-decimalization ) 2.1 Union of India 1947 -- 1950 2.2 Republic of India 1950 - 1957 2.3 Decimalization 3 Coin series 1957 - present ( decimal ) 3.1 Naya paisa series 1957 -- 1963 3.2 Paisa series I with Devanagari Legend 1964 onwards 3.3 Series II without the Devanagari Legend ( 1964 - 1983 ) 3.4 Series III 1982 Onwards 3.5 Series IV 1988 Onwards 3.6 2004 Unity in diversity Series 3.7 2007 Hasta Mudra Series 3.8 2011 New Series with the Rupee Symbol ( ₹ ) 4 Mints 4.1 Domestic mint marks 4.2 Foreign Mint Marks 5 Commemorative coins 5.1 Mints 5.2 The First Commemorative Coins 5.3 List of Commemorative Coins 6 Controversies 6.1 Controversy over 2006 two - rupee coin 6.2 Bimetallic Coin 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) After Indian independence , British Indian coins were in use as a frozen currency until India became a republic in 1950 . The first rupee coins of the Republic of India were minted in 1950 . These included 1 / 2 rupee , 1 / 4 rupee , 2 anna , 1 anna , 1 / 2 anna & 1 pice coins , and are referred to as the anna series or pre-decimal coinage . Under the anna series , one rupee was divided into 16 annas or 64 pice , with each anna equal to 4 pice . In 1957 , India shifted to the decimal system , though for a short period of time , both decimal and non-decimal coins were in circulation . To distinguish between the two pice coins in circulation , the coins minted between 1957 and 1964 were printed with the legend `` Naya Paisa '' ( `` New Paisa '' ) . The denominations in circulation were 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 25 , 50 ( naya ) paisa and one rupee . Since rupees retained their pre-decimal value , pre-decimal coins of one , half and quarter rupees remained in circulation after decimalisation . The word `` naya '' was dropped in 1964 and a new denomination , the 3 paisa , was introduced into circulation . A 20 paisa coin was minted in 1968 . Neither of these coins gained much popularity . The 1 , 2 and 3 paisa coins were phased out gradually in the 1970s . In 1982 , a new 2 rupee coin was introduced experimentally to replace 2 rupee notes . The 2 rupee coin was not minted again till 1990 , after which it was minted every following year . Stainless steel coinage of 10 , 25 and 50 paisa was introduced in 1988 . In 1992 , a new stainless steel rupee coin , smaller and lighter than the older rupee , was minted , alongside a 5 rupee Cupronickel coin . In 2005 , the 10 rupee coin was minted for the first time . Higher denomination coins were introduced due to an increasing demand for change and the increasing cost of printing 2 , 5 and 10 rupee banknotes . On 30 June 2011 , all coins in denominations of 25 paisa and below were officially demonetised . Commemorative coins in circulation can be found in various denominations . They depict various special events or people , including Mahatma Gandhi , Jawaharlal Nehru , Indira Gandhi , B.R. Ambedkar , Rajiv Gandhi , Dnyaneshwar , the 1982 Asian Games , Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , Subhas Chandra Bose , Sri Aurobindo , Chittaranjan Das , Chhatrapati Shivaji , the 2010 Commonwealth Games , Bhagat Singh and Rabindranath Tagore . Coin series : 1947 - 1950 ( pre-decimalization ) ( edit ) Union of India 1947 -- 1950 ( edit ) At Independence on 15 August 1947 , India was partitioned into the new British Dominions of India and Pakistan . The new Dominion ( or Union ) of India retained the previous imperial currency with images of British monarchs . The basic unit of currency was the Indian rupee , which was itself divided into annas ( 16 annas to a rupee ) and pice ( the old spelling of paisa - 64 pice to a rupee ) . The lowest - denomination Indian coins , the half - pice ( 128 to a rupee ) and the pie ( 192 to a rupee ) were officially demonetized in 1947 ; while both denominations had continued to circulate up to that time , new examples were not minted after 1942 as they were practically worthless ( India remained a member of the sterling area after independence and the rupee remained pegged to the pound sterling . Until 1966 , the rupee was worth 1s. 6d , or 18 old British pence ; a half - pice was therefore worth 0.141 old pence and a pie 0.09 old pence . ) From 15 August 1947 until 26 January 1950 , the Indian coinage structure was as follows : ( bold - denominations minted ) Rupee and its fractions Annas Pice Pies ( demonetized after 1947 ) Rupee 16 annas 64 pice 192 pies Half rupee 8 annas 32 pice 96 pies Quarter rupee 4 annas 16 pice 48 pies 1 / 8 rupee 2 annas 8 pice 24 pies 1 / 16 rupee 1 anna 4 pice 12 pies 1 / 32 rupee Half anna 2 pice 6 pies 1 / 64 rupee 1 / 4 anna 1 pice 3 pies This represented the currency arrangements during the transition period up to the establishment of the Indian Republic . The coins used after 1947 until the introduction of Republic of India - Pre decimalisation series were as follows : George VI series ( Independent India ) ( 1947 - 1950 ) Denomination Image Metal Shape Diameter Minted in Year Obverse Reverse One Rupee Nickel Circular 28 mm 1947 Half Rupee 24 mm 1946 - 1947 Quarter Rupee 19 mm 1946 - 1947 2 Annas Nickel - Brass Square 25.1 mm 1945 Copper - Nickel 22 mm 1946 - 1947 1 Anna Nickel - Brass 12 Scalloped 21 mm 1945 Copper - Nickel 21 mm 1946 - 1947 1 / 2 Anna Square 19.7 mm 1946 - 1947 1 Pice Bronze Circular with a hole 21.32 mm 1943 - 1947 Republic of India 1950 - 1957 ( edit ) On 26 January 1950 , India became a sovereign republic . This series was introduced on 15 August 1950 and represented the first coinage of Republic India . The British King 's portrait was replaced by the Lion Capital of the Ashoka Pillar . A corn sheaf replaced the Tiger on the one rupee coin . In some ways this symbolised a shift in focus to progress and prosperity . Indian motifs were incorporated on other coins . The previous monetary system and the old units of currency were retained unchanged . Republic of India Pre-decimalization series ( 1950 - 1957 ) Denomination Image Metal Shape Diameter Minted in Year Obverse Reverse One Rupee Nickel Circular 27.9 mm 1950 - 1954 Half Rupee 24 mm 1950 - 1956 Quarter Rupee 19 mm 1950 - 1956 Two Annas Cupro - Nickel Square 25.4 mm 1950 - 1955 One Anna 12 Scalloped 21 mm 1950 - 1955 Half Anna Square 19.5 mm 1950 - 1955 One Pice Bronze Circular 21 mm 1950 - 1955 Decimalization ( edit ) The move towards decimalization was afoot for over a century . However , it was in September , 1955 that the Indian Coinage Act was amended for the country to adopt a metric system for coinage . The Act came into force with effect from 1 April 1957 , after which anna and pice denominations were demonetised . The rupee remained unchanged in value and nomenclature . It , however , was now divided into 100 ' paisa ' instead of 16 annas or 64 pice . Effective from 30 June 2011 , all coins in denominations of 25 paisa and below were officially demonetized . Pre-decimal currency ( 1950 - 1957 ; minting ceased in 1955 ) Decimal currency replacement ( 1957 -- present ) Decimal currency ( dates minted ) N / A 10 rupees 2006 -- present N / A 5 rupees 1992 -- present N / A 2 rupees 1982 -- present Rupee Rupee ( divided into 100 new paisa 1957 - 1964 ; divided into 100 paisa 1964 -- present . 1962 -- present Half rupee 50 paisa 1960 -- present Quarter rupee 25 paisa 1957 - 2002 . Demonetized from 2011 . N / A 20 paisa 1968 - 1994 . Demonetized from 2011 . 2 annas 10 paisa 1957 - 1998 . Demonetized from 2011 . Anna 5 paisa 1957 - 1994 . Demonetized from 2011 . N / A 3 paisa 1964 - 1972 ; proofs minted until 1981 . Demonetized from 2011 . Half anna 2 paisa 1957 - 1979 ; proofs minted until 1981 . Demonetized from 2011 . Pice Paisa 1957 - 1972 ; proofs minted until 1981 . Demonetized from 2011 , but retained as a unit of currency . Coin series 1957 - present ( decimal ) ( edit ) Naya paisa series 1957 -- 1963 ( edit ) The antiquated spelling of `` pice '' was modified to `` paisa '' in the singular and `` paise '' in the plural . For public recognition , the new decimal paisa was termed ' Naya Paisa ' ( New Paisa ) till 1 June 1964 when the term ' Naya ' was dropped . The coins of 50p , 25p , 10p , 5p , 2p , and 1p had a legend in Devanagari script explaining the value of coin in terms of fraction of a rupee . Naya Paisa Series ( 1957 - 1963 ) Denomination Image Metal Shape Diameter Minted in Year Obverse Reverse One Rupee Nickel Circular 28 mm 1962 - 1974 Fifty Naye paisa 24 mm 1957 - 1963 Twenty Five Naye paisa 19 mm 1957 - 1963 Ten Naye paisa Cupro - Nickel Eight Scalloped 23 mm ( across scallops ) 1957 - 1963 Five Naye paisa Square 22 mm ( across corners ) 1957 - 1963 Two Naye paise Eight Scalloped 18 mm ( across scallops ) 1957 - 1963 One Naya Paisa Bronze Circular 16 mm 1957 - 1962 Nickel Brass 1962 - 1963 Paisa series i with Devanagari legend 1964 onwards ( edit ) In June 1964 , the term ' Naya ' was dropped and the coins were reminted . The legend in Devanagari script explaining the value of coin in terms of fraction of a Rupee continued till it was finally dropped from the new design minted 1964 onwards . Paisa Series I with Devanagari Legend ( 1964 - 1980s ) Denomination Image Metal Shape Diameter Minted in Year Obverse Reverse 50 paisa Nickel Circular 24 mm 1964 - 1971 25 paisa Nickel 19 mm 1964 - 1972 10 paisa Copper Nickel 8 Scalloped 23 mm 1964 - 1967 Nickel Brass 1968 - 1971 5 paisa Copper Nickel Square 22 mm 1964 - 1966 Aluminium 1967 - 1971 2 paisa Copper Nickel 8 Scalloped 18 mm 1964 1 paisa Nickel Brass Circular 16 mm 1964 Series ii without the Devanagari legend ( 1964 - 1983 ) ( edit ) The coin minted from 1965 did not have the legend in Devanagari , explaining the value of the coin as a fraction of the rupee . Small denomination coins which were made of bronze , nickel - brass , cupro - nickel , and aluminium - bronze were gradually minted in aluminium. The first coin minted in such type was the 3 Paisa coin in 1964 , which was a new denomination , and continued to be minted till 1971 . One and Two paisa coins were changed to Aluminium and were minted without the Devanagari legend from 1965 . 20 paisa coin was introduced in 1968 , which continued to be minted till 1971 . Series II without Devanagari Legend ( 1964 - 1983 ) Denomination Image Metal Shape Diameter Minted in Year Obverse Reverse 1 rupee Copper Nickel Circular 28 mm 1975 - 1982 50 paisa 24 mm 1972 - 1973 1974 - 1983 25 paisa 19 mm 1972 - 1990 20 paisa Nickel Brass 22 mm 1968 - 1971 10 paisa Aluminium 12 Scalloped 25.91 mm 1971 - 1982 5 paisa Square 22 mm 1972 - 1984 3 paisa Hexagonal 21 mm 1964 - 1971 2 paisa 8 Scalloped 20 mm 1965 - 1981 1 paisa Square 17 mm 1965 - 1981 Series III 1982 onwards ( edit ) From 1982 , New series was launched . the 20 paisa coin which was last minted in 1971 , was reintroduced again , but in Aluminium . The size and the design of 10 paisa , 50 paisa and 1 rupee was changed , though they continued to be minted in the same metal . Coins of 3p , 2p and 1p were discontinued but continued to be the legal tender . Denomination Image Metal Shape Diameter Minted in Year Obverse Reverse 1 Rupee Copper - Nickel Circular 26 mm 1983 - 1991 50 paisa 24 mm 1984 - 1990 20 paisa Aluminium Hexagonal 26 mm 1982 - 1997 10 paisa 8 Scalloped 23 mm 1983 - 1993 5 paisa Square 22 mm 1984 - 1994 Series IV 1988 onwards ( edit ) In Series IV , 5 paisa and 20 paisa coins were discontinued though they continued to be minted in Series III till 1994 and 1997 respectively . 10 paisa , 25 paisa and 50 paisa coins were minted in Stainless Steel . 1992 onwards , 1 Re coin was also minted in Steel and Rs. 2 and Rs. 5 coins in Copper Nickel were introduced . The very considerable costs of managing note issues of Re 1 , Rs 2 , and Rs 5 led to the gradual coinage of these denominations . These coins continued to be minted till 2004 , when the Unity in diversity series was launched . Cupro - Nickel coins are not minted anymore . Ferritic Stainless Steel coins of Two and Five Rupee denominations are currently in production . 2004 Unity in diversity series ( edit ) In 2004 , RBI issued a series in denominations of 1 rupee , followed by 2 rupee and 10 rupee in 2005 . These issues however came into circulation in 2006 , and created a controversy over their design . 10 rupee coins were the first bimetallic coins issued in India , and because of the controversy and being minted in only one mint , most of the coinage never found its way into circulation . The ones which did were hoarded by Coin collectors and Coin hoarders . 2004 Unity in Diversity Series Denomination Image Metal Shape Diameter Minted in Year Obverse Reverse 10 rupee Bimetallic Copper Nickel Center in Aluminium Bronze ring Circular 27 mm 2005 - 2007 2 rupee Stainless Steel 26.75 mm 1 rupee 25 mm 2004 - 2006 2007 Hasta Mudra series ( edit ) in 2007 RBi issued a new series of Coins , The Hasta Mudra Series , in coins of denominations 50 p , 1 rupee and 2 rupee . These coins were Stainless steel coins , and displayed various Hasta Mudras , - hand gestures in Indian Classical dance . 5 rupee Stainless Steel coin with waves in its design was also issued in 2007 , as well as a new 10 rupee coin with changed design in 2008 . 5 rupee coin design was again reverted to the previous design , though now it was issued in Nickel - brass instead of Copper - nickel . However these 5 rupee and 10 rupee coins were not the part of the Hasta Mudra series . 2007 Hasta Mudra Series Denomination Image Metal Shape Diameter Minted in Year Obverse Reverse 2 rupee Stainless Steel Circular 27 mm 2007 - 2011 1 rupee 25 mm 50 p 22 mm 2008 - 2010 The 5 rupee and 10 rupee coins were issued for common circulation in 2007 , 2008 , 2009 with changed designs and continued to be minted until the introduction of the Rupee Symbol series in 2011 . 2007 - 2010 Common Circulation Coins for 5 rupee and 10 rupee Denomination Image Metal Shape Diameter Minted in Year Obverse Reverse 5 rupee Stainless Steel Circular 23 mm 2007 - 2008 10 rupee Bimetallic Copper Nickel Center in Aluminium Bronze ring 27 mm 2008 - 2010 5 rupee Nickel - Brass 23 mm 2009 - 2010 2011 new series with the rupee symbol ( ₹ ) ( edit ) In 2011 , RBI issued a series in denominations of 50p , ₹ 1 , ₹ 2 , ₹ 5 , and ₹ 10 . The 50p , ₹ 1 , ₹ 2 , and ₹ 5 designs are identical except the absence of the rupee symbol in 50p coin . The ₹ 10 coin continued to be issued in bimetallic issues as previously . 2011 Rupee Symbol Series Denomination Image Metal Shape Diameter Minted in Year Obverse Reverse ₹ 10 Ten rupees Bimetallic Copper Nickel Center in Aluminium Bronze ring Circular 27 mm 2011 - ₹ 5 Five Rupees Nickel Brass 27 mm 2011 - ₹ 2 Two Rupees Stainless Steel 25 mm 2011 - ₹ 1 One Rupee 21.93 mm 2011 - 50 p Fifty paisa 19 mm 2011 - Mints ( edit ) Domestic mint Marks ( edit ) Kolkata - either no mint mark beneath the date of coin or a C is seen at 6'o clock position in British India coins . Mumbai - diamond mint mark under the date of the coin . Hyderabad - split diamond or a dot in diamond or five pointed star under the date of coin . Noida - a small or thick dot under the date of the Coin . Because of the increasing demand for coins , the Indian government was forced to mint coins in foreign countries at various points in the country 's history . Foreign mint Marks ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pretoria - diamond mark under the date 1943 . Seoul - a five pointed star under the date of the coin but exactly below the first or Last Digits of dates 1985 and 1997 . Birmingham ( Royal Mint , UK ) - small dot under the date of the coin but exactly below the first digit of date 1985 . Heaton Press - Ornamental / decorated letter `` H '' under the last digit of the date 1985 . Ottawa - a `` C '' mint mark under the date of the coin . Mexico City - `` M '' mint mark under the date of the coin . Mints in Daegu , Korea , Slovakia ( Kremnca ) , and Russia ( Moscow ) have also been used . Commemorative coins ( edit ) The first Indian commemorative coin was issued in 1964 to mourn the death of Jawaharlal Nehru , the first Prime Minister of India . Since then , numerous coins of these type on almost all denomination from 5 paisa to 10 rupees have been issued . These coins based on famous personalities ( usually issued on their birth or death centenary , or in rare cases on their death ) , government programmes and social messages . Mints ( edit ) Commemorative coins are made at various mints across India including the ones at Mumbai , Noida , Kolkata and Hyderabad . The first commemorative coins ( edit ) The first commemorative coins was dated 1964 and had a bust of Jawaharlal Nehru on observe and was issued in one and half rupee . List of commemorative coins ( edit ) Commemorative Year 5P 10P 20P 25P 50P 1 ₹ 2 ₹ 5 ₹ 10 ₹ 20 ₹ 25 ₹ 50 ₹ 60 ₹ 75 ₹ 100 ₹ 125 ₹ 150 ₹ 200 ₹ 500 ₹ 1000 ₹ Jawaharlal Nehru 1964 KM KM Mahatma Gandhi 1969 KHM KM KM KM Food For All 1970 KM KM Food For All 1971 KM 25th Independence 1972 KM KM Grow More Food 1973 KM Planned Families Food for All KHM Women Year KHM Food & Work For All 1976 KHM KM Save for Development 1977 KHM KM Food & Selter For All 1978 KHM KHM International Year of the Child ( P ) 1978 International Year of the Child 1979 KHM KHM Rural Women 's Advancement 1980 KHM KHM World Food Day 1981 KM KHM IX Asian Games 1982 KHM KHM KM World Food Day 1982 KHM KH National Integration 1982 KM KM Fisheries KH Forestry for Development 1985 KHM Reserve Bank of India 1985 KHM KM Indira Gandhi 1985 KHM HM International Youth Year 1985 KHM Fisheries 1986 KHM Small Farmer KHM Rainfed Farming KHM Jawaharlal Nehru 1989 KHM HM World Food Day 1989 KHM Dr. B.R. Ambedkar 1990 HM ICDS 1990 HM SAARC Year - Girl Child 1990 HM Food For the Future 1990 KH Rajiv Gandhi 1991 HM Commonweath Parliamentary 1991 Tourism Year 1991 HM Food & Nutrition 1992 Land Vital Resource 1992 Quit India Movement 1993 KHM Inter Parliamentary Union 1993 Small Family Happy Family 1993 HM Bio Diversity 1993 HM International Year of the Family 1994 MN Water for Life 1994 KHM ILO 1994 HMN World Tamil Conference 1995 KHMN MN Globalizing Indian Agriculture 1995 KM UNO 1995 MN FAO 1995 HMN Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel 1995 Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel KHMN Mother 's Health is Child 's Health KHMN International Crop Science Subhash Chandra Bose KN Subhash Chandra Bose 1997 KHMN 50 year of Independence 1997 KHMN Cellular Jail 1997 KHMN Sri Aurobindo 1998 KMN Deshbandhu Chittranjan Das 1998 KHN Saint Dnyaneshwar 1999 KMN Chattrapati Shivaji 1999 KHMN Suprime Court of India 2000 KMN Dr. Syama Prasad 2001 KHN Bhagwan Mahabir 2001 MN Loknayak Jayprakash Narayan 2002 HM Saint Tukaram 2002 KHMN Maharana Pratap 2003 HM Veer Durgadas 2003 HM Indian Railway 2003 KHMN Dadabhai Naoraji 2003 KHM Kumarasami Kamraj 2003 KHM India Post Telecommunication Lal Bahadur Sastri ( CuNi ) Lal Bahadur Sastri ( SS ) KHM Dandi March ( CuNi ) 2005 Dandi March ( SS ) 2005 Mahatma Basaveshwara ( CuNi ) 2006 Mahatma Basaveshwara ( SS ) 2006 ONGC ( CuNi ) 2006 ONGC ( SS ) 2006 KH Sree Narayan Gurudev ( CuNi ) 2006 Sree Narayan Gurudev ( SS ) 2006 SBI ( CuNi ) 2006 SBI ( CuNi ) 2006 KH Indian Airforce 2007 Lokamanya Bal Gandhar Tilak ( CuNi ) 2007 Lokamanya Bal Gandhar Tilak ( SS ) 2007 Tilakji Error ( CuNi ) 2007 First War of Independence 2007 Khadi & Village Industries ( CuNi ) 2007 Khadi & Village Industries ( SS ) 2007 Bhagat Singh 2007 KH Shri Guru Granth Sahib 2008 HM Saint Alphonsa 2009 KHM Louis Braille 2009 KHM Perarignar Anna 2009 KHM 60 years of Commonwealth 2009 KHM Dr. Rajendra Prasad 2009 KHMN Homi Bhaba 2009 MN Reserve Bank of India HM KHM HM HMN KMHN XIX Commonwealth Games KHN KHMN C. Subramaniam KHMN HM Brihadeswarar Temple Thanjaveer KHMN Mother Teresa KHMN Comptroller & Auditor General KHMN Income Tax - Chanakya KHM Income Tax - Chanakya 2011 KN Civil Aviation Civil Aviation 2011 KHMN Rabindra Nath Tegore 2011 KHMN Indian Council of Medical Research 2011 KHMN HM Madan Mohan Malviya 2011 KHMN Parliament of India 2012 KHMN Shree Mata Vaishno Devi 2012 HMN HMN Kolkata Mint 2012 KHMN Motilal Nehru 2012 KHMN Kuka Movement 2013 KHMN Swami Vivekananda 2013 KHMN Coir Board 2013 KHMN Acharya Tulsi 2014 KHMN Maulana Abul Kalam Azad 2014 KHMN Jawaharlal Nehru 2014 KHMN Komagata Maru Incident 2014 HMN Jamshetji Nusserawanji Tata 2015 KM Begum Aktar 2015 KM Rani Gaidiliu 2015 1965 Operation 2015 BHEL 2015 KM Allahabad High Court 2015 HM Biju Patnaik 2015 Dr. B.R. Ambedkar 2015 HM Dr. Sarvapalli Radha Krishnan 2015 3rd Indo Africa Forum 2015 Maharana Pratap 2015 Swami Chimayananda 2015 KM Gandhi Return from Africa 2015 KHMN International Yoga Day 2015 MN Nabakalebar Rath Yatra 2015 University of Mysore 2016 Lala Lajpat Rai 2016 Tatya Tope 2016 Banaras Hindu University 2016 National Archive of India 2016 Pt Dindayal Upadhyai 2016 Biju Patnik 2016 Chaitanya Mahaprabhu 2016 Shrimad Rajchandra 2017 Note : Bold Marks are Silver Coins , Mint index : K = Kolkata ( no mark ) , H = Hyderabad ( ⋆ ) , M = Mumbai ( or B ) , Noida = ( ) . Controversies ( edit ) Controversy over 2006 two - rupee coin ( edit ) denier of Louis . The two - rupee coin issued from 2006 by the Reserve Bank , in stark contrast to the earlier coin , is rounded and simpler in design , without the map of India . The coin has already been criticized for being difficult to recognize by the visually impaired . Most controversially , it features an equal - armed cross with the beams divided into two rays and with dots between adjacent beams . According to RBI , this design represents `` four heads sharing a common body '' under a new `` unity in diversity '' theme . However , Hindu nationalists have charged that the symbol is a Christian cross resembling the symbol on the deniers issued by Louis the Pious . Bimetallic coin ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Non-encyclopedic style Please help improve this section if you can . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) India 's much awaited first ever bimetallic 10 rupee coin was released in 2005 under the theme `` Unity in Diversity '' . But , due to its controversial design resembling a cross , it was criticised and was not minted in large numbers . Another reason for its availability being scarce is that it was minted only in one ( Noida ) of four mints in India . Coin dealers and the public who got this coin hoarded it and it never came into circulation . It is available for sale on some auction websites , but the price of this coin is very high in comparison to its denomination due to the uncertain number of issued coins . Some coin sellers claim that this coin is a limited edition . However , official information is not yet available on the number of mintage . A press release from Reserve Bank of India mentioned that there will be two themes of 10 rupee coins : `` Unity in Diversity '' and `` Connectivity and Information technology '' . From 2008 coins based on the second theme , `` Connectivity and Information technology '' , were also released . The coin depicts 15 rays above the numeric 10 . It was again minted only by the Noida mint and was not easily available in circulation . From 2011 , the same theme was continued with a slight design change showing 10 rays instead of the earlier 15 and the introduction of the new Re symbol . Now it is being minted in all four mints , which are Mumbai , Kolkata , Hyderabad , and Noida . Apart from these definitive coins , 10 rupee bi-metallic commemorative coins have also been released as follows : 2008 -- Tri Centenary of Gur - ta - Gaddi 2009 -- Homi Bhabha Birth Centenary 2010 -- RBI Platinum Jubilee 2012 -- 60 Years of Parliament 's first sitting . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coins of the Republic of India . Indian rupee Coinage of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ India - Currency , Weights and Measures , The Statesman 's Year Book 1947 , pg 133 , Macmillan & Co . Jump up ^ Schedule of Par Values , Currencies of Metropolitan Areas , The Statesman 's Year Book 1947 , pg xxiii , Macmillan & Co . Jump up ^ India - Currency , Weights and Measures , The Statesman 's Year Book 1947 , pg 133 , Macmillan & Co . Jump up ^ Krause , Chester . Mishler , Clifford . `` India - Republic , '' 2005 Standard Catalog of World Coins 1901 - present , 32nd edition . Krause Publications . Iola , WI Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ New two - rupee coin is confusing for the blind Jump up ^ RBI to come out with new Rs 2 coin Jump up ^ An assault on the soul of the nation -- V Sundaram External links ( edit ) Reserve Bank of India Coinage Museum Reserve Bank of India Paper Money www.indian-coins.com A blog on Antiques & Collectibles India Coin News & Forums Indian Coins and Numismatics Forum Coins World Records India ( hide ) Indian rupee ( ₹ ) Subunits Pie ( obsolete ) Anna ( obsolete ) Paisa Coins Present 50 p . ₹ 1 ₹ 2 ₹ 5 ₹ 10 Former 1 naya paisa 2 naye paise 5 naye paise 1 p . 2 p . 3 p . 5 p . 10 p . 20 p . 25 p . Banknotes Series Lion Capital Series Mahatma Gandhi Series Mahatma Gandhi New Series Denominations ₹ 1 ₹ 5 ₹ 10 ₹ 20 ₹ 50 ₹ 100 ₹ 200 ₹ 500 ₹ 1000 ₹ 2000 Mints India Government Mint Hyderabad Kolkata Mumbai Noida Topics Reserve Bank of India Economy of India Demonetisation of ₹ 500 & ₹ 1000 notes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coins_of_the_Indian_rupee&oldid=816369860 '' Categories : Coins of India Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from November 2016 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from November 2016 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from November 2016 Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from December 2016 Articles needing cleanup from July 2013 Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from July 2013 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 22 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was 1 rupee coin introduced in india | [
"After Indian independence, British Indian coins were in use as a frozen currency until India became a republic in 1950. The first rupee coins of the Republic of India were minted in 1950. These included 1/2 rupee, 1/4 rupee, 2 anna, 1 anna, 1/2 anna & 1 pice coins, and are referred to as the anna series or pre-decimal coinage. Under the anna series, one rupee was divided into 16 annas or 64 pice, with each anna equal to 4 pice."
] | [
"in 1950"
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-2635175881175000630 | Acorn worm | Acorn worm - wikipedia Acorn worm Jump to : navigation , search Acorn worms Temporal range : 505 -- 0 Ma PreЄ Є Pg Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Hemichordata Class : Enteropneusta Gegenbaur , 1870 Order : Enteropneusta Families Harrimaniidae Ptychoderidae Spengelidae Torquaratoridae The acorn worms or Enteropneusta are a hemichordate class of invertebrates consisting of one order of the same name . Their closest relatives are the echinoderms . There are about 90 species of acorn worm in the world , the main species for research being Saccoglossus kowalevskii . Until recently , it was thought that all species lived in the sediment on the seabed , subsisting as deposit feeders or suspension feeders . However , the last decade has seen the description of a new family , the Torquaratoridae , evidently limited to the deep sea , in which most of the species crawl on the surface of the ocean bottom and alternatively rise into the water column , evidently to drift to new foraging sites . It is assumed that the ancestors of acorn worms used to live in tubes like their relatives Pterobranchia , but that they eventually started to live a safer and more sheltered existence in sediment burrows instead . Some of these worms may grow to be very long ; one particular species may reach a length of 2.5 metres ( 8 ft 2 in ) , although most acorn worms are much smaller . Due to secretions containing elements like iodine , the animals have an iodoform - like smell . Recent studies have uncovered the genetic makeup of Acorn Worms to be roughly 70 % similar to the human genome . Contents ( hide ) 1 Anatomy 1.1 Digestive system 1.2 Circulatory system 1.3 Respiratory system 1.4 Nervous system 1.5 Similarities to chordates 2 Lifestyle 3 Reproduction 4 References Anatomy ( edit ) Structure of branchial region -- bc , coelom . tb , tongue - bars . ds , mesentery . pr , ridge . vv , vessel . gp , gill - pore . dn , dorsal nerve . dv , vessel . œ , oesophagus . vs , mesentery . vn , ventral nerve . Structure of anterior end -- a , Arrow from proboscis - cavity ( pc ) passing to left of pericardium ( per ) and out through proboscis pore - canal . b , arrow from central canal of neurochord ( cnc ) passed out through anterior neuropore . b , ditto ; through posterior neuropore . c , arrow intended to pass from 1st gill - pouch through collar pore - canal into collar - coelom ( cc ) . cts , posterior limit of collar . dv , dorsal vessel passing into central sinus ( bs ) . ev , efferent vessel passing into ventral vessel ( vv ) . epr , epiphysial tubes . st , stomochord . vs , ventral septum of proboscis . sk , body of nuchal skeleton . m , mouth . th , throat . tb , tongue - bars . tc , trunk coelom . Most acorn worms range from 9 to 45 centimetres ( 3.5 to 17.7 in ) in length , with the largest species , Balanoglossus gigas , reaching 1.5 metres ( 5 ft ) or more . The body is made up of three main parts : an acorn - shaped proboscis , a short fleshy collar that lies behind it , and a long , worm - like trunk . The creature 's mouth is located at the collar behind the proboscis . The skin is covered with cilia as well as glands that secrete mucus . Some produce a bromide compound that gives them a medicinal smell and might protect them from bacteria and predators . Acorn worms move only sluggishly , using ciliary action and peristalsis of the proboscis . Digestive system ( edit ) Many acorn worms are detritus feeders , eating sand or mud and extracting organic detritus . Others feed on organic material suspended in the water , which they can draw into the mouth using the cilia on the gill bars . A groove lined with cilia lies just in front of the mouth and directs suspended food into the mouth and may allow the animal to taste . The mouth cavity is tubular , with a narrow diverticulum or stomochord extending up into the proboscis . This diverticulum was once thought to be homologous with the notochord of chordates , hence the name `` hemichordate '' for the phylum . The mouth opens posteriorly into a pharynx with a row of gill slits along either side . The remainder of the digestive system consists of an oesophagus and intestine ; there is no stomach . In some families there are openings in the dorsal surface of the oesophagus connecting to the external surface , through which water from the food can be squeezed , helping to concentrate it . Digestion occurs in the intestine , with food material being pulled through by cilia , rather than by muscular action . Acorn worms breathe by drawing in oxygenated water through their mouth . The water then flows out the animal 's gills which are on its trunk . Thus , the acorn worm breathes about the same way as fish . Circulatory system ( edit ) Acorn worms have an open circulatory system , in which the blood flows through the tissues sinuses . A dorsal blood vessel in the mesentery above the gut and delivers blood to a sinus in the proboscis that contains a muscular sac acting as a heart . Unlike the hearts of most other animals , however , this structure is a closed fluid - filled vesicle whose interior does not connect directly to the blood system . Nonetheless , it does regularly pulsate , helping to push blood through the surrounding sinuses . From the central sinus in the collar , blood flows to a complex series of sinuses and peritoneal folds in the proboscis . This set of structures is referred to as a glomerulus and may have an excretory function , since acorn worms otherwise have no defined excretory system . From the proboscis , blood flows into a single blood vessel running underneath the digestive tract , from which smaller sinuses supply blood to the trunk , and back into the dorsal vessel . The blood of acorn worms is colourless and acellular . Respiratory system ( edit ) Acorn worms continually form new gill slits as they grow in size , with some older individuals having more than a hundred on each side . Each slit consists of a branchial chamber opening to the pharynx through a U-shaped cleft and to the exterior through a dorso - lateral pore ( see diagram below ) . Cilia push water through the slits , maintaining a constant flow . The tissues surrounding the slits are well supplied with blood sinuses . Nervous system ( edit ) A plexus of nerves lies underneath the skin , and is concentrated into both dorsal and ventral nerve cords . While the ventral cord runs only as far as the collar , the dorsal cord reaches into the proboscis , and is partially separated from the epidermis in that region . This part of the dorsal nerve cord is often hollow , and may well be homologous with the brain of vertebrates . In acorn worms , it seems to be primarily involved with coordinating muscular action of the body during burrowing and crawling . Acorn worms have no eyes , ears or other special sense organs , except for the ciliary organ in front of the mouth , which appears to be involved in filter feeding and perhaps taste ( 3 ) . There are , however , numerous nerve endings throughout the skin . Similarities to chordates ( edit ) Acorn worms are considered more highly specialised and advanced than other similarly shaped worm - like creatures . They have a circulatory system with a heart that also functions as a kidney . Acorn worms have gill - like structures that they use for breathing , similar to the gills of primitive fish . Therefore , acorn worms are sometimes said to be a link between classical invertebrates and vertebrates . Some also have a postanal tail which may be homologous to the post-anal tail of vertebrates . An interesting trait is that its three - section body plan is no longer present in the vertebrates , except for the anatomy of the frontal neural tube , later developed into a brain which is divided into three main parts . This means some of the original anatomy of the early chordate ancestors is still present even if it is not always visible . One theory is that the three - part body originates from an early common ancestor of all the deuterostomes , and maybe even from a common bilateral ancestor of both the deuterostomes and protostomes . Studies have shown that the gene expression in the embryo share three of the same signaling centers that shape the brains of all vertebrates , but instead of taking part in the formation of their neural system , they are controlling the development of the different body regions . Lifestyle ( edit ) Play media Meioglossus psammophilus . Acorn worms are rarely seen by humans because of their lifestyle . They live in U-shaped burrows on the sea - bed , from the shoreline down to a depth of 10,000 ft. ( 3,050 m ) . The worms lie there with the proboscis sticking out of one opening in the burrow . Acorn worms are generally slow burrowers . To obtain food , many acorn worms swallow sand or mud that contains organic matter and microorganisms in the manner of earthworms ( this is known as deposit feeding ) . At low tide , they stick out their rear ends at the surface and excrete coils of processed sediments ( casts ) . Another method that some acorn worms use to obtain food is to collect suspended particles of organic matter and microbes from the water . This is known as suspension feeding . Reproduction ( edit ) Acorn worms are dioecious , having separate biological sexes , although at least some species are also capable of asexual reproduction . They have paired gonads , which lie close to the pharynx and release the gametes through a small pore near to the gill slits . The female lays a large number of eggs embedded in a gelatinous mass of mucus , which are then externally fertilized by the male before water currents break up the mass and disperse the individual eggs . Acorn worm life cycle by M. Singh In most species , the eggs hatch into planktonic larvae with elongated bodies covered in cilia . In some species , these develop directly into adults , but in others , there is a free - swimming intermediate stage referred to as a tornaria larva . These are very similar in appearance to the bipinnaria larvae of starfishes , with convoluted bands of cilia running around the body . Since the embryonic development of the blastula within the egg is also very similar to that of echinoderms , this suggests a close phylogenetic link between the two groups . After a number of days or weeks , a groove begins to form around the larval midsection , with the anterior portion eventually destined to become the proboscis , while the remainder forms the collar and trunk . The larvae eventually settle down and change into tiny adults to take on the burrowing lifestyle . A few species , such as Saccoglossus kowalevskii , lack even the planktonic larval stage , hatching directly as miniature adults . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Konikoff , C ; van der Land , J ( 2011 ) . `` Enteropneusta '' . World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 20 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Cameron , CB ; Garey , JR ; Swalla , BJ ( 2000 ) . `` Evolution of the chordate body plan : New insights from phylogenetic analyses of deuterostome phyla '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 97 ( 9 ) : 4469 -- 74 . Bibcode : 2000PNAS ... 97.4469 C . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 97.9. 4469 . PMC 18258 . PMID 10781046 . Jump up ^ Smith , KL ; Holland , ND ; Ruhl , HA ( July 2005 ) . `` Enteropneust production of spiral fecal trails on the deep - sea floor observed with time - lapse photography '' . Deep Sea Research Part I : Oceanographic Research Papers. 52 ( 7 ) : 1228 -- 1240 . doi : 10.1016 / j. dsr. 2005.02. 004 . Jump up ^ Holland , ND ; Clague , DA ; Gordon , DP ; Gebruk , A ; Pawson , DL ; Vecchione , M ( 2005 ) . `` ' Lophenteropneust ' hypothesis refuted by collection and photos of new deep - sea hemichordates '' . Nature . 434 ( 7031 ) : 374 -- 376 . doi : 10.1038 / nature03382 . PMID 15772659 . Jump up ^ Holland ND , Jones WJ , Elena J , Ruhl HA , Smith KL ( 2009 ) A new deep - sea species of epibenthic acorn worm ( Hemichordata , Enteropneusta ) . Zoosystema 31 : 333 -- 346 . Jump up ^ Osborn KL , Kuhnz LA , Priede IG , Urata M , Gebruk AV , and Holland ND ( 2012 ) Diversication of acorn worms ( Hemichordata , Enteropneusta ) revealed in the deep sea . Proc. Roy . Soc . Lond . B 279 : 1646 -- 1654 . Jump up ^ Priede IG , Osborn KJ , Gebruk AV , Jones D , Shale D , Rogacheva A , Holland ND ( 2012 ) Observations on torquaratorid acorn worms ( Hemichordata , Enteropneusta ) from the North Atlantic with descriptions of a new genus and three new species . Invert. Biol. 131 : 244 - 257 . Jump up ^ The secret to an Oesia life : Prehistoric worm built tube - like ' houses ' on sea floor Jump up ^ Florkin , Marcel ( 2014 ) . Deuterostomians , Cyclostomes , and Fishes . Elsevier . p. 83 . ISBN 9780323163347 . Jump up ^ http://www.babwnews.com/2015/11/what-do-humans-and-acorn-worms-have-in-common/ ^ Jump up to : One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Willey , Arthur ( 1911 ) . `` Balanoglossus '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Robert D. ( 1982 ) . Invertebrate Zoology . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . pp. 1018 -- 1026 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 056747 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Cameron , C. ( 2002 ) . `` Particle retention and flow in the pharynx of the enteropneust worm Harrimania planktophilus : The filter - feeding pharynx may have evolved before the chordates '' . The Biological bulletin. 202 ( 2 ) : 192 -- 200 . doi : 10.2307 / 1543655 . PMID 11971814 . Jump up ^ Secondary organizers of the early brain and the location of the meso - diencephalic dopaminergic precursor cells Retrieved March 10 , 2014 Jump up ^ Rob Mitchum ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` The Secret Origin of the Vertebrate Brain '' . ScienceLife . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Taxon identifiers Wd : Q589697 ADW : Enteropneusta EoL : 8859 GBIF : 277 iNaturalist : 152119 ITIS : 158617 NCBI : 10220 WoRMS : 1820 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acorn_worm&oldid=811233129 '' Categories : Deuterostome classes Enteropneusta Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Беларуская Български Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Interlingua Italiano ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Svenska Тоҷикӣ Українська Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 09 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | acorn worms and pterobranchs have a body plan consisting of a | [
"Acorn worms are considered more highly specialised and advanced than other similarly shaped worm-like creatures. They have a circulatory system with a heart that also functions as a kidney.[citation needed] Acorn worms have gill-like structures that they use for breathing, similar to the gills of primitive fish. Therefore, acorn worms are sometimes said to be a link between classical invertebrates and vertebrates. Some also have a postanal tail which may be homologous to the post-anal tail of vertebrates. An interesting trait is that its three-section body plan is no longer present in the vertebrates, except for the anatomy of the frontal neural tube, later developed into a brain which is divided into three main parts. This means some of the original anatomy of the early chordate ancestors is still present even if it is not always visible."
] | [
"brain which is divided into three main parts"
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-5905513072749871901 | The Vampire Diaries (season 3) | The Vampire Diaries ( season 3 ) - Wikipedia The Vampire Diaries ( season 3 ) The Vampire Diaries ( season 3 ) Season 3 DVD Cover Starring Nina Dobrev Paul Wesley Ian Somerhalder Steven R. McQueen Kat Graham Zach Roerig Candice Accola Michael Trevino Matt Davis Joseph Morgan Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network The CW Original release September 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 15 ) -- May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 List of The Vampire Diaries episodes The Vampire Diaries , a one - hour American supernatural drama , was officially renewed for a third season by The CW on April 26 , 2011 , that aired from September 15 , 2011 , to May 10 , 2012 . The third season consisted of 22 episodes and focused on the story of Klaus ' origin , his relation with his family and reveal more about the original family . The third season opened to generally positive reviews . The season takes a gap from the last season and begins with Elena Gilbert 's 18th birthday with all series regulars returning with the exception of Sara Canning whose character Jenna Sommers was killed off in the previous season . Joseph Morgan 's character Klaus became a series regular instead of returning as a recurring character . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Storylines 4 Ratings 4.1 DVR viewers 5 DVD and Blu - ray release 6 References Cast ( edit ) See also : List of The Vampire Diaries characters Main ( edit ) Nina Dobrev as Elena Gilbert ( 22 episodes ) / Katherine Pierce ( 5 episodes ) Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore ( 22 episodes ) Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore ( 22 episodes ) Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert ( 14 episodes ) Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett ( 17 episodes ) Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan ( 15 episodes ) Candice Accola as Caroline Forbes ( 19 episodes ) Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood ( himself ; possessed by Klaus ) ( 15 episodes ) Matt Davis ( himself ; possessed by Klaus ) as Alaric Saltzman ( 18 episodes ) Joseph Morgan as Niklaus Mikaelson ( 18 episodes ) Recurring ( edit ) Claire Holt as Rebekah Mikaelson ( herself ; possessed by Esther ) ( 17 episodes ) Susan Walters as Carol Lockwood ( 10 episodes ) Torrey DeVitto as Dr. Meredith Fell ( 9 episodes ) Marguerite MacIntyre as Sheriff Elizabeth `` Liz '' Forbes ( 7 episodes ) Malese Jow as Annabelle `` Anna '' ( 6 episodes ) Daniel Gillies as Elijah Mikaelson ( 6 episodes ) Alice Evans as Esther ( 6 episodes ) Sebastian Roché as Mikael ( 5 episodes ) Persia White as Abby Bennett Wilson ( 5 episodes ) Kayla Ewell as Vicki Donovan ( 4 episodes ) Nathaniel Buzolic as Kol Mikaelson ( 4 episodes ) Casper Zafer as Finn Mikaelson ( 4 episodes ) Jack Coleman as Bill Forbes ( 5 episodes ) Guest ( edit ) Robert Ri'chard as Jamie Wilson ( 3 episodes ) Cassidy Freeman as Sage ( 3 episodes ) Kimberly Drummond as Mindy ( 3 episodes ) David Gallagher as Ray Sutton ( 2 episodes ) Taylor Kinney as Mason Lockwood ( 2 episodes ) Zane Stephens as Tony ( 2 episodes ) Daniel Newman as Daniel Warren ( 2 episodes ) Kelly Hu as Pearl ( 1 episode ) Arielle Kebbel as Alexia `` Lexi '' Branson ( 1 episode ) Jasmine Guy as Sheila Bennett ( 1 episode ) Stephen Martines as Frederick ( 1 episode ) Dawn Olivieri as Andie Starr ( 1 episode ) Cherilyn Wilson as Sofie ( 1 episode ) Lauren Cohan as Rosemary `` Rose '' ( 1 episode ) Sara Canning as Jenna Sommers ( 1 episode ) Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Vampire Diaries episodes This section 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 45 `` The Birthday '' John Behring Kevin Williamson & Julie Plec September 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 15 ) 2J6001 3.10 Elena 's eighteenth birthday arrives and Caroline holds a party . Klaus and Stefan hunt for werewolves so Klaus can create more hybrids . Stefan returns home to warn Damon to stop tracking them by killing Andie . Stefan later calls Elena , but does n't say anything and she promises she will find him . Jeremy continues to see Vicki and Anna 's ghosts . Alaric moves out . Caroline is jealous when Tyler brings a date to the party , and the two end up sleeping together . As Caroline leaves , Carol shoots her . 46 `` The Hybrid '' Joshua Butler Al Septien & Turi Meyer September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) 2J6002 2.52 Elena and Alaric head to Tennessee and are followed by Damon . Klaus continues to try to create hybrids but fails when the hybrids end up bleeding to death or went crazy and Klaus had to kill them himself . Apparently so because Elena is still alive . Stefan meets up with Damon and tells him to protect Elena . Damon tells Elena that he 's wrong about his brother and that Stefan can still be saved . Matt tries to connect with Vicki 's ghost through Jeremy . Tyler realises his mother had captured Caroline , who is still being held captive . Tyler then shows his mother he 's a werewolf as it was a full moon that night , showing that he was also a monster . Bill , Caroline 's dad goes to see Caroline . 47 `` The End of the Affair '' Chris Grismer Caroline Dries September 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 29 ) 2J6003 2.74 Klaus and Stefan arrive in Chicago , where they knew each other during one of Stefan 's previous periods as a Ripper in the 1920s . It is revealed that Klaus knew Stefan in the 1920s . Stefan met Klaus and Rebekah in a bar where they became close . Klaus and Rebekah had to leave and Klaus compelled Stefan to forget them . Klaus then daggers Rebekah . In present day , he removes the dagger keeping her demobilized as she has what Gloria ( a powerful witch ) needs to help Klaus create hybrids . It is revealed that what Gloria needs is the necklace Stefan had given Elena . Damon gets a tip on Stefan and Klaus ' whereabouts from Katherine so he and Elena follow the trail . They go to Stefan 's old apartment , where Elena sees Stefan 's list of victims . While there , Stefan and Klaus arrive . Stefan sees Elena , however does n't tell Klaus. Tyler tries to rescue Caroline , who is being tortured by her father , who believes he can change her urge to feed on blood by burning her in sunlight every time she feels the urge . 48 `` Disturbing Behavior '' Wendey Stanzler Brian Young October 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 06 ) 2J6004 2.63 In Chicago , Klaus uses Gloria the witch to find out why his hybrids are n't turning out the way he planned and Gloria discovers that Stefan is hiding the fact that the doppelgänger is still alive . She tortures Stefan , but Katherine saves him . Back in Mystic Falls , Damon changes his attitude and kills Alaric but Alaric comes back to life . Damon then tries to kill Bill . Caroline saves her father by giving him her blood and has a confrontation with Damon . Meanwhile , Bonnie returns to Mystic Falls and Jeremy tells her about seeing his ex-girlfriends as ghosts . Stefan also tries to find out what Klaus and his sister Rebekah are running from . The answer turns out to be Mikael . Katherine steals Elena 's necklace that can contact the Original Witch and teams up with Damon . Klaus brings Stefan back to Mystic Falls to find out what he is hiding . 49 5 `` The Reckoning '' John Behring Michael Narducci October 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 13 ) 2J6005 2.89 A senior prank night takes a deadly turn when Klaus finds out that Elena is still alive . Klaus threatens Elena by feeding Tyler his blood and kills him . He tells Bonnie that if she does n't find a way to create hybrids , Tyler dies . He also tells Stefan to feed on Elena . Stefan tries to stop his urge , but Klaus makes him turn off his emotions and feed on her . Klaus finds out that Elena 's blood is needed to create more hybrids . Meanwhile , Katherine and Damon go on a road trip to find a way to kill Klaus . Katherine remembers that Pearl told her about Mikael , the vampire hunter who was also a vampire . Matt , in an attempt to connect with Vicki , commits suicide . In a vision he sees her , and she tells him she can come back to life and has a message for Bonnie . Elena is in the hospital while a nurse , compelled by Klaus , takes her blood . Klaus is waiting to abduct Elena , but he flees when Damon tells him that Mikael is coming . Damon then saves Elena . Moments later , Stefan returns . Jeremy and Katherine find Mikael 's tomb and watch as he opens his eyes . 50 6 `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' Rob Hardy Julie Plec & Caroline Dries October 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 20 ) 2J6006 3.03 Elena and her friends begin their senior year of high school and she remembers that it has been one year since she met Stefan . Elena is frustrated by her helplessness , so she convinces Alaric to teach her about protecting herself from vampires . Mikael wakes up and bites Katherine . Bonnie and Jeremy are having issues since Jeremy keeps seeing Anna . Klaus ' sister , Rebekah , moves in with the Salvatores and attends school . Matt continues to see the ghost of Vicki , and she convinces him to perform a ritual that allows her to come and go from his world as she pleases . She says a witch from the other side promised her that if she killed Elena she can come back forever . The gang attends a bonfire , where Elena and Alaric try to capture Stefan. Tyler feels beholden to Klaus since Klaus essentially made him who he is . Elena saves Stefan from a fire after Vicki tries to kill Elena in Alaric 's van . Vicki is eventually restored back to the other side by Bonnie while Damon goes home , where Mason Lockwood appears in front of him . 51 7 `` Ghost World '' David Jackson Rebecca Sonnenshine October 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 27 ) 2J6007 3.28 Bonnie learns about the ghosts and tries to send them away but instead gives them physical form . Elena catches Jeremy kissing Anna , Bonnie is reunited with Grams , Damon can see Mason , Stefan sees Lexi , and the tomb vampires come back . Mason tells Damon that he knows where to find a weapon that can kill Klaus , so they search for it . Lexi attempts to help Stefan find his humanity , and the tomb vampires attack the founding families . In the end , Bonnie sends all the ghosts away . But before that , Mason shows Damon a secret cave containing the story of the Originals . 52 8 `` Ordinary People '' J. Miller Tobin Story by : Nick Wauters Teleplay by : Julie Plec & Caroline Dries November 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 03 ) 2J6008 3.51 With help from Elena and Bonnie , Alaric tries to decipher the meaning behind his recent discovery . From the writings on the cave wall , he deciphers that Mikael is ' Papa Original ' , as Damon puts it , the father of Elijah , Rebekah and their other siblings . Elena and Rebekah engage in a mean - girl power struggle , until Rebekah reveals some of her family 's ancient secrets and the violent past she shares with Klaus and Elijah . She reveals how the family became vampires . They were once neighbors to a village of werewolves and one night , Klaus and their brother , Henrik , snuck out to see the men change into wolves when it went wrong , and Henrik was killed . The family was distraught and the loss made Mikael obsessed with making the family invulnerable . His wife , a witch , the Original witch , aided them in becoming vampires but nature found ways of ensuring that they had weaknesses . Rebekah also tells Elena that it was Mikael who killed their mother when he found out about her infidelity to him but it is later on deciphered from the writings on the cave wall that it was actually the hybrid , Klaus , who killed his mother , in a fit of temper and rage . This new revelation causes Rebekah to lose faith in her brother . Damon tries a reckless new approach to make a breakthrough with Stefan by releasing him from his imprisonment and they 're both surprised by an unlikely ally , Mikael , who has been freed by Katherine . 53 9 `` Homecoming '' Joshua Butler Evan Bleiweiss November 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 10 ) 2J6009 3.17 On the night of the Homecoming dance , Rebekah opens up to Elena about why the evening is so important to her , leaving Elena with conflicting emotions , Elena then stakes Rebekah leaving her unable to attend the Homecoming dance , Meanwhile , Damon and Elena team up with Mikael to come up with a plan to kill Klaus . However Klaus is saved by Stefan as he pushes Damon out of the way as he is attempting to stake Klaus , Klaus then stakes Mikeal leaving him to burn to death . Caroline and Matt are shocked at Tyler 's behavior throughout the evening , it is then revealed that Tyler 's action were to keep Caroline safe . The night takes a surreal turn when Klaus puts his latest plan in action . Determined to outsmart Klaus , Damon enters in a dangerous partnership leading to a terrifying turn of events . Stefan is finally able to trap Klaus in a conflicting position . 54 10 `` The New Deal '' John Behring Michael Narducci January 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 05 ) 2J6010 3.32 Bonnie has a dream about the witches ' massacre house , where she finds the coffins of the Originals . One coffin opens and she sees the body of Klaus with the Original Witch 's necklace . Back in reality , Stefan asks Bonnie for help in hiding the coffins from Klaus . Bonnie , with help from the dead witches , can make the coffins invisible . She informs Stefan that the coffin she saw opening in her dream is the key to tormenting Klaus but it is sealed with a spell . Klaus wants Elena and Damon to find Stefan in order to get his coffins back but when they refuse , he gets a hybrid to run over Jeremy who has been off vervain due to Tyler 's influence and has been compelled by Klaus . Alaric pushes Jeremy out of the way and gets run over . His ring brings him back to life but does n't heal him ; he needs vampire blood to heal him . Alaric meets Dr. Meredith Fell ( Torrey DeVitto ) , who is intrigued with his amazing ability to heal . Stefan reveals to Damon that he stopped the plan to kill Klaus to save Damon 's life . Stefan then reveals his plan to torment Klaus in revenge for what Klaus turned him into and refuses to return the coffins , despite Klaus ' attempts to kill Jeremy . Elena makes a deal with Klaus to spare Jeremy 's life in return for Rebekah 's daggered body . When Elena reveals to Klaus that Rebekah wants him dead because he killed their mother , Klaus keeps the dagger in her . Elena asks Damon to compel Jeremy to leave Mystic Falls and move away with family friends so he can have a normal life away from the supernatural . Elena thanks Damon for everything and Damon admits that because Stefan saved him , he ca n't feel guilty for wanting what he wants ( Elena , his brother 's girl ) . He then says `` if I 'm going to feel guilty , I 'll feel guilty about this '' and kisses Elena . 55 11 `` Our Town '' Wendey Stanzler Rebecca Sonnenshine January 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 12 ) 2J6011 2.86 Although Caroline is in no mood to celebrate her eighteenth birthday , Elena , Bonnie and Matt surprise her with a small party in an unusual location . Damon and Stefan disagree on the best way to handle Klaus , and a reckless Stefan decides to test his theory by taking things to dangerous extremes . Bonnie is concerned when Elena tells her about Jeremy 's new plans . At a Founder 's meeting , Alaric once again runs into Dr. Fell , who is in the middle of an argument with her ex-boyfriend , the medical examiner . Klaus asked Tyler to bite Caroline. Tyler refuses to go along with Klaus ' latest demand , and is surprised when Klaus seems to accept his decision . Tyler went to meet Caroline where she was having her birthday party and told her that he loves her and kisses her but accidentally bites her . Klaus gives Caroline his blood and saves her . Jeremy left Mystic Falls as he was compelled by Damon . Dr. Fell 's ex-boyfriend is found dead in the woods with a stake in his heart although he is not a vampire . 56 12 `` The Ties That Bind '' John Dahl Brian Young January 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 19 ) 2J6012 2.71 Bonnie is reunited with her estranged mother Abby , Klaus negotiates with Stefan to control the coffins of his family members , Tyler tries to regain his free will with the help of Caroline 's father Bill , and Damon becomes intrigued by Alaric 's new friend Dr. Meredith Fell which leads Alaric to discover a new secret about her : she uses vampire blood to treat her patients . Elena tells Stefan about her kiss with Damon . At the end of episode Klaus gets his family back by compelling Abby to get the location of the coffins out of Bonnie , but Damon hides the big , sealed coffin . Also , Damon resurrects Elijah . 57 13 `` Bringing Out the Dead '' Jeffrey Hunt Turi Meyer & Al Septien February 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 02 ) 2J6013 2.74 Elena and Alaric are shocked when they learn of Elena 's fingerprints on the wooden stake that killed medical examiner Brian Walters . After being accidentally attacked by Tyler , Bill suffers the consequences of having vampire blood in his system which was given by Dr. Meredith Fell ; when someone stabs him , killing him and turning him into a vampire . Along with the lively company of Elijah ; Damon , Stefan and Klaus agree to consult a truce over dinner , except everything takes a turn when the daggers are pulled out of Kol ( Nathaniel Buzolic ) , Finn ( Casper Zafer ) , and Rebekah ( Claire Holt ) , who are Klaus 's siblings . Bill decides not to complete the transition leaving Caroline distraught , and Elena and Matt arrive back home to find Alaric wounded , and to save him Elena being a supernatural doppelganger had to kill him , so that he could come back to life . Bonnie and her mother Abby manage to open up the locked coffin , which contains the supposedly deceased mother of the original family . Stefan told Damon that he loved Elena and Damon said `` so do I '' . 58 14 `` Dangerous Liaisons '' Chris Grismer Caroline Dries February 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 09 ) 2J6014 3.08 Elena is surprised to receive an invitation to a formal ball , and when Damon and Stefan hear the party is being hosted at Klaus 's newly renovated mansion , they both insist on attending the event with her . Caroline and Matt also receive invitations to the ball from unexpected admirers . Caroline ends up with Klaus as her date and Matt - with Rebekah . At the elegant party , Elena learns that Esther intents to kill the originals by linking them all together and then sacrificing Finn by his own will . Then she must decide who she can trust with her new information . Caroline discovers a more sensitive and romantic side of Klaus no one would have suspected . Elena reaches out to Stefan but he says that if he feels again all he feels is pain . Finally , after an evening of violence and dashed hopes , Damon finds a new way to cope by sleeping with Rebekah . 59 15 `` All My Children '' Pascal Verschooris Evan Bleiweiss & Michael Narducci February 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 16 ) 2J6015 2.90 After Elena finds out about Damon 's latest indiscretion , she is frustrated with her friends for not agreeing with her on how they should react about the Original family 's internal power struggle . Meanwhile , Bonnie and her mother , Abby , find themselves playing a part in a ritual to appease the spirits of nature ( by killing all the Original vampires with a spell requiring 2 generations of Bennett witches ) . Stefan and Damon are given an ultimatum from Elijah that puts Elena in danger : they either stop Esther from completing the ritual or Rebekah kills Elena . This they turn to Meredith and Alaric for help in killing Kol , which ends up being a terrible choice : Klaus finds out about the ritual as well . Finally , the only solution is for Damon to turn Abby , thus preventing her to be a witch anymore . Esther and Finn flee after they are discovered by the other originals . 60 16 `` 1912 '' John Behring Julie Plec & Elisabeth R. Finch March 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 15 ) 2J6016 2.64 The present - day murders in Mystic Falls remind Damon of a similar crime spree a century earlier . In flashbacks to 1912 , Damon recalls a beautiful vampire , named Sage ( Cassidy Freeman ) , who showed him a whole new way to exist : a woman is not only a prey , but also a pleasure . Sheriff Forbes warns Damon not to get involved in her investigation of the murders , but Damon is convinced she 's going after the wrong suspect , Alaric . Meanwhile , Elena and Matt resort to breaking and entering in their search for evidence to prove Meredith is the killer , they find a hidden door in her closet with a Gilbert journal that belonged to the original Jonathan Gilbert 's granddaughter . 61 17 `` Break On Through '' Lance Anderson Rebecca Sonnenshine March 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 22 ) 2J6017 2.69 Damon finds the way to kill the originals with the help of Sage : the old Wickery Bridge was made of white oak tree . However , Sage finds out that the Originals are linked and that Finn , whom she loves , will be killed as well , so she betrays Damon . Alaric attacks Meredith , but luckily Stefan and Elena arrive in time . Bonnie 's mother leaves after losing control and attacking her `` son '' . Bonnie heals Alaric while Stefan and Damon find another way to kill the Originals , at the end of the episode . 62 18 `` The Murder of One '' J. Miller Tobin Caroline Dries March 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 29 ) 2J6018 2.44 Damon and Stefan make plans to destroy Klaus with their new weapon . Klaus and Rebekah convince Finn to cooperate with their plans to break the link when they reunite him with Sage . Rebekah gets carried away with her own plans out of revenge against Damon for using her to steal her memories of the remaining white oak wood . She stakes Damon with a dagger , then takes him to Klaus ' mansion , chains him to the ceiling and cuts him to bleed out his protective vervain . Klaus coerces Bonnie into breaking Esther 's linking spell . Bonnie is unsure if she can perform the unlinking spell , but Klaus threatens her mother and shows her that he has Kol watching Jeremy . Stefan lures Finn out of the bar where he was having tequila with Sage , and fails to stake him , but Elena and Matt manage to use Matt 's stake to kill Finn . As Finn expires , Bonnie successfully breaks the linking spell making Finn the only Original to die . At the mansion , Rebekah manipulates Damon 's hallucinations so he believes he and Elena are about to kiss after she saves Damon and urges him to drink her blood to recover . But then Damon realizes how desperate Rebekah is for attention and love , and that she is actually torturing him for violating these feelings rather than for tricking her to access her memories . Stefan is attacked by Sage , who is upset over Finn 's demise . Sage is about to end Stefan when she coughs up blood and dies . Stefan , Elena , and Caroline realize that if an Original is killed , their entire vampire bloodline dies . Stefan goes to negotiate with Klaus and finds Damon bloody and half - conscious . To Damon 's disappointment he brings eight of the stakes with him in exchange for his brother . Klaus compels Damon to admit there are actually eleven stakes in total . After failing to use his own stake to kill Klaus Stefan hands it over and promises to bring the other two . Tired of revenge , Rebekah releases Damon as a sign of good faith and leaves with the eight stakes . Caroline and Elena puzzle over the vampire bloodlines and realize that Tyler is a part of Klaus ' , and he would die if Klaus were killed . Stefan and Elena share a conversation about their feelings and Elena admits she does n't know how to feel about her love for both Stefan and Damon . Damon goes to retrieve the last white oak stake but finds that Alaric 's vampire hating alter ego has hidden it and Alaric can not even guess where . 63 19 `` Heart of Darkness '' Chris Grismer Brian Young & Evan Bleiweiss April 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 19 ) 2J6019 2.21 Stefan tells Elena he believes she has feelings for Damon . He sends them on a trip together : first , to make sure Jeremy is safe in Denver and to see if his special abilities can reveal from which Original they are descended and second , to find out if Elena has feelings for Damon . While they are gone , Stefan will try to get the location of the final white oak stake out of Alaric 's alter - ego . Damon and Elena find Jeremy and ask him to talk to Rose on the other side , but they are interrupted by Kol , whom Damon neutralizes with a stake . Damon and Elena take Jeremy to a motel where he speaks to Rose who sired Katharine who in turn sired the Salvatore brothers . She tells them she was sired by Mary Porter and that she 'll find out where Mary is . Meanwhile , Stefan fails at trying to get the location of the stake out of Alaric until Klaus comes by and snaps Alaric 's neck . Back in the motel , Damon and Elena give in to their passion and kiss . Meanwhile , Stefan is forced to beat up Alaric to trigger his evil alter - ego , who , after some persuasion , tells Stefan that the last white oak stake is in the cave , where no vampire can get it . Meanwhile , Damon , Elena and Jeremy go to the house where Mary lives . Damon and Elena go inside and find Mary staked on the wall . Kol has murdered Mary before Damon and Elena talk to her . Kol then beats Damon up with a metal baseball bat to get even with him . Damon later asks Elena about the kiss , and she admits that Stefan thinks she loves him and was testing her feelings . Damon becomes upset and tells her he 's not going to make this decision easy for her , that she must decide completely on her own . Caroline is thrilled when Tyler returns to town , but Tyler soon suspects that something has been going on between Caroline and Klaus , when he finds the picture Klaus drew for Caroline . Elsewhere , Matt has his hands full trying to keep Rebekah busy organizing the school 's upcoming 1920s Decade Dance so Caroline can spend some romantic time with Tyler . Esther shows up at Klaus ' house where she confronts Rebekah and dies after undergoing a strange fit . At the end of the episode it is revealed that Esther tricked Rebekah into giving her body to her and she wants alter - ego Alaric to work with her . 64 20 `` Do Not Go Gentle '' Joshua Butler Michael Narducci April 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 26 ) 2J6020 2.22 Alaric finds an unexpected ally , Esther , to guide him on his dangerous new path of killing vampires , while Damon and Meredith try to figure out what their next move should be to bring the real Alaric back from his alter - ego form . At the school 's 1920s Decade Dance , Bonnie asks Jamie to go with her , and , at Caroline 's suggestion , Elena asks Stefan to be her date . Caroline is pleasantly surprised when Tyler shows up at the dance determined to sweep her off her feet , but Klaus does his best to come between them and tells her that he believes Caroline will eventually come to him , even if she 's not ready at the present moment to let go of her `` small town boy ( and her ) small town life '' because he knows that eventually `` it wo n't be enough '' for her . The dance takes a deadly turn when Damon and Stefan realize they need the help of Matt and Jeremy to protect Elena because the two Salvatore brothers are immobilized on one side of a boundary Esther created . They asked Bonnie to undo the spell that could prove devastating for everyone . Finally , Esther turns Alaric into an Original vampire to kill Klaus and other Originals . Esther also uses Alaric 's ring to render the last White Oak stake indestructible so that it can be used multiple times on all the Originals . However , the real Alaric kills Esther and decides not to complete the transition . Stefan , Elena , Damon , Jeremy , Meredith , Bonnie , Caroline , Matt and Tyler mourn Alaric 's last moments before he isolates himself to die . Elena finds comfort with Stefan , while Damon stays with Alaric until his last breath . Alaric seems to have died , but Esther compels Bonnie to give Alaric some blood to complete the transition to an Original . 65 21 `` Before Sunset '' Chris Grismer Story by : Charlie Charbonneau & Daphne Miles Teleplay by : Caroline Dries May 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 03 ) 2J6021 2.54 Klaus acts on his intentions to leave town with Elena , but finds resistance from a surprising new enemy , Alaric the new Original vampire hunter . Bonnie calls on Abby to help her with a difficult spell that will stop Alaric 's heart , the same desiccation spell Abby used on Mikael . Abby warns Bonnie that this will make her subject to temptation she might not be able to resist . Alaric forces Elena to come to the school after he captures and tortures Caroline and tries to persuade her to kill Caroline , as Elena had previously expressed her interest in killing vampires . When Elena tries unsuccessfully to save Caroline and is held captive by Alaric , the Salvatore brothers and Klaus rush to save her . Klaus reveals that it is his bloodline to which the Salvatore brothers and Caroline are linked . As Caroline is escaping , Klaus grabs her and makes sure that Caroline gets home safely . A stunned Caroline agrees to let Klaus , Damon and Stefan save Elena , thanks Klaus , and leaves . Klaus goes to save Elena , taking on Alaric , but Alaric quickly turns the tables and is ready to stake him , but just as Alaric is ready to kill Klaus , Elena correctly assumes that she is Alaric 's lifeline and that if she dies , so does he . Klaus escapes with Elena , intending to bleed her dry before he leaves town because he wants to kill Alaric. Tyler , Stefan , and Damon use the desiccation spell on Klaus , `` killing '' him without killing Tyler . Damon and Stefan have a surprisingly candid conversation about the future : if Elena chooses one brother , the other leaves town . Alaric outs both the Sheriff and the Mayor in front of the Council for failing to protect the town from vampires as both their children are vampires . Elena collapses at the end of the episode . 66 22 `` The Departed '' John Behring Story by : Brett Matthews & Elisabeth R. Finch Teleplay by : Julie Plec May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 2J6022 2.53 Determined to protect his sister , Jeremy makes a decision that will change everything . In the harsh reality of the present situation , Elena longs for simpler times when her parents , Grayson and Miranda , and Aunt Jenna were still alive and her biggest concern was her relationship with Matt . Stefan and Damon leave Mystic Falls together on a mission , but soon split up when Elena needs one of them . When Alaric reveals to the founder 's council that they are vampires , Caroline and Tyler are forced to make a life - changing decision and flee from Mystic Falls at the urging of their parents . Alaric kills Klaus ( who was revealed to have made Damon 's , Stefan 's , Caroline 's , Abby 's and Tyler 's bloodline ) . Bonnie finally makes a secret deal to reincarnate Klaus in the body of Tyler so that her friends would n't die ( however no one else knows this , as they all believe that Klaus was lying about being the head of their bloodline ) . Elena has to decide , not knowing Klaus is still alive , to see Damon or Stefan . She rings Damon to tell him that she is going to Stefan and that is who she chooses to be with and says `` Maybe if we met first ... '' It is then shown in a flash back that Damon and Elena met the night of the car crash involving Elena and her parents , but after meeting her , Damon compelled her saying that `` No one can know I 'm in town yet . '' Elena and Matt get into a car crash ( while this is happening Elena is having flashbacks to when she and her parents were dying in the car ) . When Stefan comes to save them , she signals him to save Matt instead of her , killing her , which made Alaric go down with her ( he then says goodbye to Jeremy in ghost form ) . At the end of the episode Dr. Fell reveals to Damon that Elena was n't suffering from a concussion , but a bleeding in the brain and that she did what she had to do to save her , by giving her vampire blood . Production ( edit ) On April 26 , 2011 , The CW officially renewed The Vampire Diaries for a third season . On May 19 , 2011 , with the reveal of The CW 's 2011 - 12 schedule , it was announced the series would stay on Thursday 's at 8 : 00 pm Eastern / 7 : 00 pm Central as a lead - in to The Secret Circle which is also produced by Kevin Williamson . Kevin Williamson , Julie Plec , Leslie Morgenstein and Bob Levy are executive producers for the series . The third season premiered on Thursday , September 15 , 2011 . Casting ( edit ) The series stars Nina Dobrev as Elena Gilbert and Katherine Pierce , Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore and Silas , Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore , Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert , Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett , Candice Accola as Caroline Forbes , Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan , Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood , Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman and Joseph Morgan as Klaus . 7th Heaven 's David Gallagher was cast as werewolf Ray Sutton who has a run - in with Klaus in Tennessee . Australian actress , Claire Holt has been cast as Rebekah the sister of Klaus and Elijah , a beautiful vampire who had the pleasure of Stefan 's company back in the early days when he was feasting on human blood . Sebastian Roché has also been cast as Mikael a vampire hunter , who is more specifically after his son Klaus . He feeds on vampires and is hunting Klaus . It is later revealed that he is the father of the Originals and Klaus 's stepfather . When his plan to kill Klaus backfires , Mikael is killed by Klaus instead . Heroes star Jack Coleman was cast as Bill , a former resident of Mystic Falls and the father of resident vampire Caroline , who first believes his daughter has become a monster , but later accepts her . Alice Evans joined the cast as the original witch Esther , Klaus ' mother . She was first seen in a flashback in episode eight . Daniel Gillies will also return first appearing in a flashback during episode eight as Klaus ' brother , Elijah . Persia White has been cast as Bonnie 's mother , Abby Bennett . On November 10 , 2011 , it was announced that Paul Wesley 's wife Torrey DeVitto was cast as Meredith Fell ( based off Meredith Sulez from the source novel ) , a young doctor who is fascinated by Alaric , when she notices how quickly he recovers from an injury . She uses vampire blood to cure people and starts dating Alaric . On November 16 , 2011 , it was announced that Robert Ri'chard was cast as Jamie a new love interest for resident witch Bonnie . On November 22 , 2011 , it was announced that Daniel Newman was cast as Daniel Warren , appearing in one episode . Australian actor Nathaniel Buzolic has been cast to play Klaus and Elijah 's brother Kol and English actor Caspar Zafer has been cast as their other brother Finn . On January 13 , 2012 , it was announced that Cassidy Freeman was cast as Sage . On March 31 , 2012 , Sara Canning was confirmed to return as Jenna Sommers in a flashback in the last episode of the season , `` The Departed '' . On April 9 , 2012 , Jason MacDonald and Erin Beute were confirmed as Elena 's parents , will appear in a flashback in the last episode of the season . Lauren Cohan re-appeared in the episode ' Heart of Darkness , ' as ghost Rose , to contact Jeremy and find Mary , who turned Rose into a vampire . Storylines ( edit ) Season three begins in the aftermath of Jenna 's death and the ceremony which lead the creation of Klaus being the first hybrid this has heavily affected Alaric , Elena , and Jeremy . Stefan is on a ripper binge where he can not control his urges for human blood and continues to become a darker character . In trying to help Stefan , Elena and Damon spend time together and they begin to realize that they have feelings for each other . The both feel guilt over this and do not speak about it out loud but it is a silent truth between the two of them . Jeremy is still having trouble with his ghosts and they are trying to convey an important message to him . He and Bonnie are becoming more distant as the distractions of ghosts from his past in his every day life are distracting him . Klaus is intent on creating an army of hybrids ( half vampire half werewolf ) that are sired to him . In the beginning he enlists Stefan to help him but Stefan eventually leaves . The season also has an focus on how the Original family of vampires came to be vampires by their father , Michael Mikaelson , asking Esther to make them stronger than their neighbors who were werewolves . It also delves deeper into the physiology of the family specifically the siblings and shows the reason behind their motto `` Always and Forever '' and how bonds formed between some of the siblings . Ratings ( edit ) DVR viewers ( edit ) No . Title Air date 18 -- 49 rating ( Live + SD ) Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 increase Total viewers ( millions ) Ref `` The Birthday '' September 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 15 ) 1.5 1.1 2.0 3.98 `` The Hybrid '' September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) 1.2 1.00 1.7 3.52 `` The End of the Affair '' September 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 29 ) 1.3 1.05 1.8 3.79 `` Disturbing Behavior '' October 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 06 ) 1.2 1.05 1.7 3.68 5 `` The Reckoning '' October 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 13 ) 1.4 1.4 1.2 3.76 6 `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' October 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 20 ) 1.3 1.6 1.7 3.88 7 `` Ghost World '' October 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 27 ) 1.5 1.31 4.59 8 `` Ordinary People '' November 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 03 ) 1.6 1.12 4.63 9 `` Homecoming '' November 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 10 ) 1.4 2.0 1.8 4.78 10 `` The New Deal '' January 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 05 ) 1.5 0.88 1.9 4.20 11 `` Our Town '' January 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 12 ) 1.2 1.43 1.8 4.29 12 `` The Ties That Bind '' January 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 19 ) 1.2 1.13 1.7 3.84 13 `` Bringing Out the Dead '' February 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 02 ) 1.2 1.37 1.8 4.11 14 `` Dangerous Liaisons '' February 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 09 ) 1.3 1.17 1.8 4.25 15 `` All My Children '' February 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 16 ) 1.4 1.04 1.9 3.94 16 `` 1912 '' March 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 15 ) 1.2 1.32 1.8 3.96 17 `` Break on Through '' March 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 22 ) 1.3 1.03 1.8 3.72 18 `` The Murder of One '' March 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 29 ) 1.2 1.02 1.7 3.46 19 `` Heart of Darkness '' April 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 19 ) 1.0 1.32 1.6 3.53 20 `` Do Not Go Gentle '' April 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 26 ) 1.1 1.01 1.6 3.23 21 `` Before Sunset '' May 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 03 ) 1.1 0.88 1.7 3.42 22 `` The Departed '' May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 1.2 0.98 1.8 3.51 DVD and Blu - ray Release ( edit ) The Vampire Diaries - The Complete Third Season Set Details Special Features 22 Episodes 5 DVD discs or 4 Blu - ray discs Set DVD : English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 ) Blu - ray : English ( DTS - HD Master Audio 5.1 ) Audio Commentaries The Vampire Diaries : Stefan 's Descent into Darkness ( Featurette ) The Original Vampires : The Beginning ( Featurette ) Second Bite : Bloopers Exclusive bonus features for Blu - ray Disc version : The Producer 's Pages ( The Writer 's Pack , The Producer 's Spells and Sound FX , Score and Suspense ) Favorite Scenes - The Series ' Most Heart - Stopping Moments Digital copy of all episodes of season Release Dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 September 11 , 2012 August 20 , 2012 October 3 , 2012 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries , ' ' Wipeout ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Secret Circle ' Quarter Hour Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The X Factor , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' and ' Whitney ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' X Factor , ' ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' The Office ' & ' The Secret Circle , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 7 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' X Factor , ' ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' The Office , ' ' Person of Interest , ' ' Parks & Rec ' Adjusted Up ; ' Private Practice ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Office , ' ' Person Of Interest , ' ' X Factor ' Adjusted Up , ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : World Series + ' Big Bang , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rules , ' ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` TThursday Final Ratings : World Series Game 6 Finals + ' Big Bang , ' ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Office , ' ' Person , ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rules , ' ' Secret Circle , ' ' Whitney , ' ' Prime Suspect ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 4 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The X Factor , ' ' Parks & Recreation , ' ' The Office , ' ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Prime Suspect ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bones , ' ' Rules , ' ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 6 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Wipeout , ' ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 13 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 20 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Tops ' American Idol ' 1st Half Hour ; ' Office , ' ' Mentalist , ' ' Grey 's ' Adj . Up ; ' Person , ' ' Rob , ' ' Parks ' Adj . Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 3 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Office , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rob ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 10 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' American Idol , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' The Mentalist , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rob , ' ' Private Practice , ' ' The Finder , ' ' Up All Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 17 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' 30 Rock , ' ' Office ' Adjusted Up ; ' Person Of Interest , ' ' Mentalist , ' ' Secret Circle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' The Office ' , ' Missing ' Adjusted Up , ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down + NCAA Game Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 23 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Touch , ' ' 30 Rock , ' ' Up All Night ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ March 30 , 2012 . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , '' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Missing ' and ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up , ' Rules ' and ' Touch ' Adjusted Down `` . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Awake ' & ' Missing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' & ' Parks and Recreation ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Idol ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Mentalist ' & ' Missing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Mentalist ' , Adjusted Up ; ' Secret Circle ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` '' The Vampire Diaries , '' `` Gossip Girl , '' `` 90210 , '' `` Supernatural '' & `` America 's Next Top Model '' Renewed By The CW `` . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` The CW 's Fall Schedule : Sarah Michelle Gellar Back on Tuesdays , Nikita Makes Move '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` THE CW ANNOUNCES 2011 - 2012 SCHEDULE '' . The CW ( official website ) . May 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2011 . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 20 , 2011 ) . `` The CW Network Announces Fall 2011 Premiere Dates '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Spoilers : Joseph Morgan Becomes A Regular On The Vampire Diaries . - Vampire Diaries News - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . May 19 , 2011 . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich ( July 15 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Vampire Diaries Has 7th Heaven 's David Gallagher Over for a Bite '' . Blog.zap2it.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' : Claire Holt cast as Stefan 's vampire ex , Bex - From Inside the Box - Zap2it '' . Blog.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2011 . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( August 10 , 2011 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' casts Sebastian Roche as mysterious vampire hunter Inside TV EW.com '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( August 10 , 2011 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' casts Sebastian Roche as mysterious vampire hunter Inside TV EW.com '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive : Heroes ' Jack Coleman to Guest Star on The Vampire Diaries - Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com . July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' : Original mother cast ! Alice Evans as Klaus 's mom - From Inside the Box - Zap2it '' . Blog.zap2it.com . October 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' : Daniel Gillies returns as Elijah Blood Falls the-vampirediaries.com '' . the vampire diaries . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Persia White Joins Cast Of `` Vampire Diaries '' Shadow and Act `` . Blogs.indiewire.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' : ' Pretty Little Liars ' ' Torrey DeVitto Joins Cast as Recurring Character ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . November 9 , 2011 . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Ri'chard Joins the Cast '' . Vampire Diaries Guide . November 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jenny McGrath . `` The Vampire Diaries Brings Paul Newman 's Grandson to Mystic Falls - The Vampire Diaries '' . Wetpaint.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jenny McGrath . `` Vampire Diaries Casts Caspar Zafer and Nathaniel Buzolic as Klaus ' Brothers Finn and Kol - The Vampire Diaries '' . Wetpaint.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Woman , The ( January 13 , 2012 ) . `` Cassidy Freeman Goes from The Playboy Club to The Vampire Diaries Horror Movie , DVD , & Book Reviews , News , Interviews at Dread Central '' . Dreadcentral.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' : Sara Canning returns as Aunt Jenna Sommers - From Inside the Box - Zap2it '' . Blog.zap2it.com . March 27 , 2012 . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries Casts Elena 's Parents '' . TV Fanatic. April 9 , 2012 . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` live7 - dvr - ratings - modern - family - tops - absolute - gains - supernatural - tops - gains - in - seasons - premiere - week '' . TV by the Numbers . October 10 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains , ' Fringe ' Tops % Gains In Week # 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . October 17 , 2011 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains , ' The Secret Circle ' Tops % Gains In Week 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . October 24 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' Top Absolute Gains , ' Supernatural ' Tops % Gains In Week 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . November 14 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains , ' House ' Tops % Gains In Week 7 '' . TV by the Numbers . November 21 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains ; ' Pan Am ' Tops % Gains in Week 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . January 23 , 2012 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains ; ' Grimm ' Tops % Gains in Week 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . January 30 , 2012 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains ; ' Fringe ' Tops % Gains in Week 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . February 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2012 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Glee ' Tops Absolute Gains ; ' Grimm ' Tops % Gains in Week 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . February 20 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Ratings Gains ; ' Pan Am ' Tops % Gains in Week 21 '' . February 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LLive + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Ratings Gains ; ' Fringe ' Tops % Gains in Week 22 '' . March 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : `` Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Ratings Gain ; ' Nikita ' & ' Ringer ' Top % Gains in Week 26 '' . TV by the Numbers. April 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' New Girl ' Tops Absolute Ratings Gain , ' Fringe ' and ' The Firm ' Top % Gains , ' Castle ' Tops Total Viewer Gains in Week 27 '' . TV by the Numbers. April 9 , 2012 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVRRatings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Absolute Ratings Gain , ' The Firm ' Tops % Gains , ' The Mentalist ' Tops Total Viewer Gains in Week 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . May 15 , 2012 . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Ratings & Total Viewer Gains , ' Firm ' Tops % Gains in Week 31 '' . TV by the Numbers . May 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Tops Absolute Ratings , ' Fringe ' Tops % Gains , ' The Mentalist ' Tops Total Viewer Gains in Week 321 '' . TV by the Numbers . May 14 , 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Ratings and Viewership Gains , ' The Secret Circle ' Tops Percentage Increases '' . TV by the Numbers . May 21 , 2012 . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Again Leads Ratings and Viewerrship Gains , ' Grimm ' Ranks Number One In Percentage Increases '' . TV by the Numbers . May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lacey , Gord ( June 15 , 2012 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries - Sink Your Teeth into the Season 3 Press Release '' . TV Shows on DVD . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2012 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon UK Season 3 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries : Season 3 '' . Ezy DVD . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2012 . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters Legacies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Vampire_Diaries_(season_3)&oldid=853360839 '' Categories : The Vampire Diaries 2011 American television seasons 2012 American television seasons The Vampire Diaries ( season 3 ) episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Português Русский Suomi Türkçe 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 06 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does stefan come back to mystic falls in season 3 | [
"No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)451\"The Birthday\"John BehringKevin Williamson & Julie PlecSeptember 15, 2011 (2011-09-15)2J60013.10[1]\nElena's eighteenth birthday arrives and Caroline holds a party. Klaus and Stefan hunt for werewolves so Klaus can create more hybrids. Stefan returns home to warn Damon to stop tracking them by killing Andie. Stefan later calls Elena, but doesn't say anything and she promises she will find him. Jeremy continues to see Vicki and Anna's ghosts. Alaric moves out. Caroline is jealous when Tyler brings a date to the party, and the two end up sleeping together. As Caroline leaves, Carol shoots her.\n462\"The Hybrid\"Joshua ButlerAl Septien & Turi MeyerSeptember 22, 2011 (2011-09-22)2J60022.52[2]\nElena and Alaric head to Tennessee and are followed by Damon. Klaus continues to try to create hybrids but fails when the hybrids end up bleeding to death or went crazy and Klaus had to kill them himself. Apparently so because Elena is still alive. Stefan meets up with Damon and tells him to protect Elena. Damon tells Elena that he's wrong about his brother and that Stefan can still be saved. Matt tries to connect with Vicki's ghost through Jeremy. Tyler realises his mother had captured Caroline, who is still being held captive. Tyler then shows his mother he's a werewolf as it was a full moon that night, showing that he was also a monster. Bill, Caroline's dad goes to see Caroline.\n473\"The End of the Affair\"Chris GrismerCaroline DriesSeptember 29, 2011 (2011-09-29)2J60032.74[3]\nKlaus and Stefan arrive in Chicago, where they knew each other during one of Stefan's previous periods as a Ripper in the 1920s. It is revealed that Klaus knew Stefan in the 1920s. Stefan met Klaus and Rebekah in a bar where they became close. Klaus and Rebekah had to leave and Klaus compelled Stefan to forget them. Klaus then daggers Rebekah. In present day, he removes the dagger keeping her demobilized as she has what Gloria (a powerful witch) needs to help Klaus create hybrids. It is revealed that what Gloria needs is the necklace Stefan had given Elena. Damon gets a tip on Stefan and Klaus' whereabouts from Katherine so he and Elena follow the trail. They go to Stefan's old apartment, where Elena sees Stefan's list of victims. While there, Stefan and Klaus arrive. Stefan sees Elena, however doesn't tell Klaus. Tyler tries to rescue Caroline, who is being tortured by her father, who believes he can change her urge to feed on blood by burning her in sunlight every time she feels the urge.\n484\"Disturbing Behavior\"Wendey StanzlerBrian YoungOctober 6, 2011 (2011-10-06)2J60042.63[4]\nIn Chicago, Klaus uses Gloria the witch to find out why his hybrids aren't turning out the way he planned and Gloria discovers that Stefan is hiding the fact that the doppelgänger is still alive. She tortures Stefan, but Katherine saves him. Back in Mystic Falls, Damon changes his attitude and kills Alaric but Alaric comes back to life. Damon then tries to kill Bill. Caroline saves her father by giving him her blood and has a confrontation with Damon. Meanwhile, Bonnie returns to Mystic Falls and Jeremy tells her about seeing his ex-girlfriends as ghosts. Stefan also tries to find out what Klaus and his sister Rebekah are running from. The answer turns out to be Mikael. Katherine steals Elena's necklace that can contact the Original Witch and teams up with Damon. Klaus brings Stefan back to Mystic Falls to find out what he is hiding.\n495\"The Reckoning\"John BehringMichael NarducciOctober 13, 2011 (2011-10-13)2J60052.89[5]\nA senior prank night takes a deadly turn when Klaus finds out that Elena is still alive. Klaus threatens Elena by feeding Tyler his blood and kills him. He tells Bonnie that if she doesn't find a way to create hybrids, Tyler dies. He also tells Stefan to feed on Elena. Stefan tries to stop his urge, but Klaus makes him turn off his emotions and feed on her. Klaus finds out that Elena's blood is needed to create more hybrids. Meanwhile, Katherine and Damon go on a road trip to find a way to kill Klaus. Katherine remembers that Pearl told her about Mikael, the vampire hunter who was also a vampire. Matt, in an attempt to connect with Vicki, commits suicide. In a vision he sees her, and she tells him she can come back to life and has a message for Bonnie. Elena is in the hospital while a nurse, compelled by Klaus, takes her blood. Klaus is waiting to abduct Elena, but he flees when Damon tells him that Mikael is coming. Damon then saves Elena. Moments later, Stefan returns. Jeremy and Katherine find Mikael's tomb and watch as he opens his eyes.\n506\"Smells Like Teen Spirit\"Rob HardyJulie Plec & Caroline DriesOctober 20, 2011 (2011-10-20)2J60063.03[6]\nElena and her friends begin their senior year of high school and she remembers that it has been one year since she met Stefan. Elena is frustrated by her helplessness, so she convinces Alaric to teach her about protecting herself from vampires. Mikael wakes up and bites Katherine. Bonnie and Jeremy are having issues since Jeremy keeps seeing Anna. Klaus' sister, Rebekah, moves in with the Salvatores and attends school. Matt continues to see the ghost of Vicki, and she convinces him to perform a ritual that allows her to come and go from his world as she pleases. She says a witch from the other side promised her that if she killed Elena she can come back forever. The gang attends a bonfire, where Elena and Alaric try to capture Stefan. Tyler feels beholden to Klaus since Klaus essentially made him who he is. Elena saves Stefan from a fire after Vicki tries to kill Elena in Alaric's van. Vicki is eventually restored back to the other side by Bonnie while Damon goes home, where Mason Lockwood appears in front of him.\n517\"Ghost World\"David JacksonRebecca SonnenshineOctober 27, 2011 (2011-10-27)2J60073.28[7]\nBonnie learns about the ghosts and tries to send them away but instead gives them physical form. Elena catches Jeremy kissing Anna, Bonnie is reunited with Grams, Damon can see Mason, Stefan sees Lexi, and the tomb vampires come back. Mason tells Damon that he knows where to find a weapon that can kill Klaus, so they search for it. Lexi attempts to help Stefan find his humanity, and the tomb vampires attack the founding families. In the end, Bonnie sends all the ghosts away. But before that, Mason shows Damon a secret cave containing the story of the Originals.\n528\"Ordinary People\"J. Miller TobinStory by: Nick WautersTeleplay by: Julie Plec & Caroline DriesNovember 3, 2011 (2011-11-03)2J60083.51[8]\nWith help from Elena and Bonnie, Alaric tries to decipher the meaning behind his recent discovery. From the writings on the cave wall, he deciphers that Mikael is 'Papa Original', as Damon puts it, the father of Elijah, Rebekah and their other siblings. Elena and Rebekah engage in a mean-girl power struggle, until Rebekah reveals some of her family's ancient secrets and the violent past she shares with Klaus and Elijah. She reveals how the family became vampires. They were once neighbors to a village of werewolves and one night, Klaus and their brother, Henrik, snuck out to see the men change into wolves when it went wrong, and Henrik was killed. The family was distraught and the loss made Mikael obsessed with making the family invulnerable. His wife, a witch, the Original witch, aided them in becoming vampires but nature found ways of ensuring that they had weaknesses. Rebekah also tells Elena that it was Mikael who killed their mother when he found out about her infidelity to him but it is later on deciphered from the writings on the cave wall that it was actually the hybrid, Klaus, who killed his mother, in a fit of temper and rage. This new revelation causes Rebekah to lose faith in her brother. Damon tries a reckless new approach to make a breakthrough with Stefan by releasing him from his imprisonment and they're both surprised by an unlikely ally, Mikael, who has been freed by Katherine.\n539\"Homecoming\"Joshua ButlerEvan BleiweissNovember 10, 2011 (2011-11-10)2J60093.17[9]\nOn the night of the Homecoming dance, Rebekah opens up to Elena about why the evening is so important to her, leaving Elena with conflicting emotions, Elena then stakes Rebekah leaving her unable to attend the Homecoming dance, Meanwhile, Damon and Elena team up with Mikael to come up with a plan to kill Klaus. However Klaus is saved by Stefan as he pushes Damon out of the way as he is attempting to stake Klaus, Klaus then stakes Mikeal leaving him to burn to death. Caroline and Matt are shocked at Tyler's behavior throughout the evening, it is then revealed that Tyler's action were to keep Caroline safe. The night takes a surreal turn when Klaus puts his latest plan in action. Determined to outsmart Klaus, Damon enters in a dangerous partnership leading to a terrifying turn of events. Stefan is finally able to trap Klaus in a conflicting position.\n5410\"The New Deal\"John BehringMichael NarducciJanuary 5, 2012 (2012-01-05)2J60103.32[10]\nBonnie has a dream about the witches' massacre house, where she finds the coffins of the Originals. One coffin opens and she sees the body of Klaus with the Original Witch's necklace. Back in reality, Stefan asks Bonnie for help in hiding the coffins from Klaus. Bonnie, with help from the dead witches, can make the coffins invisible. She informs Stefan that the coffin she saw opening in her dream is the key to tormenting Klaus but it is sealed with a spell. Klaus wants Elena and Damon to find Stefan in order to get his coffins back but when they refuse, he gets a hybrid to run over Jeremy who has been off vervain due to Tyler's influence and has been compelled by Klaus. Alaric pushes Jeremy out of the way and gets run over. His ring brings him back to life but doesn't heal him; he needs vampire blood to heal him. Alaric meets Dr. Meredith Fell (Torrey DeVitto), who is intrigued with his amazing ability to heal. Stefan reveals to Damon that he stopped the plan to kill Klaus to save Damon's life. Stefan then reveals his plan to torment Klaus in revenge for what Klaus turned him into and refuses to return the coffins, despite Klaus' attempts to kill Jeremy. Elena makes a deal with Klaus to spare Jeremy's life in return for Rebekah's daggered body. When Elena reveals to Klaus that Rebekah wants him dead because he killed their mother, Klaus keeps the dagger in her. Elena asks Damon to compel Jeremy to leave Mystic Falls and move away with family friends so he can have a normal life away from the supernatural. Elena thanks Damon for everything and Damon admits that because Stefan saved him, he can't feel guilty for wanting what he wants (Elena, his brother's girl). He then says \"if I'm going to feel guilty, I'll feel guilty about this\" and kisses Elena.\n5511\"Our Town\"Wendey StanzlerRebecca SonnenshineJanuary 12, 2012 (2012-01-12)2J60112.86[11]\nAlthough Caroline is in no mood to celebrate her eighteenth birthday, Elena, Bonnie and Matt surprise her with a small party in an unusual location. Damon and Stefan disagree on the best way to handle Klaus, and a reckless Stefan decides to test his theory by taking things to dangerous extremes. Bonnie is concerned when Elena tells her about Jeremy's new plans. At a Founder's meeting, Alaric once again runs into Dr. Fell, who is in the middle of an argument with her ex-boyfriend, the medical examiner. Klaus asked Tyler to bite Caroline. Tyler refuses to go along with Klaus' latest demand, and is surprised when Klaus seems to accept his decision. Tyler went to meet Caroline where she was having her birthday party and told her that he loves her and kisses her but accidentally bites her. Klaus gives Caroline his blood and saves her. Jeremy left Mystic Falls as he was compelled by Damon. Dr. Fell's ex-boyfriend is found dead in the woods with a stake in his heart although he is not a vampire.\n5612\"The Ties That Bind\"John DahlBrian YoungJanuary 19, 2012 (2012-01-19)2J60122.71[12]\nBonnie is reunited with her estranged mother Abby, Klaus negotiates with Stefan to control the coffins of his family members, Tyler tries to regain his free will with the help of Caroline's father Bill, and Damon becomes intrigued by Alaric's new friend Dr. Meredith Fell which leads Alaric to discover a new secret about her: she uses vampire blood to treat her patients. Elena tells Stefan about her kiss with Damon. At the end of episode Klaus gets his family back by compelling Abby to get the location of the coffins out of Bonnie, but Damon hides the big, sealed coffin. Also, Damon resurrects Elijah.\n5713\"Bringing Out the Dead\"Jeffrey HuntTuri Meyer & Al SeptienFebruary 2, 2012 (2012-02-02)2J60132.74[13]\nElena and Alaric are shocked when they learn of Elena's fingerprints on the wooden stake that killed medical examiner Brian Walters. After being accidentally attacked by Tyler, Bill suffers the consequences of having vampire blood in his system which was given by Dr. Meredith Fell; when someone stabs him, killing him and turning him into a vampire. Along with the lively company of Elijah; Damon, Stefan and Klaus agree to consult a truce over dinner, except everything takes a turn when the daggers are pulled out of Kol (Nathaniel Buzolic), Finn (Casper Zafer), and Rebekah (Claire Holt), who are Klaus's siblings. Bill decides not to complete the transition leaving Caroline distraught, and Elena and Matt arrive back home to find Alaric wounded, and to save him Elena being a supernatural doppelganger had to kill him, so that he could come back to life. Bonnie and her mother Abby manage to open up the locked coffin, which contains the supposedly deceased mother of the original family. Stefan told Damon that he loved Elena and Damon said \"so do I\".\n5814\"Dangerous Liaisons\"Chris GrismerCaroline DriesFebruary 9, 2012 (2012-02-09)2J60143.08[14]\nElena is surprised to receive an invitation to a formal ball, and when Damon and Stefan hear the party is being hosted at Klaus's newly renovated mansion, they both insist on attending the event with her. Caroline and Matt also receive invitations to the ball from unexpected admirers. Caroline ends up with Klaus as her date and Matt - with Rebekah. At the elegant party, Elena learns that Esther intents to kill the originals by linking them all together and then sacrificing Finn by his own will. Then she must decide who she can trust with her new information. Caroline discovers a more sensitive and romantic side of Klaus no one would have suspected. Elena reaches out to Stefan but he says that if he feels again all he feels is pain. Finally, after an evening of violence and dashed hopes, Damon finds a new way to cope by sleeping with Rebekah.\n5915\"All My Children\"Pascal VerschoorisEvan Bleiweiss & Michael NarducciFebruary 16, 2012 (2012-02-16)2J60152.90[15]\nAfter Elena finds out about Damon's latest indiscretion, she is frustrated with her friends for not agreeing with her on how they should react about the Original family's internal power struggle. Meanwhile, Bonnie and her mother, Abby, find themselves playing a part in a ritual to appease the spirits of nature (by killing all the Original vampires with a spell requiring 2 generations of Bennett witches). Stefan and Damon are given an ultimatum from Elijah that puts Elena in danger: they either stop Esther from completing the ritual or Rebekah kills Elena. This they turn to Meredith and Alaric for help in killing Kol, which ends up being a terrible choice: Klaus finds out about the ritual as well. Finally, the only solution is for Damon to turn Abby, thus preventing her to be a witch anymore. Esther and Finn flee after they are discovered by the other originals.\n6016\"1912\"John BehringJulie Plec & Elisabeth R. FinchMarch 15, 2012 (2012-03-15)2J60162.64[16]\nThe present-day murders in Mystic Falls remind Damon of a similar crime spree a century earlier. In flashbacks to 1912, Damon recalls a beautiful vampire, named Sage (Cassidy Freeman), who showed him a whole new way to exist: a woman is not only a prey, but also a pleasure. Sheriff Forbes warns Damon not to get involved in her investigation of the murders, but Damon is convinced she's going after the wrong suspect, Alaric. Meanwhile, Elena and Matt resort to breaking and entering in their search for evidence to prove Meredith is the killer, they find a hidden door in her closet with a Gilbert journal that belonged to the original Jonathan Gilbert's granddaughter.\n6117\"Break On Through\"Lance AndersonRebecca SonnenshineMarch 22, 2012 (2012-03-22)2J60172.69[17]\nDamon finds the way to kill the originals with the help of Sage: the old Wickery Bridge was made of white oak tree. However, Sage finds out that the Originals are linked and that Finn, whom she loves, will be killed as well, so she betrays Damon. Alaric attacks Meredith, but luckily Stefan and Elena arrive in time. Bonnie's mother leaves after losing control and attacking her \"son\". Bonnie heals Alaric while Stefan and Damon find another way to kill the Originals, at the end of the episode.\n6218\"The Murder of One\"J. Miller TobinCaroline DriesMarch 29, 2012 (2012-03-29)2J60182.44[18]\nDamon and Stefan make plans to destroy Klaus with their new weapon. Klaus and Rebekah convince Finn to cooperate with their plans to break the link when they reunite him with Sage. Rebekah gets carried away with her own plans out of revenge against Damon for using her to steal her memories of the remaining white oak wood. She stakes Damon with a dagger, then takes him to Klaus' mansion, chains him to the ceiling and cuts him to bleed out his protective vervain. Klaus coerces Bonnie into breaking Esther's linking spell. Bonnie is unsure if she can perform the unlinking spell, but Klaus threatens her mother and shows her that he has Kol watching Jeremy. Stefan lures Finn out of the bar where he was having tequila with Sage, and fails to stake him, but Elena and Matt manage to use Matt's stake to kill Finn. As Finn expires, Bonnie successfully breaks the linking spell making Finn the only Original to die. At the mansion, Rebekah manipulates Damon's hallucinations so he believes he and Elena are about to kiss after she saves Damon and urges him to drink her blood to recover. But then Damon realizes how desperate Rebekah is for attention and love, and that she is actually torturing him for violating these feelings rather than for tricking her to access her memories. Stefan is attacked by Sage, who is upset over Finn's demise. Sage is about to end Stefan when she coughs up blood and dies. Stefan, Elena, and Caroline realize that if an Original is killed, their entire vampire bloodline dies. Stefan goes to negotiate with Klaus and finds Damon bloody and half-conscious. To Damon's disappointment he brings eight of the stakes with him in exchange for his brother. Klaus compels Damon to admit there are actually eleven stakes in total. After failing to use his own stake to kill Klaus Stefan hands it over and promises to bring the other two. Tired of revenge, Rebekah releases Damon as a sign of good faith and leaves with the eight stakes. Caroline and Elena puzzle over the vampire bloodlines and realize that Tyler is a part of Klaus', and he would die if Klaus were killed. Stefan and Elena share a conversation about their feelings and Elena admits she doesn't know how to feel about her love for both Stefan and Damon. Damon goes to retrieve the last white oak stake but finds that Alaric's vampire hating alter ego has hidden it and Alaric can not even guess where.\n6319\"Heart of Darkness\"Chris GrismerBrian Young & Evan BleiweissApril 19, 2012 (2012-04-19)2J60192.21[19]\nStefan tells Elena he believes she has feelings for Damon. He sends them on a trip together: first, to make sure Jeremy is safe in Denver and to see if his special abilities can reveal from which Original they are descended and second, to find out if Elena has feelings for Damon. While they are gone, Stefan will try to get the location of the final white oak stake out of Alaric's alter-ego. Damon and Elena find Jeremy and ask him to talk to Rose on the other side, but they are interrupted by Kol, whom Damon neutralizes with a stake. Damon and Elena take Jeremy to a motel where he speaks to Rose who sired Katharine who in turn sired the Salvatore brothers. She tells them she was sired by Mary Porter and that she'll find out where Mary is. Meanwhile, Stefan fails at trying to get the location of the stake out of Alaric until Klaus comes by and snaps Alaric's neck. Back in the motel, Damon and Elena give in to their passion and kiss. Meanwhile, Stefan is forced to beat up Alaric to trigger his evil alter-ego, who, after some persuasion, tells Stefan that the last white oak stake is in the cave, where no vampire can get it. Meanwhile, Damon, Elena and Jeremy go to the house where Mary lives. Damon and Elena go inside and find Mary staked on the wall. Kol has murdered Mary before Damon and Elena talk to her. Kol then beats Damon up with a metal baseball bat to get even with him. Damon later asks Elena about the kiss, and she admits that Stefan thinks she loves him and was testing her feelings. Damon becomes upset and tells her he's not going to make this decision easy for her, that she must decide completely on her own. Caroline is thrilled when Tyler returns to town, but Tyler soon suspects that something has been going on between Caroline and Klaus, when he finds the picture Klaus drew for Caroline. Elsewhere, Matt has his hands full trying to keep Rebekah busy organizing the school's upcoming 1920s Decade Dance so Caroline can spend some romantic time with Tyler. Esther shows up at Klaus' house where she confronts Rebekah and dies after undergoing a strange fit. At the end of the episode it is revealed that Esther tricked Rebekah into giving her body to her and she wants alter-ego Alaric to work with her.\n6420\"Do Not Go Gentle\"Joshua ButlerMichael NarducciApril 26, 2012 (2012-04-26)2J60202.22[20]\nAlaric finds an unexpected ally, Esther, to guide him on his dangerous new path of killing vampires, while Damon and Meredith try to figure out what their next move should be to bring the real Alaric back from his alter-ego form. At the school's 1920s Decade Dance, Bonnie asks Jamie to go with her, and, at Caroline's suggestion, Elena asks Stefan to be her date. Caroline is pleasantly surprised when Tyler shows up at the dance determined to sweep her off her feet, but Klaus does his best to come between them and tells her that he believes Caroline will eventually come to him, even if she's not ready at the present moment to let go of her \"small town boy [and her] small town life\" because he knows that eventually \"it won't be enough\" for her. The dance takes a deadly turn when Damon and Stefan realize they need the help of Matt and Jeremy to protect Elena because the two Salvatore brothers are immobilized on one side of a boundary Esther created. They asked Bonnie to undo the spell that could prove devastating for everyone. Finally, Esther turns Alaric into an Original vampire to kill Klaus and other Originals. Esther also uses Alaric's ring to render the last White Oak stake indestructible so that it can be used multiple times on all the Originals. However, the real Alaric kills Esther and decides not to complete the transition. Stefan, Elena, Damon, Jeremy, Meredith, Bonnie, Caroline, Matt and Tyler mourn Alaric's last moments before he isolates himself to die. Elena finds comfort with Stefan, while Damon stays with Alaric until his last breath. Alaric seems to have died, but Esther compels Bonnie to give Alaric some blood to complete the transition to an Original.\n6521\"Before Sunset\"Chris GrismerStory by: Charlie Charbonneau & Daphne MilesTeleplay by: Caroline DriesMay 3, 2012 (2012-05-03)2J60212.54[21]\nKlaus acts on his intentions to leave town with Elena, but finds resistance from a surprising new enemy, Alaric the new Original vampire hunter. Bonnie calls on Abby to help her with a difficult spell that will stop Alaric's heart, the same desiccation spell Abby used on Mikael. Abby warns Bonnie that this will make her subject to temptation she might not be able to resist. Alaric forces Elena to come to the school after he captures and tortures Caroline and tries to persuade her to kill Caroline, as Elena had previously expressed her interest in killing vampires. When Elena tries unsuccessfully to save Caroline and is held captive by Alaric, the Salvatore brothers and Klaus rush to save her. Klaus reveals that it is his bloodline to which the Salvatore brothers and Caroline are linked. As Caroline is escaping, Klaus grabs her and makes sure that Caroline gets home safely. A stunned Caroline agrees to let Klaus, Damon and Stefan save Elena, thanks Klaus, and leaves. Klaus goes to save Elena, taking on Alaric, but Alaric quickly turns the tables and is ready to stake him, but just as Alaric is ready to kill Klaus, Elena correctly assumes that she is Alaric's lifeline and that if she dies, so does he. Klaus escapes with Elena, intending to bleed her dry before he leaves town because he wants to kill Alaric. Tyler, Stefan, and Damon use the desiccation spell on Klaus, \"killing\" him without killing Tyler. Damon and Stefan have a surprisingly candid conversation about the future: if Elena chooses one brother, the other leaves town. Alaric outs both the Sheriff and the Mayor in front of the Council for failing to protect the town from vampires as both their children are vampires. Elena collapses at the end of the episode.\n6622\"The Departed\"John BehringStory by: Brett Matthews & Elisabeth R. FinchTeleplay by: Julie PlecMay 10, 2012 (2012-05-10)2J60222.53[22]\nDetermined to protect his sister, Jeremy makes a decision that will change everything. In the harsh reality of the present situation, Elena longs for simpler times when her parents, Grayson and Miranda, and Aunt Jenna were still alive and her biggest concern was her relationship with Matt. Stefan and Damon leave Mystic Falls together on a mission, but soon split up when Elena needs one of them. When Alaric reveals to the founder's council that they are vampires, Caroline and Tyler are forced to make a life-changing decision and flee from Mystic Falls at the urging of their parents. Alaric kills Klaus (who was revealed to have made Damon's, Stefan's, Caroline's, Abby's and Tyler's bloodline). Bonnie finally makes a secret deal to reincarnate Klaus in the body of Tyler so that her friends wouldn't die (however no one else knows this, as they all believe that Klaus was lying about being the head of their bloodline). Elena has to decide, not knowing Klaus is still alive, to see Damon or Stefan. She rings Damon to tell him that she is going to Stefan and that is who she chooses to be with and says \"Maybe if we met first...\" It is then shown in a flash back that Damon and Elena met the night of the car crash involving Elena and her parents, but after meeting her, Damon compelled her saying that \"No one can know I'm in town yet.\" Elena and Matt get into a car crash (while this is happening Elena is having flashbacks to when she and her parents were dying in the car). When Stefan comes to save them, she signals him to save Matt instead of her, killing her, which made Alaric go down with her (he then says goodbye to Jeremy in ghost form). At the end of the episode Dr. Fell reveals to Damon that Elena wasn't suffering from a concussion, but a bleeding in the brain and that she did what she had to do to save her, by giving her vampire blood."
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-3897332209322595141 | Military history of Canada | Military History of Canada - wikipedia Military History of Canada Part of a series on the Military history of Canada Military history of ... Air Force Army Acadia Colonial Militia Crown & Forces Navy New France Conflicts Beaver Wars King William 's War Queen Anne 's War Father Rale 's War King George 's War Father Le Loutre 's War French and Indian War Invasion of Canada War of 1812 Lower Canada Rebellion Upper Canada Rebellion Patriot War Fenian Raids Wolseley Expedition North - West Rebellion Second Boer War World War I Battle of Tulgas World War II Korean War October Crisis Oka Crisis Gulf War Somalia Croatian War Afghanistan Haitian Libya ISIL Installations Air Force Armed Forces French forts Navy Lists Conflicts Bibliography Operations Peacekeeping Victories Canadian Forces portal Military history Wikibook The military history of Canada comprises hundreds of years of armed actions in the territory encompassing modern Canada , and interventions by the Canadian military in conflicts and peacekeeping worldwide . For thousands of years , the area that would become Canada was the site of sporadic intertribal conflicts among Aboriginal peoples . Beginning in the 17th and 18th centuries , Canada was the site of four colonial wars and two additional wars in Nova Scotia and Acadia between New France and New England ; the conflicts spanned almost seventy years , as each allied with various First Nation groups . In 1763 , after the final colonial war -- the Seven Years ' War -- the British emerged victorious and the French civilians , whom the British hoped to assimilate , were declared `` British Subjects '' . After the passing of the Quebec Act in 1774 , giving the Canadians their first charter of rights under the new regime , the northern colonies chose not to join the American Revolution and remained loyal to the British crown . The Americans launched invasions in 1775 and 1812 . On both occasions , the Americans were rebuffed by Canadian forces ; however , this threat would remain well into the 19th century and partially facilitated Canadian Confederation in 1867 . After Confederation , and amid much controversy , a full - fledged Canadian military was created . Canada , however , remained a British dominion , and Canadian forces joined their British counterparts in the Second Boer War and the First World War . While independence followed the Statute of Westminster , Canada 's links to Britain remained strong , and the British once again had the support of Canadians during the Second World War . Since then , Canada has been committed to multilateralism and has gone to war within large multinational coalitions such as in the Korean War , the Gulf War , the Kosovo War , and the Afghan war . Contents 1 Aboriginals 2 17th century 2.1 French and Iroquois Wars 2.1. 1 Civil War in Acadia 2.2 King William 's War 3 18th century 3.1 Queen Anne 's War 3.1. 1 Father Rale 's War 3.2 King George 's War 3.2. 1 Father Le Loutre 's War 3.3 French and Indian War 3.4 American Revolutionary War 4 19th century 4.1 War of 1812 4.2 Construction of Defences 4.3 1837 Rebellions 4.4 British withdrawal 4.4. 1 Crimean War 4.4. 2 Indian Rebellion 4.5 Fenian raids 4.6 Canadian militia 5 20th century 5.1 Boer War 5.1. 1 Creation of a Canadian army 5.1. 2 Creation of a Canadian navy 5.2 First World War 5.2. 1 Creation of a Canadian air force 5.3 Spanish Civil War 5.4 Second World War 5.5 Cold War years 5.5. 1 Forces in Europe 5.5. 2 Korean War 5.5. 3 Unification 5.5. 4 October Crisis 5.5. 5 Vietnam War 5.6 Post -- Cold War era 5.6. 1 Oka Crisis 5.6. 2 Gulf War 5.6. 3 Yugoslav wars 5.6. 4 Somali civil war 5.6. 5 Red River Flood 5.6. 6 North American ice storm 6 21st century 6.1 Afghanistan War 6.1. 1 British Columbia forest fires 6.2 Iraq War 6.3 Libyan civil war 6.4 Mali conflict 6.5 Military intervention against ISIL 6.5. 1 Recent expenditures 7 Canadian Crown and the Forces 8 Peacekeeping 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Aboriginals ( edit ) The causes of aboriginal warfare tended to be over tribal independence , resources , and personal and tribal honour -- revenge for perceived wrongs committed against oneself or one 's tribe . Before European colonization , aboriginal warfare tended to be formal and ritualistic , and entailed few casualties . There is some evidence of much more violent warfare , even the complete genocide of some First Nations groups by others , such as the total displacement of the Dorset culture of Newfoundland by the Beothuk . Warfare was also common among indigenous peoples of the Subarctic with sufficient population density . Inuit groups of the northern Arctic extremes generally did not engage in direct warfare , primarily because of their small populations , relying instead on traditional law to resolve conflicts . An Iroquois warrior with a European musket c. 1730 Those captured in fights were not always killed ; tribes often adopted captives to replace warriors lost during raids and battles , and captives were also used for prisoner exchanges . Slavery was hereditary , the slaves being prisoners of war and their descendants . Slave - owning tribes of the fishing societies , such as the Tlingit and Haida , lived along the coast from what are now Alaska to California . Among indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast , about a quarter of the population were slaves . The first conflicts between Europeans and aboriginal peoples may have occurred around 1000 CE , when parties of Norsemen attempted to establish permanent settlements along the northeastern coast of North America ( see L'Anse aux Meadows ) . According to Norse sagas , the skraelings of Vinland responded so ferociously that the newcomers eventually withdrew and gave up their plans to settle the area . Prior to French settlements in the St. Lawrence River valley , the local Iroquoian peoples were almost completely displaced , probably because of warfare with their neighbours the Algonquin . The Iroquois League was established prior to major European contact . Most archaeologists and anthropologists believe that the League was formed sometime between 1450 and 1600 . Existing aboriginal alliances would become important to the colonial powers in the struggle for North American hegemony during the 17th and 18th centuries . After European arrival , fighting between aboriginal groups tended to be bloodier and more decisive , especially as tribes became caught up in the economic and military rivalries of the European settlers . By the end of the 17th century , First Nations from the northeastern woodlands , eastern subarctic and the Métis ( a people of joint First Nations and European descent ) had rapidly adopted the use of firearms , supplanting the traditional bow . The adoption of firearms significantly increased the number of fatalities . The bloodshed during conflicts was also dramatically increased by the uneven distribution of firearms and horses among competing aboriginal groups . 17th century ( edit ) Map of North America 's political divide during the 17th century , showing forts , towns and areas occupied by European settlements : Britain ( pink ) , France ( blue ) , and Spanish claims ( orange ) . Two years after the French founded Port Royal ( see also Port - Royal ( Acadia ) and Annapolis Royal ) in 1605 , the English began their first settlement , at Jamestown , Virginia , to the south . By 1706 , the French population was around 16,000 and grew slowly due to a multitude of factors . This lack of immigration resulted in New France having one - tenth of the British population of the Thirteen Colonies by the mid 1700s . La Salle 's explorations had given France a claim to the Mississippi River valley , where fur trappers and a few colonists set up scattered settlements . The colonies of New France : Acadia on the Bay of Fundy and Canada on the St. Lawrence River were based primarily on the fur trade and had only lukewarm support from the French monarchy . The colonies of New France grew slowly given the difficult geographical and climatic circumstances . The more favourably located New England Colonies to the south developed a diversified economy and flourished from immigration . From 1670 , through the Hudson 's Bay Company , the English also laid claim to Hudson Bay and its drainage basin ( known as Rupert 's Land ) , and operated fishing settlements in Newfoundland . The early military of New France consisted of a mix of regular soldiers from the French Army ( Carignan - Salières Regiment ) and French Navy ( Troupes de la marine and Compagnies Franches de la Marine ) supported by small local volunteer militia units ( Colonial militia ) . Most early troops were sent from France , but localization after the growth of the colony meant that , by the 1690s , many were volunteers from the settlers of New France , and by the 1750s most troops were descendants of the original French inhabitants . Additionally , many of the early troops and officers who were born in France remained in the colony after their service ended , contributing to generational service and a military elite . The French built a series of forts from Newfoundland to Louisiana and others captured from the British during the 1600s to the late 1700s . Some were a mix of military post and trading forts . French and Iroquois wars ( edit ) Algonquin , French , and Wyandot forces besiege a Mohawk fort during the Battle of Sorel . The battle is typically associated with the Beaver Wars . Main article : Beaver Wars The Beaver Wars ( also known as the French and Iroquois Wars ) continued intermittently for nearly a century , ending with the Great Peace of Montreal in 1701 . The French under Pierre Dugua , Sieur de Mons founded settlements at Port Royal and Samuel de Champlain three years later at Quebec City , quickly joining pre-existing aboriginal alliances that brought them into conflict with other indigenous inhabitants . Champlain joined a Huron -- Algonquin alliance against the Iroquois Confederacy ( Five / Six Nations ) . In the first battle , superior French firepower rapidly dispersed a massed groups of aboriginals . The Iroquois changed tactics by integrating their hunting skills and intimate knowledge of the terrain with their use of firearms obtained from the Dutch ; they developed a highly effective form of guerrilla warfare , and were soon a significant threat to all but the handful of fortified cities . Furthermore , the French gave few guns to their aboriginal allies . For the first century of the colony 's existence , the chief threat to the inhabitants of New France came from the Iroquois Confederacy , and particularly from the eastern-most Mohawks . While the majority of tribes in the region were allies of the French , the tribes of the Iroquois confederacy were aligned first with the Dutch colonizers , then the British . In response to the Iroquois threat , the French government dispatched the Carignan - Salières Regiment , the first group of uniformed professional soldiers to set foot on what is today Canadian soil . After peace was attained , this regiment was disbanded in Canada . The soldiers settled in the St. Lawrence valley and , in the late 17th century , formed the core of the Compagnies Franches de la Marine , the local militia . Later militias were developed on the larger seigneuries land systems . Civil War in Acadia ( edit ) Main article : Acadian Civil War Charles d'Aulnay 's faction attack Saint John . The battle brought an end to the Acadian Civil War , a war fought over the governorship of the colony . In the mid-17th century , Acadia was plunged into what some historians have described as a civil war . The war was between Port Royal , where Governor of Acadia Charles de Menou d'Aulnay de Charnisay was stationed , and present - day Saint John , New Brunswick , home of Governor Charles de Saint - Étienne de la Tour . During the conflict , there were four major battles . La Tour attacked d'Aulnay at Port Royal in 1640 . In response to the attack , d'Aulnay sailed out of Port Royal to establish a five - month blockade of La Tour 's fort at Saint John , which La Tour eventually defeated in 1643 . La Tour attacked d'Aulnay again at Port Royal in 1643 ; d'Aulnay and Port Royal ultimately won the war against La Tour with the 1645 siege of Saint John . However , after d'Aulnay died in 1650 , La Tour re-established himself in Acadia . King William 's War ( edit ) Main article : King William 's War During King William 's War ( 1689 -- 1697 ) , the next most serious threat to Quebec in the 17th century came in 1690 when , alarmed by the attacks of the petite guerre , the New England colonies sent an armed expedition north , under Sir William Phips , to capture Quebec itself . This expedition was poorly organized and had little time to achieve its objective , having arrived in mid-October , shortly before the St. Lawrence would freeze over . The expedition was responsible for eliciting one of the most famous pronouncements in Canadian military history . When called on by Phips to surrender , the aged Governor Frontenac replied , `` I will answer ... only with the mouths of my cannon and the shots of my muskets . '' After a single abortive landing on the Beauport shore to the east of Quebec City , the English force withdrew down the icy waters of the St. Lawrence . The batteries of Quebec City bombard the English fleet during the Battle of Quebec in 1690 . During the war , the military conflicts in Acadia included : Battle at Chedabucto ( Guysborough ) ; Battle of Port Royal ( 1690 ) ; a naval battle in the Bay of Fundy ( Action of 14 July 1696 ) ; Raid on Chignecto ( 1696 ) and Siege of Fort Nashwaak ( 1696 ) . The Maliseet from their headquarters at Meductic on the Saint John River participated in numerous raids and battles against New England during the war . In 1695 , Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville was called upon to attack the English stations along the Atlantic coast of Newfoundland in the Avalon Peninsula Campaign . Iberville sailed with his three vessels to Placentia ( Plaisance ) , the French capital of Newfoundland . Both English and French fishermen exploited the Grand Banks fishery from their respective settlements on Newfoundland under the sanction of a 1687 treaty , but the purpose of the new French expedition of 1696 was nevertheless to expel the English from Newfoundland . After setting fire to St John 's , Iberville 's Canadians almost totally destroyed the English fisheries along the eastern shore of Newfoundland . Small raiding parties attacked the hamlets in remote bays and inlets , burning , looting , and taking prisoners . By the end of March 1697 , only Bonavista and Carbonear remained in English hands . In four months of raids , Iberville was responsible for the destruction of 36 settlements . At the end of the war England returned the territory to France in the Treaty of Ryswick . 18th century ( edit ) Map of North America 's political divide during the 18th century ( after the Treaty of Utrecht ( 1713 ) and before the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) ) showing forts , towns and areas occupied by European settlements -- Britain ( pink & purple ) , France ( blue ) , and Spanish claims ( orange ; California , Pacific Northwest , and Great Basin not indicated ) During the 18th century , the British -- French struggle in Canada intensified as the rivalry worsened in Europe . The French government poured more and more military spending into its North American colonies . Expensive garrisons were maintained at distant fur trading posts , the fortifications of Quebec City were improved and augmented , and a new fortified town was built on the east coast of Île Royale , or Cape Breton Island -- the fortress of Louisbourg , called `` Gibraltar of the North '' or the `` Dunkirk of America . '' New France and New England were at war with one another three times during the 18th century . The second and third colonial wars , Queen Anne 's War and King George 's War , were local offshoots of larger European conflicts -- the War of the Spanish Succession ( 1702 -- 13 ) , the War of the Austrian Succession ( 1744 -- 48 ) . The last , the French and Indian War ( Seven Years ' War ) , started in the Ohio Valley . The petite guerre of the Canadiens devastated the northern towns and villages of New England , sometimes reaching as far south as Virginia . The war also spread to the forts along the Hudson Bay shore . Queen Anne 's War ( edit ) Main article : Queen Anne 's War During Queen Anne 's War ( 1702 -- 1713 ) , the British conquered Acadia when a British force managed to capture Port - Royal ( see also Annapolis Royal ) , the capital of Acadia in present - day Nova Scotia , in 1710 . As a result , France was forced to cede control of mainland Nova Scotia to Britain in the Treaty of Utrecht ( 1713 ) , leaving present - day New Brunswick as disputed territory and Île - St. Jean ( Prince Edward Island ) , and Île - Royale ( present day Cape Breton Island ) in the hands of the French . British possession of Hudson Bay was guaranteed by the same treaty . During Queen Anne 's War , military conflicts in Nova Scotia included the Raid on Grand Pré , the Siege of Port Royal ( 1707 ) , the Siege of Port Royal ( 1710 ) and the Battle of Bloody Creek ( 1711 ) . Father Rale 's War ( edit ) Main article : Father Rale 's War Death of Father Sebastian Rale of the Society of Jesus at the Battle of Norridgewock , 1724 During the escalation that preceded Father Rale 's War ( also known as Dummer 's War ) , the Mi'kmaq raided the new fort at Canso ( 1720 ) . Under potential siege , in May 1722 Lieutenant Governor John Doucett took 22 Mi'kmaq hostage at Annapolis Royal to prevent the capital from being attacked . In July 1722 , the Abenaki and Mi'kmaq created a blockade of Annapolis Royal with the intent of starving the capital . The Mi'kmaq captured 18 fishing vessels and prisoners in the area stretching from present - day Yarmouth to Canso . As a result of the escalating conflict , Massachusetts Governor Samuel Shute officially declared war on the Abenaki on July 22 , 1722 . Early operations of Father Rale 's War happened in the Nova Scotia theatre . In July 1724 , a group of sixty Mi'kmaq and Maliseets raided Annapolis Royal . The treaty that ended the war marked a significant shift in European relations with the Mi'kmaq and Maliseet . For the first time , a European empire formally acknowledged that its dominion over Nova Scotia would have to be negotiated with the region 's indigenous inhabitants . The treaty was invoked as recently as 1999 in the Donald Marshall case . The siege of Louisbourg in 1745 . The British captured the fortress after a prolonged siege , but returned it to the French in the ensuing peace . King George 's War ( edit ) Main article : King George 's War During King George 's War , also called the War of the Austrian Succession ( 1744 -- 1748 ) , a force of New England militia under William Pepperell and Commodore Peter Warren of the Royal Navy succeeded in capturing Louisbourg in 1745 . By the Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle that ended the war in 1748 , France resumed control of Louisbourg in exchange for some of its conquests in the Netherlands and India . The New Englanders were outraged , and as a counterweight to the continuing French strength at Louisbourg , the British founded the military settlement of Halifax in 1749 . During King George 's War , military conflicts in Nova Scotia included : Raid on Canso ; Siege of Annapolis Royal ( 1744 ) ; the Siege of Louisbourg ( 1745 ) ; the Duc d'Anville Expedition and the Battle of Grand Pré . Father Le Loutre 's War ( edit ) Main article : Father Le Loutre 's War The Royal Navy capture of the French ships Alcide and Lys in 1755 . The ships were carrying war supplies to the Acadians and Mi'kmaq . Father Le Loutre 's War ( 1749 -- 1755 ) was fought in Acadia and Nova Scotia by the British and New Englanders , primarily under the leadership of the New England Ranger John Gorham and the British officer Charles Lawrence , against the Mi'kmaq and Acadians , who were led by French priest Jean - Louis Le Loutre . The war began with the British unilaterally establishing Halifax , which was a violation of an earlier treaty with the Mi'kmaq ( 1726 ) , which was signed after Father Rale 's War . As a result , Acadians and Mi'kmaqs orchestrated attacks at Chignecto , Grand - Pré , Dartmouth , Canso , Halifax and Country Harbour . The French erected forts at present - day Saint John , Chignecto and Fort Gaspareaux . The British responded by attacking the Mi'kmaq and Acadians at Mirligueche ( later known as Lunenburg ) , Chignecto and St. Croix . The British also unilaterally established communities in Lunenburg and Lawrencetown . Finally , the British erected forts in Acadian communities at Windsor , Grand - Pré and Chignecto . Throughout the war , the Mi'kmaq and Acadians attacked the British fortifications of Nova Scotia and the newly established Protestant settlements . They wanted to retard British settlement and buy time for France to implement its Acadian resettlement scheme . The war ended after six years with the defeat of the Mi'kmaq , Acadians and French in the Battle of Fort Beauséjour . During this war , Atlantic Canada witnessed more population movements , more fortification construction , and more troop allocations than ever before in the region . The Acadians and Mi'kmaq left Nova Scotia during the Acadian Exodus for the French colonies of Île Saint - Jean ( Prince Edward Island ) and Île Royale ( Cape Breton Island ) . French and Indian War ( edit ) Main article : French and Indian War , the name given to the fourth conflict of the `` French and Indian Wars '' The British burn the French warship Prudent , and capture Bienfaisant during the 1758 siege of Louisbourg . The fall of the fortress led to the end of French - rule in Acadia . The fourth and final colonial war of the 18th century was the French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 1763 ) . The British sought to neutralize any potential military threat and to interrupt the vital supply lines to Louisbourg by deporting the Acadians . The British began the Expulsion of the Acadians with the Bay of Fundy Campaign ( 1755 ) . During the next nine years , over 12,000 Acadians were removed from Nova Scotia . In the maritime theatre , conflicts included : Battle of Fort Beauséjour ; Bay of Fundy Campaign ( 1755 ) ; the Battle of Petitcodiac ; the Raid on Lunenburg ( 1756 ) ; the Louisbourg Expedition ( 1757 ) ; Battle of Bloody Creek ( 1757 ) ; Siege of Louisbourg ( 1758 ) , Petitcodiac River Campaign , Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign ( 1758 ) , St. John River Campaign , and Battle of Restigouche . In the St. Lawrence and Mohawk theatres of the conflict , the French had begun to challenge the claims of Anglo - American traders and land speculators for supremacy in the Ohio Country to the west of the Appalachian Mountains -- land that was claimed by some of the British colonies in their royal charters . In 1753 , the French started the military occupation of the Ohio Country by building a series of forts . In 1755 , the British sent two regiments to North America to drive the French from these forts , but these were destroyed by French Canadians and First Nations as they approached Fort Duquesne . War was formally declared in 1756 , and six French regiments of troupes de terre , or line infantry , came under the command of a newly arrived general , 44 - year - old Marquis de Montcalm . The Battle of Sainte - Foy in 1760 . Although victorious in battle , the French could not retake Quebec . Under their new commander , the French at first achieved a number of startling victories over the British , first at Fort William Henry to the south of Lake Champlain . The following year saw an even greater victory when the British army -- numbering about 15,000 under Major General James Abercrombie -- was defeated in its attack on a French fortification at the Carillon . In June 1758 , a British force of 13,000 regulars under Major General Jeffrey Amherst , with James Wolfe as one of his brigadiers , landed and permanently captured the Fortress of Louisbourg . Wolfe decided the next year to attempt the capture of Quebec City . After several botched landing attempts , including particularly bloody defeats at the Battle of Beauport and the Battle of Montmorency Camp , Wolfe succeeded in getting his army ashore , forming ranks on the Plains of Abraham on September 12 . Montcalm , against the better judgment of his officers , came out with a numerically inferior force to meet the British . In the ensuing battle , Wolfe was killed , Montcalm mortally wounded , and 658 British and 644 French became casualties . However , in the spring of 1760 , the last French General , François Gaston de Lévis , marched back to Quebec from Montreal and defeated the British at the Battle of Sainte - Foy in a battle similar to that of the previous year ; now the situation was reversed , with the French laying siege to the Quebec fortifications behind which the British retreated . However , the French were finally forced to concede , losing almost all of their North American possessions . The French formally withdrew from much of North America in 1763 when they signed the Treaty of Paris . American Revolutionary War ( edit ) Main article : Invasion of Canada ( 1775 ) Ethan Allen was captured and brought to Montreal , following the Battle of Longue - Pointe in 1775 . With the French threat eliminated , Britain 's American colonies became increasingly restive ; they resented paying taxes to support a large military establishment when there was no obvious enemy . This resentment was augmented by further suspicions of British motives when the Ohio Valley and other western territories previously claimed by France were not annexed to the existing British colonies , especially Pennsylvania and Virginia , which had long - standing claims to the region . Instead , under the Quebec Act , this territory was set aside for the First Nations . The American Revolutionary War ( 1776 -- 1783 ) saw the revolutionaries use force to break free from British rule and claim these western lands . American forces took Montreal and the chain of forts in the Richelieu Valley , but attempts by the revolutionaries to take Quebec City were repelled . During this time , most French Canadians stayed neutral . Throughout the war , American privateers devastated the maritime economy by raiding many of the coastal communities . There were constant attacks by American and French privateers , such as the Raid on Lunenburg ( 1782 ) , numerous raids on Liverpool , Nova Scotia ( October 1776 , March 1777 , September 1777 , May 1778 , September 1780 ) and a raid on Annapolis Royal , Nova Scotia ( 1781 ) . Privateers also raided Canso in 1775 , returning in 1779 to destroy the fisheries . British regulars and Canadian militia shatter the American column in fierce street fighting in the Battle of Quebec . To guard against such attacks , the 84th Regiment of Foot ( Royal Highland Emigrants ) was garrisoned at forts around Atlantic Canada . Fort Edward ( Nova Scotia ) in Windsor became the headquarters to prevent a possible American land assault on Halifax from the Bay of Fundy . There was an American attack on Nova Scotia by land , the Battle of Fort Cumberland followed by the Siege of Saint John ( 1777 ) . During the war , American privateers captured 225 vessels either leaving or arriving at Nova Scotia ports . In 1781 , for example , as a result of the Franco - American alliance against Great Britain , there was a naval engagement with a French fleet at Sydney , Nova Scotia , near Spanish River , Cape Breton . The British captured numerous American privateers , particularly in the naval battle off Halifax . The Royal Navy used Halifax as a base from which to launch attacks on New England , such as the Battle of Machias ( 1777 ) . The revolutionaries ' failure to achieve success in what is now Canada , and the continuing allegiance to Britain of some colonists , resulted in the split of Britain 's North American empire . Many Americans who remained loyal to the Crown , known as the United Empire Loyalists , moved north , greatly expanding the English - speaking population of what became known as British North America . The independent republic of the United States emerged to the south . 19th century ( edit ) War of 1812 ( edit ) Main articles : War of 1812 and Canadian units of the War of 1812 `` Push on , brave York Volunteers ! '' A mortally wounded General Brock urges the York Militia forward during the Battle of Queenston Heights . After the cessation of hostilities at the end of the American Revolution , animosity and suspicion continued between the United States and the United Kingdom , erupting in 1812 when the Americans declared war on the British . Among the reasons for the war was British harassment of US ships ( including impressment of American seamen into the Royal Navy ) , a byproduct of British involvement in the ongoing Napoleonic Wars . The Americans did not possess a navy capable of challenging the Royal Navy , and so an invasion of Canada was proposed as the only feasible means of attacking the British Empire . Americans on the western frontier also hoped an invasion would not only bring an end to British support of aboriginal resistance to the westward expansion of the United States , but also finalize their claim to the western territories . After the Americans launched an invasion in July 1812 , the war raged back and forth along the border of Upper Canada , on land as well as on the waters of the Great Lakes . The British succeeded in capturing Detroit in July , and again in October . On July 12 , US General William Hull invaded Canada at Sandwich ( later known as Windsor ) . The invasion was quickly halted and Hull withdrew , giving General Isaac Brock the excuse he needed to abandon his previous orders and advance on Detroit , securing Shawnee chief Tecumseh 's aid to do so . At this point , even with his aboriginal allies , Brock was outnumbered approximately two to one . However , Brock had gauged Hull as a timid man , and particularly as being afraid of Tecumseh 's confederacy ; he was thus able to convince Hull to surrender . The defeat of Detroit was utter and complete . A major American thrust across the Niagara frontier was defeated at the Battle of Queenston Heights , where Sir Isaac Brock lost his life . In 1813 , at the Battle of Chateauguay , local fencibles , militia , and Mohawk warriors , repelled an American attack on Montreal . In 1813 , the US retook Detroit and had a string of successes along the western end of Lake Erie , culminating in the Battle of Lake Erie ( September 10 ) and the Battle of Moraviantown or Battle of the Thames on October 5 . The naval battle secured US dominance of lakes Erie and Huron . At Moraviantown , the British lost one of their key commanders , Tecumseh . Further east , the Americans succeeded in capturing and burning York ( later Toronto ) and taking Fort George at Niagara , which they held until the end of the year . However , in the same year , two American thrusts against Montreal were defeated -- one by a force of mostly British regulars at the Battle of Crysler 's Farm southwest of the city on the St. Lawrence ; the other , by a force of mostly French Canadian regular and militia units under the command of Charles de Salaberry , to the south of the city at the Battle of Châteauguay . After the capture of Washington , DC , in September at the Battle of Bladensburg , the British troops burned down the White House and other government buildings , only to be repulsed as they moved north for the Battle of Baltimore , while the forces attacking during the Battle of New Orleans were routed after suffering severe casualties . HMS Shannon leading the captured American frigate USS Chesapeake into Halifax Harbour in 1813 . During the War of 1812 , Nova Scotia 's contribution to the war effort was made by communities either purchasing or building various privateer ships to lay siege to American vessels . Three members of the community of Lunenburg , Nova Scotia purchased a privateer schooner and named it Lunenburg on August 8 , 1814 . The vessel captured seven American vessels . The Liverpool Packet from Liverpool , Nova Scotia , another privateer vessel , is credited with having captured fifty ships during the conflict . Perhaps the most dramatic moment in the war for Nova Scotia was HMS Shannon 's leading the captured American frigate USS Chesapeake into Halifax Harbour ( 1813 ) . Many of the captives were imprisoned and died at Deadman 's Island , Halifax . Sir Isaac Brock became a martyred Canadian hero despite his British roots . The successful defence of Canada relied on Canadian militia , British regular troops ( including `` Fencible '' units recruited within North America ) , the Royal Navy and aboriginal allies . Neither side of the war can claim total victory . Historians agree that the Native Americans were the main losers of the war . The British dropped plans to create a neutral Indian state in the Midwest , and the coalition that Tecumseh had built fell apart with his death in 1813 . The Natives no longer represented a major threat to westward expansion of the American frontier . Construction of defences ( edit ) The fear that the Americans might again attempt to conquer Canada remained a serious concern for at least the next half century , and was the chief reason for the retention of a large British garrison in the colony . From the 1820s to the 1840s , there was extensive construction of fortifications , as the British attempted to create strong points around which defending forces might centre in the event of an American invasion ; these include the Citadels at Quebec City and Halifax , and Fort Henry in Kingston . The Rideau Canal was built to allow ships in wartime to travel a more northerly route from Montreal to Kingston ; the customary peacetime route was the St. Lawrence River , which constituted the northern edge of the American border , and thus was vulnerable to enemy attack and interference . 1837 Rebellions ( edit ) Depiction of the Battle of Saint - Eustache , a decisive engagement in the Lower Canada Rebellion One of the most important actions by the British forces and Canadian Militia during this period was the putting down of the Rebellions of 1837 . The Upper Canada Rebellion was quickly and decisively defeated by the British forces and Canadian Militia . Attacks the next year by Hunters ' Lodges , US irregulars who expected to be paid in Canadian land , were crushed in 1838 in the Battle of Pelee Island and the Battle of the Windmill . The Lower Canada Rebellion was a greater threat to the British , and the rebels were victorious at the Battle of St. Denis on November 23 , 1837 . Two days later , the rebels were defeated at the Battle of Saint - Charles , and on December 14 , they were finally routed at the Battle of Saint - Eustache . British withdrawal ( edit ) By the 1850s , fears of an American invasion had begun to diminish , and the British felt able to start reducing the size of their garrison . The Reciprocity Treaty , negotiated between Canada and the United States in 1854 , further helped to alleviate concerns . However , tensions picked up again during the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 65 ) , reaching a peak with the Trent Affair of late 1861 and early 1862 , touched off when the captain of a US gunboat stopped the RMS Trent and removed two Confederate officials who were bound for Britain . The British government was outraged and , with war appearing imminent , took steps to reinforce its North American garrison , increasing it from a strength of 4,000 to 18,000 . However , war was averted and the sense of crisis subsided . This incident proved to be the final major episode of Anglo - American military confrontation in North America , as both sides increasingly became persuaded of the benefits of amicable relations . At the same time , many Canadians went south to fight in the Civil War , with most joining the Union side , although some were sympathetic toward the Confederacy . Britain was at that time becoming concerned with military threats closer to home and disgruntled at paying to maintain a garrison in colonies that , after 1867 , were united in the self - governing Dominion of Canada . Consequently , in 1871 , the troops of the British garrison were withdrawn from Canada completely , save for Halifax and Esquimalt , where British garrisons remained in place purely for reasons of imperial strategy . Crimean War ( edit ) Welsford - Parker Monument , in Halifax , is the only Crimean War monument in North America . Nova Scotians fought in the Crimean War . The Welsford - Parker Monument in Halifax is the fourth oldest war monument in Canada ( 1860 ) ( the Montcalm - Woffe Monument in Quebec City was erected in 1828 ) and the only Crimean War monument in North America . It commemorates the Siege of Sevastopol ( 1854 -- 1855 ) . The first Canadian Victoria Cross recipient , Alexander Roberts Dunn , served in the war . Indian Rebellion ( edit ) During the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , William Nelson Hall , a descendant of former American slaves from Maryland , was the first black Canadian and first black Nova Scotian , to receive the Victoria Cross . He received the medal for his actions in the Siege of Lucknow . Fenian raids ( edit ) Main article : Fenian raids Members of the 50th Volunteer Battalion battle against the Fenians during the Battle of Eccles Hill . It was during the period of re-examination of the British military presence in Canada and its ultimate withdrawal that the last invasion of Canada occurred . It was not carried out by any official US government force , but by an organization called the Fenians . The Fenian raids ( 1866 -- 1871 ) were carried out by groups of Irish Americans , mostly Union Army veterans from the American Civil War who believed that by seizing Canada , concessions could be wrung from the British government regarding their policy in Ireland . The Fenians had also incorrectly assumed that Irish Canadians , who were quite numerous in Canada , would support their invasive efforts both politically and militarily . However , most Irish settlers in Upper Canada at that time were Protestant , and for the most part loyal to the British Crown . After the events of the Civil War , anti-British sentiment was high in the United States . British - built Confederate warships had wreaked havoc on US commerce during the war . Irish - Americans were a large and politically important constituency , particularly in parts of the Northeastern States , and a large number of Irish American regiments had participated in the war . Thus , while deeply concerned about the Fenians , the US government , led by Secretary of State William H. Seward , generally ignored their efforts : the Fenians were allowed to openly organize and arm themselves , and were even able to recruit in Union Army camps . The Americans were not prepared to risk war with Britain and intervened when the Fenians threatened to endanger American neutrality . The Fenians were a serious threat to Canada , as being veterans of the Union Army they were well - armed . Despite failures , the raids had some impact on Canadian politicians who were then locked in negotiations leading up to the Confederation agreement of 1867 . Canadian militia ( edit ) See also : Canadian Militia The Battle of Batoche was a decisive engagement where Canadian soldiers defeated a force of indigenous and Métis people . The battle virtually ended the North - West Rebellion . With Confederation in place and the British garrison gone , Canada assumed full responsibility for its own defence ; it passed the Militia Act in 1868 , though Britain undertook to send aid in the event of a serious emergency and the Royal Navy continued to provide maritime defence . Small professional batteries of artillery were established at Quebec City and Kingston . In 1883 , a third battery of artillery was added , and small cavalry and infantry schools were created . These were intended to provide the professional backbone of the Permanent Active Militia that was to form the bulk of the Canadian defence effort . In theory , every able - bodied man between the ages of 18 and 60 was liable to be conscripted for service in the permanent militia , but in practice , the defence of the country rested on the services of volunteers who made up the Non-Permanent Active Militia . The most important early tests of the militia were expeditions against the rebel forces of Louis Riel in the Canadian west . The Wolseley Expedition , containing a mix of British and militia forces , restored order after the Red River Rebellion in 1870 . The North - West Rebellion in 1885 saw the largest military effort undertaken on Canadian soil since the end of the War of 1812 : a series of battles between the Métis and their First Nations allies on one side against the Militia and North - West Mounted Police on the other . The Nile Expedition was sent to relieve British forces led by Charles Gordon at Khartoum . The Canadian government sent 386 voyageurs to assist the British . The government forces ultimately emerged victorious despite having suffered a number of early defeats and reversals at the Battle of Duck Lake , the Battle of Fish Creek and the Battle of Cut Knife Hill . Outnumbered and out of ammunition , the Métis portion of the North - West Rebellion collapsed with the siege and Battle of Batoche . The Battle of Loon Lake , which ended this conflict , is notable as the last battle to have been fought on Canadian soil . Government losses during the North - West Rebellion amounted to 58 killed and 93 wounded . In 1884 , Britain for the first time asked Canada for aid in defending the empire , requesting experienced boatmen to help rescue Major - General Charles Gordon from the Mahdi uprising in the Sudan . However , the government was reluctant to comply , and eventually Governor General Lord Lansdowne recruited a private force of 386 Voyageurs who were placed under the command of Canadian Militia officers . This force , known as the Nile Voyageurs , served in the Sudan and became the first Canadian force to serve abroad . Sixteen Voyageurs died during the campaign . 20th century ( edit ) Boer War ( edit ) The unveiling of the Toronto South African War Memorial in 1908 . The issue of Canadian military assistance for Britain arose again during the Second Boer War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) in South Africa . The British asked for Canadian help in the conflict , and the Conservative Party was adamantly in favour of raising 8,000 troops for service in South Africa . English Canadian opinion was also overwhelmingly in favour of active Canadian participation in the war . However , French Canadians almost universally opposed the war , as did several other groups . This split the governing Liberal Party deeply , as it relied on both pro-imperial Anglo - Canadians and anti-imperial Franco - Canadians for support . Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier was a man of compromise . When deciding to send soldiers to South Africa , Laurier was worried about conflict between Anglo - and Franco - Canadians on the home front . Intimidated by his imperial cabinet , Laurier initially sent 1,000 soldiers of the 2nd ( Special Service ) Battalion of the Royal Canadian Regiment of Infantry . Later , other contingents were sent , 1st Regiment , Canadian Mounted Rifles and 3rd Battalion of The Royal Canadian Regiment ( as 2nd Canadian Contingent ) and including the privately raised Strathcona 's Horse ( as Third Canadian Contingent ) . The Canadian forces missed the early period of the war and the great British defeats of Black Week . The Canadians in South Africa won much acclaim for leading the charge at the Second Battle of Paardeberg , one of the first decisive victories of the war . At the Battle of Leliefontein on November 7 , 1900 , three Canadians , Lieutenant Turner , Lieutenant Cockburn , Sergeant Holland and Arthur Richardson of the Royal Canadian Dragoons were awarded the Victoria Cross for protecting the rear of a retreating force . Ultimately , over 8,600 Canadians volunteered to fight . Lieutenant Harold Lothrop Borden , however , became the most famous Canadian casualty of the Second Boer War . About 7,400 Canadians , including many female nurses , served in South Africa . Of these , 224 died , 252 were wounded , and several were decorated with the Victoria Cross . Canadian forces also participated in the British - led concentration camp programs that resulted in the deaths of thousands of Boer civilians . Creation of a Canadian Army ( edit ) Main article : History of the Canadian Army Uniforms of the Canadian Militia in 1898 . The Militia was the predecessor of the present - day Canadian Army . From 1763 to prior to the Confederation of Canada in 1867 , the British Army provided the main defence of Canada , although many Canadians served with the British in various conflicts . As British troops began to leave Canada in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , the importance of the Militia ( comprising various cavalry , artillery , infantry and engineer units ) became more pronounced . Shortly after Canada entered the Second Boer War , a debate developed over whether or not Canada should have its own army . As a result , the last Officer Commanding the Forces ( Canada ) , Lord Dundonald , instituted a series of reforms in which Canada gained its own technical and support branches . In 1904 , the Officer Commanding the Forces was replaced with a Canadian Chief of the General Staff . The new various `` corps '' included the Engineer Corps ( 1903 ) , Signalling Corps ( 1903 ) , Service Corps ( 1903 ) , Ordnance Stores Corps ( 1903 ) , Corps of Guides ( 1903 ) , Medical Corps ( 1904 ) , Staff Clerks ( 1905 ) , and Army Pay Corps ( 1906 ) . Additional corps would be created in the years before and during the First World War , including the first separate military dental corps . Creation of a Canadian Navy ( edit ) Main article : History of the Royal Canadian Navy HMS Rainbow was presented to Canada and recommissioned as HMCS Rainbow in 1910 . Canada had long had a small fishing protection force attached to the Department of Marine and Fisheries , but relied on Britain for maritime protection . Britain was increasingly engaged in an arms race with Germany , and in 1908 , asked the colonies for help with the navy . The Conservative Party argued that Canada should merely contribute money to the purchase and upkeep of some British Royal Navy vessels . Some French - Canadian nationalists felt that no aid should be sent ; others advocated an independent Canadian navy that could aid the British in times of need . Eventually , Prime Minister Laurier decided to follow this compromise position , and the Canadian Naval Service was created in 1910 and designated as the Royal Canadian Navy in August 1911 . To appease imperialists , the Naval Service Act included a provision that in case of emergency , the fleet could be turned over to the British . This provision led to the strenuous opposition to the bill by Quebec nationalist Henri Bourassa . The bill set a goal of building a navy composed of five cruisers and six destroyers . The first two ships were Niobe and Rainbow , somewhat aged and outdated vessels purchased from the British . With the election of the Conservatives in 1911 , in part because the Liberals had lost support in Quebec , the navy was starved for funds , but it was greatly expanded during the First World War . First World War ( edit ) Main article : Military history of Canada during World War I Canadian artillerymen add a seasonal message to a shell for a 60 pounder field gun on the Somme front . On August 4 , 1914 , Britain entered the First World War ( 1914 -- 1918 ) by declaring war on Germany . The British declaration of war automatically brought Canada into the war , because of Canada 's legal status as subservient to Britain . However , the Canadian government had the freedom to determine the country 's level of involvement in the war . The Militia was not mobilized and instead an independent Canadian Expeditionary Force was raised . The highpoints of Canadian military achievement during the First World War came during the Somme , Vimy , and Passchendaele battles and what later became known as `` Canada 's Hundred Days '' . The Canadian Corps was formed from the Canadian Expeditionary Force in September 1915 after the arrival of the 2nd Canadian Division in France . The corps was expanded by the addition of the 3rd Canadian Division in December 1915 and the 4th Canadian Division in August 1916 . The organization of a 5th Canadian Division began in February 1917 , but it was still not fully formed when it was broken up in February 1918 and its men used to reinforce the other four divisions . Although the corps was under the command of the British Army , there was considerable pressure among Canadian leaders , especially following the Battle of the Somme , for the corps to fight as a single unit rather than spreading the divisions . Plans for a second Canadian corps and two additional divisions were scrapped , and a divisive national dialogue on conscription for overseas service was begun . Vimy Memorial is a war memorial dedicated to the memory of Canadian Expeditionary Force members killed during the First World War . Most of the other major combatants had introduced conscription to replace the massive casualties they were suffering . Spearheaded by Sir Robert Borden , who wished to maintain the continuity of Canada 's military contribution , and with a burgeoning pressure to introduce and enforce conscription , the Military Service Act was ratified . Although reaction to conscription was favourable in English Canada the idea was deeply unpopular in Quebec . The Conscription Crisis of 1917 did much to highlight the divisions between French and English - speaking Canadians in Canada . In June 1918 , HMHS Llandovery Castle was sunk by a U-boat . In terms of the number of dead , the sinking was the most significant Canadian naval disaster of the war . In the later stages of the war , the Canadian Corps were among the most effective and respected of the military formations on the Western Front . For a nation of eight million people , Canada 's war effort was widely regarded as remarkable . A total of 619,636 men and women served in the Canadian forces in the First World War , and of these 59,544 were killed and another 154,361 were wounded . Canadian sacrifices are commemorated at eight memorials in France and Belgium . Two of the eight are unique in design : the giant white Vimy Memorial and the distinctive brooding soldier at the Saint Julien Memorial . The other six follow a standard pattern of granite monuments surrounded by a circular path : the Hill 62 Memorial and Passchendaele Memorial in Belgium , and the Bourlon Wood Memorial , Courcelette Memorial , Dury Memorial , and Le Quesnel Memorial in France . There are also separate war memorials to commemorate the actions of the soldiers of Newfoundland ( which did not join Confederation until 1949 ) in the Great War . The largest are the Beaumont - Hamel Newfoundland Memorial and the National War Memorial in St. John 's . In 1919 , Canada sent a Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force to aid the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War . The vast majority of these troops were based in Vladivostok and saw little combat before they withdrew , along with other foreign forces . Creation of a Canadian air force ( edit ) Main article : History of the Royal Canadian Air Force The Canadian Air Force of 1918 at RAF Upper Heyford , with Sopwith Dolphins as part of the No. 1 Fighter Squadron The First World War was the catalyst for the formation of Canada 's air force . At the outbreak of war , there was no independent Canadian air force , although many Canadians flew with the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service . In 1914 the Canadian government authorized the formation of the Canadian Aviation Corps . The corps was to accompany the Canadian Expeditionary Force to Europe and consisted of one aircraft , a Burgess - Dunne , that was never used . The Canadian Aviation Corps was disbanded in 1915 . A second attempt at forming a Canadian air force was made in 1918 when two Canadian squadrons ( one bomber and one fighter ) were formed by the British Air Ministry in Europe . The Canadian government took control of the two squadrons by forming the Canadian Air Force . This air force , however , never saw service and was completely disbanded by 1921 . During the 1920s the British government encouraged Canada to institute a peacetime air force by providing several surplus aircraft . In 1920 a new Canadian Air Force ( CAF ) directed by the Air Board was formed as a part - time or militia service providing flying refresher training . After a reorganization the CAF became responsible for all flying operations in Canada , including civil aviation . Air Board and CAF civil flying responsibilities were handled by the Royal Canadian Air Force ( RCAF ) after its creation in April 1924 . The Second World War would see the RCAF become a truly military service . Spanish Civil War ( edit ) Main article : Mackenzie -- Papineau Battalion The Ikka Machine Gun Company of the Mackenzie - Papineau Battalion . The Battalion was a volunteer unit that fought for the Republican forces during the Spanish Civil War . The Mackenzie -- Papineau Battalion ( a volunteer unit not authorized or supported by the Canadian government ) fought on the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 1939 ) . The first Canadians in the conflict were dispatched mainly with the US Abraham Lincoln Battalion and later the North American George Washington Battalion , with about forty Canadians serving in each group . By the summer of 1937 some 1,200 Canadians were involved in the conflict . They first engaged the fascists at the Battle of Jarama near Madrid , between February and June 1937 , followed by the Battle of Brunete in July . Over the next year , Canadians fought in three major battles : the Battle of Teruel , the Aragon Offensive , and the Battle of the Ebro . In the battles in which they fought , as well as due to atrocities committed upon them when taken prisoner , 721 of the 1,546 Canadians known to have fought in Spain were killed . According to a speech given by Michaëlle Jean while unveiling the MacKenzie - Papineau Battalion Monument , `` No other country gave a greater proportion of its population as volunteers in Spain than Canada '' . Second World War ( edit ) Main article : Military history of Canada during World War II The Second World War ( 1939 -- 1945 ) began following Nazi Germany 's invasion of Poland on September 1 , 1939 . Canada 's parliament supported the government 's decision to declare war on Germany on September 10 , one week after the United Kingdom and France . Canadian airmen played a small but significant role in the Battle of Britain , and the Royal Canadian Navy and Canadian merchant marine played a crucial role in the Battle of the Atlantic . C Force , two Canadian infantry battalions , were involved in the failed defence of Hong Kong . Troops of the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division also played a leading role in the disastrous Dieppe Raid in August 1942 . The 1st Canadian Infantry Division and tanks of the independent 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade landed on Sicily in July 1943 and after a 38 - day campaign took part in the successful Allied invasion of Italy . Canadian forces played an important role in the long advance north through Italy , eventually coming under their own corps headquarters in early 1944 after the costly battles on the Moro River and at Ortona . The Wait for Me , Daddy photo of the BC Regiment ( DCOR ) , marching in New Westminster . By Claude P. Dettloff on October 1 , 1940 . On June 6 , 1944 , the 3rd Canadian Division ( supported by tanks of the independent 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade ) landed on Juno Beach in the Battle of Normandy . Canadian airborne troops had also landed earlier in the day behind the beaches . By day 's end , the Canadians had made the deepest penetrations inland of any of the five seaborne invasion forces . Canada went on to play an important role in the subsequent fighting in Normandy , with the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division coming ashore in July and the 4th Canadian Armoured Division in August . Both a corps headquarters ( II Canadian Corps ) and eventually an army headquarters -- for the first time in Canadian military history -- were activated . In the Battle of the Scheldt , the First Canadian Army defeated an entrenched German force at great cost to help open Antwerp to Allied shipping . The First Canadian Army fought in two more large campaigns ; the Rhineland in February and March 1945 , clearing a path to the Rhine River in anticipation of the assault crossing , and the subsequent battles on the far side of the Rhine in the last weeks of the war . The I Canadian Corps returned to northwest Europe from Italy in early 1945 , and as part of a reunited First Canadian Army assisted in the liberation of The Netherlands ( including the rescue of many Dutch from near - starvation conditions ) and the invasion of Germany . RCAF airmen served with RAF fighter and bomber squadrons , and played key roles in the Battle of Britain , antisubmarine warfare during the Battle of the Atlantic , and the bombing campaigns against Germany . Even though many RCAF personnel served with the RAF , No. 6 Group RAF Bomber Command was formed entirely of RCAF squadrons . Canadian air force personnel also provided close support to Allied forces during the Battle of Normandy and subsequent land campaigns in Europe . To free up male RCAF personnel who were needed on active operational or training duties , the RCAF Women 's Division was formed in 1941 . By the end of the war , the RCAF would be the fourth largest allied air force . In line with other Commonwealth countries , a women 's corps entitled the Canadian Women 's Army Corps , similar to the RCAF Women 's Division , was established to release men for front - line duties . The corps existed from 1941 to 1946 , was re-raised in 1948 and finally disbanded in 1964 ( see Canadian women during the World Wars ) . Canadian reinforcements arrive on Juno Beach during the Normandy landings in 1944 . The taking of Juno Beach was the responsibility of the Canadian Army , supported by an Allied naval bombardment force . In addition to the army and air units , many thousands of Canadians also served with the Canadian Merchant Navy . Of a population of approximately 11.5 million , 1.1 million Canadians served in the armed forces during the Second World War . In all , more than 45,000 died , and another 55,000 were wounded . The Conscription Crisis of 1944 greatly affected unity between French and English - speaking Canadians on the home front , however it was not as politically intrusive as the conscription crisis of the First World War . Canada operated a benefits program similar to the American G.I. Bill for its Second World War veterans , with a strong economic impact similar to the American case . Cold War years ( edit ) Main article : Canada in the Cold War See also : Structure of the Canadian Armed Forces in 1989 Soon after the end of the Second World War , the Cold War ( 1946 -- 1991 ) began . The formal onset of the Cold War , is usually credited to the 1945 defection of a Soviet cipher clerk working in Ottawa , Igor Gouzenko . This was the first event that led to `` PROFUNC '' , a Government of Canada top secret plan to identify and detain communist sympathizers during the height of the Cold War . As a founding member of NATO and a signatory to the NORAD treaty with the US , Canada committed itself to the alliance against the Communist bloc . Canadian troops were stationed in Germany throughout the Cold War , and Canada joined with the Americans to erect defences against Soviet attack , such as the DEW Line . As a middle power , Canadian policy makers realized that Canada could do little militarily on its own , and thus a policy of multilateralism was adopted whereby Canada 's international military efforts would be a part of a larger coalition . This led to Canada choosing to stay out of several wars despite the participation of close allies , most notably the Vietnam War and the Second Iraq War , although Canada lent indirect support and Canadian citizens served in foreign armies in both conflicts . Forces in Europe ( edit ) Two RCAF CF - 100 Canucks over Sardinia in 1962 . Based at RCAF Station Grostenquin , they were a part of the larger contingent that made up Canadian Forces Europe . Main article : Canadian Forces Europe Canada maintained a mechanized infantry brigade in West Germany from the 1950s ( originally the 27th Canadian Infantry Brigade , later named 4 Combat Group and 4 Canadian Mechanized Brigade ) to the 1990s as part of Canada 's NATO commitments . This brigade was maintained at close to full strength and was equipped with Canada 's most advanced vehicles and weapons systems as it was anticipated the brigade might have to move quickly in the event of a Warsaw Pact invasion of the west . The Royal Canadian Air Force established No. 1 Air Division in the early 1950s to meet Canada 's NATO air defence commitments in Europe . Korean War ( edit ) Main article : Canada in the Korean War USS Buck transferring four - inch ammunition to HMCS Haida during the Korean War . After the Second World War , Canada rapidly demobilized . When the Korean War ( 1950 -- 1953 ) broke out , Canada needed several months to bring its military forces up to strength , and eventually formed part of British Commonwealth Forces Korea . Canadian land forces thus missed most of the early back - and - forth campaigns because they did not arrive until 1951 , when the attrition phase of the war had largely started . Canadian troops fought as part of the 1st Commonwealth Division , and distinguished themselves at the Battle of Kapyong and in other land engagements . HMCS Haida and other ships of the Royal Canadian Navy were in active service in the Korean War . Although the Royal Canadian Air force did not have a combat role in Korea , twenty - two RCAF fighter pilots flew on exchange duty with the USAF in Korea . The RCAF was also involved with the transportation of personnel and supplies in support of the Korean War . Canada sent 26,791 troops to fight in Korea . There were 1,558 Canadian casualties , including 516 dead . Korea has often been described as `` The Forgotten War '' , because for most Canadians it is overshadowed by the Canadian contributions to the two world wars . Canada is a signatory to the original 1953 armistice , but did not keep a garrison in South Korea after 1955 . Unification ( edit ) Main article : Unification of the Canadian Forces In 1964 the Canadian government decided to merge the Royal Canadian Air Force , the Royal Canadian Navy and the Canadian Army to form the Canadian Armed Forces . The aim of the merger was to reduce costs and increase operating efficiency . Minister of National Defence Paul Hellyer argued in 1966 that `` the amalgamation ... will provide the flexibility to enable Canada to meet in the most effective manner the military requirements of the future . It will also establish Canada as an unquestionable leader in the field of military organization . '' On February 1 , 1968 , unification was completed . October Crisis ( edit ) A Canadian soldier guards downtown Montreal during the October Crisis . The crisis was triggered after government officials were abducted by the FLQ . Main article : October Crisis The October Crisis was a series of events triggered by two kidnappings of government officials by members of the Front de libération du Québec ( FLQ ) during October 1970 in the province of Quebec , mainly in the Montreal metropolitan area . During the domestic terrorist crisis Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau , when asked how far he was willing to go to resolving the problem , responded `` Just watch me '' , a phrase that has become famous in Canadian lore . Three days later , on October 16 , the circumstances ultimately culminated in the only peacetime use of the War Measures Act in Canada 's history . The invocation of the act resulted in widespread deployment of 12,500 Canadian Forces troops throughout Quebec , with 7,500 troops stationed within the Montreal area . Vietnam War ( edit ) Main article : Canada and the Vietnam War Canada did not fight in the Vietnam War ( 1955 -- 1975 ) and officially had the status of a `` non-belligerent '' . Canadian Forces involvement was limited to a small contingent in 1973 to help enforce the Paris Peace Accords . The war nevertheless had a considerable impact on Canadians . In a counter-current to the movement of American draft - dodgers and deserters to Canada , about 30,000 Canadians volunteered to fight in southeast Asia . Among the volunteers were fifty Mohawks from the Kahnawake reserve near Montreal . 110 Canadians died in Vietnam , and seven remain listed as Missing in Action . Post -- Cold War era ( edit ) Oka Crisis ( edit ) Pte . Patrick Cloutier , a ' Van Doo ' perimeter sentry , and Brad Larocque , a Anishinaabe protester , face to face during the Oka Crisis . Main article : Oka Crisis The Oka Crisis was a land dispute between a group of Mohawk people and the town of Oka in southern Quebec , which began on July 11 , 1990 , and lasted until September 26 , 1990 . On August 8 , Quebec premier Robert Bourassa had announced at a press conference that he had invoked Section 275 of the National Defence Act to requisition military support in `` aid of the civil power '' . A right available to provincial governments that was enacted after one police officer and two Mohawk were killed during the conflict . The Chief of the Defence Staff , General John de Chastelain placed Federal , Quebec - based troops in support of the provincial authorities . During Operation Salon some 2,500 regular and reserve troops were mobilized . Troops and mechanized equipment mobilized at staging areas around Oka and Montreal , while reconnaissance aircraft staged air photo missions over Mohawk territory to gather intelligence . Despite high tensions between military and First Nations forces , no shots were exchanged . On September 1 , 1990 , freelance photographer Shaney Komulainen took a photograph of men staring each other down , dubbed by the media Face to Face , it has become one of Canada 's most famous images . Gulf War ( edit ) Main article : Operation Friction HMCS Athabaskan departs Halifax as a part of a Canadian contingent in support of Operation Desert Shield , and later Operation Desert Storm . Canada was one of the first nations to condemn Iraq 's invasion of Kuwait , and quickly agreed to join the US - led coalition . In August 1990 , Prime Minister Brian Mulroney committed the Canadian Forces to deploy a Naval Task Group . The destroyers HMCS Terra Nova and HMCS Athabaskan joined the maritime interdiction force supported by the supply ship HMCS Protecteur . The Canadian Task Group led the coalition maritime logistics forces in the Persian Gulf . A fourth ship , HMCS Huron , arrived in - theatre after hostilities had ceased and was the first allied ship to visit Kuwait . Following the UN authorized use of force against Iraq , the Canadian Forces deployed a CF - 18 Hornet and Sikorsky CH - 124 Sea King squadron with support personnel , as well as a field hospital to deal with casualties from the ground war . When the air war began , Canada 's CF - 18s were integrated into the coalition force and were tasked with providing air cover and attacking ground targets . This was the first time since the Korean War that the Canadian military had participated in offensive combat operations . The only CF - 18 Hornet to record an official victory during the conflict was an aircraft involved in the beginning of the Battle of Bubiyan against the Iraqi Navy . A Canadian combat engineer regiment was investigated following the release of 1991 photographs which showed members posing with the dismembered bodies in a Kuwaiti minefield . Yugoslav wars ( edit ) Further information : Operation Medak Pocket Canada 's forces were part of UNPROFOR , a UN peacekeeping force in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Yugoslav wars in the 1990s . Operation Medak pocket during that conflict was the largest battle fought by Canadian forces since the Korean War . The Canadian government claims that Canadian forces within the UN contingent clashed with the Croatian Army , where 27 Croatian soldiers were reported to have been killed . In 2002 , the 2nd Battalion Princess Patricia 's Canadian Light Infantry Battle Group were awarded the Commander - in - Chief Unit Commendation `` for a heroic and professional mission during the Medak Pocket Operation '' . Somali Civil War ( edit ) Canadian Military in Somalia during Operation Deliverance in 1992 . During the Somali Civil War , Prime Minister Brian Mulroney committed Canada to UNOSOM I after United Nations Security Council Resolution 751 . UNOSOM I was the first part of the UN 's response effort to provide security and humanitarian relief in Somalia , while monitoring UN-brokered ceasefires . Canadian forces , under the name Operation Deliverance , participated in the American - led Operation Restore Hope . In May 1993 the operation came under UN command and was renamed UNOSOM II . By its end , the mission had turned into a political disaster for the Canadian Forces . During the humanitarian mission Canadian soldiers tortured a Somali teenager to death , leading to the Somalia Affair . Following an inquiry , the elite Canadian Airborne Regiment was disbanded and the reputation of the Canadian Forces suffered within Canada . Red River flood ( edit ) Main article : 1997 Red River Flood The 1997 Red River Flood was the most severe flood of the Red River of the North since 1826 , affecting North Dakota and Manitoba . A `` public welfare emergency '' was declared in the flood zone . During what was termed the `` flood of the century '' , over 8,500 military personnel were sent to Manitoba to help with evacuation , building dikes , and other flood - fighting efforts , the largest single Canadian troop deployment since the Korean War . Operation Assistance was termed a `` public relations bonanza '' for the military : when a military convoy departed through Winnipeg in mid-May , thousands of civilians lined the streets to cheer for them . North American ice storm ( edit ) Main article : North American ice storm of 1998 `` Operation Recuperation '' was in response to the North American ice storm of 1998 , a massive combination of successive ice storms which combined to strike a relatively narrow swath of land from Lake Huron to southern Quebec to Nova Scotia , and bordering areas from northern New York to central Maine in the United States . Roads were impassable due to heavy snowfall or fallen trees , broken power lines and coated with a heavy layer of ice , emergency vehicles could hardly move . On January 7 , the provinces of New Brunswick , Ontario , and Quebec requested aid from the Canadian Forces , and Operation Recuperation began on January 8 with 16,000 troops deployed . It was the largest deployment of troops ever to serve on Canadian soil in response to a natural disaster , and the largest operational deployment of Canadian military personnel since the Korean War . 21st century ( edit ) Afghanistan War ( edit ) Main article : Canada 's role in the Afghanistan War Soldiers from the Canadian Grenadier Guards in the Kandahar Province of Afghanistan . Canada joined a US - led coalition in the 2001 attack on Afghanistan . The war was a response to the 9 / 11 terrorist attacks , and was intended to defeat the Taliban government and rout Al - Qaeda . Canada sent special forces and ground troops to the conflict . In this war , a Canadian sniper set the world record for the longest - distance kill . In early 2002 , Canadian JTF2 troops were photographed handing shackled Taliban prisoners over to U.S. forces , sparking a debate of the Geneva Convention . In November 2005 , Canadian military participation shifted from ISAF in Kabul to Operation Archer , a part of Operation Enduring Freedom in and around Kandahar . On May 17 , 2006 , Captain Nichola Goddard of the Royal Canadian Horse Artillery became Canada 's first female combat casualty . One of the most notable operations of the Canadian Forces in Afghanistan thus far was the Canadian - led Operation Medusa , during which the second Battle of Panjwaii was fought . At the end of 2006 , the Canadian soldier was selected by the Canadian Press as the Canadian Newsmaker of the Year because of the war in Afghanistan . On November 27 , 2010 , the 1st Battalion of the Royal 22 Régiment took over operations in Kandahar , marking the final rotation before Canada 's withdrawal from Afghanistan . In July 2011 , a small contingent of Canadian troops was transferred to the NATO Training Mission - Afghanistan to continue the training of the Afghan National Army and Afghan National Police , until 2014 . British Columbia forest fires ( edit ) Main article : Operation Peregrine `` Operation Peregrine '' was a domestic military operation that took place between August 3 and September 16 , 2003 . In early August 2003 , British Columbia was overwhelmed by over 800 separate forest fires . Provincial fire services were stretched to the breaking point , and tens of thousands of people were forced to evacuate their homes . The provincial government requested federal aid , and within days , over 2,200 Canadian Forces personnel had been mobilized . The operation lasted 45 days , and at its height more than 2,600 military personnel were in action . It was the Canadian Forces third - largest recent domestic deployment , after `` Operation Recuperation '' in response to the 1998 ice storm , and `` Operation Assistance '' in response to the 1997 Red River flood . Iraq War ( edit ) Main article : Canada and the Iraq War The Iraq War ( 2003 -- 2011 ) began with the invasion of Iraq on March 20 , 2003 . The government of Canada did not at any time officially declare war against Iraq . Nevertheless , the country 's participation and relationship with the US was redefined at various points in that war . The Canadian Forces were involved in ship escort duties , and expanded their participation in Task Force 151 to free up American naval assets . About a hundred Canadian exchange officers , on exchange to American units , participated in the invasion of Iraq . There were numerous protests and counter-protests related to the conflict in Canada , and some United States Military members sought refuge in the country after deserting their posts to avoid deployment to Iraq . Libyan Civil War ( edit ) Main article : Operation Mobile RCAF CF - 18 Hornets waiting to refuel from a British tanker , during the Libyan Civil War . On March 19 , 2011 , a multi-state coalition began a military intervention in Libya to implement United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 in response to the 2011 Libyan civil war . Canada 's contribution included the deployment of a number of naval and air assets , which were grouped together as part of Operation Mobile . NATO assumed control of military actions on March 25 , with RCAF Lieutenant General , Charles Bouchard in command . A no - fly zone was put into effect during the civil war to prevent government forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi from carrying out air attacks on anti-Gaddafi forces and civilians . The military intervention was enforced by NATO 's Operation Unified Protector and included an arms embargo , a no - fly zone and a mandate to use all means necessary , short of foreign occupation , to protect Libyan civilians and civilian - populated areas . On October 28 , 2011 , Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced that the NATO military mission had ended successfully . Mali conflict ( edit ) Main article : Mali conflict Starting in early 2012 several insurgent groups in Mali started to take over the country . In January 2013 Mali asked for assistance from France to aid in ridding the country of the rebel insurgents . In December , the UN authorized an African intervention with the approval of the Economic Community of West African States . France then proceeded to ask its NATO allies to get involved , with Canada joining the effort by helping with the transportation of troops with a C - 17 Globemaster . This was followed by twenty four Joint Task Force 2 members who entered the country to secure the Canadian embassy in the capital Bamako . A ceasefire agreement was signed on February 19 , 2015 in Algiers , Algeria but sporadic terrorist attacks still occur . Military intervention against isil ( edit ) Main article : Operation Impact A RCAF CF - 18 Hornet breaks away from a USAF KC - 135 Stratotanker , after completing refueling over Iraq . The Hornet was on a mission in support of Operation Impact . Operation Impact is the name of Canada 's contribution to the military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant that began in September 2014 . The first Canadian airstrike against an Islamic State target occurred on 2 November . It was reported that CF - 18s successfully destroyed heavy engineering equipment used to divert the Euphrates River near the city of Fallujah . In October , then Prime Minister designate Justin Trudeau informed President Barack Obama that Canada intended to withdraw its fighter aircraft , while keeping its ground forces in Iraq and Syria . Recent expenditures ( edit ) See also : Future Canadian Forces projects The Constitution of Canada gives the federal government exclusive responsibility for national defence , and expenditures are thus outlined in the federal budget . For the 2007 -- 2010 fiscal year , the amount allocated for defence spending was C $ 6.15 billion which is 1.4 percent of the country 's GDP . This regular funding was augmented in 2005 with an additional C $12.5 billion over five years , as well as a commitment to increasing regular force troop levels by 5,000 persons , and the primary reserve by 4,500 over the same period . In 2010 , a further C $5.3 billion over five years was provided to allow for 13,000 more regular force members , and 10,000 more primary reserve personnel , as well as C $17.1 billion for the purchase of new trucks for the Canadian Army , transport aircraft and helicopters for the Royal Canadian Air Force , and joint support ships for the Royal Canadian Navy . In July 2010 , the largest purchase in Canadian military history , totalling C $9 billion for the acquisition of 65 F - 35 fighters , was announced by the federal government . Canada is one of several nations that assisted in the development of the F - 35 and has invested over C $168 million in the program . In 2010 , Canada 's military expenditure totaled approximately C $122.5 billion . Canadian Crown and the forces ( edit ) Main article : The Canadian Crown and the Canadian Forces The emblem of the Canadian Forces topped by a St. Edward 's Crown . The role of the Canadian Crown in the Forces is established through constitutional and statutory law . The Canadian Forces have derived many of their traditions and symbols from the military , navy and air force of the United Kingdom , including those with royal elements . Contemporary icons and rituals , however , have evolved to include elements reflective of Canada and the Canadian monarchy . Members of the country 's Royal Family also continue their two - century - old practice of maintaining personal relationships with the forces ' divisions and regiments , around which the military has developed complex protocols . The role of the Canadian Crown in the Canadian Forces is established through both constitutional and statutory law ; the National Defence Act states that `` the Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada , '' and the Constitution Act , 1867 vests Command - in - Chief of those forces in the sovereign . All honours in Canada emanate from the country 's monarch , who is regarded as the fount of honour . A complex system of orders , decorations , and medals by which Canadians are honoured has evolved . The Victoria Cross , Order of Military Merit , Cross of Valour , Star of Courage , Medal of Bravery are some of the military awards that have been created for Canadians serving in a military capacity . The Victoria Cross has been presented to 94 Canadians and 2 Newfoundlanders between its creation in 1856 and 1993 , when the Canadian Victoria Cross was instituted . However , no Canadian has received either honour since 1945 . During unification of the forces in the 1960s , a renaming of the branches took place , resulting in the `` royal designations '' of the navy and air force being abandoned . On August 16 , 2011 , the Government of Canada announced that the name `` Air Command '' was re-assuming the air force 's original historic name , Royal Canadian Air Force , `` Land Command '' was re-assuming the name Canadian Army , and `` Maritime Command '' was re-assuming the name Royal Canadian Navy . The change was made to better reflect Canada 's military heritage and align Canada with other key Commonwealth of Nations whose militaries use the royal designation . Peacekeeping ( edit ) See also : List of Canadian Peacekeeping Missions Closely related to Canada 's commitment to multi-lateralism has been its strong support for peacekeeping efforts . Canada 's peacekeeping role during the 20th and 21st centuries has played a major part in its global image . Prior to Canada 's role in the Suez Crisis , Canada was viewed by many as insignificant in global issues . Canada 's successful role in the conflict gave Canada credibility and established it as a nation fighting for the `` common good '' of all nations . Canada participated in every UN peacekeeping effort from its inception until 1989 . Since 1995 , however , Canadian direct participation in UN peacekeeping efforts has greatly declined . In July 2006 , for instance , Canada ranked 51st on the list of UN peacekeepers , contributing 130 peacekeepers out of a total UN deployment of over 70,000 . Where in November 1990 Canada had 1,002 troops out of a total UN deployment of 10,304 , that number decreased largely because Canada began to direct its participation to UN-sanctioned military operations through NATO , rather than directly to the UN . The Peacekeeping Monument commemorates the soldiers who participated in peacekeeping activities . Canadian Nobel Peace Prize laureate Lester B. Pearson is considered to be the father of modern peacekeeping . Pearson had become a very prominent figure in the United Nations during its infancy , and found himself in a peculiar position in 1956 during the Suez Crisis : Pearson and Canada found themselves stuck between a conflict of their closest allies , being looked upon to find a solution . During United Nations meetings Lester B. Pearson proposed to the security council that a United Nations police force be established to prevent further conflict in the region , allowing the countries involved an opportunity to sort out a resolution . Pearson 's proposal and offer to dedicate 1,000 Canadian soldiers to that cause was seen as a brilliant political move that prevented another war . The first Canadian peacekeeping mission , even before the creation of the formal UN system , was a 1948 mission to the second Kashmir conflict . Other important missions include those in Cyprus , Congo , Somalia , Yugoslav , and observation missions in the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights . The loss of nine Canadian peacekeepers when their Buffalo 461 was shot down over Syria in 1974 remains the largest single loss of life in Canadian peacekeeping history . In 1988 , the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to United Nations peacekeepers , inspiring the creation of the Canadian Peacekeeping Service Medal to recognize Canadians , including serving and former members of the Canadian Forces , members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police , other police services , and civilians , who contributed to peace on certain missions . See also ( edit ) Canadian Forces portal Cold War portal Military History portal NATO portal War portal World War I portal World War II portal War of 1812 portal Book : Military history of Canada Military installations Canadian Forces base List of French forts in North America List of Royal Canadian Air Force stations List of Royal Canadian Navy stations Memorials and Museums Canadian war memorials Canadian War Museum Naval Museum of Halifax Lists List of Canadian military victories List of Canadian Peacekeeping Missions List of Canadian Victoria Cross recipients List of conflicts in Canada Further reading History of Canada References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Walter Echo - Hawk ( 2011 ) . In the Courts of the Conqueror . Fulcrum . pp. 220 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4596 - 0276 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bruce E. Johansen ; Barry Pritzker ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of American Indian history . ABC - CLIO . p. 1066 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 817 - 0 . Jump up ^ Christian F. Feest ( 1999 ) . Indians and Europe : an interdisciplinary collection of essays . University of Nebraska Press . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 6897 - 5 . Jump up ^ Richard J. Chacon ; Rubén G. Mendoza ( 2007 ) . North American Indigenous Warfare and Ritual Violence . University of Arizona Press . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8165 - 2532 - 4 . Jump up ^ Roberto J. González ( 2010 ) . Militarizing Culture : Essays on the Warfare State . Left Coast Press . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59874 - 560 - 3 . Jump up ^ Alfred A. Cave ( 2004 ) . The French and Indian war . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32168 - 9 . Jump up ^ Dorothy Schneider ; Carl J. Schneider ( 2006 ) . Slavery in America . Infobase Publishing . p. 216 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 6241 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Robert James Muckle ( 2007 ) . The First Nations of British Columbia : An Anthropological Survey . UBC Press . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 4010 - 1 . Jump up ^ David F. Arnold ( 2009 ) . The Fishermen 's Frontier : people and salmon in Southeast Alaska . University of Washington Press . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 98975 - 4 . Jump up ^ Alvin M. Josephy ( 1991 ) . The Indian heritage of America . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 295 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 57320 - 4 . Jump up ^ Wendy S. Wilson ; Lloyd M. Thompson ( 1997 ) . Native Americans : A Thematic Unit on Converging Cultures . Walch Publishing . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8251 - 3332 - 9 . Jump up ^ Daniel P. Barr ( 2006 ) . Unconquered : the Iroquois League at War in Colonial America . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98466 - 3 . Jump up ^ Timothy J. Shannon ( 2009 ) . Iroquois Diplomacy on the Early American Frontier . Penguin . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311529 - 8 . Jump up ^ Britannica Educational ( 2010 ) . Native American History . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 182 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61530 - 265 - 9 . Jump up ^ Paul R. Magocsi ; Multicultural History Society of Ontario ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of Canada 's Peoples . University of Toronto Press . p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 2938 - 6 . Jump up ^ Armstrong Starkey ( 1998 ) . European and Native American warfare , 1675 -- 1815 . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3075 - 0 . Jump up ^ Brian James Given ( 1994 ) . A most pernicious thing : gun trading and native warfare in the early contact period . McGill - Queen 's Press ( MQUP ) . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88629 - 223 - 2 . Jump up ^ William C. Sturtevant ( 1988 ) . Handbook of North American Indians : History of Indian - White relations . Government Printing Office . p. 357 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 004583 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kevin Schultz ( 2009 ) . America Unbound : A U.S. History Primer . Cengage Learning . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 00527 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Estimated population of Canada , 1605 to present '' . Statistics Canada . 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ronald J. Dale ( 2004 ) . The Fall of New France : How the French Lost a North American Empire 1754 -- 1763 . James Lorimer & Company . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55028 - 840 - 7 . Jump up ^ John E. Findling ; Frank W. Thackeray ( 2011 ) . What Happened ? : An Encyclopedia of Events that Changed America Forever . ABC - CLIO . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 621 - 8 . Jump up ^ Adam Hart - Davis ( 2012 ) . History : From the Dawn of Civilization to the Present Day . DK Publishing . p. 483 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 9858 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Our History : People '' . Hudson 's Bay Company . Retrieved November 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ William John Eccles ( 1983 ) . The Canadian frontier , 1534 -- 1760 . UNM Press . p. 217 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 0706 - 4 . Jump up ^ Paul S. Boyer ; Clifford E. Clark , Jr. ; Joseph F. Kett ; Neal Salisbury ; Harvard Sitkoff ( 2008 ) . The enduring vision : a history of the American people . Cengage Learning . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 05211 - 3 . Jump up ^ Richard Middleton ; Anne Lombard ( 2011 ) . Colonial America : A History to 1763 . John Wiley & Sons . p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 9628 - 7 . Jump up ^ Andrew Neil Porter ( 1994 ) . Atlas of British overseas expansion . Routledge . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 06347 - 0 . Jump up ^ Leslie CHOQUETTE ; Leslie Choquette ( 2009 ) . Frenchmen into Peasants : Modernity and Tradition in the Peopling of French Canada . Harvard University Press . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02954 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian Military Heritage '' . Canadian Military History Gateway. 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Gerard J. Brault ( 1986 ) . The French - Canadian Heritage in New England . UPNE . p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87451 - 359 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Rene Chartrand ( 2013 ) . French Fortresses in North America 1535 -- 1763 : Quebec , Montreal , Louisbourg and New Orleans . Osprey Publishing . pp. 3 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4728 - 0317 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kurt A. Raaflaub ( 2007 ) . War and peace in the ancient world . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 359 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 4526 - 8 . Jump up ^ Richard Cole Harris ; Geoffrey J. Matthews ( 1993 ) . Historical atlas of Canada . University of Toronto Press . p. 82 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 2495 - 4 . Jump up ^ Spencer C. Tucker ; James Arnold ; Roberta Wiener ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars , 1607 -- 1890 : A Political , Social , and Military History . ABC - CLIO . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 697 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bruce Alden Cox ( 1987 ) . Native people , native lands : Canadian Indians , Inuit and Métis . McGill - Queen 's Press ( MQUP ) . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88629 - 062 - 7 . Jump up ^ José António Brandão ( 2000 ) . Your Fyre Shall Burn No More : Iroquois Policy Toward New France and Its Native Allies to 1701 . University of Nebraska Press . p. 100 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 6177 - 8 . Jump up ^ Michael Johnson ; Jonathan Smith ( 2003 ) . Tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy . Osprey Publishing . pp. 3 -- 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 490 - 0 . Jump up ^ George T. Hunt ( 1967 ) . The wars of the Iroquois : a study in intertribal trade relations . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 69 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00164 - 3 . Jump up ^ John M. Murrin ; Paul E. Johnson ; James M. McPherson ; Alice Fahs ; Gary Gerstle ( 2011 ) . Liberty , Equality , Power : A History of the American People , Volume 1 : To 1877 . Cengage Learning . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 91587 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bernd Horn ( 2011 ) . Battle cries in the wilderness : the struggle for North America in the Seven Years ' War . Dundurn Press . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4597 - 0077 - 2 . Jump up ^ J.M.S. Careless ( 2011 ) . Canada : A Story of Challenge . Cambridge University Press . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 67581 - 0 . Jump up ^ Carl A. Brasseaux ( 1997 ) . The founding of New Acadia : the beginnings of Acadian life in Louisiana , 1765 -- 1803 . LSU Press . pp. 7 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 2099 - 6 . Jump up ^ Canada , the Empire of the North . Forgotten Books . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4510 - 0695 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Derek Hayes ( 2008 ) . Canada : an illustrated history . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 259 - 5 . Jump up ^ Dean Jobb ( 2005 ) . The Acadians : a people 's story of exile and triumph . John Wiley & Sons . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 83610 - 1 . Jump up ^ Robert Marshall Utley ; Wilcomb E. Washburn ( 2001 ) . Indian wars . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 15464 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Steven Eames ( 2011 ) . Rustic Warriors : Warfare and the Provincial Soldier on the New England Frontier , 1689 -- 1748 . NYU Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 2270 - 1 . Jump up ^ Desmond Morton ( 2007 ) . A Military History of Canada . Random House Digital . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7710 - 6481 - 4 . Jump up ^ Spencer C. Tucker ; James Arnold ; Roberta Wiener ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars , 1607 -- 1890 : A Political , Social , and Military History . ABC - CLIO . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 697 - 8 . Jump up ^ Spencer C. Tucker ; James Arnold ; Roberta Wiener ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars , 1607 -- 1890 : A Political , Social , and Military History . ABC - CLIO . p. 306 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 697 - 8 . Jump up ^ Wilson D. Wallis ; Ruth Sawtell Wallis ( 1955 ) . The Micmac Indians of Eastern Canada . University of Minnesota Press . p. 203 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 6014 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bill Marshall ( 2005 ) . France and the Americas : culture , politics , and history : a multidisciplinary encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 593 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 411 - 0 . Jump up ^ John Frost ( 1852 ) . Indian wars of the United States , from the discovery to the present time : With accounts of the origin , manners , superstitions , &c. , of the aborigines . From the best authorities . W.A. Leary . p. 151 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Schneider ( 2009 ) . Iced : The Story of Organized Crime in Canada . John Wiley & Sons . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 83500 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Crump ( 2010 ) . Canada Under Attack . Dundurn Press . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55488 - 731 - 6 . Jump up ^ Serge Courville ; Richard Howard ( 2009 ) . Quebec : A Historical Geography . UBC Press . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 1426 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Geoffrey J. Matthews ; Byron Moldofsky ( 1998 ) . Concise historical atlas of Canada . University of Toronto Press . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 4203 - 3 . Jump up ^ Fred Anderson ( 2000 ) . Crucible of war : the Seven Years ' War and the fate of empire in British North America , 1754 -- 1766 . Random House Digital . p. 250 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 70636 - 3 . Jump up ^ J.L. Granatstein ( 2011 ) . Canada 's Army : Waging War and Keeping the Peace . University of Toronto Press . pp. 28 -- 52 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 1178 - 8 . Jump up ^ Rene Chartrand ( 2012 ) . Tomahawk and Musket -- French and Indian Raids in the Ohio Valley 1758 . Osprey Publishing . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84908 - 564 - 9 . Jump up ^ John G. Reid ( 2004 ) . The `` conquest '' of Acadia , 1710 : imperial , colonial , and aboriginal constructions . University of Toronto Press . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8538 - 2 . Jump up ^ R.D. Francis ; Donald B. Smith ; Richard Jones ( 2009 ) . Journeys : A History of Canada . Cengage Learning . p. 81 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 17 - 644244 - 6 . Jump up ^ Howard H. Peckham ( 1965 ) . The colonial wars , 1689 -- 1762 . University of Chicago Press . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 65314 - 3 . Jump up ^ John Grenier ( 2008 ) . The far reaches of empire : war in Nova Scotia , 1710 -- 1760 . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 56 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3876 - 3 . Jump up ^ Beamish Murdoch ( 1865 ) . A history of Nova - Scotia , or Acadie. J. Barnes . p. 339 . Jump up ^ James Rodger Miller ( 1991 ) . Sweet promises : a reader on Indian - white relations in Canada . University of Toronto Press . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 6818 - 7 . Jump up ^ Spencer C. Tucker . The encyclopedia of North American Indian wars , 1607 -- 1890 . ABC - CLIO . p. 559 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 603 - 9 . Jump up ^ John Grenier ( 2008 ) . The far reaches of empire : war in Nova Scotia , 1710 -- 1760 . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 75 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3876 - 3 . Jump up ^ John Grenier ( 2008 ) . The far reaches of empire : war in Nova Scotia , 1710 -- 1760 . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3876 - 3 . Jump up ^ John Mack Faragher ( 2006 ) . A great and noble scheme : the tragic story of the expulsion of the French Acadians from their American Homeland . W.W Norton . pp. 164 -- 165 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32827 - 1 . Jump up ^ William Wicken ( 2002 ) . Mi'kmaq treaties on trial : history , land and Donald Marshall Junior . University of Toronto Press . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 7665 - 6 . Jump up ^ William R. Nester ( 2000 ) . The first global war : Britain , France , and the fate of North America , 1756 -- 1775 . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96771 - 0 . Jump up ^ Richard Cole Harris ; Geoffrey J. Matthews ( 1993 ) . Historical atlas of Canada . University of Toronto Press . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 2495 - 4 . Jump up ^ David Lea ; Colette Milward ; Annamarie Rowe ( 2001 ) . A political chronology of the Americas . Psychology Press . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 118 - 6 . Jump up ^ John Grenier ( 2008 ) . The far reaches of empire : war in Nova Scotia , 1710 -- 1760 . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 139 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3876 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Geoffrey Plank ( 2003 ) . An Unsettled Conquest : The British Campaign Against the Peoples of Acadia . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 99 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1869 - 5 . Jump up ^ William Wicken ( 2002 ) . Mi'kmaq treaties on trial : history , land and Donald Marshall Junior . University of Toronto Press . p. 131 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 7665 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lance Q. Zedric ; Michael F. Dilley ( 1996 ) . Elite Warriors : 300 Years of America 's Best Fighting Troops . Pathfinder Publishing . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 934793 - 60 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Jean - Denis G.G. Lepage ( 2009 ) . French Fortifications , 1715 -- 1815 : An Illustrated History . McFarland . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4477 - 9 . Jump up ^ Acadiensis . University of New Brunswick Department of History . 1993 . p. 47 . Jump up ^ Andrew John Bayly Johnston ( 2008 ) . Endgame 1758 : the promise , the glory , and the despair of Louisbourg 's last decade . University of Nebraska Press . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 6009 - 2 . Jump up ^ Stephen E. Patterson ( 1998 ) . `` Indian - White Relations in Nova Scotia , 1749 -- 61 : A Study in Political Interaction '' . In P. Buckner ; G. Campbell ; D. Frank . The Acadiensis Reader. 1 : Atlantic Canada Before Confederation . pp. 105 -- 106 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Bill Marshall ( 2005 ) . France and the Americas : culture , politics , and history : a multidisciplinary encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 411 - 0 . Jump up ^ David Marley ( 1998 ) . Wars of the Americas : a chronology of armed conflict in the New World , 1492 to the present . ABC - CLIO . pp. 275 -- 278 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87436 - 837 - 6 . Jump up ^ Joseph L. Peyser ( 1996 ) . Jacques Legardeur de Saint - Pierre : officer , gentleman , entrepreneur . Michigan State University Press . pp. 201 -- 207 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87013 - 418 - 0 . Jump up ^ Center of Military History ( 2004 ) . American Military History . Kessinger Publishing . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4191 - 0001 - 7 . Jump up ^ William Fowler ( 2006 ) . Empires at War : The Seven Years ' War and the Struggle for North America , 1754 -- 1763 . D&M Publishers . p. 207 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 181 - 9 . Jump up ^ John Stewart Bowman ( 2003 ) . Chronology of Wars . Infobase Publishing . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 4941 - 7 . Jump up ^ Roger E. Riendeau ( 2007 ) . A brief history of Canada . Infobase Publishing . p. 77 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 6335 - 2 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Black ( 1999 ) . Britain as a military power , 1688 -- 1815 . Psychology Press . p. 140 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85728 - 772 - 1 . Jump up ^ D. Peter McLeod ( 2010 ) . Northern Armageddon : The Battle of the Plains of Abraham . Renouf Publishing Company . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 315 - 8 . Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker ( 2010 ) . Battles That Changed History : An Encyclopedia of World Conflict . ABC - CLIO . p. 240 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 429 - 0 . Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker ( 2009 ) . A global chronology of conflict : from the ancient world to the modern Middle East . ABC - CLIO . p. 786 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 667 - 1 . Jump up ^ Daniel Marston ( 2002 ) . The French - Indian War , 1754 -- 1760 . Osprey Publishing . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 456 - 6 . Jump up ^ James L. Stokesbury ( 1993 ) . A short history of the American revolution . HarperCollins . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 688 - 12304 - 8 . Jump up ^ Houman A. Sadri ; Madelyn Flammia ( 2011 ) . Intercultural Communication : A New Approach to International Relations and Global Challenges . Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 0309 - 3 . Jump up ^ Theodore P. Savas ; J. David Dameron ( 2010 ) . A Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution . Casemate Publishers . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 94 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lester D. Langley ( 2010 ) . America and the Americas : the United States in the Western Hemisphere ( 2nd ed . ) . University of Georgia Press . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 2888 - 1 . Jump up ^ James S. Leamon ( 1995 ) . Revolution Downeast : The War for American Independence in Maine . University of Massachusetts Press . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87023 - 959 - 5 . Jump up ^ Richard Cole Harris ; Geoffrey J. Matthews ( 1993 ) . Historical atlas of Canada . University of Toronto Press . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 2495 - 4 . Jump up ^ Harold Horwood ; Ed Butts ( 1988 ) . Bandits and Privateers : Canada in the Age of Gunpowder . Formac Publishing Company . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88780 - 157 - 0 . Jump up ^ Terry M. Mays ( 2009 ) . Historical dictionary of the American Revolution . Scarecrow Press . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6066 - 7 . Jump up ^ Julian Gwyn ( 2003 ) . Frigates and foremasts : the North American Squadron in Nova Scotia waters , 1745 -- 1815 . UBC Press . p. 56 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 0911 - 5 . Jump up ^ Thomas B. Akins ( 2010 ) . History of Halifax City . Nabu Press . p. 82 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 177 - 66568 - 1 . Jump up ^ Julian Gwyn ( 2003 ) . Frigates and foremasts the North American Squadron in Nova Scotia waters , 1745 -- 1815 . UBC Press . pp. 56 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 0911 - 5 . Jump up ^ Andrew Jackson O'Shaughnessy ( 2000 ) . An empire divided : the American Revolution and the British Caribbean . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1732 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Cole Harris ; Geoffrey J. Matthews ( 1993 ) . Historical atlas of Canada . University of Toronto Press . p. 171 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 2495 - 4 . Jump up ^ Donald Lee Fixico ( 2008 ) . Treaties with American Indians : an encyclopedia of rights , conflicts , and sovereignty . ABC - CLIO . p. 212 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 880 - 8 . Jump up ^ Wesley B. Turner ( 2011 ) . The Astonishing General : The Life and Legacy of Sir Isaac Brock . Dundurn Press . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55488 - 777 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Ronald J. Dale ( 2001 ) . The invasion of Canada : battles of the War of 1812 . James Lorimer & Company . pp. 12 -- 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55028 - 738 - 7 . Jump up ^ Patrick Richard Carstens ; Timothy L Sanford ( 2011 ) . Searching for the Forgotten War -- 1812 Canada . Xlibris Corporation . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4535 - 8890 - 1 . Jump up ^ J.E. Kaufmann ; H.W. Kaufmann ( 2004 ) . Fortress America : the forts that defended America , 1600 to the present . Da Capo Press . p. 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81294 - 1 . Jump up ^ John K. Mahon ( 1991 ) . The War of 1812 . Da Capo Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80429 - 8 . Jump up ^ Liberty , Equality , Power : A History of the American People . Cengage Learning . p. 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 91038 - 1 . Jump up ^ David Stephen Heidler ; Jeanne T. Heidler ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 . Naval Institute Press . p. 534 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 362 - 8 . Jump up ^ Robert Malcomson ( 2003 ) . A very brilliant affair : the battle of Queenston Heights , 1812 . Naval Institute Press . p. 294 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 022 - 1 . Jump up ^ James C. Bradford ( 2003 ) . Atlas of American military history . Oxford University Press . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 521661 - 5 . Jump up ^ Robert Malcomson ( 2006 ) . Historical dictionary of the War of 1812 . Scarecrow Press . p. 452 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 5499 - 4 . Jump up ^ Derek Hayes ( 2006 ) . Historical atlas of the United States , with original maps . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 132 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 205 - 2 . Jump up ^ Anthony S. Pitch ( 2000 ) . The burning of Washington : the British invasion of 1814 . Naval Institute Press . p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 425 - 8 . Jump up ^ Robert Vincent Remini ( 1999 ) . The Battle of New Orleans . Penguin . p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 100179 - 1 . Jump up ^ John Boileau ( 2005 ) . Half - Hearted Enemies : Nova Scotia , New England and the War of 1812 . Formac Publishing Company . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88780 - 657 - 5 . Jump up ^ Charles Henry Jeremiah Snider ( 1928 ) . Under the red jack : privateers of the maritime provinces of Canada in the war of 1812 . M. Hopkinson & Company . Jump up ^ James H. Ellis ( 2009 ) . A ruinous and unhappy war : New England and the War of 1812 . Algora Publishing . p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87586 - 691 - 8 . Jump up ^ David Stephen Heidler ; Jeanne T. Heidler ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 . Naval Institute Press . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 362 - 8 . Jump up ^ George C. Daughan ( 2011 ) . 1812 : The Navy 's War . Basic Books . p. 401 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 02046 - 1 . Jump up ^ David Hanna ( 2012 ) . Knights of the Sea : The True Story of the Boxer and the Enterprise and the War of 1812 . Penguin . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 55947 - 5 . Jump up ^ Barry M. Gough ( 2006 ) . Through water , ice & fire : schooner Nancy of the War of 1812 . Dundurn Press . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 569 - 9 . Jump up ^ Wesley B. Turner ( 2000 ) . The War of 1812 : the war that both sides won . Dundurn Press . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 336 - 7 . Jump up ^ Robert S. Allen ( 1992 ) . His Majesty 's Indian Allies : British Indian Policy in the Defence of Canada , 1774 -- 1815 . Dundurn Press . p. 146 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 175 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Shannon Ricketts ; Leslie Maitland ; Jacqueline Hucker ( 2004 ) . A guide to Canadian architectural styles . University of Toronto Press . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 546 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Conroy ( 2002 ) . Our canal : the Rideau Canal in Ottawa . General Store Publishing House . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 894263 - 63 - 4 . Jump up ^ Frank Murray Greenwood ; Barry Wright ; Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History ( 2003 ) . Canadian State Trials : Rebellion and invasion in the Canadas , 1837 -- 1839 . University of Toronto Press . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 3748 - 0 . Jump up ^ John Charles Dent ( 1885 ) . The story of the Upper Canadian rebellion : largely derived from original sources and documents . C.B. Robinson . p. 296 . Jump up ^ Marianne Vardalos ( 2009 ) . Engaging Terror : A Critical and Interdisciplinary Approach . Universal - Publishers . p. 292 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59942 - 453 - 8 . Jump up ^ R.G. Grant ; Robert Doughty ( 2011 ) . 1001 Battles That Changed the Course of World History . Random House Digital . p. 575 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7893 - 2233 - 3 . Jump up ^ Anne - Marie Mooney Cotter ( 2008 ) . Just a number : an international legal analysis on age discrimination . Ashgate Publishing . p. 194 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 7206 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Kenneth Bourne ( 1967 ) . Britain and the Balance of Power in North America , 1815 -- 1908 . University of California Press . pp. 206 , 259 . GGKEY : 3L4SN26UB05 . Jump up ^ Jason Andrew Kaufman ( 2009 ) . The origins of Canadian and American political differences . Harvard University Press . p. 182 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03136 - 4 . Jump up ^ Steven Kendall Holloway ( 2006 ) . Canadian foreign policy : defining the national interest . University of Toronto Press . p. 120 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 816 - 1 . Jump up ^ Robert Laird Borden ( 2005 ) . Canadian constitutional studies : the Marfleet lectures , University of Toronto , October 1921 . The Lawbook Exchange . p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58477 - 586 - 7 . Jump up ^ James Cornall ( 1998 ) . Halifax : South End . Arcadia Publishing . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 7272 - 7 . Jump up ^ Dave Birrell ( 2000 ) . 50 Roadside Panoramas in the Canadian Rockies . Rocky Mountain Books . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 921102 - 65 - 6 . Jump up ^ Paul R. Magocsi ; Multicultural History Society of Ontario ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of Canada 's Peoples . University of Toronto Press . p. 165 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 2938 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` No. 22225 '' . The London Gazette. 1 February 1859 . p. 414 . ^ Jump up to : Hereward Senior ( 1991 ) . The last invasion of Canada : the Fenian raids , 1866 -- 1870 . Dundurn Press . pp. 131 -- 134 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 085 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cole Harris ( 2009 ) . The Reluctant Land : Society , Space , and Environment in Canada Before Confederation . UBC Press . p. 450 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 1450 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jackie G. Smith ; Jackie Smith ; Hank Johnston ( 2002 ) . Globalization and resistance : transnational dimensions of social movements . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 1990 - 9 . Jump up ^ Mitchell Snay ( 2007 ) . Fenians , freedmen , and southern Whites : race and nationality in the era of Reconstruction . LSU Press . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 3273 - 9 . Jump up ^ Brian Jenkins ( 2008 ) . The Fenian problem : insurgency and terrorism in a liberal state , 1858 -- 1874 . McGill - Queen 's University Press ( MQUP ) . pp. 62 -- 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 3426 - 1 . Jump up ^ J.L. Granatstein ( 2011 ) . Canada 's Army : Waging War and Keeping the Peace . University of Toronto Press . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 1178 - 8 . Jump up ^ Christopher Moore ( 2011 ) . 1867 : How the Fathers Made a Deal . Random House Digital . p. 161 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55199 - 483 - 3 . Jump up ^ Eugene R. Fidell ; Dwight Hall Sullivan ( 2002 ) . Evolving military justice . Naval Institute Press . p. 234 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 292 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : J.L. Granatstein ( 2011 ) . Canada 's Army : Waging War and Keeping the Peace . University of Toronto Press . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 1178 - 8 . Jump up ^ George Sydenham Clarke . Imperial Defence . Elibron.com . p. 190 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4021 - 6979 - 3 . Jump up ^ Elisée Reclus ( 1890 ) . The earth and its inhabitants , North America . D. Appleton . p. 445 . Jump up ^ C.P. Stacey ( 1940 ) . `` The Military Aspect of Canada 's Winning of the West 1870 -- 1885 '' . Canadian Historical Review . 21 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 24 . doi : 10.3138 / CHR - 021 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : David J. Wishart ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Great Plains . University of Nebraska Press . p. 557 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 4787 - 1 . Jump up ^ Alan Daniel McMillan ; Eldon Yellowhorn ( 2004 ) . First peoples in Canada . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 309 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 053 - 9 . Jump up ^ R.G. Grant ; Robert Doughty ( 2011 ) . 1001 Battles That Changed the Course of World History . Random House Digital . p. 670 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7893 - 2233 - 3 . Jump up ^ Joseph Kinsey Howard ( 1994 ) . Strange empire : a narrative of the Northwest . Minnesota Historical Society Press . p. 500 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87351 - 298 - 5 . Jump up ^ Roy MacLaren ( 1978 ) . Canadians on the Nile , 1882 -- 1898 : being the adventures of the voyageurs on the Khartoum Relief Expedition and other exploits . UBC Press . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 0094 - 5 . Jump up ^ Desmond Morton ( 2007 ) . A Military History of Canada . Random House Digital . p. 118 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7710 - 6481 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Roy MacLaren ( 1978 ) . Canadians on the Nile , 1882 -- 1898 : being the adventures of the voyageurs on the Khartoum Relief Expedition and other exploits . UBC Press . p. 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 0094 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bruce Vandervort ( 1998 ) . Wars of imperial conquest in Africa , 1830 -- 1914 . Taylor & Francis . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85728 - 487 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bernd Horn ( 2006 ) . The Canadian way of war : serving the national interest . Dundurn Press . p. 137 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 612 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Carman Miller ( 1998 ) . Painting the map red : Canada and the South African War , 1899 -- 1902 . McGill - Queen 's Press ( MQUP ) . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 1750 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Bothwell , Robert ( 2004 ) . `` Back to the Future : Canada and Empires '' . International Journal . 52 ( 2 ) : 407 -- 418 , page 411 . Jump up ^ James Laxer ; Robert M. Laxer ( 1977 ) . The Liberal idea of Canada : Pierre Trudeau and the question of Canada 's survival . James Lorimer & Company . p. 158 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88862 - 124 - 5 . Jump up ^ Stephen Badsey ( 2008 ) . Doctrine and reform in the British cavalry 1880 -- 1918 . Ashgate Publishing . p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 6467 - 3 . Jump up ^ Phillip Alfred Buckner ( 2008 ) . Canada and the British Empire . Oxford University Press . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 927164 - 1 . Jump up ^ Doug Lennox ( 2009 ) . Now You Know Canada 's Heroes . Dundurn Press . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55488 - 444 - 5 . Jump up ^ Canadian War Museum ( 2008 ) . `` Canada and The South African War , 1899 -- 1902 '' . Canadian War Museum . Retrieved May 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Herold Borden '' . Canadian Biography Online . Biographi.ca . October 18 , 2007 . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Frederick William Perry ( 1988 ) . The Commonwealth armies : manpower and organisation in two world wars . Manchester University Press ND . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 2595 - 2 . Jump up ^ Christina Bates ; Dianne Elizabeth Dodd ; Nicole Rousseau ; Canadian Museum of Civilization ( 2005 ) . On all frontiers : four centuries of Canadian nursing . University of Ottawa Press . p. 156 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7766 - 0591 - 3 . Jump up ^ Bernd Horn ( 2008 ) . Establishing a Legacy : The History of the Royal Canadian Regiment 1883 -- 1953 . Dundurn Press . p. 338 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 817 - 1 . Jump up ^ William Roger Louis ; Andrew Porter ; Alaine Low ( 2001 ) . The Oxford History of the British Empire : The nineteenth century . Oxford University Press . p. 618 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 924678 - 6 . Jump up ^ Martin Brook Taylor ; Doug Owram ( 1994 ) . Canadian History : Beginnings to Confederation . University of Toronto Press . p. 399 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 6826 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Godefroy ( 2006 ) . `` Canadian Military Effectiveness in the First World War '' . In Bernd Horn . The Canadian Way of War : Serving the National Interest . Dundurn Press . pp. 169 -- 194 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 612 - 2 . Jump up ^ Richard Arthur Preston ( 1991 ) . To serve Canada : a history of the Royal Military College since the Second World War . University of Ottawa Press . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7766 - 0327 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bernier Serge ; Jean Pariseau . French Canadians and Bilingualism in the Canadian Forces . Department of National Defence , Directorate of History . p. 64 . ISBN 0 - 660 - 13616 - 3 . Jump up ^ Paramjit Singh ( 2004 ) . Military Dentistary . Jaypee Brothers Publishers . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8061 - 418 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Marc Milner ( 2010 ) . Canada 's Navy : The First Century . University of Toronto Press . pp. 14 -- 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 9604 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ken Cox ( 2011 ) . A Call to the Colours : Tracing Your Canadian Military Ancestors . Dundurn Press . p. 286 . GGKEY : SZEF160DUZ8 . Jump up ^ Marc Milner ( 2010 ) . Canada 's Navy : The First Century . University of Toronto Press . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 9604 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : R.D. Francis ; Donald B. Smith ; Richard Jones ( 2009 ) . Journeys : A History of Canada . Cengage Learning . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 17 - 644244 - 6 . Jump up ^ Phillip Alfred Buckner ( 2005 ) . Canada and the end of empire . UBC Press . p. 273 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 0916 - 0 . Jump up ^ Brian Lavery ( 2006 ) . Churchill 's navy : the ships , men and organisation , 1939 -- 1945 . Naval Institute Press . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84486 - 035 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : James Ciment ; Thaddeus Russell ( 2007 ) . The home front encyclopedia : United States , Britain , and Canada in World Wars I and II . ABC - CLIO . p. 423 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 849 - 5 . Jump up ^ Russell Hart ( 2001 ) . Clash of arms : how the allies won in Normandy . Lynne Rienner Publishers . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55587 - 947 - 1 . Jump up ^ Tim Cook ( 1999 ) . `` ' A Proper Slaughter ' : The March 1917 Gas Raid at Vimy '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Military History . 8 ( 2 ) : 7 -- 24 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 27 , 2009 . Retrieved April 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : G.W.L. Nicholson ( 1964 ) . Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914 -- 1919 : Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War ( PDF ) . Queen 's Printer . pp. 101 -- 111 , 165 , 207 -- 210 . Jump up ^ Desmond Morton ( 1994 ) . When Your Number 's Up : The Canadian Soldier in the First World War . Random House of Canada . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 22388 - 9 . Jump up ^ Ninette Kelley ; Michael J. Trebilcock ( 2010 ) . The making of the mosaic : a history of Canadian immigration policy . University of Toronto Press . p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 9536 - 7 . Jump up ^ John Ashley Soames Grenville ( 2005 ) . A history of the world from the 20th to the 21st century . Routledge . p. 375 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 28954 - 2 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Armstrong ( 1974 ) . The Crisis of Quebec , 1914 -- 1918 . McGill - Queen 's Press ( MQUP ) . p. 152 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7710 - 9774 - 4 . Jump up ^ Brian Tennyson ( 2013 ) . The Canadian Experience of the Great War : A Guide to Memoirs . Scarecrow Press . p. 481 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 8680 - 3 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Hayes ; Michael Bechthold ; Laurier Centre for Military , Strategic and Disarmament Studies ( 2007 ) . Vimy Ridge : a Canadian reassessment . Wilfrid Laurier University Press . p. 280 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 . Jump up ^ Briton Cooper Busch ; Western Front Association ( 2003 ) . Canada and the Great War : Western Front Association papers . McGill - Queen 's Press ( MQUP ) . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 2570 - 2 . Jump up ^ Clifford Kinvig ( 2007 ) . Churchill 's Crusade : The British Invasion of Russia , 1918 -- 1920 . Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84725 - 021 - 6 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Isitt ( 2010 ) . `` From Victoria to Vladivostok : Canada 's Siberian Expedition , 1917 -- 19 '' ( PDF ) . UBC Press . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Grey ( 2008 ) . A military history of Australia . Cambridge University Press . p. 118 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87523 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Walter J. Boyne ( 2002 ) . Air Warfare : an International Encyclopedia : M -- Z . ABC - CLIO . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 345 - 2 . Jump up ^ Dan McCaffery ( 2000 ) . Canada 's Warplanes : Unique Aircraft in Canada 's Aviation Museums . James Lorimer & Company . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55028 - 699 - 1 . Jump up ^ Larry Gray ( 2000 ) . We are the Dead . General Store Publishing House . p. 198 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 894263 - 24 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : World War I : A -- D. ABC - CLIO. 2005 . p. 255 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 420 - 2 . Jump up ^ William Alexander Binny Douglas ; Brereton Greenhous ( 1995 ) . Out of the shadows : Canada in the Second World War . Dundurn Press . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 151 - 6 . Jump up ^ Michael Petrou ( 2008 ) . Renegades : Canadians in the Spanish Civil War . UBC Press . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 1418 - 8 . Jump up ^ John Virtue ( 2008 ) . Fred Taylor : brother in the shadows . McGill - Queen 's Press ( MQUP ) . p. 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 3359 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : William Rayner ( 2011 ) . Canada on the Doorstep : 1939 . Dundurn Press . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55488 - 993 - 8 . Jump up ^ Barry M. Gough ( 2010 ) . Historical Dictionary of Canada . Scarecrow Press . p. 261 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 5496 - 3 . Jump up ^ Michaëlle Jean ( October 20 , 2001 ) . `` Speech on the Occasion of the Unveiling of the MacKenzie - Papineau Battalion Monument '' . Office of the Governor General of Canada . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Charles D. Kipp ( 2005 ) . Because We Are Canadians : A Battlefield Memoir . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 112 - 3 . Jump up ^ Edmund Cosgrove ; Brick Billing ( 2003 ) . Canada 's Fighting Pilots . Dundurn Press . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 919614 - 97 - 0 . Jump up ^ Christopher M. Bell ; Bruce A. Elleman ( 2003 ) . Naval mutinies of the twentieth century : an international perspective . Frank Cass . p. 246 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 5460 - 7 . Jump up ^ In reality , a small brigade numbering 1,973 soldiers and two civilian supervisors of the Auxiliary Services , commanded by a brigadier . See Stacey , C.P. , and Volume I of the Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War . Jump up ^ David Jay Bercuson ; Sydney F. Wise ( 1994 ) . The Valour and the horror revisited . McGill - Queen 's Press ( MQUP ) . p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 1271 - 9 . Jump up ^ John Alan English ( 1991 ) . The Canadian Army and the Normandy campaign : a study of failure in high command . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 75 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 93019 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lance Goddard ( 2007 ) . Hell & high water : Canada and the Italian campaign . Dundurn Press . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 728 - 0 . Jump up ^ Mark Zuehlke ( 2004 ) . Ortona : Canada 's Epic World War II Battle . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55054 - 557 - 9 . Jump up ^ Tim Saunders ( 2004 ) . Juno Beach : 3rd Canadian & 79th armoured divisions . McGill - Queen 's Press ( MQUP ) . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 2792 - 8 . Jump up ^ Anthony Hall ; Tony Hall ( 2004 ) . D - Day : Operation Overlord Day by Day . Zenith Imprint . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1607 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lance Goddard ( 2005 ) . Canada and the liberation of the Netherlands , May 1945 . Dundurn Press . p. 105 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 547 - 7 . Jump up ^ Douglas E. Delaney ( 2012 ) . Corps Commanders : Five British and Canadian Generals at War , 1939 -- 45 . UBC Press . p. 167 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 2090 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lance Goddard ( 2005 ) . Canada and the liberation of the Netherlands , May 1945 . Dundurn Press . pp. 130 -- 131 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 547 - 7 . Jump up ^ J.T. Copp ; Richard Nielsen ( 1996 ) . No price too high : Canadians and the Second World War . McGraw - Hill Ryerson . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 552713 - 8 . Jump up ^ Christopher McCreery ( 2007 ) . The Maple Leaf and the White Cross : A History of St. John Ambulance and the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in Canada . Dundurn Press . p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 740 - 2 . Jump up ^ D. Collett Wadge ( 1946 ) . Women in uniform . Imperial War Museum . p. 257 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 901623 - 61 - 1 . Jump up ^ Mac Johnston ( 2008 ) . Corvettes Canada : convoy veterans of WWII tell their true stories . John Wiley & Sons . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 15429 - 8 . Jump up ^ Stanley Sandler ( 2002 ) . Ground warfare : an international encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 344 - 5 . Jump up ^ R.D. Francis ; Donald B. Smith ; Richard Jones ; Donald B. Smith ( 2009 ) . Journeys : A History of Canada . Cengage Learning . p. 428 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 17 - 644244 - 6 . Jump up ^ Thomas Lemieux , and David Card . `` Education , earnings , and the ' Canadian GI Bill , '' Canadian Journal of Economics / Revue canadienne d'économique ( 2001 ) 34 # 2 pp : 313 -- 344 . online Jump up ^ Amy Knight ( 2007 ) . How the Cold War Began . Basic Books . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7867 - 1938 - 9 . Jump up ^ Franca Iacovetta ; Roberto Perin ; Angelo Principe ( 2000 ) . Enemies within : Italian and other internees in Canada and abroad . University of Toronto Press . p. 142 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8235 - 0 . Jump up ^ Robert Bothwell ( 2007 ) . Alliance and illusion : Canada and the world , 1945 -- 1984 . UBC Press . p. 214 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 1368 - 6 . Jump up ^ David J. Bercuson ( 2002 ) . Blood on the Hills : The Canadian Army in the Korean War . University of Toronto Press . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8516 - 0 . Jump up ^ Patrick James ; Mark J. Kasoff ( 2008 ) . Canadian studies in the new millennium . University of Toronto Press . p. 265 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 9468 - 1 . Jump up ^ Fred Gaffen ( 1995 ) . Cross-border warriors : Canadians in American forces , Americans in Canadian forces : from the Civil War to the Gulf . Dundurn Press . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 225 - 4 . Jump up ^ Rodney P. Carlisle ( 2007 ) . Iraq War . Infobase Publishing . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 7129 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bernd Horn ; Tony Balasevicius ( 2007 ) . Casting light on the shadows : Canadian perspectives on special operations forces . Dundurn Press . p. 190 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 694 - 8 . Jump up ^ Peter Pigott ( 2002 ) . Wings across Canada : an illustrated history of Canadian aviation . Dundurn Press . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 412 - 8 . Jump up ^ Stanley Sandler ( 2002 ) . Ground warfare : an international encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 149 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 344 - 5 . Jump up ^ Andrew Cohen ( 2011 ) . While Canada Slept : How We Lost Our Place in the World . Random House Digital . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55199 - 587 - 8 . Jump up ^ John E. Jessup ( 1998 ) . An encyclopedic dictionary of conflict and conflict resolution , 1945 -- 1996 . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 405 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 28112 - 9 . Jump up ^ John Melady ( 2012 ) . Korea : Canada 's Forgotten War . Dundurn Press . p. 178 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4597 - 0132 - 8 . Jump up ^ Maurice Isserman ; John Stewart Bowman ( 2003 ) . Korean War . Infobase Publishing . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 4939 - 4 . Jump up ^ Gordon L. Rottman ( 2002 ) . Korean War order of battle : United States , United Nations , and Communist Ground , Naval , and Air Forces , 1950 -- 1953 . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 97835 - 8 . Jump up ^ Andrew Cohen ( 2008 ) . Extraordinary Canadians : Lester B. Pearson . Penguin Canada . p. 99 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 317269 - 7 . Jump up ^ John Melady . Korea : Canada 's forgotten war ( 2nd ed . ) . Dundurn Press . pp. 9 -- 13 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4597 - 0132 - 8 . Jump up ^ David J. Bercuson ( 2002 ) . Blood on the Hills : The Canadian Army in the Korean War . University of Toronto Press . p. 221 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8516 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas J. Murray ; Paul R. Viotti ( 1994 ) . The defense policies of nations : a comparative study . JHU Press . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 4794 - 3 . Jump up ^ Larry Milberry ( 1984 ) . Sixty years : the RCAF and CF Air Command 1924 -- 1984 . CANAV Books . p. 367 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9690703 - 4 - 4 . Jump up ^ Andrew Cohen ; J.L. Granatstein ( 2011 ) . Trudeau 's Shadow : The Life and Legacy of Pierre Elliott Trudeau . Random House Digital . p. 380 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 36385 - 5 . Jump up ^ Reingard M. Nischik ( 2008 ) . History of literature in Canada : English - Canadian and French - Canadian . Camden House . p. 287 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57113 - 359 - 5 . Jump up ^ Andrew Cohen ( 2011 ) . While Canada Slept : How We Lost Our Place in the World . Random House Digital . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55199 - 587 - 8 . Jump up ^ J.L. Granatstein ( 2011 ) . Canada 's Army : Waging War and Keeping the Peace . University of Toronto Press . p. 366 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 1178 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Sydney Percival Smith ; David Scott Smith ( 2010 ) . Lifting the Silence : A World War II RCAF Bomber Pilot Reunites with His Past . Dundurn Press . p. 208 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55488 - 774 - 3 . Jump up ^ Thomas Park ( March 21 , 2007 ) . `` Why Canada Must Go To Iraq '' . The Harvard Citizen . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved November 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's Secret War : Vietnam '' . CBC . Retrieved April 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilbur H. Morrison ( 2001 ) . The Elephant and the Tiger . Hellgate Press . p. 597 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55571 - 612 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kathleen Malley - Morrison ( 2009 ) . State Violence and the Right to Peace : Western Europe and North America . ABC - CLIO . p. 167 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99651 - 2 . Jump up ^ Barry Scott Zellen ( 2009 ) . On thin ice : the Inuit , the state , and the challenge of Arctic sovereignty . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 197 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 3278 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Riordon ( 2005 ) . An unauthorized biography of the world : oral history on the front lines . Between The Lines . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 896357 - 93 - 5 . Jump up ^ Harry Swain ( 2011 ) . Oka : a political crisis and its legacy . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 134 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 429 - 2 . Jump up ^ Rima , Wilkes ; Michael , Kehl ( 13 March 2014 ) . `` One image , multiple nationalisms : Face to Face and the Siege at Kanehsatà : ke '' . Nations and Nationalism. 20 ( 3 ) : 481 -- 502 . doi : 10.1111 / nana. 12067 . Retrieved 22 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael L. Hadley ; Robert Neil Huebert ; Fred W. Crickard ( 1996 ) . A nation 's navy : in quest of Canadian naval identity . McGill - Queen 's Press ( MQUP ) . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 1506 - 2 . Jump up ^ Jean H. Morin ; Richard Howard Gimblett ( 1997 ) . Operation Friction , 1990 -- 1991 : the Canadian forces in the Persian Gulf . Dundurn Press . p. 253 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 257 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Canada and Multilateral Operations in Support of Peace and Stability '' . National Defence. 2010 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2011 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jean H. Morin ; Richard Howard Gimblett ( 1997 ) . Operation Friction , 1990 -- 1991 : the Canadian forces in the Persian Gulf . Dundurn Press . pp. 168 -- 170 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 257 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` War photos being probed in Canada '' . Atlanta Journal . October 11 , 1996 . p . A8 . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bernd Horn ( 2009 ) . Fortune favours the brave : tales of courage and tenacity in Canadian military history . Dundurn Press . p. 339 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 841 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lee Windsor ; David Charters ; Brent Wilson ( 2010 ) . Kandahar tour : the turning point in Canada 's Afghan mission . John Wiley & Sons . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 15761 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` SCONDVA -- Transcripts -- Monday , April 27 , 1998 '' . National Defence . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bernd Horn ( 2009 ) . Fortune favours the brave : tales of courage and tenacity in Canadian military history . Dundurn Press . p. 334 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 841 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kim Richard Nossal ( 2002 ) . Diplomatic Departures : Conservative Era in Canadian Foreign Policy . UBC Press . p. 120 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 0865 - 1 . Jump up ^ Nina M. Serafino ( 2005 ) . Peacekeeping and related stability operations . Nova Publishers . p. 68 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59454 - 231 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ken Rutherford ( 2008 ) . Humanitarianism under fire : the US and UN intervention in Somalia . Kumarian Press . p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56549 - 260 - 8 . Jump up ^ Grant Dawson ( 2007 ) . `` Here is hell '' : Canada 's engagement in Somalia . UBC Press . p. 170 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 1297 - 9 . Jump up ^ Sherene Razack ( 2004 ) . Dark threats and white knights : the Somalia Affair , peacekeeping , and the new imperialism . University of Toronto Press . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8663 - 1 . Jump up ^ Howard Coombs ( 2008 ) . The Insubordinate and the Noncompliant : Case Studies of Canadian Mutiny and Disobedience , 1920 to Present . Dundurn Press . p. 397 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 764 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian military rush to Manitoba flood zone '' . CBC . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lauri Seidlitz ( 2000 ) . Canada through the Decades : the 1990s . Weigl Educational Publishers . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 896990 - 38 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Head ; Scott Mann ( 2009 ) . Domestic deployment of the armed forces : military powers , law and human rights . Ashgate Publishing . p. 72 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 7346 - 0 . Jump up ^ Kevin Rolleson ; Catherine Mitchell ( May 14 , 1997 ) . `` Thank - you ! '' . Winnipeg Free Press . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Penny Draper ( 2011 ) . Ice Storm . Coteau Books . p. 192 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55050 - 451 - 4 . Jump up ^ James F. Miskel ( 2008 ) . Disaster Response and Homeland Security : What Works , What Does n't . Stanford University Press . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5972 - 4 . Jump up ^ Martin Pegler ( 2006 ) . Out of Nowhere : A History of the Military Sniper . Osprey Publishing . p. 324 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 140 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` MP says U.S. treatment of Afghan prisoners coming back to haunt it '' . CBC . March 24 , 2003 . Retrieved July 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Centre for International Governance Innovation ( 2007 ) . Exporting good governance : temptations and challenges in Canada 's aid program . Wilfrid Laurier University Press . p. 152 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55458 - 029 - 3 . Jump up ^ Saskatoon Women 's Calendar Collective . Her story : the Canadian women 's calendar . Coteau Books . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55050 - 427 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bernd Horn ; R.J. Hillier ( 2010 ) . No Lack of Courage : Operation Medusa , Afghanistan . Dundurn Press . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55488 - 766 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bill Graveland ( December 25 , 2006 ) . `` Canadian Soldier chosen as Newsmaker of 2006 '' . CTV . Canadian Press . Retrieved January 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian troops mark final combat rotation '' . CBC . November 27 , 2010 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Canada announces new role in Afghanistan '' . Canadian Forces . 2009 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Operation Peregrine : Canadian Forces Personnel Fighting B.C. Forest Fires '' . Land Force Western Area . 2009 . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Patrick Lennox ( 2009 ) . At home and abroad : the Canada - US relationship and Canada 's place in the world . UBC Press . p. 108 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 1705 - 9 . Jump up ^ Frank P. Harvey ( 2004 ) . Smoke and mirrors : globalized terrorism and the illusion of multilateral security . University of Toronto Press . p. 235 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8948 - 9 . Jump up ^ Mark Gollom ( October 9 , 2008 ) . `` Our own voice on Iraq ? '' . CBC . Retrieved January 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wayne S. Cox ; Bruno Charbonneau ( 2010 ) . Locating global order : American power and Canadian security after 9 / 11 . UBC Press . p. 120 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 1831 - 5 . Jump up ^ Peter Laufer ; Norman Solomon ( 2006 ) . Mission Rejected : U.S. Soldiers Who Say No to Iraq . Chelsea Green Publishing . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933392 - 04 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Resolution 1973 ( 2011 ) '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Security Council Resolution . 1973 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kenneth M. Pollack ; Akram Al - Turk ; Michael S. Doran ; Daniel L. Byman ; Pavel Baev ( 2011 ) . The Arab Awakening : America and the Transformation of the Middle East . Brookings Institution Press . p. 121 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 2226 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Operation MOBILE '' . Canadian Forces . 2011 . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2011 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NATO 's Libya mission to be led by Canadian '' . CBCNews . CBC . March 25 , 2011 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NATO No - Fly Zone over Libya Operation UNIFIED PROTECTOR '' ( PDF ) . NATO . March 25 , 2011 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Statement by the Prime Minister of Canada On the End of NATO - led Libyan Mission '' . Canada News Centre ( Government of Canada ) . October 28 , 2011 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Canada sending C - 17 transport plane to help allies in Mali '' . www.cbcnews.ca. 14 January 2013 . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian special forces on the ground in Mali '' . National Post . 28 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Deploring ongoing violence , UN rights expert urges Malian parties to work together towards lasting peace '' . United Nations News Center . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Operation IMPACT '' . Jump up ^ `` National Defence -- Canadian Armed Forces -- Video -- Operation IMPACT -- Technical briefing '' . Jump up ^ Barton , Rosemary ( 26 November 2015 ) . `` Justin Trudeau to pull fighter jets , keep other military planes in ISIS fight '' . CBC News . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Science and Technology Support for National Security : An International Review '' ( PDF ) . Defence Science and Technology Organisation. 2007 . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat . `` Departmental Planned Spending and Full - Time Equivalents '' . Queen 's Printer . Retrieved February 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Department of Finance ( 2005 ) . The Budget Speech 2005 ( PDF ) . Canada in the World . Queen 's Printer . p. 20 . Retrieved February 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Department of National Defence . `` ' Canada First ' National Defence Procurement '' . Queen 's Printer . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Row over Canada F - 35 fighter jet order '' . BBC News . July 16 , 2010 . Retrieved July 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mike De Souza ; David Pugliese ( July 18 , 2010 ) . `` Conservatives announce $9 B purchase of military fighter jets '' . Vancouver Sun . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Military expenditure of Canada '' . SIPRI . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nathan Tidridge ( 2011 ) . Canada 's constitutional monarchy . Dundurn Press . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4597 - 0084 - 0 . Jump up ^ Gary Toffoli . `` The Royal Family and the Armed Forces '' . Canadian Royal Heritage Trust . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth II ( December 12 , 2008 ) . National Defence Act . II. 14 . Queen 's Printer . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Victoria ( March 29 , 1867 ) . `` Constitution Act , 1867 '' . Queen 's Printer . Jump up ^ Canadian Forces Grievance Board ( August 28 , 2006 ) . `` Canadian Forces Grievance Board '' . Queen 's Printer . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2008 . Retrieved February 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Federal Court of Canada ( January 21 , 2008 ) . `` In the Matter of Aralt Mac Giolla Chainnigh v. the Attorney - General of Canada '' ( PDF ) . Queen 's Printer . p. 5 . 2008 FC 69 . Retrieved February 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada . `` Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal '' ( PDF ) . Queen 's Printer . Retrieved February 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Royal Canadian Mounted Police . `` Honours and Recognition Programs : Canadian National Honours '' . Queen 's Printer . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2009 . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Department of National Defence . `` Canadian Honours Chart : Sacrifice Medal ( SM ) '' . Queen 's Printer . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2009 . Retrieved September 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Christopher McCreery ( 2005 ) . The Canadian honours system . Dundurn Press . pp. 361 -- 363 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 554 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Christopher McCreery ( 2005 ) . The Order of Canada : its origins , history , and development . University of Toronto Press . p. 228 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 3940 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mike Filey ( 1993 ) . More Toronto sketches : `` the way we were '' . Dundurn Press . p. 175 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 201 - 8 . Jump up ^ Isabel Teotonio ( March 7 , 2007 ) . `` Vets irate at Victoria Cross proposal '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved July 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Restoration of traditional military service names welcomed '' . Government of New Brunswick. 2011 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peacekeeping : Concepts , Evolution , and Canada 's Role '' . Public Works and Government Services Canada . 1997 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2012 . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andrew Cohen ( 2008 ) . Lester B. Pearson . Penguin Canada . pp. 114 -- 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 317269 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fred Gaffen ( 1987 ) . In The Eye of The Storm : A History of Canadian Peacekeeping . Deneau & Wayne Publishers . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88879 - 160 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Lauri Johnson ; Reva Joshee ( 2007 ) . Multicultural education policies in Canada and the United States . UBC Press . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 1325 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking of Military and Police Contributions to UN Operations '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 17 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Troop and police contributors archive ( 1990 -- 2011 ) '' . United Nations . 2010 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Linda McQuaig ( 2010 ) . Holding the Bully 's Coat : Canada and the U.S. Empire . Random House Digital . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 67297 - 9 . Jump up ^ Antony Adolf ( 2009 ) . Peace : a world history . Polity . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 4125 - 6 . Jump up ^ Alan Vaughan Lowe ; Adam Roberts ; Jennifer Welsh ( 2008 ) . The United Nations Security Council and war : the evolution of thought and practice since 1945 . Oxford University Press . p. 280 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 953343 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Cohen ( 2008 ) . Lester B. Pearson . Penguin Canada . pp. 116 -- 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 317269 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fred Gaffen ( 1987 ) . In the eye of the storm : a history of Canadian peacekeeping . Deneau & Wayne . pp. 40 -- 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88879 - 160 - 3 . Jump up ^ Andrew Cohen ( 2011 ) . While Canada Slept : How We Lost Our Place in the World . Random House Digital . p. 82 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55199 - 587 - 8 . Jump up ^ Frederick H. Fleitz ( 2002 ) . Peacekeeping fiascoes of the 1990s : causes , solutions , and U.S. interests . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 54 -- 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 97367 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dan Bjarnason ; Adrienne Clarkson ; Peter Mansbridge ( 2011 ) . Triumph at Kapyong : Canada 's Pivotal Battle in Korea . Dundurn Press . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55488 - 872 - 6 . Jump up ^ Christopher McCreery ( 2005 ) . The Canadian honours system . Dundurn Press . p. 181 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 554 - 5 . Further reading ( edit ) Main article : Bibliography of Canadian military history Black , Jeremy ( 2011 ) . Fighting for America : The Struggle for Mastery in North America , 1519 -- 1871 . Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 35660 - 4 . Douglas , W.A.B. The RCN in Transition , 1910 -- 1985 ( 1988 ) , Navy Horn , Bernd ( 2008 ) . Show No Fear : Daring Actions in Canadian Military History . Dundurn Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 816 - 4 . Morton , Desmond ( 1981 ) . Canada and war : a military and political history . Butterworths . ISBN 978 - 0 - 409 - 85240 - 0 . Shaw , Susan Evans , and Jean Crankshaw . Canadians at War Vol. 1 : A Guide to the Battlefields and Memorials of World War I ; Vol. 2 : A Guide to the Battlefields and Memorials of World War II ( 2014 ) Zuehlke , Mark ( 2006 ) . Canadian Military Atlas : Four Centuries of Conflict from New France to Kosovo . Douglas & McIntyre . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 209 - 0 . Historiography Douglas , W.A.B. `` Marching to Different Drums : Canadian Military History '' , The Journal of Military History ( 1992 ) 56 # 2 pp 245 -- 260 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canada at war and Military of Canada . Canadian Military History Gateway -- Government of Canada Canadian Military History -- Library and Archives Canada Canadian Military History -- Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies , Wilfrid Laurier University Canadian Military History War and the Foundation of Canada , Canadian War Museum War & Conflict at CBC Archives Links related to Canadian military history Military history of Canada History of ... 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"Operation Impact is the name of Canada's contribution to the military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant that began in September 2014.[312] The first Canadian airstrike against an Islamic State target occurred on 2 November. It was reported that CF-18s successfully destroyed heavy engineering equipment used to divert the Euphrates River near the city of Fallujah.[313] In October, then Prime Minister designate Justin Trudeau informed President Barack Obama that Canada intended to withdraw its fighter aircraft, while keeping its ground forces in Iraq and Syria.[314]\n"
] | [
"September 2014"
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8532424552026988522 | The Wizard of Oz on television | The Wizard of Oz on television - wikipedia The Wizard of Oz on television hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1939 theatrical release poster MGM 's 1939 musical fantasy film The Wizard of Oz was first shown in theatres that year , then re-released nationwide in 1949 and again in 1955 . It was first broadcast on television on Saturday , November 3 , 1956 . The film was shown as the last installment of the CBS anthology series Ford Star Jubilee . Since that telecast , it has been shown respectively by CBS , NBC , the WB Network , and several of Ted Turner 's national cable channels . It has never been licensed to any local affiliate broadcast TV station . From 1959 until 1991 , it was an annual tradition on American commercial network television . During these years , and for several afterwards , it was always shown as a television special . After the film was shown on television for the second time , network telecasts of it became a much - anticipated family event in the United States , drawing large audiences annually for many years . Between 1956 and 1980 , commercial broadcast television was virtually the only means by which families were able to see The Wizard of Oz , unless they attended the MGM Children 's Matinees in the early 1970s . Until 1999 , the film had been shown in the U.S. only on commercial broadcast television . After the film went to cable that year , TV showings of the movie became increasingly more frequent , and the tradition of televising it only once a year ended , at least in the U.S. The Wizard of Oz has become perhaps the most famous film to be shown regularly on U.S. television , and one of the most cherished . Of the many family - oriented musical fantasies broadcast after the successful 1955 version of the Mary Martin Peter Pan , The Wizard of Oz is the only one which is still shown regularly . Following the 1956 premiere , there were no rebroadcasts of the film until 1959 . The 1959 - 1962 broadcasts occurred in autumn between Thanksgiving and Christmas . Beginning with the 1963 - 64 season , these special presentations were seen in the first quarter of the year . The film was not broadcast in the U.S. in 1963 , 1992 , 1995 , or 1997 . The film was first issued on home video formats in 1980 . Contents ( hide ) 1 First telecast 2 Telecasts in the Pre-Cable Era 2.1 `` Wraparound '' opening and closing credits 2.2 Shown in color 2.3 Later hosts 2.4 Sponsorship 2.5 Television ratings 2.6 Changes made in running time 2.7 March 1991 showing 3 Move to cable 3.1 Differences between network and cable showings 3.2 Aspect ratio 4 Outside the United States 5 Broadcast Television Airdates 6 References First telecast ( edit ) The Wizard of Oz , which had been a critical but only modest financial success during its theatrical run , was chosen to be the first Hollywood film to be shown uncut in prime time on a coast to coast television network . The first telecast took place on Saturday November 3 , 1956 as part of the final program in the canceled CBS anthology series Ford Star Jubilee . A rotating potpourri of highly budgeted but low rated specials including a well publicized debut hour hosted by Judy Garland . The original asking price of $250,000 was negotiated by MGM attorney , later company president , Frank Rosenfelt . The network paid MGM $225,000 for the rights to televise the film twice with an option to re-broadcast it if the telecast was a success . This 1956 broadcast shown as CBS 's response to the successful color telecast of the Broadway musical Peter Pan with Mary Martin , which had been restaged especially for TV at NBC Studios as part of the anthology series Producers ' Showcase . Peter Pan had first been shown live on TV by NBC in 1955 , and been repeated ( again live ) by public demand in 1956 . Its enormous success on television ushered in a temporary `` fad '' of mostly live family - oriented specials based on fantasy tales , such as Aladdin ( 1958 , and no relation to the Disney film ) , Alice in Wonderland ( 1955 ) ( a live - action version ) , Rodgers and Hammerstein 's Cinderella ( 1957 ) , The Pied Piper of Hamelin ( 1957 ) , and Pinocchio ( 1957 , no relation to the Disney film ) . As part of this trend , CBS bought the rights from MGM to telecast The Wizard of Oz . For the first TV broadcast of The Wizard of Oz , the normally 90 - minute Ford Star Jubilee was expanded to a full two hours to accommodate the entire film , which , in addition to having commercial breaks , was celebrity hosted . The main reason that CBS arranged for a host for the film was that at 101 - minutes , the film was not considered long enough to run in the allotted 120 - minute slot at that time , even with commercial breaks , without additional content to pad the entire telecast out to two hours . The 1956 television debut of the film marked the only time any actor who had appeared in the movie was selected to host it : Bert Lahr , who had played both the Cowardly Lion and farmhand Zeke in the film , appeared alongside then 10 - year - old Liza Minnelli , and young Oz expert Justin G. Schiller . Lorna Luft , Minnelli 's half - sister , did not appear as she was only four years old at the time , although she did have her picture taken with Minnelli in a promotional photo . Unlike several of the other Oz telecasts , apparently no stills were taken during the hosting sequences in 1956 . The practice of a show business celebrity regularly `` hosting '' The Wizard of Oz lasted from the film 's first television showing until 1968 , when the film went to NBC after being shown on CBS nine times . The film was always presented uncut in a two - hour time slot between 1956 and 1968 , despite having commercials and hosted segments . The Professor Marvel sequence has never been omitted ( at least in American telecasts of the film ) , and the tracking shot of Munchkinland was not edited until the film went to NBC in 1968 . The film 's first broadcast received positive critical notices in newspapers the following day . Variety magazine prophetically suggested that the film could be telecast annually and at an earlier time . Telecasts in the pre-cable era ( edit ) The film was not rebroadcast in 1957 or 1958 . For telecasts from 1959 ( the year of its second telecast ) up until 1998 , the film was always shown as a stand - alone TV special instead of as part of an anthology or movie series . Between 1959 and 1968 , and again in 1990 when Angela Lansbury , star of CBS ' Murder She Wrote , hosted the 50th - anniversary telecast , CBS chose its hosts from its then - current prime time lineup . In 1959 , the host was Red Skelton ( The Red Skelton Show ) ; in 1960 it was Richard Boone ( Have Gun , Will Travel ) , in 1961 and 1962 it was Dick Van Dyke ( The Dick Van Dyke Show ) , and from 1964 through 1967 , it was Danny Kaye ( The Danny Kaye Show ) . Skelton , Boone and Van Dyke brought their then - young children along to appear with them . Although the hosting segments for the 1956 telecast of the film had to be done live , Skelton 's , Boone 's , Van Dyke 's and Kaye 's segments were recorded on video tape in advance of the telecasts . Lansbury 's hosting segment was the first one recorded on film . During these years , the hosting sequences were not staged in a run - of - the - mill manner , with the host merely standing in a studio set , but in what could be considered imaginative ways . Richard Boone was taped on the set of his television series Have Gun , Will Travel , in a `` living room '' with his real son about to watch the film on a TV set . Dick Van Dyke was shown in a living room set with his children , and Danny Kaye 's hosting segment featured him sitting on a prop toadstool against a painted backdrop of the Yellow Brick Road and the Emerald City . The Kaye segment did not include a television set as part of its design . Some humor as sometimes incorporated into these segments . Red Skelton was seen as two characters : Before the film began , he was seen in a studio set of an early 20th - century bookstore , in costume as a Victorian - era storyteller who introduced L. Frank Baum 's original 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to a young girl played by Skelton 's real daughter , and at film 's end , he appeared in a studio recreation of a modern living room as himself . Danny Kaye reassured viewers not to panic when the film began in black - and - white rather than in color , and encouraged young viewers not to be afraid of the roaring MGM lion at the beginning of the film . No directors or writers were credited for the hosting sequences , just as none are credited for hosting segments prior to films on Turner Classic Movies . The Wizard of Oz did not become an annual television tradition immediately -- only after the 1959 showing , when , because of the earlier hour at which it was shown ( 6 : 00 P.M. , E.S.T. ) , more children tuned into the broadcast , and it gained an even larger television audience than before . The 1959 telecast was especially welcomed by media critic John Crosby , who commented in the New York Herald Tribune , `` Television -- any television -- looks awfully ordinary after The Wizard of Oz '' . From 1959 until 1991 , the film was telecast once every year , the one exception being 1963 , when it was not telecast at all . WISN - TV in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , did not carry the network 's yearly Oz telecast in 1961 , the year WISN began its affiliation with CBS , running Green Bay Packers football instead . However , due to viewer outcry , WISN was able to get permission to run the film locally at 2 : 00 p.m. C.S.T. , on Christmas Eve . In 1978 , after the film had returned to CBS , a computer malfunction at the CBS owned - and - operated WBBM - TV in Chicago accidentally cut off most of the ending to that year 's Oz telecast , interrupting the final minute with a commercial block that was not supposed to air until after the movie had ended . Because the break was only 42 seconds long , no attempt was made to override the computer , for fear of making the problem worse . For several hours thereafter , the WBBM received angry calls from viewers , while those unable to get through chose to voice their displeasure wrote to the Chicago Tribune and Chicago Sun - Times newspapers . `` Wraparound '' opening and closing credits ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The film , as telecast on U.S. television between 1959 and 1968 , was arguably given a much more elaborate TV presentation than it received afterwards . During those years , it always had videotaped wraparound opening and closing credits segments devised by CBS , accompanied by the network 's own specially recorded opening and closing music based on the film 's score . For the opening `` wraparound '' credits , the title The Wizard of Oz and the names of its five leading actors , Judy Garland , Frank Morgan , Ray Bolger , Bert Lahr , and Jack Haley , were first shown in CBS 's own format and font , while an anonymous announcer read them off and then followed this with an announcement of the film 's sponsor ( s ) : `` This portion of The Wizard of Oz is brought to you by ... ( name of sponsor mentioned ) '' . These specially - devised opening credits never mentioned that the film was made by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer . From 1959 to 1964 , CBS created different wraparound credits for each showing , but because the same hosting segment -- the Danny Kaye one -- was shown between 1964 and 1968 , audiences saw the same `` wraparound '' credits from 1964 until the film went to NBC . The special CBS introduction was followed by the host speaking about the movie for about three minutes or so . Those remarks lead into the actual film , beginning with all of its original 1939 opening credits ( shown against a background of moving clouds ) , including the MGM Leo the Lion logo , the name of the film , the cast list , and the film 's principal technical staff , exactly as MGM had created them , with the film 's main title music heard . The host reappeared just before the film 's second half began , to say a few more words about it , before the telecast proceeded with the rest of the film , commercials included . However , at the end of the movie , the film 's closing cast list , as created by MGM , was not be shown , and the title card with `` The End '' right after Dorothy 's closing line was never seen on television during these early CBS showings . Instead , immediately after Dorothy spoke her last line ( `` Oh , Auntie Em , there 's no place like home ! '' ) , and the camera faded out on her , television viewers once again saw CBS 's own title card The Wizard of Oz , this time accompanied by some of the film 's end title music , exactly as heard on the soundtrack , and the announcer 's voice saying that the host for that year would return in a moment . After a final commercial , the host was then seen once again , to bid farewell to the TV audience , and CBS showed its own version of the cast list that appears during the film 's end credits . At the end , referring to both the film and the hosting segments , the same announcer declared that `` This has been a film and videotape presentation . '' Shown in color ( edit ) From the beginning The Wizard of Oz was telecast in color , although few people owned color television sets in 1956 . Except for 1961 , all U.S. telecasts have been in color , an effect that seemed much more striking in the early 1960s , when there were still relatively few color programs on television . It was not televised in color in 1961 because color telecasts had to be paid for by their sponsors , who declined to do so that year . Between 1956 and 1965 , the Wizard of Oz showings were rare exceptions to the black and white program schedule at CBS . During this period , CBS had the ability to broadcast programs in color , but generally chose not to do so unless a sponsor paid for a film or program to be shown in color . During this period , the competing network NBC was owned by RCA , which by 1960 manufactured 95 % of the color sets sold in the U.S. Hence , CBS perceived that increased use of color broadcasting would primarily benefit its rival by promoting sales of RCA color television sets . Not until the fall of 1965 did color broadcasts play a major role at CBS and ABC , at which time half the network shows from ABC and CBS were being made and shown in color . Meanwhile , all but two NBC prime time shows were in color and most of NBC 's daytime shows were . By the fall of 1966 , all three networks produced all of their prime time shows in color . By the time the movie went to NBC in 1968 , all network shows ( except for reruns of black and white movies ) were in color . Later hosts ( edit ) This section , except for one footnote , needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Partly because commercial time during programs increased beginning in the late 1960s , the idea of regularly having hosts to introduce the film was dropped when The Wizard of Oz went to NBC in 1968 , where no `` wraparound '' sequence was shown . The presentation consisted only of the film itself , with its original opening and closing credits , and no special NBC - created credits or hosting segments . The famous NBC peacock was shown immediately prior to the beginning of the film , with announcer Mel Brandt saying that `` the first 22 minutes of this program ( i.e. the Kansas and tornado sequences ) will be shown in black - and - white '' , a not quite accurate statement , since the final three minutes of the film also took place in Kansas , and were at that time also shown in black - and - white , rather than in the sepia tone in which they originally had been made ( the sepia was not restored to the Kansas and tornado scenes until 1989 , the film 's 50th anniversary ) . However , one NBC telecast featured an on - screen host : the 1970 showing , which opened with veteran actor Gregory Peck paying tribute to the recently deceased Judy Garland ( a segment directed by Oz producer Mervyn LeRoy , marking his first TV work ) , although this segment consisted of only a few brief remarks , while the opening hosting segments on CBS had gone on for about three minutes or so . The NBC Oz telecasts began the tradition of the film 's annual showings during the Easter and Passover seasons of the year as opposed to the winter showings on CBS . The switch in networks resulted because CBS was unwilling to meet MGM 's increased price -- fostered by the film 's ever increasing popularity -- for renewal of the rights to telecast it . The film stayed on NBC until 1976 . When CBS , realizing its error in allowing it to go to another network , bought back the rights at MGM 's asking price , their viewer ratings shot up , and one executive was heard to remark , `` That picture is better ( for the network ) than a gushing oil well '' . After its 1976 return to CBS , the film was hosted on that network only once more , in a filmed segment featuring Angela Lansbury in 1990 , but the CBS `` wraparound '' opening and closing credits were not - and have never been - revived , although , during those years , a blue card featuring a painting of a rainbow and the title The Wizard of Oz was shown on the screen while the night 's pre-empted programs or programs to be shown at regular time and the sponsors were being announced , and immediately before and after commercial breaks . In the 1980s clips from the film shown on a red background with title was shown at the start , while a still of Emerald City with title was used during commercials . Angela Lansbury also narrated a documentary about the making of the film , originally entitled The Wonderful Wizard of Oz : 50 Years of Magic and years later retitled The Wonderful Wizard of Oz : The Making of a Movie Classic . It was first shown immediately after the movie 's 1990 telecast , and is included as a supplement on all the DVD releases beginning with the 1999 DVD release . Jack Haley , Jr. , the documentary 's director , was nominated for an Emmy Award for his work . When shown on Turner Classic Movies , The Wizard of Oz was usually hosted by TCM host Robert Osborne . On June 3 , 2007 , Tom Kenny , the voice of SpongeBob SquarePants , hosted a telecast of the film on Turner Classic Movies , as part of Essentials , Jr. , a special summer series of family movies . On July 27 , 2008 , the film was shown twice in a row on Turner Network Television without a host , but with commercials , and with `` pop - up '' animated ads for other TNT programs at the bottom of the screen just before and after commercial breaks . On March 24 and 25 , 2012 , the film was hosted on the Cartoon Network by television actor Robert Wu , who provides the voice of Mr. Washee Washee in the Family Guy episode , `` Tiegs for Two '' . This telecast ran two - and - a-half hours , longer than any CBS or NBC telecasts . On June 10 , 2012 , which would have been Judy Garland 's 90th birthday , the film was telecast on Turner Classic Movies without commercials , and hosted by comedian Bill Hader , again as part of the Essentials , Jr. summer series of family films . Unlike the CBS hosting segments which were a part of the 1960s telecasts of the film , Hader 's segment showed clips from the film before it actually began . Sponsorship ( edit ) Being a presentation of network TV , `` The Wizard of Oz '' was subject to sponsorship from a variety of advertisers . The first telecast of `` Oz '' was a presentation of Ford Star Jubilee and thus sponsored by Ford Motor Company and its dealers . In the ensuing years of 1959 thru 1967 , the yearly telecast was sponsored by one primary sponsor with a co-sponsor . Perhaps the best remembered examples were the telecasts sponsored by Procter and Gamble and promoted when the company gave free premiums of hand puppets with packages of some of its most popular products . Many also remember the 1970 telecast presented on NBC by Singer Manufacturing Company as a tribute to Judy Garland , who had died in June 1969 . In later years , several different advertisers shared sponsorship ; no one advertiser predominated . Television ratings ( edit ) The showing in 1983 was the 25th network prime - time showing , a record then for any film or television special . In the first nine showings , all on CBS , The Wizard of Oz gained at least 49 % of the television audience . In 1966 , it ranked No. 1 in the ratings for the week that it was shown . Between 1960 and 1968 , the film even beat out episodes of ABC - TV 's Walt Disney Presents ( in 1960 ) and NBC 's Walt Disney 's Wonderful World of Color ( from 1961 to 1968 ) , which aired opposite the film . When the film moved temporarily from CBS to NBC , it always preempted the Disney program altogether , except for once , when NBC showed Oz on a Saturday in 1968 . When CBS bought the film back from NBC in 1976 , it again began to beat episodes of Disney in the ratings . It preempted Disney on one more occasion , after the series moved to that network in the early 1980s . In 2006 , the first year it was shown on TV in high - definition , the film placed No. 11 in the Nielsen ratings among cable television programs for the week of November 11 . Changes made in running time ( edit ) From 1968 to 1984 , minor cuts were made to the film to make room for added commercial time and in order to have the film `` clock in '' at two hours . No dialogue or singing was removed , only moments such as camera pans and establishing shots , as well as MGM 's written foreword to the film . On a few occasions beginning in 1985 , again because of the increased time spent on commercial breaks , the film was time - compressed to fit it into a two - hour running time without cutting it . However , The Wizard of Oz is now always shown complete and at its regular speed on television , both with and without commercials . When shown with ads , the film now runs about two hours and fifteen minutes , simply because of the increase in commercial time . March 1991 showing ( edit ) The March 1991 showing was the first after the film gained protected status from the Library of Congress and the National Film Preservation Board . Networks opted to no longer shorten the film by `` microcutting '' a few individual moments throughout the movie as had been done from the late 1960s to the early 1980s to make room for commercials and keep it in a two - hour broadcast . This extended the running time of the film from 8 P.M to 10 : 07 p.m. and sometimes even longer , depending on the amount of time spent on commercials . It was one of the first 50 films selected for this protection . Move to cable ( edit ) In the 1980s , Ted Turner purchased the film from MGM , alongside Gone with the Wind . Because both films were still licensed to CBS , Turner and the network negotiated a deal that extended CBS ' license for Oz in exchange for relinquishing its rights to Gone with the Wind . In 1991 , the film was shown twice during the year for the first time . 1991 also marked the first time since 1956 that the film was shown in November . This also happened in 1993 , when the film was telecast in both February and November of that year . The film was not shown on television at all in 1992 , 1995 and 1997 , marking the first time since 1963 that a year was skipped in showings of the film . Turner , which owned most of the pre-May 1986 MGM film and television library at the time ( later owned by Warner Bros . ) , began moving to make its properties exclusive to Turner - owned outlets in the late 1990s ; as such , in 1998 , The Wizard of Oz made its last appearance on CBS , moving exclusively to Turner - owned properties the next year . 2000 marked the first time that the film was shown on U.S. television during the summer . In 2002 , it was shown five times . On November 6 , 2011 , TBS became the American television channel on which The Wizard of Oz has been shown most often , when the film had its 32nd showing on that channel , finally breaking CBS ' record 31 showings . As of April 29 , 2013 , Turner Classic Movies has shown the film 23 times . Differences between network and cable showings ( edit ) In addition to the frequent cable showings , another difference between showings on NBC , CBS , the WB network , and cable channels is that when the film was shown on CBS and NBC , it was always presented as a special instead of just a televised film . From 1959 until it went to cable , the film was never shown on NBC Saturday Night at the Movies or any other movie anthology series , and telecasts of the film regularly preempted two hours or more of regular television programming . Promos for the CBS and NBC showings during the 1960s began airing on television as much as two weeks in advance of that year 's telecast and were still airing as late as 1989 . On the major commercial networks , it was never termed a `` CBS Movie Special '' or an `` NBC Movie Special '' , as movie specials shown on those networks are frequently termed , but as simply The Wizard of Oz . Aspect ratio ( edit ) The 1955 and 1998 theatrical re-releases were matted in movie theaters to produce a widescreen effect for the Academy - standard aspect - ratio film . When shown in HDTV , the film is pillarboxed so that its aspect ratio is preserved . On DVD , the film has always been issued in its original 1939 aspect ratio . Outside the United States ( edit ) The movie has also been shown on television successfully in the United Kingdom , Canada and is shown every year in Australia , but it has not become the television phenomenon there that it has in the U.S. In Indonesia , the film was aired for the first time on the newly - inaugurated television network RCTI in November 1989 , with reruns on other four networks in the 1990s . In Japan , the film has aired on the Japanese version of The Magical World of Disney , although Disney had nothing to do with its production or release . Broadcast television airdates ( edit ) Eastern Time ( taken from TV Guide and from The Wizard of Oz : The Official 50th Anniversary Pictorial History ) . 1956 - CBS - Saturday , November 3 - 9 : 00 p.m. The film 's first showing on television . It was shown in color although very few people owned color TV sets . This marked the only time it was ever aired that late on a non-cable television network ( Turner Broadcasting frequently schedules two showings in a row on the same night , at 8 : 00 p.m. and 10 : 15 p.m. ) . Future showings began earlier in order to allow children to see it more easily . In addition , the prime time hour generally given to affiliates for local programming was taken back in order to run the movie early . This practice continued until the film was sold to NBC . 1959 - CBS - Sunday , December 13 - 6 : 00 p.m. The first of the film 's annual showings . It was the success of this telecast , which gained a wider audience than the first , that persuaded CBS to make the film an annual tradition on television . 1960 - CBS - Sunday , December 11 - 6 : 00 p.m. 1961 - CBS - Sunday , December 10 - 6 : 00 p.m. Only time fully shown in Black & White 1962 - CBS - Sunday , December 9 - 6 : 00 p.m. 1964 - CBS - Sunday , January 26 - 6 : 00 p.m. The reason that the film did not air in December 1963 has never been stated , but some say that it was because of John F. Kennedy 's assassination , others say room needed to be made for more Christmas themed specials and that the movie fit in better during January . For whatever reason , the movie continued to air early in the year rather than late in the year from 1964 until the 1990s . 1965 - CBS - Sunday , January 17 - 6 : 00 p.m. 1966 - CBS - Sunday , January 9 - 6 : 00 p.m. 1967 - CBS - Sunday , February 12 - 6 : 00 p.m. Last airing on CBS until 1976 . Moved to NBC in 1968 , at this time , the showings were moved from midwinter to late winter / early spring . 1968 - NBC - Saturday , April 20 - 7 : 00 p.m. First showing by NBC , in Spring rather than Winter . The first time that the film was shown at 7 : 00 P.M instead of 6 : 00 P.M. 1969 - NBC - Sunday , March 9 - 7 : 00 p.m. 1970 - NBC - Sunday , March 15 - 7 : 00 p.m. 1971 - NBC - Sunday , April 18 - 7 : 00 p.m. 1972 - NBC - Tuesday , March 7 - 7 : 00 p.m. The first time that the film aired in the middle of the week , rather than on a weekend . 1973 - NBC - Sunday , April 8 - 7 : 00 1974 - NBC - Sunday , February 24 7 : 00 p.m. Due to a breaking news story , NBC decided to show the film two weeks later , on March 10 , rather than show it too late or in progress . 1975 - NBC - Easter Sunday , March 30 - 7 : 00 p.m. 1976 - CBS - Sunday , March 14 - 7 p.m. The year that The Wizard Of Oz returned to CBS . It remained there for twenty - two more years , a likely record in those years for a film 's consecutive showings on one network . Initially the movie aired late winter / early spring , but beginning in 1991 , the movie moved back and forth from spring to late fall . Another change was that CBS no longer began the movie before normal prime time . Before 1976 , when run on a day other than Sunday , NBC took back the 7 p.m. Eastern / 6 p.m. Central time slots from affiliates to run the movie early enough so children could see it before bedtime . Also , prior to 1968 , CBS always took the 6 p.m. hour to run the movie early . Logic was that times have changed and children now stay up a little later than they did in the past . From then on , if shown in a Sunday 6 to 8 or 7 to 9 pm time slot on CBS , the film preempted 60 Minutes , so beginning in 1978 , CBS executives moved the showings to other nights of the week . If the film was shown on a Sunday , CBS usually scheduled it at 8 pm , so that it did not conflict with 60 Minutes . ( As of 2017 , 60 Minutes continues to air in the same Sunday 7 p.m. time slot on CBS . ) 1977 - CBS - Sunday , March 20 - 7 p.m. 1978 - CBS - Easter Sunday , March 26 - 7 p.m. 1979 - CBS - Friday , March 23 - 8 p.m. 1980 - CBS - Friday , March 7 - 8 p.m. 1981 - CBS - Friday , February 27 - 8 p.m. 1982 - CBS - Saturday , March 27 - 8 p.m. 1983 - CBS - Friday , March 18 - 8 p.m. 1984 - CBS - Friday , March 30 - 8 p.m. 1985 - CBS - Friday , March 1 - 8 p.m. 1986 - CBS - Saturday , February 15 - 8 p.m. 1987 - CBS - Friday , March 6 - 8 p.m. 1988 - CBS - Wednesday , February 24 - 8 : 30 p.m. Delayed due to a CBS News Special report . 1989 - CBS - Sunday , March 18 - 7 p.m. The last time that the film pre-empted 60 Minutes . 1990 - CBS - Tuesday , February 20 - 8 p.m. 1991 - CBS - Tuesday , March 19 - 8 p.m. Soundtrack remastered in stereo using CBS StereoSound system . 1991 - CBS - Wednesday , November 27 - 8 p.m. The first time the film aired twice in the same year . This was done to switch it to a November date . 1993 - CBS - Friday , February 26 - 8 p.m. 1993 - CBS - Wednesday , November 11 - 8 p.m. 1994 - CBS - Thursday , November 23 - 8 p.m. 1996 - CBS - Friday , May 10 - 8 p.m. This was the same day that the film Twister , which contains plenty of references to The Wizard of Oz , was released to theatres . The first time that the film aired close to summertime . 1998 - CBS - Friday , May 8 - 8 p.m. - This was the last airing on CBS . From then on , Turner Broadcasting was be in charge of telecasting the film . 2002 - WB - Sunday , November 24 - 7 p.m. First broadcast TV airing since 1998 . 2003 - WB - Sunday , December 7 - 7 p.m. 2004 - WB - Sunday , December 19 - 7 p.m. 2005 - WB - Sunday , December 18 - 7 p.m. Cable showings November 21 , 1999 , TBS July 3 , 2000 , TCM November 19 and 25 , 2000 , TNT July 4 , 2001 , TCM December 1 and 2 , 2001 , TNT July 4 , 2002 , TCM November 28 , 2002 , TBS December 8 , 13 , and 25 , 2002 , TNT July 5 and 6 , 2003 , TCM November 16 and 21 , 2003 , TBS December 13 and 14 , 2003 , TNT July 2 and 3 , 2004 , TCM December 8 and 12 , 2004 , TNT November 19 , 20 , and 24 , 2004 , TBS July 3 and 4 , 2005 , TCM November 11 , 12 , and 13 , 2005 , TBS July 3 and 4 , 2006 , TCM November 10 , 11 , and 12 , 2006 , TBS December 11 and 17 , 2006 , TNT June 3 , 2007 , TCM November 9 , 10 , 11 , 2007 , TBS November 9 and 25 , 2007 , TNT December 22 and 23 , 2007 , TNT March 21 and 22 , 2008 , TCM July 27 , 2008 , TNT November 14 , 2008 , TNT November 14 - 16 , 2008 , TBS December 20 and 21 , 2008 , TNT References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Television : The Oz Bowl Game '' . Time . January 15 , 1965 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Parents are again preparing for the occasion . It will occur this coming Sunday for the seventh straight year , and the children , with a special restlessness , will collect around the television set in much the way that their fathers do for the professional football championships ... for the program has become a modern institution and a red - letter event in the calendar of childhood ... CBS 's annual telecast of Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer 's The Wizard of Oz . Jump up ^ http://www.combustiblecelluloid.com/classic/wizardoz.shtml Jump up ^ `` Treasures of American History : The Wizard of Oz '' . National Museum of American History . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . For generations , this 1939 MGM fantasy musical has held a cherished place in American popular culture . Jump up ^ http://www.thewizardofozmovie.com/movie.html Jump up ^ `` Radio : Here Comes Hollywood '' . Time . November 12 , 1956 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2003 ) . `` Ford Star Jubilee '' . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Cable and Network Shows 1946 - Present . Ballantine Books . p. 425 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 45542 - 8 . Last telecast : November 3 , 1956 ... The last telecast of Ford Star Jubilee , however , was billed as a special event . It was the first airing of what later became a television tradition -- Judy Garland 's classic 1939 film The Wizard of Oz , with Judy 's 10 - year - old daughter Liza Minnelli and Bert Lahr ( the Cowardly Lion from the film ) on hand to introduce it . Jump up ^ Adams , Val ( August 14 , 1956 ) . `` C.B.S. May Lease 750 M-G-M Movies '' . The New York Times . p. 53 . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . The only feature leased so far by M-G-M is ' The Wizard of Oz , ' starring Judy Garland , which CBS plans to televise on its network during the Christmas season this year and again in 1957 . It also has an option for third and fourth showings . The network will pay M-G-M $225 , 00 each time it televises ' The Wizard of Oz . ' Abstract ; full article requires fee . Jump up ^ The Wizard of Oz : The Official 50th Anniversary Pictorial History , ^ Jump up to : Fricke , John , and Jay Scarfone and William Stillman . The Wizard of Oz : The Official 50th Anniversary Pictorial History , Warner Books , 1989 Jump up ^ Fricke , John , and Jay Scarfone and William Stillman . The Wizard of Oz : The Official 50th Anniversary Pictorial History , Warner Books , 1989 , p. 215 ^ Jump up to : https://books.google.com/books?id=C8wEHQAACAAJ&dq=The+Wizard+of+Oz:+50th+Anniversary+Celebration&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0VCqUb7EFofO9gTM1YGwBg&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA Jump up ^ http://www.mrpopculture.com/files/html/jan19-1964/ Jump up ^ Fricke , John , and Jay Scarfone . The Wizard of Oz : The Official 50th Anniversary Pictorial History , Warner Books , 1989 Jump up ^ `` TV Screen , '' The Milwaukee Journal , Milwaukee , Wisc. , 24 December 1961 , https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LzsaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DCcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6142%2C1372025 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Fricke , John , and Jay Scarfone . The Wizard of Oz : The Official 50th Anniversary Pictorial History , Warner Books , 1989 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Fricke , John , and Jay Scarfone and William Stillman . `` The Wizard of Oz : The Official 50th Anniversary Pictorial History '' , Warner Books , 1989 . Jump up ^ http://www.docstoc.com/docs/8043642/New-book-sell-sheet Jump up ^ Harmetz , Aljean `` ' Wizard of Oz ' : A TV Success Story , '' New York Times , March 16 , 1983 . pg . C21 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Jump up ^ http://www.mrpopculture.com/files/December%201,%201966.pdf Jump up ^ Interesting Texts Jump up ^ http://getty.net/texts/tv-67-83.txt Jump up ^ http://wrestlingclique.com/entertainment/14907-extended-nielsen-ratings-nov-6-12-a.html Jump up ^ Glenn Collins , `` A Full - Length ' Oz ' for TV . '' New York Times . New York , N.Y. : March 19 , 1991 , p . C16 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) : Notes '' . TCM . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( 1998 - 04 - 06 ) . `` ' Wizard ' travels to TBS '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ http://www.dtvforum.info/index.php?showtopic=43204 ^ Jump up to : http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/39772/wizard-of-oz-the/ Jump up ^ http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/wizardozse.php Jump up ^ The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Website Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpgHF2JPQ3I hide The Wizard of Oz Elements `` Surrender Dorothy '' Ruby slippers Music `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead '' `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' `` If I Only Had a Brain '' `` Optimistic Voices '' `` The Merry Old Land of Oz '' `` If I Were King of the Forest '' `` The Jitterbug '' ( cut from final film ) Versions , sequels , and adaptations Stage musicals : 1942 , 1987 , 2011 The Wizard of Oz in Concert : Dreams Come True On television Was Apocalypse Oz Off to See the Wizard Journey Back to Oz The Wiz The Wizard of Oz ( TV series ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz Wicked Oz the Great and Powerful Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz Lost In Oz Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz Games Arcade game Pinball Video game Related The Making of The Wizard of Oz Friend of Dorothy Over the Rainbow Dark Side of the Rainbow Meco Plays The Wizard of Oz Lego Dimensions L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wizard_of_Oz_on_television&oldid=848364489 '' Categories : The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 film ) History of children 's television programming in the United States Television programs by topic Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2015 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from February 2013 All articles needing style editing Articles lacking in - text citations from February 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations Wikipedia articles needing style editing from May 2013 Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from May 2013 All articles that are excessively detailed Articles that may contain original research from March 2013 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles needing additional references from January 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from June 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 13 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the wizard of oz first shown in color | [
"From the beginning The Wizard of Oz was telecast in color, although few people owned color television sets in 1956. Except for 1961, all U.S. telecasts have been in color, an effect that seemed much more striking in the early 1960s, when there were still relatively few color programs on television. It was not televised in color in 1961 because color telecasts had to be paid for by their sponsors, who declined to do so that year.[15][16] Between 1956 and 1965, the Wizard of Oz showings were rare exceptions to the black and white program schedule at CBS. During this period, CBS had the ability to broadcast programs in color, but generally chose not to do so unless a sponsor paid for a film or program to be shown in color. During this period, the competing network NBC was owned by RCA, which by 1960 manufactured 95% of the color sets sold in the U.S. Hence, CBS perceived that increased use of color broadcasting would primarily benefit its rival by promoting sales of RCA color television sets.\n"
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-6311330696527024933 | The Good Dinosaur | The Good Dinosaur - wikipedia The Good Dinosaur Jump to : navigation , search The Good Dinosaur Theatrical release poster Directed by Peter Sohn Produced by Denise Ream Screenplay by Meg LeFauve Story by Peter Sohn Erik Benson Meg LeFauve Kelsey Mann Bob Peterson Starring Raymond Ochoa Jack Bright Sam Elliott Anna Paquin A.J. Buckley Steve Zahn Jeffrey Wright Frances McDormand Music by Mychael Danna Jeff Danna Cinematography Sharon Calahan Mahyar Abousaeedi Edited by Stephen Schaffer Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Pixar Animation Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date November 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) ( Paris ) November 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 25 ) ( United States ) Running time 93 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $175 -- 200 million Box office $332.2 million The Good Dinosaur is a 2015 American 3D computer - animated drama adventure film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . The film is directed by Peter Sohn in his directorial debut from a screenplay by Meg LeFauve from an original idea by Bob Peterson . Set on a fictional Earth in which dinosaurs never became extinct , the film follows a young Apatosaurus named Arlo , who meets an unlikely human friend while traveling through a harsh and mysterious landscape . The film features the voices of Raymond Ochoa , Jack Bright , Sam Elliott , Anna Paquin , A.J. Buckley , Steve Zahn , Jeffrey Wright , and Frances McDormand . Peterson , who came up with the idea for the story , directed the film until August 2013 . In October 2014 , Sohn was announced as the new director . The film , along with Inside Out , marks the first time that Pixar has released two feature films in the same year . The Good Dinosaur premiered on November 10 , 2015 in Paris . It was released in the United States on November 25 , 2015 . The film grossed $332 million worldwide , making it Pixar 's lowest - grossing film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 3.1 Revisions 3.2 Design and setting 4 Soundtrack 5 Video game 6 Release 6.1 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 7.3 Accolades 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In an alternate history , the asteroid that would have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago passes safely over Earth . Sixty - five million years later , Apatosaurus farmers Henry and Ida have children Libby , Buck , and the runt Arlo , who has trouble adjusting to farm life . While his successful siblings are allowed to `` make their mark '' ( a mud - print on the family 's corn silo ) , Arlo 's timid nature makes tasks difficult for him . Henry attempts to give Arlo a sense of purpose by putting him in charge of guarding their silo , and helps him set a trap . It captures a feral caveboy , but Arlo does n't have the heart to kill him , and sets him free . Disappointed , Henry takes Arlo to track the caveboy , leading them into a ravine . Henry saves Arlo from a flash flood before being swept away and killed . Without his father , Arlo shoulders more of the workload . He spots the same caveboy inside the silo and , blaming him for his father 's death , chases him until both fall into a river . Arlo can not swim , and is swept downstream where he hits his head on a rock and is knocked unconscious . Awakening , he finds himself far from home and tries to survive on his own , but becomes trapped when a boulder pins his leg . The next day Arlo wakes to find his leg has been freed , and the caveboy appears with food for him . The caveboy then leads Arlo to a berry tree , where the caveboy fends off a large snake , amazing Arlo and impressing a nearby eccentric Styracosaurus who wants to keep the boy . He forces Arlo to compete with him to give the boy a name he will respond to , which Arlo finally wins when he calls him `` Spot '' . Arlo and Spot bond as Arlo laments his lost family , and Spot reveals that his own parents are dead . Later , when a storm strikes , Arlo runs away in fear and loses the riverbank he has been following home . The next morning , Arlo wakes to find Spot at his side . They are noticed by a band of pterodactyls , led by Thunderclap , who appear to be conducting a rescue operation but turn out to be savagely carnivorous . When the pterodactyls try to take Spot , Arlo and Spot flee , happening upon a pair of Tyrannosaurus named Nash and Ramsey , who ward off the pterodactyls . Nash , Ramsey , and their father Butch have lost their herd of longhorns , so Arlo offers Spot 's help in sniffing them out . They locate the herd , but Butch recognizes the work of cattle rustlers , and uses Arlo as a lure . Arlo and Spot attract the attention of rustler Velociraptor , allowing Butch and his family to attack . During the fight , Arlo musters his courage and fends off two raptors who have overwhelmed Butch , helping to turn the fight in their favor . Having gained their respect , Arlo joins the Tyrannosaurus in driving the cattle south when he sees the familiar mountain peaks of his homeland in the distance , and leaves with Spot to return home . Along the way , they encounter an adult feral caveman in the distance , and though Spot shows interest , Arlo dissuades him and they continue on . As another storm approaches , Thunderclap and the pterodactyls return and attack and carry Spot away . Arlo becomes entangled in vines , where he has a vision of Henry leading him home . Arlo instead resolves to save Spot , making the vision of his father proud before it fades away . Arlo finds and attacks the pterodactyls , who have cornered Spot at the river . Arlo and Spot together plunge Thunderclap and the pterodactyls into the water , where they are swept helplessly downstream . When another flash flood occurs , Arlo leaps into the water to rescue Spot as the two are swept away toward a waterfall . Arlo protects Spot as the two plummet down the fall , and carries him to shore . As they approach Arlo 's home , the two again hear the unknown caveman call , and are approached by an entire cave family . With great reluctance , Arlo pushes Spot to join his adoptive family , and the two of them share a tearful goodbye . Arlo finally arrives home to his mother and siblings , and makes his mark on the silo between those of his mother and father . Voice cast ( edit ) Raymond Ochoa as Arlo , the youngest of the Apatosaurus family Jack McGraw as Young Arlo Jack Bright as Spot , a 6 - 7 - year - old human caveboy who befriends Arlo . Sam Elliott as Butch , a Tyrannosaurus who runs a `` ranch '' filled with prehistoric `` longhorns '' . Anna Paquin as Ramsey , Butch 's daughter A.J. Buckley as Nash , Butch 's son Jeffrey Wright as Poppa Henry , the father of the Apatosaurus family . Frances McDormand as Momma Ida , the mother of the Apatosaurus family . Marcus Scribner as Buck , Arlo 's brother Ryan Teeple as Young Buck Maleah Padilla as Libby , Arlo 's sister Steve Zahn as Thunderclap , a Nyctosaurus and the leader of a gang of pterodactyls . Mandy Freund as Downpour , a pterodactyl who is a member of Thunderclap 's flock Steven Clay Hunter as Coldfront , a pterodactyl who is a member of Thunderclap 's flock Peter Sohn as Forrest Woodbush , a Styracosaurus who has various animals perched on his horns . Dave Boat as Bubbha , the leader of a gang of Velociraptor rustlers Carrie Paff as Lurleane , a Velociraptor who is a member of Bubbha 's pack . John Ratzenberger as Earl , a Velociraptor who is a member of Bubbha 's pack . Calum Mackenzie Grant as Pervis , a Velociraptor who is a member of Bubbha 's pack . Production ( edit ) Bob Peterson and Peter Sohn started working on the film in 2009 , when Peterson came up with the idea . The film 's first release date of November 27 , 2013 was first announced in June 2011 . The plot , director and co-director , producer , and other small details were announced at the D23 Expo on August 20 , 2011 . Peterson and John Walker announced the film as The Untitled Pixar Movie About Dinosaurs . On April 24 , 2012 , Pixar announced that it would be titled The Good Dinosaur . The filmmakers wanted to explore what dinosaurs represent today , and how they are represented in stereotypes . Peterson stated : `` It 's time to do a movie where you get to know the dinosaur , what it 's really like to be a dinosaur and to be with a dinosaur . '' Peterson said the inspiration for the project came from a childhood visit to the 1964 New York World 's Fair where he was impressed by some dinosaur Audio - Animatronics . On the film 's title , Sohn stated , `` The title is deceptively simple . It has more meaning than it seems . '' He additionally explained : `` Arlo has a lot of issues when he 's born . He 's fearful and he 's weak and he 's disconnected from the family because of these issues and he feels like he 's not worthy , and so he finds a way to become worthy . '' In April 2012 , Pixar announced that the film 's release date had been shifted from November 27 , 2013 to May 30 , 2014 . On August 9 , 2013 , it was announced at the D23 Expo that Lucas Neff , John Lithgow , Frances McDormand , Neil Patrick Harris , Judy Greer , and Bill Hader had joined the cast of the film . Revisions ( edit ) By summer 2013 , Peterson and Walker had been removed from the film due to story problems . Peterson , who could not crack the film 's third act , was absent from the D23 Expo , where Sohn and producer Denise Ream presented footage from the film . Ed Catmull , Pixar 's president , explained the departure : `` All directors get really deep in their film . Sometimes you just need a different perspective to get the idea out . Sometimes directors ... are so deeply embedded in their ideas it actually takes someone else to finish it up . '' Peterson moved on to another project he is developing at Pixar , while Ream replaced Walker , who left to work on Disney 's Tomorrowland . On the subject of changing directors , Ream stated , `` Sadly , it happens more often than any of us would like ... It 's given a lot of thought and care . Bob still works at Pixar ( and ) he 's a beloved member of the studio . He helps out on a lot of the movies . We care about him , but he just needed help getting the movie done . '' John Lasseter , Lee Unkrich , Mark Andrews , and Sohn stepped in temporarily to work on various sections of the film . In September 2013 , The Good Dinosaur was pushed back from May 30 , 2014 to November 25 , 2015 ( the scheduled release date for Pixar 's Finding Dory ) . According to Ream , the primary reason for the rescheduling was `` the story was not working , period , full stop , it just was not where it needed to be . '' In November 2013 , due to the delay , Pixar laid off 67 employees of its 1,200 - person workforce , following the closure of Pixar Canada a month before , when about 80 employees had been laid off , officially to refocus Pixar 's efforts at its main headquarters . In the footage shown at the 2013 D23 Expo , Arlo was a huge dinosaur , Sohn recalled : `` In the original version of the film , Spot was so tiny , we really wanted to make him feel like a bug . But people had a tough time connecting that these two had a relationship , because Arlo was so large . It was fun , but at the same time we never believed the growth that they could have together . It was really like , ' I 'm best friends with a bee ! ' Bob Peterson , the original director , his first pitch was just a boy and his dog , and so when I took it I said , ' I want to honor that as much as I can . ' '' In August 2014 , Lithgow revealed in an interview that the film had been dismantled and `` completely reimagined '' and that he was expected to re-record his role in the next month , while mentioning that McDormand was still part of the film . In November 2014 , it was reported that new elements had been added to the story , such as treating nature as the film 's antagonist . Pixar 's general manager and president Jim Morris stated , `` We all liked the movie from the beginning , but ... the story had some kind of fatal flaws in it that none of us really saw . It was kind of a Billy Elliot story . It was a very different kind of movie -- there was a whole dinosaur culture and community and so forth . It was one where the Arlo character was kind of repressed by the community . It never quite felt right . It always felt like that we were vilifying this group ( of dinosaur characters ) that was otherwise a very likeable group . It just did n't feel like it resonated truly . '' Morris additionally explained : `` We give people the chance to work on a story , and we give them our support , but it does n't always work out ... there were story issues that were just not solvable . So we changed the story to make it better , and we 're very proud of the film we have now . '' In October 2014 , Sohn was announced as the new director of the film . In June 2015 , it was announced that the majority of the cast had been revised . Of the original cast , only McDormand retained her role in the film . It was revealed that Neff had been replaced by Raymond Ochoa , and Lithgow had been replaced by Jeffrey Wright . Arlo 's three siblings , to be voiced by Harris , Hader , and Greer had been cut down to a single brother named Buck , voiced by Marcus Scribner , and later , a sister named Libby , voiced by Maleah Padilla . On the cast revisions , Sohn explained : `` It was all about finding a younger Arlo , it was really about finding a boy ( to play Arlo ) , so that we could push into that idea of him growing up and becoming a man , so the actor previous -- who is a great actor -- he was already a man , and so I needed to push that arc and find that compassionate kid , so that was the major kind of change . Then everything else , all the other characters that supported that story came in and out and changed and evolved and through that evolution , some of those performers changed out of it . '' It was also confirmed that the farmer aspect was still part of the film . Design and setting ( edit ) The filmmakers wanted nature to be the antagonist for the main character Arlo . Ream noted `` Nature can overcome anything , including a massive dinosaur . '' In order to achieve the needed realism , the film 's team traveled to the American Northwest , spending time in Jackson Hole , Wyoming , Juntura , Oregon , and southern Montana . Production designer Harley Jessup stated : `` The area has a fantastic variety of landscapes , ranging from the Jackson Valley and the Tetons to the amazing geysers and waterfalls in Yellowstone , we studied the grasslands of Montana and the Red Desert , then incorporated all of it in Arlo 's journey . '' To use the landscapes that they had experienced , the filmmakers used data from the U.S. Geological Survey , and satellite images from Google Earth . The geographical data provided a foundation that the team then built on . According to supervising technical director Sanjay Bakshi , this gave Sohn `` the freedom to shoot in any direction he wanted to make the world feel big and real . '' In addition , The Good Dinosaur features three - dimensional , volumetric clouds . In previous Pixar films , clouds have been `` painted '' onto the sets . Light and photography director Sharon Calahan explained : `` Storm clouds are almost like a villain in the film . Plus , it 's very labor - intensive to paint clouds , and they 're in almost every scene . '' Calahan also noted `` These particular clouds can be rendered and we can light them , which we 've never been able to properly do before . '' According to the filmmakers , the environments and landscapes in the film are not photo - realistic , they are just detailed in a way that advanced technology and style decisions allow . In terms of animating Arlo , animators Rob Thompson and Kevin O'Hara went to a zoo and shot video of elephants in motion . Thompson stated : `` One of the most intimidating things to animate is a quadruped , because there 's so much to them and there 's so much to manage . It 's very easy to make it not work if you do n't know what you 're managing . Locomotion is all about efficiency , a lot of times you think , ' We 're animating a big , heavy character . We should slam those feet . That 'll make it feel heavy . ' The truth is , that 's not efficient . That would n't be great for the legs . '' A system where Arlo 's head goes up and his chest goes down when his hips goes up , was therefore created . To get an idea of the scale of Arlo , a complete full - size model was built out of card and foam core . In total The Good Dinosaur took up 300TB of server space , ten times as much space as Monsters University ( 2013 ) . Arlo was designed so that the audience could identify with him and be able to see the `` boy '' inside the dinosaur . Sohn explained `` When Arlo gets lost in the wilderness , you need to worry that he 's out of his element and in danger of getting killed , rather than just thinking ' You 're an animal . Why do n't you just turn around and eat some leaves ? ' '' He additionally stated `` If you put like a realistic dinosaur in the woods , eat some leaves , you 're fine ... But we really wanted to play with that twist of this is a boy out there . A dinosaur boy for sure , but trying to infuse those qualities into him ... And also keeping him in a world that had an arc to itself . That it would start off being beautiful and then become dangerous . When we had these designs of the trees where they were a little bit more blocky and a little bit more graphic . We put Arlo in front of it , it 's like ' ooh that kind of is cool , but boy , it does n't feel like it 's that dangerous . ' Like when we get a rock stuck on him , it did n't feel like anything ' cause when we went on our research trips , boy that idea of like you can get , you could die by a small thing like having a rock on your foot . Or you could die by a huge thing like an avalanche , which we tried to kind of explore in the film . So that was one of our main intents . '' In terms of the film 's setting , Sohn stated `` Pixar is all about the ' what if ' question ... ' What if the asteroid missed the earth ? ' Yeah , we went down the road of : they could be cooking in a dino diner ; they could be in space ; they could be in anything . But then there was a drawing of a dinosaur farming that kind of sparked people of the idea of ' he 's working hard and this character needs to survive out there . ' All of the American dinosaur bones are found in the northwest -- from Montana , to Oregon , to Wyoming , and the Dakotas , so the combination of hardworking farm families and the west really brought us into that frontier world immediately ... ( S ) o we started doing research . We started finding all of these people who were surviving out there on the land . They were either cultivating the cattle , or were ranchers in Oregon , or were farmers in the Midwest . It just kept teaching us how much we want to honor this world , and how hard it is to survive out there . It started dictating the world itself . '' Since The Good Dinosaur is set in a world in which dinosaurs never became extinct , they were instead able to evolve . Herbivores like Arlo and his family become farmers , and carnivores like the T. rex become ranchers . Because they are meant to be reminiscent of cowboys , when the T. rex run , their lower bodies mimic a galloping horse , while their upper bodies have the feel of a riding cowboy . To help inspire Butch 's physical look and performance , the filmmakers looked at classic film cowboys such as characters portrayed by Clint Eastwood and Jack Palance . Soundtrack ( edit ) The Good Dinosaur Film score by Mychael Danna and Jeff Danna Released November 20 , 2015 Recorded 2015 Studio Eastwood Scoring Stage , Warner Bros. , Los Angeles Genre Soundtrack , film score Length 63 : 22 Label Walt Disney Producer Chris Montan Pixar film soundtrack chronology Inside Out : Original Soundtrack ( 2015 ) Inside Out : Original Soundtrack 2015 The Good Dinosaur ( 2015 ) Finding Dory ( 2016 ) Finding Dory 2016 Mychael Danna chronology The Captive ( 2014 ) The Captive 2014 The Good Dinosaur ( 2015 ) The Good Dinosaur2015 Storks ( 2016 ) Storks 2016 Jeff Danna chronology Montage of Heck ( 2015 ) Montage of Heck 2015 The Good Dinosaur ( 2015 ) The Good Dinosaur2015 Storks ( 2016 ) Storks 2016 The film 's score was composed by Mychael Danna and his brother , Jeff Danna . It marks the first Pixar film to be scored by two composers . Danna was approached by Sohn and Ream due to his score for Life of Pi , which won an Academy Award . Having a lot of work , he invited his brother Jeff Danna as a co-writer . Walt Disney Records released the soundtrack on November 20 , 2015 . Track listing All music composed by Mychael Danna and Jeff Danna . No . Title Length 1 . `` Homestead '' 2 : 11 2 . `` Hello Arlo '' 2 : 49 3 . `` Chores '' 0 : 55 4 . `` Make Your Mark '' 2 : 07 5 . `` Fireflies '' 2 : 16 6 . `` Critter Problem '' 1 : 04 7 . `` You 're Me and More '' 3 : 05 8 . `` Family Struggle '' 1 : 23 9 . `` Swept Away '' 1 : 33 10 . `` Mountain Top '' 0 : 51 11 . `` Lost in the World '' 3 : 35 12 . `` Offerings '' 1 : 32 13 . `` Unexpected Friend '' 2 : 56 14 . `` Pet Collector '' 2 : 24 15 . `` Swimming Lessons '' 2 : 29 16 . `` Orphans '' 4 : 39 17 . `` The Storm '' 1 : 17 18 . `` I 'm Never Getting Home '' 0 : 44 19 . `` Storm Chasers '' 1 : 22 20 . `` Bloodhound '' 1 : 37 21 . `` Fight Them Rustlers '' 1 : 46 22 . `` Run With the Herd '' 3 : 51 23 . `` Returned Call '' 1 : 25 24 . `` Sky Sharks '' 1 : 46 25 . `` Arlo 's Vision '' 1 : 35 26 . `` Rescue '' 2 : 31 27 . `` Over the Falls '' 2 : 41 28 . `` Goodbye Spot '' 4 : 12 29 . `` Homecoming '' 1 : 24 30 . `` Arlo Makes His Mark '' 1 : 22 Total length : 63 : 22 Video game ( edit ) A figure of Spot and Power Discs of Arlo , Ramsey , Nash , and Butch have been released for Disney Infinity 3.0 . Release ( edit ) The Good Dinosaur was theatrically released on November 25 , 2015 . Before the rescheduling from 2014 to 2015 , a Monsters University short film titled Party Central was set to accompany the film , but was instead shown with the theatrical release of Disney 's Muppets Most Wanted . In April 2015 , it was announced that a new Pixar short , Sanjay 's Super Team , directed by Sanjay Patel , would be shown in front of The Good Dinosaur instead . The film 's teaser trailer was released on June 2 , 2015 , and the first official trailer was released on July 21 , 2015 . The film received an exclusive run at The Grand Rex in Paris a week before its U.S. and European premiere . Home Media ( edit ) The Good Dinosaur was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu - ray ( 2D and 3D ) , DVD , and digital download in the United States on February 23 , 2016 . Blu - ray bonus features include Sanjay 's Super Team , audio commentary , behind - the - scenes featurettes , deleted scenes , and the `` Hide and Seek '' short promotional clip . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Good Dinosaur grossed $123.1 million in the United States and Canada and $209.1 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $332.2 million against a production budget of $175 -- 200 million , making it Pixar 's lowest - grossing film . Adding in the marketing budget , the film had a cost of $350 million , which it was not able to recoup . However , the film proved to be much more financially successful in terms of home video sales . In North America , The Good Dinosaur opened on Wednesday , November 25 , 2015 alongside Creed and Victor Frankenstein , as well as the wide releases of Brooklyn , Spotlight , and Trumbo . The film was projected to gross $60 -- 65 million from 3,749 theaters in its first five days , including $45 million in its opening weekend . It made $1.3 million from its Tuesday night previews and $9.8 million on its first day . The film ended up grossing $55.6 million in its first five days , including $39.2 million in its opening weekend , finishing second at the box office behind the second weekend of Mockingjay -- Part 2 , the final installment in the Hunger Games film series . Outside North America , it earned $28.7 million from 39 markets , including 8 significant markets . Unlike the USA , where it had the benefit of the Thanksgiving weekend , it did not have the same benefit internationally . Rather , its release date was designed to set it up to run through the December holiday . The top openings were in the United Kingdom ( $4.3 million ) , Mexico ( $3.6 million ) , France ( $3.2 million ) , Argentina ( $2.2 million ) , and Russia ( $2.1 million ) . Of those , it opened at No. 1 in Mexico , Argentina and Russia . In terms of total earnings , its leading markets are the United Kingdom ( $10.1 million ) , Mexico ( $8.7 million ) , and France ( $8.1 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 76 % , based on 198 reviews , with a rating average of 6.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Good Dinosaur delivers thrillingly beautiful animation in service of a worthy story that , even if it does n't quite live up to the lofty standards set by Pixar , still adds up to charming , family - friendly entertainment . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 66 out of 100 , based on 37 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times described it as `` antic and unexpected as well as homiletic , rife with subversive elements , wacky critters and some of the most beautiful landscapes ever seen in a computer animated film . '' Manohla Dargis of The New York Times felt the film `` has a few things on its mind , but its tone is overwhelmingly playful , not hectoring . '' Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal opined that `` As Pixar productions go , this one is n't a groundbreaker , but it 's heartfelt and endearing , as well as visually splendiferous , and kids will love it for sure . '' `` Clever and cloying by turns , it 's a movie that always seems to be trying to evolve beyond its conventional trappings , and not succeeding as often as Pixar devotees have come to expect , '' wrote Justin Chang of Variety . Many of the reviewers praised the sophistication of its nearly photorealistic backgrounds . Christopher Orr of The Atlantic felt it to be the studio 's first film explicitly targeted towards children , though it is `` by no means a bad movie ( ... ) It 's a simple story , well - told . '' Mark Feeney , writing for The Boston Globe , felt similarly , deeming it a `` very middling movie ( ... ) The Good Dinosaur generally features a sort of sentimentality and emotional reductiveness that make it seem meant for small children as no previous Pixar movie has . '' The Washington Post 's Stephanie Merry dubbed it `` a nice , conventional story , but it 's not Pixar - level imaginative . '' Richard Roeper , for the Chicago Sun - Times , felt it `` one strange , aggressively gross and dark adventure ( ... ) Inconsistent and weird , The Good Dinosaur is second - level Pixar all the way . '' Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter derided its `` disappointingly derivative '' screenplay . Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient Outcome American Cinema Editors Awards January 29 , 2016 Best Edited Animated Feature Film Stephen Schaffer Nominated Annie Awards February 6 , 2016 Best Animated Feature The Good Dinosaur Outstanding Achievement in Animated Effects in an Animated Production John Reisch and Stephen Marshall Won Outstanding Achievement in Character Animation in a Feature Production Mark C. Harris Nominated K.C. Roeyer Outstanding Achievement in Character Design in an Animated Feature Production Matt Nolte Outstanding Achievement in Music in an Animated Feature Production Mychael Danna and Jeff Danna Outstanding Achievement in Production Design in an Animated Feature Production Harley Jessup , Sharon Calahan , Bryn Imagire , Noah Klocek and Huy Nguyen Outstanding Achievement in Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production Bill Presing Rosana Sullivan J.P. Vine , Tony Rosenast and Enrico Casarosa Austin Film Critics Association Awards December 29 , 2015 Best Animated Film The Good Dinosaur Black Reel Awards February 18 , 2016 Best Voice Performance Jeffrey Wright ( Poppa Henry ) British Academy Children 's Awards November 20 , 2016 Feature Film Peter Sohn and Meg LeFauve BAFTA Kids ' Vote The Good Dinosaur Chicago Film Critics Association Awards December 16 , 2015 Best Animated Film Critics ' Choice Awards January 17 , 2016 Best Animated Feature Florida Film Critics Circle Awards December 23 , 2015 Best Animated Film Golden Globe Awards January 10 , 2016 Best Animated Feature Film Golden Reel Awards February 27 , 2016 Best Sound Editing : Sound Effects , Foley , Dialogue & ADR in an Animation Feature Film Shannon Mills Houston Film Critics Society Awards January 9 , 2016 Best Animated Feature Film The Good Dinosaur Online Film Critics Society Awards December 14 , 2015 Best Animated Film Producers Guild of America Awards January 23 , 2016 Outstanding Producer of Animated Theatrical Motion Pictures Denise Ream San Diego Film Critics Society Awards December 14 , 2015 Best Animated Film The Good Dinosaur Satellite Awards February 21 , 2016 Best Motion Picture , Animated or Mixed Media Saturn Awards June 22 , 2016 Best Animated Film St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards December 20 , 2015 Best Animated Film Village Voice Film Poll January 7 , 2016 Best Animated Film 10th Place Visual Effects Society Awards February 2 , 2016 Outstanding Visual Effects in an Animated Feature Sanjay Bakshi , Denise Ream , Michael Venturini , and Jon Reisch Won Outstanding Animated Performance in an Animated Feature Ana Gabriela Lacaze , Jacob Brooks , Lou Hamou - Lhadj , and Mark C. Harris ( Spot ) Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in an Animated Feature David Munier , Matthew Webb , Matt Kuruc , and Tom Miller ( The Farm ) Won Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Animated Feature Stephen Marshall , Magnus Wrenninge , Michael Hall , and Hemagiri Arumugam References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Keegan , Rebecca ( August 30 , 2013 ) . `` Pixar Animation yanks director Bob Peterson off ' The Good Dinosaur ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Film Review : ' The Good Dinosaur ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Burlingame , Jon ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Good Dinosaur ' Score Breaks Pixar Mold '' . Variety . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Dinosaur '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Box - Office Thanksgiving Preview : ' Good Dinosaur ' Takes On ' Hunger Games : Mockingjay ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Faughnder , Ryan ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' Good Dinosaur ' and ' Creed ' to battle ' Hunger Games ' at holiday box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Good Dinosaur ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pixar Releases Trailer for ' The Good Dinosaur ' ( VIDEO ) '' . Christian Post . Retrieved August 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Inside Out ' brings joy back to Pixar '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . With Inside Out hitting theaters Friday and The Good Dinosaur expected Nov. 25 , the company is releasing two films in the same year for the first time in its storied history . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the New Cast of Disney Pixar 's The Good Dinosaur '' . The Walt Disney Company . June 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Han , Angie ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Good Dinosaur ' Preview : How John Ford and Hayao Miyazaki Helped Inspire Pixar '' . / Film . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Good Dinosaur ' Official Character Descriptions '' . stitchkingdom.com . November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Robert ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Good Dinosaur ' Characters Receive Profiles '' . themovienetwork.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( September 17 , 2015 ) . `` How Pixar created the beautiful , dangerous world of ' The Good Dinosaur ' '' . Mashable . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bastoli , Mike ( June 20 , 2011 ) . `` Untitled Pixar feature coming Nov. 27 , 2013 '' . Big Screen Animation . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rizvi , Samad ( August 21 , 2011 ) . `` D23 2011 : A Few More Details On Pixar 's Dinosaur Movie '' . Pixar Times . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rizvi , Samad ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` CinemaCon 2012 : Pixar 's Dinosaur Film Gets A Title , New Lee Unkrich Project Announced '' . Pixar Times . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan , Rebecca ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` Pixar 's ' The Good Dinosaur ' will warm up a prehistoric reputation '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Butler , Tom ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Why Pixar 's The Good Dinosaur Had To Overhaul Its Voice Cast ( Exclusive ) '' . Yahoo Movies UK . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rizvi , Samad ( December 23 , 2011 ) . `` Pixar Dinosaur Film Bumped Off Nov 2013 Release Date '' . Pixar Times . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Beard , Lanford . `` Pixar preview : Casts announced for ' The Good Dinosaur , ' ' Inside Out ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kilday , Gregg ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Pixar vs. Disney Animation : John Lasseter 's Tricky Tug - of - War '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( August 26 , 2013 ) . `` Rumor : ' The Good Dinosaur ' Director Bob Peterson Is Off the Film '' . SlashFilm . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Drew ( August 26 , 2013 ) . `` Pixar Filmmaker Bob Peterson Reportedly Off ' The Good Dinosaur , ' Studio Seeking Replacement '' . The Playlist . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Anders , Charlie Jane ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` How Pixar Rescued The Good Dinosaur From Creative Extinction '' . io9 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Good Dinosaur ' Producer Denise Ream on Re-Casting the Voices and More '' . Collider.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Daniel ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` Pixar undergoes layoffs due to ' The Good Dinosaur ' delay '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Director Peter Sohn on the Evolution of The Good Dinosaur '' . Disney Insider . February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Lithgow Says The Good Dinosaur Was Dismantled and Reimagined '' . Collider.com . May 30 , 2014 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Pixar redraws the lines for ' Good Dinosaur ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Edmund ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Chinese film - goers may see Pixar 's Good Dinosaur before US '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wai Yee , Yip ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Pixar 's first Asian - themed film to debut next month , along with The Good Dinosaur '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Peter Sohn Named New Director of Pixar 's ' The Good Dinosaur ' '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` A Special Sneak Preview of Disney Pixar 's The Good Dinosaur '' . Comingsoon.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Zakrzewski , Cat ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Pixar Studios Doubles Effects In Upcoming Film ' The Good Dinosaur ' '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lesnick , Silas ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` The Good Dinosaur Story : Behind the Scenes at Pixar '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Zacuto , Ben ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : GOOD DINO HD Stills and Fun Facts '' . EverythingPixar.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ How Pixar Changed All The Rules To Make The Good Dinosaur A Stunning Masterpiece Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Interview : Director Peter Sohn Talks ' The Good Dinosaur ' '' . / Film . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Records Releases `` The Good Dinosaur '' Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Score Composed By Mychael And Jeff Danna '' ( Press release ) . PR Newsire . Burbank , California . November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Dan ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Infinity 3.0 November Figures and The Good Dinosaur Power Discs Out Now '' . theHDRroom.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Good Dinosaur ' moved to 2015 , leaving Pixar with no 2014 film '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Monsters University ' Short Film ' Party Central ' Revealed '' . / Film . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Pixar artist Sanjay Patel gets personal with ' Sanjay 's Super Team ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eliana Dockterman , `` Go Back in Time With the First Trailer for Pixar 's The Good Dinosaur , '' Time , June 2 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` The Teaser Trailer and Poster for Pixar 's The Good Dinosaur , '' ComingSoon.net , June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Good Dinosaur - Official US Trailer . YouTube . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( November 15 , 2015 ) . `` Paris Attacks : ' Spectre ' Prevails in France Despite Cinema Closures '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Szadkowski , Joseph ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Blu - ray review : The Good Dinosaur , Pixar 's prehistoric travelogue '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Good Dinosaur ' on 3D Blu - ray on February with Deleted Scenes , Original Short ( Sneak Peek ) '' . Stitch Kingdom . January 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela . `` ' Good Dinosaur ' : Analyzing Pixar 's First Box - Office Disaster '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Guerrasio , Jason . `` ' Pixar finally has its first box - office bomb '' . Business Insider . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon , `` The Good Dinosaur is Pixar 's Lowest Grossing Movie '' , Den of Geek ! , January 7 , 2016 , Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pixar Total Grosses '' , Box Office Mojo , Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kenny , Charles . `` ' Pixar 's First Flop is Being Quietly Swept Under the Rug '' . IndieWire . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McKnight , Brent . `` The Good Dinosaur Somehow Managed To Find Its Audience On Home Video '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. `` Pixar 's ' Good Dinosaur ' Tops Home Video Sales Charts '' . Variety.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Katniss To Sling Arrows Into ' Creed ' & ' Victor Frankenstein ' , As ' Good Dinosaur ' Stalks Families : Thanksgiving B.O. Preview '' . deadline.com . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro . `` Katniss Rules Wednesday On Track For $78 M - 80M 5 - Day ; ' Good Dinosaur ' Eyes $58 M - $62 M ; ' Creed ' Punching $39 M - $42 M '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Mockingjay ' Rules Roost ; ' Good Dinosaur ' Hatches With $29 M ; ' The Martian ' Lands $50 M In China -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' In The Heart Of The Sea ' , ' Point Break ' Surf Into Top 5 With Offshore Debuts -- International Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 13 , 2015 ) . `` China Makes ' Surprise ' Entrance At No. 1 ; Katniss , Arlo & 007 Top Calm Studio Frame -- Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Dinosaur ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Dinosaur Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Review : ' The Good Dinosaur ' is a wondrous , wacky Jurassic world for tykes '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dargis , Manohla ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Review : In ' The Good Dinosaur , ' a Reptile Tends to His Human Pet '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Good Dinosaur ' Review : A Warm - Blooded Jurassic Lark '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Film Review : ' The Good Dinosaur ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Orr , Christopher ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` The Good Dinosaur : Pixar 's First Movie Just for Kids '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Feeney , Mark ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Pixar 's ' The Good Dinosaur ' lives in a Disney world '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Merry , Stephanie ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Good Dinosaur ' fails to live up to the Pixar promise '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Good Dinosaur ' : Not As Evolved As Most Pixar '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rechtshaffen , Michael ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Good Dinosaur ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flores , Terry ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Inside Out , ' ' Good Dinosaur ' Lead Annie Award Nominations '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The AFCA 2015 Awards Nominees '' . Austin Film Critics Association . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2015 . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foster , Elizabeth ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Horrible Histories , TrueTube lead BAFTA Children 's noms '' . Kidscreen . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Children 's BAFTA Kids ' Vote - Film '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Carol , ' Netflix Lead Golden Globes Nomination '' . Variety . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MOTION PICTURE SOUND EDITORS '' . Motion Picture Sound Editors . Retrieved January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Awards ( 19th Annual ) '' . Online Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 San Diego Film Critics Society 's Award Nominations '' . San Diego Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 San Diego Film Critics Society Award Winners '' . San Diego Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Satellite Awards Nominees Unveiled '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd Annual Saturn Awards nominations are announced for 2016 ! '' . Saturn Awards . February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Annual StLFCA Awards '' . St. Louis Film Critics Association . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg . `` The Dark Horse ' Wins Top Honor at Seattle Film Fest '' . Voice . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Good Dinosaur . Official website at Disney Official website at Pixar The Good Dinosaur on IMDb The Good Dinosaur at the TCM Movie Database The Good Dinosaur at The Big Cartoon DataBase The Good Dinosaur at Box Office Mojo The Good Dinosaur at Rotten Tomatoes The Good Dinosaur at Metacritic ( hide ) Pixar Animation Studios Feature films Released Toy Story ( 1995 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Cars 2 ( 2011 ) Brave ( 2012 ) Monsters University ( 2013 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) The Good Dinosaur ( 2015 ) Finding Dory ( 2016 ) Cars 3 ( 2017 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Upcoming Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) Toy Story 4 ( 2019 ) Short films The Adventures of André & Wally B. ( 1984 ) Luxo Jr. ( 1986 ) Red 's Dream ( 1987 ) Tin Toy ( 1988 ) Knick Knack ( 1989 ) Geri 's Game ( 1997 ) For the Birds ( 2000 ) Mike 's New Car ( 2002 ) Boundin ' ( 2003 ) Jack - Jack Attack ( 2005 ) Mr. Incredible and Pals ( 2005 ) One Man Band ( 2005 ) Mater and the Ghostlight ( 2006 ) Lifted ( 2006 ) Your Friend the Rat ( 2007 ) Presto ( 2008 ) BURN - E ( 2008 ) Partly Cloudy ( 2009 ) Dug 's Special Mission ( 2009 ) George & A.J. 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"\nRaymond Ochoa as Arlo, the youngest of the Apatosaurus family[10][11]\n\nJack McGraw as Young Arlo\n\n\nJack Bright as Spot, a 6-7-year-old human caveboy who befriends Arlo.[10][11]\nSam Elliott as Butch, a Tyrannosaurus who runs a \"ranch\" filled with prehistoric \"longhorns\".[10]\nAnna Paquin as Ramsey, Butch's daughter[10][11]\nA. J. Buckley as Nash, Butch's son[10][11]\nJeffrey Wright as Poppa Henry, the father of the Apatosaurus family.[10][11]\nFrances McDormand as Momma Ida, the mother of the Apatosaurus family.[10][11]\nMarcus Scribner as Buck, Arlo's brother[10]\n\nRyan Teeple as Young Buck[12]\n\n\nMaleah Padilla as Libby, Arlo's sister[12]\nSteve Zahn as Thunderclap, a Nyctosaurus and the leader of a gang of pterodactyls.[10]\nMandy Freund as Downpour, a pterodactyl who is a member of Thunderclap's flock[12]\nSteven Clay Hunter as Coldfront, a pterodactyl who is a member of Thunderclap's flock[12]\nPeter Sohn as Forrest Woodbush, a Styracosaurus who has various animals perched on his horns.[12][13]\nDave Boat as Bubbha, the leader of a gang of Velociraptor rustlers[12]\nCarrie Paff as Lurleane, a Velociraptor who is a member of Bubbha's pack.[12]\nJohn Ratzenberger as Earl, a Velociraptor who is a member of Bubbha's pack.[12]\nCalum Mackenzie Grant as Pervis, a Velociraptor who is a member of Bubbha's pack.[12]\n",
"\nRaymond Ochoa as Arlo, the youngest of the Apatosaurus family[10][11]\n\nJack McGraw as Young Arlo\n\n\nJack Bright as Spot, a 6-7-year-old human caveboy who befriends Arlo.[10][11]\nSam Elliott as Butch, a Tyrannosaurus who runs a \"ranch\" filled with prehistoric \"longhorns\".[10]\nAnna Paquin as Ramsey, Butch's daughter[10][11]\nA. J. Buckley as Nash, Butch's son[10][11]\nJeffrey Wright as Poppa Henry, the father of the Apatosaurus family.[10][11]\nFrances McDormand as Momma Ida, the mother of the Apatosaurus family.[10][11]\nMarcus Scribner as Buck, Arlo's brother[10]\n\nRyan Teeple as Young Buck[12]\n\n\nMaleah Padilla as Libby, Arlo's sister[12]\nSteve Zahn as Thunderclap, a Nyctosaurus and the leader of a gang of pterodactyls.[10]\nMandy Freund as Downpour, a pterodactyl who is a member of Thunderclap's flock[12]\nSteven Clay Hunter as Coldfront, a pterodactyl who is a member of Thunderclap's flock[12]\nPeter Sohn as Forrest Woodbush, a Styracosaurus who has various animals perched on his horns.[12][13]\nDave Boat as Bubbha, the leader of a gang of Velociraptor rustlers[12]\nCarrie Paff as Lurleane, a Velociraptor who is a member of Bubbha's pack.[12]\nJohn Ratzenberger as Earl, a Velociraptor who is a member of Bubbha's pack.[12]\nCalum Mackenzie Grant as Pervis, a Velociraptor who is a member of Bubbha's pack.[12]\n",
"\nRaymond Ochoa as Arlo, the youngest of the Apatosaurus family[10][11]\n\nJack McGraw as Young Arlo\n\n\nJack Bright as Spot, a 6-7-year-old human caveboy who befriends Arlo.[10][11]\nSam Elliott as Butch, a Tyrannosaurus who runs a \"ranch\" filled with prehistoric \"longhorns\".[10]\nAnna Paquin as Ramsey, Butch's daughter[10][11]\nA. J. Buckley as Nash, Butch's son[10][11]\nJeffrey Wright as Poppa Henry, the father of the Apatosaurus family.[10][11]\nFrances McDormand as Momma Ida, the mother of the Apatosaurus family.[10][11]\nMarcus Scribner as Buck, Arlo's brother[10]\n\nRyan Teeple as Young Buck[12]\n\n\nMaleah Padilla as Libby, Arlo's sister[12]\nSteve Zahn as Thunderclap, a Nyctosaurus and the leader of a gang of pterodactyls.[10]\nMandy Freund as Downpour, a pterodactyl who is a member of Thunderclap's flock[12]\nSteven Clay Hunter as Coldfront, a pterodactyl who is a member of Thunderclap's flock[12]\nPeter Sohn as Forrest Woodbush, a Styracosaurus who has various animals perched on his horns.[12][13]\nDave Boat as Bubbha, the leader of a gang of Velociraptor rustlers[12]\nCarrie Paff as Lurleane, a Velociraptor who is a member of Bubbha's pack.[12]\nJohn Ratzenberger as Earl, a Velociraptor who is a member of Bubbha's pack.[12]\nCalum Mackenzie Grant as Pervis, a Velociraptor who is a member of Bubbha's pack.[12]\n",
"\nRaymond Ochoa as Arlo, the youngest of the Apatosaurus family[10][11]\n\nJack McGraw as Young Arlo\n\n\nJack Bright as Spot, a 6-7-year-old human caveboy who befriends Arlo.[10][11]\nSam Elliott as Butch, a Tyrannosaurus who runs a \"ranch\" filled with prehistoric \"longhorns\".[10]\nAnna Paquin as Ramsey, Butch's daughter[10][11]\nA. J. Buckley as Nash, Butch's son[10][11]\nJeffrey Wright as Poppa Henry, the father of the Apatosaurus family.[10][11]\nFrances McDormand as Momma Ida, the mother of the Apatosaurus family.[10][11]\nMarcus Scribner as Buck, Arlo's brother[10]\n\nRyan Teeple as Young Buck[12]\n\n\nMaleah Padilla as Libby, Arlo's sister[12]\nSteve Zahn as Thunderclap, a Nyctosaurus and the leader of a gang of pterodactyls.[10]\nMandy Freund as Downpour, a pterodactyl who is a member of Thunderclap's flock[12]\nSteven Clay Hunter as Coldfront, a pterodactyl who is a member of Thunderclap's flock[12]\nPeter Sohn as Forrest Woodbush, a Styracosaurus who has various animals perched on his horns.[12][13]\nDave Boat as Bubbha, the leader of a gang of Velociraptor rustlers[12]\nCarrie Paff as Lurleane, a Velociraptor who is a member of Bubbha's pack.[12]\nJohn Ratzenberger as Earl, a Velociraptor who is a member of Bubbha's pack.[12]\nCalum Mackenzie Grant as Pervis, a Velociraptor who is a member of Bubbha's pack.[12]\n",
"\nRaymond Ochoa as Arlo, the youngest of the Apatosaurus family[10][11]\n\nJack McGraw as Young Arlo\n\n\nJack Bright as Spot, a 6-7-year-old human caveboy who befriends Arlo.[10][11]\nSam Elliott as Butch, a Tyrannosaurus who runs a \"ranch\" filled with prehistoric \"longhorns\".[10]\nAnna Paquin as Ramsey, Butch's daughter[10][11]\nA. J. Buckley as Nash, Butch's son[10][11]\nJeffrey Wright as Poppa Henry, the father of the Apatosaurus family.[10][11]\nFrances McDormand as Momma Ida, the mother of the Apatosaurus family.[10][11]\nMarcus Scribner as Buck, Arlo's brother[10]\n\nRyan Teeple as Young Buck[12]\n\n\nMaleah Padilla as Libby, Arlo's sister[12]\nSteve Zahn as Thunderclap, a Nyctosaurus and the leader of a gang of pterodactyls.[10]\nMandy Freund as Downpour, a pterodactyl who is a member of Thunderclap's flock[12]\nSteven Clay Hunter as Coldfront, a pterodactyl who is a member of Thunderclap's flock[12]\nPeter Sohn as Forrest Woodbush, a Styracosaurus who has various animals perched on his horns.[12][13]\nDave Boat as Bubbha, the leader of a gang of Velociraptor rustlers[12]\nCarrie Paff as Lurleane, a Velociraptor who is a member of Bubbha's pack.[12]\nJohn Ratzenberger as Earl, a Velociraptor who is a member of Bubbha's pack.[12]\nCalum Mackenzie Grant as Pervis, a Velociraptor who is a member of Bubbha's pack.[12]\n",
"\nRaymond Ochoa as Arlo, the youngest of the Apatosaurus family[10][11]\n\nJack McGraw as Young Arlo\n\n\nJack Bright as Spot, a 6-7-year-old human caveboy who befriends Arlo.[10][11]\nSam Elliott as Butch, a Tyrannosaurus who runs a \"ranch\" filled with prehistoric \"longhorns\".[10]\nAnna Paquin as Ramsey, Butch's daughter[10][11]\nA. J. Buckley as Nash, Butch's son[10][11]\nJeffrey Wright as Poppa Henry, the father of the Apatosaurus family.[10][11]\nFrances McDormand as Momma Ida, the mother of the Apatosaurus family.[10][11]\nMarcus Scribner as Buck, Arlo's brother[10]\n\nRyan Teeple as Young Buck[12]\n\n\nMaleah Padilla as Libby, Arlo's sister[12]\nSteve Zahn as Thunderclap, a Nyctosaurus and the leader of a gang of pterodactyls.[10]\nMandy Freund as Downpour, a pterodactyl who is a member of Thunderclap's flock[12]\nSteven Clay Hunter as Coldfront, a pterodactyl who is a member of Thunderclap's flock[12]\nPeter Sohn as Forrest Woodbush, a Styracosaurus who has various animals perched on his horns.[12][13]\nDave Boat as Bubbha, the leader of a gang of Velociraptor rustlers[12]\nCarrie Paff as Lurleane, a Velociraptor who is a member of Bubbha's pack.[12]\nJohn Ratzenberger as Earl, a Velociraptor who is a member of Bubbha's pack.[12]\nCalum Mackenzie Grant as Pervis, a Velociraptor who is a member of Bubbha's pack.[12]\n"
] | [
"Apatosaurus",
"Tyrannosaurus",
"Nyctosaurus",
"pterodactyl",
"Styracosaurus",
"Velociraptor"
] |
-4655558538183895152 | Little Caesars Arena | Little Caesars Arena - wikipedia Little Caesars Arena Jump to : navigation , search Little Caesars Arena The Pizzarena Former names Detroit Events Center ( working title ) Address 2645 Woodward Avenue Location Detroit , Michigan Coordinates 42 ° 20 ′ 28.22 '' N 83 ° 3 ′ 17.68 '' W / 42.3411722 ° N 83.0549111 ° W / 42.3411722 ; - 83.0549111 Coordinates : 42 ° 20 ′ 28.22 '' N 83 ° 3 ′ 17.68 '' W / 42.3411722 ° N 83.0549111 ° W / 42.3411722 ; - 83.0549111 Public transit QLine Sproat Street / Adelaide Street Owner Downtown Development Authority Operator Olympia Entertainment Executive suites 60 Capacity Ice Hockey : 20,000 Basketball : 21,000 Concerts : 15,000 -- 22,000 Construction Broke ground September 25 , 2014 Opened September 5 , 2017 Construction cost $ 862.9 million Architect HOK Structural engineer Magnusson Klemencic Associates Services engineer Smith Seckman Reid , Inc . General contractor Barton Malow / Hunt / White Tenants Detroit Red Wings ( NHL ) ( 2017 -- present ) Detroit Pistons ( NBA ) ( 2017 -- present ) Little Caesars Arena is a multi-purpose arena in Midtown Detroit . Construction began on April 24 , 2015 following a formal groundbreaking ceremony on September 25 , 2014 . Opened on September 5 , 2017 , the arena , which cost $862.9 million to construct , succeeded both Joe Louis Arena and The Palace of Auburn Hills as the homes of the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) and the Detroit Pistons of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , respectively . The arena features a unique , glass - roofed concourse connecting it to offices and shops surrounding it . It will anchor a new $2.1 billion 650,000 - square - foot ( 60,000 m ) sports and entertainment district in and around downtown Detroit that will include mixed - use neighborhoods with new residential and retail outlets located around the Cass Corridor , Ford Field and Comerica Park . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 2 History 2.1 Rumors and announcement 2.2 Construction 2.3 Pistons ' move 2.4 Budget 3 Naming rights 4 Events 4.1 Sports 4.1. 1 Ice hockey 4.1. 2 Basketball 4.1. 3 Combat sports 4.1. 4 Professional wrestling 4.2 Concerts 5 References 6 External links Design ( edit ) Interior of Little Caesars Arena . Little Caesars Arena was designed by HOK , and features a unique `` deconstructed '' layout . Buildings housing retail outlets , the arena 's box office , and the offices of the Red Wings are built outside the arena , but a glass roof is erected between the buildings and the arena itself . The roof forms an indoor `` street '' that serves as the arena 's concourse . The concourse will remain open year - round , even if an event is not occurring inside the arena , allowing it to also be used as a venue of its own . There is also an outdoor plaza with a large video display . The eight - story arena is built as a bowl , with its floor 40 feet ( 12 m ) below street level with seating capacities of 20,000 for ice hockey and 21,000 for basketball . The bowl also features a `` gondola '' seating level suspended above the stands . The exterior of the bowl structure is capable of displaying video projections . A 37,300 - square - foot ( 3,470 m ) practice ice rink is also inside the arena . In addition to serving as the practice facility for the Red Wings , the rink serves as the home of both Little Caesars AAA Hockey Club and Little Caesars Amateur Hockey League as well . The Bell Centre in Montreal has been cited to be one of the biggest influences of the arena 's design . Christopher Ilitch described the arena 's design as being `` revolutionary '' , and believes that it may influence future arena designs in other cities . The arena features the largest centerhung scoreboard in the world , measuring at 5,100 square feet . The arena also features 45 LED displays covering more than 13,500 square feet and 16.5 million plus LEDs in and around it . History ( edit ) Rumors and announcement ( edit ) Comerica Park and Ford Field ( pictured ) will be incorporated into a `` Wildcat Corner '' district near the new arena . It was reported in May 2012 that the Red Wings had hired HKS , Inc. and NBBJ to design a new arena for the team , which would replace the 33 - year - old Joe Louis Arena as their home ice . The new arena will be owned by the city 's Downtown Development Authority and its land will be leased to Olympia Entertainment , a subsidiary of the Red Wings ' parent company , Ilitch Holdings , rent free for a long term . Olympia will have full operational control of the arena , an arrangement similar to the one Olympia had with the city - owned Joe Louis Arena . Sales of game tickets , parking , concessions , souvenirs , and any potential naming rights deals will not be subject to revenue sharing with the City of Detroit as they are with Joe Louis Arena . The city earned an average of $7 million per year through these revenue sharing agreements . Olympia Entertainment officially announced in December 2012 its intention to develop a new district in downtown Detroit composed of offices , residential facilities , and `` a new state - of - the - art , multi-purpose events center '' , with an estimated cost of $650 million . In June 2013 , the Downtown Development Authority officially announced the location of the new Detroit Red Wings arena and entertainment district . On July 24 , 2013 , the Michigan Strategic Fund approved the Downtown Development Authority 's request for $650 million in funding . Christopher Ilitch unveiled renderings of the new arena and entertainment district on July 20 , 2014 , which will be known as `` The District Detroit '' . He explained that the project 's goal was to `` build out a sports and entertainment district that is world - class and rivals anything in the country , perhaps the world . '' The district , which will complement the QLINE streetcar , will primarily be built on vacant land near the Cass Corridor along Woodward Avenue , and will incorporate five distinct neighborhoods with new residential and apartment units and European - influenced designs . The district will also feature a hotel , new restaurants , and new retail outlets . Olympia Development will fund the refurbishment of public infrastructure around the arena district , such as street lighting , sidewalks , and paving . One of the neighborhoods , referred to by Ilitch as `` Wildcat Corner '' , will incorporate the area occupied by the Tigers and Lions ' home venues of Comerica Park and Ford Field , respectively , and replace several parking lots with new apartment complexes featuring street - level retail outlets . Ilitch emphasized the impact of the arena district project would have on Detroit 's economy : the new facilities will result in 1,000 new jobs in the city , and 8,300 new jobs will be created for the construction process -- Olympia Developments has committed to having 51 % of the construction jobs filled by residents of Detroit . Additionally , two Michigan - based contractors will be among those working on the arena , and 80 % of the materials used in the construction of the arena will also be sourced from Michigan - based companies when possible . Olympia Entertainment CEO Tom Wilson described an intent for the arena to be an `` epicenter '' for hockey , prospecting it as a site for events and tournaments at the college and junior levels such as the IIHF World Junior Championship and the Memorial Cup . Wilson also stated its commitment to continue hosting the annual collegiate Great Lakes Invitational at the arena , provided the universities involved maintained their desire to participate . Construction ( edit ) Construction in progress in June 2016 . A formal groundbreaking ceremony was held at the arena site on September 25 , 2014 . The arena is scheduled to be completed by September 2017 . Following the completion of the new arena , Joe Louis Arena will be demolished , and its former site will be redeveloped into a hotel and retail complex . The sale of the Joe Louis Arena site comes as part of a bankruptcy settlement between the Financial Guaranty Insurance Company and the city of Detroit . Mass excavation at the arena site began on April 24 , 2015 , a few days after Detroit City Council approved a zoning change , allowing vertical construction to officially commence . The Detroit Historic District Commission approved the demolition of the Park Avenue Hotel on June 10 , 2015 to make room for what will be the arena 's loading dock . Olympia Development claimed that the Park Avenue Hotel stood in a high - security area . A demolition permit was issued on June 22 , 2015 . Detroit - based Adamo Demolition was the contractor listed on the permit . Despite protests , the building was imploded on July 11 , 2015 . On August 30 , 2015 , Olympia Entertainment announced that an estimated 488,000 cubic yards of soil had been excavated in recent months for the below - grade bowl , and hundreds of deep pier foundations were being drilled and filled with concrete through September . The steel frame of the arena began to go up in late fall . Construction of the ice surface began on January 5 , 2017 . On February 16 , 2017 , various construction changes began inside the arena in order to accommodate the Detroit Pistons . Construction of the ice rink began on March 8 , 2017 . Little Caesars Arena opened on September 5 , 2017 with a ribbon cutting ceremony . Pistons ' move ( edit ) In late October 2016 , it was reported that the Detroit Pistons were considering a move from The Palace of Auburn Hills to Little Caesars Arena as soon as the 2017 -- 18 season , pending city and league approval . Pistons owner Tom Gores , Palace Sports & Entertainment vice chairman Arn Tellum , and Olympia Entertainment had been in negotiations over a partnership since the summer of 2015 , with talks intensifying just as the Pistons were set to open their 2016 -- 17 season ; the terms may also include a possible merger between Olympia and the Pistons ' holding company Palace Sports & Entertainment . The team also sought land to construct a new headquarters and practice facility within the vicinity of the arena . On November 22 , 2016 , it was officially announced that the Pistons would move to Little Caesars Arena starting with the 2017 -- 18 season . On June 20 , 2017 , Detroit City Council approved the Pistons ' move to Little Caesars Arena . On August 3 , 2017 , it was announced that the NBA Board of Governors unanimously approved the move , which made it official . This marks the first time since 1974 that all four major sports teams have played in the city limits on a regular basis , and the first time since 1978 that the Pistons have played in the city of Detroit on a regular basis . Budget ( edit ) It was originally announced that Little Caesars Arena would cost $450 million to construct , on top of an additional $200 million for constructing the new district . $285 million of the total $650 million cost would be public funds , with $365.5 million in private funding . On May 23 , 2017 , it was revealed that the cost of the new arena had risen to $862.9 million . Naming rights ( edit ) On February 11 , 2016 , it was reported that a local businessman had sold the domain name `` littlecaesarsarena.com '' three weeks earlier to an international brokerage firm for `` five figures '' , which suggested that Little Caesars , a pizza chain also owned by the Ilitch family , had acquired the naming rights to the new arena . Olympia Entertainment officially announced on April 28 , 2016 that the venue would be known as Little Caesars Arena . It was also revealed that a large Little Caesars logo would be displayed on the arena 's roof ; the previous plan for the LED roof was dismissed as being a `` placeholder '' . Chris Ilitch defended the decision of not selling the naming rights to a third - party company , arguing that it was meant to reflect Little Caesars ' position as a `` legacy business '' of the Ilitch family . The announcement was poorly - received . Prior to the unveiling of the official name , some fans suggested to The Detroit News that the arena should have been named after Gordie Howe . Following Howe 's death on June 10 , 2016 , an online petition began to circulate requesting that Little Caesars Arena be renamed in honor of the former Red Wings player . Events ( edit ) Sports ( edit ) Ice hockey ( edit ) The Red Wings ' inaugural game at Little Caesars Arena will be a preseason game against the Boston Bruins on September 23 , 2017 . They will play their first regular season game at the arena on October 5 , 2017 against the Minnesota Wild . In February 2017 , NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman stated that the NHL All - Star Game would likely return to Detroit for the first time since 1980 once construction of The District Detroit is completed . The 2020 NCAA Frozen Four , the final rounds of the NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament , will be held at Little Caesars Arena , hosted by Michigan State University . The new arena was also a prospective site for the Big Ten Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament ( which formerly rotated between Xcel Energy Center and Joe Louis Arena ) , but the conference changed its tournament format for the 2017 - 18 season to no longer use a neutral site event . Basketball ( edit ) The Pistons ' inaugural game at Little Caesars Arena will be a preseason game against the Charlotte Hornets on October 4 , 2017 . Their regular season home opener , also against the Hornets , will be played on October 18 , 2017 . The first regular season college basketball games held at Little Caesars Arena will be played on December 16 , 2017 , with a doubleheader featuring the Michigan Wolverines playing the Detroit Mercy Titans , and the Michigan State Spartans playing the Oakland Golden Grizzlies . Little Caesars Arena will host the Horizon League 's men 's and women 's basketball tournaments beginning in 2018 . Detroit began hosting the men 's tournament at Joe Louis Arena in 2016 under a 5 - year deal , and the women 's tournament in 2017 . First and second - round games during the 2018 and 2021 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournaments will be played at Little Caesars Arena , hosted by the University of Detroit Mercy . Although the nearby Palace of Auburn Hills hosted preliminary rounds of the Tournament in 2013 , this will be the Tournament 's first visit to Detroit since the city hosted the 2009 Final Four at Ford Field . Combat sports ( edit ) Little Caesars Arena will host UFC 218 on December 2 , 2017 . The 2022 NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships will be held at the arena , hosted by the University of Michigan . Professional wrestling ( edit ) Little Caesars Arena will host WWE Hell in a Cell on October 8 , 2017 . Concerts ( edit ) Date Artist Opening act ( s ) Tour / Concert name Attendance Revenue Note ( s ) Reference ( s ) 2017 September 12 , 2017 Kid Rock Robert Randolph and the Family Band Sweet Tea Trio TBA TBA Opening event at the venue . September 13 , 2017 September 15 , 2017 September 16 , 2017 September 19 , 2017 September 20 , 2017 September 27 , 2017 Ed Sheeran James Blunt ÷ Tour TBA TBA October 1 , 2017 Paul McCartney N / A One on One TBA TBA A second show was added . October 2 , 2017 October 19 , 2017 Imagine Dragons Grouplove K. Flay Evolve Tour TBA TBA October 24 , 2017 Fall Out Boy Blackbear Jaden Smith The Mania Tour TBA TBA October 27 , 2017 The Eagles N / A N / A TBA TBA October 29 , 2017 Janet Jackson N / A State of the World Tour TBA TBA November 1 , 2017 The Weeknd Gucci Mane Nav Starboy : Legend of the Fall Tour TBA TBA November 2 , 2017 Guns N ' Roses N / A Not in This Lifetime ... Tour TBA TBA November 7 , 2017 Lady Gaga N / A Joanne World Tour TBA TBA November 18 , 2017 Jay - Z N / A 4 : 44 Tour TBA TBA November 21 , 2017 Halsey PartyNextDoor Charli XCX Hopeless Fountain Kingdom World Tour TBA TBA November 24 , 2017 Dead & Company N / A Dead & Company Fall Tour 2017 TBA TBA December 3 , 2017 Andrea Bocelli N / A TBA TBA December 6 , 2017 Katy Perry Purity Ring Witness : The Tour TBA TBA December 23 , 2017 Trans - Siberian Orchestra N / A The Ghosts of Christmas Eve TBA TBA 2018 January 22 , 2018 Shakira N / A El Dorado World Tour TBA TBA March 28 , 2018 Lorde N / A Melodrama World Tour TBA TBA June 15 , 2018 Shania Twain N / A Now Tour TBA TBA June 26 , 2018 Harry Styles Kacey Musgraves Harry Styles : Live on Tour TBA TBA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hinds , Julie ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` The Mike ? L'il C ? Pizzarena ? Readers share their Little Caesars Arena nickname ideas '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McCollum , Brian ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` As new arena takes shape , concert plans in the works '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Little Caesars Arena '' . Olympia Entertainment . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Homepage - QLINE Detroit '' . QLINE Detroit . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shea , Bill ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Ilitches add $95 million worth of features to new Red Wings arena '' . Crain 's Detroit Business . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shea , Bill ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Work on steel frame for new Red Wings arena to begin by Halloween '' . Crain 's Detroit Business . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ St. James , Helene ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Model of Little Caesars Arena reveals big plans for seats , suites '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , John ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` Ground broken for new Red Wings arena '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Shea , Bill ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Latest Little Caesars Arena construction cost : $862.9 million '' . Crain 's Detroit Business . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shea , Bill ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Global design firm HOK buys primary architect for Detroit Red Wings arena '' . Crain 's Detroit Business . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Witcher , T.R. ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Motor City Plans Giant Sports , Entertainment District '' . American Society of Civil Engineers . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , John ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` 3D printed models bring new economic district in Detroit to life '' . Building Design + Construction . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shea , Bill ( July 20 , 2014 ) . `` Detroit Rink City : Ilitches ' grand plan to supersize the entertainment district '' . Crain 's Detroit Business . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Elisha ; Dudar , Hasan ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Little Caesars Arena opens to fanfare , excitement in Detroit '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , John ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Red Wings arena to have gondola seats , outdoor plaza '' . Detroit Free Press . Gannett Company . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Russell , Kim ; Edwards , Tara ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` Ilitch companies break ground for new Detroit Red Wings Arena '' . WXYZ.com . Detroit : The E.W. Scripps Company . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shea , Bill ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Work starts Thursday on Red Wings arena : Details on funding , development , design '' . Crain 's Detroit Business . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Practice ( Ice ) Makes Perfect for Little Caesars Youth Hockey at New Arena '' . The District Detroit . May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kulfan , Ted ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Wings fans can enjoy games at new arena from outside '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Duff , Bob ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Duff : Wings believe Little Caesars Arena will be the gold standard of arenas '' . Windsor Star . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , John ( July 20 , 2014 ) . `` Hockey , housing and more : Ilitches unveil ' bold vision ' for Red Wings arena district '' . Detroit Free Press . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2015 . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Manzullo , Brian ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Little Caesars Arena will have world 's largest centerhung scoreboard '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Muret , Don ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Red Wings closer to new arena with pair of architects '' . SportsBusiness Journal . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Guillen , Joe ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Detroit firms get 38 % of Red Wings arena work '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Guillen , Joe ; Reindl , JC ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Former city arena negotiators working for Ilitches '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ van Meek , Sandra ( December 4 , 2012 ) . `` Ilitch Organization Exploring Development of New Residential , Retail , Office and Events Center District in Downtown Detroit '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Ilitch Holdings . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Shea , Bill ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` DDA , Red Wings unveil $650 million arena and entertainment complex '' . Crain 's Detroit Business . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` State Agency OKs Bonds For New Red Wings Arena '' . CBS Detroit . July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goricki , David ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Wilson : New Red Wings arena could be hockey ' epicenter ' '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sipple , George ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` New Detroit arena will be in mix to host many events '' . Detroit Free Press . Gannett Company . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Helms , Matt ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Detroit deal with creditor includes Joe Louis site '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit City Council Votes To Approve Rezoning Plan For New Red Wings Arena '' . CBS Detroit . April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cardenas , Edward ( April 27 , 2015 ) . `` Construction Begins On New Red Wings Arena ( Video ) '' . CBS Detroit . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : Construction begins on District Detroit , new Red Wings arena '' . WXYZ.com. April 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Commission OKs historic hotel demolition for Detroit Red Wings hockey arena '' . Crain 's Detroit Business . June 11 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferretti , Christine ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Demolition permit issued for former Park Avenue hotel '' . The Detroit News . Digital First Media . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Guillen , Joe ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Detroit OKs demolition permit for Park Avenue Hotel '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Austin , Dan ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Detroit 's past can play role in future arena district '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bragg , Amy Elliott ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Nine reasons to save the Park Avenue Hotel : HDC Meeting is this Wednesday , June 10 '' . Preservation Detroit . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dear Council : We 're counting on you to stand up for smart development - Preservation Detroit '' . Preservation Detroit . April 6 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brand - Williams , Oralandar ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` Video : Implosion brings down Park Avenue Hotel '' . The Detroit News . Digital First Media . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shea , Bill ( August 30 , 2015 ) . `` Dig it ! Excavation for new Red Wings arena complete '' . Crain 's Detroit Business . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ White , Max ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Construction begins to build ice surface at Little Caesars Arena '' . WXYZ.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Guillen , Joe ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Little Caesars Arena adds NBA locker room , higher doorways for Pistons '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farrell , Perry A. ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Arena crews pour concrete for Red Wings ice rink '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Derick ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Detroit Pistons finalizing deal to move downtown , sources say '' . ClickOnDetroit.com . Graham Media Group . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Vince ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Detroit Pistons hammering out 2 key issues for downtown arena move '' . Detroit Free Press . Gannett Company . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ellis , Vince ( October 29 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Gores confirms Pistons ' very close ' to move downtown , and soon '' . Detroit Free Press . Gannett Company . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons to Move to Downtown Detroit '' . Pistons.com . November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Manzullo , Brian ; Gallagher , John ; Guillen , Joe ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Detroit Pistons moving downtown : ' We want to be all in on Detroit ' '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul , Tony ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' The right move ' : Pistons returning to Detroit '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stafford , Katrease ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Detroit City Council OKs $34.5 M public funding for Pistons move '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Vince ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` NBA unanimously approves Pistons move downtown '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shea , Bill ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` NBA owners approve Pistons move to downtown Detroit '' . Crain 's Detroit Business . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tigers Ballparks '' . Tigers.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dow , Bill ( December 10 , 2010 ) . `` The Detroit Lions ' Last Game at Tiger Stadium '' . Detroit Athletic Co . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Krupa , Gregg ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` The Final Period Begins for Joe Louis Arena '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aguilar , Louis ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Red Wings arena cost at $627 M , could go higher '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Snell , Robert ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Little Caesars Arena website sale adds to speculation about name of new Red Wings home '' . Crain 's Detroit Business . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , John ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Red Wings name new downtown rink : It 's ' Little Caesars Arena ' '' . Detroit Free Press . Gannett Company . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aguilar , Louis ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Red Wings stadium to be Little Caesars Arena '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thibodeau , Ian ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Little Caesars Arena is name of new Detroit Red Wings venue '' . MLive . Booth Newspapers . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : New Red Wings arena wo n't have LED roof ; team ops for giant Little Caesars logo '' . WXYZ.com . Detroit : The E.W. Scripps Company . April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , John ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Ilitches : Little Caesars Arena name a ' legacy ' decision '' . Detroit Free Press . Gannett Company . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burns , Gus ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` The Internet is laughing at Little Caesars Arena name '' . MLive . Retrieved June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graham , Adam ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Howe about The Gord ? Readers offer names for new arena '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Movement grows to rename arena Gordie Howe Arena '' . Fox2Detroit.com . Fox Television Stations . June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gordie Howe exposé en chapelle ardente '' . Le Journal de Montreal ( in French ) . June 11 , 2016 . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ St. James , Helene ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Red Wings set preseason schedule ; first Little Caesars Arena game Sept. 23 '' . Detroit Free Press . Gannett Company . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Khan , Ansar ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Detroit Red Wings open season , Little Caesars Arena Oct. 5 vs. Minnesota '' . MLive . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burchfield , Will ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` Gary Bettman Expects NHL All - Star Game To Return To Detroit In Near Future '' . CBS Detroit . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hawkins , James ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Detroit gets Frozen Four , NCAA wrestling , more hoops '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten Officially Approves On - Campus Playoffs '' . SB Nation . Vox Media . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten hockey in process of approving new on - campus playoff format '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons open preseason with 3 games at Little Caesars Arena '' . Detroit Free Press . August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Kirkland ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Check it out : Full 2017 - 18 Detroit Pistons schedule '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Mark ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` UM / MSU headlining LCA hoops doubleheader brings excitement downtown '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paul , Tony ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Moving Horizon League tourney to Detroit is all about branding '' . The Detroit News . Digital First Media . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Horizon League Announces 2017 Little Caesars Motor City Madness Updates '' . Horizon League . July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jahnke , James ; Gallagher , John ( November 17 , 2014 ) . `` New Detroit arena to host 2018 NCAA tournament games '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Red Wings Arena To Host 2018 First and Second Round NCAA Basketball Tournament Games '' . CBS Detroit . November 17 , 2014 . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 NCAA Tournament Schedule and Key Dates '' . ESPN . June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fensom , Michael J. ( March 31 , 2009 ) . `` Countdown to the 2009 Final Four in Detroit '' . NJ.com . Booth Newspapers . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Christopher D ( July 30 , 2017 ) . `` Little Caesars Arena to host UFC 218 in December '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Caesars Arena to host WWE Hell in a Cell PPV event on October 8 '' . WXYZ.com . July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graham , Adam ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` Kid Rock adds two more concerts at Little Caesars Arena '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pevos , Edward ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Two restaurants to open at Little Caesars Arena on Kid Rock 's opening night '' . MLive . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pevos , Edward ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Kid Rock opens Little Caesars Arena with Detroit love and a few surprises '' . MLive . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graham , Adam ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran lines up September Little Caesars Arena show '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bychawski , Adam ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran announces James Blunt as support for North American tour '' . NME.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graham , Adam ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` Paul McCartney adds second Little Caesars Arena concert '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons coming to Little Caesars Arena '' . Fox2Detroit.com . May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Da'Shan ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Imagine Dragons Are Ready to ' Evolve ' With Upcoming Album & Tour , Share New Song ' Whatever It Takes ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graham , Adam ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Fall Out Boy to bring ' Mania ' to Little Caesars Arena '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bringing Blackbear on The MANIA Tour + Tickets On Sale Today '' . Fall Out Boy . May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sargent , Jordan ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Jaden Smith Is Going on Tour With Fall Out Boy '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graham , Adam ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` The Eagles announce October Little Caesars Arena show '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graham , Adam ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Janet Jackson announces Little Caesars Arena concert '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCollum , Brian ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Janet Jackson headed to Little Caesars Arena in October '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pevos , Edward ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Little Caesars Arena adds The Weeknd to its already huge concert lineup '' . MLive . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCollum , Brian ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Guns N ' Roses headed back to Detroit for Little Caesars Arena concert '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCollum , Brian ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga world tour to hit Little Caesars Arena '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCollum , Brian ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Jay Z books date at Little Caesars Arena '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graham , Adam ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Halsey headed to Little Caesars Arena in November '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pevos , Edward ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Dead and Company with John Mayer coming to Little Caesars Arena '' . MLive . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pevos , Edward ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` World - renowned tenor Andrea Bocelli to perform at Little Caesars Arena '' . MLive . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry announces December concert at Little Caesars Arena '' . Detroit Free Press . May 15 , 2017 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sargent , Jordan ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Carly Rae Jepsen , Purity Ring to Open For Katy Perry on `` Witness '' Tour `` . SPIN . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Patrick ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : How Trans - Siberian Orchestra 's winter tour will honor late founder Paul O'Neill '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pevos , Edward ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Shakira bringing ' El Dorado World Tour ' to Little Caesars Arena '' . MLive . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pevos , Edward ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Little Caesars Arena adds Lorde to its big concert lineup '' . MLive . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCollum , Brian ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Shania Twain to play Little Caesars Arena in June '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graham , Adam ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles headed to Little Caesars Arena in June ' 18 '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Construction Web Cam ( show ) Events and tenants Preceded by Joe Louis Arena Home of the Detroit Red Wings 2017 -- present Succeeded by current Preceded by The Palace of Auburn Hills Home of the Detroit Pistons 2017 -- present Succeeded by current Preceded by KeyBank Center Buffalo , New York Host of the Frozen Four 2020 Succeeded by PPG Paints Arena Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Midtown Detroit Areas Brush Park Cass Farm Multiple Property Submission Cass Corridor Cass - Davenport Historic District Cass Park Historic District Cultural Center Historic District East Ferry Avenue Historic District Education Wayne State University ( More information ) Detroit Public Library Main Library Detroit Public Schools Cass Tech UPA Middle and UPSM Middle Jefferson Intermediate School Detroit Institute of Technology ( closed ) Former K - 12 school buildings Clay School Saints Peter and Paul Academy Hospitals Detroit Medical Center Children 's Hospital of Michigan Detroit Receiving Hospital Harper University Hospital Hutzel Women 's Hospital Museums Detroit Historical Museum Detroit Institute of Arts Michigan Science Center Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History Clubs Detroit Masonic Temple Scarab Club Residences Single family houses William C. Boydell House Charles Lang Freer House Bernard Ginsburg House Robert M. and Matilda ( Kitch ) Grindley House Col. Frank J. Hecker House Hudson - Evans House Mulford T. Hunter House Inn at 97 Winder Albert Kahn House George W. Loomer House Perry McAdow House Samuel L. Smith House Thomas S. Sprague House Herman Strasburg House Elisha Taylor House David Whitney House Multifamily houses 2643 Park Avenue Belcrest Apartments Chatsworth Apartments Coronado Apartments Eddystone Garfield Lofts Lancaster and Waumbek Apartments League of Catholic Women Building Milner Arms Apartments Helen Newberry Nurses Home The Park Shelton Santa Fe Apartments Stuberstone Lofts Thompson Home Verona Apartments Religion Cass Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church Cathedral Church of St. Paul Chapel of St. Theresa - the Little Flower First Congregational Church First Presbyterian Church First Unitarian Church of Detroit Saint Andrew 's Memorial Episcopal Church Temple Beth - El Utility buildings Willis Avenue Station Commercial buildings Architects Building Cass Motor Sales Detroit - Columbia Central Office Building Graybar Electric Company Building Russell Industrial Center Public facilities Dunbar Hospital Majestic Theater Garden Bowl Orchestra Hall Little Caesars Arena This list is incomplete . Current arenas in the National Hockey League Eastern Conference Atlantic Air Canada Centre Amalie Arena BB&T Center Bell Centre Canadian Tire Centre KeyBank Center Little Caesars Arena TD Garden Metropolitan Barclays Center Capital One Arena Madison Square Garden Nationwide Arena PNC Arena PPG Paints Arena Prudential Center Wells Fargo Center Western Conference Central American Airlines Center Bell MTS Place Bridgestone Arena Pepsi Center Scottrade Center United Center Xcel Energy Center Pacific Gila River Arena Honda Center Rogers Arena Rogers Place SAP Center at San Jose Scotiabank Saddledome Staples Center T - Mobile Arena Current arenas in the National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Air Canada Centre Barclays Center Madison Square Garden TD Garden Wells Fargo Center Central Bankers Life Fieldhouse BMO Harris Bradley Center Little Caesars Arena Quicken Loans Arena United Center Southeast American Airlines Arena Amway Center Capital One Arena Philips Arena Spectrum Center Western Conference Northwest Chesapeake Energy Arena Moda Center Pepsi Center Target Center Vivint Smart Home Arena Pacific Golden 1 Center Oracle Arena Staples Center Talking Stick Resort Arena Southwest American Airlines Center AT&T Center FedExForum Smoothie King Center Toyota Center Detroit Red Wings Founded in 1926 Based in Detroit , Michigan Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks Seasons Current season History History ( Original Six ) Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owner Ilitch Holdings ( Christopher Ilitch , chairman ) General manager Ken Holland Head coach Jeff Blashill Team captain Henrik Zetterberg Current roster Arenas Windsor Arena Olympia Stadium Joe Louis Arena Little Caesars Arena Rivalries Chicago Blackhawks Toronto Maple Leafs Affiliates AHL Grand Rapids Griffins ECHL Toledo Walleye Media TV Fox Sports Detroit Ken Daniels Mickey Redmond Radio WXYT WXYT - FM Ken Kal Paul Woods Culture and lore Victoria Cougars Al the Octopus Grind Line Hockeytown Legend of the Octopus Production Line Red Wings -- Avalanche brawl Hakan Andersson `` Stanley 's Cup '' ( South Park ) Russian Five Karen Newman Budd Lynch Al Sobotka London Lions Do n't Stop Believin ' 1938 European tour 1954 prison game 2009 NHL Winter Classic 2014 NHL Winter Classic 2016 NHL Stadium Series NHL Centennial Classic Detroit Pistons Founded in 1941 Formerly the Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons ( 1941 -- 1948 ) and the Fort Wayne Pistons ( 1948 -- 1957 ) Based in Detroit , Michigan Franchise Franchise All - time roster Seasons Draft history Head coaches Current season Arenas North Side High School Gym Allen County War Memorial Coliseum Olympia Stadium Memorial Building Grosse Pointe High School Cobo Arena Pontiac Silverdome Joe Louis Arena The Palace of Auburn Hills Little Caesars Arena G League affiliate Grand Rapids Drive Retired numbers Bill Davidson Jack McCloskey 10 11 15 16 21 32 40 Hall of Famers Walt Bellamy Dave Bing Larry Brown Chuck Daly Adrian Dantley Dave DeBusschere Joe Dumars Harry Gallatin Bob Houbregs Bailey Howell Allen Iverson Bob Lanier Earl Lloyd Bob McAdoo Bobby McDermott Dick McGuire Andy Phillip Dennis Rodman Isiah Thomas George Yardley Fred Zollner NBA Championships ( 3 ) 1989 1990 Conference Championships ( 7 ) 1955 1956 1989 1990 2005 Culture and lore Hooper Jordan Rules John Mason Pacers -- Pistons brawl Rivals Chicago Bulls Boston Celtics Los Angeles Lakers Broadcasters TV Fox Sports Detroit Radio WXYT - FM Announcers George Blaha Greg Kelser Mark Champion Rick Mahorn Olympia Entertainment Founded in 1982 Division of Ilitch Holdings Teams Detroit Red Wings ( NHL ) ( 1982 -- present ) Detroit Tigers ( MLB ) ( 1993 -- present ) Venues Fox Theatre City Theatre Joe Louis Arena ( operator ) Comerica Park ( operator ) Little Caesars Arena ( operator ) People Marian Ilitch Christopher Ilitch Mike Ilitch ( 1929 -- 2017 ) Olympia Entertainment Music venues of Michigan Outdoor venues Chene Park Clio Area Amphitheater Comerica Park DTE Energy Music Theatre Theaters and clubs DeVos Performance Hall Fillmore Detroit Fox Theater Heritage Theatre Hill Auditorium Detroit Masonic Temple Miller Auditorium Temple Theatre Wharton Center The Whiting Arenas Berry Events Center Birch Run Expo Center Breslin Center Convocation Center Crisler Center DeltaPlex Arena DeVos Fieldhouse Ford Field GVSU Fieldhouse Joe Louis Arena Kellogg Arena Little Caesars Arena McMorran Place O'Neill Arena The Palace of Auburn Hills Perani Arena and Event Center Pontiac Silverdome Van Andel Arena Van Noord Arena Wendler Arena Wings Event Center City of Detroit Architecture Culture Detroit River Economy Fire & Rescue Freeways Government History Timeline Historic places International Riverfront Media Music Neighborhoods Parks and beaches People Police & Crime Performing arts Skyscrapers Sports Tourism Transportation Water works Metro Detroit Michigan United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Caesars_Arena&oldid=801227994 '' Categories : Olympia Entertainment 2017 establishments in Michigan Sports venues completed in 2017 Sports venues in Detroit Midtown Detroit Indoor ice hockey venues in Detroit Basketball venues in Michigan Detroit Red Wings arenas Detroit Pistons venues National Hockey League venues National Basketball Association venues College ice hockey venues in the United States College basketball venues in the United States Mixed martial arts venues in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 French - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is little caesars arena going to be located | [
"Little Caesars Arena is a multi-purpose arena in Midtown Detroit. Construction began on April 24, 2015 following a formal groundbreaking ceremony on September 25, 2014. Opened on September 5, 2017, the arena, which cost $862.9 million to construct, succeeded both Joe Louis Arena and The Palace of Auburn Hills as the homes of the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League (NHL) and the Detroit Pistons of the National Basketball Association (NBA), respectively."
] | [
"Midtown Detroit"
] |
-7697745841300606539 | An American Girl: Saige Paints the Sky | An American Girl : Saige Paints the Sky - Wikipedia An American Girl : Saige Paints the Sky Jump to : navigation , search An American Girl : Saige Paints the Sky DVD poster Directed by Vince Marcello Produced by Steven Brown Debra Martin Chase Jean McKenzie Screenplay by Jessica O'Toole Amy Rardin Based on Saige Paints the Sky by Jessie Haas Starring Sidney Fullmer Jane Seymour Alex Peters Alana Gordillo Mika Abdalla Kerr Smith Music by Patrick Kirst Cinematography Jon Joffin Edited by Paul Millspaugh Production company Universal Studios Distributed by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment Release date July 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 02 ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Language English An American Girl : Saige Paints the Sky ( 2013 ) is the seventh film in the American Girl series , introducing newcomer Sidney Fullmer in the title role , as well as Kerr Smith , Jane Seymour , Alex Peters , Alana Gordillo and Mika Abdalla . The film tells the story of Saige Copeland , an aspiring young artist from Albuquerque , New Mexico . As with the previous film , the screenplay was written by Jessica O'Toole and Amy Rardin . The movie was directed by Vince Marcello . A screening of the film was held at the KiMo Theatre in Albuquerque . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Television release 4 Home video release 5 Production 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) This film 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Saige begins her first day as a fourth - grader in Albuquerque , New Mexico , only to learn that the art class has been dropped from the school 's curriculum due to budget cuts , replacing it with music . Saige 's best friend Tessa meets another girl named Dylan from camp and hangs out with her instead of Saige . Tessa 's friendship with Dylan makes Saige jealous . Saige does n't like Dylan , because she interrupted her and makes jokes that she does n't think are funny . A new girl in school named Gabi becomes friends with Saige . It turns out that she is also an artist who draws cartoons and designs her own clothes . She tells Mimi ( her grandmother ) and her friends about the situation , and they proposed a school - wide protest against the decision . Tessa goes to Mimi 's house with Saige instead of going to Dylan 's house . Gabi invites Saige to her house , but Saige turns her down by saying she is busy . Tessa comes over to her house . They sing , paint , eat and play . Saige feels like she has her best friend back . As Saige is telling her grandmother about Tessa and her other friends , Mimi trips over Saige 's dog , Rembrandt , and breaks her leg and wrist . She is then hospitalized due to her injuries . At the hospital , she begs Saige to continue on with her protest . Saige agrees , and promises to do so for her grandmother . At school , Saige , Tessa , Gabi and Dylan discuss plans on staging the protest , with Saige coming up with `` A Day of Beige '' after her visit to the hospital . Dylan suggests a press conference in order to gain more attention since her mother works as a news reporter , to which Saige reluctantly complies . The demonstrations are held as planned with all of the students wearing beige in protest , but is nearly put to a halt as Saige and her friends are summoned to the principal 's office to explain the situation . After a bit of a talk , Principal Laird gives the girls the permission to hold a press conference . The conference takes place , but upon being interviewed , Saige is overwhelmed with stage fright , and Dylan answers the reporters ' questions in her place . Principal Laird later tells the girls that there are n't any more funds to hire an art teacher , and that they would need to earn $5000 in six weeks for the art class to start . Mimi suggests a fund drive to be held at the Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta , and to have her granddaughter lead the parade in her place as she may not make it in time for the event . Saige worries that she might freak out in front of people , but her father assures her that it will be alright . The four girls take up various odd jobs to earn funds only to end up getting next to no money from doing so . Dylan suggests a concert at the fiesta , but Saige has doubts on it . Later at the ranch , Saige and her horse Picasso do a practice run , but Saige is frustrated as she ca n't concentrate on the ride . Saige and Gabi are worried that Dylan and Tessa 's part for the fundraiser is getting more attention than theirs , and the two agreed to come at Mimi 's ranch to further discuss on the matter . Saige and Picasso do another run at the ranch , this time with success as they manage to pull off a gait without being distracted . The four girls talk about combining their efforts in the fundraiser . Dylan and Tessa argue that they have their plans already set for their part , but Saige insists , leading to a confrontation . Saige then flies into a rage against Dylan and accuses her of stealing the spotlight over her efforts . Saige tries to talk Mimi into using the brush pens , but Mimi says that she ca n't do things as she did before . Saige tries to discuss doing art again , including coming to the parade ; Mimi says that she 's not up to any of it , even going to the parade . Saige gets upset and confesses that things are worse than she has been admitting , but that the Mimi she knows would n't give up before she runs off . Another practice run with Picasso takes place , but Saige is too frustrated to continue , and worries that the fiesta is going to be a disaster . Her parents and Gabi watched her . Gabi leaves , because Saige said she wished things were the same as last year . Saige then joins her father in a balloon ride . She later reconciles with Gabi , and apologizes to Mimi about how she got mad at how things turned out on her end . After her horse practice with Luis , Saige goes to Mimi 's studio and decides to paint over her horse painting with a painting knife , turning it into an abstract work . Tessa later sees it , and compliments Saige for what she did . Both Saige and Tessa admit to their wrongdoing , reconcile , and agree to work together for the fiesta . Saige also makes amends with Dylan , with the latter apologizing over how she was taking over Saige 's fund - raiser . With the Balloon Fiesta taking place , Saige leads the parade in front of onlookers . She is nervous at first , but she eventually overcomes her stage fright as she performs the scarf trick . The girls later come up with the joint fund - raising art exhibit and concert as previously planned . The show is a success , but they were several dollars short of the $5,000 goal . Saige then makes a speech in front of the audience telling them about how important art is to her and to others , receiving a standing ovation . Once some extra money is put into the fundraiser from the audience , the donation goal is reached and with the art program being reinstated the girls rejoice over the news . Back at the hot air balloon show , Saige , Tessa , Gabi , and Dylan ( now all best friends ) all ride a hot air balloon Saige designed as the film ends . Cast ( edit ) Sidney Fullmer as Saige Copeland Jane Seymour as Mimi Copeland Alex Peters as Tessa Jablonsky Alana Gordillo as Gabi Pena Mika Abdalla as Dylan Patterson Kerr Smith as David Copeland Rebecca Gibson as Principal Laird Laurel Harris as Mrs. Copeland Omar Paz Trujillo as Luis Television release ( edit ) The film aired on NBC on July 13 , 2013 . Home video release ( edit ) The movie was released on DVD + Blu - Ray on July 2 , 2013 . Production ( edit ) An American Girl : Saige Paints the Sky was Filmed in New Mexico , USA and Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Movies - American Girl : Saige Paints the Sky '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Susan 's Disney Family : `` An American Girl : Saige Paints the Sky '' new feature - length movie ! `` . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What a doll ! Southlake 's Sidney Fullmer , 13 , stars in American Girl 's ' Saige Paints the Sky ' '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Girl Paints the Sky '' . HispanicBusiness.com . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Seymour stars in `` American Girl '' film `` . The Rhode Show . Archived from the original on 2 July 2013 . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' American Girl ' star debuts her acting career in Duke City '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Fullmer , Sidney ( Actor ) ( July 2 , 2013 ) . An American Girl : Saige Paints the Sky . Universal Studios . Saige Copeland : I am so sick of you ! ... Oh , like you do n't know . You take over everything ! You think you 're so funny and the greatest person ever . But , really , you 're just totally annoying ! And I 'm not the only one that thinks so ! Jump up ^ `` American Girl 's 2013 Girl of the Year ® Comes to Life in a New Movie Starring Jane Seymour on July 2 '' . CNBC . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` From Universal Studios Home Entertainment : An American Girl : Saige Paints the Sky TM - Yahoo ! Finance '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved 2 July 2013 . External links ( edit ) An American Girl : Saige Paints the Sky on IMDb An American Girl : Saige Paints the Sky ( hide ) American Girl Films Samantha : An American Girl Holiday Felicity : An American Girl Adventure Molly : An American Girl on the Home Front Kit Kittredge : An American Girl ( Soundtrack ) Chrissa Stands Strong McKenna Shoots for the Stars Saige Paints the Sky Isabelle Dances Into the Spotlight Grace Stirs Up Success Melody 1963 : Love Has to Win Maryellen 1955 : Extraordinary Christmas Authors Megan McDonald Connie Porter Valerie Tripp Laurence Yep Video games The American Girls Premiere Other Book series Bitty Baby Girls of Many Lands Götz Characters ( Kit Kittredge ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=An_American_Girl:_Saige_Paints_the_Sky&oldid=839373209 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films 2013 television films American films Films based on American novels Films about fictional painters Films about horses Films set in New Mexico Films shot in Winnipeg American children 's films American Girl Universal Pictures direct - to - video films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using infobox film with unknown parameters Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from May 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 01 : 02 . About Wikipedia | who plays saige in saige paints the sky | [
"An American Girl: Saige Paints the Sky (2013) is the seventh film in the American Girl series, introducing newcomer Sidney Fullmer[3][4] in the title role, as well as Kerr Smith, Jane Seymour,[5][6] Alex Peters, Alana Gordillo and Mika Abdalla."
] | [
"Sidney Fullmer"
] |
-8428361770983265998 | Ganges | Ganges - Wikipedia Ganges For other uses , see Ganges ( disambiguation ) . Ganges River ( Ganga ) The Ganges in Varanasi Country Bangladesh India Tributaries - left Ramganga , Gomti , Karnali , Gandaki , Koshi , Mahananda - right Yamuna , Tamsa , Son , Punpun Cities Rishikesh , Haridwar , Kannauj , Kanpur , Raebareli , Fatehpur , Allahabad , Varanasi , Buxar , Patna , Munger , Farakka , Murshidabad , Plassey , Nabadwip Mayapur , Kolkata Source Gangotri Glacier , Satopanth Glacier , Khatling Glacier , and waters from melted snow from such peaks as Nanda Devi , Trisul , Kedarnath , Nanda Kot , and Kamet . - location Uttarakhand , India - elevation 3,892 m ( 12,769 ft ) - coordinates 30 ° 59 ′ N 78 ° 55 ′ E / 30.983 ° N 78.917 ° E / 30.983 ; 78.917 Length 2,655 km ( 1,650 mi ) Depth 17 m ( 56 ft ) Basin 1,080,000 km ( 416,990 sq mi ) Discharge for Farakka Barrage - average 16,648 m / s ( 587,919 cu ft / s ) - max 70,000 m / s ( 2,472,027 cu ft / s ) - min 2,000 m / s ( 70,629 cu ft / s ) Discharge elsewhere ( average ) - Bay of Bengal 38,129 m / s ( 1,346,513 cu ft / s ) Map of the combined drainage basins of the Ganges ( orange ) , Brahmaputra ( violet ) , and Meghna ( green ) Coordinates : 25 ° 18 ′ N 83 ° 01 ′ E / 25.30 ° N 83.01 ° E / 25.30 ; 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Krishnamurti Sai Baba Vivekananda Nigamananda Yogananda Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade Tibbetibaba Trailanga Society ( show ) Varna Brahmin Kshatriya Vaishya Shudra Dalit Jati Denominations Persecution Nationalism Hindutva Other topics ( show ) Hinduism by country Balinese Hinduism Criticism Calendar Iconography Mythology Pilgrimage sites Hinduism and Jainism / and Buddhism / and Sikhism / and Judaism / and Christianity / and Islam Glossary of Hinduism terms Hinduism portal The Ganges ( / ˈɡændʒiːz / GAN - jeez ) , also known as Ganga ( Hindustani : ( ˈɡəŋɡaː ) ) , is a trans - boundary river of Asia which flows through the nations of India and Bangladesh . The 2,525 km ( 1,569 mi ) river rises in the western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand , and flows south and east through the Gangetic Plain of North India . After entering West Bengal , it divides into two rivers : the Hooghly River and the Padma River . The Hooghly , or Adi Ganga , flows through several districts of West Bengal and into the Bay of Bengal near Sagar Island . The other , the Padma , also flows into and through Bangladesh , and also empties into the Bay of Bengal . The Ganges is the third largest river in the world by discharge . The Ganga is one of the most sacred rivers to Hindus . It is also a lifeline to millions of Indians who live along its course and depend on it for their daily needs . It is worshipped in Hinduism as the goddess Ganga . It has also been important historically , with many former provincial or imperial capitals ( such as Kannauj , Kampilya , Kara , Prayag or Allahabad , Kashi , Pataliputra or Patna , Hajipur , Munger , Bhagalpur , Murshidabad , Baharampur , Nabadwip , Saptagram , Kolkata and Dhaka ) located on its banks . The Ganges is highly polluted . Pollution threatens not only humans , but also more than 140 fish species , 90 amphibian species and the endangered Ganges river dolphin . The levels of fecal coliform bacteria from human waste in the waters of the river near Varanasi are more than 100 times the Indian government 's official limit . The Ganga Action Plan , an environmental initiative to clean up the river , has been a major failure thus far , due to corruption , lack of technical expertise , poor environmental planning , and lack of support from religious authorities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Course 2 Geology 3 Hydrology 4 History 5 Religious and cultural significance 5.1 Embodiment of sacredness 5.2 Avatarana Descent of the Ganges 5.3 Redemption of the Dead 5.4 The Purifying Ganges 5.5 Consort , Shakti , and Mother 5.6 Ganges in classical Indian iconography 5.7 Kumbh Mela 6 Irrigation 6.1 Canals 6.2 Dams and barrages 7 Economy 7.1 Tourism 8 Ecology and environment 8.1 Fish 8.2 Crocodilians and turtles 8.3 Ganges river dolphin 8.4 Effects of climate change 9 Pollution and environmental concerns 9.1 Water shortages 9.2 Mining 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Sources 14 Further reading 15 External links Course ( edit ) Bhagirathi River at Gangotri . Devprayag , confluence of Alaknanda ( right ) and Bhagirathi ( left ) rivers , beginning of the Ganges proper . The Himalayan headwaters of the Ganges River in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand , India . The headstreams and rivers are labelled in italics ; the heights of the mountains , lakes , and towns are displayed in parentheses in metres . The main stream of the Ganges begins at the confluence of the Bhagirathi and Alaknanda rivers in the town of Devprayag in the Garhwal division of the Indian state of Uttarakhand . The Bhagirathi is considered to be the source in Hindu culture and mythology , although the Alaknanda is longer , and , therefore , hydrologically the source stream . The headwaters of the Alakananda are formed by snowmelt from peaks such as Nanda Devi , Trisul , and Kamet . The Bhagirathi rises at the foot of Gangotri Glacier , at Gomukh , at an elevation of 3,892 m ( 12,769 ft ) , being mythologically referred to as , residing in the matted locks of Shiva , symbolically Tapovan , being a meadow of ethereal beauty at the feet of Mount Shivling , just 5 km ( 3.1 mi ) away . Although many small streams comprise the headwaters of the Ganges , the six longest and their five confluences are considered sacred . The six headstreams are the Alaknanda , Dhauliganga , Nandakini , Pindar , Mandakini , and Bhagirathi rivers . The five confluences , known as the Panch Prayag , are all along the Alaknanda . They are , in downstream order , Vishnuprayag , where the Dhauliganga joins the Alaknanda ; Nandprayag , where the Nandakini joins ; Karnaprayag , where the Pindar joins , Rudraprayag , where the Mandakini joins ; and finally , Devprayag , where the Bhagirathi joins the Alaknanda to form the Ganges River proper . After flowing 250 km ( 155.343 mi ) through its narrow Himalayan valley , the Ganges emerges from the mountains at Rishikesh , then debouches onto the Gangetic Plain at the pilgrimage town of Haridwar . At Haridwar , a dam diverts some of its waters into the Ganges Canal , which irrigates the Doab region of Uttar Pradesh , whereas the river , whose course has been roughly southwest until this point , now begins to flow southeast through the plains of northern India . The Ganges follows an 800 km ( 500 mi ) arching course passing through the cities of Kannauj , Farukhabad , and Kanpur . Along the way it is joined by the Ramganga , which contributes an average annual flow of about 500 m / s ( 18,000 cu ft / s ) . The Ganges joins the Yamuna at the Triveni Sangam at Allahabad , a holy confluence in Hinduism . At their confluence the Yamuna is larger than the Ganges , contributing about 2,950 m / s ( 104,000 cu ft / s ) , or about 58.5 % of the combined flow . Now flowing east , the river meets the Tamsa River ( also called Tons ) , which flows north from the Kaimur Range and contributes an average flow of about 190 m / s ( 6,700 cu ft / s ) . After the Tamsa the Gomti River joins , flowing south from the Himalayas . The Gomti contributes an average annual flow of about 234 m / s ( 8,300 cu ft / s ) . Then the Ghaghara River ( Karnali River ) , also flowing south from the Himalayas of Nepal , joins . The Ghaghara ( Karnali ) , with its average annual flow of about 2,990 m / s ( 106,000 cu ft / s ) , is the largest tributary of the Ganges . After the Ghaghara ( Karnali ) confluence the Ganges is joined from the south by the Son River , contributing about 1,000 m / s ( 35,000 cu ft / s ) . The Gandaki River , then the Kosi River , join from the north flowing from Nepal , contributing about 1,654 m / s ( 58,400 cu ft / s ) and 2,166 m / s ( 76,500 cu ft / s ) , respectively . The Kosi is the third largest tributary of the Ganges , after the Ghaghara ( Karnali ) and Yamuna. The Kosi merges into the Ganges near Kursela in Bihar . Along the way between Allahabad and Malda , West Bengal , the Ganges passes the towns of Chunar , Mirzapur , Varanasi , Ghazipur , Patna , Hajipur , Chapra , Bhagalpur , Ballia , Buxar , Simaria , Sultanganj , and Saidpur . At Bhagalpur , the river begins to flow south - southeast and at Pakur , it begins its attrition with the branching away of its first distributary , the Bhāgirathi - Hooghly , which goes on to become the Hooghly River . Just before the border with Bangladesh the Farakka Barrage controls the flow of the Ganges , diverting some of the water into a feeder canal linked to the Hooghly for the purpose of keeping it relatively silt - free . The Hooghly River is formed by the confluence of the Bhagirathi River and Jalangi River at Nabadwip , and Hooghly has a number of tributaries of its own . The largest is the Damodar River , which is 541 km ( 336 mi ) long , with a drainage basin of 25,820 km ( 9,970 sq mi ) . The Hooghly River empties into the Bay of Bengal near Sagar Island . Between Malda and the Bay of Bengal , the Hooghly river passes the towns and cities of Murshidabad , Nabadwip , Kolkata and Howrah . After entering Bangladesh , the main branch of the Ganges is known as the Padma . The Padma is joined by the Jamuna River , the largest distributary of the Brahmaputra . Further downstream , the Padma joins the Meghna River , the second largest distributary of the Brahmaputra , and takes on the Meghna 's name as it enters the Meghna Estuary , which empties into the Bay of Bengal . Here it forms the 1,430 by 3,000 km ( 890 by 1,860 mi ) Bengal Fan , the world 's largest submarine fan , which alone accounts for 10 -- 20 % of the global burial of organic carbon . The Ganges Delta , formed mainly by the large , sediment - laden flows of the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers , is the world 's largest delta , at about 59,000 km ( 23,000 sq mi ) . It stretches 322 km ( 200 mi ) along the Bay of Bengal . Only the Amazon and Congo rivers have a greater average discharge than the combined flow of the Ganges , the Brahmaputra , and the Surma - Meghna river system . In full flood only the Amazon is larger . Geology ( edit ) The Indian subcontinent lies atop the Indian tectonic plate , a minor plate within the Indo - Australian Plate . Its defining geological processes commenced seventy - five million years ago , when , as a part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana , it began a northeastwards drift -- lasting fifty million years -- across the then unformed Indian Ocean . The subcontinent 's subsequent collision with the Eurasian Plate and subduction under it , gave rise to the Himalayas , the planet 's highest mountain ranges . In the former seabed immediately south of the emerging Himalayas , plate movement created a vast trough , which , having gradually been filled with sediment borne by the Indus and its tributaries and the Ganges and its tributaries , now forms the Indo - Gangetic Plain . The Indo - Gangetic Plain is geologically known as a foredeep or foreland basin . Hydrology ( edit ) A 1908 map showing the course of the Ganges and its tributaries . Catchment region of the Ganga Major left - bank tributaries include Gomti ( Gumti ) , Ghaghara ( Gogra ) , Gandaki ( Gandak ) , and Kosi ( Kusi ) ; major right - bank tributaries include Yamuna ( Jumna ) , Son , Punpun and Damodar . The hydrology of the Ganges River is very complicated , especially in the Ganges Delta region . One result is different ways to determine the river 's length , its discharge , and the size of its drainage basin . The river Ganges at Kolkata , with Howrah Bridge in the background Lower Ganges in Lakshmipur , Bangladesh The name Ganges is used for the river between the confluence of the Bhagirathi and Alaknanda rivers , in the Himalayas , and the India - Bangladesh border , near the Farakka Barrage and the first bifurcation of the river . The length of the Ganges is frequently said to be slightly over 2,500 km ( 1,600 mi ) long , about 2,505 km ( 1,557 mi ) , to 2,525 km ( 1,569 mi ) , or perhaps 2,550 km ( 1,580 mi ) . In these cases the river 's source is usually assumed to be the source of the Bhagirathi River , Gangotri Glacier at Gomukh , and its mouth being the mouth of the Meghna River on the Bay of Bengal . Sometimes the source of the Ganges is considered to be at Haridwar , where its Himalayan headwater streams debouch onto the Gangetic Plain . In some cases , the length of the Ganges is given for its Hooghly River distributary , which is longer than its main outlet via the Meghna River , resulting in a total length of about 2,620 km ( 1,630 mi ) , from the source of the Bhagirathi , or 2,135 km ( 1,327 mi ) , from Haridwar to the Hooghly 's mouth . In other cases the length is said to be about 2,240 km ( 1,390 mi ) , from the source of the Bhagirathi to the Bangladesh border , where its name changes to Padma . For similar reasons , sources differ over the size of the river 's drainage basin . The basin covers parts of four countries , India , Nepal , China , and Bangladesh ; eleven Indian states , Himachal Pradesh , Uttarakhand , Uttar Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh , Chhattisgarh , Bihar , Jharkhand , Punjab , Haryana , Rajasthan , West Bengal , and the Union Territory of Delhi . The Ganges basin , including the delta but not the Brahmaputra or Meghna basins , is about 1,080,000 km ( 420,000 sq mi ) , of which 861,000 km ( 332,000 sq mi ) are in India ( about 80 % ) , 140,000 km ( 54,000 sq mi ) in Nepal ( 13 % ) , 46,000 km ( 18,000 sq mi ) in Bangladesh ( 4 % ) , and 33,000 km ( 13,000 sq mi ) in China ( 3 % ) . Sometimes the Ganges and Brahmaputra -- Meghna drainage basins are combined for a total of about 1,600,000 km ( 620,000 sq mi ) , or 1,621,000 km ( 626,000 sq mi ) . The combined Ganges - Brahmaputra - Meghna basin ( abbreviated GBM or GMB ) drainage basin is spread across Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Nepal , and China . The Ganges basin ranges from the Himalaya and the Transhimalaya in the north , to the northern slopes of the Vindhya range in the south , from the eastern slopes of the Aravalli in the west to the Chota Nagpur plateau and the Sunderbans delta in the east . A significant portion of the discharge from the Ganges comes from the Himalayan mountain system . Within the Himalaya , the Ganges basin spreads almost 1,200 km from the Yamuna - Satluj divide along the Simla ridge forming the boundary with the Indus basin in the west to the Singalila Ridge along the Nepal - Sikkim border forming the boundary with the Brahmaputra basin in the east . This section of the Himalaya contains 9 of the 14 highest peaks in the world over 8,000 m in height , including Mount Everest which is the high point of the Ganges basin . The other peaks over 8,000 m in the basin are Kangchenjunga , Lhotse , Makalu , Cho Oyu , Dhaulagiri , Manaslu , Annapurna and Shishapangma . The Himalayan portion of the basin includes the south - eastern portion of the state of Himachal Pradesh , the entire state of Uttarakhand , the entire country of Nepal and the extreme north - western portion of the state of West Bengal . The discharge of the Ganges also differs by source . Frequently , discharge is described for the mouth of the Meghna River , thus combining the Ganges with the Brahmaputra and Meghna . This results in a total average annual discharge of about 38,000 m / s ( 1,300,000 cu ft / s ) , or 42,470 m / s ( 1,500,000 cu ft / s ) . In other cases the average annual discharges of the Ganges , Brahmaputra , and Meghna are given separately , at about 16,650 m / s ( 588,000 cu ft / s ) for the Ganges , about 19,820 m / s ( 700,000 cu ft / s ) for the Brahmaputra , and about 5,100 m / s ( 180,000 cu ft / s ) for the Meghna . Hardinge Bridge , Bangladesh , crosses the Ganges - Padma River . It is one of the key sites for measuring streamflow and discharge on the lower Ganges . The maximum peak discharge of the Ganges , as recorded at Hardinge Bridge in Bangladesh , exceeded 70,000 m / s ( 2,500,000 cu ft / s ) . The minimum recorded at the same place was about 180 m / s ( 6,400 cu ft / s ) , in 1997 . The hydrologic cycle in the Ganges basin is governed by the Southwest Monsoon . About 84 % of the total rainfall occurs in the monsoon from June to September . Consequently , streamflow in the Ganges is highly seasonal . The average dry season to monsoon discharge ratio is about 1 : 6 , as measured at Hardinge Bridge . This strong seasonal variation underlies many problems of land and water resource development in the region . The seasonality of flow is so acute it can cause both drought and floods . Bangladesh , in particular , frequently experiences drought during the dry season and regularly suffers extreme floods during the monsoon . In the Ganges Delta many large rivers come together , both merging and bifurcating in a complicated network of channels . The two largest rivers , the Ganges and Brahmaputra , both split into distributary channels , the largest of which merge with other large rivers before themselves joining . This current channel pattern was not always the case . Over time the rivers in Ganges Delta have changed course , sometimes altering the network of channels in significant ways . Before the late 12th century the Bhagirathi - Hooghly distributary was the main channel of the Ganges and the Padma was only a minor spill - channel . The main flow of the river reached the sea not via the modern Hooghly River but rather by the Adi Ganga . Between the 12th and 16th centuries the Bhagirathi - Hooghly and Padma channels were more or less equally significant . After the 16th century the Padma grew to become the main channel of the Ganges . It is thought that the Bhagirathi - Hooghly became increasingly choked with silt , causing the main flow of the Ganges to shift to the southeast and the Padma River . By the end of the 18th century the Padma had become the main distributary of the Ganges . One result of this shift to the Padma was that the Ganges joined the Meghna and Brahmaputra rivers before emptying into the Bay of Bengal , together instead of separately . The present confluence of the Ganges and Meghna formed about 150 years ago . Also near the end of the 18th century , the course of the lower Brahmaputra changed dramatically , altering its relationship with the Ganges . In 1787 there was a great flood on the Teesta River , which at the time was a tributary of the Ganges - Padma River . The flood of 1787 caused the Teesta to undergo a sudden change course ( an avulsion ) , shifting east to join the Brahmaputra and causing the Brahmaputra to shift its course south , cutting a new channel . This new main channel of the Brahmaputra is called the Jamuna River . It flows south to join the Ganges - Padma . Since ancient times the main flow of the Brahmaputra was more easterly , passing by the city of Mymensingh and joining the Meghna River . Today this channel is a small distributary but retains the name Brahmaputra , sometimes Old Brahmaputra . The site of the old Brahmaputra - Meghna confluence , in the locality of Langalbandh , is still considered sacred by Hindus . Near the confluence is a major early historic site called Wari - Bateshwar . History ( edit ) The birth of Ganges The Late Harappan period , about 1900 -- 1300 BCE , saw the spread of Harappan settlement eastward from the Indus River basin to the Ganges - Yamuna doab , although none crossed the Ganges to settle its eastern bank . The disintegration of the Harappan civilisation , in the early 2nd millennium BC , marks the point when the centre of Indian civilisation shifted from the Indus basin to the Ganges basin . There may be links between the Late Harappan settlement of the Ganges basin and the archaeological culture known as `` Cemetery H '' , the Indo - Aryan people , and the Vedic period . This river is the longest in India . During the early Vedic Age of the Rigveda , the Indus and the Sarasvati River were the major sacred rivers , not the Ganges . But the later three Vedas gave much more importance to the Ganges . The Gangetic Plain became the centre of successive powerful states , from the Maurya Empire to the Mughal Empire . The first European traveller to mention the Ganges was Megasthenes ( ca . 350 -- 290 BCE ) . He did so several times in his work Indica : `` India , again , possesses many rivers both large and navigable , which , having their sources in the mountains which stretch along the northern frontier , traverse the level country , and not a few of these , after uniting with each other , fall into the river called the Ganges . Now this river , which at its source is 30 stadia broad , flows from north to south , and empties its waters into the ocean forming the eastern boundary of the Gangaridai , a nation which possesses a vast force of the largest - sized elephants . '' ( Diodorus II. 37 ) In the rainy season of 1809 , the lower channel of the Bhagirathi , leading to Kolkata , had been entirely shut ; but in the following year it opened again , and was nearly of the same size with the upper channel ; both however suffered a considerable diminution , owing probably to the new communication opened below the Jalanggi on the upper channel . In 1951 a water sharing dispute arose between India and East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) , after India declared its intention to build the Farakka Barrage . The original purpose of the barrage , which was completed in 1975 , was to divert up to 1,100 m / s ( 39,000 cu ft / s ) of water from the Ganges to the Bhagirathi - Hooghly distributary in order to restore navigability at the Port of Kolkata . It was assumed that during the worst dry season the Ganges flow would be around 1,400 to 1,600 m / s ( 49,000 to 57,000 cu ft / s ) , thus leaving 280 to 420 m / s ( 9,900 to 14,800 cu ft / s ) for the then East Pakistan . East Pakistan objected and a protracted dispute ensued . In 1996 a 30 - year treaty was signed with Bangladesh . The terms of the agreement are complicated , but in essence they state that if the Ganges flow at Farakka was less than 2,000 m / s ( 71,000 cu ft / s ) then India and Bangladesh would each receive 50 % of the water , with each receiving at least 1,000 m / s ( 35,000 cu ft / s ) for alternating ten - day periods . However , within a year the flow at Farakka fell to levels far below the historic average , making it impossible to implement the guaranteed sharing of water . In March 1997 , flow of the Ganges in Bangladesh dropped to its lowest ever , 180 m / s ( 6,400 cu ft / s ) . Dry season flows returned to normal levels in the years following , but efforts were made to address the problem . One plan is for another barrage to be built in Bangladesh at Pangsha , west of Dhaka . This barrage would help Bangladesh better utilise its share of the waters of the Ganges . Religious and cultural significance ( edit ) Embodiment of sacredness ( edit ) Chromolithograph , `` Indian woman floating lamps on the Ganges , '' by William Simpson , 1867 . The Ganges is a sacred river to Hindus along every fragment of its length . All along its course , Hindus bathe in its waters , paying homage to their ancestors and to their gods by cupping the water in their hands , lifting it and letting it fall back into the river ; they offer flowers and rose petals and float shallow clay dishes filled with oil and lit with wicks ( diyas ) . On the journey back home from the Ganges , they carry small quantities of river water with them for use in rituals ( Ganga jal , literally water of the Ganges ) . The Ganges is the embodiment of all sacred waters in Hindu mythology . Local rivers are said to be like the Ganges , and are sometimes called the local Ganges ( Ganga ) . The Kaveri river of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu in Southern India is called the Ganges of the South ; the Godavari , is the Ganges that was led by the sage Gautama to flow through Central India . The Ganges is invoked whenever water is used in Hindu ritual , and is therefore present in all sacred waters . In spite of this , nothing is more stirring for a Hindu than a dip in the actual river , which is thought to remit sins , especially at one of the famous tirthas such as Gangotri , Haridwar , Prayag , or Varanasi . The symbolic and religious importance of the Ganges is one of the few things that Hindu India , even its skeptics , are agreed upon . Jawaharlal Nehru , a religious iconoclast himself , asked for a handful of his ashes to be thrown into the Ganges . `` The Ganga , '' he wrote in his will , `` is the river of India , beloved of her people , round which are intertwined her racial memories , her hopes and fears , her songs of triumph , her victories and her defeats . She has been a symbol of India 's age - long culture and civilization , ever - changing , ever - flowing , and yet ever the same Ganga . '' Avatarana descent of the Ganges ( edit ) Descent of Ganga -- painting by Raja Ravi Varma In late May or early June every year , Hindus celebrate the karunasiri and rise of the Ganges from earth to heaven . The day of the celebration , Ganga Dashahara , the dashami ( tenth day ) of the waxing moon of the Hindu calendar month Jyestha , brings throngs of bathers to the banks of the river . A soak in the Ganges on this day is said to rid the bather of ten sins ( dasha = Sanskrit `` ten '' ; hara = to destroy ) or alternatively , ten lifetimes of sins . Those who can not journey to the river , however , can achieve the same results by bathing in any nearby body of water , which , for the true believer , in the Hindu tradition , takes on all the attributes of the Ganges . The karunasiri is an old theme in Hinduism with a number of different versions of the story . In the Vedic version , Indra , the Lord of Svarga ( Heaven ) slays the celestial serpent , Vritra , releasing the celestial liquid , the soma , or the nectar of the gods which then plunges to the earth and waters it with sustenance . In the Vaishnava version of the myth , the heavenly waters are now a river called Vishnupadi ( padi : Skt. `` from the foot of '' ) . As Lord Vishnu completes his celebrated three strides -- of earth , sky , and heaven -- Vishnu as Vamana stubs his toe on the vault of heaven , punches open a hole , and releases the Vishnupadi , which until now had been circling around the cosmic egg within . Flowing out of the vault , she plummets down to Indra 's heaven , where she is received by Dhruva , the once steadfast worshipper of Vishnu , now fixed in the sky as the polestar . Next , she streams across the sky forming the Milky Way and arrives on the moon . She then flows down earthwards to Brahma 's realm , a divine lotus atop Mount Meru , whose petals form the earthly continents . There , the divine waters break up , with one stream , the Alaknanda , flowing down one petal into Bharatvarsha ( India ) as the Ganges . It is Shiva , however , among the major deities of the Hindu pantheon , who appears in the most widely known version of the avatarana story . Told and retold in the Ramayana , the Mahabharata and several Puranas , the story begins with a sage , Kapila , whose intense meditation has been disturbed by the sixty thousand sons of King Sagara . Livid at being disturbed , Kapila sears them with his angry gaze , reduces them to ashes , and dispatches them to the netherworld . Only the waters of the Ganges , then in heaven , can bring the dead sons their salvation . A descendant of these sons , King Bhagiratha , anxious to restore his ancestors , undertakes rigorous penance and is eventually granted the prize of Ganga 's descent from heaven . However , since her turbulent force would also shatter the earth , Bhagiratha persuades Shiva in his abode on Mount Kailash to receive Ganga in the coils of his tangled hair and break her fall . Ganga descends , is tamed in Shiva 's locks , and arrives in the Himalayas . She is then led by the waiting Bhagiratha down into the plains at Haridwar , across the plains first to the confluence with the Yamuna at Prayag and then to Varanasi , and eventually to Ganga Sagar , where she meets the ocean , sinks to the netherworld , and saves the sons of Sagara . In honour of Bhagirath 's pivotal role in the avatarana , the source stream of the Ganges in the Himalayas is named Bhagirathi , ( Sanskrit , `` of Bhagiratha '' ) . Redemption of the dead ( edit ) Preparations for cremations on the banks of the Ganges in Varanasi , 1903 . The dead are being bathed , wrapped in cloth and covered with wood . The photograph has caption , `` Who dies in the waters of the Ganges obtains heaven . '' Since Ganga had descended from heaven to earth , she is also the vehicle of ascent , from earth to heaven . As the Triloka - patha - gamini , ( Skt . triloka = `` three worlds '' , patha = `` road '' , gamini = `` one who travels '' ) of the Hindu tradition , she flows in heaven , earth , and the netherworld , and , consequently , is a `` tirtha , '' or crossing point of all beings , the living as well as the dead . It is for this reason that the story of the avatarana is told at Shraddha ceremonies for the deceased in Hinduism , and Ganges water is used in Vedic rituals after death . Among all hymns devoted to the Ganges , there are none more popular than the ones expressing the worshipers wish to breathe his last surrounded by her waters . The Gangashtakam expresses this longing fervently : O Mother ! ... Necklace adorning the worlds ! Banner rising to heaven ! I ask that I may leave of this body on your banks , Drinking your water , rolling in your waves , Remembering your name , bestowing my gaze upon you . No place along her banks is more longed for at the moment of death by Hindus than Varanasi , the Great Cremation Ground , or Mahashmshana . Those who are lucky enough to die in Varanasi , are cremated on the banks of the Ganges , and are granted instant salvation . If the death has occurred elsewhere , salvation can be achieved by immersing the ashes in the Ganges . If the ashes have been immersed in another body of water , a relative can still gain salvation for the deceased by journeying to the Ganges , if possible during the lunar `` fortnight of the ancestors '' in the Hindu calendar month of Ashwin ( September or October ) , and performing the Shraddha rites . Hindus also perform pinda pradana , a rite for the dead , in which balls of rice and sesame seed are offered to the Ganges while the names of the deceased relatives are recited . Every sesame seed in every ball thus offered , according to one story , assures a thousand years of heavenly salvation for the each relative . Indeed , the Ganges is so important in the rituals after death that the Mahabharata , in one of its popular ślokas , says , `` If only ( one ) bone of a ( deceased ) person should touch the water of the Ganges , that person shall dwell honoured in heaven . '' As if to illustrate this truism , the Kashi Khanda ( Varanasi Chapter ) of the Skanda Purana recounts the remarkable story of Vahika , a profligate and unrepentant sinner , who is killed by a tiger in the forest . His soul arrives before Yama , the Lord of Death , to be judged for the hereafter . Having no compensating virtue , Vahika 's soul is at once dispatched to hell . While this is happening , his body on earth , however , is being picked at by vultures , one of whom flies away with a foot bone . Another bird comes after the vulture , and in fighting him off , the vulture accidentally drops the bone into the Ganges below . Blessed by this happenstance , Vahika , on his way to hell , is rescued by a celestial chariot which takes him instead to heaven . The purifying Ganges ( edit ) Devotees taking holy bath during festival of Ganga Dashara at Har - ki - Pauri , Haridwar Hindus consider the waters of the Ganges to be both pure and purifying . Nothing reclaims order from disorder more than the waters of the Ganges . Moving water , as in a river , is considered purifying in Hindu culture because it is thought to both absorb impurities and take them away . The swiftly moving Ganges , especially in its upper reaches , where a bather has to grasp an anchored chain in order to not be carried away , is considered especially purifying . What the Ganges removes , however , is not necessarily physical dirt , but symbolic dirt ; it wipes away the sins of the bather , not just of the present , but of a lifetime . A popular paean to the Ganges is the Ganga Lahiri composed by a seventeenth century poet Jagannatha who , legend has it , was turned out of his Hindu Brahmin caste for carrying on an affair with a Muslim woman . Having attempted futilely to be rehabilitated within the Hindu fold , the poet finally appeals to Ganga , the hope of the hopeless , and the comforter of last resort . Along with his beloved , Jagannatha sits at the top of the flight of steps leading to the water at the famous Panchganga Ghat in Varanasi . As he recites each verse of the poem , the water of the Ganges rises up one step , until in the end it envelops the lovers and carry them away . `` I come to you as a child to his mother , '' begins the Ganga Lahiri . I come as an orphan to you , moist with love . I come without refuge to you , giver of sacred rest . I come a fallen man to you , uplifter of all . I come undone by disease to you , the perfect physician . I come , my heart dry with thirst , to you , ocean of sweet wine . Do with me whatever you will . Consort , shakti , and mother ( edit ) Ganga is a consort to all three major male deities of Hinduism . As Brahma 's partner she always travels with him in the form of water in his kamandalu ( water - pot ) . She is also Vishnu 's consort . Not only does she emanate from his foot as Vishnupadi in the avatarana story , but is also , with Sarasvati and Lakshmi , one of his co-wives . In one popular story , envious of being outdone by each other , the co-wives begin to quarrel . While Lakshmi attempts to mediate the quarrel , Ganga and Sarasvati , heap misfortune on each other . They curse each other to become rivers , and to carry within them , by washing , the sins of their human worshippers . Soon their husband , Vishnu , arrives and decides to calm the situation by separating the goddesses . He orders Sarasvati to become the wife of Brahma , Ganga to become the wife of Shiva , and Lakshmi , as the blameless conciliator , to remain as his own wife . Ganga and Sarasvati , however , are so distraught at this dispensation , and wail so loudly , that Vishnu is forced to take back his words . Consequently , in their lives as rivers they are still thought to be with him . Shiva , as Gangadhara , bearing the Descent of the Ganges , as the goddess Parvati , the sage Bhagiratha , and the bull Nandi look on ( circa 1740 ) . It is Shiva 's relationship with Ganga , that is the best - known in Ganges mythology . Her descent , the avatarana is not a one time event , but a continuously occurring one in which she is forever falling from heaven into his locks and being forever tamed . Shiva , is depicted in Hindu iconography as Gangadhara , the `` Bearer of the Ganga , '' with Ganga , shown as spout of water , rising from his hair . The Shiva - Ganga relationship is both perpetual and intimate . Shiva is sometimes called Uma - Ganga - Patiswara ( `` Husband and Lord of Uma ( Parvati ) and Ganga '' ) , and Ganga often arouses the jealousy of Shiva 's better - known consort Parvati . Ganga is the shakti or the moving , restless , rolling energy in the form of which the otherwise recluse and unapproachable Shiva appears on earth . As water , this moving energy can be felt , tasted , and absorbed . The war - god Skanda addresses the sage Agastya in the Kashi Khand of the Skanda Purana in these words : One should not be amazed ... that this Ganges is really Power , for is she not the Supreme Shakti of the Eternal Shiva , taken in the form of water ? This Ganges , filled with the sweet wine of compassion , was sent out for the salvation of the world by Shiva , the Lord of the Lords . Good people should not think this Triple - Pathed River to be like the thousand other earthly rivers , filled with water . The Ganges is also the mother , the Ganga Mata ( mata = `` mother '' ) of Hindu worship and culture , accepting all and forgiving all . Unlike other goddesses , she has no destructive or fearsome aspect , destructive though she might be as a river in nature . She is also a mother to other gods . She accepts Shiva 's incandescent seed from the fire - god Agni , which is too hot for this world , and cools it in her waters . This union produces Skanda , or Kartikeya , the god of war . In the Mahabharata , she is the wife of Shantanu , and the mother of heroic warrior - patriarch , Bhishma . When Bhishma is mortally wounded in battle , Ganga comes out of the water in human form and weeps uncontrollably over his body . The Ganges is the distilled lifeblood of the Hindu tradition , of its divinities , holy books , and enlightenment . As such , her worship does not require the usual rites of invocation ( avahana ) at the beginning and dismissal ( visarjana ) at the end , required in the worship of other gods . Her divinity is immediate and everlasting . Ganges in Classical Indian iconography ( edit ) Photograph ( 1875 ) of goddess Ganga ( Gupta Period , 5th or 6th century CE ) from Besnagar , Madhya Pradesh , now in Museum of Fine Arts , Boston . Goddess Ganga with left hand resting on a dwarf attendant 's head from the Rameshwar Temple , Ellora Caves , Maharashtra . Date of Sculpture , 6th century The goddess Ganga stands on her mount , the makara , with a kumbha , a full pot of water , in her hand , while an attendant holds a parasol over her . Terracotta , Ahichatra , Uttar Pradesh , Gupta , 5th century , now in National Museum , New Delhi The goddess Ganga ( right ) in tribhanga pose with retinue . Pratihara , 10th century , now in National Museum , New Delhi Early in ancient Indian culture , the river Ganges was associated with fecundity , its redeeming waters and its rich silt providing sustenance to all who lived along its banks . A counterpoise to the dazzling heat of the Indian summer , the Ganges came to be imbued with magical qualities and to be revered in anthropomorphic form . By the 5th century CE , an elaborate mythology surrounded the Ganges , now a goddess in her own right , and a symbol for all rivers of India . Hindu temples all over India had statues and reliefs of the goddess carved at their entrances , symbolically washing the sins of arriving worshippers and guarding the gods within . As protector of the sanctum sanctorum , the goddess soon came to depicted with several characteristic accessories : the makara ( a crocodile - like undersea monster , often shown with an elephant - like trunk ) , the kumbha ( an overfull vase ) , various overhead parasol - like coverings , and a gradually increasing retinue of humans . Central to the goddess 's visual identification is the makara , which is also her vahana , or mount . An ancient symbol in India , it pre-dates all appearances of the goddess Ganga in art . The makara has a dual symbolism . On the one hand , it represents the life - affirming waters and plants of its environment ; on the other , it represents fear , both fear of the unknown it elicits by lurking in those waters and real fear it instils by appearing in sight . The earliest extant unambiguous pairing of the makara with Ganga is at Udayagiri Caves in Central India ( circa 400 CE ) . Here , in Cave V , flanking the main figure of Vishnu shown in his boar incarnation , two river goddesses , Ganga and Yamuna appear atop their respective mounts , makara and kurma ( a turtle or tortoise ) . The makara is often accompanied by a gana , a small boy or child , near its mouth , as , for example , shown in the Gupta period relief from Besnagar , Central India , in the left-most frame above . The gana represents both posterity and development ( udbhava ) . The pairing of the fearsome , life - destroying makara with the youthful , life - affirming gana speaks to two aspects of the Ganges herself . Although she has provided sustenance to millions , she has also brought hardship , injury , and death by causing major floods along her banks . The goddess Ganga is also accompanied by a dwarf attendant , who carries a cosmetic bag , and on whom she sometimes leans , as if for support . ( See , for example , frames 1 , 2 , and 4 above . ) The purna kumbha or full pot of water is the second most discernible element of the Ganga iconography . Appearing first also in the relief in Udayagiri Caves ( 5th century ) , it gradually appeared more frequently as the theme of the goddess matured . By the seventh century it had become an established feature , as seen , for example , the Dashavatara temple , Deogarh , Uttar Pradesh ( seventh century ) , the Trimurti temple , Badoli , Chittorgarh , Rajasthan , and at the Lakshmaneshwar temple , Kharod , Bilaspur , Chhattisgarh , ( ninth or tenth century ) , and seen very clearly in frame 3 above and less clearly in the remaining frames . Worshipped even today , the full pot is emblematic of the formless Brahman , as well as of woman , of the womb , and of birth . Furthermore , The river goddesses Ganga and Saraswati were both born from Brahma 's pot , containing the celestial waters . In her earliest depictions at temple entrances , the goddess Ganga appeared standing beneath the overhanging branch of a tree , as seen as well in the Udayagiri caves . However , soon the tree cover had evolved into a chatra or parasol held by an attendant , for example , in the seventh - century Dasavatara temple at Deogarh . ( The parasol can be clearly seen in frame 3 above ; its stem can be seen in frame 4 , but the rest has broken off . ) The cover undergoes another transformation in the temple at Kharod , Bilaspur ( ninth or tenth century ) , where the parasol is lotus - shaped , and yet another at the Trimurti temple at Badoli where the parasol has been replaced entirely by a lotus . As the iconography evolved , sculptors in the central India especially were producing animated scenes of the goddess , replete with an entourage and suggestive of a queen en route to a river to bathe . A relief similar to the depiction in frame 4 above , is described in Pal 1997 , p. 43 as follows : A typical relief of about the ninth century that once stood at the entrance of a temple , the river goddess Ganga is shown as a voluptuously endowed lady with a retinue . Following the iconographic prescription , she stands gracefully on her composite makara mount and holds a water pot . The dwarf attendant carries her cosmetic bag , and a ... female holds the stem of a giant lotus leaf that serves as her mistress 's parasol . The fourth figure is a male guardian . Often in such reliefs the makara 's tail is extended with great flourish into a scrolling design symbolizing both vegetation and water . Kumbh Mela ( edit ) A procession of Akharas marching over a makeshift bridge over the Ganges River . Kumbh Mela at Allahabad , 2001 . Main article : Kumbh Mela Kumbh Mela is a mass Hindu pilgrimage in which Hindus gather at the Ganges River . The normal Kumbh Mela is celebrated every 3 years , the Ardh ( half ) Kumbh is celebrated every six years at Haridwar and Prayag , the Purna ( complete ) Kumbh takes place every twelve years at four places ( Prayag ( Allahabad ) , Haridwar , Ujjain , and Nashik ) . The Maha ( great ) Kumbh Mela which comes after 12 ' Purna Kumbh Melas ' , or 144 years , is held at Prayag ( Allahabad ) . The major event of the festival is ritual bathing at the banks of the river . Other activities include religious discussions , devotional singing , mass feeding of holy men and women and the poor , and religious assemblies where doctrines are debated and standardized . Kumbh Mela is the most sacred of all the pilgrimages . Thousands of holy men and women attend , and the auspiciousness of the festival is in part attributable to this . The sadhus are seen clad in saffron sheets with ashes and powder dabbed on their skin per the requirements of ancient traditions . Some , called naga sanyasis , may not wear any clothes . Irrigation ( edit ) The Ganges and its all tributaries , especially the Yamuna , have been used for irrigation since ancient times . Dams and canals were common in gangetic plain by fourth century BCE . The Ganges - Brahmaputra - Meghna basin has a huge hydroelectric potential , on the order of 200,000 to 250,000 megawatts , nearly half of which could be easily harnessed . As of 1999 , India tapped about 12 % of the hydroelectric potential of the Ganges and just 1 % of the vast potential of the Brahmaputra . Canals ( edit ) Head works of the Ganges canal in Haridwar ( 1860 ) . photograph by Samuel Bourne . Megasthenes , a Greek ethnographer who visited India during third century BCE when Mauryans ruled India described the existence of canals in the gangetic plain . Kautilya ( also known as Chanakya ) , an advisor to Chandragupta Maurya , the founder of Maurya Empire , included the destruction of dams and levees as a strategy during war . Firuz Shah Tughlaq had many canals built , the longest of which , 240 km ( 150 mi ) , was built in 1356 on the Yamuna River . Now known as the Western Yamuna Canal , it has fallen into disrepair and been restored several times . The Mughal emperor Shah Jahan built an irrigation canal on the Yamuna River in the early 17th century . It fell into disuse until 1830 , when it was reopened as the Eastern Yamuna Canal , under British control . The reopened canal became a model for the Upper Ganges Canal and all following canal projects . The Ganges Canal highlighted in red stretching between its headworks off the Ganges River in Hardwar and its confluences with the Jumna River in Etawah and with the Ganges in Cawnpore ( now Kanpur ) . The first British canal in India -- with no Indian antecedents -- was the Ganges Canal built between 1842 and 1854 . Contemplated first by Col. John Russell Colvin in 1836 , it did not at first elicit much enthusiasm from its eventual architect Sir Proby Thomas Cautley , who balked at idea of cutting a canal through extensive low - lying land in order to reach the drier upland destination . However , after the Agra famine of 1837 -- 38 , during which the East India Company 's administration spent Rs. 2,300,000 on famine relief , the idea of a canal became more attractive to the Company 's budget - conscious Court of Directors . In 1839 , the Governor General of India , Lord Auckland , with the Court 's assent , granted funds to Cautley for a full survey of the swath of land that underlay and fringed the projected course of the canal . The Court of Directors , moreover , considerably enlarged the scope of the projected canal , which , in consequence of the severity and geographical extent of the famine , they now deemed to be the entire Doab region . The enthusiasm , however , proved to be short lived . Auckland 's successor as Governor General , Lord Ellenborough , appeared less receptive to large - scale public works , and for the duration of his tenure , withheld major funds for the project . Only in 1844 , when a new Governor - General , Lord Hardinge , was appointed , did official enthusiasm and funds return to the Ganges canal project . Although the intervening impasse had seemingly affected Cautley 's health and required him to return to Britain in 1845 for recuperation , his European sojourn gave him an opportunity to study contemporary hydraulic works in the United Kingdom and Italy . By the time of his return to India even more supportive men were at the helm , both in the North - Western Provinces , with James Thomason as Lt. Governor , and in British India with Lord Dalhousie as Governor - General . Canal construction , under Cautley 's supervision , now went into full swing . A 560 km ( 350 mi ) long canal , with another 480 km ( 300 mi ) of branch lines , eventually stretched between the headworks in Hardwar , splitting into two branches below Aligarh , and its two confluences with the Yamuna ( Jumna in map ) mainstem in Etawah and the Ganges in Kanpur ( Cawnpore in map ) . The Ganges Canal , which required a total capital outlay of £ 2.15 million , was officially opened in 1854 by Lord Dalhousie . According to historian Ian Stone : It was the largest canal ever attempted in the world , five times greater in its length than all the main irrigation lines of Lombardy and Egypt put together , and longer by a third than even the largest USA navigation canal , the Pennsylvania Canal . Dams and barrages ( edit ) A major barrage at Farakka was opened on 21 April 1975 , It is located close to the point where the main flow of the river enters Bangladesh , and the tributary Hooghly ( also known as Bhagirathi ) continues in West Bengal past Kolkata . This barrage , which feeds the Hooghly branch of the river by a 42 km ( 26 mi ) long feeder canal , and its water flow management has been a long - lingering source of dispute with Bangladesh . Indo - Bangladesh Ganges Water Treaty signed in December 1996 addressed some of the water sharing issues between India and Bangladesh . Tehri Dam was constructed on Bhagirathi River , tributary of the Ganges . It is located 1.5 km downstream of Ganesh Prayag , the place where Bhilangana meets Bhagirathi . Bhagirathi is called Ganges after Devprayag . Construction of the dam in an earthquake prone area was controversial . Bansagar Dam was built on the Son River , a tributary of the Ganges for both irrigation and hydroelectric power generation . Economy ( edit ) A girl selling plastic containers for carrying Ganges water , Haridwar . The Ganges Basin with its fertile soil is instrumental to the agricultural economies of India and Bangladesh . The Ganges and its tributaries provide a perennial source of irrigation to a large area . Chief crops cultivated in the area include rice , sugarcane , lentils , oil seeds , potatoes , and wheat . Along the banks of the river , the presence of swamps and lakes provide a rich growing area for crops such as legumes , chillies , mustard , sesame , sugarcane , and jute . There are also many fishing opportunities along the river , though it remains highly polluted . Also the major industrial towns of Unnao , Kanpur , situated on the banks of the river with the predominance of tanning industries add to the pollution . Tourism ( edit ) Tourism is another related activity . Three towns holy to Hinduism -- Haridwar , Prayag ( Allahabad ) , and Varanasi -- attract thousands of pilgrims to its waters to take a dip in the Ganges , which is believed to cleanse oneself of sins and help attain salvation . The rapids of the Ganges also are popular for river rafting , attracting adventure seekers in the summer months . Also , several cities such as Kanpur , Kolkata and Patna have developed riverfront walkways along the banks to attract tourists . Ecology and environment ( edit ) Ganges from Space Human development , mostly agriculture , has replaced nearly all of the original natural vegetation of the Ganges basin . More than 95 % of the upper Gangetic Plain has been degraded or converted to agriculture or urban areas . Only one large block of relatively intact habitat remains , running along the Himalayan foothills and including Rajaji National Park , Jim Corbett National Park , and Dudhwa National Park . As recently as the 16th and 17th centuries the upper Gangetic Plain harboured impressive populations of wild Asian elephants ( Elephas maximus ) , Bengal tigers ( Panthera t . tigris ) , Indian rhinoceros ( Rhinoceros unicornis ) , gaurs ( Bos gaurus ) , barasinghas ( Rucervus duvaucelii ) , sloth bears ( Melursus ursinus ) and Indian lions ( Panthera leo persica ) . In the 21st century there are few large wild animals , mostly deer , wild boars , wildcats , and small numbers of Indian wolves , golden jackals , and red and Bengal foxes . Bengal tigers survive only in the Sundarbans area of the Ganges Delta . The Sundarbands freshwater swamp ecoregion , however , is nearly extinct . Threatened mammals in the upper Gangetic Plain include the tiger , elephant , sloth bear , and four - horned antelope ( Tetracerus quadricornis ) . Lesser florican ( Sypheotides indicus ) Many types of birds are found throughout the basin , such as myna , Psittacula parakeets , crows , kites , partridges , and fowls . Ducks and snipes migrate across the Himalayas during the winter , attracted in large numbers to wetland areas . There are no endemic birds in the upper Gangetic Plain . The great Indian bustard ( Ardeotis nigriceps ) and lesser florican ( Sypheotides indicus ) are considered globally threatened . The natural forest of the upper Gangetic Plain has been so thoroughly eliminated it is difficult to assign a natural vegetation type with certainty . There are a few small patches of forest left , and they suggest that much of the upper plains may have supported a tropical moist deciduous forest with sal ( Shorea robusta ) as a climax species . A similar situation is found in the lower Gangetic Plain , which includes the lower Brahmaputra River . The lower plains contain more open forests , which tend to be dominated by Bombax ceiba in association with Albizzia procera , Duabanga grandiflora , and Sterculia vilosa . There are early seral forest communities that would eventually become dominated by the climax species sal ( Shorea robusta ) , if forest succession was allowed to proceed . In most places forests fail to reach climax conditions due to human causes . The forests of the lower Gangetic Plain , despite thousands of years of human settlement , remained largely intact until the early 20th century . Today only about 3 % of the ecoregion is under natural forest and only one large block , south of Varanasi , remains . There are over forty protected areas in the ecoregion , but over half of these are less than 100 square kilometres ( 39 sq mi ) . The fauna of the lower Gangetic Plain is similar to the upper plains , with the addition of a number of other species such as the smooth - coated otter ( Lutrogale perspicillata ) and the large Indian civet ( Viverra zibetha ) . Fish ( edit ) The catla ( Catla catla ) is one of the Indian carp species that support major fisheries in the Ganges It has been estimated that about 350 fish species live in the entire Ganges drainage , including several endemics . In a major 2007 -- 2009 study of fish in the Ganges basin ( including the river itself and its tributaries , but excluding the Brahmaputra and Meghna basins ) , a total of 143 fish species were recorded , including 10 non-native introduced species . The most diverse orders are Cypriniformes ( barbs and allies ) , Siluriformes ( catfish ) and Perciformes ( perciform fish ) , each comprising about 50 % , 23 % and 14 % of the total fish species in the drainage . There are distinct differences between the different sections of the river basin , but Cyprinidae is the most diverse throughout . In the upper section ( roughly equalling the basin parts in Uttarakhand ) more than 50 species have been recorded and Cyprinidae alone accounts for almost 80 % those , followed by Balitoridae ( about 15.6 % ) and Sisoridae ( about 12.2 % ) . Sections of the Ganges basin at altitudes above 2,400 -- 3,000 m ( 7,900 -- 9,800 ft ) above sea level are generally without fish . Typical genera approaching this altitude are Schizothorax , Tor , Barilius , Nemacheilus and Glyptothorax . About 100 species have been recorded from the middle section of the basin ( roughly equalling the sections in Uttar Pradesh and parts of Bihar ) and more than 55 % of these are in family Cyprinidae , followed by Schilbeidae ( about 10.6 % ) and Clupeidae ( about 8.6 % ) . The lower section ( roughly equalling the basin in parts of Bihar and West Bengal ) includes major floodplains and is home to almost 100 species . About 46 % of these are in the family Cyprinidae , followed by Schilbeidae ( about 11.4 % ) and Bagridae ( about 9 % ) . The Ganges basin supports major fisheries , but these have declined in recent decades . In the Allahabad region in the middle section of the basin , catches of carp fell from 424.91 metric tons in 1961 -- 1968 to 38.58 metric tons in 2001 -- 2006 , and catches of catfish fell from 201.35 metric tons in 1961 -- 1968 to 40.56 metric tons in 2001 -- 2006 . In the Patna region in the lower section of the basin , catches of carp fell from 383.2 metric tons to 118 , and catfish from 373.8 metric tons to 194.48 . Some of the fish commonly caught in fisheries include catla ( Catla catla ) , golden mahseer ( Tor putitora ) , tor mahseer ( Tor tor ) , rohu ( Labeo rohita ) , walking catfish ( Clarias batrachus ) , pangas catfish ( Pangasius pangasius ) , goonch catfish ( Bagarius ) , snakeheads ( Channa ) , bronze featherback ( Notopterus notopterus ) and milkfish ( Chanos chanos ) . The Ganges basin is home to about 30 fish species that are listed as threatened with the primary issues being overfishing ( sometimes illegal ) , pollution , water abstraction , siltation and invasive species . Among the threatened species is the critically endangered Ganges shark ( Glyphis gangeticus ) . Several fish species migrate between different sections of the river , but these movements may be prevented by the building of dams . Crocodilians and turtles ( edit ) The threatened gharial ( Gavialis gangeticus ) is a large fish - eating crocodilian that is harmless to humans The main sections of the Ganges River are home to the gharial ( Gavialis gangeticus ) and mugger crocodile ( Crocodylus palustris ) , and the delta is home to the saltwater crocodile ( C. porosus ) . Among the numerous aquatic and semi-aquatic turtles in the Ganges basin are the northern river terrapin ( Batagur baska ; only in the lowermost section of the basin ) , three - striped roofed turtle ( B. dhongoka ) , red - crowned roofed turtle ( B. kachuga ) , black pond turtle ( Geoclemys hamiltonii ) , Brahminy river turtle ( Hardella thurjii ) , Indian black turtle ( Melanochelys trijuga ) , Indian eyed turtle ( Morenia petersi ) , brown roofed turtle ( Pangshura smithii ) , Indian roofed turtle ( Pangshura tecta ) , Indian tent turtle ( Pangshura tentoria ) , Indian flapshell turtle ( Lissemys punctata ) , Indian narrow - headed softshell turtle ( Chitra indica ) , Indian softshell turtle ( Nilssonia gangetica ) , Indian peacock softshell turtle ( N. hurum ) and Cantor 's giant softshell turtle ( Pelochelys cantorii ; only in the lowermost section of Ganges basin ) . Most of these are seriously threatened . Ganges river dolphin ( edit ) The Gangetic dolphin in a sketch by Whymper and P. Smit , 1894 . The river 's most famed fauna is the freshwater Ganges river dolphin ( Platanista gangetica gangetica ) , which has been declared India 's national aquatic animal . This dolphin used to exist in large schools near to urban centres in both the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers , but is now seriously threatened by pollution and dam construction . Their numbers have now dwindled to a quarter of their numbers of fifteen years before , and they have become extinct in the Ganges ' main tributaries . A recent survey by the World Wildlife Fund found only 3,000 left in the water catchment of both river systems . The Ganges river dolphin is one of only five true freshwater dolphins in the world . The other four are the baiji ( Lipotes vexillifer ) of the Yangtze River in China , now likely extinct ; the Indus river dolphin of the Indus River in Pakistan ; the Amazon river dolphin of the Amazon River in South America ; and the Araguaian river dolphin ( not considered a separate species until 2014 ) of the Araguaia -- Tocantins basin in Brazil . There are several marine dolphins whose ranges include some freshwater habitats , but these five are the only dolphins who live only in freshwater rivers and lakes . Effects of climate change ( edit ) The Tibetan Plateau contains the world 's third - largest store of ice . Qin Dahe , the former head of the China Meteorological Administration , said that the recent fast pace of melting and warmer temperatures will be good for agriculture and tourism in the short term ; but issued a strong warning : Temperatures are rising four times faster than elsewhere in China , and the Tibetan glaciers are retreating at a higher speed than in any other part of the world ... In the short term , this will cause lakes to expand and bring floods and mudflows ... In the long run , the glaciers are vital lifelines for Asian rivers , including the Indus and the Ganges . Once they vanish , water supplies in those regions will be in peril . In 2007 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , in its Fourth Report , stated that the Himalayan glaciers which feed the river , were at risk of melting by 2035 . The IPCC has now withdrawn that prediction , as the original source admitted that it was speculative and the cited source was not a peer reviewed finding . In its statement , the IPCC stands by its general findings relating to the Himalayan glaciers being at risk from global warming ( with consequent risks to water flow into the Gangetic basin ) . Many studies have suggested that the climate change will affect the water resources in the Ganges river basin including increased summer ( monsoon ) flow , and peak runoff could result in an increased risk of flooding . Pollution and environmental concerns ( edit ) Main article : Pollution of the Ganges People bathing and washing clothes in the Ganges in Varanasi . The Ganges suffers from extreme pollution levels , caused by the 400 million people who live close to the river . Sewage from many cities along the river 's course , industrial waste and religious offerings wrapped in non-degradable plastics add large amounts of pollutants to the river as it flows through densely populated areas . The problem is exacerbated by the fact that many poorer people rely on the river on a daily basis for bathing , washing , and cooking . The World Bank estimates that the health costs of water pollution in India equal three percent of India 's GDP . It has also been suggested that eighty percent of all illnesses in India and one - third of deaths can be attributed to water - borne diseases . Varanasi , a city of one million people that many pilgrims visit to take a `` holy dip '' in the Ganges , releases around 200 million litres of untreated human sewage into the river each day , leading to large concentrations of faecal coliform bacteria . According to official standards , water safe for bathing should not contain more than 500 faecal coliforms per 100ml , yet upstream of Varanasi 's ghats the river water already contains 120 times as much , 60,000 faecal coliform bacteria per 100 ml . After the cremation of the deceased at Varanasi 's ghats the bones and ashes are thrown into the Ganges . However , in the past thousands of uncremated bodies were thrown into the Ganges during cholera epidemics , spreading the disease . Even today , holy men , pregnant women , people with leprosy / chicken pox , people who had been bitten by snakes , people who had committed suicide , the poor , and children under 5 are not cremated at the ghats but are floated free to decompose in the waters . In addition , those who can not afford the large amount of wood needed to incinerate the entire body , leave behind a lot of half burned body parts . After passing through Varanasi , and receiving 32 streams of raw sewage from the city , the concentration of fecal coliforms in the river 's waters rises from 60,000 to 1.5 million , with observed peak values of 100 million per 100 ml . Drinking and bathing in its waters therefore carries a high risk of infection . Between 1985 and 2000 , Rs. 10 billion , around US $226 million , or less than 4 cents per person per year , were spent on the Ganga Action Plan , an environmental initiative that was `` the largest single attempt to clean up a polluted river anywhere in the world . '' The Ganga Action Plan has been described variously as a `` failure '' , a `` major failure '' . According to one study , The Ganga Action Plan , which was taken on priority and with much enthusiasm , was delayed for two years . The expenditure was almost doubled . But the result was not very appreciable . Much expenditure was done over the political propaganda . The concerning governments and the related agencies were not very prompt to make it a success . The public of the areas was not taken into consideration . The releasing of urban and industrial wastes in the river was not controlled fully . The flowing of dirty water through drains and sewers were not adequately diverted . The continuing customs of burning dead bodies , throwing carcasses , washing of dirty clothes by washermen , and immersion of idols and cattle wallowing were not checked . Very little provision of public latrines was made and the open defecation of lakhs of people continued along the riverside . All these made the Action Plan a failure . The failure of the Ganga Action Plan , has also been variously attributed to `` environmental planning without proper understanding of the human -- environment interactions , '' Indian `` traditions and beliefs , '' `` corruption and a lack of technical knowledge '' and `` lack of support from religious authorities . '' In December 2009 the World Bank agreed to loan India US $1 billion over the next five years to help save the river . According to 2010 Planning Commission estimates , an investment of almost Rs. 70 billion ( Rs. 70 billion , approximately US $1.5 billion ) is needed to clean up the river . In November 2008 , the Ganges , alone among India 's rivers , was declared a `` National River '' , facilitating the formation of a National Ganga River Basin Authority that would have greater powers to plan , implement and monitor measures aimed at protecting the river . In July 2014 , the Government of India announced an integrated Ganges - development project titled Namami Ganga and allocated ₹ 2,037 crore for this purpose . In March 2017 the High Court of Uttarakhand declared the Ganges River a legal `` person '' , in a move that according to one newspaper , `` could help in efforts to clean the pollution - choked rivers . '' As of 6 April 2017 , the ruling has been commented on in Indian newspapers to be hard to enforce , that experts do not anticipate immediate benefits , that the ruling is `` hardly game changing , '' that experts believe `` any follow - up action is unlikely , '' and that the `` judgment is deficient to the extent it acted without hearing others ( in states outside Uttarakhand ) who have stakes in the matter . '' The incidence of water - borne and enteric diseases -- such as gastrointestinal disease , cholera , dysentery , hepatitis A and typhoid -- among people who use the river 's waters for bathing , washing dishes and brushing teeth is high , at an estimated 66 % per year . Recent studies by Indian Council of Medical Research ( ICMR ) say that the river is so full of killer pollutants that those living along its banks in Uttar Pradesh , Bihar and Bengal are more prone to cancer than anywhere else in the country . Conducted by the National Cancer Registry Programme under the ICMR , the study throws up shocking findings indicating that the river is thick with heavy metals and lethal chemicals that cause cancer . According to Deputy Director General of NCRP A. Nandkumar , the incidence of cancer was highest in the country in areas drained by the Ganges and stated that the problem would be studied deeply and with the findings presented in a report to the health ministry . Apart from that , many NGOs have came forward to rejuvenate river Ganga . Vikrant Tongad , an Environmental specialist from SAFE Green filed a petition against Simbhaoli Sugar Mill ( Hapur UP ) to NGT . NGT slapped a fine of Rs. 5 crore to Sugar Mill also , a fine of 25 Lakhs to Gopaljee Dairy for discharging untreated effluents into the Simbhaoli drain. ( 1 ) Water shortages ( edit ) Along with ever - increasing pollution , water shortages are getting noticeably worse . Some sections of the river are already completely dry . Around Varanasi , the river once had an average depth of 60 metres ( 200 ft ) , but in some places , it is now only 10 metres ( 33 ft ) . To cope with its chronic water shortages , India employs electric groundwater pumps , diesel - powered tankers , and coal - fed power plants . If the country increasingly relies on these energy - intensive short - term fixes , the whole planet 's climate will bear the consequences . India is under enormous pressure to develop its economic potential while also protecting its environment -- something few , if any , countries have accomplished . What India does with its water will be a test of whether that combination is possible . Mining ( edit ) Illegal mining in the Ganges river bed for stones and sand for construction work has been a long problem in Haridwar district , Uttarakhand , where it touches the plains for the first time . This is despite the fact that quarrying has been banned in Kumbh Mela area zone covering 140 km area in Haridwar . See also ( edit ) Fair river sharing Ganga Pushkaram Gangaputra Brahmin Ganges in Hinduism List of rivers by discharge List of rivers by length List of rivers of India National Waterway 1 Swach Ganga ( Clean Ganga ) Campaign Unnao dead bodies row River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts India portal Varanasi portal Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Haberman ( 2006 ) `` The Ganga Action Plan , commonly known as GAP , was launched dramatically in the holy city of Banares ( Varanasi ) on 14 June 1985 , by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi , who promised , ' We shall see that the waters of the Ganga become clean once again . ' The stated task was ' to improve water quality , permit safe bathing all along the 2,525 kilometers from the Ganges 's origin in the Himalayas to the Bay of Bengal , and make the water potable at important pilgrim and urban centres on its banks . ' The project was designed to tackle pollution from twenty - five cities and towns along its banks in Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , and West Bengal by intercepting , diverting , and treating their effluents . With the GAP 's Phase II , three important tributaries -- Damodar , Gomati , and Yamuna -- were added to the plan . Although some improvements have been made to the quality of the Ganges 's water , many people claim that the GAP has been a major failure . The environmental lawyer M.C. Mehta , for example , filed public interest litigation against project , claiming ' GAP has collapsed . ' '' ^ Jump up to : Gardner ( 2003 ) `` The Ganges , also known as the Ganga , is one of the world 's major rivers , running for more than 2,500 kilometres from the Himalayas to the Bay of Bengal . It is also one of the most polluted , primarily from sewage , but also from animal carcasses , human corpses , and soap and other pollutants from bathers . Indeed , scientists measure fecal coliform levels at thousands of times what is permissible and levels of oxygen in the water are similarly unhealthy . Renewal efforts have centred primarily on the government - sponsored Ganga Action Plan ( GAP ) , started in 1985 with the goal of cleaning up the river by 1993 . Several western - style sewage treatment plants were built along the river , but they were poorly designed , poorly maintained and prone to shut down during the region 's frequent power outages . The GAP has been a colossal failure , and many argue that the river is more polluted now than it was in 1985 . '' ( pa. 166 ) ^ Jump up to : Sheth ( 2008 ) `` But the Indian government , as a whole , appears typically ineffective . Its ability to address itself to a national problem like environmental degradation is typified by the 20 - year , $100 million Ganga Action Plan , whose purpose was to clean up the Ganges River . Leading Indian environmentalists call the plan a complete failure , due to the same problems that have always beset the government : poor planning , corruption , and a lack of technical knowledge . The river , they say , is more polluted than ever . '' ( pp. 67 -- 68 ) ^ Jump up to : Singh & Singh ( 2007 ) `` In February 1985 , the Ministry of Environment and Forest , Government of India launched the Ganga Action Plan , an environmental project to improve the river water quality . It was the largest single attempt to clean up a polluted river anywhere in the world and has not achieved any success in terms of preventing pollution load and improvement in water quality of the river . Failure of the Ganga Action Plan may be directly linked with the environmental planning without proper understanding of the human -- environment interactions . The bibliography of selected environmental research studies on the Ganga River is , therefore , an essentially first step for preserving and maintaining the Ganga River ecosystem in future . '' ^ Jump up to : Puttick ( 2008 ) `` Sacred ritual is only one source of pollution . The main source of contamination is organic waste -- sewage , trash , food , and human and animal remains . Around a billion litres of untreated raw sewage are dumped into the Ganges each day , along with massive amounts of agricultural chemicals ( including DDT ) , industrial pollutants , and toxic chemical waste from the booming industries along the river . The level of pollution is now 10,000 percent higher than the government standard for safe river bathing ( let alone drinking ) . One result of this situation is an increase in waterborne diseases , including cholera , hepatitis , typhoid , and amoebic dysentery . An estimated 80 percent of all health problems and one - third of deaths in India are attributable to waterborne illnesses . '' ( p. 247 ) `` There have been various projects to clean up the Ganges and other rivers , led by the Indian government 's Ganga Action Plan launched in 1985 by Rajiv Gandhi , grandson of Jawaharlal Nehru . Its relative failure has been blamed on mismanagement , corruption , and technological mistakes , but also on lack of support from religious authorities . This may well be partly because the Brahmin priests are so invested in the idea of the Ganges ' purity and afraid that any admission of its pollution will undermine the central role of the water in ritual , as well as their own authority . There are many temples along the river , conducting a brisk trade in ceremonies , including funerals , and sometimes also the sale of bottled Ganga jal . The more traditional Hindu priests still believe that blessing Ganga jal purifies it , although they are now a very small minority in view of the scale of the problem . '' ( p. 248 ) `` Wildlife is also under threat , particularly the river dolphins . They were one of the world 's first protected species , given special status under the reign of Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BC . They 're now a critically endangered species , although protected once again by the Indian government ( and internationally under the CITES convention ) . Their numbers have shrunk by 75 per cent over the last 15 years , and they have become extinct in the main tributaries , mainly because of pollution and habitat degradation . '' ( p. 275 ) Jump up ^ Thapar ( 1971 ) `` The stabilising of what were to be the Arya - lands and the mleccha - lands took some time . In the Ṛg Veda the geographical focus was the sapta - sindhu ( the Indus valley and the Punjab ) with Sarasvatī as the sacred river , but within a few centuries ārya - varta is located in the Gaṅgā - Yamūnā Doāb with the Ganges becoming the sacred river . '' ( p. 415 ) Jump up ^ Salman & Uprety ( 2002 , pp. 172 , 178 -- 87 , 387 -- 91 ) Treaty Between the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the People 's Republic of Bangladesh on Sharing of the Ganga / Ganges Waters at Farakka . Jump up ^ The IPCC report is based on a non-peer reviewed work by the World Wildlife Federation . They , in turn , drew their information from an interview conducted by New Scientist with Dr. Hasnain , an Indian glaciologist , who admitted that the view was speculative . See : `` Sifting climate facts from speculation '' . 13 January 2010 . and `` Pachauri calls Indian govt . report on melting Himalayan glaciers as ' voodoo science ' '' . Thaindian News . 9 January 2010 . On the IPCC statement withdrawing the finding , see : `` IPCC statement on the melting of Himalayan glaciers '' ( PDF ) . IPCC -- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . 20 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bharati ( 2006 ) `` The World Bank estimates the health costs of water pollution in India to be equivalent to three per cent of the country 's gross domestic product . With Indian rivers being severely polluted , interlinking them may actually increase these costs . Also , with the widely recognised failure of the Ganga Action Plan , there is a danger that contaminants from the Gangetic basin might enter other basins and destroy their natural cleansing processes . The new areas that will be river - fed after the introduction of the scheme may experience crop failures or routing due to alien compounds carried into their streams from the polluted Gangetic basin streams . '' ( p. 26 ) Jump up ^ Caso & Wolf ( 2010 ) `` Chronology : 1985 * India launches Phase I of the Ganga Action Plan to restore the Ganges River ; most deem it a failure by the early 1990s . '' ( p. 320 ) Jump up ^ Dudgeon ( 2005 ) `` To reduce the water pollution in one of Asia 's major rivers , the Indian Government initiated the Ganga Action Plan in 1985 . The objective of this centrally funded scheme was to treat the effluent from all the major towns along the Ganges and reduce pollution in the river by at least 75 % . The Ganga Action Plan built upon the existing , but weakly enforced , 1974 Water Prevention and Control Act . A government audit of the Ganga Action Plan in 2000 reported limited success in meeting effluent targets . Development plans for sewage treatment facilities were submitted by only 73 % of the cities along the Ganges , and only 54 % of these were judged acceptable by the authorities . Not all the cities reported how much effluent was being treated , and many continued to discharge raw sewage into the river . Test audits of installed capacity indicated poor performance , and there were long delays in constructing planned treatment facilities . After 15 yr. of implementation , the audit estimated that the Ganga Action Plan had achieved only 14 % of the anticipated sewage treatment capacity . The environmental impact of this failure has been exacerbated by the removal of large quantities of irrigation water from the Ganges which offset any gains from effluent reductions . '' Jump up ^ Tiwari ( 2008 ) `` Many social traditions and customs are not only helping in environmental degradation but are causing obstruction to environmental management and planning . The failure of the Ganga Action Plan to clean the sacred river is partly associated to our traditions and beliefs . The disposal of dead bodies , the immersion of idols and public bathing are the part of Hindu customs and rituals which are based on the notion that the sacred river leads to the path of salvation and under no circumstances its water can become impure . Burning of dead bodies through wood , bursting of crackers during Diwali , putting thousands of tonnes of fuel wood under fire during Holi , immersion of Durga and Ganesh idols into rivers and seas etc. are part of Hindu customs and are detrimental to the environment . These and many other rituals need rethinking and modification in the light of contemporary situations . '' ( p. 92 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jain , Agarwal & Singh 2007 . Jump up ^ Suvedī 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Kumar , Singh & Sharma 2005 . 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The Status and Distribution of Freshwater Biodiversity in the Eastern Himalaya . IUCN . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 8317 - 1324 - 3 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Sarkar ; Pathak ; Sinha ; Sivakumar ; Pandian ; Pandey ; Dubey ; and Lakra ( 2012 ) . `` Freshwater fish biodiversity in the River Ganga ( India ) : changing pattern , threats and conservation perspectives '' . Rev Fish Biol Fisheries. 22 : 251 -- 272 . doi : 10.1007 / s11160 - 011 - 9218 - 6 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Glyphis gangeticus , Ganges shark '' . FishBase . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gharial biology '' . Gharial Conservation Alliance . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : van Dijk ; Iverson ; Rhodin ; Shaffer ; and Bour ( 2014 ) . `` Turtles of the World , 7th Edition : Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy , Synonymy , Distribution with Maps , and Conservation Status '' . In Rhodin ; Pritchard ; Dijk ; Saumure ; Buhlmann ; Iverson ; and Mittermeier . Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises : A Compilation Project of the IUCN / SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group . Chelonian Research Monographs. 5 . IUCN . doi : 10.3854 / crm. 5.000. checklist. v7. 2014 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Ganges River Dolphin Declared India 's National Aquatic Animal '' . WildPolitics.net . Archived from the original on 2 September 2011 . Retrieved 6 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ganges River dolphin '' . wwf.panda.org . WWF . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Hrbek , Tomas ; Da Silva , Vera Maria Ferreira ; Dutra , Nicole ; Gravena , Waleska ; Martin , Anthony R. ; Farias , Izeni Pires ( 22 January 2014 ) . Turvey , Samuel T. , ed . `` A New Species of River Dolphin from Brazil or : How Little Do We Know Our Biodiversity '' . PLOS One . 9 ( 1 ) : e83623 . 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Jump up ^ `` Ganga gets a tag : national river -- Vote whiff in step to give special status '' , The Telegraph , 5 November 2008 Jump up ^ `` Namami Ganga development Project gets 2037 crores '' . IANS . news.biharprabha.com . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Anupam ; Jagati , Kamal ( 22 March 2017 ) . `` Uttarakhand HC declares Ganga , Yamuna living entities , gives them legal rights '' . Hindustan Times . Dehradun / Nainital : Hindustan Times . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : De Sarkar , Dipankar ( 24 March 2017 ) . `` Rights of rivers , hard to enforce '' . Live Mint . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Shibani ( 27 March 2017 ) . `` The river as being '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ Goswami , Urmi ( 25 March 2017 ) . `` Will granting legal rights to rivers like the Ganga , change the on - ground situation ? '' . Economic Times . Jump up ^ Bhaskar , B.R.P. ( 24 March 2017 ) . `` By Making Ganga , Yamuna Living Entities , Did High Court Unwittingly Open The Door For River Pollution Victims To Sue For Damages ? '' . Outlook . Jump up ^ `` Ganga is now a deadly source of cancer , study says '' , Anirban Ghosh ' 17 October 2012 , http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-18/patna/34554229_1_gall-bladder-cancer-cancer-patients-prostate Jump up ^ `` How India 's Success is Killing its Holy River . '' Jyoti Thottam . Time Magazine . 19 July 2010 , pp. 12 -- 17 . Jump up ^ `` How India 's Success is Killing its Holy River . '' Jyoti Thottam . Time Magazine . 19 July 2010 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` Looting the Ganga shamelessly '' . The Tribune . 16 June 2011 . Sources ( edit ) Abraham , Wolf - Rainer ( 2011 ) . `` Megacities as Sources for Pathogenic Bacteria in Rivers and Their Fate Downstream '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Microbiology. 2011 ( 798292 ) : 1 -- 13 . doi : 10.1155 / 2011 / 798292 . Ali , Jason R. ; Aitchison , Jonathan C. ( 2005 ) . `` Greater India '' . Earth - Science Reviews . 72 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 169 -- 88 . Bibcode : 2005ESRv ... 72 ... 169A . doi : 10.1016 / j. earscirev. 2005.07. 005 . Alley , Kelly D. ( 2002 ) , On the banks of the Gaṅgā : when wastewater meets a sacred river , University of Michigan Press , ISBN 978 - 0472068081 , retrieved 26 July 2011 Alter , Stephen ( 2001 ) , Sacred waters : a pilgrimage up the Ganges River to the source of Hindu culture , Harcourt , ISBN 978 - 0151005857 , retrieved 26 July 2011 Arnold , Guy ( 2000 ) . World Strategic Highways ( 1st ed . ) . Fitzroy Dearborn . pp. 223 -- 27 . doi : 10.4324 / 9781315062204 . ISBN 978 - 1579580988 . Berga , L. ( 2006 ) . Dams and Reservoirs , Societies and Environment in the 21st Century . Proceedings of the International Symposium on Dams in the Societies of the 21st Century , 22nd International Congress on Large Dams ( ICOLD ) . Barcelona , Spain : Taylor & Francis . 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Archaeological Geography of the Ganga Plain : The Lower and the Middle Ganga . Permanent Black . ISBN 978 - 8178240169 . Darian , Steven G. ( 2001 ) , The Ganges in myth and history , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8120817579 , retrieved 26 July 2011 Dhungel , Dwarika Nath ; Pun , Santa B. ( 2009 ) . The Nepal - India Water Relationship : Challenges . Springer . ISBN 978 - 1402084027 . Retrieved 27 April 2011 . Dikshit , K.R. ; Joseph E. Schwartzberg ( 2007 ) , `` India : The Land '' , Encyclopædia Britannica , pp. 1 -- 29 Dudgeon , David ( 2005 ) . `` River Rehabilitation for Conservation of Fish Biodiversity in Monsoonal Asia '' ( PDF ) . Ecology and Society . 10 ( 2 : 15 ) . Eck , Diana L. ( 1982 ) , Banaras , city of light , Columbia University , ISBN 978 - 0231114479 , retrieved 26 July 2011 Eck , Diana ( 1998 ) , `` Gangā : The Goddess Ganges in Hindu Sacred Geography '' , in Hawley , John Stratton ; Wulff , Donna Marie , Devī : Goddesses of India , University of California / Motilal Banarasidass , pp. 137 -- 53 , ISBN 8120814916 Elhance , Arun P. ( 1999 ) . Hydropolitics in the Third World : Conflict and Cooperation in International River Basins . United States Institute of Peace . ISBN 978 - 1878379900 . Gardner , Gary ( 2003 ) , `` Engaging Religion in the Quest for a Sustainable World '' , in Bright , Chris ; et al. , State of the World : 2003 ( Special 20th anniversary ed . ) , Norton , pp. 152 -- 76 , ISBN 978 - 0393323863 Ghosh , A. ( 1990 ) . An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology . Brill . p. 334 . ISBN 978 - 9004092648 . Gupta , Avijit ( 2007 ) . Large rivers : geomorphology and management . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 84987 - 3 . Retrieved 23 April 2011 . Haberman , David L. ( 2006 ) , River of Love in an Age of Pollution : The Yamuna River of Northern India , University of California , ISBN 978 - 0520247901 Hill , Christopher V. ( 2008 ) . `` 3 The Mauryan Empire and the Classical Age -- Irrigation in Early India '' . South Asia : an environmental history . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 1851099252 . Hillary , Sir Edmund ( 1980 ) , From the ocean to the sky , Ulverscroft , ISBN 978 - 0708905876 , retrieved 26 July 2011 Jain , Sharad K. ; Agarwal , Pushpendra K. ; Singh , Vijay P. ( 2007 ) . Hydrology and water resources of India . Springer . ISBN 978 - 1402051791 . Krishna Murti , C.R. ( 1991 ) . The Ganga , a scientific study . Gaṅgā Pariyojanā Nideśālaya ; India Environment Research Committee . Northern Book Centre . ISBN 978 - 8172110215 . Kumar , Rakesh ; Singh , R.D. ; Sharma , K.D. ( 10 September 2005 ) . `` Water Resources of India '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . Bangalore : Current Science Association . 89 ( 5 ) : 794 -- 811 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 14 October 2013 . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Los Angeles County Museum of Art ; Pal , Pratapaditya ( 1988 ) , Indian Sculpture : 700 -- 1800 , University of California Press , ISBN 978 - 0520064775 , retrieved 26 July 2011 Maclean , Kama ( 2008 ) , Pilgrimage and power : the Kumbh Mela in Allahabad , 1765 -- 1954 , Oxford University Press US , ISBN 978 - 0195338942 , retrieved 27 July 2011 Markandya , Anil ; Murty , Maddipati Narasimha ( 2000 ) , Cleaning - up the Ganges : a cost - benefit analysis of the Ganga Action Plan , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0195649451 , retrieved 29 July 2011 Mirza , M. Monirul Qader ( 2004 ) . The Ganges water diversion : environmental effects and implications . Dordecht : Springer . pp. 1 -- 6 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 2792 - 5 . ISBN 978 - 9048166657 . Newby , Eric ( 1998 ) , Slowly down the Ganges , Lonely Planet , ISBN 978 - 0864426314 , retrieved 26 July 2011 Pal , Pratapaditya ( 1997 ) , Divine images , human visions : the Max Tanenbaum collection of South Asian and Himalayan art in the National Gallery of Canada , National Gallery of Canada , ISBN 978 - 1896209050 , retrieved 27 July 2011 Parua , Pranab Kumar ( 2009 ) , `` 14 Necessity of Regional Co-operation '' , The Ganga : water use in the Indian subcontinent , Springer , pp. 267 -- 72 , ISBN 978 - 9048131020 Prakash , Gyan ( 1999 ) . `` 6 Technologies of Government '' . Another Reason : Science and the Imagination of Modern India . ISBN 978 - 0691004532 . Puttick , Elizabeth ( 2008 ) , `` Mother Ganges , India 's Sacred River '' , in Emoto , Masaru , The Healing Power of Water , Hay House , pp. 241 -- 52 , ISBN 978 - 1401908775 Rahaman , M.M. ( 2009 ) , `` Integrated Ganges Basin Management : conflicts and hope for regional development '' , Water Policy , 11 ( 2 ) : 168 -- 90 , doi : 10.2166 / wp. 2009.012 , archived from the original on 27 September 2011 Rahaman , M.M. ( 2009 ) , `` Principles of transboundary water resources management and Ganges Treaties : An Analysis '' , International Journal of Water Resources Development , 25 ( 1 ) : 159 -- 73 , doi : 10.1080 / 07900620802517574 Rodda , John C. ; Ubertini , Lucio ( 2004 ) . `` The Basis of Civilization : Water Science ? '' . IAHS publication no . 286 . Wallingford , Oxfordshire , UK : International Association of Hydrological Sciences , IAHS International Commission on Water Resources Systems : 165 . ISBN 978 - 1901502572 . Sack DA , Sack RB , Nair GB , Siddique AK ; Sack ; Nair ; Siddique ( 2004 ) , `` Cholera '' , Lancet , 363 ( 9404 ) : 223 -- 33 , doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 03 ) 15328 - 7 , PMID 14738797 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Salman , Salman M.A. ; Uprety , Kishor ( 2002 ) . Conflict and cooperation on South Asia 's international rivers : a legal perspective ( PDF ) . World Bank Publications . ISBN 978 - 0821353523 . Retrieved 27 April 2011 . Sharma , Ramesh C. ; Bahuguna , Manju ; Chauhan , Punam ( 2008 ) . `` Periphytonic diversity in Bhagirathi : Preimpoundment study of Tehri dam reservoir '' . Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering . 50 ( 4 ) : 255 -- 62 . PMID 19697759 . Sheth , Jagdish N. ( 2008 ) , Chindia Rising , Tata McGraw - Hill , ISBN 978 - 0070657083 Singh , Munendra ; Singh , Amit K. ( 2007 ) , `` Bibliography of Environmental Studies in Natural Characteristics and Anthropogenic Influences on the Ganga River '' , Environ Monit Assess , 129 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 421 -- 32 , doi : 10.1007 / s10661 - 006 - 9374 - 7 , PMID 17072555 Singh , Nirmal T. ( 2005 ) . Irrigation and soil salinity in the Indian subcontinent : past and present . Bethlehem , PA : Lehigh University . ISBN 978 - 0934223782 . Stone , Ian ( 2002 ) , Canal Irrigation in British India : Perspectives on Technological Change in a Peasant Economy , CUP , ISBN 978 - 0521526630 , retrieved 26 July 2011 Suvedī , Sūryaprasāda ( 2005 ) . International watercourses law for the 21st century : the case of the river Ganges basin . Ashgate . ISBN 978 - 0754645276 . Thapar , Romila ( October 1971 ) . `` The Image of the Barbarian in Early India '' . Comparative Studies in Society and History . CUP. 13 ( 4 ) : 408 -- 36 . doi : 10.1017 / s0010417500006393 . JSTOR 178208 . Tiwari , R.C. ( 2008 ) , `` Environmental Scenario in India '' , in Dutt , Ashok K. , Explorations in Applied Geography , PHI Learning , ISBN 8120333845 Wangu , Madhu Bazaz ( 2003 ) , Images of Indian goddesses : myths , meanings , and models , Abhinav Publications , ISBN 978 - 8170174165 , retrieved 26 July 2011 Wink , André ( 2002 ) . `` From the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean : Medieval History in Geographic Perspective '' . Comparative Studies in Society and History . 44 ( 3 ) : 416 -- 45 . doi : 10.1017 / s001041750200021x . JSTOR 3879375 . Further reading ( edit ) Main article : Bibliography of Ganges Berwick , Dennison . A Walk Along the Ganges . Dennison Berwick . ISBN 978 - 0713719680 . Cautley , Proby Thomas ( 1864 ) . Ganges canal . A disquisition on the heads of the Ganges of Jumna canals , North - western Provinces . London , Printed for Private circulation . Fraser , James Baillie ( 1820 ) . Journal of a tour through part of the snowy range of the Himala Mountains , and to the sources of the rivers Jumna and Ganges . Rodwell and Martin , London . Hamilton , Francis ( 1822 ) . An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges and its branches . A. Constable and company , Edinburgh . Singh , Indra Bir ( 1996 ) , `` Geological Evolution of the Ganga Plain '' , Journal of the Palaentological Society of India , 41 : 99 -- 137 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ganges River . This article contains Indic text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks or boxes , misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text . Find more aboutGangesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata On Thinner Ice 如履薄冰 : signs of trouble from the Water Tower of Asia , where headwaters feed into all the great rivers of Asia ( by GRIP , Asia Society and MediaStorm ) Ganga in the Imperial Gazetteer of India , 1909 Melting Glaciers Threaten Ganga Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law . Peace Palace Library Ganga Ma : A Pilgrimage to the Source on YouTube a documentary that follows the Ganga from the mouth to its source in the Himalayas . An article about the land and the people of the Ganga The impacts of water infrastructure and climate change on the hydrology of the Upper Ganga River Basin IWMI research report Bahar Dutt , `` Saving the Ganges '' on YouTube CNN -- IBN Live 5 May 2012 . The Ganges : A Journey into India ( NPR ) It 's scientifically validated now ; Ganga water is ' holy ' ! Hydrography of India Inland Alaknanda Beas Betwa Bhāgīrathī Bharatapuzha Brahmaputra Burhi Gandak Chambal Chenab Chilika Lake Dal Lake Damodar Dibang Ganges Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Ghaghara Godavari Gomti Hooghly Indira Gandhi Canal Indus Indus Delta Indus Basin Jhelum Kali Kaveri Ken Kerala backwaters Koshi Krishna Kushiyara Luni Mahanadi Malampuzha Narmada Nizam Sagar Padma Pamba Periyar Pookode Lake Powai Lake Ramganga Ravi Red Hills Lake Roopkund ( Skeleton Lake ) Sambhar Salt Lake Sapt Koshi Sabarmati River Sarasvati Sharda Someshwari Son Sutlej Tamsa Tapti Tons Vaigai Yamuna Coastal Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Indian Ocean Laccadive Sea Palk Strait Ilog Pasig Categories Lakes of India Reservoirs and dams in India Rivers of India Hydrography of the Indian subcontinent Inland rivers Beas Betwa Bhagirathi Brahmaputra Chambal Chenab Damodar Godavari Gandaki Ganges Ghaghara Indus Jhelum Kali Kaveri Kosi Krishna Luni Mahanadi Mahaweli Meghna Narmada Padma Ravi Sarasvati Sankosh Sharda Son Sutlej Tapti Yamuna Inland lakes , deltas , etc . Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Indus Delta Dal Lake Pookode Lake Skeleton Lake Chilika Lake Lake Powai Borith Lake Saiful Muluk Gosaikunda Nizam Sagar Red Hills Lake Malampuzha Kerala backwaters Pulicat Lake Coastal Indian Ocean Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Mannar Laccadive Sea Palk Strait Categories Lakes of Bangladesh / India / Nepal / Pakistan Reservoirs and dams in India Rivers of Bangladesh / Bhutan / India / Nepal / Pakistan Bangladesh articles History Timeline Outline Topics : Bengal Aviation Literature Military Postal Rulers Cyclones Years Ancient Vedic period Anga Vanga Pundra Suhma Kingdom Magadha Pradyota Shishunaga Nanda Gangaridai Maurya Empire Shunga Empire Kanva dynasty Gupta Empire Classical & Medieval Classical Empires : Pala Kamboja Sena Sultanates : Islamic rulers in South Asia Delhi Sultanate Khalji dynasty Bengal Sultanate Sur Empire Baro - Bhuyan Mughal period : Mughal Bengal Nawabs of Bengal Battle of Plassey Colonial & Pakistan era Portuguese Bengala British Bengal : Famine of 1770 Sepoy Rebellion Bengali renaissance Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Prime Minister of Bengal Lahore Resolution Famine of 1943 Direct Action Day Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) East Pakistan : Language Movement Legislative election in 1954 Six point movement 1969 Uprising General election in 1970 Proclamation of Independence Bangladesh Liberation War : Provisional Government Genocide Rape Timeline Republic Bangladesh Famine of 1974 Military coups 1981 1982 Political crisis in 2006 -- 08 Bangladesh Rifles revolt Geography Administrative : Divisions Districts Sub-districts Cities and Towns Nature : Islands Lakes Mountains National parks Rivers Places : Bay of Bengal Bengal Fan Chittagong Hill Tracts Cox 's Bazar Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Jat Area Sundarbans Reserve Forest Hatirjheel Politics Government Executive : President Prime Minister Cabinet Elections Political parties Foreign relations Foreign policies Jatiya Sangsad ( parliament ) : Constituencies Speaker Local government : City Corporations Municipalities Upazila Parishads Union Councils Law : Constitution Supreme Court High Court Division Chief Justice Attorney General Human rights : Forced disappearance Freedom of religion LGBT rights Military & Enforcement Armed Forces : Army Navy Air Force DGFI Paramilitary : Border Guard Coast Guard Ansar Village Defence Party President Guard Regiment International Crimes Tribunal Intelligence : NSI Special Branch Police : CID RAB SPBn Special Security Force Economy Industries : Automotive Ceramics Electronics Food Pharmaceutical Textile Shipbuilding Steel Tea production Finance Sectors : Banking Bangladesh Bank ( central bank ) Bangladeshi taka ( currency ) Financial system Stock Exchange : Chittagong Dhaka 2011 scam Energy & Resources : Electricity Natural gas and petroleum Nuclear energy Renewable energy Export Processing Zones Agriculture : Poultry Fishing Forestry National Economic Council Tourism Poverty Infrastructure : Post Telecommunications Real estate Water supply and sanitation Transport : Airports Airlines Railway Roads Ports Society Demographics Ethnic groups Bangladeshis Names Crime Education Schools Universities Health Religion Society Culture Architecture Baul Calendar Cinema Cuisine Ghosts Language Bengal Studies Literature Music Public holidays Sports Street children Theatre TV and radio channels Weddings Symbols Bangamata Amar Sonar Bangla Notuner Gaan Flag Government Seal Ilish Jackfruit National Martyrs ' Memorial Kabaddi Mango tree National Emblem Oriental magpie - robin Bengal Tiger Bengal Cat Bengal fire Bungalow Water lily Outline Index Book Portal Hinduism Aum Chakra Dharma Gurus and saints Karma Mantra Moksha Yoga Worship Portal Hydrography of Uttarakhand Rivers Alaknanda Bhagirathi Bhilangna Darma Dhauliganga Ganges Gaula Gomati Gori Ganga Gori Gorigar Kali Lakshman Ganga Mandakini Pindar Pushpawati Ramganga Sarju Sarda Tons Yamuna Lakes Bhimtal Deoria Tal Dodital Kedartal Lakes of Kumaon hills Nainital Naukuchiatal Pannatal Roopkund Satopanth Tal Sattal Hemkund Dams / Barrages Asan Barrage Bhali Dam Bhimgoda Barrage Dakpathar Barrage Ichari Dam Koteshwar Dam Lakhwar Dam Maneri Dam Pashulok Barrage Ramganga Dam Tehri Dam Glaciers Gangotri Kafni Kalabaland Meola Milam Namik Panchchuli Pindari Ralam Satopanth Sona Related topics Gomukh Hydrography of surrounding areas Himachal Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Nepal Hydrography of Uttar Pradesh Rivers Main rivers Ganges Yamuna Saryu North flowing Betwa Chambal Dhasan Jamni Kanhar Karmanasa Ken Rihand Sindh Son Tamsa or Tons South flowing Babai Gaula Ghaghara or Karnali Gomti Hindon Kali Kukrail Ramganga Rohni Sarayu Varuna West Rapti Lakes Barua Sagar Tal Belasagar Chittaura Jheel Keetham Moti Jheel Raja Ka Tal Dams / Barrages Ganges Barrage Matatila Dam Parichha Dam Rajghat Dam Rihand Dam Sharda Barrage Canals Ganges Canal Agra Canal Bridges Malviya Bridge Shahi Bridge , Jaunpur Kamhariya Bridge , Rajesultanpur Related topics Aciravati Charmanwati Sarasvati River Triveni Sangam Doab Son basin Hydrography of surrounding areas Uttarakhand Nepal Bihar Jharkhand Rajasthan Madhya Pradesh Hydrography of Bihar Rivers North Bihar Bagmati Burhi Gandak Gandaki Ganges Ghaghara Kamala Kankai Kosi or Sapta Koshi Lakhandei Mahananda Mechi Ratua Khola South Bihar Ajay Durgavati Falgu Karmanasa Kiul Lilajan / Niranjana Mohana Punpun Son Waterfalls Kakolat Dams , barrages Indrapuri Barrage Bridges Bridges in Bihar Digha -- Sonpur rail -- road bridge Koilwar Bridge Mahatma Gandhi Setu Munger Ganga Bridge Arrah -- Chhapra Bridge Jawahar Setu Nehru Setu Rajendra Setu Vikramshila Setu Related topics Floods in Bihar Kosi basin Son basin Hydrography of surrounding areas Uttar Pradesh Nepal Bengal Jharkhand GND : 4019227 - 1 NARA : 10044268 NDL : 00628411 VIAF : 240776160 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganges&oldid=850569688 '' Categories : Ganges Ganges basin International rivers of Asia Rivers of Bangladesh Rivers of India Bangladesh -- India border Border rivers Sacred rivers Rivers of Bihar Rivers of Jharkhand Rivers of Uttarakhand Rivers of Uttar Pradesh Rivers of West Bengal National symbols of India Rigvedic rivers Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Use Indian English from June 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from April 2017 Geobox usage tracking for other type Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chi - Chewa Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Bahasa Hulontalo Kabɩyɛ 120 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 17 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the total length of river ganga | [
"The Ganges (/ˈɡændʒiːz/ GAN-jeez), also known as Ganga (Hindustani: [ˈɡəŋɡaː]), is a trans-boundary river of Asia which flows through the nations of India and Bangladesh. The 2,525 km (1,569 mi) river rises in the western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, and flows south and east through the Gangetic Plain of North India. After entering West Bengal, it divides into two rivers: the Hooghly River and the Padma River. The Hooghly, or Adi Ganga, flows through several districts of West Bengal and into the Bay of Bengal near Sagar Island. The other, the Padma, also flows into and through Bangladesh, and also empties into the Bay of Bengal. The Ganges is the third largest river in the world by discharge.[citation needed]\n"
] | [
"2,525 km (1,569 mi)"
] |
-6824997073638208038 | Honda Element | Honda Element - Wikipedia Honda Element Jump to : navigation , search Honda Element Overview Manufacturer Honda Production December 2002 -- April 2011 Assembly East Liberty , Ohio , U.S. ( ELAP ) Designer John Andrew Frye ( 2000 ) Body and chassis Class Compact crossover Body style 4 - door crossover Layout Front engine , front - wheel drive / four - wheel drive Related Honda Civic Honda CR - V Acura RSX Powertrain Engine 2.4 L I4 : K24A4 2003 -- 2006 , K24A8 2007 + Transmission 5 - speed manual 4 - speed automatic 5 - speed automatic Wheelbase 101.4 in ( 2575 mm ) Length 2003 - 2008 : 169.3 in ( 4,300 mm ) 2009 - 2011 : 169.9 in ( 4,315 mm ) Width 2003 - 2008 : 72 in ( 1,829 mm ) Height 70.4 in ( 1,788 mm ) 69.5 in ( 1,765 mm ) ( SC ) Chronology Successor Honda Crosstour Honda HR - V ( for US ) Honda Element logo The Honda Element is a compact crossover manufactured and marketed by Honda and based on a modified CR - V platform . Manufactured in East Liberty , Ohio , the Element was offered with front - wheel or all - wheel drive in the United States and Canada from model years 2003 through 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Model year changes 2.1 2003 2.3 2005 2.4 2006 2.5 2007 2.6 2008 2.7 2009 2.8 2010 2.9 2011 3 Advertising and marketing 3.1 Gil the Crab 3.2 Element and Friends - version 2.0 3.3 Dog - friendly Concept 4 Discontinuation 5 References 6 External links Overview ( edit ) The Element followed a concept vehicle called Model X , developed by a core group of Honda R&D engineers in 1998 , debuted at the 2001 North American International Auto Show in Detroit . The Model X was designed to be an activity - oriented vehicle combining features of a pickup truck and a sport utility vehicle . The Element was unveiled at the 2002 New York International Auto Show in March 2002 . The 4 - seat Element is optimized to carry large volume loads . The floor is made of easily cleanable TPO coated textured urethane ; the fabric is stain resistant ; the individual rear seats recline , fold up , and are removable . The rear clamshell tailgate arrangement is large , and the vehicle is tall , allowing tall loads . The rear side doors open outward from the front but are not referred to as suicide doors : they can not be opened if the conventional front doors are not open . To accommodate elimination of the B - pillars , which provides unobstructed access for side loading through the 2006 model year , limited by the front seat design from 2007 onward , the Element features a chassis with reinforced joints , strengthened lower side sills , larger cross members , enlarged rocker panels , and five bulkheads per side . The compact SUV features a 2.4 Litre K Engine , an i - VTEC four - cylinder engine producing 166 hp ( 124 kW ) at 5500 rpm and 160 lb ⋅ ft ( 217 N ⋅ m ) of torque at 4500 rpm and front - wheel drive or an optional 4 wheel drive system -- a hydraulically actuated system that operates only when front wheel slippage occurs , marketed as `` Real Time '' 4 wheel drive . The Element has a towing capacity of 680 kg , or 1500 lbs . With projected first year sales of 50,000 , the Element sold 67,478 units in 2003 in the U.S. By 2010 , just over 14,000 were sold , and by December 2010 , shortly before its discontinuation , it had sold a total of more than 325,000 units . In 2007 , the Element won the Dogcars.com `` Dog Car of the Year '' award because of its `` versatile cargo space , easy - clean flooring , crate - friendly rear design and optional 4 wheel drive . '' and in 2010 it won the `` Small SUV '' category as a `` Top Safety Pick '' in the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety Annual Awards . Model year changes ( edit ) 2003 ( edit ) The 2003 Element was launched with two trim levels -- DX and EX . All - wheel drive models came with a large rear moonroof . All trim levels came with a 160hp 2.4 L K24A4 engine . Production and sales began in December 2002 . A mid-range LX trim level between the DX and the premium EX trim levels . Side airbags became available as an option on the EX models . 2005 ( edit ) The LX model was introduced with more standard features . Improvements were made to the front seats as well as the inclusion of an armrest for the passenger 's side captain 's chair . The DX model was eliminated . XM satellite radio and MP3 capabilities were added as standard features in the audio system for the EX model . The charcoal gray plastic tone was darkened and a navy blue was offered with the Satin Silver Metallic paint . Wheel covers on the LX were changed to mimic the styled alloy wheels . Fuel economy was officially 19 miles per US gallon ( 12.4 l / 100 km ) City , 23 miles per US gallon ( 10.2 l / 100 km ) Highway ; 20 miles per US gallon ( 11.8 l / 100 km ) Combined 2006 ( edit ) 2006 Honda Element EX-P A fully painted version called the EX-P became available for an extra US $500 . It came with a 5 - speed manual transmission or an optional 4 - speed automatic transmission with overdrive . 2007 ( edit ) 2007 -- 2008 Honda Element EX The 2007 Element received a mild refresh , which included 10 hp increase to 166 hp , along with a 5 - speed automatic transmission , and seat belts integral to the front seats allowing rear - seat occupants to exit the vehicle without a front occupant having to unbuckle . Side airbags became standard , as did electronic stability control . The plastic latticework grille was replaced by silver - colored slats . 2007 -- 2008 Honda Element SC A new trim level called the SC was offered with a different front bumper and grille , lowered suspension and 18 - inch alloy wheels , projector headlamps , `` tribal print '' seat fabric , center console , and carpeted floors in the seating areas . Unlike the other trim packages , the SC had a non-removable center console . 2008 ( edit ) The only change from the 2007 Element was the addition of the color Royal Blue Pearl for the SC trim . 2009 ( edit ) 2009 -- 2011 Honda Element 2009 Honda Element SC New color combinations for the dashboard became available . For 2009 , the Honda Element got a navigation option and some cosmetic changes to the exterior . The hood and grill were redesigned , the front fenders were now all metal rather than painted composite material , and the wheel arches were squared off . The moon - roof was no longer available for 2009 - 2011 . For 2010 , Honda Element came with LX , EX , EX with Navigation , and SC models . However , for all models the Element only came with 5 - speed automatic transmissions and no longer carried the manual transmission versions . 2011 ( edit ) For 2011 , the Element no longer carried the SC model and the Royal Blue Pearl color was also cancelled . Honda discontinued the Element in early 2011 . Advertising and marketing ( edit ) Gil the Crab ( edit ) After a summer break , Honda decided to bring back a portion of the `` Element and Friends '' ad campaign , but with a focus on the crab , who was given the name Gil . The most popular character from the ads with his `` I Pinch ! '' catch phrase , Gil had a myspace page to chronicle Gil 's trouble with the law . In order to tap into social networking sites , which began to play larger roles in ad campaigns in the mid-2000s , Gil was to maintain a blog and promote an online petition to save his job . and endorse Gil paraphernalia through a website . This led up to the launch of the new commercial dubbed Element TV , which premiered 28 September 2006 , and rolled out with the new Honda Element SC which went on sale that same day . Element and friends - version 2.0 ( edit ) In the fall of 2006 , the Element and Friends ( https://web.archive.org/web/20080828161538/http://elementandfriends.com/ website , now defunct ) was re-launched with the introduction of the new Element SC trim . The previous version had the driving game using the Element EX-P ( now simply called the EX ) in a desert , snow topped mountains , forests , and a beach . They now renamed that area `` above ground '' . A new second option from the main page allows you to select the Element SC to go `` underground '' in an urbanesque environment featuring a drive - in , central park with a basketball court , a seedy mainstreet , and project housing . The six new SC friends include a rat , mole , hamster , pigeon , roach , and a dog . The drive - in serves as the venue to view the TV spots that feature only the rat , mole , pigeon , and hamster . The format remains the same with new mini-games , but both maps now include a tunnel to venture above or below the surface , through the mountain and building respectively . Changes to the above ground include the removal of the previous TV spots from the website and a link on the beach to Gil 's Myspace page . RPA , the company which created the Element and friends website , won the `` Best in Show '' from MIXX Awards for the microsite . They revealed that visitors average 15 minutes on the site . Dog - friendly concept ( edit ) See `` external links '' below for dog - friendly concept car photo gallery . In 2007 , the Honda Element won the Dogcars. com 's `` Dog Car of the Year '' award . Honda chose to follow up on that with a concept vehicle unveiled in 2009 New York Auto Show specifically designed for canine transportation . It included a pet restraint system , an extendable cargo area load - in ramp , a 12V DC rear ventilation fan , second - row seat covers with a simple beige dog - outline pattern design to match the bed cover fabric , all - season rubber floor mats with a toy bone pattern , a fan , and `` Dog Friendly '' exterior pawprint emblems . A spill - resistant water bowl , also included , could be placed into a nook in the corner of the pet bed . The second row pet restraint system was a small net crate suitable for cats or small dogs , which could be belted into place . It strapped directly to the lower portion of the seat and the captive animal could not see out the windows , unlike the pet `` booster seats '' sold by pet - supply vendors specifically designed to allow small dogs to see through the windows and sniff the incoming airflow . The pet bed is a thick cushion for the whole of the rear cargo area . The cargo area pet restraint system consists of netting on the sides and the top of the dog bed , as well as a zip - up fourth side to be secured after the dog is loaded . The package was dealer - installed and retails for $1,000 . Discontinuation ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rear view Sales of the Element continued to slump throughout the final years of its production , bottoming out with only 14,000 units in 2009 . In 2003 ( the Element 's introductory and most successful year ) , Honda sold more of the cars than it did in the vehicle 's final 3 years combined . Industry analysts and Honda executives blamed the Element 's demise on a variety of factors : competition from similar vehicles offered by other manufacturers , rivalry within the automaker 's own product line , and a dwindling market share for SUVs overall . When Honda unveiled the Element in 2003 the design was unique , and the no - nonsense philosophy and retro / progressive styling drew customers to the car . The still emerging and relatively new market for compact SUVs offered little competition , and Honda was able to win over buyers by targeting the car toward young , active people with a list of options to suit outdoor activities like biking and camping . Competing automakers quickly noticed the vehicle 's success , and the Element was quickly joined by similar vehicles such as the Nissan Cube , Ford Flex , Kia Soul and Scion xB . ( All of the aforementioned vehicles except the Soul have since been discontinued or will be dropped by 2020 . ) These other vehicles were similar to the Element and many of them were more affordable , which proved to be too alluring for the young audience at which the car had been aimed . In addition to facing stiff competition from off the lot , the Element also had to cope with intense rivalry from within the Honda stable in the form of the automaker 's flagship CR - V . The Element model line struggled in the shadow of this more well - established sister car . Adding to this was Honda executives ' decision not to update the Element at all during the car 's entire 9 - year production run , a decision that made the Element seem dull and dated in a market sector that places an extremely high value on ultramodern contemporary styling and state - of - the - art technology . The model 's worst sales year , 2009 , saw the CR - V outselling the Element by a factor of 5 to 1 . The final model year for the car was 2011 and production ended that April . It was succeeded by the larger Honda Crosstour . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Vehicle exterior '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Honda Adds New `` Element '' To Lineup '' ( Press release ) . Honda Motor . 2002 - 03 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Honda announces end of Element production '' . Autoblog. 3 December 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Honda to build Model X Concept '' . Conceptcarz. 2002 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 New York International Auto Show in New York - Evolution of the Automobile '' . PBS LearningMedia . Jump up ^ Nate Martinez ( 2009 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Honda to build Second - Generation Element '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Element Wins First - ever DogCar of the Year Award '' . PRWeb. 11 December 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TOP SAFETY PICKs 2010 '' . Insurance Institute for Highway Safety . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gas Mileage of 2005 Honda Element 4WD '' . Fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Element 2008 SC SUV Colors '' . Automotive.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : New York : Honda Ramps Up Attention for Dog - Friendly Element Concept , April 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Honda Element Specs : 2WD 5 - Door Automatic LX Specifications '' . www.thecarconnection.com . Jump up ^ Honda Creates Web Buzz for Ad Character , Aug 28 , 2006 , Ad Week . Jump up ^ `` Gil `` The Crab '' - 28 - Male - MALIBU , US `` . MySpace.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Save the Crab '' . Archived from the original on 2003 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` RPA '' . RPA . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Press Release : RPA Celebrates Three MIXX Awards Wins and Two Creative Media Awards , September 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Honda 's dog - friendly Element is aimed at pets -- and their owners Jump up ^ `` L.A. Times Financial Article '' . latimes.com. 2010 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Honda announces end of Element production '' . Autoblog. 3 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . External links ( edit ) Cars portal Japan portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Honda Element . Honda Element official webpage ( hide ) Honda road car timeline , North American market , 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Subcompact Insight Civic Civic Civic Civic Civic Fit Fit Fit Compact Insight Accord Accord Accord Accord Civic Civic Civic Civic Mid-size Accord Accord Accord Accord Coupe Accord Accord Clarity Full - size Accord Sedan Coupe Prelude Prelude Prelude Prelude Prelude Sport compact CR - X CR - X del Sol CR - Z Sports car S2000 Crossover Mini HR - V Compact Element CR - V CR - V CR - V CR - V CR - V Mid-size Crosstour Pilot Pilot Pilot Sport Utility Vehicle Passport Passport Minivan Odyssey Odyssey Odyssey Odyssey Odyssey Sport Utility Truck Ridgeline Ridgeline Honda Motor Company Divisions and subsidiaries Acura American Honda Honda Canada Canada Manufacturing Aircraft Performance Development India Motorcycles Racing F1 Taiwan China ( 65 % ) UK Joint ventures and shareholdings Bangladesh Honda Private Limited ( 70 % ) Dongfeng Honda ( 50 % ) GE Honda Aero Engines ( 50 % ) Guangqi Honda ( 50 % ) Everus Mobilityland ( 100 % ) Aircraft MH01 MH02 HA - 420 Honda Cars Accord Accord Hybrid Amaze Brio / Brio Satya City / Grace / Greiz Civic Civic Si Crider CR - Z Clarity Elipe Fit / Jazz Gienia Legend N - Box N - One NSX Robins S660 Spirior Pickup trucks Acty Ridgeline Crossovers / SUVs Avancier / UR - V BR - V CR - V Pilot / MR - V Vezel / HR - V / XR - V Vans Acty Freed Jade Mobilio Odyssey ( International ) / Elysion Odyssey ( North America ) Stepwgn Tambor Vamos / Vamos Hobio Historic and discontinued 1300 Airwave / Partner Ascot Avancier Ballade Beat Capa City / Jazz Civic Type R Civic Hybrid Civic GX CR - X CR - X del Sol Crossroad Crosstour Concerto Domani Doal Element Elysion EV Plus FR - V Horizon Inspire Insight Integra Life Dunk Life Lily Logo Mobilio Spike N360 N600 Orthia / Partner Passport Prelude Quint Rafaga S500 S600 S800 S2000 S - MX Stream T360 / T500 That 's Today Torneo Tourmaster Z Zest Racing Curtiss Special R800 R1300 RA270 RA271 RA272 RA273 RA300 RA301 RA302 RC100 RA099 RA106 RA107 RA108 Aguri SA05 Aguri SA06 Aguri SA07 Aguri SA08 HSV - 010 GT Acura ARX - 01 Acura ARX - 02 ARX - 03 HPD ARX - 04b Concept Argento Vivo Dualnote FC Sport FCV Concept HP - X HSC J - VX New Small Concept OSM Quilt Remix Spocket U-3X Urban EV Concept WOW Bikes Motorcycles CB series CBF series CBR series CG125 CJ series CM / CMX series CR series CRF series CTX series CX series DN - 01 Fury GL series NC700 series NR series NSR series RC series ST series VF / VFR series VT series VTX series XR / XL series XRE300 Transalp Africa Twin Deauville Bros / HawkGT NX250 Pacific Coast TL Series ( Reflex ) Valkyrie X4 Scooters Activa Aero Big Ruckus Dio Elite Express Helix Juno CHF50 Motocompo NH series Reflex Ruckus Sparta Spree Ruckus / Zoomer Silver Wing Vision Other Ape Click / Vario CT series Cub F Cub series Gyro Integra NM4 Motra P50 PA50 PC50 ST series / Dax Wave series Winner Z series Engines A-series B - series B20A C - series CVCC D - series E-series E07A F - series F20C G - series H - series J - series K - series L - series Circle L Diesel N - series Diesel P - engine R - series VTEC I - DSi Honda HI3R Honda HI4R Honda HI5R Honda HI6R Honda HI7R Honda HI8R Honda HI9R Honda HI10R Honda HI11R Honda HI12RT Honda HI13RT Honda HI14TT Honda HI15TT Honda HI16TT Honda HI17TT Honda HI18TT Aero - Engines HFX - 01 Turbofan HFX20 Turbofan HF118 Turbofan HF120 Turbofan Robots Honda E series Honda P series ASIMO People Soichiro Honda Takeo Fujisawa Tadashi Kume Shoichiro Irimajiri Nobuhiko Kawamoto Takeo Fukui Tadao Baba Takahiro Hachigo Other Honda Type R Honda Collection Hall Honda FC Mugen Motorsports Keihin Corporation Showa Corporation Internavi Suzuka Circuit Twin Ring Motegi Autobacs Racing Team Aguri Super Aguri F1 Team Takuma Sato Gil de Ferran Jenson Button Geier v. American Honda Motor Co . Honda Motor Co. v. Oberg Honda Malaysia Racing Team Commons LCCN : sh2003001254 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honda_Element&oldid=829868049 '' Categories : Honda vehicles Crossover sport utility vehicles Compact sport utility vehicles All - wheel - drive vehicles Front - wheel - drive vehicles 2000s automobiles 2010s automobiles Cars introduced in 2003 Hidden categories : All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from March 2013 All articles that may contain original research Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Deutsch فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Türkçe Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 March 2018 , at 08 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last year the honda element was made | [
"Manufactured in East Liberty, Ohio, the Element was offered with front-wheel or all-wheel drive in the United States and Canada from model years 2003[2] through 2011.[3]"
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"2011"
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6346551404199799735 | Mercury Comet | Mercury Comet - wikipedia Mercury Comet Jump to : navigation , search See also : Ford Comète Mercury Comet 1965 Mercury Comet Caliente Overview Manufacturer Mercury ( Ford ) Production 1960 -- 1977 Assembly Oakville , Ontario , Canada Claycomo , Missouri , United States Lorain , Ohio , United States Milpitas , California , United States Wayne , Michigan , United States Body and chassis Class muscle ( 1960 -- 1965 , 1971 -- 1977 ) Mid-size ( 1966 -- 1969 ) Layout FR layout Related Ford Falcon , Ford Maverick Chronology Successor Mercury Zephyr Mercury Monarch The Mercury Comet is an automobile that was produced by Mercury from 1962 -- 1969 and 1971 - 1977 -- variously as either a compact or an intermediate car . The Comet was initially based on the compact Edsel Ford Falcon , then on the intermediate Ford Fairlane and finally on the compact Ford Maverick . As a Mercury , early Comets received better grade interior trim than concurrent Falcons , and a slightly longer wheelbase . Contents ( hide ) 1 Relationship to the Edsel 2 1960 -- 1965 2.1 Overview 2.2 1960 -- 1963 2.3 1964 -- 1965 3 1966 -- 1969 3.1 1966 -- 1967 3.2 1968 -- 1969 4 1971 -- 1977 5 High Mileage Record 6 Mercury Cyclone 6.1 1968 - 1970 Mercury Cyclone 7 References 8 Sources 9 External links Relationship to the Edsel ( edit ) The Comet was originally planned as an Edsel model . It was reassigned to Mercury dealerships , where it was marketed as a standalone product for 1960 and 1961 as the Comet . There was a 1960 Edsel , the final model year for Edsel , but there was no Edsel Comet , only the Comet sold at Mercury - Comet dealers starting in 1960 . Developed concurrently with the Ford Falcon , early pre-production photographs of the sedan show a car remarkably close to the Comet that emerged , but with a split grille following the pattern established by Edsel models . Early Ford styling mules for the station wagon model carried the Edsel name as well . At their debut , the split grille was replaced by one more in keeping with Mercury 's design themes . However , the canted elliptical taillights , first seen on the Edsel prototype , were used and carried the `` E '' ( Edsel ) part number on them . While the short lived 1960 Edsels used elliptical shaped taillights , the lenses used on both cars differed in length and width . Certain other parts from the 1959 Edsel parts bin , including the parking lights and dashboard knobs , were used on the first - year Comet . Keys for the 1960 and 1961 Comets were shaped like Edsel keys , with the center bar of the `` E '' removed to form a `` C '' . The `` comet '' name was trademarked to Cotner - Bevington as the Comet Coach Company , building ambulance and hearse commercial vehicles . Ford bought the name in 1959 . 1960 -- 1965 ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) From 1960 - 1965 , the Comet was based on the Ford Falcon platform ( stretched 5 in ( 130 mm ) for sedans , but not for wagons ) . The 1960 - 1963 Comets share a similar basic shape . These are sometimes referred to as the `` round body '' Comets . For 1962 and 1963 , the Comet shared a considerable number of body and mechanical parts with the short - lived Fairlane - based Mercury Meteor intermediate . 1960 -- 1963 ( edit ) First generation 1962 Mercury Comet 2 - door sedan Overview Production 1960 -- 1963 Body and chassis Body style 2 - door coupe 4 - door sedan 4 - door station wagon 2 - door station wagon Related Ford Falcon Mercury Meteor Powertrain Engine 144 cu in ( 2.4 L ) I6 170 cu in ( 2.8 L ) I6 260 cu in ( 4.3 L ) V8 Transmission 3 - speed manual 2 - speed automatic 4 - speed manual Dimensions Wheelbase 114 in ( 2,896 mm ) ( coupe , sedan ) 109.5 in ( 2,781 mm ) ( wagon ) Length 194.5 in ( 4,940 mm ) Width 70.4 in ( 1,788 mm ) Height 54.5 in ( 1,384 mm ) 1961 Comet 4 - door station wagon 1961 Comet 4 - door sedan new grille design The Comet was initially released without any divisional badging , only `` Comet '' badges , similar to Valiant which did n't have Plymouth badging at first . It was sold through Mercury - Comet dealers , but would not be branded as such for two more years . This was similar to Ford 's treatment of the Meteor and Fronternac of Canada , sold thru Meteor - Mercury - Fronternac dealers . Introduced in March 1960 , initial body styles were 2 - door coupes , 4 - door sedans and 2 - and 4 - door station wagons . Two trim levels were available , standard and `` Custom '' , with the custom package including badging , additional chrome trim and all - vinyl interiors . In 1960 , the only engine available was the 144 cid Thriftpower straight six with a single - barrel Holley carburetor which produced 90 hp ( 67 kW ) at 4200 rpm . ( Some sources list it as producing 85 hp ( 63 kW ) at 4200 rpm ) . Transmission options were a column - shifted 3 - speed manual and a 2 - speed Merc - O - Matic automatic transmission ( unique to the Comet , despite sharing a name with the Merc - O - Matic installed in other Mercurys ) . Ford had purchased the name `` Comet '' from Comet Coach Company , a professional car manufacturer in which the term belonged to a line of funeral coaches , mainly Oldsmobiles . The coach company then was renamed Cotner - Bevington . In Canada , for the 1960 model year , Meteor - Mercury dealers sold a compact car called the `` Frontenac '' . The Frontenac was considered a model in its own right and was badge - engineered version of the Ford Falcon with only minor trim differences to distinguish it from the Falcon . The Frontenac was produced for only one year . The Comet was introduced to the Canadian market for the 1961 model year and replaced the Frontenac as the compact offering by Meteor - Mercury dealers . In response to complaints about the low performance of the 144 cid engine , a 170 cid straight - 6 with a single - barrel Holley carburetor producing 101 hp ( 75 kW ) at 4400 rpm was released for the 1961 model year . A new 4 - speed manual transmission was also an option ( a Dagenham without 1st gear synchromesh ) . The changes to the 1961 Comet were minimal such as moving the Comet Script from the front fender to the rear quarter as well as a new grille design . 1963 Mercury Comet S - 22 convertible The optional S - 22 package was released . Available only on the 2 - door sedan , it was billed as a `` sport '' package , although it shared the same mechanicals as regular Comets , with the only changes being S - 22 badging , bucket seats and a center console . Comet was officially made a Mercury model for the 1962 model year , and it received some minor restyling , mainly a redesign of the trunk and taillight area to bring the car more in line with the Mercury look . This is the first year the car carried Mercury badging . The S - 22 had six bullet shaped tail lights , while regular Comets had four oval with 2 optional flat reverse lights . A Comet Villager station wagon , basically a Comet Custom 4 - door station wagon with simulated woodgrain side panels , was added to the lineup . ( The Villager name had previously been used to denote the 4 - door steel - sided station wagon in the Edsel Ranger series . ) While the 1963 model looked almost identical to the earlier models , the chassis and suspension were redesigned to accommodate an optional 260 cid V8 engine using a 2 - barrel carburetor and producing 164 hp ( 122 kW ) . Convertible and hardtop ( pillar-less ) coupe models were added to the Comet Custom and Comet S - 22 lines this year . The front ends of these Comets differed from their Falcon counterparts in that they had four headlights instead of two ; similar situations would resurface in the late 1970s , with the Thunderbird / Cougar and the Fairmont / Zephyr . 1964 -- 1965 ( edit ) Second generation 1964 Mercury Comet Caliente convertible Overview Production 1964 -- 1965 Body and chassis Body style 2 - door coupe 2 - door convertible 4 - door sedan 4 - door station wagon Related Ford Falcon Powertrain Engine 170 cu in ( 2.8 L ) I6 200 cu in ( 3.3 L ) I6 260 cu in ( 4.3 L ) V8 289 cu in ( 4.7 L ) V8 427 cu in ( 7.0 L ) V8 Transmission 3 - speed automatic 4 - speed manual Dimensions Wheelbase 114 in ( 2,896 mm ) ( coupe , sedan ) 109.5 in ( 2,781 mm ) ( wagon ) Length 195 in ( 4,953 mm ) Width 71.5 in ( 1,816 mm ) Height 54.5 in ( 1,384 mm ) 1964 Mercury Comet Caliente The 1964 Comet was redesigned with a much more square shape , though it was still built on the same unibody as the 1963 model . Its basic lines were shared with the new Falcon , but the front grille used styling similar to that of the Lincoln Continental . Along with the redesign , the model designations were changed . The performance version was known as the Cyclone , replacing the previous S - 22 . Then in descending order of trim levels were the Caliente , 404 and 202 , replacing the previous Custom and base models . The 2 - door station wagon bodystyle was discontinued . The top - of - the - line station wagon continued to be known as the Villager . The base 144 cid six engine was dropped and the 170 cid six became the new base engine . The 260 V8 was available at the beginning of the production run , with the new 289 being available mid-year . Due to the success of the full size Ford and Mercury `` fastback '' roofline introduced in mid-1963 , the Falcon and Comet 2 - door hardtops got a similar roofline with sharper corners . For 1964 , Ford produced about 50 ultra-high performance lightweight Comet Cyclones , equipped with their racing two - carburetor 427 engine , similar to their cousin , the Ford Thunderbolt . To avoid competing with each other , the Thunderbolts ran in super stock on 7 - inch ( 180 mm ) tires , but the Cyclones were modified to run in A / FX on 10 - inch ( 250 mm ) tires , where they were as dominant as the Thunderbolts were in super stock . Drivers included Ronnie Sox , Don Nicholson and Wild Bill Shrewsberry in conjunction with Jack Chrisman . Shrewsberry still owns his original 427 Comet in Caliente trim . 1965 Mercury Comet Caliente Two - Door Hardtop For 1965 , the Comet received updated styling front and rear ( including stacked headlights , similar to what Pontiacs and Cadillacs would use at the same time ) . The base 6 - cylinder engine was increased from 170 cid to 200 cid . Still using a single - barrel carburetor , it produced 120 hp ( 89 kW ) at 4400 rpm . The base 8 - cylinder engine was increased from 260 to 289 cid and , using a 2 - barrel carburetor , it produced 200 hp ( 150 kW ) at 4400 rpm . The standard transmission continued as a column - shifted 3 - speed manual transmission . The optional automatic was changed to a `` Merc - O - Matic '' 3 - speed automatic transmission ( essentially a Ford C4 transmission ) . The 289 V8 was available in three horsepower ratings , base 2 - barrel 200 hp , 4 - barrel 225 hp ( 168 kW ) and the premier driveline option was the 289 cubic inch , 271 hp ( 202 kW ) high - performance engine and four - speed manual transmission found on the Ford Mustang . 1966 -- 1969 ( edit ) 1966 -- 1967 ( edit ) Third generation 1966 Mercury Comet Cyclone GT hardtop Overview Production 1966 -- 1967 Body and chassis Body style 2 - door coupe 2 - door convertible 4 - door sedan 4 - door station wagon Powertrain Engine 390 cu in ( 6.4 L ) V8 Dimensions Length 203 in ( 5,156 mm ) Width 73.8 in ( 1,875 mm ) Height 54.3 in ( 1,379 mm ) Beginning in 1966 , the Comet grew from a compact to become a mid-sized car . It was now based on the same chassis as the Ford Fairlane intermediate ( and the previous Mercury Meteor intermediate which was only offered in 1962 - 1963 ) . These intermediate - sized cars used the same basic chassis as the original Ford Falcon and Mercury Comet compacts , but were stretched with longer wheelbases . The previous generation Comet shared its platform with the all - new Ford Mustang in 1964 , and when the Comet graduated to the intermediate platform , the Mercury Cougar became the platform shared with the Mustang . The Comet wagon would introduce a Dual - Action tailgate , able to both fold down or swing aside , an idea soon copied by all the major U.S. manufacturers . 1966 Mercury Comet Cyclone GT hardtop 1967 Mercury Comet Caliente convertible The 1966 Comet received distinct outer body panels . The Comet Capri would replace the previous Comet 404 and the Comet Voyager 4 - door station wagon would replace the previous Comet 404 station wagon . ( The Voyager name had previously been used to designate a full - sized Mercury station wagon that was positioned between the base Commuter and the top - of - the - line Colony Park station wagon models . ) The Comet 202 4 - door station wagon would be discontinued . The new top - of - the - line series was the Comet Cyclone GT . New engines available in the Comet for 1966 included a 390 cid V8 engine with a 2 - barrel carburetor producing 265 hp ( 198 kW ) at 4400 rpm , a 390 cid V8 engine with a 4 - barrel carburetor producing 275 hp ( 205 kW ) , and 390 cid V8 engine that produced 335 hp ( 250 kW ) . The 335 hp 390 cid V8 engine was standard on the Cyclone GT and optional on other models . The Cyclone GT when equipped with an automatic transmission was referred to as the Cyclone GTA . A Cyclone GT convertible was the pace car for the 1966 Indianapolis 500 . Beginning with the 1967 model year , the Comet name was used only on the base Comet 202 model , available only in 2 or 4 - door sedan body styles . Other models were now referred to by what had previously been their subseries names . Mercury 's mid-size line - up ranged from the basic Comet 202 , through the Capri , Caliente , Cyclone , and Cyclone GT models , as well as steel - sided Voyager and simulated wood paneled Villager station wagon models , which were comparable to the Capri . 1968 -- 1969 ( edit ) Fourth generation 1968 Mercury Comet sports coupe Overview Production 1968 -- 1969 Body and chassis Body style 2 - door coupe Powertrain Engine 250 cu in ( 4.1 L ) I6 289 cu in ( 4.7 L ) V8 302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) V8 351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) V8 428 cu in ( 7.0 L ) V8 Dimensions Length 206.1 in ( 5,235 mm ) Width 76 in ( 1,930 mm ) Height 53.5 in ( 1,359 mm ) In 1968 , Mercury 's mid-sized models again received new sheet metal and styling that resembled the full - sized Mercury models and shared their chassis and many parts with Ford 's mid-sized Fairlane and Torino models . The mid-sized base model was the Comet ( Mercury dropped the 202 suffix ) available only as a 2 - door coupe . The Capri was replaced by the Montego , and the Caliente by the Montego MX . There was also a more luxurious Montego MX Brougham , basically an option package for the Montego MX . Top - of - the - line mid-sized models continued to use the Cyclone and Cyclone GT names . A 302 cid V8 engine using a 2 - barrel carburetor and generating 210 hp ( 160 kW ) at 4600 rpm would replace the previous 289 cid V8 midway in the 1968 model year . For the 1969 model year , the grille was modified and the headlight surrounds were removed . The taillights were also slightly re-styled . There would be few changes to Mercury 's mid-sized lineup for the 1969 model year , the last year that the Comet name would grace a mid-sized model . A Comet 4 - door sedan for 1969 was supposedly planned , but never offered . New top - of - the - line Cyclone Spoiler and Cyclone CJ models would join the lineup . A 250 cid inline - 6 using a single - barrel carburetor and generating 155 hp ( 116 kW ) at 4000 rpm would replace the previous 200 cid 6 as standard . New engine options included a 302 cid V - 8 engine using a 4 - barrel carburetor and generating 220 hp ( 160 kW ) at 4400 rpm ( standard on the Cyclone ) , a 351 cid V - 8 using a 4 - barrel carburetor generating 290 hp ( 220 kW ) at 5200 rpm ( standard on the Cyclone Spoiler ) , and a 428 cid V - 8 using a 4 - barrel carburetor generating 335 hp ( 250 kW ) at 5200 rpm ( standard on the Cyclone CJ ) . These new V - 8s replaced the previous 390 cid V - 8s . Still using the same basic chassis , 1970 models would receive dramatic new styling , but the base model would now be the Montego . Comet was no longer the base level intermediate . The Cyclone name would continue to be used through the 1971 model year . 1971 -- 1977 ( edit ) Fifth generation 1971 Mercury Comet GT Overview Production 1971 -- 1977 Body and chassis Body style 2 - door sedan 4 - door sedan Powertrain Engine 170 cu in ( 2.8 L ) I6 200 cu in ( 3.3 L ) I6 302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) V8 Transmission 3 - speed automatic 3 - speed manual For 1971 , the Comet name was revived on Mercury 's version of the Ford Maverick compact . Sharing most of its sheet - metal with the Maverick , it used a different grille , taillights , and hood , as well as different badging . The taillight pods were shared with the 1970 and 1971 Montego and Cyclone models . Underneath it all was the same basic chassis that had originally been used for the Ford Falcon , the original Comet , and for the mid-sized Ford Fairlane , Mercury Meteor , and later Mercury Comets . The base engine was the 170 cid inline - 6 with a single - barrel carburetor producing 100 hp ( 75 kW ) at 4200 rpm . Optional engines were the 200 cid inline - 6 with a single - barrel carburetor producing 115 hp ( 86 kW ) and a 302 cid V8 with a 2 - barrel carburetor producing 210 hp ( 160 kW ) . Transmissions were either a 3 - speed manual or 3 - speed automatic with either column or floor - mounted shifters . The Comet was available as 2 - and 4 - door sedans and in base ( 1971 -- 1977 ) , and `` muscle car '' Comet GT series ( 2 - door sedan - only 1971 - 1975 ) . The GT featured a blacked - out grille , dual body - side tape stripes , high - back bucket seats , wheel trim rings , dual racing mirrors , bright window frames , black instrument panel , deluxe door trim panels , and a simulated hood scoop . In 1972 models , the base 170 cid six was rated at 82 hp ( 61 kW ) at 4400 rpm , the 200 cid six at 91 hp ( 68 kW ) , and the 302 cid V8 at 138 hp ( 103 kW ) . A new engine option for 1972 was the 250 cid six with a single - barrel carburetor rated at 98 hp ( 73 kW ) . For 1973 models , the base 170 cid six was dropped and the 200 cid six became the base engine . Horsepower ratings would fluctuate slightly up or down through the years the Comet would remain in production , but not by very much . A new , larger front bumper to meet federal standards was added to all models in 1973 . A new Custom decor package featuring vinyl roof , body - colored wheel covers , wide vinyl - insert body - side moldings , vinyl bucket seats , luxury carpeting , and extra sound insulation was a popular option . Changes for 1974 included even larger front bumpers and new larger rear bumpers to match . They added 2.5 in ( 64 mm ) to the length of the 2 - door model and 4 in ( 100 mm ) to the length of the 4 - door model . Ford had originally planned to the replace the Comet and its Ford Maverick counterpart for the 1975 model year with updated and extensively redesigned models that would continue to use the Comet and Maverick names . Fairly late , though , they decided that the updated versions would be built alongside the original Maverick and the Comet that had originally been introduced for 1971 . These would - be replacements , also using the same basic chassis as the Comet and Maverick , became the Mercury Monarch and the American Ford Granada , came with more standard and optional equipment than the Comet and Maverick , and were considered to be `` luxury compacts , '' a step up from the Comet and Maverick . Although 1975 was the last year for the Mercury Comet GT , the GT features remained available in 1976 and 1977 with the `` Sports Accent '' option group . The model was offered with comparatively few changes through the 1977 model year , and was then discontinued to make room for the new Mercury Zephyr for the 1978 model year . High mileage record ( edit ) In July 2010 , USA Today reported on a 91 - year - old Florida woman , Rachel Veitch , who was still driving her 1964 Comet Caliente daily . The car was purchased new , and Veitch had recently set a record by accumulating over 562,000 documented miles . The car was retired in 2012 after accumulating 576,000 miles , as Veitch had decided to stop driving due to her eyesight becoming too weak . Mercury Cyclone ( edit ) Main article : Mercury Cyclone The Cyclone was a performance model of the Comet . It was built from 1964 - 1971 . 1971 Mercury Cyclone 1968 - 1970 Mercury Cyclone ( edit ) The Cyclone received Mercury 's biggest facelift in 1968 , switching from 1967 's boxy , Fairlane - derived coupe body to the super-streamlined Torino - based fastback . Unfortunately , the Cyclone GT lost the 335 - hp , 390 - cid V - 8 as its standard engine , instead replaced by the 210 - hp , 302 - cid V - 8 . No matter , though , as the fastback was handsome and could be equipped with a 230 - hp 302 , 265 - or 325 - hp 390 - cid V - 8s , ( briefly ) a 390 - hp version of the 427 - cid V - 8 , or a 335 - hp , 428 - cid V - 8 . By 1969 , the Mercury Cyclone formal hardtop had been canceled and the GT fastback was also available as a CJ model . That came with the 335 - hp , 428 - cid V - 8 standard , a four - speed transmission , and a plain bench seat interior . At $3,207 , the CJ was aimed at the Plymouth Road Runner , and a 435 - hp version could run 0 - 60 in 6.1 seconds with a quarter - mile time of 13.9 seconds. The Mercury Cyclone Spoiler and the Ford Torino Talladega launched the NASCAR streamliner battle when Cale Yarborough won the Daytona 500 in 1968 in a Woods Brothers Cyclone. Dodge produced the Daytona 500 and Ford retaliated with the Torino Talladega and Mercury Spoiler . Both were to have streamlined noses , but the Mercury launch was delayed until the mid-year Cyclone Spoiler II . Only 519 were sold , all with 351 - cid V - 8s instead of the bigger 428 . A Dan Gurney special edition had a dark blue roof , striping , and a signature decal on the white lowers , while the Cale Yarborough edition was red and white like his Woods Brothers car , with a signature . Three Cyclone models were produced for 1970 , all of which shared the Torino 's semi-fastback body , and all of which carried a four - part nose . The base car had a 360 - hp , 429 - cid V - 8 and a four - speed transmission . Options included a 370 - hp , 429 - cid V - 8 engine and a 375 - hp , Super CJ 429 - cid engine . There were also a few Boss 429s installed , though those cars are quite rare today . Meanwhile , the Cyclone GT was detuned to a 250 - hp , 351 - cid V - 8 and the Spoiler packed a Ram - Air 370 - hp , 429 . The 1971 model year was the Cyclone 's last , as the muscle car wars wound down . With few changes from 1970 , the Cyclone was absorbed into the Mercury Montego line , and only 444 Montego Cyclones were sold , along with 2,287 Cyclone GTs and 353 Cyclone Spoilers . Engine options ranged from the 210 - hp , 302 - cid V - 8 , all the way to the fire - breathing 370 - hp , 429 - cid Cobra - Jet V - 8 , to which a Ram - Air package could be added . Mercury Cyclones occupy a niche in the muscle car world , along with Oldsmobile W - 30s and Buick GSX Stage Is . The car is a fantastic expression of American muscle , albeit one from a mid-level , luxury - oriented nameplate . As a result , the Cyclone is mostly overshadowed by the Ford Mustang and Torino . The Cyclone 's sleeper status makes it a great value , and most cars remain within reach of any buyer . As with any muscle car of the era , the importance of documentation in terms of market price rises exponentially as the car 's horsepower ratings climb . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` automobile-catalog.com '' . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Directory Index : Mercury / 1960 Mercury / 1960_Mercury_Comet_Brochure '' . Oldcarbrochures.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Carfolio . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` automobile-catalog.com '' . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Carfolio . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.69hemi.com/compcar/page_01.htm List of ' 64 427 A / FX drivers at 69hemi.com Jump up ^ Carfolio . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Flory , J. `` Kelly '' , Jr . American Cars 1960 - 1972 ( Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Coy , 2004 ) , p. 456 . Jump up ^ Carfolio . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mercury Cyclone CJ : 1969 '' . Cartype . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ 1972 Mercury sales brochure , page 19 Retrieved on 21 October 2011 Jump up ^ British Broadcasting Corporation ( 2012 - 04 - 03 ) . `` For sale : 1964 Mercury , one lady owner , 576,000 miles '' . BBC . Retrieved 3 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Holder , Bill ; Kunz , Phil . Ford Muscle . F + W Publications , Inc. 2004 , p. 83 - 90 . ISBN 0 - 87349 - 835 - 6 Sources ( edit ) Burness , Tad , American Car Spotter 's Guide ( Osceola , WI : Motorbooks International , 1978 & 1981 ) Flammang , James M. & Kowlake , Ron , Standard Catalog of American Cars : 1976 - 199 , 3rd Edition ( Iola , WI : Krause Publications , 1999 ) Gunnell , John , Standard Catalog of American Cars : 1946 - 1975 , Revised 4th Edition ( Iola , WI : Krause Publications , 2002 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mercury Comet . MuscleCar Club Comet page 1960 - 69 Mercury Comet Information Comet Discussion Group The Central North American Comet Club and Comet Performance Forum Maverick - Comet Club ( hide ) Mercury passenger vehicle timeline , 1940 -- 1979 -- next '' Type 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 Subcompact WWII Bobcat Compact Comet Comet Comet Zephyr Monarch Mid-size Montego Montego Cougar Meteor Comet Comet Full - size Custom Medalist Meteor Eight Eight Eight Eight Monterey Monterey Monterey Monterey Monterey Monterey Monterey Montclair Montclair Montclair Montclair Montclair Monterey Custom Park Lane Park Lane Park Lane Park Lane Marquis Marquis Turnpike Cruiser S - 55 S - 55 Marauder Station wagon Commuter Commuter Commuter Commuter Commuter Voyager Colony Park Colony Park Colony Park Colony Park Colony Park Colony Park Sports car Capri Capri II Capri Cougar Cougar Personal luxury Cougar Cougar Pickup truck M - Series M - Series M - Series M - Series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercury_Comet&oldid=801907070 '' Categories : Mercury vehicles Edsel vehicles Rear - wheel - drive vehicles Compact cars Convertibles Mid-size cars Coupés Muscle cars Sedans Station wagons 1960s automobiles 1970s automobiles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Latviešu Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 17 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the mercury version of the ford maverick | [
"The Comet was initially based on the compact Edsel Ford Falcon, then on the intermediate Ford Fairlane and finally on the compact Ford Maverick. As a Mercury, early Comets received better grade interior trim than concurrent Falcons, and a slightly longer wheelbase."
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"The Comet"
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2151257540889836562 | Cell nucleus | Cell nucleus - wikipedia Cell nucleus Jump to : navigation , search HeLa cells stained for nuclear DNA with the Blue Hoechst dye . The central and rightmost cell are in interphase , thus their entire nuclei are labeled . On the left , a cell is going through mitosis and its DNA has condensed . Cell biology The animal cell Components of a typical animal cell : Nucleolus Nucleus Ribosome ( little dots ) Vesicle Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus ( or `` Golgi body '' ) Cytoskeleton Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrion Vacuole Cytosol ( fluid that contains organelles , comprising the cytoplasm ) Lysosome Centrosome Cell membrane In cell biology , the nucleus ( pl . nuclei ; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus , meaning kernel or seed ) is a membrane - enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells . Eukaryotes usually have a single nucleus , but a few cell types , such as mammalian red blood cells , have no nuclei , and a few others have many . Human skeletal muscle cells have more than one nucleus , as do eukaryotes like fungi . Cell nuclei contain most of the cell 's genetic material , organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins , such as histones , to form chromosomes . The genes within these chromosomes are the cell 's nuclear genome and are structured in such a way to promote cell function . The nucleus maintains the integrity of genes and controls the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression -- the nucleus is , therefore , the control center of the cell . The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope , a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates its contents from the cellular cytoplasm , and the nuclear matrix ( which includes the nuclear lamina ) , a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support , much like the cytoskeleton , which supports the cell as a whole . Because the nuclear membrane is impermeable to large molecules , nuclear pores are required to regulate nuclear transport of molecules across the envelope . The pores cross both nuclear membranes , providing a channel through which larger molecules must be actively transported by carrier proteins while allowing free movement of small molecules and ions . Movement of large molecules such as proteins and RNA through the pores is required for both gene expression and the maintenance of chromosomes . Although the interior of the nucleus does not contain any membrane - bound sub compartments , its contents are not uniform , and a number of sub-nuclear bodies exist , made up of unique proteins , RNA molecules , and particular parts of the chromosomes . The best - known of these is the nucleolus , which is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes . After being produced in the nucleolus , ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they translate mRNA . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Structures 2.1 Nuclear envelope and pores 2.2 Nuclear lamina 2.3 Chromosomes 2.4 Nucleolus 2.5 Other subnuclear bodies 2.5. 1 Cajal bodies and gems 2.5. 2 RAFA and PTF domains 2.5. 3 PML bodies 2.5. 4 Splicing speckles 2.5. 5 Paraspeckles 2.5. 6 Perichromatin fibrils 3 Function 3.1 Cell compartmentalization 3.2 Gene expression 3.3 Processing of pre-mRNA 4 Dynamics and regulation 4.1 Nuclear transport 4.2 Assembly and disassembly 4.3 Disease - related dynamics 5 Nuclei per cell 5.1 Anucleated cells 5.2 Multinucleated cells 6 Evolution 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History Oldest known depiction of cells and their nuclei by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek , 1719 Drawing of a Chironomus salivary gland cell published by Walther Flemming in 1882 . The nucleus contains Polytene chromosomes . The nucleus was the first organelle to be discovered . What is most likely the oldest preserved drawing dates back to the early microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek ( 1632 -- 1723 ) . He observed a `` lumen '' , the nucleus , in the red blood cells of salmon . Unlike mammalian red blood cells , those of other vertebrates still contain nuclei . The nucleus was also described by Franz Bauer in 1804 and in more detail in 1831 by Scottish botanist Robert Brown in a talk at the Linnean Society of London . Brown was studying orchids under microscope when he observed an opaque area , which he called the `` areola '' or `` nucleus '' , in the cells of the flower 's outer layer . He did not suggest a potential function . In 1838 , Matthias Schleiden proposed that the nucleus plays a role in generating cells , thus he introduced the name `` cytoblast '' ( cell builder ) . He believed that he had observed new cells assembling around `` cytoblasts '' . Franz Meyen was a strong opponent of this view , having already described cells multiplying by division and believing that many cells would have no nuclei . The idea that cells can be generated de novo , by the `` cytoblast '' or otherwise , contradicted work by Robert Remak ( 1852 ) and Rudolf Virchow ( 1855 ) who decisively propagated the new paradigm that cells are generated solely by cells ( `` Omnis cellula e cellula '' ) . The function of the nucleus remained unclear . Between 1877 and 1878 , Oscar Hertwig published several studies on the fertilization of sea urchin eggs , showing that the nucleus of the sperm enters the oocyte and fuses with its nucleus . This was the first time it was suggested that an individual develops from a ( single ) nucleated cell . This was in contradiction to Ernst Haeckel 's theory that the complete phylogeny of a species would be repeated during embryonic development , including generation of the first nucleated cell from a `` monerula '' , a structureless mass of primordial mucus ( `` Urschleim '' ) . Therefore , the necessity of the sperm nucleus for fertilization was discussed for quite some time . However , Hertwig confirmed his observation in other animal groups , including amphibians and molluscs . Eduard Strasburger produced the same results for plants in 1884 . This paved the way to assign the nucleus an important role in heredity . In 1873 , August Weismann postulated the equivalence of the maternal and paternal germ cells for heredity . The function of the nucleus as carrier of genetic information became clear only later , after mitosis was discovered and the Mendelian rules were rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th century ; the chromosome theory of heredity was therefore developed . Structures The nucleus is the largest cellular organelle in animal cells . In mammalian cells , the average diameter of the nucleus is approximately 6 micrometres ( μm ) , which occupies about 10 % of the total cell volume . The viscous liquid within it is called nucleoplasm ( or karyolymph ) , and is similar in composition to the cytosol found outside the nucleus . It appears as a dense , roughly spherical or irregular organelle . The composition by dry weight of the nucleus is approximately : DNA 9 % , RNA 1 % , Histone Protein 11 % , Residual Protein 14 % , Acidic Proteins 65 % . Nuclear envelope and pores Main articles : Nuclear envelope and Nuclear pores The eukaryotic cell nucleus . Visible in this diagram are the ribosome - studded double membranes of the nuclear envelope , the DNA ( complexed as chromatin ) , and the nucleolus . Within the cell nucleus is a viscous liquid called nucleoplasm , similar to the cytoplasm found outside the nucleus . A cross section of a nuclear pore on the surface of the nuclear envelope ( 1 ) . Other diagram labels show ( 2 ) the outer ring , ( 3 ) spokes , ( 4 ) basket , and ( 5 ) filaments . The nuclear envelope , otherwise known as nuclear membrane , consists of two cellular membranes , an inner and an outer membrane , arranged parallel to one another and separated by 10 to 50 nanometres ( nm ) . The nuclear envelope completely encloses the nucleus and separates the cell 's genetic material from the surrounding cytoplasm , serving as a barrier to prevent macromolecules from diffusing freely between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm . The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum ( RER ) , and is similarly studded with ribosomes . The space between the membranes is called the perinuclear space and is continuous with the RER lumen . Nuclear pores , which provide aqueous channels through the envelope , are composed of multiple proteins , collectively referred to as nucleoporins . The pores are about 125 million daltons in molecular weight and consist of around 50 ( in yeast ) to several hundred proteins ( in vertebrates ) . The pores are 100 nm in total diameter ; however , the gap through which molecules freely diffuse is only about 9 nm wide , due to the presence of regulatory systems within the center of the pore . This size selectively allows the passage of small water - soluble molecules while preventing larger molecules , such as nucleic acids and larger proteins , from inappropriately entering or exiting the nucleus . These large molecules must be actively transported into the nucleus instead . The nucleus of a typical mammalian cell will have about 3000 to 4000 pores throughout its envelope , each of which contains an eightfold - symmetric ring - shaped structure at a position where the inner and outer membranes fuse . Attached to the ring is a structure called the nuclear basket that extends into the nucleoplasm , and a series of filamentous extensions that reach into the cytoplasm . Both structures serve to mediate binding to nuclear transport proteins . Most proteins , ribosomal subunits , and some DNAs are transported through the pore complexes in a process mediated by a family of transport factors known as karyopherins . Those karyopherins that mediate movement into the nucleus are also called importins , whereas those that mediate movement out of the nucleus are called exportins . Most karyopherins interact directly with their cargo , although some use adaptor proteins . Steroid hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone , as well as other small lipid - soluble molecules involved in intercellular signaling , can diffuse through the cell membrane and into the cytoplasm , where they bind nuclear receptor proteins that are trafficked into the nucleus . There they serve as transcription factors when bound to their ligand ; in the absence of a ligand , many such receptors function as histone deacetylases that repress gene expression . Nuclear lamina Main article : Nuclear lamina In animal cells , two networks of intermediate filaments provide the nucleus with mechanical support : The nuclear lamina forms an organized meshwork on the internal face of the envelope , while less organized support is provided on the cytosolic face of the envelope . Both systems provide structural support for the nuclear envelope and anchoring sites for chromosomes and nuclear pores . The nuclear lamina is composed mostly of lamin proteins . Like all proteins , lamins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and later transported to the nucleus interior , where they are assembled before being incorporated into the existing network of nuclear lamina . Lamins found on the cytosolic face of the membrane , such as emerin and nesprin , bind to the cytoskeleton to provide structural support . Lamins are also found inside the nucleoplasm where they form another regular structure , known as the nucleoplasmic veil , that is visible using fluorescence microscopy . The actual function of the veil is not clear , although it is excluded from the nucleolus and is present during interphase . Lamin structures that make up the veil , such as LEM3 , bind chromatin and disrupting their structure inhibits transcription of protein - coding genes . Like the components of other intermediate filaments , the lamin monomer contains an alpha - helical domain used by two monomers to coil around each other , forming a dimer structure called a coiled coil . Two of these dimer structures then join side by side , in an antiparallel arrangement , to form a tetramer called a protofilament . Eight of these protofilaments form a lateral arrangement that is twisted to form a ropelike filament . These filaments can be assembled or disassembled in a dynamic manner , meaning that changes in the length of the filament depend on the competing rates of filament addition and removal . Mutations in lamin genes leading to defects in filament assembly cause a group of rare genetic disorders known as laminopathies . The most notable laminopathy is the family of diseases known as progeria , which causes the appearance of premature aging in its sufferers . The exact mechanism by which the associated biochemical changes give rise to the aged phenotype is not well understood . Chromosomes Main article : Chromosome A mouse fibroblast nucleus in which DNA is stained blue . The distinct chromosome territories of chromosome 2 ( red ) and chromosome 9 ( green ) are stained with fluorescent in situ hybridization . The cell nucleus contains the majority of the cell 's genetic material in the form of multiple linear DNA molecules organized into structures called chromosomes . Each human cell contains roughly two meters of DNA . During most of the cell cycle these are organized in a DNA - protein complex known as chromatin , and during cell division the chromatin can be seen to form the well - defined chromosomes familiar from a karyotype . A small fraction of the cell 's genes are located instead in the mitochondria . There are two types of chromatin . Euchromatin is the less compact DNA form , and contains genes that are frequently expressed by the cell . The other type , heterochromatin , is the more compact form , and contains DNA that is infrequently transcribed . This structure is further categorized into facultative heterochromatin , consisting of genes that are organized as heterochromatin only in certain cell types or at certain stages of development , and constitutive heterochromatin that consists of chromosome structural components such as telomeres and centromeres . During interphase the chromatin organizes itself into discrete individual patches , called chromosome territories . Active genes , which are generally found in the euchromatic region of the chromosome , tend to be located towards the chromosome 's territory boundary . Antibodies to certain types of chromatin organization , in particular , nucleosomes , have been associated with a number of autoimmune diseases , such as systemic lupus erythematosus . These are known as anti-nuclear antibodies ( ANA ) and have also been observed in concert with multiple sclerosis as part of general immune system dysfunction . As in the case of progeria , the role played by the antibodies in inducing the symptoms of autoimmune diseases is not obvious . Nucleolus Main article : Nucleolus An electron micrograph of a cell nucleus , showing the darkly stained nucleolus 3D rendering of nucleus with location of nucleolus The nucleolus is a discrete densely stained structure found in the nucleus . It is not surrounded by a membrane , and is sometimes called a suborganelle . It forms around tandem repeats of rDNA , DNA coding for ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) . These regions are called nucleolar organizer regions ( NOR ) . The main roles of the nucleolus are to synthesize rRNA and assemble ribosomes . The structural cohesion of the nucleolus depends on its activity , as ribosomal assembly in the nucleolus results in the transient association of nucleolar components , facilitating further ribosomal assembly , and hence further association . This model is supported by observations that inactivation of rDNA results in intermingling of nucleolar structures . In the first step of ribosome assembly , a protein called RNA polymerase I transcribes rDNA , which forms a large pre-rRNA precursor . This is cleaved into the subunits 5.8 S , 18S , and 28S rRNA . The transcription , post-transcriptional processing , and assembly of rRNA occurs in the nucleolus , aided by small nucleolar RNA ( snoRNA ) molecules , some of which are derived from spliced introns from messenger RNAs encoding genes related to ribosomal function . The assembled ribosomal subunits are the largest structures passed through the nuclear pores . When observed under the electron microscope , the nucleolus can be seen to consist of three distinguishable regions : the innermost fibrillar centers ( FCs ) , surrounded by the dense fibrillar component ( DFC ) , which in turn is bordered by the granular component ( GC ) . Transcription of the rDNA occurs either in the FC or at the FC - DFC boundary , and , therefore , when rDNA transcription in the cell is increased , more FCs are detected . Most of the cleavage and modification of rRNAs occurs in the DFC , while the latter steps involving protein assembly onto the ribosomal subunits occur in the GC . Other subnuclear bodies Subnuclear structure sizes Structure name Structure diameter Cajal bodies 0.2 -- 2.0 μm Clastosomes 0.2 - 0.5 μm PIKA 5 μm PML bodies 0.2 -- 1.0 μm Paraspeckles 0.2 -- 1.0 μm Speckles 20 -- 25 nm Besides the nucleolus , the nucleus contains a number of other non-membrane - delineated bodies . These include Cajal bodies , Gemini of coiled bodies , polymorphic interphase karyosomal association ( PIKA ) , promyelocytic leukaemia ( PML ) bodies , paraspeckles , and splicing speckles . Although little is known about a number of these domains , they are significant in that they show that the nucleoplasm is not a uniform mixture , but rather contains organized functional subdomains . Other subnuclear structures appear as part of abnormal disease processes . For example , the presence of small intranuclear rods has been reported in some cases of nemaline myopathy . This condition typically results from mutations in actin , and the rods themselves consist of mutant actin as well as other cytoskeletal proteins . Cajal bodies and gems A nucleus typically contains between 1 and 10 compact structures called Cajal bodies or coiled bodies ( CB ) , whose diameter measures between 0.2 μm and 2.0 μm depending on the cell type and species . When seen under an electron microscope , they resemble balls of tangled thread and are dense foci of distribution for the protein coilin . CBs are involved in a number of different roles relating to RNA processing , specifically small nucleolar RNA ( snoRNA ) and small nuclear RNA ( snRNA ) maturation , and histone mRNA modification . Similar to Cajal bodies are Gemini of Cajal bodies , or gems , whose name is derived from the Gemini constellation in reference to their close `` twin '' relationship with CBs . Gems are similar in size and shape to CBs , and in fact are virtually indistinguishable under the microscope . Unlike CBs , gems do not contain small nuclear ribonucleoproteins ( snRNPs ) , but do contain a protein called survival of motor neuron ( SMN ) whose function relates to snRNP biogenesis . Gems are believed to assist CBs in snRNP biogenesis , though it has also been suggested from microscopy evidence that CBs and gems are different manifestations of the same structure . Later ultrastructural studies have shown gems to be twins of Cajal bodies with the difference being in the coilin component ; Cajal bodies are SMN positive and coilin positive , and gems are SMN positive and coilin negative . Rafa and PTF domains RAFA domains , or polymorphic interphase karyosomal associations , were first described in microscopy studies in 1991 . Their function remains unclear , though they were not thought to be associated with active DNA replication , transcription , or RNA processing . They have been found to often associate with discrete domains defined by dense localization of the transcription factor PTF , which promotes transcription of small nuclear RNA ( snRNA ) . PML bodies Promyelocytic leukaemia bodies ( PML bodies ) are spherical bodies found scattered throughout the nucleoplasm , measuring around 0.1 -- 1.0 μm . They are known by a number of other names , including nuclear domain 10 ( ND10 ) , Kremer bodies , and PML oncogenic domains . PML bodies are named after one of their major components , the promyelocytic leukemia protein ( PML ) . They are often seen in the nucleus in association with Cajal bodies and cleavage bodies . PML bodies belong to the nuclear matrix , an ill - defined super-structure of the nucleus proposed to anchor and regulate many nuclear functions , including DNA replication , transcription , or epigenetic silencing . The PML protein is the key organizer of these domains that recruits an ever - growing number of proteins , whose only common known feature to date is their ability to be SUMOylated . Yet , pml - / - mice ( which have their PML gene deleted ) can not assemble nuclear bodies , develop normally and live well , demonstrating that PML bodies are dispensable for most basic biological functions . Splicing speckles Speckles are subnuclear structures that are enriched in pre-messenger RNA splicing factors and are located in the interchromatin regions of the nucleoplasm of mammalian cells . At the fluorescence - microscope level they appear as irregular , punctate structures , which vary in size and shape , and when examined by electron microscopy they are seen as clusters of interchromatin granules . Speckles are dynamic structures , and both their protein and RNA - protein components can cycle continuously between speckles and other nuclear locations , including active transcription sites . Studies on the composition , structure and behaviour of speckles have provided a model for understanding the functional compartmentalization of the nucleus and the organization of the gene - expression machinery splicing snRNPs and other splicing proteins necessary for pre-mRNA processing . Because of a cell 's changing requirements , the composition and location of these bodies changes according to mRNA transcription and regulation via phosphorylation of specific proteins . The splicing speckles are also known as nuclear speckles ( nuclear specks ) , splicing factor compartments ( SF compartments ) , interchromatin granule clusters ( IGCs ) , B snurposomes . B snurposomes are found in the amphibian oocyte nuclei and in Drosophila melanogaster embryos . B snurposomes appear alone or attached to the Cajal bodies in the electron micrographs of the amphibian nuclei . IGCs function as storage sites for the splicing factors . Paraspeckles Main article : Paraspeckle Discovered by Fox et al. in 2002 , paraspeckles are irregularly shaped compartments in the nucleus ' interchromatin space . First documented in HeLa cells , where there are generally 10 -- 30 per nucleus , paraspeckles are now known to also exist in all human primary cells , transformed cell lines , and tissue sections . Their name is derived from their distribution in the nucleus ; the `` para '' is short for parallel and the `` speckles '' refers to the splicing speckles to which they are always in close proximity . Paraspeckles are dynamic structures that are altered in response to changes in cellular metabolic activity . They are transcription dependent and in the absence of RNA Pol II transcription , the paraspeckle disappears and all of its associated protein components ( PSP1 , p54nrb , PSP2 , CFI ( m ) 68 , and PSF ) form a crescent shaped perinucleolar cap in the nucleolus . This phenomenon is demonstrated during the cell cycle . In the cell cycle , paraspeckles are present during interphase and during all of mitosis except for telophase . During telophase , when the two daughter nuclei are formed , there is no RNA Pol II transcription so the protein components instead form a perinucleolar cap . Perichromatin fibrils Perichromatin fibrils are visible only under electron microscope . They are located next to the transcriptionally active chromatin and are hypothesized to be the sites of active pre-mRNA processing . Clastosome Clastosomes are small nuclear bodies ( 0.2 - 0.5 μm ) described as donut - shaped due to the peripheral capsule around these bodies . This name is derived from the Greek klastos , broken and soma , body . Clastosomes are not typically present in normal cells , making them hard to detect . They form under high proteolysis conditions within the nucleus and degrade once there is a decrease in activity or if cells are treated with proteasome inhibitors . The scarcity of clastosomes in cells indicates that they are not required for proteasome function . Osmotic stress has also been shown to cause the formation of clastosomes . These nuclear bodies contain catalytic and regulatory sub-units of the proteasome and its substrates , indicating that clastosomes are sites for degrading proteins . The Clastosome would be an important addition to the ' Cell Nucleus ' Wiki page because it plays a role in cell function . With further research , we may discover that this nuclear body has a more influential job in cell function than what is already known . Function The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm , allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes . The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle . The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells . Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane , it contains the majority of the cell 's genetic material . This material is organized as DNA molecules , along with a variety of proteins , to form chromosomes . Cell compartmentalization The nuclear envelope allows the nucleus to control its contents , and separate them from the rest of the cytoplasm where necessary . This is important for controlling processes on either side of the nuclear membrane . In most cases where a cytoplasmic process needs to be restricted , a key participant is removed to the nucleus , where it interacts with transcription factors to downregulate the production of certain enzymes in the pathway . This regulatory mechanism occurs in the case of glycolysis , a cellular pathway for breaking down glucose to produce energy . Hexokinase is an enzyme responsible for the first the step of glycolysis , forming glucose - 6 - phosphate from glucose . At high concentrations of fructose - 6 - phosphate , a molecule made later from glucose - 6 - phosphate , a regulator protein removes hexokinase to the nucleus , where it forms a transcriptional repressor complex with nuclear proteins to reduce the expression of genes involved in glycolysis . In order to control which genes are being transcribed , the cell separates some transcription factor proteins responsible for regulating gene expression from physical access to the DNA until they are activated by other signaling pathways . This prevents even low levels of inappropriate gene expression . For example , in the case of NF - κB - controlled genes , which are involved in most inflammatory responses , transcription is induced in response to a signal pathway such as that initiated by the signaling molecule TNF - α , binds to a cell membrane receptor , resulting in the recruitment of signalling proteins , and eventually activating the transcription factor NF - κB . A nuclear localisation signal on the NF - κB protein allows it to be transported through the nuclear pore and into the nucleus , where it stimulates the transcription of the target genes . The compartmentalization allows the cell to prevent translation of unspliced mRNA . Eukaryotic mRNA contains introns that must be removed before being translated to produce functional proteins . The splicing is done inside the nucleus before the mRNA can be accessed by ribosomes for translation . Without the nucleus , ribosomes would translate newly transcribed ( unprocessed ) mRNA , resulting in malformed and nonfunctional proteins . Gene expression Main article : Gene expression A micrograph of ongoing gene transcription of ribosomal RNA illustrating the growing primary transcripts . `` Begin '' indicates the 5 ' end of the DNA , where new RNA synthesis begins ; `` end '' indicates the 3 ' end , where the primary transcripts are almost complete . Gene expression first involves transcription , in which DNA is used as a template to produce RNA . In the case of genes encoding proteins , that RNA produced from this process is messenger RNA ( mRNA ) , which then needs to be translated by ribosomes to form a protein . As ribosomes are located outside the nucleus , mRNA produced needs to be exported . Since the nucleus is the site of transcription , it also contains a variety of proteins that either directly mediate transcription or are involved in regulating the process . These proteins include helicases , which unwind the double - stranded DNA molecule to facilitate access to it , RNA polymerases , which bind to the DNA promoter to synthesize the growing RNA molecule , topoisomerases , which change the amount of supercoiling in DNA , helping it wind and unwind , as well as a large variety of transcription factors that regulate expression . Processing of pre-mRNA Main article : Post-transcriptional modification Newly synthesized mRNA molecules are known as primary transcripts or pre-mRNA . They must undergo post-transcriptional modification in the nucleus before being exported to the cytoplasm ; mRNA that appears in the cytoplasm without these modifications is degraded rather than used for protein translation . The three main modifications are 5 ' capping , 3 ' polyadenylation , and RNA splicing . While in the nucleus , pre-mRNA is associated with a variety of proteins in complexes known as heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein particles ( hnRNPs ) . Addition of the 5 ' cap occurs co-transcriptionally and is the first step in post-transcriptional modification . The 3 ' poly - adenine tail is only added after transcription is complete . RNA splicing , carried out by a complex called the spliceosome , is the process by which introns , or regions of DNA that do not code for protein , are removed from the pre-mRNA and the remaining exons connected to re-form a single continuous molecule . This process normally occurs after 5 ' capping and 3 ' polyadenylation but can begin before synthesis is complete in transcripts with many exons . Many pre-mRNAs , including those encoding antibodies , can be spliced in multiple ways to produce different mature mRNAs that encode different protein sequences . This process is known as alternative splicing , and allows production of a large variety of proteins from a limited amount of DNA . Dynamics and regulation Nuclear transport Main article : Nuclear transport Macromolecules , such as RNA and proteins , are actively transported across the nuclear membrane in a process called the Ran - GTP nuclear transport cycle . The entry and exit of large molecules from the nucleus is tightly controlled by the nuclear pore complexes . Although small molecules can enter the nucleus without regulation , macromolecules such as RNA and proteins require association karyopherins called importins to enter the nucleus and exportins to exit . `` Cargo '' proteins that must be translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus contain short amino acid sequences known as nuclear localization signals , which are bound by importins , while those transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm carry nuclear export signals bound by exportins . The ability of importins and exportins to transport their cargo is regulated by GTPases , enzymes that hydrolyze the molecule guanosine triphosphate to release energy . The key GTPase in nuclear transport is Ran , which can bind either GTP or GDP ( guanosine diphosphate ) , depending on whether it is located in the nucleus or the cytoplasm . Whereas importins depend on RanGTP to dissociate from their cargo , exportins require RanGTP in order to bind to their cargo . Nuclear import depends on the importin binding its cargo in the cytoplasm and carrying it through the nuclear pore into the nucleus . Inside the nucleus , RanGTP acts to separate the cargo from the importin , allowing the importin to exit the nucleus and be reused . Nuclear export is similar , as the exportin binds the cargo inside the nucleus in a process facilitated by RanGTP , exits through the nuclear pore , and separates from its cargo in the cytoplasm . Specialized export proteins exist for translocation of mature mRNA and tRNA to the cytoplasm after post-transcriptional modification is complete . This quality - control mechanism is important due to these molecules ' central role in protein translation . Mis - expression of a protein due to incomplete excision of exons or mis - incorporation of amino acids could have negative consequences for the cell ; thus , incompletely modified RNA that reaches the cytoplasm is degraded rather than used in translation . Assembly and disassembly An image of a newt lung cell stained with fluorescent dyes during metaphase . The mitotic spindle can be seen , stained green , attached to the two sets of chromosomes , stained light blue . All chromosomes but one are already at the metaphase plate . During its lifetime , a nucleus may be broken down or destroyed , either in the process of cell division or as a consequence of apoptosis ( the process of programmed cell death ) . During these events , the structural components of the nucleus -- the envelope and lamina -- can be systematically degraded . In most cells , the disassembly of the nuclear envelope marks the end of the prophase of mitosis . However , this disassembly of the nucleus is not a universal feature of mitosis and does not occur in all cells . Some unicellular eukaryotes ( e.g. , yeasts ) undergo so - called closed mitosis , in which the nuclear envelope remains intact . In closed mitosis , the daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite poles of the nucleus , which then divides in two . The cells of higher eukaryotes , however , usually undergo open mitosis , which is characterized by breakdown of the nuclear envelope . The daughter chromosomes then migrate to opposite poles of the mitotic spindle , and new nuclei reassemble around them . At a certain point during the cell cycle in open mitosis , the cell divides to form two cells . In order for this process to be possible , each of the new daughter cells must have a full set of genes , a process requiring replication of the chromosomes as well as segregation of the separate sets . This occurs by the replicated chromosomes , the sister chromatids , attaching to microtubules , which in turn are attached to different centrosomes . The sister chromatids can then be pulled to separate locations in the cell . In many cells , the centrosome is located in the cytoplasm , outside the nucleus ; the microtubules would be unable to attach to the chromatids in the presence of the nuclear envelope . Therefore , the early stages in the cell cycle , beginning in prophase and until around prometaphase , the nuclear membrane is dismantled . Likewise , during the same period , the nuclear lamina is also disassembled , a process regulated by phosphorylation of the lamins by protein kinases such as the CDC2 protein kinase . Towards the end of the cell cycle , the nuclear membrane is reformed , and around the same time , the nuclear lamina are reassembled by dephosphorylating the lamins . However , in dinoflagellates , the nuclear envelope remains intact , the centrosomes are located in the cytoplasm , and the microtubules come in contact with chromosomes , whose centromeric regions are incorporated into the nuclear envelope ( the so - called closed mitosis with extranuclear spindle ) . In many other protists ( e.g. , ciliates , sporozoans ) and fungi , the centrosomes are intranuclear , and their nuclear envelope also does not disassemble during cell division . Apoptosis is a controlled process in which the cell 's structural components are destroyed , resulting in death of the cell . Changes associated with apoptosis directly affect the nucleus and its contents , for example , in the condensation of chromatin and the disintegration of the nuclear envelope and lamina . The destruction of the lamin networks is controlled by specialized apoptotic proteases called caspases , which cleave the lamin proteins and , thus , degrade the nucleus ' structural integrity . Lamin cleavage is sometimes used as a laboratory indicator of caspase activity in assays for early apoptotic activity . Cells that express mutant caspase - resistant lamins are deficient in nuclear changes related to apoptosis , suggesting that lamins play a role in initiating the events that lead to apoptotic degradation of the nucleus . Inhibition of lamin assembly itself is an inducer of apoptosis . The nuclear envelope acts as a barrier that prevents both DNA and RNA viruses from entering the nucleus . Some viruses require access to proteins inside the nucleus in order to replicate and / or assemble . DNA viruses , such as herpesvirus replicate and assemble in the cell nucleus , and exit by budding through the inner nuclear membrane . This process is accompanied by disassembly of the lamina on the nuclear face of the inner membrane . Disease - related dynamics Initially , it has been suspected that immunoglobulins in general and autoantibodies in particular do not enter the nucleus . Now there is a body of evidence that under pathological conditions ( e.g. lupus erythematosus ) IgG can enter the nucleus . Nuclei per cell Most eukaryotic cell types usually have a single nucleus , but some have no nuclei , while others have several . This can result from normal development , as in the maturation of mammalian red blood cells , or from faulty cell division . Anucleated cells Human red blood cells , like those of other mammals , lack nuclei . This occurs as a normal part of the cells ' development . An anucleated cell contains no nucleus and is , therefore , incapable of dividing to produce daughter cells . The best - known anucleated cell is the mammalian red blood cell , or erythrocyte , which also lacks other organelles such as mitochondria , and serves primarily as a transport vessel to ferry oxygen from the lungs to the body 's tissues . Erythrocytes mature through erythropoiesis in the bone marrow , where they lose their nuclei , organelles , and ribosomes . The nucleus is expelled during the process of differentiation from an erythroblast to a reticulocyte , which is the immediate precursor of the mature erythrocyte . The presence of mutagens may induce the release of some immature `` micronucleated '' erythrocytes into the bloodstream . Anucleated cells can also arise from flawed cell division in which one daughter lacks a nucleus and the other has two nuclei . In flowering plants , this condition occurs in sieve tube elements . Multinucleated cells Multinucleated cells contain multiple nuclei . Most acantharean species of protozoa and some fungi in mycorrhizae have naturally multinucleated cells . Other examples include the intestinal parasites in the genus Giardia , which have two nuclei per cell . In humans , skeletal muscle cells , called myocytes and syncytium , become multinucleated during development ; the resulting arrangement of nuclei near the periphery of the cells allows maximal intracellular space for myofibrils . Multinucleated and binucleated cells can also be abnormal in humans ; for example , cells arising from the fusion of monocytes and macrophages , known as giant multinucleated cells , sometimes accompany inflammation and are also implicated in tumor formation . A number of dinoflagellates are known to have two nuclei . Unlike other multinucleated cells these nuclei contain two distinct lineages of DNA : one from the dinoflagellate and the other from a symbiotic diatom . The mitochondria and the plastids of the diatom somehow remain functional . Evolution As the major defining characteristic of the eukaryotic cell , the nucleus ' evolutionary origin has been the subject of much speculation . Four major hypotheses have been proposed to explain the existence of the nucleus , although none have yet earned widespread support . The first model known as the `` syntrophic model '' proposes that a symbiotic relationship between the archaea and bacteria created the nucleus - containing eukaryotic cell . ( Organisms of the Archaea and Bacteria domain have no cell nucleus . ) It is hypothesized that the symbiosis originated when ancient archaea , similar to modern methanogenic archaea , invaded and lived within bacteria similar to modern myxobacteria , eventually forming the early nucleus . This theory is analogous to the accepted theory for the origin of eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts , which are thought to have developed from a similar endosymbiotic relationship between proto - eukaryotes and aerobic bacteria . The archaeal origin of the nucleus is supported by observations that archaea and eukarya have similar genes for certain proteins , including histones . Observations that myxobacteria are motile , can form multicellular complexes , and possess kinases and G proteins similar to eukarya , support a bacterial origin for the eukaryotic cell . A second model proposes that proto - eukaryotic cells evolved from bacteria without an endosymbiotic stage . This model is based on the existence of modern planctomycetes bacteria that possess a nuclear structure with primitive pores and other compartmentalized membrane structures . A similar proposal states that a eukaryote - like cell , the chronocyte , evolved first and phagocytosed archaea and bacteria to generate the nucleus and the eukaryotic cell . The most controversial model , known as viral eukaryogenesis , posits that the membrane - bound nucleus , along with other eukaryotic features , originated from the infection of a prokaryote by a virus . The suggestion is based on similarities between eukaryotes and viruses such as linear DNA strands , mRNA capping , and tight binding to proteins ( analogizing histones to viral envelopes ) . One version of the proposal suggests that the nucleus evolved in concert with phagocytosis to form an early cellular `` predator '' . Another variant proposes that eukaryotes originated from early archaea infected by poxviruses , on the basis of observed similarity between the DNA polymerases in modern poxviruses and eukaryotes . It has been suggested that the unresolved question of the evolution of sex could be related to the viral eukaryogenesis hypothesis . A more recent proposal , the exomembrane hypothesis , suggests that the nucleus instead originated from a single ancestral cell that evolved a second exterior cell membrane ; the interior membrane enclosing the original cell then became the nuclear membrane and evolved increasingly elaborate pore structures for passage of internally synthesized cellular components such as ribosomal subunits . See also Nucleus ( neuroanatomy ) References Jump up ^ `` Cell Nucleus '' . biologydictionary.net . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Leeuwenhoek , A. van : Opera Omnia , seu Arcana Naturae ope exactissimorum Microscopiorum detecta , experimentis variis comprobata , Epistolis ad varios illustres viros. J. Arnold et Delphis , A. Beman , Lugdinum Batavorum 1719 -- 1730 . Cited after : Dieter Gerlach , Geschichte der Mikroskopie . Verlag Harri Deutsch , Frankfurt am Main , Germany , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8171 - 1781 - 9 . Jump up ^ Harris , H ( 1999 ) . The Birth of the Cell . 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Jump up ^ Böhm I. IgG deposits can be detected in cell nuclei of patients with both lupus erythematosus and malignancy . Clin Rheumatol 2007 ; 26 ( 11 ) 1877 - 1882 Jump up ^ Skutelsky , E. ; Danon D. ( June 1970 ) . `` Comparative study of nuclear expulsion from the late erythroblast and cytokinesis '' . J Cell Biol. 60 ( 60 ( 3 ) ) : 625 -- 635 . doi : 10.1016 / 0014 - 4827 ( 70 ) 90536 - 7 . PMID 5422968 . Jump up ^ Torous , DK ; Dertinger SD ; Hall NE ; Tometsko CR. ( 2000 ) . `` Enumeration of micronucleated reticulocytes in rat peripheral blood : a flow cytometric study '' . Mutat Res. 465 ( 465 ( 1 -- 2 ) ) : 91 -- 99 . doi : 10.1016 / S1383 - 5718 ( 99 ) 00216 - 8 . PMID 10708974 . Jump up ^ Hutter , KJ ; Stohr M. ( 1982 ) . `` Rapid detection of mutagen induced micronucleated erythrocytes by flow cytometry '' . Histochemistry. 75 ( 3 ) : 353 -- 362 . doi : 10.1007 / bf00496738 . PMID 7141888 . 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Jump up ^ Goldring , SR ; Roelke MS ; Petrison KK ; Bhan AK ( 1987 ) . `` Human giant cell tumors of bone identification and characterization of cell types '' . J Clin Invest . 79 ( 2 ) : 483 -- 491 . doi : 10.1172 / JCI112838 . PMC 424109 . PMID 3027126 . Jump up ^ Imanian , B ; Pombert , JF ; Dorrell , RG ; Burki , F ; Keeling , PJ ( 2012 ) . `` Tertiary endosymbiosis in two dinotoms has generated little change in the mitochondrial genomes of their dinoflagellate hosts and diatom endosymbionts '' . PLOS ONE . 7 ( 8 ) : e43763 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0043763 . PMC 3423374 . PMID 22916303 . Jump up ^ Pennisi E. ( 2004 ) . `` Evolutionary biology . The birth of the nucleus '' . Science . 305 ( 5685 ) : 766 -- 768 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 305.5685. 766 . PMID 15297641 . Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan . 2010 . Archaea . eds . E. Monosson & C. Cleveland , Encyclopedia of Earth . National Council for Science and the Environment , Washington DC . Archived 2011 - 05 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Margulis , Lynn ( 1981 ) . Symbiosis in Cell Evolution . San Francisco : W.H. Freeman and Company . pp. 206 -- 227 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 1256 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lopez - Garcia P , Moreira D ( 2006 ) . `` Selective forces for the origin of the eukaryotic nucleus '' . BioEssays. 28 ( 5 ) : 525 -- 533 . doi : 10.1002 / bies. 20413 . PMID 16615090 . Jump up ^ Fuerst JA . ( 2005 ) . `` Intracellular compartmentation in planctomycetes '' . Annu Rev Microbiol. 59 : 299 -- 328 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. micro. 59.030804. 121258 . PMID 15910279 . Jump up ^ Hartman H , Fedorov A ( 2002 ) . `` The origin of the eukaryotic cell : a genomic investigation '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 99 ( 3 ) : 1420 -- 1425 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 032658599 . PMC 122206 . PMID 11805300 . Jump up ^ Bell PJ ( September 2001 ) . `` Viral eukaryogenesis : was the ancestor of the nucleus a complex DNA virus ? '' . J. Mol . Evol. 53 ( 3 ) : 251 -- 6 . doi : 10.1007 / s002390010215 . PMID 11523012 . Jump up ^ Takemura M ( 2001 ) . `` Poxviruses and the origin of the eukaryotic nucleus '' . J Mol Evol. 52 ( 5 ) : 419 -- 425 . doi : 10.1007 / s002390010171 . PMID 11443345 . Jump up ^ Villarreal L , DeFilippis V ( 2000 ) . `` A hypothesis for DNA viruses as the origin of eukaryotic replication proteins '' . J Virol. 74 ( 15 ) : 7079 -- 7084 . doi : 10.1128 / JVI. 74.15. 7079 - 7084.2000 . PMC 112226 . PMID 10888648 . Jump up ^ Bell PJ ( November 2006 ) . `` Sex and the eukaryotic cell cycle is consistent with a viral ancestry for the eukaryotic nucleus '' . J. Theor. Biol. 243 ( 1 ) : 54 -- 63 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jtbi. 2006.05. 015 . PMID 16846615 . Jump up ^ de Roos AD ( 2006 ) . `` The origin of the eukaryotic cell based on conservation of existing interfaces '' . Artif Life . 12 ( 4 ) : 513 -- 523 . doi : 10.1162 / artl. 2006.12. 4.513 . PMID 16953783 . Further reading Library resources about Cell nucleus Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Goldman , Robert D. ; Gruenbaum , Y ; Moir , RD ; Shumaker , DK ; Spann , TP ( 2002 ) . `` Nuclear lamins : building blocks of nuclear architecture '' . Genes Dev. 16 ( 5 ) : 533 -- 547 . doi : 10.1101 / gad. 960502 . PMID 11877373 . A review article about nuclear lamins , explaining their structure and various roles Görlich , Dirk ; Kutay , U ( 1999 ) . `` Transport between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm '' . Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 15 : 607 -- 660 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. cellbio. 15.1. 607 . PMID 10611974 . A review article about nuclear transport , explains the principles of the mechanism , and the various transport pathways Lamond , Angus I. ; Earnshaw , WC ( 1998 - 04 - 24 ) . `` Structure and Function in the Nucleus '' ( PDF ) . Science . 280 ( 5363 ) : 547 -- 553 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 280.5363. 547 . PMID 9554838 . A review article about the nucleus , explaining the structure of chromosomes within the organelle , and describing the nucleolus and other subnuclear bodies Pennisi E. ( 2004 ) . `` Evolutionary biology . The birth of the nucleus '' . Science . 305 ( 5685 ) : 766 -- 768 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 305.5685. 766 . PMID 15297641 . A review article about the evolution of the nucleus , explaining a number of different theories Pollard , Thomas D. ; William C. Earnshaw ( 2004 ) . Cell Biology . Philadelphia : Saunders . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 3360 - 9 . A university level textbook focusing on cell biology . Contains information on nucleus structure and function , including nuclear transport , and subnuclear domains External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cell nucleus . MBInfo - The Nucleus cellnucleus.com Website covering structure and function of the nucleus from the Department of Oncology at the University of Alberta . http://npd.hgu.mrc.ac.uk/user/?page=compartment The Nuclear Protein Database ) Information on nuclear components . The Nucleus Collection in the Image & Video Library of The American Society for Cell Biology contains peer - reviewed still images and video clips that illustrate the nucleus . Nuclear Envelope and Nuclear Import Section from Landmark Papers in Cell Biology , Joseph G. Gall , J. Richard McIntosh , eds. , contains digitized commentaries and links to seminal research papers on the nucleus . Published online in the Image & Video Library of The American Society for Cell Biology Cytoplasmic patterns generated by human antibodies Structures of the cell / organelles ( TH H1. 00.01. 2 - 3 ) Endomembrane system Cell membrane Nucleus Nucleolus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Parenthesome Autophagosome Vesicles Exosome Lysosome Endosome Phagosome Vacuole Acrosome Cytoplasmic granules Melanosome Microbody Glyoxysome Peroxisome Weibel -- Palade body Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Prokaryotic cytoskeleton MTOCs Centrosome Centriole Basal body Spindle pole body Myofibril Endosymbionts Mitochondrion Plastids Chloroplast Chromoplast Gerontoplast Leucoplast Amyloplast Elaioplast Proteinoplast Tannosome Other internal RNA Ribosome Spliceosome Vault Cytoplasm Proteasome External Undulipodium Cilium Flagellum Axoneme Radial spoke Extracellular matrix Cell wall Structures of the cell nucleus / nuclear protein Envelope ( membrane ) / nuclear lamina Pore complex : Nucleoporin NUP35 NUP37 NUP43 NUP50 NUP54 NUP62 NUP85 NUP88 NUP93 NUP98 NUP107 NUP133 NUP153 NUP155 NUP160 NUP188 NUP205 NUP210 NUP214 AAAS Nucleolus Cajal ( coiled ) body SMN GEMIN2 GEMIN4 GEMIN5 GEMIN6 GEMIN7 DDX20 COIL Perinucleolar compartment PTBP1 CUGBP1 TCOF ATXN7 Other Chromatin Dot ( PML body ) Paraspeckle SMC protein : Cohesin SMC1A SMC1B SMC3 Condensin NCAPD2 NCAPD3 NCAPG NCAPG2 NCAPH NCAPH2 SMC2 SMC4 DNA repair SMC5 SMC6 Transition nuclear protein : TNP1 TNP2 Nuclear matrix ( Nucleoskeleton ) Nucleoplasm ( Nucleosol ) LITAF see also transcription factors and intracellular receptors see also nucleus diseases GND : 4067544 - 0 NDL : 00569971 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cell_nucleus&oldid=811624751 '' Categories : Cell nucleus Cell anatomy Organelles Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2016 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles containing Latin - language text Featured articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017 , at 21 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which types of cells have genetic material that is contained in the nucleus | [
"The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic material. This material is organized as DNA molecules, along with a variety of proteins, to form chromosomes."
] | [
"eukaryotic"
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5777979487506774215 | France at the FIFA World Cup | France at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia France at the FIFA World Cup This is a record of France 's results at the FIFA World Cup . France was one of the four European teams that participated at the inaugural World Cup in 1930 and have appeared in 15 FIFA World Cups , tied for the sixth most of any country . The national team is one of eight to have won the FIFA World Cup title and one of only six to have done so more than once . The French team won its first World Cup title in 1998 . The tournament was played on home soil and France defeated Brazil 3 -- 0 in the final match . The tournament was hosted in France once before in 1938 , where France was eliminated by defending champions Italy in the quarter finals . In 2006 , France finished as runners - up , losing on penalties ( 5 -- 3 ) to Italy after the game was tied 1 -- 1 after 120 minutes . The team has also finished in third place on two occasions , in 1958 and 1986 , and in fourth place once , in 1982 . In 2018 France won the World Cup for the second time 4 -- 2 against Croatia in Luzhniki Stadium , Russia . Contents 1 FIFA World Cup record 2 By match 3 France at the 1998 FIFA World Cup 3.1 France vs South Africa 3.2 France vs Saudi Arabia 3.3 France vs Denmark 3.4 Round of 16 France vs Paraguay 3.5 Quarter - Final Italy vs France 3.6 Semi-Final France vs Croatia 3.7 Final 4 Record players 5 Top goalscorers 6 References 7 External links FIFA World Cup record ( edit ) FIFA World Cup finals record Qualifications record Year Round Position GP D * GF GA Squad GP GF GA 1930 Group stage 7th 0 Squad -- 1934 Round of 16 9th 0 0 Squad 0 0 6 1934 1938 Quarter - finals 6th 0 Squad Qualified as hosts 1938 1950 Originally did not qualify , then invited , later withdrew 0 5 1950 1954 Group stage 11th 0 Squad 0 0 20 1954 1958 Third place 3rd 6 0 23 15 Squad 0 19 1958 1962 Did not qualify 5 0 10 1962 1966 Group stage 13th 0 5 Squad 6 5 0 9 1966 1970 Did not qualify 0 6 1970 5 1978 Group stage 12th 0 5 5 Squad 7 1978 1982 Fourth place 4th 7 16 12 Squad 8 5 0 20 8 1982 1986 Third place 3rd 7 12 6 Squad 8 5 15 1986 1990 Did not qualify 8 10 7 1990 1994 10 6 17 10 1994 1998 Champions 1st 7 6 0 15 Squad Qualified as hosts 1998 2002 Group stage 28th 0 0 Squad Qualified as defending champions 2002 2006 Runners - up 2nd 7 0 9 Squad 10 5 5 0 14 2006 Group stage 29th 0 Squad 12 7 20 10 2014 Quarter - finals 7th 5 10 Squad 10 6 18 8 2014 2018 Champions 1st 7 6 0 14 6 Squad 10 7 18 6 2018 2022 To be determined To be determined 2022 2026 To be determined To be determined 2026 Total 15 / 21 2 Titles 66 34 13 * 19 120 77 N / A 111 65 23 23 216 88 Total * Denotes draws including knockout matches decided on penalty kicks . * * Red border indicates tournament was held on home soil . show France 's World Cup record First Match France 4 -- 1 Mexico ( 15 July 1930 ; Montevideo , Uruguay ) Biggest Win France 7 -- 3 Paraguay ( 8 June 1958 ; Norrköping , Sweden ) Biggest Defeat France 2 - 5 Brazil ( 24 June 1958 ; Solna , Sweden ) Best Result Champions in 1998 and 2018 Worst Result Group stage in 1934 , 1954 , 1966 , 1978 , 2002 and 2010 By match ( edit ) Year as Round Against Score Scorers 1930 Group 1 Mexico 4 -- 1 Laurent , Langiller , Maschinot ( 2 ) Group 1 Argentina 0 -- 1 Group 1 Chile 0 -- 1 1934 Round 1 Austria 2 -- 3 ( a.e.t. ) Nicolas , Verriest 1938 Round 1 Belgium 3 -- 1 Veinante , Nicolas ( 2 ) Quarter - Final Italy 1 -- 3 Heisserer 1954 Group 1 Yugoslavia 0 -- 1 Group 1 Mexico 3 -- 2 Vincent , Cardenas , Kopa 1958 Group 2 Paraguay 7 -- 3 Fontaine ( 3 ) , Piantoni , Wisnieski , Kopa , Vincent Group 2 Yugoslavia 2 -- 3 Fontaine ( 2 ) Group 2 Scotland 2 -- 1 Kopa , Fontaine Quarter - Final Northern Ireland 4 -- 0 Wisnieski , Fontaine ( 2 ) , Piantoni Semi-Final Brazil 2 -- 5 Fontaine , Piantoni Third Place Match West Germany 6 -- 3 Fontaine ( 4 ) , Kopa , Douis 1966 Group 1 Mexico 1 -- 1 Hausser Group 1 Uruguay 1 -- 2 De Bourgoing Group 1 England 0 -- 2 1978 Group 1 Italy 1 -- 2 Lacombe Group 1 Argentina 1 -- 2 Platini Group 1 Hungary 3 -- 1 Lopez , Berdoll , Rocheteau 1982 Group 4 England 1 -- 3 Soler Group 4 Kuwait 4 -- 1 Genghini , Platini , Six , Bossis Group 4 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 1 Six Group D Round 2 Austria 1 -- 0 Genghini Group D Round 2 Northern Ireland 4 -- 1 Giresse ( 2 ) , Rocheteau ( 2 ) Semi-Final West Germany 3 -- 3 ( a.e.t. ) , 4 -- 5 ( p . ) Platini , Tresor , Giresse Third Place Match Poland 2 -- 3 Girard , Couriol 1986 Group C Canada 1 -- 0 Papin Group C Soviet Union 1 -- 1 Fernández Group C Hungary 3 -- 0 Stopyra , Tigana , Rocheteau Round of 16 Italy 2 -- 0 Platini , Stopyra Quarter - Final Brazil 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) , 4 -- 3 ( p . ) Platini Semi-Final West Germany 0 -- 2 Third Place Match Belgium 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Ferreri , Papin , Genghini , Amoros 1998 Group C South Africa 3 -- 0 Dugarry , Issa ( o.g. ) , Henry Group C Saudi Arabia 4 -- 0 Henry ( 2 ) , Trezeguet , Lizarazu Group C Denmark 2 -- 1 Djorkaeff , Petit Round of 16 Paraguay 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Blanc Quarter - Final Italy 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) , 4 -- 3 ( p . ) Semi-Final Croatia 2 -- 1 Thuram ( 2 ) Final Brazil 3 -- 0 Zidane ( 2 ) , Petit 2002 Group A Senegal 0 -- 1 Group A Uruguay 0 -- 0 Group A Denmark 0 -- 2 2006 Group G Switzerland 0 -- 0 Group G South Korea 1 -- 1 Henry Group G Togo 2 -- 0 Vieira , Henry Round of 16 Spain 3 -- 1 Ribéry , Vieira , Zidane Quarter - Final Brazil 1 -- 0 Henry Semi-Final Portugal 1 -- 0 Zidane Final Italy 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) , 3 -- 5 ( p . ) Zidane Group A Uruguay 0 -- 0 Group A Mexico 0 -- 2 Group A South Africa 1 -- 2 Malouda 2014 Group E Honduras 3 -- 0 Benzema ( 2 ) , Valladares ( o.g. ) Group E Switzerland 5 -- 2 Giroud , Matuidi , Valbuena , Benzema , Sissoko Group E Ecuador 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Nigeria 2 -- 0 Pogba , Yobo ( o.g. ) Quarter - Final Germany 0 -- 1 2018 Group C Australia 2 -- 1 Griezmann , Behich ( o.g. ) Group C Peru 1 -- 0 Mbappé Group C Denmark 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Argentina 4 -- 3 Griezmann , Pavard , Mbappé ( 2 ) Quarter - Final Uruguay 2 -- 0 Varane , Griezmann Semi-Final Belgium 1 -- 0 Umtiti Final Croatia 4 -- 2 Mandžukić ( o.g. ) , Griezmann , Pogba , Mbappé France at the 1998 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) 1998 FIFA World Cup Squad Head coach : Aimé Jacquet No . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Club 1GK Bernard Lama ( 1963 - 04 - 07 ) 7 April 1963 ( aged 35 ) 37 Paris Saint Germain 2DF Vincent Candela ( 1973 - 10 - 24 ) 24 October 1973 ( aged 24 ) 10 Roma 2DF Bixente Lizarazu ( 1969 - 12 - 09 ) 9 December 1969 ( aged 28 ) 32 Bayern Munich 3MF Patrick Vieira ( 1976 - 06 - 23 ) 23 June 1976 ( aged 21 ) 7 Arsenal 5 2DF Laurent Blanc ( 1965 - 11 - 19 ) 19 November 1965 ( aged 32 ) 68 Marseille 6 4FW Youri Djorkaeff ( 1968 - 03 - 09 ) 9 March 1968 ( aged 30 ) 37 Internazionale 7 3MF Didier Deschamps ( c ) ( 1968 - 10 - 15 ) 15 October 1968 ( aged 29 ) 69 Juventus 8 2DF Marcel Desailly ( 1968 - 09 - 07 ) 7 September 1968 ( aged 29 ) 41 Milan 9 4FW Stéphane Guivarc'h ( 1970 - 09 - 06 ) 6 September 1970 ( aged 27 ) 6 Auxerre 10 3MF Zinedine Zidane ( 1972 - 06 - 23 ) 23 June 1972 ( aged 25 ) 33 Juventus 11 3MF Robert Pires ( 1973 - 10 - 29 ) 29 October 1973 ( aged 24 ) 13 Metz 12 4FW Thierry Henry ( 1977 - 08 - 17 ) 17 August 1977 ( aged 20 ) Monaco 13 3MF Bernard Diomède ( 1974 - 01 - 23 ) 23 January 1974 ( aged 24 ) 6 Auxerre 14 3MF Alain Boghossian ( 1970 - 10 - 27 ) 27 October 1970 ( aged 27 ) 6 Sampdoria 15 2DF Lilian Thuram ( 1972 - 01 - 01 ) 1 January 1972 ( aged 26 ) 32 Parma 16 1GK Fabien Barthez ( 1971 - 06 - 28 ) 28 June 1971 ( aged 26 ) 12 Monaco 17 3MF Emmanuel Petit ( 1970 - 09 - 22 ) 22 September 1970 ( aged 27 ) 17 Arsenal 18 2DF Frank Lebœuf ( 1968 - 01 - 22 ) 22 January 1968 ( aged 30 ) 13 Chelsea 19 3MF Christian Karembeu ( 1970 - 12 - 03 ) 3 December 1970 ( aged 27 ) 31 Real Madrid 20 4FW David Trezeguet ( 1977 - 10 - 15 ) 15 October 1977 ( aged 20 ) Monaco 21 4FW Christophe Dugarry ( 1972 - 03 - 24 ) 24 March 1972 ( aged 26 ) 23 Marseille 22 1GK Lionel Charbonnier ( 1966 - 10 - 25 ) 25 October 1966 ( aged 31 ) Auxerre France vs South Africa ( edit ) 12 June 1998 21 : 00 France 3 -- 0 South Africa Dugarry 36 ' Issa 77 ' ( o.g. ) Henry 90 + 2 ' Report Stade Vélodrome , Marseille Attendance : 55,000 Referee : Márcio Rezende de Freitas ( Brazil ) GK 16 Fabien Barthez RB 15 Lilian Thuram CB 8 Marcel Desailly CB 5 Laurent Blanc LB Bixente Lizarazu CM 7 Didier Deschamps ( c ) 53 ' CM 17 Emmanuel Petit 28 ' 73 ' RW 6 Youri Djorkaeff 84 ' AM 10 Zinedine Zidane 75 ' LW 12 Thierry Henry CF 9 Stéphane Guivarc'h 26 ' Substitutions : FW 21 Christophe Dugarry 26 ' MF 14 Alain Boghossian 73 ' FW 20 David Trezeguet 84 ' Manager : Aimé Jacquet GK Hans Vonk DF David Nyathi DF Willem Jackson 39 ' DF 5 Mark Fish DF 19 Lucas Radebe ( c ) DF 21 Pierre Issa MF 7 Quinton Fortune MF 10 John Moshoeu FW 6 Phil Masinga FW 12 Brendan Augustine 56 ' FW 17 Benni McCarthy 89 ' Substitutions : MF 11 Helman Mkhalele 56 ' FW 9 Shaun Bartlett 89 ' Manager : Philippe Troussier Assistant referees : Arnaldo Pinto ( Brazil ) Merere Gonzales ( Trinidad and Tobago ) Fourth official : Mario Sánchez Yanten ( Chile ) France vs Saudi Arabia ( edit ) 18 June 1998 21 : 00 France 4 -- 0 Saudi Arabia Henry 37 ' , 78 ' Trezeguet 68 ' Lizarazu 85 ' Report Stade de France , Saint - Denis Attendance : 80,000 Referee : Arturo Brizio Carter ( Mexico ) GK 16 Fabien Barthez DF Bixente Lizarazu 50 ' DF 5 Laurent Blanc 36 ' DF 8 Marcel Desailly DF 15 Lilian Thuram MF 7 Didier Deschamps ( c ) MF 10 Zinedine Zidane 71 ' MF 13 Bernard Diomède 58 ' MF 14 Alain Boghossian FW 12 Thierry Henry 79 ' FW 21 Christophe Dugarry 30 ' Substitutions : FW 20 David Trezeguet 30 ' MF 6 Youri Djorkaeff 58 ' MF 11 Robert Pires 79 ' Manager : Aimé Jacquet GK Mohamed Al - Deayea DF Mohammed Al - Jahani 7 ' 76 ' DF Mohammed Al - Khilaiwi 19 ' DF Abdullah Zubromawi DF 13 Hussein Sulaimani MF 6 Fuad Amin ( c ) MF 7 Ibrahim Al - Shahrani MF 16 Khamis Al - Owairan MF 20 Hamzah Saleh FW 9 Sami Al - Jaber 82 ' FW 10 Saeed Al - Owairan 33 ' Substitutions : MF 12 Ibrahim Al - Harbi 33 ' 65 ' MF 14 Khalid Al - Muwallid 65 ' DF 17 Ahmed Dokhi 76 ' Manager : Carlos Alberto Parreira Assistant referees : Reynaldo Salinas ( Honduras ) Luis Torres Zúñiga ( Costa Rica ) Fourth official : Alberto Tejada Noriega ( Peru ) France vs Denmark ( edit ) 24 June 1998 16 : 00 France 2 -- 1 Denmark Djorkaeff 12 ' ( pen . ) Petit 56 ' Report M. Laudrup 42 ' ( pen . ) Stade Gerland , Lyon Attendance : 39,100 Referee : Pierluigi Collina ( Italy ) GK 16 Fabien Barthez DF Vincent Candela DF 8 Marcel Desailly ( c ) DF 18 Franck Leboeuf MF Patrick Vieira 62 ' MF 6 Youri Djorkaeff MF 11 Robert Pires 71 ' MF 13 Bernard Diomède 53 ' MF 17 Emmanuel Petit 64 ' MF 19 Christian Karembeu FW 20 David Trezeguet 85 ' Substitutions : MF 14 Alain Boghossian 64 ' FW 12 Thierry Henry 71 ' FW 9 Stéphane Guivarc'h 85 ' Manager : Aimé Jacquet GK Peter Schmeichel DF Michael Schjønberg DF Marc Rieper DF Jes Høgh DF 5 Jan Heintze DF 6 Thomas Helveg DF 13 Jacob Laursen 46 ' MF 7 Allan Nielsen MF 10 Michael Laudrup ( c ) MF 21 Martin Jørgensen 54 ' FW 11 Brian Laudrup 75 ' Substitutions : DF 12 Søren Colding 65 ' 46 ' FW 19 Ebbe Sand 54 ' MF 15 Stig Tøfting 78 ' 75 ' Manager : Bo Johansson Assistant referees : Nimal Wickeramatunge ( Sri Lanka ) Emanuel Zammit ( Malta ) Fourth official : Vítor Melo Pereira ( Portugal ) Round of 16 France vs Paraguay ( edit ) 28 June 1998 16 : 30 France 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Paraguay Blanc 114 ' Report Stade Félix - Bollaert , Lens Attendance : 38,100 Referee : Ali Bujsaim ( United Arab Emirates ) GK 16 Fabien Barthez RB 15 Lilian Thuram CB 5 Laurent Blanc CB 8 Marcel Desailly LB Bixente Lizarazu CM 7 Didier Deschamps ( c ) CM 17 Emmanuel Petit 69 ' RW 13 Bernard Diomède 76 ' LW 6 Youri Djorkaeff CF 20 David Trezeguet CF 12 Thierry Henry 64 ' Substitutes : MF 11 Robert Pires 64 ' MF 14 Alain Boghossian 69 ' FW 9 Stéphane Guivarc'h 76 ' Manager : Aimé Jacquet GK José Luis Chilavert ( c ) 19 ' RB Francisco Arce 84 ' CB Carlos Gamarra CB 5 Celso Ayala LB 11 Pedro Sarabia CM 10 Roberto Acuña CM 16 Julio César Enciso 32 ' CM 13 Carlos Humberto Paredes 74 ' AM 21 Jorge Luis Campos 55 ' AM 15 Miguel Ángel Benítez 23 ' CF 9 José Cardozo 91 ' Substitutes : MF 7 Julio César Yegros 55 ' DF 20 Denis Caniza 74 ' MF 8 Aristides Rojas 91 ' Manager : Paulo César Carpegiani Assistant referees : Nimal Wickeramatunge ( Sri Lanka ) Lencie Fred ( Vanuatu ) Fourth official : Esse Baharmast ( United States ) Quarter - Final Italy vs France ( edit ) 3 July 1998 16 : 30 Italy 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) France Report Penalties R. Baggio Albertini Costacurta Vieri Di Biagio 3 -- 4 Zidane Lizarazu Trezeguet Henry Blanc Stade de France , Saint - Denis Attendance : 77,000 Referee : Hugh Dallas ( Scotland ) GK 12 Gianluca Pagliuca RB Giuseppe Bergomi 28 ' CB Fabio Cannavaro CB 5 Alessandro Costacurta 113 ' LB Paolo Maldini ( c ) CM 11 Dino Baggio 52 ' CM 14 Luigi Di Biagio RW 17 Francesco Moriero LW 7 Gianluca Pessotto 90 ' SS 10 Alessandro Del Piero 26 ' 67 ' CF 21 Christian Vieri Substitutes : MF 9 Demetrio Albertini 52 ' FW 18 Roberto Baggio 67 ' MF 15 Angelo Di Livio 90 ' Manager : Cesare Maldini GK 16 Fabien Barthez RB 15 Lilian Thuram CB 5 Laurent Blanc CB 8 Marcel Desailly LB Bixente Lizarazu DM 7 Didier Deschamps ( c ) 62 ' RM 19 Christian Karembeu 65 ' LM 17 Emanuel Petit AM 10 Zinedine Zidane SS 6 Youri Djorkaeff CF 9 Stéphane Guivarc'h 53 ' 65 ' Substitutes : FW 12 Thierry Henry 65 ' FW 20 David Trezeguet 65 ' Manager : Aimé Jacquet Assistant referees : Mark Warren ( England ) Nicolae Grigorescu ( Romania ) Fourth official : Said Belqola ( Morocco ) Semi-Final France vs Croatia ( edit ) 8 July 1998 21 : 00 France 2 -- 1 Croatia Thuram 47 ' , 70 ' Report Šuker 46 ' Stade de France , Saint - Denis Attendance : 76,000 Referee : José García Aranda ( Spain ) GK 16 Fabien Barthez RB 15 Lilian Thuram CB 5 Laurent Blanc 76 ' CB 8 Marcel Desailly LB Bixente Lizarazu DM 7 Didier Deschamps ( c ) RM 19 Christian Karembeu 31 ' LM 17 Emmanuel Petit AM 10 Zinedine Zidane SS 6 Youri Djorkaeff 77 ' CF 9 Stéphane Guivarc'h 68 ' Substitutes : FW 12 Thierry Henry 31 ' FW 20 David Trezeguet 68 ' DF 18 Frank Leboeuf 77 ' Manager : Aimé Jacquet GK Dražen Ladić RB 20 Dario Šimić 88 ' CB 6 Slaven Bilić CB Igor Štimac LB 17 Robert Jarni DM 14 Zvonimir Soldo RM 7 Aljoša Asanović 45 ' LM 13 Mario Stanić 75 ' 89 ' AM 10 Zvonimir Boban ( c ) 66 ' SS 19 Goran Vlaović CF 9 Davor Šuker Substitutes : FW 11 Silvio Marić 66 ' MF 8 Robert Prosinečki 89 ' Manager : Miroslav Blažević Assistant referees : Fernando Tresaco Gracia ( Spain ) Jorge Díaz Gálvez ( Chile ) Fourth official : Epifanio González Chávez ( Paraguay ) Final ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup Final The 1998 final was held on 12 July at the Stade de France , Saint - Denis . France defeated holders Brazil 3 -- 0 , with two goals from Zinedine Zidane and a stoppage time strike from Emmanuel Petit . The win gave France their first World Cup title , becoming the sixth national team after Uruguay , Italy , England , West Germany and Argentina to win the tournament on their home soil . They also inflicted the heaviest defeat on Brazil since 1930 . The pre-match build up was dominated by the omission of Brazilian striker Ronaldo from the starting lineup only to be reinstated 45 minutes before kick - off . He managed to create the first open chance for Brazil in the 22nd minute , dribbling past defender Thuram before sending a cross out on the left side that goalkeeper Fabien Barthez struggled to hold onto . France however took the lead in the 27th minute after Brazilian defender Roberto Carlos conceded a corner which Zidane scored with a header from the right . Three minutes before half - time , Zidane scored his second goal of the match , similarly another header from a corner , this time from the left side . The tournament hosts went down to ten men in the 68th minute as Marcel Desailly was sent off for a second bookable offence . Brazil reacted to this by making an attacking substitution and although they applied pressure France sealed the win with a third goal : substitute Patrick Vieira set up his club teammate Petit in a counterattack to shoot low past goalkeeper Cláudio Taffarel . French president Jacques Chirac was in attendance to congratulate and commiserate the winners and runners - up respectively after the match . Several days after the victory , winning manager Aimé Jacquet announced his resignation from the French team with immediate effect . 12 July 1998 21 : 00 Brazil 0 -- 3 France Report Zidane 27 ' , 45 + 1 ' Petit 90 + 3 ' Stade de France , Saint - Denis Attendance : 75,000 Referee : Said Belqola ( Morocco ) Brazil France GK Claudio Taffarel RB Cafu CB Aldair CB Júnior Baiano 33 ' LB 6 Roberto Carlos CM 5 César Sampaio 73 ' CM 8 Dunga ( c ) AM 10 Rivaldo AM 18 Leonardo 46 ' CF 20 Bebeto CF 9 Ronaldo Substitutes : MF 19 Denílson 46 ' FW 21 Edmundo 73 ' Manager : Mário Zagallo GK 16 Fabien Barthez RB 15 Lilian Thuram CB 8 Marcel Desailly 48 ' , 68 ' CB 18 Frank Leboeuf LB Bixente Lizarazu DM 7 Didier Deschamps ( c ) 39 ' CM 17 Emmanuel Petit CM 19 Christian Karembeu 56 ' 57 ' AM 10 Zinedine Zidane AM 6 Youri Djorkaeff 74 ' CF 9 Stéphane Guivarc'h 66 ' Substitutes : MF 14 Alain Boghossian 57 ' FW 21 Christophe Dugarry 66 ' MF Patrick Vieira 74 ' Manager : Aimé Jacquet Man of the match Zinedine Zidane ( France ) Officials Linesmen : Mark Warren ( England ) Achmat Salie ( South Africa ) Fourth official : Rahman Al Zaid ( Saudi Arabia ) Match rules 90 minutes 30 minutes of extra-time if necessary Penalty shoot - out if scores still level Three substitutions permitted Record players ( edit ) Goalkeeper Fabien Barthez also shares the FIFA World Cup record for most matches without conceding a goal , which he achieved ten times . The only other player to have reached that number is England 's Peter Shilton . No . Name Matches World Cups Fabien Barthez 17 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Thierry Henry 17 1998 , 2002 , 2006 and 2010 Lilian Thuram 16 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Maxime Bossis 15 1978 , 1982 and 1986 5 Michel Platini 14 1978 , 1982 and 1986 Hugo Lloris 14 2010 , 2014 and 2018 7 Manuel Amoros 12 1982 and 1986 Alain Giresse 12 1982 and 1986 Jean Tigana 12 1982 and 1986 David Trezeguet 12 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Patrick Vieira 12 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Zinedine Zidane 12 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Olivier Giroud 12 2014 and 2018 Antoine Griezmann 12 2014 and 2018 Raphaël Varane 12 2014 and 2018 Top goalscorers ( edit ) Just Fontaine scored all his 13 World Cup goals in 1958 , where France reached third place . This makes him record holder for most goals scored in a single FIFA World Cup . At the time , it also made him the most successful World Cup scorer of all time until the record was broken by West Germany 's Gerd Müller in the World Cup final of 1974 . No . Name Goals World Cups Just Fontaine 13 1958 Thierry Henry 6 1998 ( 3 ) and 2006 ( 3 ) Michel Platini 5 1978 ( 1 ) , 1982 ( 2 ) and 1986 ( 2 ) Zinedine Zidane 5 1998 ( 2 ) and 2006 ( 3 ) 5 Raymond Kopa 1958 Dominique Rocheteau 1978 ( 1 ) , 1982 ( 2 ) and 1986 ( 1 ) Antoine Griezmann 2018 Kylian Mbappé 2018 9 Jean Nicolas 1934 ( 1 ) and 1938 ( 2 ) Roger Piantoni 1958 Alain Giresse 1982 Karim Benzema 2014 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Team Profile : France '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` France 's Day of Soccer Glory Arrives ; Upset of Brazil in World Cup '' . New York Times . 13 July 1998 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Where are they now ? France 's 1998 World Cup Winners '' . Goal.com. 25 February 2009 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Host nation routs Brazilians 3 - 0 in World Cup final '' . Sports Illustrated . 1 December 1998 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` France 1998 '' . BBC Sport. 17 April 2002 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 World Cup : Vive La Revolution ! '' . CBC.ca. 25 November 2009 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Paul , Oberjuerge ( 12 July 1998 ) . `` France plays perfect host ; hoists World Cup in Paris '' . Gannett News Service . Paris : SoccerTimes . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World commentators decry Brazil , Ronaldo '' . CNNSI . Associated Press . 12 July 1998 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` France plays perfect host ; hoists World Cup in Paris '' . Soccer Times . 12 July 1998 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ZZ Top of the World '' . New Straits Times . 13 July 1998 . Retrieved 19 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Zidane leads France to pinnacle of soccer glory '' . CNNSI . Associated Press . 12 July 1998 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Barth , Elie ( 18 July 1998 ) . `` Il devrait succéder à Gérard Houllier comme directeur technique national '' . Le Monde ( in French ) . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jacquet steps down to move up '' . New Straits Times . 18 July 1998 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 1998 World Cup Final -- on reflection ... '' . Zonal Marking. 6 March 2010 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . External links ( edit ) France at FIFA Complete France FIFA World Cup Stats France FIFA World Cup squads France squad -- 1930 FIFA World Cup GK Tassin GK Thépot DF Andoire DF Capelle DF Mattler MF Chantrel MF Delmer MF J. Laurent MF Pinel MF Villaplane FW Delfour FW Langiller FW L. Laurent FW Libérati FW Maschinot FW Veinante Coach : Caudron France squad -- 1934 FIFA World Cup GK Défossé GK Llense GK Thépot DF Gonzales DF Mairesse DF Mattler DF Vandooren MF Beaucourt MF Delfour MF Delmer MF Gabrillargues MF Liétaer MF Rio MF Verriest FW Alcazar FW Aston FW Courtois FW Keller FW Korb FW Laurent FW Nicolas FW Veinante Coach : Kimpton France squad -- 1938 FIFA World Cup GK Darui GK Di Lorto GK Llense DF Ben Bouali DF Cazenave DF Mattler DF Povolny DF Vandooren MF Bastien MF Bourbotte MF Diagne MF Jasseron MF Jordan FW Aston FW Brusseaux FW Courtois FW Delfour FW Heisserer FW Kowalczyk FW Nicolas FW Veinante FW Zatelli Coach : Barreau France squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Remetter 2 Ruminski 3 Abbes 4 Gianessi 5 Grimonpon 6 Kaelbel 7 Marche 8 Bieganski 9 Cuissard 10 Jonquet ( c ) 11 Louis 12 Marcel 13 Mahjoub 14 Penverne 15 Ben Tifour 16 Dereuddre 17 Glovacki 18 Kopa 19 Leblond 20 Schultz 21 Strappe 22 Vincent Coach : Pibarot France squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup third place 1 Abbes 2 Colonna 3 Remetter 4 Kaelbel 5 Lerond 6 Marche ( c ) 7 Mouynet 8 Chiarelli 9 Hnatow 10 Jonquet 11 Lafont 12 Marcel 13 Penverne 14 Bellot 15 Bruey 16 Douis 17 Fontaine 18 Kopa 19 Oliver 20 Piantoni 21 Vincent 22 Wisnieski Coach : Batteux France squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup 1 Aubour 2 Artelesa ( c ) 3 Baraffe 4 Bonnel 5 Bosquier 6 Budzynski 7 Chorda 8 Combin 9 Couécou 10 De Bourgoing 11 De Michèle 12 Djorkaeff 13 Gondet 14 Hausser 15 Herbet 16 Herbin 17 Muller 18 Piumi 19 Robuschi 20 Simon 21 Carnus 22 Schuth Coach : Guérin France squad -- 1978 FIFA World Cup 1 Baratelli 2 Battiston 3 Bossis 4 Janvion 5 Bracci 6 Lopez 7 Rio 8 Trésor ( c ) 9 Bathenay 10 Guillou 11 Michel 12 Papi 13 Petit 14 Berdoll 15 Platini 16 Dalger 17 Lacombe 18 Rocheteau 19 Six 20 Rouyer 21 Bertrand ‐ Demanes 22 Dropsy Coach : Hidalgo France squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Baratelli 2 Amoros 3 Battiston 4 Bossis 5 Janvion 6 Lopez 7 Mahut 8 Trésor 9 Genghini 10 Platini ( c ) 11 Girard 12 Giresse 13 Larios 14 Tigana 15 Bellone 16 Couriol 17 Lacombe 18 Rocheteau 19 Six 20 Soler 21 Castaneda 22 Ettori Coach : Hidalgo France squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup third place 1 Bats 2 Amoros 3 Ayache 4 Battiston 5 Bibard 6 Bossis 7 Le Roux 8 Tusseau 9 Fernández 10 Platini ( c ) 11 Ferreri 12 Giresse 13 Genghini 14 Tigana 15 Vercruysse 16 Bellone 17 Papin 18 Rocheteau 19 Stopyra 20 Xuereb 21 Bergeroo 22 Rust Coach : Michel France squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Lama 2 Candela 3 Lizarazu 4 Vieira 5 Blanc 6 Djorkaeff 7 Deschamps ( c ) 8 Desailly 9 Guivarc'h 10 Zidane 11 Pires 12 Henry 13 Diomède 14 Boghossian 15 Thuram 16 Barthez 17 Petit 18 Leboeuf 19 Karembeu 20 Trezeguet 21 Dugarry 22 Charbonnier Coach : Jacquet France squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Ramé 2 Candela 3 Lizarazu 4 Vieira 5 Christanval 6 Djorkaeff 7 Makélélé 8 Desailly ( c ) 9 Cissé 10 Zidane 11 Wiltord 12 Henry 13 Silvestre 14 Boghossian 15 Thuram 16 Barthez 17 Petit 18 Leboeuf 19 Sagnol 20 Trezeguet 21 Dugarry 22 Micoud 23 Coupet Coach : Lemerre France squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Landreau 2 Boumsong 3 Abidal 4 Vieira 5 Gallas 6 Makélélé 7 Malouda 8 Dhorasoo 9 Govou 10 Zidane ( c ) 11 Wiltord 12 Henry 13 Silvestre 14 Saha 15 Thuram 16 Barthez 17 Givet 18 Diarra 19 Sagnol 20 Trezeguet 21 Chimbonda 22 Ribéry 23 Coupet Coach : Domenech France squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 Lloris 2 Sagna 3 Abidal 4 Réveillère 5 Gallas 6 Planus 7 Ribéry 8 Gourcuff 9 Cissé 10 Govou 11 Gignac 12 Henry 13 Evra ( c ) 14 Toulalan 15 Malouda 16 Mandanda 17 Squillaci 18 Diarra 19 Diaby 20 Valbuena 21 Anelka 22 Clichy 23 Carrasso Coach : Domenech France squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Lloris ( c ) 2 Debuchy 3 Evra 4 Varane 5 Sakho 6 Cabaye 7 Cabella 8 Valbuena 9 Giroud 10 Benzema 11 Griezmann 12 Mavuba 13 Mangala 14 Matuidi 15 Sagna 16 Ruffier 17 Digne 18 Sissoko 19 Pogba 20 Rémy 21 Koscielny 22 Schneiderlin 23 Landreau Coach : Deschamps France squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup winners ( 2nd title ) 1 Lloris ( c ) 2 Pavard 3 Kimpembe 4 Varane 5 Umtiti 6 Pogba 7 Griezmann 8 Lemar 9 Giroud 10 Mbappé 11 Dembélé 12 Tolisso 13 Kanté 14 Matuidi 15 Nzonzi 16 Mandanda 17 Rami 18 Fekir 19 Sidibé 20 Thauvin 21 Hernández 22 Mendy 23 Areola Coach : Deschamps France national football team General topics French Football Federation History Managers Kits Results 1904 -- 20 1921 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- present Venues Parc des Princes Stade de France Stade Olympique Yves - du - Manoir Statistics All - time record All - time goalscorers Hat - tricks Records Players Players ( by caps ) Captains FIFA World Cup tournaments 1930 1934 1938 1954 1958 1966 1978 1982 1986 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 UEFA Euro tournaments 1960 1984 2000 2008 2012 2016 Other tournaments FIFA Confederations Cup The Olympics Tournoi de France Mediterranean Games Culture Rivalry with Italy Multicultural background INF Clairefontaine Other FFF teams Women 's U-17 U-19 France B U-16 U-17 U-18 U-19 U-20 U-21 Futsal Beach soccer Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=France_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=864070824 '' Categories : France at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup France national football team Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2018 , at 22 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many times france got the world cup | [
"\n\n\nFIFA World Cup finals record\n\n\n\nQualifications record\n\n\nYear\n\nRound\n\nPosition\n\nGP\n\nW\n\nD*\n\nL\n\nGF\n\nGA\n\nSquad\n\nGP\n\nW\n\nD\n\nL\n\nGF\n\nGA\n\n\n\n\n 1930\nGroup stage\n7th\n3\n1\n0\n2\n4\n3\nSquad\n\n\n—\n\n\n 1934\nRound of 16\n9th\n1\n0\n0\n1\n2\n3\nSquad\n\n1\n1\n0\n0\n6\n1\n1934\n\n\n 1938\nQuarter-finals\n6th\n2\n1\n0\n1\n4\n4\nSquad\n\nQualified as hosts\n1938\n\n\n 1950\nOriginally did not qualify, then invited, later withdrew\n\n3\n0\n2\n1\n4\n5\n1950\n\n\n 1954\nGroup stage\n11th\n2\n1\n0\n1\n3\n3\nSquad\n\n4\n4\n0\n0\n20\n4\n1954\n\n\n 1958\nThird place\n3rd\n6\n4\n0\n2\n23\n15\nSquad\n\n4\n3\n1\n0\n19\n4\n1958\n\n\n 1962\nDid not qualify\n\n5\n3\n0\n2\n10\n4\n1962\n\n\n 1966\nGroup stage\n13th\n3\n0\n1\n2\n2\n5\nSquad\n\n6\n5\n0\n1\n9\n2\n1966\n\n\n 1970\nDid not qualify\n\n4\n2\n0\n2\n6\n4\n1970\n\n\n 1974\n\n4\n1\n1\n2\n3\n5\n1974\n\n\n 1978\nGroup stage\n12th\n3\n1\n0\n2\n5\n5\nSquad\n\n4\n2\n1\n1\n7\n4\n1978\n\n\n 1982\nFourth place\n4th\n7\n3\n2\n2\n16\n12\nSquad\n\n8\n5\n0\n3\n20\n8\n1982\n\n\n 1986\nThird place\n3rd\n7\n4\n2\n1\n12\n6\nSquad\n\n8\n5\n1\n2\n15\n4\n1986\n\n\n 1990\nDid not qualify\n\n8\n3\n3\n2\n10\n7\n1990\n\n\n 1994\n\n10\n6\n1\n3\n17\n10\n1994\n\n\n 1998\nChampions\n1st\n7\n6\n1\n0\n15\n2\nSquad\n\nQualified as hosts\n1998\n\n\n 2002\nGroup stage\n28th\n3\n0\n1\n2\n0\n3\nSquad\n\nQualified as defending champions\n2002\n\n\n 2006\nRunners-up\n2nd\n7\n4\n3\n0\n9\n3\nSquad\n\n10\n5\n5\n0\n14\n2\n2006\n\n\n 2010\nGroup stage\n29th\n3\n0\n1\n2\n1\n4\nSquad\n\n12\n7\n4\n1\n20\n10\n2010\n\n\n 2014\nQuarter-finals\n7th\n5\n3\n1\n1\n10\n3\nSquad\n\n10\n6\n2\n2\n18\n8\n2014\n\n\n 2018\nChampions\n1st\n7\n6\n1\n0\n14\n6\nSquad\n\n10\n7\n2\n1\n18\n6\n2018\n\n\n 2022\nTo be determined\n\nTo be determined\n2022\n\n\n 2026\nTo be determined\n\nTo be determined\n2026\n\n\n\nTotal\n15/21\n2 Titles\n66\n34\n13*\n19\n120\n77\nN/A\n111\n65\n23\n23\n216\n88\nTotal\n"
] | [
"2"
] |
-7309083743366799131 | You're All I Need to Get By | You 're All I Need to Get by - wikipedia You 're All I Need to Get by Jump to : navigation , search `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' Single by Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell from the album You 're All I Need B - side `` Two Can Have a Party '' Released July 9 , 1968 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1967 , Hitsville USA , Detroit , Michigan Genre Rhythm and blues soul Length 2 : 38 Label Tamla T 54169 Songwriter ( s ) Nickolas Ashford Valerie Simpson Producer ( s ) Ashford & Simpson Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell singles chronology `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' ( 1968 ) `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' ( 1968 ) `` Keep On Lovin ' Me Honey '' ( 1968 ) `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' ( 1968 ) `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' ( 1968 ) `` Keep On Lovin ' Me Honey '' ( 1968 ) `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' is a song recorded by the American R&B / soul duo Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell and released on Motown Records ' Tamla label in 1968 . It was the basis for the 1995 single `` I 'll Be There for You / You 're All I Need to Get By '' from Method Man and Mary J. Blige . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Personnel 3 Chart history 4 Covers 5 Other allusions to the song 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Written by real - life couple Nickolas Ashford & Valerie Simpson , it became one of the few Motown recordings of the 1960s that was not recorded with the familiar `` Motown sound '' . Instead , `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' had a more soulful and gospel - oriented theme surrounding it , that was influenced by the writers , who also sing background vocals on the recording , sharing vocals in a church choir in New York City . The lead vocals were recorded separately by the two singers and combined during the mixing process , reportedly to cut studio time , and give time for Terrell , who was using a wheelchair , to recover from surgery on the malignant brain tumor that would ultimately cause her death in 1970 . The original recording by Gaye and Terrell peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 and number - one on Billboard 's Hot R&B / Soul Singles chart for five weeks , becoming one of the longest - running number one R&B hits of 1968 and the most successful duet recording of Marvin Gaye 's entire career . Given its global appeal , it also reached # 19 on the British singles charts in late 1968 , staying there for nineteen weeks . Personnel ( edit ) All lead vocals by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell Background vocals by Nickolas Ashford and Valerie Simpson Produced by Ashford & Simpson Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers Chart history ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Chart 7 U.S. Billboard R&B Singles Chart UK Singles Chart 19 Covers ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dionne Warwick recorded this song in 1969 for the album Soulful and Diana Ross recorded it for her 1970 album , Diana Ross . Ashford and Simpson produced Ross ' version as well . Aretha Franklin recorded this song for her 1971 compilation album , Aretha 's Greatest Hits . It peaked at # 19 on the Billboard Hot 100 and # 3 on the Hot Soul Singles chart . The Angels released a version in 1974 as the B - side of the single `` Papa 's Side Of The Bed '' . Tony Orlando & Dawn 's version became the third to reach the U.S. Top 40 , peaking at # 34 in 1975 . They also reached # 13 on the Adult Contemporary chart . Johnny Mathis and Deniece Williams recorded the song for their duet album That 's What Friends Are For . It peaked at # 47 on the Billboard Hot 100 , # 10 on the Hot Soul Singles Chart , # 16 on the Adult Contemporary chart , and # 45 on the UK Singles Chart . Gloria Gaynor recorded a disco version for Gloria Gaynor 's Park Avenue Sound . Natalie Appleton and Bootsy Collins recorded this song in 2000 and it features on the soundtrack of the movie Honest directed by Dave Stewart . Michael McDonald recorded this song for his second album of Motown covers , 2004 's Motown Two . In 2007 , The James Taylor Quartet recorded instrumental version for the album `` Do n't Mess with Mr. T : James Taylor Quartet Plays Motown '' Kidda uses a line of this song for his 2008 single `` Under The Sun '' . D.C. rapper Wale samples this in the song `` The Remake of a Remake ( All I Need ) '' off of his critically acclaimed `` Mixtape About Nothing , '' with singer Tawiah singing the female vocals . My Morning Jacket performed the song during their New Year 's Eve concert at Madison Square Garden on December 31 , 2008 , with Nicole Atkins appearing as a guest vocalist to sing the female part . Actresses Telma Hopkins and Valarie Pettiford performed the song together in an episode of UPN 's Half and Half . Gladys Knight `` Empress of Soul '' also performed , '' You 're All I Need to Get By '' A rendition of the tune by husband - and - wife duo Kenny Lattimore and Chanté Moore serves as the theme song for the BET reality series The Family Crews . In 2012 , Christine Anu covered the song on her album , Rewind : The Aretha Franklin Songbook . The song has been covered on the BET commercial in 2012 with the new slogan We Got You was shown from the retrospective moments . Jacob Artist and Melissa Benoist sang this song on Season 4 of ' Glee ' for the Valentine 's Day episode ' I Do . ' Irene Grandi and Stefano Bollani sang a piano and vocal cover during the fourth Episode of the musical show `` L'importante è avere un piano '' on the Italian TV channel Rai 1 , on 12 December 2016 . Other allusions to the song ( edit ) This song and its 1995 interpolation of it by Method Man and Mary J. Blige on their single , `` I 'll Be There for You / You 're All I Need to Get By '' , were referenced in `` All I Need '' by Jay - Z when he says : `` And all ... I ... need is a chick to hold a jammy like / Meth and Mary , like , Marvin and Tammi '' Late rapper The Notorious B.I.G. sampled a portion of it for his song `` My Downfall '' on his Life After Death album . On the first season of American Idol , winner Kelly Clarkson sang this song during Motown week and Jasmine Trias also sang it on the third season . On the sixth season finale , American Idol Winner Jordin Sparks sang it as a duet with second - season winner Ruben Studdard . Seventh season American Idol runner - up David Archuleta performed this song on Star Search final . Eighth season contestant Von Smith performed it in the third week of semifinals . In addition , Jacob Lusk sang this song also during Motown week of Idol 's tenth season . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 225 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Music Chart '' . Billboard. 1975 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Billboard Adult Contemporary , August 19 , 1978 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Marvin Gaye Studio albums The Soulful Moods of Marvin Gaye ( 1961 ) That Stubborn Kinda Fellow ( 1962 ) When I 'm Alone I Cry ( 1964 ) Hello Broadway ( 1964 ) How Sweet It Is to Be Loved by You ( 1965 ) A Tribute to the Great Nat `` King '' Cole ( 1965 ) Moods of Marvin Gaye ( 1966 ) In the Groove / I Heard It Through the Grapevine ! ( 1968 ) M.P.G. ( 1969 ) That 's the Way Love Is ( 1970 ) What 's Going On ( 1971 ) Trouble Man ( 1972 ) Let 's Get It On ( 1973 ) I Want You ( 1976 ) Here , My Dear ( 1978 ) In Our Lifetime ( 1981 ) Midnight Love ( 1982 ) Posthumous albums Dream of a Lifetime ( 1985 ) Romantically Yours ( 1986 ) Vulnerable ( 1997 ) Duet albums Together ( with Mary Wells , 1964 ) Take Two ( with Kim Weston , 1966 ) United ( with Tammi Terrell , 1967 ) You 're All I Need ( with Tammi Terrell , 1968 ) Easy ( with Tammi Terrell , 1969 ) Diana & Marvin ( with Diana Ross , 1973 ) Compilations Greatest Hits ( 1964 ) Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 ( 1967 ) Marvin Gaye and His Girls ( 1969 ) Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell 's Greatest Hits ( 1970 ) Super Hits ( 1970 ) Anthology ( 1974 ) Marvin Gaye 's Greatest Hits ( 1976 ) Motown Remembers Marvin Gaye : Never Before Released Masters ( 1986 ) The Marvin Gaye Collection ( 1990 ) The Norman Whitfield Sessions ( 1994 ) Love Starved Heart : Rare and Unreleased ( 1994 ) The Very Best of Marvin Gaye ( 1994 ) The Master ( 1961 -- 1984 ) ( 1995 ) Marvin Gaye : The Love Songs ( 2000 ) The Complete Duets ( 2001 ) The Very Best of Marvin Gaye ( 2001 ) Live albums Marvin Gaye Recorded Live on Stage ( 1963 ) Marvin Gaye Live ! ( 1974 ) Live at the London Palladium ( 1977 ) Marvin Gaye at the Copa ( 2005 ) Video albums Greatest Hits Live ( Live in Holland 1976 ) ( 2000 ) Live In Montreux 1980 ( 2003 ) The Real Thing : In Performance ( 1964 -- 1981 ) ( 2006 ) Live In Belgium 1981 ( 2006 ) US / UK Top Ten singles `` Pride and Joy '' `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' `` I 'll Be Doggone '' `` Ai n't That Peculiar '' `` Your Precious Love '' `` If I Could Build My Whole World Around You '' `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' `` Too Busy Thinking About My Baby '' `` That 's the Way Love Is '' `` Abraham , Martin and John '' `` The Onion Song '' `` What 's Going On '' `` Mercy Mercy Me ( The Ecology ) '' `` Inner City Blues ( Make Me Wanna Holler ) '' `` Trouble Man '' `` Let 's Get It On '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Got to Give It Up '' `` Sexual Healing '' Family Marvin Gay Sr. ( father ) Alberta Gay ( mother ) Anna Gordy Gaye ( first wife ) Denise Gordy ( son 's birth mother ) Nona Gaye ( daughter ) Frankie Gaye ( brother ) Gordon Banks ( brother - in - law ) Related topics Discography Songs Albums Songs by Marvin Gaye Albums produced by Marvin Gaye Songs in memory Songs produced by Marvin Gaye Personal life Death Tributes Harvey Fuqua Tammi Terrell Leon Ware Marvin 's Room Marvin Is 60 : A Tribute Album Book Category Portal Marvin Gaye singles discography 1960s : ( Tamla ) 1961 `` Let Your Conscience Be Your Guide '' 1962 `` Sandman '' `` Soldier 's Plea '' `` Stubborn Kind of Fellow '' `` Hitch Hike '' 1963 `` Pride and Joy '' `` Can I Get a Witness '' 1964 `` You 're a Wonderful One '' `` Once Upon a Time '' `` What 's the Matter with You Baby '' `` Try It Baby '' `` Baby Do n't You Do It '' `` What Good Am I Without You '' `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' 1965 `` I 'll Be Doggone '' `` Pretty Little Baby '' `` Ai n't That Peculiar '' 1966 `` One More Heartache '' `` Take This Heart of Mine '' `` Little Darling ( I Need You ) '' `` It Takes Two '' 1967 `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' `` Your Unchanging Love '' `` Your Precious Love '' `` You '' `` If I Could Build My Whole World Around You '' / `` If This World Were Mine '' 1968 `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' `` Chained '' `` Keep On Lovin ' Me Honey '' `` You Ai n't Livin ' till You 're Lovin ' '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' 1969 `` Good Lovin ' Ai n't Easy to Come By '' `` Too Busy Thinking About My Baby '' `` That 's the Way Love Is '' `` Abraham , Martin and John '' `` What You Gave Me '' `` How Can I Forget '' 1970s : ( Tamla ) 1970 `` Gonna Give Her All the Love I 've Got '' `` The Onion Song '' `` California Soul '' `` The End of Our Road '' 1971 `` What 's Going On '' `` Mercy Mercy Me ( The Ecology ) '' `` Inner City Blues ( Make Me Wanna Holler ) '' `` Save the Children '' 1972 `` You 're the Man '' `` Trouble Man '' `` I Want to Come Home for Christmas '' 1973 `` Let 's Get It On '' `` You 're a Special Part of Me '' `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' `` Come Get to This '' `` You Sure Love to Ball '' `` My Mistake ( Was to Love You ) '' `` Do n't Knock My Love '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Distant Lover '' 1976 `` I Want You '' `` After the Dance '' `` Since I Had You '' 1977 `` Got to Give It Up '' 1978 `` Pops , We Love You ( A Tribute to Father ) '' 1979 `` A Funky Space Reincarnation '' `` Anger '' `` Ego Tripping Out '' 1980s : ( Tamla / Columbia ) 1981 `` Praise '' `` Heavy Love Affair '' 1982 `` Sexual Healing '' `` My Love Is Waiting '' `` ' Til Tomorrow '' `` Joy '' Posthumous 1985 `` Sanctified Lady '' `` It 's Madness '' `` Just Like '' 1986 `` The World Is Rated X '' 1991 `` My Last Chance '' `` Lucky , Lucky Me '' 1995 `` This Love Starved Heart Of Mine ( It 's Killing Me ) '' `` Music '' 2005 `` Let 's Get It On ( The M.P.G. Groove Remix ) '' 2015 `` Where Are We Going '' Book Category Portal Aretha Franklin Studio albums Columbia Aretha ( 1961 ) The Electrifying Aretha Franklin ( 1962 ) The Tender , the Moving , the Swinging Aretha Franklin ( 1962 ) Laughing on the Outside ( 1963 ) Unforgettable : A Tribute to Dinah Washington ( 1964 ) Runnin ' Out of Fools ( 1964 ) Yeah ! ! ! ( 1965 ) Soul Sister ( 1966 ) Take It Like You Give It ( 1967 ) Take a Look ( 1967 ) Soft and Beautiful ( 1969 ) Atlantic I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You ( 1967 ) Aretha Arrives ( 1967 ) Lady Soul ( 1968 ) Aretha Now ( 1968 ) Soul ' 69 ( 1969 ) This Girl 's in Love with You ( 1970 ) Spirit in the Dark ( 1970 ) Young , Gifted and Black ( 1972 ) Hey Now Hey ( The Other Side of the Sky ) ( 1973 ) Let Me in Your Life ( 1974 ) With Everything I Feel in Me ( 1974 ) You ( 1975 ) Sparkle ( 1976 ) Sweet Passion ( 1977 ) Almighty Fire ( 1978 ) La Diva ( 1979 ) Arista Aretha ( 1980 ) Love All the Hurt Away ( 1981 ) Jump to It ( 1982 ) Get It Right ( 1983 ) Who 's Zoomin ' Who ? ( 1985 ) Aretha ( 1986 ) Through the Storm ( 1989 ) What You See Is What You Sweat ( 1991 ) A Rose Is Still a Rose ( 1998 ) So Damn Happy ( 2003 ) Other Songs of Faith ( 1956 ) This Christmas , Aretha ( 2008 ) Aretha : A Woman Falling Out of Love ( 2011 ) Aretha Franklin Sings the Great Diva Classics ( 2014 ) Live albums Aretha in Paris ( 1968 ) Aretha Live at Fillmore West ( 1971 ) Amazing Grace ( 1972 ) One Lord , One Faith , One Baptism ( 1987 ) Oh Me Oh My : Aretha Live in Philly , 1972 ( 2007 ) Compilation albums Aretha 's Gold ( 1969 ) Aretha 's Greatest Hits ( 1971 ) The Best of Aretha Franklin ( 1973 ) Aretha Sings the Blues ( 1980 ) 30 Greatest Hits ( 1985 ) Greatest Hits : 1980 -- 1994 ( 1994 ) The Very Best of Aretha Franklin , Vol. 1 ( 1994 ) The Early Years ( 1997 ) Greatest Hits ( 1998 ) Aretha 's Best ( 2001 ) Rare & Unreleased Recordings from the Golden Reign of the Queen of Soul ( 2007 ) Jewels in the Crown : All - Star Duets with the Queen ( 2007 ) A Deeper Love : The Best of Aretha Franklin ( 2009 ) The Great American Songbook ( 2011 ) Knew You Were Waiting : The Best of Aretha Franklin ( 1980 - 1998 ) ( 2012 ) Box sets Queen of Soul : The Atlantic Recordings ( 1992 / 2014 ) Take A Look : Aretha Franklin Complete on Columbia ( 2011 ) Singles `` Precious Lord ( Part 1 ) '' ( 1959 ) `` Today I Sing the Blues '' ( 1960 ) `` Wo n't Be Long '' ( 1960 ) `` Rock - a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody '' ( 1961 ) `` Operation Heartbreak '' ( 1961 ) `` I Surrender , Dear '' ( 1962 ) `` Try a Little Tenderness '' ( 1962 ) `` Say It Is n't So '' ( 1963 ) `` Skylark '' ( 1963 ) `` The Christmas Song ( Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire ) '' ( 1964 ) `` One Step Ahead '' ( 1965 ) `` You Made Me Love You '' ( 1965 ) `` Mockingbird '' ( 1967 ) `` I Never Loved a Man ( The Way I Love You ) '' ( 1967 ) `` Respect '' ( 1967 ) `` Baby I Love You '' ( 1967 ) `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' ( 1967 ) `` Do Right Woman , Do Right Man '' `` Chain of Fools '' ( 1967 ) `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' ( 1968 ) `` ( Sweet Sweet Baby ) Since You 've Been Gone '' ( 1968 ) `` Think '' ( 1968 ) `` You Send Me '' ( 1968 ) `` The House That Jack Built '' ( 1968 ) `` I Say a Little Prayer '' ( 1968 ) `` See Saw '' ( 1968 ) `` My Song '' ( 1968 ) `` The Weight '' ( 1969 ) `` Tracks of My Tears '' ( 1969 ) `` I Ca n't See Myself Leaving You '' ( 1969 ) `` Gentle on My Mind '' ( 1969 ) `` Share Your Love with Me '' ( 1969 ) `` Eleanor Rigby '' ( 1969 ) `` Call Me '' ( 1970 ) `` Son of a Preacher Man '' ( 1970 ) `` Spirit in the Dark '' ( 1970 ) `` The Thrill Is Gone '' ( 1970 ) `` Do n't Play That Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Border Song ( Holy Moses ) '' ( 1970 ) `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' ( 1971 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' ( 1971 ) `` Spanish Harlem '' ( 1971 ) `` Rock Steady '' ( 1971 ) `` Day Dreaming '' ( 1972 ) `` Wholy Holy '' ( 1972 ) `` Angel '' ( 1973 ) `` Until You Come Back to Me ( That 's What I 'm Gonna Do ) '' ( 1973 ) `` I 'm in Love '' ( 1974 ) `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' ( 1974 ) `` Something He Can Feel '' ( 1976 ) `` Break It to Me Gently '' ( 1977 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' ( 1981 ) `` It 's My Turn '' ( 1981 ) `` Jump to It '' ( 1982 ) `` Get It Right '' ( 1983 ) `` Freeway of Love '' ( 1985 ) `` Who 's Zoomin ' Who '' ( 1985 ) `` Sisters Are Doin ' It for Themselves '' ( 1985 ) `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' ( 1986 ) `` Jimmy Lee '' ( 1986 ) `` I Knew You Were Waiting ( For Me ) '' ( 1987 ) `` Oh Happy Day '' ( 1988 ) `` Gimme Your Love '' ( 1989 ) `` It Is n't , It Was n't , It Ai n't Never Gonna Be '' ( 1989 ) `` Everyday People '' ( 1991 ) `` Someday We 'll All Be Free '' ( 1992 ) `` A Deeper Love '' ( 1993 ) `` A Rose Is Still a Rose '' ( 1998 ) `` Here We Go Again '' ( 1998 ) `` Put You Up on Game '' ( 2007 ) `` Angels We Have Heard on High '' ( 2009 ) `` Rolling in the Deep ( The Aretha Version ) '' ( 2014 ) Related topics Discography Awards and nominations `` Wood Beez ( Pray Like Aretha Franklin ) '' ( by Scritti Politti ) Book Deniece Williams Studio albums This Is Niecy ( 1976 ) Song Bird ( 1977 ) When Love Comes Calling ( 1979 ) My Melody ( 1981 ) Niecy ( 1982 ) I 'm So Proud ( 1983 ) Let 's Hear It for the Boy ( 1984 ) Hot On the Trail ( 1986 ) Water Under the Bridge ( 1987 ) As Good As It Gets ( 1988 ) Love Solves It All ( 1996 ) This Is My Song ( 1998 ) Love , Niecy Style ( 2007 ) Other albums That 's What Friends Are For ( 1978 ) Singles `` Free '' ( 1976 ) `` I 've Got the Next Dance '' ( 1979 ) `` Silly '' ( 1981 ) `` It 's Gonna Take a Miracle '' ( 1982 ) `` Let 's Hear It for the Boy '' ( 1984 ) `` Next Love '' ( 1984 ) `` Black Butterfly '' ( 1984 ) Duet singles `` Too Much , Too Little , Too Late '' ( 1978 ) `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' ( 1978 ) `` Love Wo n't Let Me Wait '' ( 1984 ) Related topics Deniece Williams discography Johnny Mathis Family Ties Book : Deniece Williams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27re_All_I_Need_to_Get_By&oldid=813421228 '' Categories : 1968 singles Marvin Gaye songs Tammi Terrell songs Aretha Franklin songs Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Songs written by Nickolas Ashford Songs written by Valerie Simpson Vocal duets Johnny Mathis songs Deniece Williams songs The Angels ( American group ) songs 1967 songs Song recordings produced by Ashford & Simpson Tamla Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 3 December 2017 , at 16 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings you're all i need to get by | [
"\"You're All I Need to Get By\" is a song recorded by the American R&B/soul duo Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell and released on Motown Records' Tamla label in 1968. It was the basis for the 1995 single \"I'll Be There for You/You're All I Need to Get By\" from Method Man and Mary J. Blige."
] | [
"Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell"
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8837330232233903398 | Martin Van Buren | Martin Van Buren - wikipedia Martin Van Buren Jump to : navigation , search `` Van Buren '' redirects here . For other uses , see Van Buren ( disambiguation ) . Martin Van Buren 8th President of the United States In office March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1841 Vice President Richard M. Johnson Preceded by Andrew Jackson Succeeded by William Henry Harrison 8th Vice President of the United States In office March 4 , 1833 -- March 4 , 1837 President Andrew Jackson Preceded by John C. Calhoun Succeeded by Richard M. Johnson United States Minister to the United Kingdom In office August 8 , 1831 -- April 4 , 1832 Nominated by Andrew Jackson Preceded by Louis McLane Succeeded by Aaron Vail ( Acting ) 10th United States Secretary of State In office March 28 , 1829 -- May 23 , 1831 President Andrew Jackson Preceded by Henry Clay Succeeded by Edward Livingston 9th Governor of New York In office January 1 , 1829 -- March 12 , 1829 Lieutenant Enos T. Throop Preceded by Nathaniel Pitcher Succeeded by Enos T. Throop United States Senator from New York In office March 4 , 1821 -- December 20 , 1828 Preceded by Nathan Sanford Succeeded by Charles E. Dudley Attorney General of New York In office February 17 , 1815 -- July 8 , 1819 Governor Daniel D. Tompkins John Tayler ( Acting ) DeWitt Clinton Preceded by Abraham Van Vechten Succeeded by Thomas J. Oakley Member of the New York State Senate In office 1813 -- 1820 Preceded by Edward Philip Livingston Succeeded by John I. Miller Surrogate of Columbia County , New York In office 1808 -- 1813 Preceded by James I. Van Alen Succeeded by James Vanderpoel Personal details Maarten van Buren ( 1782 - 12 - 05 ) December 5 , 1782 Kinderhook , New York , U.S. July 24 , 1862 ( 1862 - 07 - 24 ) ( aged 79 ) Kinderhook , New York , U.S. Resting place Kinderhook Cemetery Nationality American Political party Democratic - Republican ( 1799 -- 1825 ) Democratic ( 1825 -- 48 ; 1852 -- 62 ) Free Soil ( 1848 -- 52 ) Spouse ( s ) Hannah Hoes ( m . 1807 ; d . 1819 ) Children Abraham , John , Martin Jr. , Smith , and Winfield . Parents Abraham Van Buren Maria Hoes Van Alen Profession Lawyer , politician Signature Nickname ( s ) Old Kinderhook , The Little Magician Martin Van Buren ( born Maarten van Buren ; December 5 , 1782 -- July 24 , 1862 ) was an American statesman who served as the eighth President of the United States from 1837 to 1841 . A founder of the Democratic Party , he held a number of senior positions in the U.S. Federal Government , including eighth Vice President ( 1833 -- 1837 ) and tenth Secretary of State ( 1829 -- 1831 ) , both under Andrew Jackson . Van Buren won the presidency by promising to continue Jackson 's policies . The Panic of 1837 which struck the nation combined with the growing political strength of the opposition Whig Party led to his defeat when he ran for reelection . During his half - century of public service , he built and perfected a new system of political parties at first the state and then the federal level ; at the end of his life , he was seen as a major figure of the abolitionist movement defending Abraham Lincoln 's policies during the American Civil War . Van Buren was the first President of the United States to be born a United States citizen . Of Dutch descent , he is the only U.S. President who spoke English as a second language . A delegate to a political convention at age 18 , he quickly moved from local to state politics , gaining fame both as a political organizer and an accomplished lawyer . Elected to the U.S. Senate by the New York State Legislature in 1821 , he reorganized the Democratic - Republican Party in New York and established the Albany Regency to keep it in power . Van Buren supported William H. Crawford for President in the 1824 election . John Quincy Adams was then made president in a contingent election . The supporters of Jackson , who had won a plurality of the popular and electoral vote , coalesced around Jackson to create the new Democratic Party . Van Buren , alarmed by the nationalist policies of the Adams administration , soon joined them . Van Buren was a major supporter and organizer for Jackson in the 1828 election , and ran for Governor of New York in the hope of using his personal popularity to boost Jackson 's campaign . Jackson and Van Buren were elected , and after serving as governor for two months , Van Buren resigned to become Jackson 's Secretary of State . During Jackson 's eight years as President , Van Buren was a key advisor , and built the organizational structure for the coalescing Democratic Party , particularly in New York . He resigned as Secretary of State in 1831 to help resolve the Petticoat affair . Jackson gave Van Buren a recess appointment as American Minister to Britain . Van Buren 's nomination was rejected by the Senate , cutting short his service in London , but he was elected Vice President in the 1832 election . With Jackson 's strong support , Van Buren faced little opposition for the presidential nomination at the 1835 Democratic National Convention , and he defeated several Whig opponents in the 1836 presidential election . As President , Van Buren was blamed for the depression of 1837 ; hostile newspapers called him `` Martin Van Ruin '' . He attempted to cure the economic problems by keeping control of federal funds in an independent treasury , rather than in state banks , but Congress would not approve of this until 1840 . In foreign affairs , he denied the application of Texas for admission to the Union , unwilling to upset the balance of free and slave states in the Missouri Compromise , and hoping to avoid war with Mexico over Texas annexation . Additionally , relations with Britain and its colonies in Canada proved to be strained from the bloodless Aroostook War and the Caroline Affair . In the 1840 election , Van Buren was voted out of office , losing to Whig candidate William Henry Harrison . Van Buren was the leading candidate for the Democratic nomination in 1844 , but his continued opposition to the annexation of Texas caused him to lose to James K. Polk , who went on to win the election . In the 1848 election , Van Buren ran unsuccessfully as the candidate of the anti-slavery Free Soil Party . He returned to the Democratic fold to endorse Franklin Pierce ( 1852 ) , James Buchanan ( 1856 ) , and Stephen A. Douglas ( 1860 ) for the presidency . His increasingly abolitionist views and support for the Union led him to support Abraham Lincoln after the start of the American Civil War . Van Buren 's health began to fail in 1861 , and he died in July 1862 at age 79 . He has been generally ranked as a below - average president . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Early political career 2.1 U.S. Senate and national politics 3 Secretary of State 3.1 Petticoat affair 4 Vice-Presidency 5 Presidential election of 1836 6 Presidency 1837 -- 1841 6.1 White House hostess 6.2 Panic of 1837 6.3 Indian removals 6.4 Mormons 6.5 Texas 6.6 British North America 6.7 United States v . The Amistad 6.8 Cabinet 6.9 Judicial appointments 6.10 Midterm elections of 1838 6.11 Presidential election of 1840 7 Election of 1844 8 Later life 9 Memorials and popular culture 10 See also 11 References 12 Sources 13 Further reading 13.1 Books by Van Buren 13.2 Books about Van Buren 14 External links Early Life and education ( edit ) Record of Kinderhook Dutch Reformed Church `` Maarten '' Van Buren ( Dutch sp . ) baptism December 15 , 1782 Martin Van Buren was born on December 5 , 1782 , in the village of Kinderhook , New York about 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of Albany on the Hudson River . He was the first President not born a British subject , or even of British ancestry . He was a descendant of Cornelis Maessen of the village of Buurmalsen , near the town of Buren in the Netherlands , who had come to North America in 1631 and had purchased a plot of land on Manhattan Island ; his son Martin Cornelisen took the surname Van Buren . His father , Abraham Van Buren ( 1737 -- 1817 ) , owned and operated an inn and tavern , and Martin was born in a house that was attached to the tavern . Abraham Van Buren supported the Patriot cause during the American Revolution as a captain in the Albany County Militia 's 7th Regiment , and later joined the Jeffersonian Republicans . He was active in local politics and government , and served as Kinderhook 's town clerk from 1787 to 1797 . In 1776 , Abraham Van Buren married Maria Hoes ( or Goes ) Van Alen ( 1747 -- 1818 ) , the widow of Johannes Van Alen . Although both Abraham and Maria Van Buren were fifth generation residents of the Province of New York , all of their forebears were of Dutch ancestry , as was the case for most of Kinderhook 's residents , and they still spoke Dutch as their first language . The future president was baptized on December 15 , 1782 , as `` Maarten Van Buren '' , the original Dutch spelling of his name . He had four full siblings and three half - siblings . From his mother 's first marriage : Marytje ( or Maria ) Van Alen ( 1768 -- 1829 ) , married John L. Hoes . John I. Van Alen ( 1770 -- 1805 ) James I. Van Alen ( 1772 - 1822 ) , who practiced law with Van Buren for a time and also served as a member of Congress ( 1807 -- 1809 ) . From his parents ' marriage : Dirckie `` Derike '' Van Buren ( 1777 -- 1865 ) , married Barent Hoes ( 1777 -- 1853 ) . Barent Hoes was the brother of Martin Van Buren 's wife , and served in local offices including town clerk . Jannetje ( Called `` Hannah '' or `` Jane '' ) Van Buren ( 1780 -- 1838 ) , who never married and who resided with her sister Dirckie Van Buren and brother - in - law Barent Hoes . Lawrence Van Buren ( 1786 -- 1868 ) , a store owner and attorney who served as a militia officer in the War of 1812 and held local offices including Kinderhook Town Supervisor , postmaster , and presidential elector in 1852 . Abraham Van Buren ( 1788 -- 1836 ) , an attorney who served as Columbia County Surrogate after Martin Van Buren and James I. Van Alen . Van Buren received a basic education at the village schoolhouse and briefly studied Latin at the Kinderhook Academy and at Washington Seminary in Claverack . His formal education ended in 1796 , when he began reading law at the office of Peter Silvester and his son Francis , prominent Federalist attorneys in Kinderhook . Van Buren learned early to interact with people from varied ethnic , income , and societal groups , which he would later use to his advantage as a political organizer . Hannah Van Buren He was small in stature ; as an adult he was 5 feet 6 inches tall , and was often referred to as `` Little Van . '' When he first began his legal studies , he often presented an unkempt appearance in rough , homespun clothing . The Silvesters admonished Van Buren about how crucial a lawyer 's clothing and personal appearance were to the success of his practice . He accepted their advice and patterned his clothing , appearance , bearing and conduct after theirs . After six years under the Silvesters , the elder Silvester and Democratic - Republican political figure John Peter Van Ness suggested that Van Buren 's political leanings constrained him to complete his education with a Democratic - Republican attorney . Accepting this advice , he spent a final year of apprenticeship in the New York City office of John Van Ness 's brother William P. Van Ness , a political lieutenant of Aaron Burr. Van Buren was admitted to the New York bar in 1803 . Van Buren married Hannah Hoes , his childhood sweetheart and a daughter of his first cousin , on February 21 , 1807 , in Catskill , New York . Like Van Buren , she was raised in a Dutch home ; she spoke primarily Dutch , and spoke English with a distinct accent . The couple had five sons : Abraham ( 1807 -- 1873 ) a graduate of West Point and career military officer John ( 1810 -- 1866 ) , graduate of Yale and Attorney General of New York Martin , Jr. ( 1812 -- 1855 ) , secretary to his father and editor of his father 's papers until a premature death from tuberculosis Winfield Scott ( born and died in 1814 ) Smith Thompson ( 1817 -- 1876 ) , an editor and special assistant to his father during Van Buren 's presidency . After 12 years of marriage , Hannah Van Buren contracted tuberculosis and died on February 5 , 1819 , at the age of 35 . Martin Van Buren never remarried . Early political career ( edit ) Van Buren had been active in politics from age 18 if not before ; he attended a Democratic - Republican Party convention in Troy , New York where he worked successfully to secure for John Peter Van Ness the party nomination in a special election for the 6th Congressional District seat . He formed a law partnership with his half - brother James I. Van Alen and became financially secure enough to increase his focus on politics . He was a supporter of Aaron Burr , and allied himself with the George Clinton faction of the Democratic - Republican Party . Van Buren supported Daniel D. Tompkins for Governor over incumbent Morgan Lewis in 1807 . Tompkins won , and his allies won a majority in the state legislature . As a result , Van Buren was appointed Surrogate of Columbia County , New York , replacing Van Alen , who had supported Lewis . He served as Surrogate from 1808 until 1813 , when the Federalist Party gained a majority in the state legislature and replaced him . Van Buren was a member of the New York State Senate from 1813 to 1820 , and in 1813 joined the opposition party -- New York Democratic - Republicans who fought DeWitt Clinton for control of that party in New York . Van Buren served as New York Attorney General from 1815 to 1819 . He replaced William Floyd as a presidential elector in 1820 , and voted for James Monroe and Daniel D. Tompkins . Though he never served in the military , during the War of 1812 Van Buren worked in the State Senate to pass war measures , including bills to expand the New York Militia and increase soldier pay . In addition , he was a special judge advocate appointed to serve as a prosecutor of William Hull during Hull 's court - martial following the surrender of Detroit . In the winter of 1814 -- 15 he collaborated with Winfield Scott on ways to reorganize the New York Militia in anticipation of another military campaign in 1815 . The reorganization would have included a position for Van Buren at a rank to be determined , but the war 's end in February 1815 ended their work on the project . He initially opposed DeWitt Clinton 's plan for the Erie Canal , but relented when the Bucktails , the anti-DeWitt Clinton Democratic - Republicans , were able to gain a majority on the Erie Canal Commission ; he supported a bill to finance its construction through the sale of state bonds . From 1816 to 1829 , Van Buren served as a member of the University of the State of New York Board of Regents . In 1817 , Van Buren 's connection with so - called `` machine politics '' started when he created the first political organization encompassing all of New York , the Bucktails . The Bucktails succeeded in emphasizing party loyalty and used it to capture and control many patronage posts throughout New York . Van Buren gained the nickname of `` Little Magician '' for the skill with which he exploited the `` spoils system '' . He was a member of the 1820 state constitutional convention , where he favored expanded voting rights , but opposed universal suffrage and tried to maintain property requirements for voting . He was the leading figure in the Albany Regency , a group of Bucktail leaders who for more than a generation dominated New York politics and influenced national politics . The Regency , together with other political organizations such as Tammany Hall , played a major role in expanding the spoils system and making it a recognized and accepted procedure . While organizing and overseeing the operations of the Regency , Van Buren resided in Albany ; his housemate was Roger Skinner , a lifelong bachelor who was also a key Van Buren lieutenant in the State Senate and as Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York . Van Buren was the prime architect of the first nationwide political party : the Jacksonian Democrats or Democratic Party , which evolved from the Democratic - Republicans and relied on party loyalty and patronage to prevent contentious sectional issues , including tariffs and slavery , from becoming national crises . In Van Buren 's words , `` Without strong national political organizations , there would be nothing to moderate the prejudices between free and slaveholding states . '' As had James Madison and other Democratic Party organizers who favored states ' rights and local control , Van Buren was struggling to find an institutional solution to the Constitution 's seeming inability to prevent concentration of power in an administrative republic . Early in his life Van Buren owned a slave , a man named Tom who served as his personal valet . Tom ran away in 1814 and eventually settled in Canada , with Van Buren making no effort to locate him . In 1824 Tom was found to be living in Worcester , Massachusetts . Since he still legally owned Tom ( under New York 's gradual emancipation law , slavery was scheduled to be completely abolished in the state in 1827 ) , Van Buren privately agreed to sell Tom to the finder for $50 , provided the finder , a resident of Rensselaer County , could guarantee that Tom would be captured without violence . He could not make such a guarantee , and his willingness to pay was lessened by the knowledge that Tom would be emancipated in fewer than three years even if he was re-enslaved , so Tom remained free , as Van Buren probably intended . ( Allowing Tom to remain in Massachusetts unmolested without notice enabled Van Buren to avoid offending southern slave owners , as he would do if he publicly allowed a former slave to remain free . At the same time , he avoided offending northern abolitionists , which he would do if he captured and re-enslaved a former slave . ) U.S. Senate and National politics ( edit ) Gubernatorial portrait of Martin Van Buren by Daniel Huntington In February 1821 Van Buren was elected a U.S. Senator from New York , defeating incumbent Nathan Sanford , who ran as the Clintonian candidate . Van Buren initially favored internal improvements , such as road repairs and canal construction ; he proposed a constitutional amendment in 1824 to authorize such undertakings , but changed his position the following year . He voted for the tariffs of 1824 and 1828 , and then gradually abandoned this protectionist position , later supporting tariffs `` for revenue only . '' In the presidential election of 1824 , Van Buren supported the nominee of a Congressional caucus , Treasury Secretary William H. Crawford , and received the electoral votes of Georgia for Vice President . None of the presidential candidates -- Crawford , John Quincy Adams , Andrew Jackson , or Henry Clay -- had received a majority of the electoral college votes , so the choice fell to the United States House of Representatives . The House had to choose from among the top three candidates , so Clay was eliminated . Van Buren had originally hoped to block John Quincy Adams by denying him the state of New York , which was divided between supporters of Crawford and Adams . However , Representative Stephen Van Rensselaer swung New York to Adams . Adams won , and appointed Clay as Secretary of State . Because Clay had supported Adams in the House election , Jackson and Crawford supporters alleged corruption . After the House contest , Van Buren shrewdly kept out of the controversy which followed , and began looking forward to 1828 . He switched his support early from Crawford , whose ill health after a stroke had made him a less than viable candidate , to Andrew Jackson , who had won the popular vote in 1824 . Jackson was angered to see the presidency go to Adams after he received fewer popular votes , and eagerly looked forward to a rematch . Always notably courteous in his treatment of opponents , Van Buren showed no bitterness toward either Adams or Henry Clay , and he voted for Clay 's confirmation as Secretary of State , notwithstanding Jackson 's `` corrupt bargain '' charge . At the same time , he opposed the Adams - Clay plans for internal infrastructure improvements ( roads , canals , bridges , etc . ) and declined to support U.S. participation in the Congress of Panama . As chair of the Judiciary Committee , he brought forward a number of measures for the improvement of judicial procedure , including one ( not adopted ) , which would have required a super-majority vote by the United States Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional . In May 1826 , Van Buren joined with Senator Thomas Hart Benton in reporting on patronage in the executive branch , going against his own use of the spoils system to propose , in vain , that Presidents not be able to remove officeholders at will , and that Presidents report to Congress on the reason for dismissal of federal position holders . The 1828 `` Tariff of Abominations '' was recognized as his work . Since Democrats , especially Southerners , were generally opposed to tariffs that increased the price of manufactured goods from the North but did not benefit the raw materials produced in the South , Van Buren could normally have been expected to oppose tariffs . Political observers of the time viewed Van Buren 's efforts to pass the 1828 tariff as part of the campaign to elect Jackson as President . Anticipating that most Southerners would vote for Andrew Jackson no matter who else was running , Van Buren intended the tariff proposed by Jackson 's Northern Democratic supporters in Congress to attract to Jackson 's candidacy Northern voters , who generally favored high tariffs to protect the manufactured goods they produced . Van Buren voted in favor , later adopting the cover story that he had done so only in response to instructions from the New York State Legislature . Most Democrats , especially Southerners , continued to oppose tariffs after 1828 . Van Buren 's political opponents in the Democratic Party used his 1828 vote against him for years afterwards to prevent him from obtaining Southern support for his candidacies . Van Buren was not an exceptional orator like Henry Clay or Daniel Webster , but his more important speeches show careful preparation and his opinions carried weight ; the oft - repeated charge that he refrained from declaring himself on crucial questions is hardly borne out by scrutiny of his senatorial career . In February 1827 , he was re-elected to the Senate by a large majority . He became one of the recognized managers of the Jackson campaign , and his tour of Virginia , the Carolinas , and Georgia in the spring of 1827 won support for Jackson from Crawford as Van Buren sought to reorganize and unify `` the old Republican party '' behind Jackson . At the state level , Jackson 's committee chairs would split up the responsibilities around the state and organize volunteers at the local level . `` Hurra Boys '' would plant hickory trees ( in honor of Jackson 's nickname , `` Old Hickory '' ) or hand out hickory sticks at rallies . In 1828 Van Buren ran for Governor of New York in an effort to use his personal popularity to bolster Jackson 's chances of carrying New York in the presidential election . Jackson defeated Adams handily , leading the pro-Adams New York American to editorialize `` Organization is the secret of victory . By the want of it we have been overthrown . '' Van Buren won his election , and resigned from the Senate to start the gubernatorial term , which began on January 1 , 1829 . Van Buren 's tenure as New York governor is the second shortest on record . While his term was short , he did manage to pass the Bank Safety Fund Law ( an early form of deposit insurance ) through the Legislature . Secretary of state ( edit ) On March 5 , 1829 , President Jackson appointed Van Buren Secretary of State , an office which probably had been promised him before the 1828 elections , and Van Buren resigned the governorship on March 12 . He was succeeded by his Lieutenant Governor , Enos T. Throop , a member of the Regency . As Secretary of State , Van Buren sought congeniality with the Kitchen Cabinet , Jackson 's informal advisers . He sometimes opposed Jackson in the matter of removing political appointees from office to replace them with Jackson loyalists , but also saw to the replacement of postmasters in New York with Van Buren loyalists . In July 1829 , Rutgers College awarded Van Buren the honorary degree of LL. D . No serious diplomatic crises arose during Van Buren 's tenure , but he achieved several notable successes , such as settling long - standing claims against France and winning reparations for property that had been seized during the Napoleonic Wars . He reached an agreement with the British to open trade with the British West Indies colonies and concluded a treaty with the Ottoman Empire that gained American merchants access to the Black Sea . Items on which he did not achieve success included settling the Maine - New Brunswick boundary dispute with Great Britain , gaining settlement of the U.S. claim to the Oregon Country , concluding a commercial treaty with Russia , and persuading Mexico to sell Texas . Van Buren also advised Jackson informally on matters of domestic policy -- in the controversy over the Bank of the United States , he sided with Jackson . He also allied with Jackson on the Indian Removal Act . After the breach between Jackson and Calhoun , which culminated with the Nullification Crisis , Van Buren 's position as one of Jackson 's primary political supporters and policy advisors clearly branded him as the most prominent candidate for the vice presidency in 1832 , and Jackson 's most likely successor in 1836 . Petticoat Affair ( edit ) Mrs Floride Calhoun , a leader of the `` petticoats '' Further information : Petticoat affair In Jackson 's first term , Van Buren won the president 's lasting regard by his courtesies to Peggy Eaton , wife of Secretary of War John H. Eaton , whom the wives of the cabinet members and others had shunned over the circumstances surrounding their marriage and her alleged moral failures as a cabinet wife . Led by Floride Calhoun , wife of Vice President Calhoun , these women ( the `` petticoats '' ) socially ostracized the Eatons , refused to pay courtesy calls at their home or receive them as visitors , and denied them invitations to social events . Because Calhoun was the most visible opponent of the Jackson administration , Jackson felt that Calhoun and other anti-Jackson officials were fanning the flames of the Peggy Eaton controversy to gain political leverage . As a widower , Van Buren was unaffected by the position of the Cabinet wives , and he supported Jackson 's position that criticism of the Eatons would not be tolerated . By siding with Jackson , Van Buren helped create a counter-coalition that weakened Calhoun . The dispute was resolved when Van Buren offered to resign ; in April 1831 , Jackson accepted , and took the opportunity to reorganize his cabinet by asking for the resignations of Cabinet members whose wives were part of the anti-Eaton coalition . Postmaster General William T. Barry , who had sided with Jackson and Van Buren , was the lone cabinet member to stay , and Eaton eventually received appointments that took him away from Washington , first as governor of Florida Territory , and then as minister to Spain . Vice-presidency ( edit ) After resigning as Secretary of State , Van Buren remained in office until June 1831 , and continued to play a part in Jackson 's Kitchen Cabinet . In August 1831 Jackson gave Van Buren a recess appointment as Minister to the Court of St. James ( Britain ) and he arrived in London in September . He was cordially received , but in February he learned his nomination was rejected by the Senate on January 25 , 1832 . The rejection was attributed to Van Buren 's instructions while Secretary of State to Louis McLane , the American minister to Britain , which concerned the opening of the West Indies trade , and repudiated the foreign policy of Jackson 's predecessors , which the Senate claimed was a breach of decorum . The rejection of Van Buren was essentially the work of Calhoun , who had opposed Van Buren 's confirmation , believing that Van Buren had attempted to keep him from becoming vice president by making overtures to Henry Clay to run on a ticket with William H. Crawford , Van Buren 's preferred candidate for president in 1824 . Calhoun also opposed Van Buren for his role in the Petticoat Affair and his work on the 1828 tariff . When the vote on Van Buren 's nomination was taken , enough pro-Calhoun Democrats refrained from voting to produce a tie , thus giving Calhoun , in his role as presiding officer , the ability to cast a vote . He voted against Van Buren , and so achieved `` vengeance '' on Van Buren . Calhoun was elated , convinced that he had ended Van Buren 's career . `` It will kill him dead , sir , kill him dead . He will never kick , sir , never kick , '' Calhoun exclaimed to a friend within earshot of Missouri Senator Thomas Hart Benton . A painting of Van Buren by Francis Alexander , c. 1830 -- 1840 Benton recognized the significance of Calhoun 's action , saying `` You have broken a minister and made a vice president . '' John Tyler , then serving as a Senator from Virginia , also recognized Calhoun 's overreach , writing to a friend that `` Van Buren is elevated by the silly thing of rejecting him . '' As Benton and Tyler foresaw , Calhoun 's move backfired , by making Van Buren appear the victim of petty politics , thus raising him in both Jackson 's regard and the esteem of others in the Democratic Party . Far from ending Van Buren 's career , Calhoun 's action gave greater impetus to Van Buren 's candidacy for vice president . After a brief tour of Europe , Van Buren reached New York on July 5 , 1832 . The May 1832 Democratic National Convention , the party 's first , had nominated him for vice president on the Jackson ticket . Van Buren 's nomination was not as strongly supported as Jackson 's , particularly among southerners who recalled his work on the tariff in 1828 , but he somewhat placated southerners by denying the right of Congress to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia without the consent of the slave states . The Jackson - Van Buren ticket won the election of 1832 by a landslide , and Van Buren took office as Vice President in March 1833 . During his time in office Van Buren continued to be one of Jackson 's primary advisors and confidants , and accompanied Jackson on his tour of the northeastern United States in 1833 . Jackson 's confidence in Van Buren was further demonstrated after Jackson named Benjamin F. Butler , Van Buren 's political ally and former law partner , to serve as Attorney General , and John Forsyth , another Van Buren ally , to serve as Secretary of State . Van Buren 's support of Jackson in the Nullification Crisis and the decision not to recharter the Second Bank of the United States made him a target of Jackson 's most vocal opponents . Van Buren was threatened with violence , including explicit comments from Senator George Poindexter of Mississippi , which prompted Van Buren to carry pistols for self - defense . However he also demonstrated both the willingness and the ability to work with his opponents , cooperating with Clay and Calhoun ( now a Senator ) to pass the compromise Tariff of 1833 , which helped end the Nullification Crisis . During one contentious debate on the bank issue , Van Buren presided over the Senate as Clay spoke passionately about the harm he believed Jackson 's bank policy would cause . Directing his remarks to Van Buren , Clay asked rhetorically whether Van Buren would approach Jackson and persuade him to change his mind . After Clay concluded , observers wondered how Van Buren would react . Van Buren 's response was to descend from the rostrum and ask Clay if he could borrow a pinch of snuff . Caught off guard , Clay reflexively handed over his snuff box . Van Buren took a pinch , bowed to Clay , and left the chamber , both deflating the effect of Clay 's remarks and preventing tension from escalating , as would have happened if Van Buren had attempted to reply directly . Presidential election of 1836 ( edit ) Main article : United States presidential election , 1836 1836 electoral vote results Jackson , not running in 1836 , was determined to make Van Buren his successor in order to continue the Jackson administration 's policies . This conclusion on Jackson 's part soon became public . When the Democratic Convention met in Baltimore , Maryland in May , 1835 , 18 months before the election , the delegates nominated Van Buren unanimously . Two names were put forward for the vice-presidential nomination : Representative Richard M. Johnson of Kentucky , and former senator William Cabell Rives of Virginia . Southern Democrats , and Van Buren himself , strongly preferred Rives. Jackson , on the other hand , strongly preferred Johnson . Again , Jackson 's considerable influence prevailed , however , Johnson received the required two - thirds vote only after New York Senator Silas Wright prevailed upon non-delegate Edward Rucker to cast the 15 votes of the absent Tennessee delegation in his favor . On the issue of slavery , Van Buren moved to obtain the support of southerners by assuring them that he opposed abolitionism and supported the maintaining of slavery in states where it had already existed . Regarding the national bank , Van Buren made clear that he opposed rechartering a national bank . To demonstrate consistency regarding his opinions on slavery , Van Buren cast the tie - breaking Senate vote in favor of engrossing a bill to subject abolitionist mail to state laws , thus ensuring that its circulation would be prohibited in the South . Martin Van Buren 's competitors in the election of 1836 were three members of the newly established Whig Party . Still a loose coalition bound by mutual opposition to Jackson 's anti-bank policies but lacking the party unity or organizational strength to field a single ticket or define a coherent platform , the Whigs ran several regional candidates in hopes of sending the election to the House of Representatives , where each state delegation would have one vote and the Whigs would stand a better chance of winning . They were : Hugh White of Tennessee , Daniel Webster of Massachusetts , and William Henry Harrison of Indiana . Besides endorsing internal improvements and a national bank , the Whigs tried to tie Democrats to abolitionism and sectional tension , and attacked Jackson for `` acts of aggression and usurpation of power . '' The Whigs nominated New York Anti-Mason Francis Granger and former Democrat John Tyler of Virginia for vice president . Richard Johnson , Van Buren 's running mate , was a hero of the War of 1812 , and claimed to have killed Tecumseh at the Battle of the Thames . Since Harrison was campaigning for president as the `` hero of Tippecanoe , '' Johnson 's friends countered with : Rumpsey , dumpsey , rumpsey dumpsey , Colonel Johnson killed Tecumseh ! Van Buren won the election with 764,198 popular votes , only 50.9 percent of the total , and 170 electoral votes . Harrison led the Whigs with 73 electoral votes , White receiving 26 and Webster 14 . Willie P. Mangum of South Carolina received his state 's 11 electoral votes . Van Buren 's victory resulted from a combination of his own attractive political and personal qualities , Jackson 's popularity and endorsement , the organizational power of the Democratic party , and the inability of the Whig Party -- at this point -- to muster an effective candidate and campaign . Johnson , however , received only 147 electoral votes , 70 more than his closest contender , Francis Granger , but one less than the number required to elect . Virginia 's electors had remained loyal to Van Buren , who carried the state by a close margin , but instead , they all refused to vote for Johnson . Van Buren was the first president to be born after the United States Declaration of Independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain . On February 8 , 1837 , the U.S. Senate convened , and in accordance with the Twelfth Amendment chose the vice president from the two top electoral vote recipients , Johnson , and Granger . Johnson won the contingent vote , 33 - 17 , and became the nation 's ninth vice president . Presidency 1837 -- 1841 ( edit ) File : VAN BUREN , Martin - President ( BEP engraved portrait ). jpg BEP engraved portrait of Van Buren as President Main article : Presidency of Martin Van Buren White House hostess ( edit ) For the first half of his presidency , Van Buren , who had been a widower for many years , did not have a specific person fill the role of White House hostess at administration social events , but tried to assume such duties himself . When his eldest son Abraham Van Buren married Angelica Singleton in 1838 , he quickly acted to install his daughter - in - law as his hostess . She solicited the advice of her distant relative , Dolley Madison , who had moved back to Washington after her husband 's death , and soon the president 's parties livened up . After the 1839 New Year 's Eve reception , the Boston Post raved : `` ( Angelica Van Buren is a ) lady of rare accomplishments , very modest yet perfectly easy and graceful in her manners and free and vivacious in her conversation ... universally admired . '' As the nation endured a deep economic depression , Angelica van Buren 's receiving style at receptions was influenced by her heavy reading on European court life ( and her naive delight in being received as the Queen of the United States when she visited the royal courts of England and France after her marriage ) . Newspaper coverage of this , in addition to the claim that she intended to re-landscape the White House grounds to resemble the royal gardens of Europe , was used in a political attack on her father - in - law by a Pennsylvania Whig Congressman Charles Ogle . He referred obliquely to her as part of the presidential `` household '' in his famous Gold Spoon Oration . The attack was delivered in Congress and the depiction of the President as living a royal lifestyle was a primary factor in his defeat for re-election . Panic of 1837 ( edit ) The modern balaam and his ass , an 1837 caricature placing the blame for the Panic of 1837 and the perilous state of the banking system on outgoing President Andrew Jackson , shown riding a donkey , while President Martin Van Buren comments approvingly . When Van Buren entered office , the nation 's economic health had taken a turn for the worse and the prosperity of the early 1830s was over . Two months into his presidency , on May 10 , 1837 , some important state banks in New York , running out of hard currency reserves , refused to convert paper money into gold or silver , and other financial institutions throughout the nation quickly followed suit . This financial crisis would become known as the Panic of 1837 . The Panic was followed by a five - year depression in which banks failed and unemployment reached record highs . Van Buren blamed the economic collapse on greedy American and foreign business and financial institutions , as well as the over-extension of credit by U.S. banks . Whig leaders in Congress blamed the Democrats , along with Andrew Jackson 's economic policies , specifically his 1836 Specie Circular . Cries of `` rescind the circular ! '' went up and former President Jackson sent word to Van Buren asking him not to rescind the order , believing that it had to be given enough time to work . Others , like Nicholas Biddle , believed that Jackson 's dismantling of the Bank of the United States was directly responsible for the irresponsible creation of paper money by the state banks which had precipitated this panic . To deal with the crisis , the Whigs proposed rechartering the national bank . The president countered by proposing the establishment of an independent U.S. treasury , which would take the politics out of the nation 's money supply ; the government would hold all of its money balances in the form of gold or silver and would be restricted from printing paper money at will , a measure designed to prevent inflation . Van Buren announced his proposal in September 1837 ; but that was too much for state banking interests , and an alliance of conservative Democrats and Whigs prevented it from becoming law until 1840 . The independent treasury lasted only one year -- the Whigs , who won a congressional majority and the presidency in the 1840 elections , promptly repealed the law . By the time Congress finally acted , the nation 's economy had been mired in a depression for nearly four years ; the problems would continue into the early 1840s . More important for Van Buren 's immediate future , the depression would be a major issue in his upcoming re-election campaign . Indian removals ( edit ) In 1838 , Van Buren directed General Winfield Scott to forcibly institute the removal of all those Cherokee who had not complied with the 1835 Treaty of New Echota -- by departing from the Southeastern United States and moving west ( to present day Oklahoma ) . The Cherokee were herded violently into internment camps , where they were kept for the summer of 1838 . The actual transportation west was delayed by intense heat and drought , but in the fall , the Cherokee reluctantly agreed to transport themselves west . During the Cherokee removal , part of the Trail of Tears , some 20,000 people were involuntarily relocated . In the course of Van Buren 's presidency the federal government negotiated 19 treaties with Indian nations . The administration also contended with the Seminole in Florida , who engaged the army in a seven - year battle . Known as the Second Seminole War , the battle began in 1835 during Jackson 's presidency . Fighting was not resolved until 1842 , after Van Buren had left office . It is regarded as the longest and most costly of the nation 's Indian conflicts . Mormons ( edit ) In 1839 , Joseph Smith , Jr. , the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement , visited Van Buren to plead for the U.S. to help roughly 20,000 Mormon settlers of Independence , Missouri ( who were forced from the state during the 1838 Mormon War . ) The Governor of Missouri , Lilburn Boggs , had issued an executive order on October 27 , 1838 , known as the `` Extermination Order '' . It authorized troops to use force against Mormons to `` exterminate or drive ( them ) from the state '' . In 1839 , after moving to Illinois , Smith and his party appealed to members of Congress and to President Van Buren to intercede for the Mormons . According to Smith 's grandnephew , Van Buren said to Smith , `` Your cause is just , but I can do nothing for you ; if I take up for you I shall lose the vote of Missouri '' . Texas ( edit ) In a bold step , Van Buren reversed Andrew Jackson 's policies and sought peace at home , as well as abroad . Instead of settling a financial dispute between American citizens and the Mexican government by force , Van Buren wanted to seek a diplomatic solution . In an action that upset political leaders of the pro-slavery states , in August 1837 , Van Buren denied Texas ' formal request to join the United States , partly to prevent the upset of the slave state / free state balance in the Missouri Compromise , and partly because he hoped to avoid a possible war with Mexico over Texas annexation . British North America ( edit ) British subjects in Lower Canada ( now Quebec ) and Upper Canada ( now Ontario ) rose in rebellion in 1837 and 1838 respectively , protesting their lack of responsible government . The rebellion in Upper Canada was led by William Lyon Mackenzie and Charles Duncombe . `` Destruction of the Caroline '' , illustration by John Charles Dent ( 1881 ) While the initial insurrection in Upper Canada ended quickly ( following the December 7 Battle of Montgomery 's Tavern ) , many of the rebels fled across the Niagara River into New York , where Mackenzie began recruiting volunteers in Buffalo . On December 13 , Mackenzie declared establishment of the Republic of Canada and put into motion a plan whereby volunteers would invade Upper Canada from Navy Island on the Canadian side of the Niagara River . Several hundred volunteers procured the steamboat Caroline to deliver supplies and arms to Navy Island from Fort Schlosser . To deter an imminent invasion , British forces crossed to the American bank of the river , where they burned and sank the ship . When an American was killed and others wounded , considerable sentiment arose within the United States to declare war , and a British ship was burned in revenge . Soon afterward , Mackenzie 's `` republic '' collapsed , and the rebels withdrew into the U.S. ; the initial uprising in Lower Canada by then collapsed as well . Van Buren , looking to avoid a war with Great Britain , sent General Winfield Scott to the border with broad discretionary powers for its protection and its peace . Scott impressed upon American citizens the need for a peaceful resolution to the crisis , and made it clear that the U.S. government would not support adventuresome Americans attacking the British . Also , in early January 1838 , the president proclaimed U.S. neutrality with regard to the Canadian independence issue , a declaration which Congress endorsed by passing a neutrality law discouraging the participation of American citizens in foreign conflicts . Simultaneously Charles Duncombe and Robert Nelson helped foment a largely American militia , the Hunters ' Lodge / Frères chasseurs , which carried out several attacks in Upper Canada between December 1837 and December 1838 , collectively known as the Patriot War . The administration followed through on its enforcement of the Neutrality Act , encouraged the prosecution of filibusters , and actively deterred U.S. citizens from subversive activities abroad . In the long term , the Patriot War contributed to the construction of healthy Anglo -- American and U.S. -- Canadian relationships in the 20th century ; it also led , more immediately , to a backlash among citizens against the overreach of federal authority , which hurt congressional Democrats in the 1838 midterm elections . Another crisis surfaced in late 1838 , in the disputed territory on the Maine -- New Brunswick frontier , where Americans were settling on disputed land claimed by the United States and Great Britain . Both American and New Brunswick lumberjacks cut timber in the disputed territory during the winter of 1838 -- 39 . On December 29 , New Brunswick lumbermen were spotted cutting down trees on an American 's estate near the Aroostook River . American woodcutters rushed to stand guard . A shouting match , known as the Battle of Caribou , ensued . Tensions quickly boiled over into a near war with both Maine and New Brunswick arresting each other 's citizens . The crisis seemed ready to turn into an armed conflict . British troops began to gather on the Saint John River . The American press clamored for war ; `` Maine and her soil , or BLOOD ! '' screamed one editorial . `` Let the sword be drawn and the scabbard thrown away ! '' Congress authorized 50,000 troops and a $10 million budget . To settle the crisis , Van Buren met with the British minister to the United States . They agreed to resolve the border issue diplomatically . Van Buren also sent General Scott to the northern border area to show military resolve and more importantly to lower the tensions . Scott successfully convinced all sides to submit the border issue to arbitration . The dispute was put to rest a few years later , with the signing of the 1842 Webster -- Ashburton Treaty . United States V. . The Amistad ( edit ) The Amistad case was a freedom suit that involved international issues and parties , as well as United States law , resulting from the rebellion of Africans on board the Spanish schooner La Amistad in 1839 , . The Van Buren administration supported the Spanish government 's demand that the ship and its cargo ( including the Africans ) be turned over to them . When a Federal District Court judge ruled that the Africans were legally free and should be transported home , the administration appealed the case to the Supreme Court . In February 1840 , former President ( and sitting U.S. Representative from Massachusetts ) John Quincy Adams argued passionately for the Africans ' right to freedom . Attorney General Henry D. Gilpin presented the government 's case . In March 1841 , the Supreme Court issued its final verdict : the Amistad Africans were free people and should be allowed to return home . The unique nature of the case , people of color testifying in federal court , and being represented by prominent lawyers , heightened public interest in the saga , as did the participation of former president Adams . The Amistad case drew attention to the personal tragedies of slavery and attracted new support for the growing abolition movement in the North . It also transformed the courts into the principal forum for a national debate on the legal foundations of slavery . Cabinet ( edit ) Portrait of Martin Van Buren The Van Buren Cabinet Office Name Term President Martin Van Buren 1837 -- 1841 Vice President Richard Mentor Johnson 1837 -- 1841 Secretary of State John Forsyth 1837 -- 1841 Secretary of Treasury Levi Woodbury 1837 -- 1841 Secretary of War Joel R. Poinsett 1837 -- 1841 Attorney General Benjamin Butler 1837 -- 1838 Felix Grundy 1838 -- 1840 Henry D. Gilpin 1840 -- 1841 Postmaster General Amos Kendall 1837 -- 1840 John M. Niles 1840 -- 1841 Secretary of the Navy Mahlon Dickerson 1837 -- 1838 James K. Paulding 1838 -- 1841 Martin Van Buren announced his intention `` to follow in the footsteps of his illustrious predecessor '' , and retained all but one of Jackson 's cabinet . Judicial appointments ( edit ) Main article : Martin Van Buren judicial appointments Van Buren appointed two Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States : John McKinley -- confirmed September 25 , 1837 Peter Vivian Daniel -- confirmed March 2 , 1841 Van Buren also appointed eight other federal judges , all to United States district courts . Midterm elections of 1838 ( edit ) The Panic of 1837 loomed large over the 1838 election cycle , as the carryover effects of the economic downturn led to Whig gains in both the U.S. House and Senate . Also , while the Democratic Party retained a majority in both chambers , a split among House Democrats led to Whig Congressman Robert M.T. Hunter being elected Speaker of the House for the 26th Congress . Likewise , state elections in 1837 and 1838 were disastrous for the Democrats , and the partial economic recovery in 1838 was offset by a second commercial crisis later that year . Presidential election of 1840 ( edit ) Main article : United States presidential election , 1840 1840 electoral vote results Van Buren easily won renomination for a second term at the 1840 Democratic National Convention , but he and his party faced a difficult election in 1840 . Van Buren 's presidency had been problematic , with the U.S. economy mired in a severe downturn ; also of concern were several divisive issues -- slavery , western expansion , and tensions with Great Britain -- that provided opportunities for Van Buren 's political opponents , and even some fellow Democrats to criticize him . Although Van Buren 's renomination was never in doubt , Democratic strategists began to question the wisdom of keeping Johnson on the ticket . Even former president Jackson conceded that Johnson was a liability and insisted on former House Speaker James K. Polk of Tennessee as Van Buren 's new running mate . With William Henry Harrison , Johnson 's former commander and comrade - in - arms and the `` Hero of Tippecanoe , '' emerging as a likely Whig presidential contender , Van Buren was reluctant to drop the Democrats ' own hero from the ticket . The convention decided to allow state Democratic Party leaders to select the vice-presidential candidates for their states . The Whigs did select Harrison as their nominee , and presented him to the nation as the antithesis of the president , whom they derided as ineffective , corrupt , and effete . Van Buren was blamed for the hard economic times , and ridiculed as `` Martin Van Ruin '' . Van Buren 's rather elegant personal style was also an easy target for Whig attacks , such as the Gold Spoon Oration . Van Buren remained optimistic about his chances for reelection until October 1840 , by which time it became unlikely that he would defeat Harrison . An astonishing 80 percent of eligible voters went to the polls on election day . Harrison won by a popular vote of 1,275,612 to 1,130,033 , and an electoral vote margin of 234 to 60 . Additionally , Whigs won majorities for the first time in both the U.S. House and the Senate . A linguistic legacy of the 1840 campaign was attributed to Van Buren himself -- the expression `` OK . '' Although some language experts attribute OK to other proposed origins , including words from the Choctaw or Wolof languages , and others to an abbreviation of `` oll korrect , '' misspellings attributed to Andrew Jackson , the prevailing opinion is that it derives from `` Old Kinderhook , '' one of the many nicknames for Van Buren . The first recorded use of `` OK '' in the sense of approval dates back to 1839 when a newspaper referred to a Democratic meeting of `` the roarers , the butt - enders , ringtails and OKs , '' adding , `` the allusion was probably to those who put their OK on the nomination of Van Buren . '' Election of 1844 ( edit ) On the expiration of his term , Van Buren returned to his estate , Lindenwald in Kinderhook , where he planned his return to the White House . He seemed likely to be nominated by the Democrats in 1844 , but in April of that year a Van Buren letter to William H. Hammett was made public . In it , Van Buren opposed the immediate annexation of Texas , but said that he would support annexation once the state of war between Texas and Mexico was resolved . President John Tyler had pursued the annexation of Texas as his chief foreign policy goal , and many Democrats , particularly in the South , were anxious to quickly complete the annexation of Texas . Van Buren 's opposition to immediate annexation cost him the support of pro-slavery Democrats ; he began the Democratic National Convention with a majority of the delegates , but with no southern support he could not reach the two - thirds threshold required for nomination . He won 146 of the 266 votes on the first presidential ballot , with only 12 of his votes coming from Southern states . Van Buren 's name was withdrawn after eight ballots , and a dark horse , James K. Polk , received the nomination and went on to win the 1844 presidential election . After taking office , Polk used George Bancroft as an intermediary to offer Van Buren the ambassadorship to London . Van Buren declined , partly because he was upset with Polk over the treatment the Van Buren delegates had received at the 1844 convention , and partly because he was content in his retirement . Later Life ( edit ) 1858 portrait by GPA Healy , on display at the White House Van Buren had resisted the slightest interference with the institution of slavery in the states where it existed . After leaving the White House , Van Buren grew increasingly opposed to slavery , and his earlier views about its constitutional standing gave way over time to acceptance of anti-slavery positions including opposing slavery 's expansion into newly organized western states . In 1848 , he was nominated for president by two minor parties , first by the `` Barnburner '' faction of the Democratic Party in New York , then by the Free Soil Party , with whom the `` Barnburners '' coalesced . The Barnburners and Free Soilers opposed Democratic nominee Lewis Cass , who opposed the Wilmot Proviso and was otherwise seen as friendly to slavery . In addition , Van Buren , who had been denied the 1844 nomination in part due to the efforts of Cass supporters , may have run in order to exact a measure of revenge by denying Cass the presidency . Van Buren won no electoral votes , but finished second to Whig nominee Zachary Taylor in New York , taking enough votes from Cass to give the state -- and perhaps the election -- to Taylor . Daguerreotype of Martin Van Buren , circa 1855 Unlike many anti-slavery Democrats of the 1840s and 1850s , who later joined the Republican Party , Van Buren and most of his followers remained in the Democratic fold . Those followers include his son John Van Buren and Samuel J. Tilden , who later served as Governor of New York and was the Democratic nominee for President in 1876 . Van Buren supported Franklin Pierce for President in 1852 , and James Buchanan in 1856 , though he later opposed the Buchanan administration 's efforts to accommodate the southern states when they threatened secession . In the election of 1860 , he supported Stephen A. Douglas , the candidate of northern Democrats , and helped create a fusion ticket in New York of Democratic electors pledged to both Douglas and John C. Breckinridge , but Abraham Lincoln carried New York and every northern state except New Jersey . Once the American Civil War began , Van Buren made public his support for the Union , and supported Abraham Lincoln 's efforts to prevent the southern states from seceding . In April 1861 , former President Pierce wrote to the other living former Presidents and asked them to consider meeting in order to use their stature and influence to propose a negotiated end to the war . Pierce asked Van Buren to use his role as the senior living ex-President to issue a formal call . Van Buren 's reply suggested that Buchanan should be the one to call the meeting , since he was the former President who had served most recently , or that Pierce should issue the call himself if he strongly believed in the merit of his proposal . Neither Buchanan nor Pierce was willing to make Pierce 's proposal public , and nothing more resulted from it . Van Buren 's health began to fail later in 1861 , and he was bedridden with pneumonia during the fall and winter of 1861 -- 62 . He did not recover , and died of bronchial asthma and heart failure at his Lindenwald estate in Kinderhook at 2 : 00 a.m. on July 24 , 1862 , at the age of 79 . He is buried in the Kinderhook Reformed Dutch Church Cemetery , as are his wife Hannah , his parents , and his son Martin Van Buren , Jr . He is the only U.S. president to have been alive during both the U.S. Revolutionary War and the U.S. Civil War . As of 2017 , he is the most recent Democrat elected to succeed an incumbent Democratic president who had served two presidential terms . Memorials and popular culture ( edit ) Main article : List of memorials to Martin Van Buren Van Buren 's home in Kinderhook , New York , which he called Lindenwald , is now the Martin Van Buren National Historic Site . Counties are named for Van Buren in Michigan , Iowa , Arkansas , and Tennessee . A mountain , a ship , three state parks and numerous towns were named after him . During the 1988 presidential campaign , George H.W. Bush , a Yale University graduate and member of the Skull and Bones secret society , was attempting to become the first incumbent Vice President to win election to the presidency since Van Buren . In the comic strip Doonesbury artist Garry Trudeau depicted members of Skull and Bones as attempting to rob Van Buren 's grave , apparently intending to use the relics in a ritual that would aid Bush in the election . On the television show Seinfeld , the episode `` The Van Buren Boys '' is about a fictional street gang that admires Van Buren and bases its rituals and symbols on him , including the hand sign of eight fingers pointing up . Eight fingers signifies Van Buren , the eighth President . Van Buren is portrayed by Nigel Hawthorne in the 1997 film Amistad . The film depicts the controversy and legal battle surrounding the status of slaves who in 1839 rebelled against their transporters on La Amistad slave ship . See also ( edit ) Book : Presidents of the United States ( 1789 -- 1860 ) American election campaigns in the 19th century Charlotte Dupuy , slave who worked for Van Buren at Decatur House , while her suit for freedom against Henry Clay proceeded List of Presidents of the United States List of Presidents of the United States , sortable by previous experience List of Presidents of the United States who owned slaves U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps References ( edit ) Jump up ^ pronunciation ( help info ) ^ Jump up to : `` Martin Van Buren : Life in Brief '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs University of Virginia . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough , Noah ( 2006 ) . The Essential Book of Presidential Trivia . Random House . p. 44 . ISBN 9780307432186 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Van Buren '' . Herbert Hoover Presidential Library - Museum Office of Presidential Libraries U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cole 1984 , pp. 3 , 9 . Jump up ^ Widner 2005 , pp. 153 -- 165 . ^ Jump up to : `` Martin van Buren ( 1782 - 1862 ) '' . Albany , New York : New Netherland Institute . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Navarro , Robert ; Navarro , Espy M. ( 2006 ) . The Era of Change : Executives and Events in a Period of Rapid Expansion . Bloomington , IN : Xlibris . p. 75 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4257 - 0473 - 5 . Jump up ^ Roberts , James A. ( 1898 ) . New York in the Revolution as Colony and State . Albany , NY : Brandow Printing Company . p. 109 . Jump up ^ Kane , Joseph Nathan ( 1998 ) . Presidential Fact Book . Random House . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 70244 - 0 . Jump up ^ Foss , William O. ( 2005 ) . Childhoods of the American Presidents . Jefferson , NC : McFarland Publishing . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2382 - 8 . Jump up ^ Collier , Edward Augustus ( 1914 ) . A History of Old Kinderhook from Aboriginal Days to the Present Time . New York , NY : Knickerbocker Press . p. 551 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Reformed Church Records in Selected States , 1639 - 1989 : Kinderhook Dutch Reformed Church Baptism Entry , Marytje Van Alen '' . Ancestry.com . Provo , UT : Ancestry.com , LLC . August 20 , 1768 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record , Vol. 82 -- 83 . New York , NY : New York Genealogical and Biographical Society . 1951 . p. 148 . Jump up ^ `` Baptism record , Johannes Van Alen : U.S. Dutch Reformed Church Records in Selected States , 1639 -- 2000 '' . Ancestry.com . Ancestry.com , Inc . August 15 , 1770 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Irelan , John Robert ( 1887 ) . History of the Life , Administration and Times of Martin Van Buren . Chicago , IL : Fairbanks and Palmer . p. 605 . 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A Group of Great Lawyers of Columbia County , New York . New York , NY : De Vinne Press . p. 181 . Jump up ^ `` Death notice , Abraham A. Van Buren '' . The New Yorker . New York , NY . November 5 , 1836 . p. 111 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Van Buren , 1782 -- 1862 '' . Historical Society of the New York Courts . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cole 1984 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Brooke 2010 , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Sidey , Hugh ( 1999 ) . The Presidents of the United States of America . Washington , D.C. : White House Historical Association . p. 23 . ISBN 9780912308739 . Jump up ^ Henretta , James A. ; Edwards , Rebecca ; Hinderaker , Eric ; Self , Robert O. ( 2015 ) . America : a Concise History , Combined Volume . Boston , MA : Bedford / St. Martin 's . p. 290 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4576 - 4862 - 5 . Jump up ^ Loizeau , Pierre - Marie ( 2008 ) . Martin Van Buren : The Little Magician . Hauppauge , New York : Nova Science Publishers . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60456 - 773 - 1 . 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Santa Barbara , CA : ABC_CLIO . p. 689 . ISBN 9781576072028 . Jump up ^ Eisenhower , John S.D. ( 1997 ) . Agent of Destiny : The Life and Times of General Winfield Scott . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 100 -- 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3128 - 3 . Jump up ^ Nowlan , Robert A. ( 2012 ) . The American Presidents , Washington to Tyler : What They Did , What They Said , What Was Said About Them , with Full Source Notes . McFarland Publishing . p. 315 . Jump up ^ University of the State of New York Board of Regents ( 1845 ) . Instructions from the Regents of the University to the Several Academies Subject to Their Visitation , Prescribing the Requisites and Forms of Academic Reports , &c . Albany , NY : C. Van Benthuysen & Co. p. 108 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Van Buren '' . The White House . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Keyssar , Alexander ( 2000 ) . The Right to Vote : The Contested History of Democracy in the United States . Basic Books . p. 55 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Dwight Whitney ( 1895 ) . Marsh Genealogy : Giving Several Thousand Descendants of John Marsh of Hartford , Ct. 1636 - 1895 . Amherst , MA : Carpenter & Morehouse . p. 71 . Jump up ^ Van Buren 1867 , pp. 103 -- 114 Jump up ^ Derthick 1999 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Navarro , Bob ( 2006 ) . The Era of Change : Executives and Events in a Period of Rapid Expansion . Xlibris . p. 78 . ISBN 1 - 4257 - 0473 - 5 . Jump up ^ Van Buren , Martin , author ; West , Elizabeth Howard , editor ( 1910 ) . Calendar of the papers of Martin Van Buren . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 72 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Dodd , William Edward ( 1899 ) . American Statesmen : Martin Van Buren . Houghton , Mifflin & Company . p. 76 . Jump up ^ Holland , William M. ( 1836 ) . The Life and Political Opinions of Martin Van Buren . Belknap & Hammersley . pp. 269 -- 273 . Jump up ^ Krabbendam , Hans , editor ( 2009 ) . Four Centuries of Dutch - American Relations : 1609 -- 2009 . State University of New York Press . p. 251 . ISBN 9781438430133 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Silbey , Joel H. ( 2002 ) . Martin Van Buren and the Emergence of American Popular Politics . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 44 . ISBN 9780742522442 . Jump up ^ Shea , M.V. , editor - in - chief ( 1920 ) . The World Book Encyclopedia , Volume 10 . W.F. Quarrie & Co. p. 6026 . Jump up ^ Stoddard , William Osborn ( 1887 ) . Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren . Frederick A. Stokes . p. 284 . Jump up ^ Cole , Donald B. ( 1984 ) . Martin Van Buren and the American Political System . Princeton University Press . p. 111 . ISBN 9781400853618 . Jump up ^ Loizeau , Pierre - Marie ( 2008 ) . Martin Van Buren : The Little Magician . Nova Science Publishers . p. 51 . ISBN 9781604567731 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Edward M. ( 1899 ) . American Statesmen : Martin Van Buren . Houghton , Mifflin & Company . p. 138 . 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The Annals of Albany , Vol . IX . Munsell and Rowland , Printers . p. 183 . Jump up ^ Cole , Donald B. ( 1984 ) . Martin Van Buren and the American Political System . Princeton University Press . p. 195 . Jump up ^ Mercein , William ( August 1 , 1829 ) . `` Religious Intelligence : Domestic '' . The Magazine of the Reformed Dutch Church . New York , NY : Rutgers Press . IV ( 5 ) : 153 . Jump up ^ Cole , Donald B. ( 1984 ) . Martin Van Buren and the American Political System . Princeton University Press . p. 203 . ISBN 9781400853618 . ^ Jump up to : `` Martin Van Buren '' . Biographies of the Secretaries of State . U.S. Department of State , Office of the Historian . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kincade , Vance Robert ( 2000 ) . Heirs Apparent : Solving the Vice Presidential Dilemma . Praeger Publishers . p. 49 . ISBN 9780275968663 . Jump up ^ Purcell , L. Edward , ed. ( 2010 ) . Vice Presidents : A Biographical Dictionary . New York : Facts on File , Inc. p. 79 . ISBN 9781438130712 . Jump up ^ Heller III , J. Roderick ( 2010 ) . Democracy 's Lawyer : Felix Grundy of the Old Southwest . Louisiana State University Press . p. 177 . ISBN 9780807137420 . Jump up ^ Cheathem , Mark Renfred ; Mancall , Peter C. ( 2008 ) . Jacksonian and Antebellum Age : People and Perspectives . ABC - CLIO , Inc. p. 30 . ISBN 9781598840179 . Jump up ^ Manweller , Mathew ( 2012 ) . Chronology of the U.S. Presidency. 1 . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . p. 232 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 645 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Jackson : The Petticoat Affair -- Scandal in Jackon 's White House '' . HistoryNet.com . World History Group . June 12 , 2006 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheathem , Mark R. ( 2015 ) . Andrew Jackson and the Rise of the Democrats : A Reference Guide . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . p. 131 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61069 - 406 - 3 . Jump up ^ Watson , Robert P. ( 2012 ) . Affairs of State : The Untold History of Presidential Love , Sex , and Scandal , 1789 -- 1900 . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 196 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 1834 - 5 . Jump up ^ Watson , Harry L. ( 2006 ) . Liberty and Power : The Politics of Jacksonian America . New York , NY : Hill & Wang . p. 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 6547 - 9 . Jump up ^ Corps , Terry ( 2009 ) . The A to Z of the Jacksonian Era and Manifest Destiny . Lanham , MD : Scarecrow Press . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6850 - 2 . Jump up ^ Manweller , Mathew ( 2012 ) . Chronology of the U.S. Presidency. 1 . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . p. 246 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 646 - 1 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Edward Shepard ( 1899 ) . American Statesmen : Martin Van Buren . Houghton , Mifflin & Co. p. 224 . Jump up ^ Polk , James Knox ( 1886 ) . Correspondence of James K. Polk : January - June 1845 . University of Tennessee Press . p. 357 . ISBN 9780870499470 . Jump up ^ Remini , Robert V. ( 1991 ) . Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 380 . ISBN 9780393310887 . Jump up ^ Cole , Donald B. ( 1984 ) . Martin van Buren and the American Political System . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04715 - 7 . Jump up ^ Risjord , Norman K. ( 2001 ) . Representative Americans : The Romantics . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 42 . ISBN 9780742520837 . Jump up ^ Howe , Daniel Walker ( 2007 ) . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 . Oxford University Press . p. 378 . ISBN 9780199743797 . Jump up ^ Blumenthal , Sidney ( 2016 ) . A Self - Made Man : The Political Life of Abraham Lincoln . I. New York , NY : Simon & Schuster . p. 123 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4767 - 7725 - 2 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Lyon Gardiner ( 1884 ) . The Letters and Times of the Tylers. 1 . Richmond , VA : Whittet & Shepperson . p. 439 . Jump up ^ Haynes , Stan M. ( 2012 ) . The First American Political Conventions : Transforming Presidential Nominations , 1832 -- 1872 . McFarland & Company , Inc. p. 34 . Jump up ^ Silbey , Joel H. ( 2002 ) . Martin Van Buren and the Emergence of American Popular Politics . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Leeper , Clare D'Artois ( 2012 ) . Louisiana Place Names : Popular , Unusual , and Forgotten Stories of Towns , Cities , Plantations , Bayous , and even some Cemeteries . Louisiana State University Press . p. 256 . Jump up ^ Murrin , John ( 2009 ) . Liberty , Equality , Power : Enhanced Concise Edition . Thomson Wadsworth . p. 327 . Jump up ^ Holland , William M. ( 1836 ) . The Life and Political Opinions of Martin Van Buren , Vice President of the United States . Belknap & Hammersley . p. 344 . Jump up ^ Purcell , L. Edward ( 2010 ) . Vice Presidents : A Biographical Dictionary . Facts on File , Inc. p. 81 . Jump up ^ Remini , Robert V. ( 1984 ) . Andrew Jackson : The Course of American Democracy , 1833 -- 1845 , Volume 3 . Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 107 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit L. ( 2000 ) . A Nation of States : Federalism at the Bar of the Supreme Court . Routledge . p. 300 . Jump up ^ Smith , William Henry ( 1925 ) . History of the Cabinet of the United States of America . Industrial Printing Company . p. 96 . Jump up ^ MacNeil , Neil ; Baker , Richard A. ( 2013 ) . The American Senate : An Insider 's History . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . p. 283 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 536761 - 4 . Jump up ^ Navarro , Bob ( 2006 ) . The Era of Change : Executives and Events in a Period of Rapid Expansion . Xlibris Corporation . pp. 77 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Boller , Paul F. ( 1996 ) . Presidential Anecdotes . Oxford University Press . p. 87 . Jump up ^ Bathory , Peter Dennis ( 2001 ) . Friends and Citizens : Essays in Honor of Wilson Carey McWilliams . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Irelan , John Robert ( 1887 ) . `` History of the Life , Administration and Times of Martin Van Buren , Eighth President of the United States '' . Chicago : Fairbanks and Palmer Publishing Company . p. 230 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Richard Mentor Johnson , 9th Vice President ( 1837 - 1841 ) '' . Washington , D.C. : United States Senate , Office of the Historian . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Howe , Daniel Walker ( 2007 ) . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 . Oxford University Press . pp. 508 -- 509 . Jump up ^ Nowlan , Robert A . The American Presidents , Washington to Tyler : What They Did , What They Said , What Was Said About Them , With Full Source Notes . McFarland Books . p. 319 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Van Buren , 8th Vice President ( 1833 -- 1837 ) '' . Washington , D.C. : United States Senate , Office of the Historian . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Michael ( 2013 ) . Guide to the Presidency and the Executive Branch . CQ Press . p. 1962 . ^ Jump up to : `` Presidential Elections '' . history.com . A + E Networks . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1965 ) . The Oxford History of the American People . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 454 . ^ Jump up to : `` Martin Van Buren : Campaigns and Elections '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blake , Aaron ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` How a ' faithless elector ' in Georgia could cost Donald Trump an electoral college vote '' . The Washington Post . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bomboy , Scott ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` The one election where Faithless Electors made a difference '' . Constitution Daily . Philadelphia : The National Constitution Center . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Caroli , Betty Boyd ( 2003 ) . First Ladies . Oxford University Press . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 5 - 16676 - 0 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Van Buren 's Presidential Hostess '' . America 's Story . Library of Congress . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Carl ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` First Ladies Never Married to Presidents : Angelica Van Buren '' . National First Ladies Library . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Martin Van Buren : Domestic affairs '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs University of Virginia . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ W.J. Rorabaugh , Donald T. Critchlow , Paula C. Baker ( 2004 ) . `` America 's promise : a concise history of the United States '' . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 210 . ISBN 0742511898 Jump up ^ Seigenthaler , John ; Schlesinger , Arthur Meier , Jr. ( 2004 ) . James K Polk . Macmillen . pp. 58 -- 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6942 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lansford , Tom ; Woods , Thomas E. , eds. ( 2008 ) . Exploring American History : From Colonial Times to 1877 . 10 . New York : Marshall Cavendish . p. 1046 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 7758 - 7 . Jump up ^ Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1965 ) . The Oxford History of the American People . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 456 . Jump up ^ Gouge , William A. ; Dorfman , Joseph ( 2007 ) . A Short History of Money and Banking . Auburn , Alabama : Ludwig Van Mises Institute . p. 22 . ISBN 9781610163422 . Jump up ^ Sturgis , Amy H. ( 2006 ) . The Trail of Tears and Indian Removal . Greenwood . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0313336584 . Jump up ^ Anderson , William ( 1991 ) . Cherokee Removal : Before and After . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 0820312541 . Jump up ^ `` History.com '' . History.com . A&E Television Networks . 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Landry , Alysa Landry ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Martin Van Buren : The Force Behind the Trail of Tears '' . Verona , New York : Indian Country Media Network . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hauptman , Laurence M. ( 1999 ) . Conspiracy of Interests : Iroquois Dispossession and the Rise of New York State . Syracuse , New York : Syracuse University Press . p. 196 . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 0547 - 1 . Jump up ^ Missall , John ; Missall , Mary Lou ( 2016 ) . `` History of the Seminole Wars '' . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lancaster , Jane F. ( 1994 ) . Removal Aftershock : The Seminoles ' Struggles to Survive in the West , 1836 - 1866 . Knoxville , Tennessee : University of Tennessee Press . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 845 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Extermination Order '' . LDS FAQ . Archived from the original on 26 February 2005 . Retrieved 22 August 2005 . Jump up ^ Boggs , Extermination Order Jump up ^ Smith , Joseph Fielding ( 1946 -- 1949 ) . `` Church History and Modern Revelation '' . 4 . Deseret : 167 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Ann Eliza Young ; John Bartholomew Gough ; Mary Ashton Rice Livermore ( 1876 ) . Wife no . 19 , or , the story of a life of bondage . p. 55 . Jump up ^ Conlin , Joseph ( 2014 ) . The American Past : A Survey of American History . Boston : Wadsworth : Cengage Learning . p. 330 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 133 - 94653 - 3 . Jump up ^ Freidel , Frank ( 1999 ) . Presidents of the United States of America . Washington , DC : White House Historical Association . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 912308 - 72 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Eisenhower , John S.D. ( 1997 ) . Agent of Destiny : The Life and Times of General Winfield Scott . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 178 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3128 - 4 . Jump up ^ Brinkley , Alan ; Dyer , Davis , eds. ( 2000 ) . The Reader 's Companion to the American Presidency . New York : Houghton Mifflin . p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 78889 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Martin Van Buren : Foreign Affairs '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs University of Virginia . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robert Budd ( 1890 ) . `` The Patriot War '' . The Detroit Evening News , revised for the Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society . pp. 11 -- 12 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lacroix , Patrick ( 2016 ) . `` Choosing Peace and Order : National Security and Sovereignty in a North American Borderland , 1837 -- 42 '' . The International History Review . 38 ( 5 ) : 943 -- 960 . Jump up ^ `` 1837 - Aroostook War '' . Historycentral . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The High Comedy of the Bloodless Aroostook War '' . Stonington , Maine : New England Historical Society . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ United States v . The Amistad , Findlaw , accessed 30 March 2013 Jump up ^ Kidder , David S. ; Oppenheim , Noah D. ( 2007 ) . The Intellectual Devotional : American History ; Revive Your Mind , Complete Your Education , and Converse Confidently about Our Nation 's Past . TID Volumes , LLC . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59486 - 744 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Amistad Story '' . Amistad : Seeking Freedom in Connecticut . National Park Service 's National Register of Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief Narrative '' . Teaching and Civic Outreach Resources Amistad : The Federal Courts and the Challenge to Slavery -- Historical Background and Documents . Washington , D.C. : Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations : 1789 - Present '' . www.senate.gov . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Judicial Center : Search by Nominating President ; Martin Van Buren '' . Federal Judicial Center . Federal Judicial Center Foundation . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Party Divisions of the House of Representatives '' . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Party Division in the Senate , 1789 - Present '' . United States Senate . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Mob in Search of a Speaker '' . House.gov . US House of Representatives . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Gerald ( 2002 ) . The Invention of Party Politics : Federalism , Popular Sovereignty , and Constitutional Development in Jacksonian Illinois . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . p. 177 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 2744 - 4 . Jump up ^ Churella , Albert J. ( 2013 ) . The Pennsylvania Railroad : Building an Empire , 1846 - 1917 . 1 . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 69 . ISBN 0812207629 . Jump up ^ `` Democratic National Political Conventions 1832 - 2008 '' . Washington , D.C. : Library of Congress . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Atkins , Jonathan ( 2016 ) . From Confederation to Nation : The Early American Republic , 1789 - 1848 . New York , NY : Routledge . p. 218 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 138 - 91621 - 0 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Elizabeth L. ( 2009 - 05 - 27 ) . Knickerbocker : The Myth behind New York . New Brusnwick , NJ : Rivergate Books . pp. 70 -- 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 4516 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Faber , Harold ( November 10 , 1991 ) . `` Sunday Outing ; House Where the Legacy Of Van Buren Lives On '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Howard , Jacqueline ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` OK , So Here 's The Real Story Of Where ' OK ' Comes From '' . Huffington Post . New York , NY . Jump up ^ Lederer , Richard ; McCullagh , Caroline ( 2012 ) . American Trivia . Gibbs Smith . pp. 49 -- 50 . ISBN 9781423622789 . Jump up ^ Polk , James K. ; Cutler , Wayne ( 1996 ) . Correspondence of James K. Polk : Volume IX ( January - June 1845 ) . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press . p. 124 . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 947 - 5 . Jump up ^ Polk , James K. ; Cutler , Wayne ( 1993 ) . Correspondence of James K. Polk : Volume VIII ( September - December 1844 ) . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press . p. 66 . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 777 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , Robert S. ( March 1955 ) . `` The Democratic National Convention of 1844 '' . Tennessee Historical Quarterly . 14 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 23 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , John Trotwood ; Foster , Austin Powers ( 1923 ) . Tennessee : The Volunteer State , 1769 -- 1923 . S.J. Clarke Publishing Company . p. 422 . Jump up ^ Walker , Dale L. ( 1999 ) . Bear Flag Rising : The Conquest of California , 1846 . New York : Forge : Tom Doherty Associates , LLC . p. 56 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 86685 - 2 . Jump up ^ Cole , Donald B. ( 1984 ) . Martin Van Buren and the American Political System . Princeton University Press . p. 405 . ISBN 9781400853618 . Jump up ^ Cole , p. 405 Jump up ^ `` Martin Van Buren , First Inaugural , March 4 , 1837 AMDOCS : Documents for the Study of American History '' . Vlib.us . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . I must go into the Presidential chair with the inflexible and uncompromising opponent of every attempt on the part of Congress to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia against the wishes of the slaveholding States , and also with a determination equally decided to resist the slightest interference with it in the States where it exists . Jump up ^ Ferrell , Claudine L. ( 2006 ) . The Abolitionist Movement . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . p. 88 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33180 - 4 . Jump up ^ Current , Richard N. ( 1996 ) . The Civil War Era , 1848 -- 1873 : History of Wisconsin . Stevens , WI : Worsalla Publishing Company . p. 202 . ISBN 0 - 87020 - 122 - 0 . Jump up ^ Reichley , James ( 1992 ) . The Life of the Parties : A History of American Political Parties . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 86 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 0888 - 9 . Jump up ^ Manweller , Mathew ( 2012 - 03 - 19 ) . Chronology of the U.S. Presidency in 4 Volumes , Volume 1 . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . p. 271 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 645 - 4 . Jump up ^ Stebbins , Homer Adolph ( 1913 ) . A Political History of the State of New York , 1865 -- 1869 . New York , NY : Columbia University Press . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Federal Writers ' Project ( 1940 ) . New York City Guide . Albany , NY : New York State Historical Association . p. 415 . Jump up ^ Whittier , John Greenleaf ( 1975 ) . The Letters of John Greenleaf Whittier , Volume II : 1828 -- 1845 . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . p. 195 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 52830 - 1 . Jump up ^ Frémont , Jessie Benton ( 1993 ) . The Letters of Jessie Benton Frémont . Champaign , IL : University of Illinois Press . p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01942 - 3 . Jump up ^ Macy , Jesse ( 1900 ) . Political Parties in the United States , 1846 -- 1861 . New York , NY : The MacMillan Company . p. 300 . Jump up ^ Widmer , Ted ( 2005 ) . Martin Van Buren : The American Presidents Series : The 8th President , 1837 -- 1841 . New York : Henry Holt and Company , LLC . p. 164 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6922 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cole , Donald B. ( 1984 ) . Martin Van Buren and the American Political System . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . p. 425 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 04715 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dunlap , Leslie Whittaker ( 1988 ) . Our Vice-Presidents and Second Ladies . Metuchen , NJ : Scarecrow Press . p. 50 . Jump up ^ Butler , William Allen ( 1862 ) . Martin Van Buren : Lawyer , Statesman and Man . New York , NY : D. Appleton and Company . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Brian & the C - SPAN staff ( 2000 ) . Who 's Buried in Grant 's Tomb ? : A Tour of Presidential Gravesites . Washington , DC : National Cable Satellite Corporation . ISBN 1 - 881846 - 07 - 5 . Jump up ^ Murse , Tom ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` A Look at the Last Time Consecutive Democratic Presidents Were Elected '' . ThoughCo . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One Hundred Years in the Making : Lindenwald Celebrates `` Being Forty and Fabulous '' `` . Martin Van Buren National Historic Site . Washington , DC : National Park Service . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gannett , Henry ( 1905 ) . The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 309 . Jump up ^ Widmer , Ted ( 2005 ) . The American Presidents Series : Martin Van Buren , The 8th President , 1837 -- 1841 . Henry Holt and Company , LLC . p. 170 . Jump up ^ Loizeau , Pierre - Marie ( 2008 ) . Martin Van Buren : The Little Magician . Nova Science Publishers . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Van Buren Boys '' . Seinfeld Scripts . SeinfeldScripts.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Spielberg 's `` Amistad '' ( 1997 ) `` . University of Missouri - Kansas City . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Sources ( edit ) Brooke , John L. ( 2010 ) . Columbia Rising : Civil Life on the Upper Hudson from the Revolution to the Age of Jackson . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3323 - 0 . Cole , Donald B. ( 1984 ) . Martin Van Buren and the American Political System . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04715 - 7 . Remini , Robert V. ( 1959 ) . Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0231022883 . Shepard , Edward M. ( 1899 ) ( 1888 ) . Martin Van Buren ( Kindle ed . ) . Boston , MA : Houghton , Mifflin and Co . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2243 - 1 . OCLC 396967 . Silbey , Joel H. ( 2002 ) . Martin Van Buren and the Emergence of American Popular Politics . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 2243 - 5 . Widner , Edward L. ( 2005 ) . Martin Van Buren . The American Presidents ( Kindle ed . ) . New York : Times Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6922 - 8 . Wilson , Major L. ( 1984 ) . The Presidency of Martin Van Buren . Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0238 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Books by Van Buren ( edit ) These were published posthumously : Van Buren , Martin ( 1867 ) . Van Buren , Abraham ; Van Buren , John , eds . Inquiry into the Origin and Course of Political Parties in the United States . New York : Hurd and Houghton . ISBN 1 - 4181 - 2924 - 0 . Van Buren , Martin ( 1920 ) . Fitzpatrick , John Clement , ed . The Autobiography of Martin Van Buren . Annual Report Of The American Historical Association For The Year 1918 . II . Washington D.C. : Govt . Print . Off . ISBN 0 - 678 - 00531 - 1 . Books about Van Buren ( edit ) Alexander , Holmes ( 1935 ) . The American Talleyrand : Martin Van Buren . Curtis , James C. ( 1970 ) . The Fox at Bay : Martin Van Buren and the Presidency , 1837 -- 1841 . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 1214 - 5 . Derthick , Martha ( 13 June 1999 ) . Dilemmas of Scale in America 's Federal Democracy . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64039 - 8 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Gammon , Samuel Rhea ( 1922 ) . The Presidential Campaign of 1832 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press . Henretta , James A. ( 2004 ) . `` Martin Van Buren '' . In Brinkley , Alan ; Dyer , Davis . The American Presidency . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . pp. 103 -- 114 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 38273 - 9 . Holt , Michael F. ( 1999 ) . The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party : Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 505544 - 3 . Lynch , Denis Tilden ( 1929 ) . An Epoch and a Man : Martin Van Buren and His Times . New York : H. Liveright . Niven , John ( 1983 ) . Martin Van Buren : The Romantic Age of American Politics . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503238 - 3 . Schouler , James ( 1889 ) . History of the United States of America : 1831 -- 1847 . Democrats and Whigs. 4 . Washington , D.C. : W.H. Morrison . Silbey , Joel H. ( 2009 ) . Party Over Section : The Rough and Ready Presidential Election of 1848 . Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1640 - 4 . Silbey , Joel H. ( 2014 ) . A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents 1837 -- 1861 . Wiley . pp. 109 -- 154 . ISBN 9781118609293 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMartin Van Burenat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity White House biography United States Congress . `` Martin Van Buren ( id : V000009 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Martin Van Buren : A Resource Guide at the Library of Congress The Papers of Martin Van Buren at Cumberland University American President : Martin Van Buren ( 1782 -- 1862 ) at the Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia Inaugural Address ( March 4 , 1837 ) , at the Miller Center Martin Van Buren National Historic Site ( Lindenwald ) , National Park Service `` Life Portrait of Martin Van Buren '' , from C - SPAN 's American Presidents : Life Portraits , May 3 , 1999 Works by Martin Van Buren at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Martin Van Buren at Internet Archive Offices and distinctions Legal offices Preceded by Abraham Van Vechten Attorney General of New York 1815 -- 1819 Succeeded by Thomas J. Oakley U.S. Senate Preceded by Nathan Sanford Senator ( Class 1 ) from New York 1821 -- 1828 Served alongside : Rufus King , Nathan Sanford Succeeded by Charles E. Dudley Preceded by William Smith Chairperson of the Senate Judiciary Committee 1823 -- 1828 Succeeded by John Macpherson Berrien Political offices Preceded by Nathaniel Pitcher Governor of New York 1829 Succeeded by Enos T. Throop Preceded by Henry Clay United States Secretary of State 1829 -- 1831 Succeeded by Edward Livingston Preceded by John C. Calhoun Vice President of the United States 1833 -- 1837 Succeeded by Richard Mentor Johnson Preceded by Andrew Jackson President of the United States 1837 -- 1841 Succeeded by William Henry Harrison Diplomatic posts Preceded by Louis McLane United States Minister to the United Kingdom 1831 -- 1832 Succeeded by Aaron Vail Acting Party political offices Preceded by John C. Calhoun Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States 1832 Succeeded by Richard Mentor Johnson Preceded by Andrew Jackson Democratic nominee for President of the United States 1836 , 1840 Succeeded by James K. Polk New political party Free Soil nominee for President of the United States 1848 Succeeded by John P. Hale Honorary titles Preceded by John Quincy Adams Oldest living President of the United States 1848 -- 1862 Succeeded by James Buchanan Articles related to Martin Van Buren Presidents of the United States ( list ) George Washington ( 1789 -- 1797 ) John Adams ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1801 -- 1809 ) James Madison ( 1809 -- 1817 ) James Monroe ( 1817 -- 1825 ) John Quincy Adams ( 1825 -- 1829 ) Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1837 -- 1841 ) William Henry Harrison ( 1841 ) John Tyler ( 1841 -- 1845 ) James K. Polk ( 1845 -- 1849 ) Zachary Taylor ( 1849 -- 1850 ) Millard Fillmore ( 1850 -- 1853 ) Franklin Pierce ( 1853 -- 1857 ) James Buchanan ( 1857 -- 1861 ) Abraham Lincoln ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Andrew Johnson ( 1865 -- 1869 ) Ulysses S. Grant ( 1869 -- 1877 ) Rutherford B. Hayes ( 1877 -- 1881 ) James A. Garfield ( 1881 ) Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 -- 1885 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1885 -- 1889 ) Benjamin Harrison ( 1889 -- 1893 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1893 -- 1897 ) William McKinley ( 1897 -- 1901 ) Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 -- 1909 ) William H. Taft ( 1909 -- 1913 ) Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 -- 1921 ) Warren G. Harding ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 -- 1929 ) Herbert Hoover ( 1929 -- 1933 ) Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 1945 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945 -- 1953 ) Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 1961 ) John F. Kennedy ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 1969 ) Richard Nixon ( 1969 -- 1974 ) Gerald Ford ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Jimmy Carter ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Ronald Reagan ( 1981 -- 1989 ) George H.W. Bush ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Bill Clinton ( 1993 -- 2001 ) George W. Bush ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Barack Obama ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Donald Trump ( 2017 -- present ) Presidency timelines Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F.D. Roosevelt first 100 days Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L.B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G.H.W. Bush Clinton G.W. Bush Obama first 100 days Trump first 100 days Book Category Vice Presidents of the United States ( list ) John Adams ( 1789 -- 1797 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Aaron Burr ( 1801 -- 1805 ) George Clinton ( 1805 -- 1812 ) Elbridge Gerry ( 1813 -- 1814 ) Daniel D. Tompkins ( 1817 -- 1825 ) John C. Calhoun ( 1825 -- 1832 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1833 -- 1837 ) Richard M. Johnson ( 1837 -- 1841 ) John Tyler ( 1841 ) George M. Dallas ( 1845 -- 1849 ) Millard Fillmore ( 1849 -- 1850 ) William R. King ( 1853 ) John C. Breckinridge ( 1857 -- 1861 ) Hannibal Hamlin ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Andrew Johnson ( 1865 ) Schuyler Colfax ( 1869 -- 1873 ) Henry Wilson ( 1873 -- 1875 ) William A. Wheeler ( 1877 -- 1881 ) Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 ) Thomas A. Hendricks ( 1885 ) Levi P. Morton ( 1889 -- 1893 ) Adlai Stevenson ( 1893 -- 1897 ) Garret Hobart ( 1897 -- 1899 ) Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 ) Charles W. Fairbanks ( 1905 -- 1909 ) James S. Sherman ( 1909 -- 1912 ) Thomas R. Marshall ( 1913 -- 1921 ) Calvin Coolidge ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Charles G. Dawes ( 1925 -- 1929 ) Charles Curtis ( 1929 -- 1933 ) John N. Garner ( 1933 -- 1941 ) Henry A. Wallace ( 1941 -- 1945 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945 ) Alben W. Barkley ( 1949 -- 1953 ) Richard Nixon ( 1953 -- 1961 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Hubert Humphrey ( 1965 -- 1969 ) Spiro Agnew ( 1969 -- 1973 ) Gerald Ford ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Nelson Rockefeller ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Walter Mondale ( 1977 -- 1981 ) George H.W. Bush ( 1981 -- 1989 ) Dan Quayle ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Al Gore ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Dick Cheney ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Joe Biden ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Mike Pence ( 2017 -- present ) Category Commons Governors and Lieutenant Governors of New York Governors G. Clinton Jay G. Clinton Lewis Tompkins Tayler D. Clinton Yates D. Clinton Pitcher Van Buren Throop Marcy Seward Bouck Wright Young Fish Hunt Seymour Clark King Morgan Seymour Fenton Hoffman J. Adams Dix Tilden Robinson Cornell Cleveland Hill Flower Morton Black T. Roosevelt Odell Higgins Hughes White J. Alden Dix Sulzer Glynn Whitman Smith Miller Smith F. Roosevelt Lehman Poletti Dewey Harriman Rockefeller Wilson Carey M. Cuomo Pataki Spitzer Paterson A. Cuomo Lieutenant Governors Van Cortlandt S. Van Rensselaer J. Van Rensselaer Broome Tayler Clinton Tayler Swift Tayler Root Tallmadge Pitcher P. Livingston Dayan Throop Stebbins Oliver E. Livingston Tracy Bradish Dickinson Gardiner Lester Fish Patterson Church Raymond Selden Campbell Floyd - Jones Alvord Woodford Beach Robinson Dorsheimer Hoskins Hill McCarthy Jones Sheehan Saxton Woodruff Higgins Bruce Raines Chanler White Cobb Conway Glynn Wagner Schoeneck Walker Wood Lusk Lunn Lowman Corning Lehman Bray Poletti Hanley Wallace Hanley Moore Wicks Mahoney DeLuca Wilson Anderson Krupsak Cuomo DelBello Anderson Lundine McCaughey Donohue Paterson Bruno Skelos Smith Espada Ravitch Duffy Hochul Italics indicate acting officeholders United States Senators from New York Class 1 Schuyler Burr Schuyler Hobart North Watson Morris Bailey Armstrong Mitchill German Sanford Van Buren Dudley Tallmadge Dickinson Fish P. King Morgan Fenton Kernan Platt Miller Hiscock Murphy Depew O'Gorman Calder Copeland Mead Ives Keating Kennedy Goodell Buckley Moynihan H. Clinton Gillibrand Class 3 R. King Laurance Armstrong D. Clinton Armstrong Smith R. King Sanford Marcy Wright Foster Dix Seward Harris Conkling Lapham Evarts Hill Platt Root Wadsworth Wagner Dulles Lehman Javits D'Amato Schumer Attorneys General of New York Benson Varick Burr M. Lewis Lawrence J. Hoffman Spencer Woodworth Hildreth Van Vechten Hildreth Emmet Van Vechten M. Van Buren Oakley Talcott Bronson Beardsley Hall Barker J. Van Buren Jordan Chatfield Stow O Hoffman Cushing Tremain Myers Dickinson Cochrane Martindale Champlain Barlow Pratt Fairchild Schoonmaker Ward , Sr . Russell O'Brien Tabor Rosendale Hancock Davies Cunneen Mayer Jackson O'Malley Carmody Parsons Woodbury M.E. Lewis Newton Sherman Ottinger Ward , Jr . Bennett Goldstein Javits Lefkowitz Abrams Koppell Vacco Spitzer Cuomo Schneiderman United States Secretaries of State Secretary of Foreign Affairs 1781 -- 89 R. Livingston Jay Secretary of State 1789 -- present Jefferson Randolph Pickering J. Marshall Madison Smith Monroe Adams Clay Van Buren E. Livingston McLane Forsyth Webster Upshur Calhoun Buchanan Clayton Webster Everett Marcy Cass Black Seward Washburne Fish Evarts Blaine Frelinghuysen Bayard Blaine Foster Gresham Olney Sherman Day Hay Root Bacon Knox Bryan Lansing Colby Hughes Kellogg Stimson Hull Stettinius Byrnes G. Marshall Acheson Dulles Herter Rusk Rogers Kissinger Vance Muskie Haig Shultz Baker Eagleburger Christopher Albright Powell Rice ( tenure ) Clinton ( tenure ) Kerry ( tenure ) Tillerson Ambassadors of the United States of America to the Court of St. James 's Ministers Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James 's 1785 -- 1811 John Adams ( 1785 -- 1788 ) Thomas Pinckney ( 1792 -- 1796 ) Rufus King ( 1796 -- 1803 ) James Monroe ( 1803 -- 1807 ) William Pinkney ( 1808 -- 1811 ) Jonathan Russell ( chargé d'affaires ) ( 1811 -- 1812 ) Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James 's 1815 -- 1893 John Quincy Adams ( 1815 -- 1817 ) Richard Rush ( 1818 -- 1825 ) Rufus King ( 1825 -- 1826 ) Albert Gallatin ( 1826 -- 1827 ) James Barbour ( 1828 -- 1829 ) Louis McLane ( 1829 -- 1831 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1831 -- 1832 ) Aaron Vail ( chargé d'affaires ) ( 1832 -- 1836 ) Andrew Stevenson ( 1836 -- 1841 ) Edward Everett ( 1841 -- 1845 ) Louis McLane ( 1845 -- 1846 ) George Bancroft ( 1846 -- 1849 ) Abbott Lawrence ( 1849 -- 1852 ) Joseph R. Ingersoll ( 1852 -- 1853 ) James Buchanan ( 1853 -- 1856 ) George M. Dallas ( 1856 -- 1861 ) Charles Adams Sr. ( 1861 -- 1868 ) Reverdy Johnson ( 1868 -- 1869 ) John Lothrop Motley ( 1869 -- 1870 ) Robert C. Schenck ( 1871 -- 1876 ) Edwards Pierrepont ( 1876 -- 1877 ) John Welsh ( 1877 -- 1879 ) James Russell Lowell ( 1880 -- 1885 ) Edward J. Phelps ( 1885 -- 1889 ) Robert Todd Lincoln ( 1889 -- 1893 ) Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James 's 1893 -- present Thomas F. Bayard Sr. ( 1893 -- 1897 ) John Hay ( 1897 -- 1898 ) Joseph Choate ( 1899 -- 1905 ) Whitelaw Reid ( 1905 -- 1912 ) Walter Page ( 1913 - 1918 ) John W. Davis ( 1918 -- 1921 ) George Harvey ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Frank B. Kellogg ( 1924 -- 1925 ) Alanson B. Houghton ( 1925 -- 1929 ) Charles G. Dawes ( 1929 -- 1931 ) Andrew W. Mellon ( 1932 -- 1933 ) Robert Bingham ( 1933 -- 1937 ) Joseph P. Kennedy ( 1938 -- 1940 ) John G. Winant ( 1941 -- 1946 ) W. Averell Harriman ( 1946 ) Lewis W. Douglas ( 1947 -- 1950 ) Walter S. Gifford ( 1950 -- 1953 ) Winthrop W. Aldrich ( 1953 -- 1957 ) John Hay Whitney ( 1957 -- 1961 ) David K.E. Bruce ( 1961 -- 1969 ) Walter H. Annenberg ( 1969 -- 1974 ) Elliot L. Richardson ( 1975 -- 1976 ) Anne Armstrong ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Kingman Brewster Jr. ( 1977 -- 1981 ) John J. Louis Jr. ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Charles H. Price II ( 1983 -- 1989 ) Henry E. Catto Jr. ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Raymond G.H. Seitz ( 1991 -- 1994 ) William J. Crowe ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Philip Lader ( 1997 -- 2001 ) William Stamps Farish III ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Robert H. Tuttle ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Louis Susman ( 2009 -- 2013 ) Matthew Barzun ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Woody Johnson ( 2017 -- ) Chairmen of the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary Chase Crittenden Burrill Smith Van Buren Berrien Rowan Marcy Wilkins Clayton Grundy Wall Berrien Ashley Butler Bayard Trumbull Wright Edmunds Thurman Edmunds Hoar Pugh Hoar Platt Clark Culberson Nelson Brandegee Cummins Norris Ashurst Van Nuys McCarran Wiley McCarran Langer Kilgore Eastland Kennedy Thurmond Biden Hatch Leahy Hatch Leahy Hatch Specter Leahy Grassley United States Democratic Party Chairpersons of the DNC Hallett McLane Smalley Belmont Schell Hewitt Barnum Brice Harrity Jones Taggart Mack McCombs McCormick Cummings White Hull Shaver Raskob Farley Flynn Walker Hannegan McGrath Boyle McKinney Mitchell Butler Jackson Bailey O'Brien Harris O'Brien Westwood Strauss Curtis White Manatt Kirk Brown Wilhelm DeLee Dodd / Fowler Romer / Grossman Rendell / Andrew McAuliffe Dean Kaine Wasserman Schultz Perez Presidential tickets Jackson / Calhoun Jackson / Van Buren Van Buren / R. Johnson Van Buren / None Polk / Dallas Cass / Butler Pierce / King Buchanan / Breckinridge Douglas / H. Johnson ( Breckinridge / Lane , SD ) McClellan / Pendleton Seymour / Blair Greeley / Brown Tilden / Hendricks Hancock / English Cleveland / Hendricks Cleveland / Thurman Cleveland / Stevenson I W. Bryan / Sewall W. Bryan / Stevenson I Parker / H. Davis W. Bryan / Kern Wilson / Marshall ( twice ) Cox / Roosevelt J. Davis / C. Bryan Smith / Robinson Roosevelt / Garner ( twice ) Roosevelt / Wallace Roosevelt / Truman Truman / Barkley Stevenson II / Sparkman Stevenson II / Kefauver Kennedy / L. Johnson L. Johnson / Humphrey Humphrey / Muskie McGovern / ( Eagleton , Shriver ) Carter / Mondale ( twice ) Mondale / Ferraro Dukakis / Bentsen B. Clinton / Gore ( twice ) Gore / Lieberman Kerry / Edwards Obama / Biden ( twice ) H. 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Johnson Whig Party Nominees William H. Harrison Hugh L. White Daniel Webster Willie P. Mangum VP nominees Francis Granger John Tyler Other 1836 elections : House Senate ( 1836 ← ) United States presidential election , 1840 ( 1844 → ) Whig Party Convention Nominee William H. Harrison ( campaign ) VP nominee John Tyler Candidates Henry Clay Winfield Scott Democratic Party Convention Nominee Martin Van Buren VP nominee None Other 1840 elections : House Senate ( 1840 ← ) United States presidential election , 1844 ( 1848 → ) Democratic Party Convention Nominee James K. Polk VP nominee George M. Dallas Candidates Martin Van Buren James Buchanan Lewis Cass Richard M. Johnson Whig Party Convention Nominee Henry Clay VP nominee Theodore Frelinghuysen Other 1844 elections : House Senate ( 1844 ← ) United States presidential election , 1848 ( 1852 → ) Whig Party Convention Nominee Zachary Taylor VP nominee Millard Fillmore Candidates Henry Clay John M. Clayton Winfield Scott Daniel Webster Democratic Party Convention Nominee Lewis Cass VP nominee William O. Butler Candidates James Buchanan Levi Woodbury Martin Van Buren Free Soil Party Convention Nominee Martin Van Buren VP nominee Charles F. Adams Candidates John P. Hale Joshua R. Giddings Other 1848 elections : House Senate VIAF : 69725811 LCCN : n80057180 ISNI : 0000 0000 8150 1034 GND : 118803824 SUDOC : 027747565 BNF : cb119724137 ( data ) BIBSYS : 90116949 NDL : 00526954 NKC : xx0105898 US Congress : V000009 IATH : w6q34p4z Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&oldid=817867695 '' Categories : 1782 births 1862 deaths Presidents of the United States Vice Presidents of the United States 18th - century American people 18th - century Calvinist and Reformed Christians 19th - century American diplomats 19th - century American politicians 19th - century Calvinist and Reformed Christians Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom American members of the Dutch Reformed Church American people of Dutch descent Burials in New York ( state ) Claverack College alumni Deaths from asthma Democratic Party ( United States ) presidential nominees Democratic Party ( United States ) vice presidential nominees Democratic Party Presidents of the United States Democratic Party Vice Presidents of the United States Democratic Party state governors of the United States Democratic - Republican Party United States Senators Governors of New York ( state ) Jackson administration cabinet members New York ( state ) Democratic - Republicans New York ( state ) Democrats New York ( state ) Free Soilers New York State Attorneys General New York State Senators People from Kinderhook , New York Reformed Church in America members American slave owners United States Secretaries of State United States Senators from New York ( state ) United States presidential candidates , 1836 United States presidential candidates , 1840 United States presidential candidates , 1844 United States presidential candidates , 1848 United States presidential electors , 1820 United States vice-presidential candidates , 1824 United States vice-presidential candidates , 1832 American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law Van Buren family Martin Van Buren Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Pages using web citations with no URL Use dmy dates from January 2014 Pages using infobox officeholder with ambassador from or minister from Pages using infobox officeholder with an atypical party value Pages using infobox officeholder with unknown parameters All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Bislama Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 01 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the first president defeated for reelection | [
"Martin Van Buren (born Maarten van Buren; December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862) was an American statesman who served as the eighth President of the United States from 1837 to 1841. A founder of the Democratic Party, he held a number of senior positions in the U.S. Federal Government, including eighth Vice President (1833–1837) and tenth Secretary of State (1829–1831), both under Andrew Jackson. Van Buren won the presidency by promising to continue Jackson's policies. The Panic of 1837 which struck the nation combined with the growing political strength of the opposition Whig Party led to his defeat when he ran for reelection. During his half-century of public service, he built and perfected a new system of political parties at first the state and then the federal level; at the end of his life, he was seen as a major figure of the abolitionist movement defending Abraham Lincoln's policies during the American Civil War. Van Buren was the first President of the United States to be born a United States citizen.[4] Of Dutch descent, he is the only U.S. President who spoke English as a second language."
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"Martin Van Buren"
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-6574497559040662379 | iPhone 7 | IPhone 7 - Wikipedia IPhone 7 iPhone 7 iPhone 7 Plus iPhone 7 Plus in Jet Black Brand Apple Inc . Manufacturer Foxconn ( on contract ) Pegatron ( on contract ) Slogan This is 7 Generation 10th Model 7 : A1660 ( with Qualcomm modem ) A1778 ( with Intel modem ) A1779 ( sold in Japan ) 7 Plus : A1661 ( with Qualcomm modem ) A1784 ( with Intel modem ) A1785 ( sold in Japan ) Compatible networks GSM , CDMA2000 , EV - DO , HSPA+ , LTE , LTE Advanced First released September 16 , 2016 ; 22 months ago ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) Availability by country September 16 , 2016 ( show ) Australia Austria Belgium Canada China Denmark Finland France Germany Hong Kong Ireland Italy Japan Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Singapore Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States September 23 , 2016 ( show ) Andorra Bahrain Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Estonia Greece Greenland Guernsey Hungary Iceland Isle of Man Jersey Kosovo Kuwait Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Maldives Malta Monaco Poland Pakistan Qatar Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Slovakia Slovenia October 7 , 2016 ( show ) India October 14 , 2016 ( show ) Macau Republic of Macedonia Macedonia Malaysia Montenegro South Africa Turkey October 15 , 2016 ( show ) Jordan Oman October 20 , 2016 ( show ) Israel Egypt October 21 , 2016 ( show ) South Korea Costa Rica Morocco Thailand Mauritius Madagascar Uganda Colombia October 28 , 2016 ( show ) Cameroon Botswana Kenya Mozambique Senegal Moldova November 4 , 2016 ( show ) Armenia Mali Guinea - Bissau Central African Republic November 11 , 2016 ( show ) Philippines Brazil March 31 , 2017 ( show ) Indonesia Predecessor iPhone 6S ( Plus ) Successor iPhone 8 ( Plus ) iPhone X Type 7 : Smartphone 7 Plus : Phablet Form factor Slate 7 : H : 138.3 mm ( 5.44 in ) W : 67.1 mm ( 2.64 in ) D: 7.1 mm ( 0.28 in ) 7 Plus : H : 158.2 mm ( 6.23 in ) W : 77.9 mm ( 3.07 in ) D: 7.3 mm ( 0.29 in ) Weight 7 : 138 g ( 4.9 oz ) 7 Plus : 188 g ( 6.6 oz ) Operating system Original : iOS 10.0. 1 Current : iOS 11.4. 1 , released July 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 09 ) System on chip Apple A10 Fusion CPU 2.34 GHz quad - core ( two used ) 64 - bit GPU Custom Imagination PowerVR ( Series 7XT ) GT7600 Plus ( hexa - core ) Memory 7 : 2 GB LPDDR4 RAM 7 Plus : 3 GB LPDDR4 RAM Storage 32 , 128 , or 256 GB Removable storage None Battery 7 : 3.80 V 7.45 W h ( 1960 mA h ) Li - ion 7 Plus : 3.82 V 11.10 W h ( 2900 mA h ) Li - ion Display 7 : 4.7 in ( 120 mm ) Retina HD : LED - backlit IPS LCD , 1334 × 750 px resolution ( 326 ppi ) ( 1 megapixel ) 7 Plus : 5.5 in ( 140 mm ) Retina HD : LED - backlit IPS LCD , 1920 × 1080 px resolution ( 401 ppi ) ( 2.1 megapixels ) All models : 625 cd / m2 max . brightness ( typical ) , with dual - ion exchange - strengthened glass , and 3D Touch Rear camera 7 : 12 MP 2nd - generation Sony Exmor RS with six - element lens , quad - LED `` True Tone '' flash , autofocus , IR filter , Burst mode , f / 1.8 aperture , 4K video recording at 30 fps or 1080p at 30 or 60 fps , slow - motion video ( 1080p at 120 fps and 720p at 240 fps ) , timelapse with stabilization , panorama , facial recognition , digital image stabilization , optical image stabilization 7 Plus : In addition to above : A telephoto lens with 2 × optical zoom / 10 × digital zoom , f / 2.8 aperture Front camera 7 MP , f / 2.2 aperture , burst mode , exposure control , face detection , auto - HDR , auto image stabilization , Retina flash , 1080p HD video recording Sound Stereo speakers Connectivity All models : ( show ) LTE ( bands 1 to 5 , 7 , 8 , 12 , 13 , 17 to 20 , 25 to 30 ) , TD - LTE ( bands 38 to 41 ) , UMTS / HSPA+ / DC - HSDPA ( 850 , 900 , 1700 / 2100 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) , GSM / EDGE ( 850 , 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz ) , Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ) , Bluetooth 4.2 , NFC , GPS , GLONASS , Galileo & QZSS Models A1660 , A1661 , A1779 & A1785 : ( show ) TD - SCDMA 1900 ( F ) , 2000 ( A ) & CDMA2000 EV - DO Rev. A ( 800 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) Models A1779 & A1785 : ( show ) LTE ( bands 11 , 21 ) , FeliCa Other IP67 IEC standard 60529 ( splash , water , and dust resistant ) SAR 7 ( show ) Model A1660 , A1780 Head : 1.19 W / kg Body : 1.20 W / kg Model A1779 Head : 1.20 W / kg Body : 1.19 W / kg Model A1778 Head : 1.19 W / kg Body : 1.19 W / kg 7 Plus ( show ) Model A1661 , A1786 Head : 1.19 W / kg Body : 1.17 W / kg Model A1785 Head : 1.19 W / kg Body : 1.19 W / kg Model A1784 Head : 1.19 W / kg Body : 1.19 W / kg Hearing aid compatibility M3 , T4 Website www.apple.com/iphone-7/ This article is part of a series on the iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S SE 6 / 6 Plus 6S / 6S Plus 7 / 7 Plus 8 / 8 Plus X List of iPhone models iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus are smartphones designed , developed , and marketed by Apple Inc . They were announced on September 7 , 2016 , at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco by Apple CEO Tim Cook , and were released on September 16 , 2016 , succeeding the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus as the flagship devices in the iPhone series . Apple also released the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus in numerous countries worldwide throughout September and October 2016 . They were succeeded as flagship devices by the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus on September 22 , 2017 , and the iPhone X on November 3 , 2017 . The iPhone 7 's overall design is similar to the iPhone 6S , but introduces new color options ( matte black and jet black ) , water and dust resistance , a new capacitive , static home button , and removes the 3.5 mm headphone jack . The device 's internal hardware also received upgrades , including a heterogeneous quad - core system - on - chip with improved system and graphics performance , and upgraded 12 megapixel rear - facing cameras with optical image stabilization on all models and an additional telephoto lens on the iPhone 7 Plus model to provide enhanced zoom capabilities . Reception of the iPhone 7 was mixed . Although reviewers noted the improvements to the camera , especially the dual rear camera on the Plus model , they also stated that the iPhone 7 did not make significant changes to the display or build quality , where competing flagship smartphones surpassed the quality of the iPhone 7 . Many reviews highlighted the controversial removal of the 3.5 mm headphone jack ; some critics argued that the change was meant to bolster licensing of the proprietary Lightning connector and the sales of Apple 's own wireless headphone products , and questioned the effects of the change on audio quality . Apple was also mocked by critics for Phil Schiller 's statement that such a drastic change required `` courage '' . The iPhone 7 has been the subject of several reported issues , most notably a hissing noise during heavy usage of the phones and significant differences in performance between device variants . Apple has not released sales numbers for iPhone 7 , but multiple U.S. carriers reported that it was in high demand on launch . Subsequent reports at the end of 2016 stated that Apple had reduced production of the models due to `` sluggish '' sales and decreasing demand , though sales research after the first quarter of 2017 placed the devices as the best - selling smartphones in the world . Contents 1 History 2 Specifications 2.1 Hardware 2.2 Software 2.3 Accessories 3 Reception 3.1 Removal of the headphone jack 4 Issues 4.1 Hissing noise 4.2 Performance differences 4.3 Explosions and smoke emissions 4.4 Perception of slogan in Cantonese - speaking regions 4.5 Replacing the home button 4.6 Failure to connect to cellular service 5 Sales 5.1 US carrier trade - in deals 5.2 Reports about trimmed production 6 Timeline of iPhone models 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History Prior to its official announcement , multiple aspects of the iPhone 7 were heavily rumored . Apple 's plans to remove the 3.5 mm headphone jack received significant media attention . Other rumors included a flush camera , stereo speakers , a 256 gigabyte storage option , and a larger 3,100 mAh battery . On August 29 , 2016 , invitations to a press event at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco , California on September 7 , 2016 were sent out to members of the media , prompting immediate speculation of the iPhone 7 's upcoming announcement . The iPhone 7 was officially announced at that event , with pre-orders beginning September 9 , and general availability on September 16 . The iPhone 7 launched in 30 new countries later in September , with further international rollouts throughout October and November 2016 . Indonesia was the last country to release the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus , with availability starting on March 31 , 2017 , following Apple 's research and development investment in the country . On March 21 , 2017 , Apple announced an iPhone 7 with a red color finish ( and white front ) , as part of its partnership with Product Red to highlight its AIDS fundraising campaign . It launched on March 24 , 2017 , but it was later discontinued after the announcement of the iPhone 8 , iPhone 8 Plus and iPhone X in September 2017 . In September 2017 , Apple announced the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus as direct successors to the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus , alongside the iPhone X . On February 4 , 2018 , the NYPD began rolling out about 600 phones per day to its officers , who get to choose between an iPhone 7 and an iPhone 7 Plus , switching from the failed Windows Phone . Specifications Hardware The iPhone 7 's exterior is similar in shape and volume to iPhone 6 and iPhone 6S . Alongside the existing silver , gold , and rose gold colors , the device is offered in new colors of matte black , glossy `` jet black '' , and , for a limited time , red . The `` jet black '' color is a dark shade , high - gloss black finish . It is created through a multi-step process , beginning with an anodization phase to make the surface of the casing a porous aluminum oxide , and then using a machine to sweep the casing through a powdered compound , absorbed by aluminum oxide . The process is concluded with an `` ultrafine particle bath '' for additional finishing ; the entire process takes less than an hour . iPhone 7 is rated IP67 water and dust resistant , although tests have resulted in malfunctions , specifically distorted speakers , after water exposure . The warranty does not cover any water damage to the phone . iPhone 7 's home button uses a capacitive mechanism for input rather than a physical push - button , as on previous models , meaning direct skin contact ( or a capacitive glove ) is required to operate the device . Physical feedback is provided via a Taptic Engine vibrator , and the button is also pressure - sensitive . iPhone 7 retains the `` 3D Touch '' display system introduced on the iPhone 6S , providing pressure - sensitive touchscreen input . Comparison of ports on iPhone 6 / 6S ( top ) and iPhone 7 ( bottom ) The iPhone 7 does not feature a 3.5 mm headphone jack ; it was replaced by a second speaker grille that serves as a vent for the internal barometer . A Lightning - to - 3.5 - mm - connector adapter , as well as in - ear headphones that use the Lightning connector , are bundled with the device , and the adapter is also sold separately as an accessory . The adapter is also compatible with other iPhone , iPad , and iPod Touch devices running iOS 10 . iPhone 7 uses the Apple A10 Fusion 64 - bit system - on - chip , which consists of two low - power cores and two high - power cores ( only two cores are used at any point in time ) . The A10 chip also features a hexa - core graphics chip capable of `` console - level gaming '' . As with prior models , iPhone 7 is available in two sizes : one with a 4.7 - inch screen , and a `` Plus '' variant with a 5.5 - inch screen . The displays have identical sizes and resolutions to iPhone 6S , but with a wider color gamut and increased brightness . The screen - to - body ratio is about ~ 66 % and ~ 68 % for the 7 and 7 Plus , respectively . Both device variants also contain a new iteration of Apple 's motion coprocessor , the M10 . Unlike previous iPhone models , internal storage options for iPhone 7 begin at 32 GB instead of 16 GB , and max out at 256 GB . iPhone 7 Plus offers 3 GB of RAM , more than any other previous iPhone ; the 4.7 - inch iPhone 7 has 2 GB . iPhone 7 Plus with dual - lens camera Capturing timelapse using iPhone 7 The iPhone 7 includes a 12 - megapixel rear - facing camera with a quad - LED `` True Tone '' flash ; its aperture was widened to f / 1.8 , and the standard - size phone model adds optical image stabilization -- a feature that was previously exclusive to Plus models . The iPhone 7 Plus includes a second 12 - megapixel telephoto lens , which can be used to achieve 2 × optical zoom , and up to 10 × digital zoom . The front - facing camera was upgraded to a 7 - megapixel sensor with automatic image stabilization . Software See also : iOS version history , iOS 10 , iOS 11 , and iOS 12 iPhone 7 ships with iOS 10 pre-installed . The iPhone 7 Plus received an exclusive portrait camera mode in the iOS 10.1 software update . This camera mode is capable of producing a bokeh effect using depth of field analysis of the second camera of dual - lens in the back of iPhone 7 Plus . Accessories Headphone jack adapter with an iPhone 7 Plus beside it iPhone 7 unboxed set in Silver Each iPhone 7 comes with a Lightning - to - 3.5 - mm adapter . Apple sells the adapter independently as well . Apple also unveiled several Bluetooth wireless headphones ostensibly intended for use with iPhone 7 , including AirPods , wireless in - ear headphones , and three new Beats headphone products . All four products utilize an in - house wireless chip known as Apple W1 , which is designed to provide low - power Bluetooth operation and integration with iOS and macOS products ( though they are still compatible with other Bluetooth - supported devices ) . Reception Back and side detail from a standard iPhone 7 in `` rose gold '' finish Dual cameras on the back of the iPhone 7 Plus Reception to the iPhone 7 was mixed . Gordon Kelly of Forbes noted that rival smartphones , such as the Samsung Galaxy S7 , had increased battery life and added water resistance over its predecessor while retaining the headphone jack , and that the iPhone 7 's camera photo quality was improved but still lagging behind some phones already on the market , including the Galaxy S7 and Nexus 6P . Kelly praised how Apple was able to extract improved brightness and accurate color reproduction from its LCD display panel , while noting that it was old technology which was also well behind rivals who had already moved to sharper 1080p or even 2K screens . The iPhone 7 's exterior , which reuses the aging design of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6S , was criticized , especially the size of the device and thick top / bottom bezels , with Kelly writing that `` the iPhone 7 Plus is simply far too big for a smartphone with a 5.5 - inch display '' . Nilay Patel of The Verge described the devices as being `` full of aggressive breaks from convention '' despite their design continuity with previous models ( going as far as dubbing them `` a prototype of next year 's rumored drastic iPhone redesign disguised as an iPhone 6 '' ) , citing the headphone jack removal ( which he felt was an attempt to encourage the use of wireless headphones ) , heterogeneous CPU , and home button redesign . The display quality was considered an improvement over previous models , albeit `` not as insane '' as the quad HD displays on competing phones . The Taptic Engine was considered the `` first really valuable new UI concept I 've seen on phones in years '' ( as opposed to the `` gimmick '' of 3D Touch ) , Patel felt that the cameras of the devices were a `` step '' above the 6S in terms of performance , and praised the dual - lens camera on the 7 Plus for enhancing the phone 's camera functionality . However , he panned the lack of editing features that made use of them . In regards to the enhanced Bluetooth audio support provided by devices containing the W1 chip , he argued that Apple `` took away an established open standard in favor of new technologies , but instead of making the experience of using those new technologies better across the board , it made every third - party wireless audio product a second - class citizen of the Apple ecosystem . '' Giving the iPhone 7 a 9 out of 10 , he concluded that the devices were `` legitimately among the most interesting , opinionated , powerful phones Apple has ever shipped , and the most confident expressions of the company 's vision in a long time . iOS 10 is excellent , the cameras are better , and the performance is phenomenal . And the batteries last longer . '' John McCann of TechRadar wrote that for the first time , the phablet - sized iPhone 7 Plus was `` markedly better '' than the smaller model . He highlighted improved battery life and praised the camera , calling the Plus ' dual cameras `` excellent '' for point - and - shoot , and `` much improved '' for low - light performance . McCann wrote that the lack of a headphone jack was `` initially frustrating '' , but noted that it was a `` positive step forward for the mobile industry '' , despite the `` short - term effects ... making the most noise for now '' . Removal of the headphone jack Criticism of the iPhone 7 centered around the removal of the headphone jack , including the inability to use wired headphones with the included adapter and charge the device simultaneously . In a particularly scathing article , Nilay Patel of The Verge wrote that removing the headphone jack - `` ditching a deeply established standard '' - would be `` user - hostile and stupid '' . He goes on to list reasons why removing the port is negative , concluding with `` No one is asking for this '' and `` Vote with your dollars '' . Gordon Kelly of Forbes noted that wireless audio technology was immature at the moment , with Bluetooth audio quality being inferior while Lightning audio reliability was still in question . The removal of the headphone jack meant `` you 're being pushed into an era where you will have to pay more for decent headphones due to their need for an integrated DAC and / or Lightning licensing '' , and pointed out that `` the only company to profit from this situation is Apple , who will now be charging licensing fees to millions of headphone companies '' . In particular , Apple 's vice president Phil Schiller , who announced the change , was mocked extensively online for stating that removing the headphone jack took ' courage ' . An online petition created by the consumer group SumOfUs , that accuses Apple of planned obsolescence and causing substantial electronic waste by removing the headphone jack , reached over 300,000 signatures . Issues Hissing noise Some users have reported a strange hissing noise during heavy usage of the phone . CNET reports it as `` faint buzzes and hums coming from the backside '' . The Daily Telegraph speculates that the iPhone 7 's new A10 Fusion processor is the source of the noise , linking to tweets that compare the phone 's hissing sound to `` hearing the fans spin up loudly whenever your Mac 's CPU gets used to its actual potential . '' The issue has been referred to as Hissgate . Performance differences The Guardian reported in October 2016 that storage tests from Unbox Therapy and GSMArena showed that the 32 GB iPhone 7 is `` significantly '' slower than the 128 and 256 GB versions , measuring data write speeds of 341 MB / s on a 128 GB iPhone 7 model versus 42 MB / s on a 32 GB model . October 2016 network tests by Cellular Insights showed that models A1660 and A1661 with Qualcomm modems had `` a significant performance edge '' over models A1778 and A1784 with Intel modems . Inspection of the modems also found that the Qualcomm version 's ability to use Ultra HD Voice had been turned off , likely to `` level the playing field between the Qualcomm , and Intel variants '' . The report concluded with the statement that `` We are not sure what was the main reason behind Apple 's decision to source two different modem suppliers for the newest iPhone '' . Bloomberg reported in November 2016 that tests by researchers from Twin Prime and Cellular Insights had shown the two modems to perform similarly on some U.S. cellular networks despite one of the modems being technically capable of faster connectivity . Apple spokeswoman Trudy Muller told the publication that `` Every iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus meets or exceeds all of Apple 's wireless performance standards , quality metrics , and reliability testing ... In all of our rigorous lab tests based on wireless industry standards , in thousands of hours of real - world field testing , and in extensive carrier partner testing , the data shows there is no discernible difference in the wireless performance of any of the models '' . Bloomberg quoted analysts and technology advisers who stated that `` ( Apple ) do n't want one version to get the reputation that it is better '' and that `` This may not impact the fanboys , but it may make other consumers think twice about buying an Apple phone , especially if they think they might be purchasing a sub-standard product '' . Explosions and smoke emissions In a similar manner with the now - discontinued Samsung Galaxy Note 7 , there have been reports of the iPhone 7 exploding or emitting smoke . In September 2016 , one device reportedly exploded while in transit , while another one had a `` malfunction that caused the battery to blow up internally '' . Another report about an iPhone 7 emitting smoke and `` melting '' was published in October 2016 . Perception of slogan in Cantonese - speaking regions The iPhone 7 's `` This is 7 '' slogan has been misunderstood when translated to certain other languages . The phone 's slogan in Mainland China is `` 7 , is here ; '' ( Chinese : 7 , 在 此 ; pinyin : 7 , zài cǐ ) , while in Hong Kong , its slogan is , `` This , is iPhone 7 ; '' ( Chinese : 這 , 就是 iPhone 7 ; Jyutping : ze5 , zau6 si6 iPhone 7 ) . In Cantonese , the local language of Hong Kong , the slogan could be mistakenly interpreted as `` This is penis '' . `` Tsat '' , ( Chinese : 杘 ; Jyutping : cat6 ) , is a common slang term for an erect penis , and `` seven '' , ( Chinese : 七 ; Jyutping : cat1 ) , which varies only in tone , is often used as a eupuemism . Replacing the home button In the iPhone 7 , Apple added a software lock that prevents individuals from attempting to replace the home button on their own . Users are now required to go to an Apple Store to have repairs done , with `` recalibration '' of the button being necessary . This is a step further than Apple went with iPhone 5S , 6 and 6S , where only Touch ID functionality would get disabled but the `` return - to - home '' functionality still worked . Failure to connect to cellular service Some iPhone 7 devices with the model numbers A1660 , A1780 and A1779 suffer from a problem where they show a `` No service '' message even when cellular reception is available . Apple will repair those devices for free within two years of the first retail sale of the unit . Sales Apple has deliberately withheld pre-order sales numbers , citing that these are `` no longer a representative metric for our investors and customers '' . Without releasing specific numbers , T - Mobile US stated that the iPhone 7 had broken the carrier 's all - time record for first - day pre-order sales . The following weekend , T - Mobile US stated that iPhone 7 was its biggest iPhone launch ever , being `` up nearly 4x compared to the next most popular iPhone '' . On September 14 , 2016 , two days before the iPhone 7 went on sale , Apple announced that due to high demand , they had sold out of all `` jet black '' iPhone 7 's , and all colors of the iPhone 7 Plus . This caused issues for customers in the iPhone Upgrade Program , who were unable to reserve new phones . After customer complaints and a class action lawsuit , Apple made changes to ensure members of the program could get new phones as soon as possible . In May 2017 , analytics research company Strategy Analytics announced that iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus were the best - selling smartphones worldwide during the first quarter of 2017 , selling 21.5 million and 17.4 million units , respectively . US carrier trade - in deals For the initial U.S. sales of the iPhone 7 , all four major wireless carriers announced trade - in deals . Under the deals , the monthly installment plan cost of the iPhone 7 is negated by a monthly credit on consumers ' bill , but consumers who cancel their service with the carrier or pay off the phone prior to the installment contract completion will not receive credits for the remaining months . Jacob Kastrenakes of The Verge noted that the deals effectively constituted a return to two - year phone contracts , in which the deals `` essentially lock you into that carrier for two years '' . In the wake of these deals , Verizon announced they had seen an increase in sales over the release of the previous year 's iPhone 6S , AT&T said that sales had exceeded its expectations , and T - Mobile and Sprint announced `` huge increases in sales '' , with T - Mobile seeing a demand roughly four times higher for the 7 than the 6 . Reports about trimmed production In December 2016 , DigiTimes reported that Apple had reduced production of the iPhone 7 because of decreasing demand for the product after the initial surge of interest waned . A reason cited was consumers and suppliers turning their attention to next year 's iPhone model . A new report from Nikkei at the end of December included details on sales and production of the iPhone 7 . The report , `` based on data from suppliers '' , stated that Apple would trim production of the iPhone 7 by 10 % in the first quarter of 2017 , following `` sluggish '' sales . Nikkei reported that Apple previously trimmed production of the iPhone 7 by 20 % due to accumulated inventory of the previous model , but that the new models had `` sold more sluggishly than expected '' . Additionally , the report notes that the `` iPhone 7 Plus , which features two cameras on its back face , remains popular '' , but `` a shortage of camera sensors has curbed Apple 's ability to meet demand for the phones '' . Timeline of iPhone models Sources : Apple Newsroom Archive Notes Jump up ^ Following the launch of the iPhone 7 , Belkin announced an Apple - certified hub accessory that contains two Lightning ports , one intended as a Lightning pass - through for charging and the other for connecting Lightning headphones or the included Lightning - to - headphone jack adapter . References ^ Jump up to : Wuerthele , Mike ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Pegatron CEO slams analysts , ' cautiously optimistic ' about Apple iPhone 7 sales '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 '' . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iOS Benchmarks '' . Geekbench . Primate Labs Inc . 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Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Paul ; Bohn , Dieter ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` Apple put a barometric vent in the space where the iPhone 7 headphone jack would have been '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Chris ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple will sell replacement iPhone 7 headphone adapters for $9 each '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning to 3.5 mm Headphone Jack Adapter '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Benjamin , Jeff ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` GeekBench benchmarks confirm iPhone 7 Plus ships with 3GB of RAM , faster than 12.9 '' iPad Pro `` . 9to5Mac . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple 's new A10 Fusion processor is 120 times faster than the original iPhone '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple iPhone 7 vs Apple iPhone 7 Plus '' . SpecTell . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Jordan ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 display analysis shows record performance for color accuracy , brightness , screen reflectance & more '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple iPhone 7 '' . GSMArena . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple iPhone 7 Plus '' . GSMArena . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 -- Technical Specifications '' . Apple . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pierce , David ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` The iPhone 7 : More Camera , More Colors , Less Headphone Jack '' . Wired . Condé Nast . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Slivka , Eric ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 Teardown Reveals ' Incredibly Thin ' A10 Chip With 2 GB RAM , Intel Modem '' . MacRumors . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Savov , Vlad ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` The iPhone 7 Plus has two cameras that work as one '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Moynihan , Tim ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` With the iPhone 7 , Apple Makes Dual Cameras the New Normal '' . Wired . Condé Nast . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mayo , Benjamin ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` iOS 10 now installed on two thirds of devices , faster adoption than any previous iOS update '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clover , Juli ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Releases iOS 10.1 With New Portrait Mode for iPhone 7 Plus '' . MacRumors . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , James . `` The iPhone 7 Plus ' ' portrait ' mode does background blur better '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's what ' bokeh ' is , and how the iPhone 7 Plus fakes it '' . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carnoy , David ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple intros totally wireless AirPods and 3 new Beats wireless headphones that use new W1 chip '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple 's first wireless chip is the new W1 for wireless AirPods '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Gordon ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 Vs iPhone 7 Plus Review : Should You Upgrade ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patel , Nilay . `` iPhone 7 Review '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCann , John . `` iPhone 7 Plus review '' . TechRadar . Future plc . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Statt , Nick ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` This $40 adapter can charge the iPhone 7 with your headphones plugged in '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cooke , Henry ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Why Apple will ditch the iPhone headphone jack , and why that sucks '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patel , Nilay ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Taking the headphone jack off phones is user - hostile and stupid '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCann , Mac ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` The iPhone 7 's Dead Headphone Jack and AirPods Are Being Dragged All Over Twitter '' . Complex . Verizon Hearst Media Partners . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Statt , Nick ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple says it took ' courage ' to remove the headphone jack on the iPhone 7 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Andrew ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 : Petition against dropping headphone jack because it will ' screw the planet ' gets hundreds of thousands of signatures '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple is ditching the standard headphone jack to screw consumers and the planet '' . SumOfUs . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carey , Bridget ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 ' Hissgate : ' CNET Update viewers share their experiences '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Criddle , Cristina ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 and 7 Plus handsets are making a mysterious hissing sound '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ T. , Nick ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` This could be why some iPhone 7 units make a hissing noise '' . PhoneArena . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haslam , Oliver ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` Hissgate ? Some iPhone 7 Units Allegedly Make Hissing Sound When Put Under Heavy Load '' . RedmondPie . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Samuel ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` 32GB iPhone 7 significantly slower than more expensive versions , tests show '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 Plus : A Tale of Two Personalities '' . Cellular Insights . October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Jeff ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Report : iPhone 7 models w / Qualcomm modem feature better cellular performance versus Intel '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ King , Ian ; Moritz , Scott ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Apple 's Chip Choices May Leave Some iPhone Users in Slow Lane '' . Bloomberg Technology . Bloomberg . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Zach ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 catches fire while in transit '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gleyo , Fritz ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` LOOK : Did This iPhone 7 Explode Too ? '' . Tech Times . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Chris ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Another iPhone 7 battery blew up , but this time the phone did n't go up in flames '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Zach ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Man claims iPhone 7 burst into flames and destroyed his car '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Huang , Zheping ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` The slogan for Apple 's new iPhone 7 translates into `` This is penis '' in Hong Kong `` . Quartz . Atlantic Media . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trenholm , Richard ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 slogan means something else in Hong Kong '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koebler , Jason ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` The iPhone 7 Has Arbitrary Software Locks That Prevent Repair '' . Motherboard . Vice . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Brett ( April 8 , 2017 ) . `` Do n't try to fix your iPhone 7 home button yourself '' . Mashable . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple offers free repairs for iPhone 7 devices hit with ' No Service ' bug '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Wo n't Release First - Weekend iPhone 7 Sales Numbers '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus Shatter Records at T - Mobile '' . T - Mobile US . September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Musil , Steven ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Apple says it has sold out of initial quantities of iPhone 7 Plus '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Joe ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone Upgrade Program Causes Headaches on Launch Day Due to Limited Stock '' . MacRumors . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clover , Juli ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Hit With Class Action Lawsuit Over iPhone Upgrade Program Woes '' . MacRumors . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Joe ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Makes More iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus Stock Available to Upgrade Program Members '' . MacRumors . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Zac ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Apple tops Q1 2017 highest - selling smartphone list with iPhone 7 '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wuerthele , Mike ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Apple 's iPhone 7 was world 's best - selling smartphone in first quarter of 2017 '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matthew ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` T - Mobile 's free iPhone 7 offer requires upfront costs and lots of patience '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kastrenakes , Jacob ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Free ' iPhone 7 offers from AT&T , Verizon , and others are basically two - year contracts '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pressmann , Aaron ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's Why Verizon Thinks iPhone 7 Sales Are Better Than Last Year '' . Fortune . Time . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chen , Monica ; Shen , Steve ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Apple reportedly begins to reduce orders for iPhone 7 , say sources '' . DigiTimes . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Siegal , Jacob ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 orders reportedly drop as Apple goes big on the iPhone 8 '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple to slice iPhone production 10 % '' . Nikkei . December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Apple Inc. ( 2007 - 2018 ) . iPhone News - Newsroom Archive . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . 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"On March 21, 2017, Apple announced an iPhone 7 with a red color finish (and white front), as part of its partnership with Product Red to highlight its AIDS fundraising campaign. It launched on March 24, 2017,[36][37] but it was later discontinued after the announcement of the iPhone 8, iPhone 8 Plus and iPhone X in September 2017.[38]\n"
] | [
"March 24, 2017"
] |
-9163003374663613704 | List of Minnesota Vikings starting quarterbacks | List of Minnesota Vikings starting quarterbacks - wikipedia List of Minnesota Vikings starting quarterbacks Jump to : navigation , search NFL lists Current season ( show ) 2017 season . Quarterbacks ( show ) Starting quarterbacks by touchdowns / touchdowns ( playoffs ) / yardage / 5000 yard seasons / completion by team BUF MIA NE NYJ BAL CIN CLE PIT HOU IND JAX TEN DEN KC LAC OAK DAL NYG PHI WAS CHI DET GB MIN ATL CAR NO TB ARI LAR SF SEA Most wins Playoff records Most consecutive starts Most consecutive games with touchdown pass Win -- loss records 2012 Other lists ( show ) Most consecutive starts ( and games played ) Brett Favre 's career achievements Peyton Manning 's career achievements Sam Bradford has been the Vikings ' starting quarterback since Week 2 of the 2016 season . The Minnesota Vikings are a professional American football team based in Minneapolis . They are members of the North Division of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) in the National Football League ( NFL ) . A franchise was granted to Minneapolis businessmen Bill Boyer , H.P. Skoglund and Max Winter in 1959 as a member of the American Football League ( AFL ) . The ownership forfeited their AFL membership in January 1960 and received the National Football League 's 14th franchise on January 28 , 1960 that started play in 1961 . The Vikings have had 36 starting quarterbacks in the history of their franchise ; they have never had more than three starting quarterbacks in one season . The Vikings ' past starting quarterbacks include Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Fran Tarkenton , Brett Favre and Warren Moon . The team 's first starting quarterback was George Shaw ; he was replaced by Tarkenton in the franchise 's first game , and the future Hall of Famer retained the starting role for most of the remainder of the season . As of the 2016 season , Minnesota 's starting quarterback is Sam Bradford who the Vikings traded for after Teddy Bridgewater , was injured prior to the start of the 2016 season . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Starting quarterbacks by season 2.1 Regular season 2.2 Postseason 3 Statistics 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References History ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Vikings ' starting quarterback for the first game of their inaugural season against the Chicago Bears was George Shaw . However , he was replaced by Fran Tarkenton early on , who passed for four touchdowns in the game and rushed for one more . Tarkenton went on to start in 10 of the Vikings ' 14 regular season matches that year . He played for the Vikings until 1967 , when he was traded to the New York Giants , and Joe Kapp took his place as the Vikings ' starting quarterback . Kapp led the Vikings to their first playoff appearance in 1968 , but he was traded to the Boston Patriots in 1970 and Gary Cuozzo stepped up to replace him . Cuozzo remained in the position for two seasons , moving to the St. Louis Cardinals in 1972 . Tarkenton returned for another seven - year spell as the Vikings ' starting quarterback in 1972 , continuing until his retirement in 1978 , at which point Tommy Kramer was promoted from the second string in his second season with the franchise . Kramer was injured for most of the 1983 season , so Steve Dils served as the starting quarterback for most of the season , before Kramer reclaimed the position in 1984 . For the 1987 season , Kramer shared quarterback duties with Wade Wilson , before Wilson took over on a permanent basis from 1988 . Wilson was replaced by the emerging Rich Gannon in 1990 , but Gannon was released after the 1992 season and veteran Jim McMahon took over for the 1993 season until the arrival of Warren Moon in 1994 . Moon retained the starting quarterback spot for two seasons , but suffered a broken collarbone halfway through his third season with the Vikings and was replaced by Brad Johnson for the remainder of the season . The Vikings had three starting quarterbacks in the following three seasons -- Johnson ( 1997 ) , Randall Cunningham ( 1998 ) and Jeff George ( 1999 ) -- before Daunte Culpepper began a six - year spell in his second year in the NFL in 2000 . He suffered a serious knee injury during the 2005 season , and Johnson took over in the position again , having re-signed the previous summer after seven years away from the franchise . Culpepper then joined the Miami Dolphins in 2006 , giving Johnson another full year as starting quarterback , only to be replaced by sophomore Tarvaris Jackson in 2007 . The 2008 season commenced with Jackson starting at quarterback , but he was replaced after two games by Gus Frerotte , who was returning to the Vikings from the St. Louis Rams after having been traded to the Miami Dolphins in 2005 . Jackson regained the job for the final three games and led the Vikings to their first divisional title since 2000 , and their first NFC North title . In 2009 , the Vikings recruited veteran quarterback Brett Favre out of retirement to be their new starting quarterback . In Week 13 of the 2010 season , Favre suffered a chest injury that ended his NFL - record streak of consecutive starts at 297 ( 321 including postseason games ) , and Tarvaris Jackson reclaimed the starting spot for Week 14 . However , Jackson was injured himself in Week 15 , giving rookie Joe Webb a chance to stake a claim for the position . He was unable to hold onto the position as Donovan McNabb was signed as a free agent to replace Favre , who retired at the end of the 2010 season . After going 1 -- 5 through the first six games of 2011 , though , McNabb was replaced by first - round draft pick Christian Ponder , who retained the starting position for the remainder of the season and for the whole of 2012 . However , he was plagued by indifferent form and the Vikings signed Matt Cassel -- recently released by the Kansas City Chiefs . When Ponder suffered an injury early in the 2013 season , Cassel was given his first start for the Vikings in week 4 in the NFL International Series game against the Pittsburgh Steelers at Wembley Stadium , London . He started the following game , but was replaced in week 7 by Josh Freeman , recently signed after his release by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers . However , he was injured during the game and did not make another start for the Vikings , allowing Ponder to reclaim the starting role . Cassel then returned as the starter in week 14 , and retained the role for the rest of the season and into 2014 . After three games , he was placed on injured reserve and first - round draft pick Teddy Bridgewater took over for the week 4 game against the Atlanta Falcons . Bridgewater himself was injured late in the game , allowing Ponder the chance to come back in for the following week , but the rookie soon returned and has held the starting berth until suffering a knee injury in practice during the 2016 preseason . Shaun Hill started the season opener and Sam Bradford took over in week 2 . Seven Vikings quarterbacks have made at least one start in their rookie season : Tarkenton in 1961 , Vander Kelen in 1963 , Kramer in 1977 , Jackson in 2006 , Webb in 2010 , Ponder in 2011 and Bridgewater in 2014 . Starting quarterbacks by season ( edit ) Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee Warren Moon was the Minnesota Vikings ' starting quarterback from 1994 to 1996 . Daunte Culpepper was the Vikings ' starting quarterback for six seasons from 2000 to 2005 . Jim McMahon was the Vikings ' starting quarterback for the 1993 season . Brett Favre took over as the Vikings ' starting quarterback in 2009 . Teddy Bridgewater was the Vikings ' starting quarterback from Week 4 of the 2014 season until the end of the 2015 season . He tore his ACL on August 30 , 2016 , and was declared out for the rest of the 2016 season . Year Column links to corresponding team season ( # ) Number of games started in the regular season or post-season win -- loss record † Inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame Regular season ( edit ) Season Quarterback ( s ) Ref ( s ) 1961 Tarkenton , Fran ! Fran Tarkenton ( 10 ) / George Shaw ( 4 ) 1962 Tarkenton , Fran ! Fran Tarkenton ( 14 ) 1963 Tarkenton , Fran ! Fran Tarkenton ( 13 ) / Ron Vander Kelen ( 1 ) 1964 Tarkenton , Fran ! Fran Tarkenton ( 14 ) 1965 Tarkenton , Fran ! Fran Tarkenton ( 14 ) 1966 Tarkenton , Fran ! Fran Tarkenton ( 12 ) / Bob Berry ( 1 ) / Ron Vander Kelen ( 1 ) 1967 Kapp , Joe ! Joe Kapp ( 11 ) / Ron Vander Kelen ( 3 ) 1968 Kapp , Joe ! Joe Kapp ( 14 ) 1969 Kapp , Joe ! Joe Kapp ( 13 ) / Gary Cuozzo ( 1 ) 1970 Cuozzo , Gary ! Gary Cuozzo ( 12 ) / Bob Lee ( 2 ) 1971 Cuozzo , Gary ! Gary Cuozzo ( 8 ) / Bob Lee ( 4 ) / Norm Snead ( 2 ) 1972 Tarkenton , Fran ! Fran Tarkenton ( 14 ) 1973 Tarkenton , Fran ! Fran Tarkenton ( 14 ) Tarkenton , Fran ! Fran Tarkenton ( 13 ) / Bob Berry ( 1 ) Tarkenton , Fran ! Fran Tarkenton ( 14 ) 1976 Tarkenton , Fran ! Fran Tarkenton ( 13 ) / Bob Lee ( 1 ) 1977 Tarkenton , Fran ! Fran Tarkenton ( 9 ) / Bob Lee ( 4 ) / Tommy Kramer ( 1 ) 1978 Tarkenton , Fran ! Fran Tarkenton ( 16 ) 1979 Kramer , Tommy ! Tommy Kramer ( 16 ) 1980 Kramer , Tommy ! Tommy Kramer ( 15 ) / Steve Dils ( 1 ) 1981 Kramer , Tommy ! Tommy Kramer ( 14 ) / Steve Dils ( 2 ) 1982 Kramer , Tommy ! Tommy Kramer ( 9 ) Dils , Steve ! Steve Dils ( 12 ) / Tommy Kramer ( 3 ) / Wade Wilson ( 1 ) 1984 Kramer , Tommy ! Tommy Kramer ( 9 ) / Wade Wilson ( 5 ) / Archie Manning ( 2 ) 1985 Kramer , Tommy ! Tommy Kramer ( 15 ) / Wade Wilson ( 1 ) 1986 Kramer , Tommy ! Tommy Kramer ( 13 ) / Wade Wilson ( 3 ) Wilson , Wade ! Wade Wilson ( 7 ) / Tommy Kramer ( 5 ) / Tony Adams ( 3 ) 1988 Wilson , Wade ! Wade Wilson ( 10 ) / Tommy Kramer ( 6 ) 1989 Wilson , Wade ! Wade Wilson ( 12 ) / Tommy Kramer ( 4 ) 1990 Gannon , Rich ! Rich Gannon ( 12 ) / Wade Wilson ( 4 ) 1991 Gannon , Rich ! Rich Gannon ( 11 ) / Wade Wilson ( 5 ) 1992 Gannon , Rich ! Rich Gannon ( 12 ) / Sean Salisbury ( 4 ) 1993 Macmahon , Jim ! Jim McMahon ( 12 ) / Sean Salisbury ( 4 ) 1994 Moon , Warren ! Warren Moon ( 15 ) / Sean Salisbury ( 1 ) 1995 Moon , Warren ! Warren Moon ( 16 ) Moon , Warren ! Warren Moon ( 8 ) / Brad Johnson ( 8 ) 1997 Johnson , Brad ! Brad Johnson ( 13 ) / Randall Cunningham ( 3 ) 1998 Cunningham , Randall ! Randall Cunningham ( 14 ) / Brad Johnson ( 2 ) 1999 George , Jeff ! Jeff George ( 10 ) / Randall Cunningham ( 6 ) 2000 Culpepper , Daunte ! Daunte Culpepper ( 16 ) 2001 Culpepper , Daunte ! Daunte Culpepper ( 11 ) / Todd Bouman ( 3 ) / Spergon Wynn ( 2 ) 2002 Culpepper , Daunte ! Daunte Culpepper ( 16 ) 2003 Culpepper , Daunte ! Daunte Culpepper ( 14 ) / Gus Frerotte ( 2 ) Culpepper , Daunte ! Daunte Culpepper ( 16 ) 2005 Johnson , Brad ! Brad Johnson ( 9 ) / Daunte Culpepper ( 7 ) 2006 Johnson , Brad ! Brad Johnson ( 14 ) / Tarvaris Jackson ( 2 ) 2007 Jackson , Tarvaris ! Tarvaris Jackson ( 12 ) / Kelly Holcomb ( 3 ) / Brooks Bollinger ( 1 ) 2008 Frerotte , Gus ! Gus Frerotte ( 11 ) / Tarvaris Jackson ( 5 ) 2009 Favre , Brett ! Brett Favre ( 16 ) Favre , Brett ! Brett Favre ( 13 ) / Tarvaris Jackson ( 1 ) / Joe Webb ( 2 ) 2011 Ponder , Christian ! Christian Ponder ( 10 ) / Donovan McNabb ( 6 ) 2012 Ponder , Christian ! Christian Ponder ( 16 ) 2013 Ponder , Christian ! Christian Ponder ( 9 ) / Matt Cassel ( 6 ) / Josh Freeman ( 1 ) 2014 Bridgewater , Teddy ! Teddy Bridgewater ( 12 ) / Matt Cassel ( 3 ) / Christian Ponder ( 1 ) 2015 Bridgewater , Teddy ! Teddy Bridgewater ( 16 ) 2016 Bradford , Sam ! Sam Bradford ( 15 ) / Shaun Hill ( 1 ) 2017 Keenum , Case ! Case Keenum ( 6 ) / Sam Bradford ( 2 ) Postseason ( edit ) Season Quarterback ( s ) Ref ( s ) 1968 Kapp , Joe ! Joe Kapp ( 0 -- 1 ) 1969 Kapp , Joe ! Joe Kapp ( 2 -- 1 ) 1970 Cuozzo , Gary ! Gary Cuozzo ( 0 -- 1 ) 1971 Lee , Bob ! Bob Lee ( 0 -- 1 ) 1973 Tarkenton , Fran ! Fran Tarkenton ( 2 -- 1 ) Tarkenton , Fran ! Fran Tarkenton ( 2 -- 1 ) Tarkenton , Fran ! Fran Tarkenton ( 0 -- 1 ) 1976 Tarkenton , Fran ! Fran Tarkenton ( 2 -- 1 ) 1977 Lee , Bob ! Bob Lee ( 1 -- 1 ) 1978 Tarkenton , Fran ! Fran Tarkenton ( 0 -- 1 ) 1980 Kramer , Tommy ! Tommy Kramer ( 0 -- 1 ) 1982 Kramer , Tommy ! Tommy Kramer ( 1 -- 1 ) Kramer , Tommy ! Tommy Kramer ( 1 -- 0 ) / Wade Wilson ( 1 -- 1 ) 1988 Wilson , Wade ! Wade Wilson ( 1 -- 1 ) 1989 Wilson , Wade ! Wade Wilson ( 0 -- 1 ) 1992 Salisbury , Sean ! Sean Salisbury ( 0 -- 1 ) 1993 Macmahon , Jim ! Jim McMahon ( 0 -- 1 ) 1994 Moon , Warren ! Warren Moon ( 0 -- 1 ) Johnson , Brad ! Brad Johnson ( 0 -- 1 ) 1997 Cunningham , Randall ! Randall Cunningham ( 1 -- 1 ) 1998 Cunningham , Randall ! Randall Cunningham ( 1 -- 1 ) 1999 George , Jeff ! Jeff George ( 1 -- 1 ) 2000 Culpepper , Daunte ! Daunte Culpepper ( 1 -- 1 ) Culpepper , Daunte ! Daunte Culpepper ( 1 -- 1 ) 2008 Jackson , Tarvaris ! Tarvaris Jackson ( 0 -- 1 ) 2009 Favre , Brett ! Brett Favre ( 1 -- 1 ) 2012 Webb , Joe ! Joe Webb ( 0 -- 1 ) 2015 Bridgewater , Teddy ! Teddy Bridgewater ( 0 -- 1 ) Statistics ( edit ) Having been the franchise 's starting quarterback for 13 seasons ( longer than any other Vikings player ) , Fran Tarkenton holds the record for the most starts in a Vikings jersey , and those for the most wins and ties . He is also the franchise 's leading passer in terms of numbers of attempts , completions , total yards gained and passing touchdowns , although Brett Favre has the best pass completion percentage . However , Tarkenton has also thrown the most interceptions . The record for the longest completed pass by a Vikings starting quarterback is held by Gus Frerotte , who threw a 99 - yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Bernard Berrian in a home game against the Chicago Bears in the 2008 season . Tarkenton is also the franchise leader for rushing attempts and rushing yards as a quarterback , but it is Daunte Culpepper -- with 72 fewer rushing yards on 10 fewer attempts than Tarkenton -- who has the most rushing touchdowns . Joe Webb holds the record for the longest rush with a 65 - yard run in Minnesota 's 34 -- 28 road loss to the Detroit Lions in 2011 . Years Years that the quarterback was on the Vikings ' roster Yds Yards gained by passing GP Games played ( regular season ) TD Passing touchdowns GS Games started ( regular season ) Int Interceptions thrown Number of wins as starting quarterback Lng Longest completed pass thrown ( yards ) Number of losses as starting quarterback Rate Quarterback rating Number of ties as starting quarterback Att Rushes attempted Cmp Passes completed Yds Yards gained by rushing Att Passes attempted TD Rushing touchdowns Cmp % Percentage of passes completed Lng Longest rushing attempt Name Years Passing statistics Rushing statistics Ref GP GS Cmp Att Cmp % Yds TD Int Lng Rate Att Yds TD Lng Shaw , George George Shaw 1961 8 0 46 91 50.5 530 42 64.8 10 39 0 19 Tarkenton , Fran Fran Tarkenton 1961 -- 1966 1972 -- 1978 177 170 91 73 6 2,635 4,569 57.7 33,098 239 194 89 80.1 464 2,548 22 52 Vander Kelen , Ron Ron Vander Kelen 1963 -- 1967 29 5 0 107 252 42.5 1,375 6 11 53 50.0 26 116 20 Berry , Bob Bob Berry 1965 -- 1967 1973 -- 1975 24 0 63 124 50.8 708 7 8 52 60.1 7 25 0 8 Kapp , Joe Joe Kapp 1967 -- 1969 40 38 23 12 351 699 50.2 4,807 37 47 85 62.2 99 540 5 27 Cuozzo , Gary Gary Cuozzo 1968 -- 1971 33 21 16 5 0 276 556 49.6 3,552 18 23 72 63.6 36 85 0 15 Lee , Bob Bob Lee 1969 -- 1972 1975 -- 1978 52 11 9 0 159 306 52.0 2,153 15 17 63 67.9 39 37 10 Snead , Norm Norm Snead 1971 7 0 0 37 75 49.3 470 6 55 40.4 6 6 5 Kramer , Tommy Tommy Kramer 1977 -- 1989 128 110 54 56 0 2,011 3,648 55.1 24,775 159 157 76 72.9 214 531 8 20 Dils , Steve Steve Dils 1979 -- 1984 47 15 6 9 0 336 623 53.9 3,867 15 18 68 68.9 24 73 0 19 Wilson , Wade Wade Wilson 1981 -- 1991 76 48 27 21 0 929 1,665 55.8 12,135 66 75 75 73.4 159 679 9 38 Manning , Archie Archie Manning 1983 -- 1984 8 0 0 52 94 55.3 545 56 66.1 12 41 0 16 Adams , Tony Tony Adams 0 0 49 89 55.1 607 5 63 64.2 11 31 0 12 Gannon , Rich Rich Gannon 1987 -- 1992 48 35 19 16 0 561 1,003 55.9 6,457 40 36 78 73.9 144 720 42 Salisbury , Sean Sean Salisbury 1992 -- 1994 22 9 5 0 228 404 56.4 2,772 14 9 55 80.0 24 0 6 Macmahon , Jim Jim McMahon 1993 12 12 8 0 200 331 60.4 1,968 9 8 58 76.2 33 96 0 16 Moon , Warren Warren Moon 1994 -- 1996 39 39 21 18 0 882 1,454 60.7 10,102 58 42 85 82.8 69 143 0 16 Johnson , Brad Brad Johnson 1994 -- 1998 2005 -- 2006 68 46 28 18 0 1,036 1,670 62.0 11,098 65 48 82 82.5 139 368 28 Cunningham , Randall Randall Cunningham 1997 -- 1999 27 23 16 7 0 427 713 59.9 5,680 48 23 67 94.2 61 317 28 George , Jeff Jeff George 1999 12 10 8 0 191 329 58.1 2,816 23 12 80 94.2 16 41 0 17 Culpepper , Daunte Daunte Culpepper 1999 -- 2005 81 80 38 42 0 1,678 2,607 64.4 20,162 135 86 82 91.5 454 2,476 29 42 Bouman , Todd Todd Bouman 2001 -- 2002 6 0 54 95 56.8 880 8 80 98.6 10 70 0 21 Wynn , Spergon Spergon Wynn 2001 0 0 48 98 49.0 418 6 47 38.6 8 61 0 14 Frerotte , Gus Gus Frerotte 2003 -- 2004 2008 43 13 10 0 216 367 58.9 2,847 19 17 99 81.4 31 5 5 Jackson , Tarvaris Tarvaris Jackson 2006 -- 2010 36 20 10 10 0 354 603 58.7 3,984 24 22 71 76.6 119 535 33 Holcomb , Kelly Kelly Holcomb 2007 0 0 42 83 50.6 515 40 73.1 0 0 0 0 Bollinger , Brooks Brooks Bollinger 2006 -- 2007 7 0 0 46 68 67.6 537 50 84.0 5 18 0 10 Favre , Brett Brett Favre 2009 -- 2010 29 29 17 12 0 580 889 65.2 6,711 44 26 63 92.2 26 15 0 10 Webb , Joe Joe Webb 2010 -- 2013 17 0 88 152 57.9 853 5 46 66.6 41 273 65 McNabb , Donovan Donovan McNabb 2011 6 6 5 0 94 156 60.3 1,026 60 82.9 14 59 23 Ponder , Christian Christian Ponder 2011 -- 2014 38 36 14 21 632 1,057 59.8 6,658 38 36 72 75.9 126 639 7 29 Cassel , Matt Matt Cassel 2013 -- 2014 12 9 5 0 194 325 59.7 2,232 14 13 79 78.1 27 75 13 Freeman , Josh Josh Freeman 2013 0 0 20 53 37.7 190 0 22 40.6 0 0 0 0 Bridgewater , Teddy Teddy Bridgewater * 2014 -- 29 28 17 11 0 551 849 64.9 6,150 28 21 87 87.0 91 401 19 Hill , Shaun Shaun Hill 2016 7 0 0 21 42 50.0 257 0 0 33 69.2 11 -- 2 0 9 Bradford , Sam Sam Bradford * 2016 -- 17 17 9 8 0 427 595 71.8 4,259 23 5 71 101.1 22 50 0 24 Keenum , Case Case Keenum * 2017 -- 7 6 0 149 233 63.9 1,610 7 59 88.8 10 64 0 22 * Statistics accurate as of Week 9 of the 2017 season . Bold text indicates the player is currently on the Vikings roster See also ( edit ) List of Minnesota Vikings first - round draft picks Notes ( edit ) In each game , a team picks one player to start in the quarterback position . Players may be substituted during the game , but the term `` starting quarterback '' refers to the player who started the game in that position . Since the 1978 NFL season , all teams have played 16 - game schedules . Strikes by the National Football League Players Association in the 1982 and 1987 seasons resulted in shortened seasons ( 9 - and 15 - game schedules , respectively ) . References ( edit ) General `` Minnesota Vikings Team Encyclopedia '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Vikings -- Team History '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hall of Famers '' . vikings.com . Minnesota Vikings Football . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` George Shaw '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1961 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fran Tarkenton '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joe Kapp '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1968 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gary Cuozzo '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tommy Kramer '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steve Dils '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wade Wilson '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2009 . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rich Gannon '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jim McMahon '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Warren Moon '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brad Johnson '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Randall Cunningham '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2010 . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jeff George '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Daunte Culpepper '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tarvaris Jackson '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gus Frerotte '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brett Favre '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ron Vander Kelen '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob Berry '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob Lee '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Norm Snead '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1980 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archie Manning '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tony Adams '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sean Salisbury '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Todd Bouman '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spergon Wynn '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kelly Holcomb '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brooks Bollinger '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joe Webb '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Donovan McNabb '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christian Ponder '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Player '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Minnesota Vikings Starters , Roster , & Player '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Matt Cassel '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Josh Freeman '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teddy Bridgewater '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sam Bradford '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports References . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shaun Hill '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Case Keenum '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minnesota Vikings Career Passing Register '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears at Minnesota Vikings - November 30th , 2008 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minnesota Vikings Career Rushing Register '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings at Detroit Lions - December 11th , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History by Decade , 1971 -- 1980 '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2007 . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History by Decade , 1981 -- 1990 '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Minnesota Vikings Founded in 1961 Based in Minneapolis , Minnesota Headquartered in Eden Prairie , Minnesota Franchise Franchise History Expansion draft Players First - round draft picks Quarterbacks Head coaches Seasons Statistics Draft Broadcasters Stadiums Metropolitan Stadium Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome TCF Bank Stadium U.S. Bank Stadium Culture Purple People Eaters `` Skol , Vikings '' Herschel Walker trade Love Boat scandal `` Little Minnesota '' ( How I Met Your Mother episode ) Cheerleaders Rivalries Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Lore The Wrong Way Run Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy Gary Anderson 's missed field goal Hail Mary 2010 Metrodome roof collapse Division championships ( 19 ) 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 1976 1977 1978 1980 1989 1992 1994 1998 2000 2008 2009 2015 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1969 1973 1976 League championships ( 0 ) does not include 1969 NFL championship Retired numbers 10 53 70 77 80 88 Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 57 ) 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Minnesota Vikings starting quarterbacks George Shaw ( 1961 ) Fran Tarkenton ( 1961 -- 1966 , 1972 -- 1978 ) Ron Vander Kelen ( 1963 , 1966 -- 1967 ) Bob Berry ( 1966 , 1974 ) Joe Kapp ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Gary Cuozzo ( 1969 -- 1971 ) Bob Lee ( 1970 -- 1971 , 1976 -- 1977 ) Norm Snead ( 1971 ) Tommy Kramer ( 1977 , 1979 -- 1989 ) Steve Dils ( 1980 -- 1981 , 1983 ) Wade Wilson ( 1983 -- 1991 ) Archie Manning ( 1984 ) Tony Adams ( 1987 ) Rich Gannon ( 1990 -- 1992 ) Sean Salisbury ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Jim McMahon ( 1993 ) Warren Moon ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Brad Johnson ( 1996 -- 1998 , 2005 -- 2006 ) Randall Cunningham ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Jeff George ( 1999 ) Daunte Culpepper ( 2000 -- 2005 ) Todd Bouman ( 2001 ) Spergon Wynn ( 2001 ) Gus Frerotte ( 2003 , 2008 ) Tarvaris Jackson ( 2006 -- 2008 , 2010 ) Kelly Holcomb ( 2007 ) Brooks Bollinger ( 2007 ) Brett Favre ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Joe Webb ( 2010 ) Donovan McNabb ( 2011 ) Christian Ponder ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Matt Cassel ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Josh Freeman ( 2013 ) Teddy Bridgewater ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Shaun Hill ( 2016 ) Sam Bradford ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Case Keenum ( 2017 -- present ) List of starting quarterbacks in the National Football League ( as of Week 8 of the 2017 NFL season ) American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Tyrod Taylor ( Buffalo Bills ) Matt Moore ( Miami Dolphins ) Tom Brady ( New England Patriots ) Josh McCown ( New York Jets ) Joe Flacco ( Baltimore Ravens ) Andy Dalton ( Cincinnati Bengals ) DeShone Kizer ( Cleveland Browns ) Ben Roethlisberger ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) Deshaun Watson ( Houston Texans ) Jacoby Brissett ( Indianapolis Colts ) Blake Bortles ( Jacksonville Jaguars ) Marcus Mariota ( Tennessee Titans ) Trevor Siemian ( Denver Broncos ) Alex Smith ( Kansas City Chiefs ) Derek Carr ( Oakland Raiders ) Philip Rivers ( Los Angeles Chargers ) National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Dak Prescott ( Dallas Cowboys ) Eli Manning ( New York Giants ) Carson Wentz ( Philadelphia Eagles ) Kirk Cousins ( Washington Redskins ) Mitchell Trubisky ( Chicago Bears ) Matthew Stafford ( Detroit Lions ) Brett Hundley ( Green Bay Packers ) Case Keenum ( Minnesota Vikings ) Matt Ryan ( Atlanta Falcons ) Cam Newton ( Carolina Panthers ) Drew Brees ( New Orleans Saints ) Jameis Winston ( Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) Carson Palmer ( Arizona Cardinals ) Jared Goff ( Los Angeles Rams ) C.J. Beathard ( San Francisco 49ers ) Russell Wilson ( Seattle Seahawks ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Minnesota_Vikings_starting_quarterbacks&oldid=807950780 '' Categories : Lists of National Football League quarterbacks Minnesota Vikings players Minnesota Vikings lists Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 00 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the starting quarterback for the minnesota vikings this year | [
"\n\nSeason\nQuarterback(s)\nRef(s)\n\n\n1961\nTarkenton, Fran !Fran Tarkenton† (10) / George Shaw (4)\n[3][4][5]\n\n\n1962\nTarkenton, Fran !Fran Tarkenton† (14)\n[22]\n\n\n1963\nTarkenton, Fran !Fran Tarkenton† (13) / Ron Vander Kelen (1)\n[23][24]\n\n\n1964\nTarkenton, Fran !Fran Tarkenton† (14)\n[25]\n\n\n1965\nTarkenton, Fran !Fran Tarkenton† (14)\n[26]\n\n\n1966\nTarkenton, Fran !Fran Tarkenton† (12) / Bob Berry (1) / Ron Vander Kelen (1)\n[27][28]\n\n\n1967\nKapp, Joe !Joe Kapp (11) / Ron Vander Kelen (3)\n[6][29]\n\n\n1968\nKapp, Joe !Joe Kapp (14)\n[7]\n\n\n1969\nKapp, Joe !Joe Kapp (13) / Gary Cuozzo (1)\n[8][30]\n\n\n1970\nCuozzo, Gary !Gary Cuozzo (12) / Bob Lee (2)\n[31][32]\n\n\n1971\nCuozzo, Gary !Gary Cuozzo (8) / Bob Lee (4) / Norm Snead (2)\n[33][34]\n\n\n1972\nTarkenton, Fran !Fran Tarkenton† (14)\n[35]\n\n\n1973\nTarkenton, Fran !Fran Tarkenton† (14)\n[36]\n\n\n1974\nTarkenton, Fran !Fran Tarkenton† (13) / Bob Berry (1)\n[37]\n\n\n1975\nTarkenton, Fran !Fran Tarkenton† (14)\n[38]\n\n\n1976\nTarkenton, Fran !Fran Tarkenton† (13) / Bob Lee (1)\n[39]\n\n\n1977\nTarkenton, Fran !Fran Tarkenton† (9) / Bob Lee (4) / Tommy Kramer (1)\n[9][40]\n\n\n1978[b]\nTarkenton, Fran !Fran Tarkenton† (16)\n[41]\n\n\n1979\nKramer, Tommy !Tommy Kramer (16)\n[42]\n\n\n1980\nKramer, Tommy !Tommy Kramer (15) / Steve Dils (1)\n[10][43]\n\n\n1981\nKramer, Tommy !Tommy Kramer (14) / Steve Dils (2)\n[44]\n\n\n1982[c]\nKramer, Tommy !Tommy Kramer (9)\n[45]\n\n\n1983\nDils, Steve !Steve Dils (12) / Tommy Kramer (3) / Wade Wilson (1)\n[11][46]\n\n\n1984\nKramer, Tommy !Tommy Kramer (9) / Wade Wilson (5) / Archie Manning (2)\n[47][48]\n\n\n1985\nKramer, Tommy !Tommy Kramer (15) / Wade Wilson (1)\n[49]\n\n\n1986\nKramer, Tommy !Tommy Kramer (13) / Wade Wilson (3)\n[50]\n\n\n1987[c]\nWilson, Wade !Wade Wilson (7) / Tommy Kramer (5) / Tony Adams (3)\n[51][52]\n\n\n1988\nWilson, Wade !Wade Wilson (10) / Tommy Kramer (6)\n[53]\n\n\n1989\nWilson, Wade !Wade Wilson (12) / Tommy Kramer (4)\n[54]\n\n\n1990\nGannon, Rich !Rich Gannon (12) / Wade Wilson (4)\n[12][55]\n\n\n1991\nGannon, Rich !Rich Gannon (11) / Wade Wilson (5)\n[56]\n\n\n1992\nGannon, Rich !Rich Gannon (12) / Sean Salisbury (4)\n[57][58]\n\n\n1993\nMacmahon, Jim !Jim McMahon (12) / Sean Salisbury (4)\n[13][59]\n\n\n1994\nMoon, Warren !Warren Moon† (15) / Sean Salisbury (1)\n[14][60]\n\n\n1995\nMoon, Warren !Warren Moon† (16)\n[61]\n\n\n1996\nMoon, Warren !Warren Moon† (8) / Brad Johnson (8)\n[15][62]\n\n\n1997\nJohnson, Brad !Brad Johnson (13) / Randall Cunningham (3)\n[16][63]\n\n\n1998\nCunningham, Randall !Randall Cunningham (14) / Brad Johnson (2)\n[64]\n\n\n1999\nGeorge, Jeff !Jeff George (10) / Randall Cunningham (6)\n[17][65]\n\n\n2000\nCulpepper, Daunte !Daunte Culpepper (16)\n[18][66]\n\n\n2001\nCulpepper, Daunte !Daunte Culpepper (11) / Todd Bouman (3) / Spergon Wynn (2)\n[67][68][69]\n\n\n2002\nCulpepper, Daunte !Daunte Culpepper (16)\n[70]\n\n\n2003\nCulpepper, Daunte !Daunte Culpepper (14) / Gus Frerotte (2)\n[20][71]\n\n\n2004\nCulpepper, Daunte !Daunte Culpepper (16)\n[72]\n\n\n2005\nJohnson, Brad !Brad Johnson (9) / Daunte Culpepper (7)\n[73]\n\n\n2006\nJohnson, Brad !Brad Johnson (14) / Tarvaris Jackson (2)\n[19][74]\n\n\n2007\nJackson, Tarvaris !Tarvaris Jackson (12) / Kelly Holcomb (3) / Brooks Bollinger (1)\n[75][76][77]\n\n\n2008\nFrerotte, Gus !Gus Frerotte (11) / Tarvaris Jackson (5)\n[78]\n\n\n2009\nFavre, Brett !Brett Favre† (16)\n[21][79]\n\n\n2010\nFavre, Brett !Brett Favre† (13) / Tarvaris Jackson (1) / Joe Webb (2)\n[80][81]\n\n\n2011\nPonder, Christian !Christian Ponder (10) / Donovan McNabb (6)\n[82][83][84]\n\n\n2012\nPonder, Christian !Christian Ponder (16)\n[85]\n\n\n2013\nPonder, Christian !Christian Ponder (9) / Matt Cassel (6) / Josh Freeman (1)\n[86][87][88]\n\n\n2014\nBridgewater, Teddy !Teddy Bridgewater (12) / Matt Cassel (3) / Christian Ponder (1)\n[84][87][89]\n\n\n2015\nBridgewater, Teddy !Teddy Bridgewater (16)\n[89]\n\n\n2016\nBradford, Sam !Sam Bradford (15) / Shaun Hill (1)\n[90][91]\n\n\n2017\nKeenum, Case !Case Keenum (6) / Sam Bradford (2)\n[90][92]\n\n",
"\n\nSeason\nQuarterback(s)\nRef(s)\n\n\n1961\nTarkenton, Fran !Fran Tarkenton† (10) / George Shaw (4)\n[3][4][5]\n\n\n1962\nTarkenton, Fran !Fran Tarkenton† (14)\n[22]\n\n\n1963\nTarkenton, Fran !Fran Tarkenton† (13) / Ron Vander Kelen (1)\n[23][24]\n\n\n1964\nTarkenton, Fran !Fran Tarkenton† (14)\n[25]\n\n\n1965\nTarkenton, Fran !Fran Tarkenton† (14)\n[26]\n\n\n1966\nTarkenton, Fran !Fran Tarkenton† (12) / Bob Berry (1) / Ron Vander Kelen (1)\n[27][28]\n\n\n1967\nKapp, Joe !Joe Kapp (11) / Ron Vander Kelen (3)\n[6][29]\n\n\n1968\nKapp, Joe !Joe Kapp (14)\n[7]\n\n\n1969\nKapp, Joe !Joe Kapp (13) / Gary Cuozzo (1)\n[8][30]\n\n\n1970\nCuozzo, Gary !Gary Cuozzo (12) / Bob Lee (2)\n[31][32]\n\n\n1971\nCuozzo, Gary !Gary Cuozzo (8) / Bob Lee (4) / Norm Snead (2)\n[33][34]\n\n\n1972\nTarkenton, Fran !Fran Tarkenton† (14)\n[35]\n\n\n1973\nTarkenton, Fran !Fran Tarkenton† (14)\n[36]\n\n\n1974\nTarkenton, Fran !Fran Tarkenton† (13) / Bob Berry (1)\n[37]\n\n\n1975\nTarkenton, Fran !Fran Tarkenton† (14)\n[38]\n\n\n1976\nTarkenton, Fran !Fran Tarkenton† (13) / Bob Lee (1)\n[39]\n\n\n1977\nTarkenton, Fran !Fran Tarkenton† (9) / Bob Lee (4) / Tommy Kramer (1)\n[9][40]\n\n\n1978[b]\nTarkenton, Fran !Fran Tarkenton† (16)\n[41]\n\n\n1979\nKramer, Tommy !Tommy Kramer (16)\n[42]\n\n\n1980\nKramer, Tommy !Tommy Kramer (15) / Steve Dils (1)\n[10][43]\n\n\n1981\nKramer, Tommy !Tommy Kramer (14) / Steve Dils (2)\n[44]\n\n\n1982[c]\nKramer, Tommy !Tommy Kramer (9)\n[45]\n\n\n1983\nDils, Steve !Steve Dils (12) / Tommy Kramer (3) / Wade Wilson (1)\n[11][46]\n\n\n1984\nKramer, Tommy !Tommy Kramer (9) / Wade Wilson (5) / Archie Manning (2)\n[47][48]\n\n\n1985\nKramer, Tommy !Tommy Kramer (15) / Wade Wilson (1)\n[49]\n\n\n1986\nKramer, Tommy !Tommy Kramer (13) / Wade Wilson (3)\n[50]\n\n\n1987[c]\nWilson, Wade !Wade Wilson (7) / Tommy Kramer (5) / Tony Adams (3)\n[51][52]\n\n\n1988\nWilson, Wade !Wade Wilson (10) / Tommy Kramer (6)\n[53]\n\n\n1989\nWilson, Wade !Wade Wilson (12) / Tommy Kramer (4)\n[54]\n\n\n1990\nGannon, Rich !Rich Gannon (12) / Wade Wilson (4)\n[12][55]\n\n\n1991\nGannon, Rich !Rich Gannon (11) / Wade Wilson (5)\n[56]\n\n\n1992\nGannon, Rich !Rich Gannon (12) / Sean Salisbury (4)\n[57][58]\n\n\n1993\nMacmahon, Jim !Jim McMahon (12) / Sean Salisbury (4)\n[13][59]\n\n\n1994\nMoon, Warren !Warren Moon† (15) / Sean Salisbury (1)\n[14][60]\n\n\n1995\nMoon, Warren !Warren Moon† (16)\n[61]\n\n\n1996\nMoon, Warren !Warren Moon† (8) / Brad Johnson (8)\n[15][62]\n\n\n1997\nJohnson, Brad !Brad Johnson (13) / Randall Cunningham (3)\n[16][63]\n\n\n1998\nCunningham, Randall !Randall Cunningham (14) / Brad Johnson (2)\n[64]\n\n\n1999\nGeorge, Jeff !Jeff George (10) / Randall Cunningham (6)\n[17][65]\n\n\n2000\nCulpepper, Daunte !Daunte Culpepper (16)\n[18][66]\n\n\n2001\nCulpepper, Daunte !Daunte Culpepper (11) / Todd Bouman (3) / Spergon Wynn (2)\n[67][68][69]\n\n\n2002\nCulpepper, Daunte !Daunte Culpepper (16)\n[70]\n\n\n2003\nCulpepper, Daunte !Daunte Culpepper (14) / Gus Frerotte (2)\n[20][71]\n\n\n2004\nCulpepper, Daunte !Daunte Culpepper (16)\n[72]\n\n\n2005\nJohnson, Brad !Brad Johnson (9) / Daunte Culpepper (7)\n[73]\n\n\n2006\nJohnson, Brad !Brad Johnson (14) / Tarvaris Jackson (2)\n[19][74]\n\n\n2007\nJackson, Tarvaris !Tarvaris Jackson (12) / Kelly Holcomb (3) / Brooks Bollinger (1)\n[75][76][77]\n\n\n2008\nFrerotte, Gus !Gus Frerotte (11) / Tarvaris Jackson (5)\n[78]\n\n\n2009\nFavre, Brett !Brett Favre† (16)\n[21][79]\n\n\n2010\nFavre, Brett !Brett Favre† (13) / Tarvaris Jackson (1) / Joe Webb (2)\n[80][81]\n\n\n2011\nPonder, Christian !Christian Ponder (10) / Donovan McNabb (6)\n[82][83][84]\n\n\n2012\nPonder, Christian !Christian Ponder (16)\n[85]\n\n\n2013\nPonder, Christian !Christian Ponder (9) / Matt Cassel (6) / Josh Freeman (1)\n[86][87][88]\n\n\n2014\nBridgewater, Teddy !Teddy Bridgewater (12) / Matt Cassel (3) / Christian Ponder (1)\n[84][87][89]\n\n\n2015\nBridgewater, Teddy !Teddy Bridgewater (16)\n[89]\n\n\n2016\nBradford, Sam !Sam Bradford (15) / Shaun Hill (1)\n[90][91]\n\n\n2017\nKeenum, Case !Case Keenum (6) / Sam Bradford (2)\n[90][92]\n\n"
] | [
"Case Keenum",
"Sam Bradford"
] |
-1652006177785872442 | Chief Justice of Gujarat | Chief Justice of Gujarat - wikipedia Chief Justice of Gujarat The High Court of Gujarat The Chief Justice of Gujarat presides over the Gujarat High Court . They are not appointed by the President of India under warrant . The President is required to consult the Governor of Gujarat and the Chief Justice of India before making such appointment . The Governor of Gujarat administers the oath of office at time of appointment . The Chief Justice of the High Court of Gujarat is Mr. Justice R. Subhash Reddy . List of Chief justice of Gujarat ( edit ) Sr No Name Date of Appointment Date of Cessation Sunderlal Trikamlal Desai 1 May 1960 25 January 1961 Kantilal Thakoredas Desai 26 January 1961 22 May 1963 Acting Jaishanker Manilal Shelat 23 May 1963 30 May 1963 Jaishanker Manilal Shelat 31 May 1963 24 February 1966 Nomanbhai M. Miabhoy 21 February 1966 15 September 1967 P.N. Bhagwati 16 September 1967 17 July 1973 6 Bipinchandra Diwan 28 August 1977 19 August 1981 7 Manharlal Thakkar 20 August 1981 15 March 1983 8 Padmanabham Poti 28 September 1983 1 February 1985 9 PR Gokulakrishnan 21 March 1985 12 August 1990 10 Gajendra Ray 2 December 1990 7 October 1991 11 S Nainar Sundaram 15 June 1992 13 December 1993 12 Bhupenranath Kirpal 14 December 1993 11 September 1995 13 Gurudas Kamat 1 July 1996 4 January 1997 14 Kumaran Sreedharan 20 October 1997 3 June 1998 15 Konakuppakatti Balakrishnan 16 July 1998 7 September 1999 16 DM Dharmadhikari 25 January 2000 4 March 2002 17 Bhawani Singh 25 August 2003 27 March 2006 18 YR Meena 3 February 2007 19 KS Radhakrishna 4 September 2008 15 November 2009 20 YR Meena 3 February 2007 21 KS Radhakrishna 4 September 2008 15 November 2009 22 SJ Mukhopandhaya 9 December 2009 13 September 2011 23 Bhaskar Bhattacharya 21 July 2012 28 September 2014 24 R. Subhash Reddy 12 February 2016 Incumbent References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` High Court of Gujarat - Former Hon'ble Chief Justices '' . gujarathighcourt.nic.in . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_Justice_of_Gujarat&oldid=829695723 '' Categories : Chief Justices of India Government of Gujarat Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018 , at 05 : 59 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who is first chief justice of gujarat high court | [
"\n\n\nSr No\nName\nDate of Appointment\nDate of Cessation\n\n\n1\nSunderlal Trikamlal Desai\n1 May 1960\n25 January 1961\n\n\n2\nKantilal Thakoredas Desai\n26 January 1961\n22 May 1963\n\n\nActing\nJaishanker Manilal Shelat\n23 May 1963\n30 May 1963\n\n\n3\nJaishanker Manilal Shelat\n31 May 1963\n24 February 1966\n\n\n4\nNomanbhai M. Miabhoy\n21 February 1966\n15 September 1967\n\n\n5\nP. N. Bhagwati\n16 September 1967\n17 July 1973\n\n\n6\nBipinchandra Diwan\n28 August 1977\n19 August 1981\n\n\n7\nManharlal Thakkar\n20 August 1981\n15 March 1983\n\n\n8\nPadmanabham Poti\n28 September 1983\n1 February 1985\n\n\n9\nP R Gokulakrishnan\n21 March 1985\n12 August 1990\n\n\n10\nGajendra Ray\n2 December 1990\n7 October 1991\n\n\n11\nS Nainar Sundaram\n15 June 1992\n13 December 1993\n\n\n12\nBhupenranath Kirpal\n14 December 1993\n11 September 1995\n\n\n13\nGurudas Kamat\n1 July 1996\n4 January 1997\n\n\n14\nKumaran Sreedharan\n20 October 1997\n3 June 1998\n\n\n15\nKonakuppakatti Balakrishnan\n16 July 1998\n7 September 1999\n\n\n16\nD M Dharmadhikari\n25 January 2000\n4 March 2002\n\n\n17\nBhawani Singh\n25 August 2003\n27 March 2006\n\n\n18\nY R Meena\n3 February 2007\n\n\n\n19\nK S Radhakrishna\n4 September 2008\n15 November 2009\n\n\n20\nY R Meena\n3 February 2007\n\n\n\n21\nK S Radhakrishna\n4 September 2008\n15 November 2009\n\n\n22\nS J Mukhopandhaya\n9 December 2009\n13 September 2011\n\n\n23\nBhaskar Bhattacharya\n21 July 2012\n28 September 2014\n\n\n24\nR. Subhash Reddy\n12 February 2016\nIncumbent\n"
] | [
"Sunderlal Trikamlal Desai"
] |
3116371171720372796 | Election Commission of India | Election Commission of India - Wikipedia Election Commission of India Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the body which oversees elections in India . For similar title in other jurisdictions , see Election Commission . This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia 's layout guidelines . Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Election Commission of India Agency overview Formed 25 January 1950 ( Later celebrated as National Voters Day ) Jurisdiction India Headquarters New Delhi Agency executives Achal Kumar Jyoti , IAS , Chief Election Commissioner of India Om Prakash Rawat , IAS , Election Commissioner of India Sunil Arora , IAS , Election Commissioner of India Website Official Website Republic of India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Union Government ( show ) Constitution of India Fundamental rights Executive : President Vice President Prime Minister Union Council of Ministers Cabinet Secretary of India Civil Services of India Parliament : Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha The Chairman The Speaker Judiciary : Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India High Courts District Courts Elections ( show ) Election Commission : Chief Election Commissioner Political parties ( show ) National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) State Govt. and Local Govt. ( show ) Governor Chief Minister Chief Secretary State Level : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Local Governments : Divisional Commissioner District Magistrate Sub-Divisional Magistrate Rural Bodies Zilla panchayats Mandal Or Taluka Panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban Bodies Municipal Corporations Municipal councils Nagar Panchayats Other countries Atlas Part of the Politics series Elections Basic types By - election ( special election ) Direct / Indirect Fixed - term General Local Mid-term Primary Recall Show Sortition ( allotment ) Terminology Anonymous elector Apportionment Boundary delimitation ( redistricting ) Crossover voting Election silence Gerrymandering Cash For Vote Initiative Psephology ( electoral study and analysis ) Secret ballot Suffrage Two - round ( `` runoff '' ) Subseries Political party Voting electoral systems Lists Elections by country Most recent Next general elections Electoral calendars for 2017 National Local Related Criticisms of electoral politics Electoral fraud Referendum ( by country ) Politics portal The Election Commission of India is an autonomous constitutional authority responsible for administering election processes in India . The body administers elections to the Lok Sabha , Rajya Sabha , state Legislative Assemblies in India , and the offices of the President and Vice President in the country . The Election Commission operates under the authority of Constitution per Article 324 , and subsequently enacted Representation of the People Act . The Commission has the powers under the Constitution , to act in an appropriate manner when the enacted laws make insufficient provisions to deal with a given situation in the conduct of an election . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Removal from office 2 Functions 3 Modernisation 4 Criticism 5 2017 Hackathon 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) See also : Chief Election Commissioner of India and Election Commissioner of India Originally in 1950 , the commission had only a Chief Election Commissioner . Two additional Commissioners were appointed to the commission for the first time on 16 October 1989 but they had a very short tenure , ending on 1 January 1990 . The Election Commissioner Amendment Act , 1989 made the Commission a multi-member body . The concept of a 3 - member Commission has been in operation since then , with the decisions being made by a majority vote . The Chief Election Commissioner and the two Election Commissioners who are usually retired IAS officers draw salaries and allowances at par with those of the Judges of the Supreme Court of India as per the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners ( Conditions of Service ) Rules , 1992 . The Commission is served by its Secretariat located in New Delhi . The Election Commissioners are assisted by Deputy Election Commissioners , who are generally IAS officers . They are further assisted by Directors General , Principal Secretaries , and Secretaries and Under Secretaries . At the state level , Election Commission is assisted by the Chief Electoral Officer of the State , who is an IAS officer of Principal Secretary rank . At the district and constituency levels , the District Magistrates in their capacity as District Election Officers , Electoral Registration Officers and Returning Officers perform election work . Removal from office ( edit ) The Chief Election Commissioner of India can be removed from his office by the Parliament with a two - thirds majority in both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha on the grounds of proved misbehavior or incapacity . Other Election Commissioners can be removed by the President of India on the recommendation of the Chief Election Commissioner . A Chief Election Commissioner has never been impeached in India . In 2009 , just before the 2009 Lok Sabha Elections , Chief Election Commissioner N. Gopalaswami sent a recommendation to President Prathibha Patil to remove Election Commissioner Navin Chawla , who was soon to take office as the Chief Election Commissioner and to subsequently supervise the Lok Sabha Election , citing his partisan behavior in favor of one political party . The President opined that such a recommendation is not binding on the President , and hence rejected it . Subsequently , after Gopalswami 's retirement the next month , Chawla became the Chief Election Commissioner and supervised the 2009 Lok Sabha Elections . Functions ( edit ) See also : Election Commission of India 's Model Code of Conduct One of the most important features of the democratic polity is elections at regular intervals . Holding periodic free and fair elections are essentials of a democratic system and a part of the basic structure of the Constitution . The Election Commission is regarded as the guardian of elections in the country . In every election , it issues a Model code of Conduct for political parties and candidates to conduct elections in a free and fair manner . The Commission issued the code for the first time in 1971 for the 5th Lok Sabha elections and revised it from time to time . It lays down guidelines for the conduct of political parties and candidates during an election period . However , there have been instances of violation of the code by various political parties with complaints being received for misuse of official machinery by the candidates . The code does not have any specific statutory basis but only a persuasive effect . It contains the rules of electoral morality . However , this lack of statutory backing does not prevent the Commission from enforcing it . A law regarding the registration process for political parties was enacted in 1989 and a number of parties got registered with the Commission . The registration helps avoid confusion ensures that the political parties are brought under the purview of the commission . The election commission has the right to allow symbols to the political parties . It gives recognition to the national parties , state parties and regional parties . It set limits on poll expenses . The commission prepare electoral rolls and update the voter 's list from time to time . Notifications of dates and schedules of election for filing nominations are issued by the commission . It is noteworthy that Election commission can not allot same symbol to two regional political parties even if they are not in the same state . The Commission can issue an order for prohibition of publication and disseminating of results of opinion polls or exit polls to prevent influencing the voting trends in the electorate . To curb the growing influence of money during elections , the Election Commission has made many suggestions and changes in this regard . The Commission has appointed IRS officers of the Income Tax Department as Election Observers ( Expenditure ) of all elections and has fixed the legal limits on the amount of money which a candidate can spend during election campaigns . These limits have been revised over time . The Election Commission , by appointing expenditure observers from the Indian Revenue Service , keeps an eye on the individual account of election expenditure . The commission takes details of the candidate 's assets on affidavit at the time of submitting nomination paper , who are also required to give details of their expenditure within 30 days of the declaration of results . The campaign period has also been reduced by the Commission from 21 to 14 days for Lok Sabha and Assembly elections to cut down election expenditure . In an attempt to decriminalise politics , the Election Commission has approached the Supreme Court to put a lifetime ban on convicted politicians from contesting elections . Modernisation ( edit ) The Election Commission had tried to bring improvements in election procedures by the introduction of Electronic voting machines or EVMs . It was thought that these would reduce malpractices and improve efficiency . It was first tried out on an experimental basis in the state of Kerala for the 1982 Legislative Assembly Elections . After a successful testing and the legal inquiries , the Commission took the decision to begin the use of these voting machines . The Election Commission launched a web site of its own on 28 February 1998 in order to provide accurate information , management , administration and instant results of the elections . In an effort to prevent electoral fraud , in 1993 , EPICs or Electors Photo Identity Cards were issued , which became mandatory by the 2004 elections . However ration cards have been allowed for election purposes in certain situations . In 1998 , the Commission decided on a programme for the ' computerisation ' of the electoral rolls . The introduction of Voter - verified paper audit trail ( VVPAT ) in eight Lok Sabha constituencies in 2014 Indian General Elections was a big achievement for the Election Commission . This Voter - verified paper audit trail ( VVPAT ) system was first used with EVMs in a by - poll in September 2013 in Noksen ( Assembly Constituency ) in Nagaland. and eventually in all elections from September 2013 onwards in various Legislative elections in the country . NOTA symbol in India In 2014 , None of the above or NOTA was also added as an option on the voting machines which is now a mandatory option to be provided in any election . The specific symbol for NOTA , a ballot paper with a black cross across it , was introduced on 18 September 2015 . The symbol has been designed by National Institute of Design , Ahmedabad . With the Bihar Legislative Assembly election , 2015 , the state became the first to have photo electoral rolls , with photographs of the candidates on the EVMs . Criticism ( edit ) The Election Commission of India came under severe criticism when an RTI application filed by activist Dr Satendra Singh revealed the commission 's ill - preparedness to safeguard electors with disabilities in the 2014 Lok Sabha elections . There were many violations of the Supreme Court order from 2014 to enfranchise persons with disabilities . 2017 hackathon ( edit ) Election Commission organised an open hackathon on 3 June at 10 am , to attempt hacking of Electronic Voting Machine used by the Commission in various Indian elections . The NCP and CPI ( M ) were the only two parties that registered for the event but none of them participated . Functioning of EVMs and VVPAT machines were demonstrated to the teams . See also ( edit ) Chief Election Commissioner of India Election Commissioners of India Elections in India India International Institute of Democracy and Election Management ( IIIDEM ) Lawmaking procedure in India References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About ECI '' . Election Commission of India . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act , 1952 ( Act No. 31 of 1952 ) '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . 14 March 1952 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Part XV of the Constitution of India - Elections - Article 324 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Law and Justice , Government of India . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Representation of the People Act , 1951 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Law and Justice , Government of India . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Election Commission ( Conditions of Service of Election Commissioners and Transaction of Business ) Act , 1991 ( Act No. 11 of 1991 ) '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Law and Justice , Government of India . 25 January 1991 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Laxmikanth , M ( 2017 ) . Indian Polity . McGraw Hill . p. 42.5 . ISBN 9789352603633 . Jump up ^ Ram , N. ( 31 January 2009 ) . `` Chief Election Commissioner Gopalaswami ' recommends ' removal of Navin Chawla '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` President rejects Gopalaswami 's report against Navin Chawla '' . The Hindu . 2 March 2009 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A job well done '' . The Hindu . 15 May 2009 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chhibber , Maneesh ( 5 November 2015 ) . `` Model Code is only moral code , but carries weight '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Joyita ( 14 April 2014 ) . `` Model Code of Conduct and the 2014 General Elections '' . PRS Legislative Research . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Iqbal , Aadil Ikram Zaki ( 4 January 2017 ) . `` UP poll dates announced , results on March 11 '' . India . Essel Group . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Election Commission enforces model code of conduct in Manipur '' . Hindustan Times . 5 January 2017 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Test ( 10 October 2007 ) . `` Gujarat , Himachal get dates for Assembly polls '' . News18 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Registration of political parties under section 29A of the Representation of the People Act , 1951 '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . 23 March 1992 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Handbook of Symbols , 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . 2004 . Clause 9 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Subject - Guidelines for Publication and Dissemination of Results of Opinion Polls / Exit Polls . '' . Election Commission of India . 20 January 1998 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Election Commission bans exit polls in election - bound states '' . The Times of India . 29 January 2017 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Chopra , Ritika ( 16 February 2017 ) . `` Exit polls and why they are restricted by the panel : All your questions answered '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Pradeep ( 23 March 2017 ) . `` RK Nagar byelection : Observers appointed '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deployment of observers in RK Nagar a new national record : Election Commission '' . The New Indian Express . 31 March 2017 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Chandrakant , Nagnath ( 29 April 2010 ) . `` Role Of Election Commission '' . Legal Services India . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Function ( Electoral System ) '' . Election Commission of India . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Anand , Utkarsh ( 21 March 2017 ) . `` Election Commission supports lifetime ban on convicts from contesting '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Rautray , Samanwaya ( 15 September 2016 ) . `` Lifetime ban on convicted netas : Supreme Court seeks Center , Election Commission 's views '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Constitutional Body '' . Election Commission of India . Jump up ^ `` When using ration card as identity proof , entire family should vote '' . The Indian Express . 8 October 2009 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India devises flawless ballot mechanism '' . The News International . 19 December 2013 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Singh , Bikash ( 4 September 2013 ) . `` VVPAT used or the first time in Noksen bypolls '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Joshua , Anita ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` Election Commission okays NOTA option '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NOTA to be provided in general elections '' . The Times of India . 5 March 2014 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Now , ' NOTA ' has an electoral symbol too '' . Daily News and Analysis . 18 September 2015 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jain , Bharti ( 18 September 2015 ) . `` ' None of the Above ' option on EVMS to carry its own symbol from Bihar polls '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Shivadekar , Sanjeev ( 30 March 2015 ) . `` Now , photos of candidates on EVMs to weed out ' dummies ' '' . Times of India . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Virk , Aviral ( 21 September 2015 ) . `` Contesting the Bihar Polls ? Dummy Candidates Beware '' . The Quint . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Gohain , Manash Pratim ( 27 January 2014 ) . `` Polls near , but no data of voters with disabilities '' . Times of India . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` विकलांगों के लिए गंभीर नहीं चुनाव आयोग '' ( Election Commission not serious about persons with disablities ) . Punjab Kesari ( in Hindi ) . 26 January 2014 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` AAP calls EC 's EVM challenge ' farce ' , begins registration for its hackathon '' . The Economic Times . 3 June 2017 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Prabhu , Sunil ( 3 June 2017 ) . Tikku , Aloke , ed . `` The EVM ( Vote Machine ) ' Hackathons ' That Were n't : 10 Points '' . NDTV . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` EVM ' hackathon ' challenge : NCP , CPM did n't participate , but understood the process , says EC '' . Firstpost. 3 June 2017 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Links to Official Web Sites of Chief Electoral Officers of 28 States and 7 UTs ECI 's Online Voters List Options : ' Voter Name ' search Parliamentary , Assembly constituency wise . Also one can get full Electoral Rolls ' Voting Booth ' wise . Indian commissions Permanent Agricultural Costs and Prices Agriculture Atomic Energy Backward Classes Cattle Competition Consumer Disputes Redressal Cooperation with UNESCO Delimitation Denotified , Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes Election Electricity Regulation Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector Farmers Finance Forward Markets Human Resources for Health Human Rights Investment Knowledge Labour Law Minorities Minority Educational Institutions Pay Planning Protection of Child Rights Public Service Railway Safety Safai Karamcharis Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes Statistics University Grants Women Vigilance Ad hoc Administrative Reforms Gadgil Kalelkar Kapur Khosla Laththa Commission Liberhan Mandal Mukherjee Nanavati Narendran Ranganath Misra ( Minorities ) Sarkaria Shah States Reorganisation Category List Chief Election Commissioners of India Sukumar Sen Kalyan Sundaram S.P. Sen Verma Nagendra Singh T. Swaminathan S.L. Shakdhar R.K. Trivedi R.V.S. Peri Sastri V.S. Ramadevi T.N. Seshan M.S. Gill J.M. Lyngdoh T.S. Krishnamurthy B.B. Tandon N. Gopalaswami Navin Chawla S.Y. Quraishi V.S. Sampath H.S. Brahma Nasim Zaidi Elections in India General elections 1920 1923 1926 1930 1934 1945 1951 -- 52 1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1998 1999 2009 2014 2019 State elections 1920 1923 1926 1930 1934 1937 1946 1952 1954 1955 1957 1960 1961 1962 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1977 1978 1979 1980 1982 1984 1985 1989 2017 2018 See also : Elections in Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal National election commissions Africa Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Comoros DR Congo Egypt Ethiopia Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Seychelles South Africa Tanzania Tunisia Uganda Zimbabwe Americas Antigua & Barbuda Argentina Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Guyana Haiti Jamaica Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru United States Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia East Timor Hong Kong India Indonesia Iraq Iran EO GC Israel Jordan Kazakhstan Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Malaysia Nepal Pakistan Palestinian territories Philippines South Korea Taiwan Thailand Turkey Europe Abkhazia Albania Belarus Belgium Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Estonia Finland France Georgia Hungary Iceland Italy Kosovo Latvia Lithuania Macedonia Malta Moldova Norway Poland Portugal Russia Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia Fiji New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Election_Commission_of_India&oldid=800168181 '' Categories : Indian commissions and inquiries 1950 establishments in India Election Commission of India Government agencies established in 1950 Election commissions Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from July 2017 Use dmy dates from June 2017 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ संस्कृतम् தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 21 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who conducts free and fair election in india | [
"One of the most important features of the democratic polity is elections at regular intervals. Holding periodic free and fair elections are essentials of a democratic system and a part of the basic structure of the Constitution. The Election Commission is regarded as the guardian of elections in the country. In every election, it issues a Model code of Conduct for political parties and candidates to conduct elections in a free and fair manner. The Commission issued the code for the first time in 1971 for the 5th Lok Sabha elections and revised it from time to time. It lays down guidelines for the conduct of political parties and candidates during an election period. However, there have been instances of violation of the code by various political parties with complaints being received for misuse of official machinery by the candidates.[10][11] The code does not have any specific statutory basis but only a persuasive effect.[10][11] It contains the rules of electoral morality.[10][11] However, this lack of statutory backing does not prevent the Commission from enforcing it.[10][11][12][13][14]"
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"Election Commission"
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-3547017222314758336 | Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution | Twelfth Amendment to the United states Constitution - wikipedia Twelfth Amendment to the United states Constitution Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Twelfth Amendment ( Amendment XII ) to the United States Constitution provides the procedure for electing the President and Vice President . It replaced the procedure provided in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 , by which the Electoral College originally functioned . Problems with the original procedure arose in the elections of 1796 and 1800 . The Twelfth Amendment refined the process whereby a President and a Vice President are elected by the Electoral College . The amendment was proposed by the Congress on December 9 , 1803 , and was ratified by the requisite three - fourths of state legislatures on June 15 , 1804 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Background 3 Adoption 3.1 Journey to Congress 3.2 Congressional debate 3.3 Proposal and ratification 4 Electoral College under the Twelfth Amendment 5 Elections since 1804 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Text ( edit ) The Electors shall meet in their respective states , and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President , one of whom , at least , shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President , and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President , and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President , and all persons voted for as Vice-President and of the number of votes for each , which lists they shall sign and certify , and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States , directed to the President of the Senate . The President of the Senate shall , in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives , open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted . The person having the greatest number of votes for President , shall be the President , if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority , then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President , the House of Representatives shall choose immediately , by ballot , the President . But in choosing the President , the votes shall be taken by states , the representation from each state having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two - thirds of the states , and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice . And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them , before the fourth day of March next following , then the Vice-President shall act as President , as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President . The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President , shall be the Vice-President , if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed , and if no person have a majority , then from the two highest numbers on the list , the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two - thirds of the whole number of Senators , and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice . But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States . Background ( edit ) Under the original procedure for the Electoral College , as provided in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 , each elector could vote for two persons . The two people chosen by the elector could not both inhabit the same state as that elector . This prohibition was designed to keep electors from voting for two `` favorite sons '' of their respective states . The person receiving the greatest number of votes , provided that number equaled a majority of the electors , was elected President . If there were more than one individual who received the same number of votes , and such number equaled a majority of the electors , the House of Representatives would choose one of them to be President . If no individual had a majority , then the House of Representatives would choose from the five individuals with the greatest number of electoral votes . In either case , a majority of state delegations in the House was necessary for a candidate to be chosen to be President . Selecting the Vice President was a simpler process . Whichever candidate received the second greatest number of votes became Vice President . The Vice President , unlike the President , was not required to receive votes from a majority of the electors . In the event of a tie for second place , the Senate would choose who would be Vice President from those tied , with each Senator casting one vote . It was not specified in the Constitution whether the sitting Vice President could cast a tie - breaking vote for Vice President under the original formula . Problems emerged as soon as Presidential elections became competitive with George Washington 's refusal to seek a third term . In the 1796 election , John Adams , the Federalist Party presidential candidate , received a majority of the electoral votes . However , the Federalist electors scattered their second votes , resulting in the Democratic - Republican Party presidential candidate , Thomas Jefferson , receiving the second highest number of electoral votes and thus being elected Vice President . It became apparent that if the Vice President was a defeated electoral opponent of the President the two might not work together effectively . By having the President and Vice President elected on a party ticket , this possibility would be eliminated but it raised a different flaw in the arrangements . On January 6 , 1797 , Representative William L. Smith of South Carolina responded to this result by presenting a resolution on the floor of the House of Representatives for an amendment to the Constitution requiring each elector to cast one vote for President and another for Vice President . However , no action was taken on his proposal , setting the stage for the deadlocked election of 1800 . The 1800 election exposed a defect in the original formula in that if each member of the Electoral College followed party tickets , there would be a tie between the two candidates from the most popular ticket . The emergence of partisan political activity caused the failure of the original constitutional plan . The Federalist states in the House of Representatives decided to give their votes to Aaron Burr for President when he and Jefferson tied in the Presidential election of 1800 . With help from Alexander Hamilton , the gridlock was finally broken on the thirty - sixth vote and Jefferson was elected President on February 17 , 1801 . The events in the House , combined with the increasing Democratic - Republican majorities in the House and Senate , prompted the Democratic - Republicans to call for a Constitutional amendment requiring separate votes for President and Vice President in the Electoral College . By doing this , the Democratic - Republicans could dash the Federalists ' hopes of having any impact on the Presidential election of 1804 . Adoption ( edit ) Journey to Congress ( edit ) In March 1801 , weeks after the election of 1800 was resolved , two amendments were proposed in the New York state legislature that would form the skeleton of the Twelfth Amendment . Governor John Jay submitted to the state legislature an amendment that would require district election of electors in each state and Jedidiah Peck , a member of the lower house , submitted an amendment to adopt designation for the votes for President and Vice President . The two amendments were not considered until early 1802 , as the state legislature took a break for the summer and winter . New York state senator DeWitt Clinton moved for the adoption of the amendment in January 1802 and shortly thereafter won a vacant seat in the U.S. Senate , where he was instrumental in bringing the designation amendment to Congress . The process continued in New York on February 15 , when Representative Benjamin Walker of New York proposed the designation and district election amendments to the House . Debate on the amendments began in May and the Republicans wanted to quickly decide on the amendments and go home for the summer , while the Federalists argued that these ideas needed much more time than allowed for in the current session . Federalist Samuel W. Dana of Connecticut wanted an examination of the necessity of a Vice President . The amendment ultimately failed in the New York State Senate , but DeWitt Clinton was able to bring amendment talks to the House . At this point , debate was ready to begin in Congress , but the Democratic - Republicans decided to wait for the 8th Congress , which would give them a larger majority and thus make the two - thirds requirement for Congress to submit a proposed Constitutional amendment to the states easier to achieve . Congressional debate ( edit ) On its first day , the 8th Congress considered the designation amendment . The first formulation of the amendment had the five highest electoral vote earners on the ballot in the House if no one candidate had a majority of the electoral votes . Republican John Clopton of Virginia , the largest state in the Union , argued that having five names on the list for a contingency election took the power from the people , so he proposed that there be only two names on the list . On October 20 , the House appointed a seventeen - member committee ( one Representative from each state ) to fine - tune the amendment . The original proposal starting in the New York state legislature was a dual - amendment that , along with designation , put forward the idea of district election of electors that Treasury Secretary Gallatin had supported . Shortly after the committee was formed , Federalist Benjamin Huger attempted to add a provision regarding district elections to the proposed amendment . The committee ignored him and district election disappeared . The committee then submitted an updated version of the designation amendment to the House on October 23 that changed the number of candidates in a contingency election from five to three and allowed the Senate to choose the Vice President if there were a tie in that race . Small Federalist states disliked the change from five to three , because it made it far less likely that a small - state candidate would make it to a contingency election . Huger and New York Federalist Gaylord Griswold argued that the Constitution was a compromise between large and small states and the method chosen by the Framers is supposed to check the influence of the larger states . Huger even asserted that the Constitution itself was not a union of people , but a union of large and small states in order to justify the original framework for electing the President . Designation , argued Griswold and Huger , would violate the spirit of the Constitution by taking away a check on the power of the large states . Next up for the Federalists was Seth Hastings of Massachusetts , who submitted the argument that the designation amendment rendered the Vice Presidency useless and advocated for the elimination of the three - fifths clause . John C. Smith asked the inflammatory question of whether or not the proposed amendment was to help the reelection of Jefferson . Speaker Nathaniel Macon called this inappropriate . After Matthew Lyon of Kentucky denounced any reference to the three - fifths clause as mere provocation , the House easily passed the resolution 88 - 39 on October 28 . By October 28 , the Senate had already been discussing the designation amendment . Republican DeWitt Clinton expected that the Senate , with a 24 - 9 Republican majority would quickly passing the amendment . Federalist Jonathan Dayton proposed that the office of the Vice President should be eliminated and his colleague , Uriah Tracy , seconded it . On the other side , Wilson Cary Nicholas was simply worried that Congress would not submit the amendment in time for the states to ratify it before the 1804 election . Despite Nicholas ' concern , the Senate would not seriously deal with the amendment again until November 23 . Much as it had in the House , debate centered around the number of candidates in a contingency election and the philosophical underpinnings of the Constitution . Again , small Federalist states vehemently argued that three candidates gave too much power to large states to pick presidents . Senator Pierce Butler of South Carolina argued that the issues with the election of 1800 were unlikely to happen again and he would not advocate changing the Constitution simply to stop a Federalist Vice President . John Quincy Adams argued that the change from five to three gave an advantage to the people that violated the federative principle of the Constitution . Rather than have the office of the President balanced between the states and the people , Adams felt designation of President and Vice President would tip that scale in favor of the people . Federalist Senators argued for retaining the original procedure for the Electoral College . Senator Samuel White of Delaware claimed that the original procedure had not been given `` a fair experiment '' and criticized the proposed amendment for entrenching the two - party system that had taken over presidential elections . In response , the Republicans appealed to democratic principles . Samuel Smith of Maryland argued that the presidency ought to be as closely accountable to the people as possible . As such , having three candidates in a contingency election is far better than having five , because it is possible to have the fifth best candidate become President otherwise . Also , designation itself would drastically cut down the number of elections that would reach the house , and the President is then much more likely to be the people 's choice . Another of Smith 's arguments was simply the election of 1800 . William Cocke of Tennessee took a different approach when he argued that the entire small state argument of the Federalists was simply out of self - interest . One last order of business for the amendment was to deal with the possibility that the House would fail to choose a President by March 4 . It was the least controversial portion of the Twelfth Amendment and John Taylor proposed that the Vice President would take over as President in that peculiar occurrence , `` as in case of the death or other Constitutional disability of the President . '' It seemed clear all along that the Republican dominance would render this a no - contest and the Republicans were just waiting for all of their votes to be present , but the Federalists had one last defense . A marathon session of debate , lasting from 11 A.M. to 10 P.M. , was the order of the day on December 2 , 1803 . Most notably , Uriah Tracy of Connecticut argued in a similar vein as Adams when he invoked the federative principle of the Constitution . For Tracy , the original two - vote system was formulated in order to give the small states a chance to elect the Vice President , who would be a check on the President 's powers . In essence , the states balanced the power of the people . However , this only works if you make it partisan , as Georgia ( for example ) was a Republican small state . Proposal and ratification ( edit ) Twelfth Amendment in the National Archives The Twelfth Amendment was proposed by the 8th Congress on December 9 , 1803 , when it was approved by the House of Representatives by vote of 83 -- 42 , having been previously passed by the Senate , 22 -- 10 , on December 2 . The amendment was officially submitted to the states on December 12 , 1803 , and was ratified by the legislatures of the following states : North Carolina : December 21 , 1803 Maryland : December 24 , 1803 Kentucky : December 27 , 1803 Ohio : December 30 , 1803 Pennsylvania : January 5 , 1804 Vermont : January 30 , 1804 Virginia : February 3 , 1804 New York : February 10 , 1804 New Jersey : February 22 , 1804 Rhode Island : March 12 , 1804 South Carolina : May 15 , 1804 Georgia : May 19 , 1804 New Hampshire : June 15 , 1804 Having been ratified by the requisite three - fourths of the several states , there being 17 states in the Union at the time , the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment was completed . It was subsequently ratified by : 14 . Tennessee : July 27 , 1804 15 . Massachusetts : 1961 ( after rejection : February 3 , 1804 ) The amendment was rejected by : Delaware : January 18 , 1804 Connecticut : May 10 , 1804 On September 25 , 1804 , in a circular letter to the governors of the states , Secretary of State Madison declared the amendment ratified by three - fourths of the states . Electoral College under the Twelfth Amendment ( edit ) While the Twelfth Amendment did not change the composition of the Electoral College or the duties of the electors , it did change the process whereby a President and a Vice President are elected . The new electoral process was first used for the 1804 election . Each presidential election since has been conducted under the terms of the Twelfth Amendment . The Twelfth Amendment stipulates that each elector must cast distinct votes for President and Vice President , instead of two votes for President . Additionally , electors may not vote for presidential and vice-presidential candidates who both reside in the elector 's state -- at least one of them must be an inhabitant of another state . If no candidate for President has a majority of the total votes , the House of Representatives , voting by states and with the same quorum requirements as under the original procedure , chooses the President . The Twelfth Amendment requires the House to choose from the three highest receivers of electoral votes , compared to five under the original procedure . The Twelfth Amendment requires a person to receive a majority of the electoral votes for Vice President for that person to be elected Vice President by the Electoral College . If no candidate for Vice President has a majority of the total votes , the Senate , with each Senator having one vote , chooses the Vice President . The Twelfth Amendment requires the Senate to choose between the candidates with the `` two highest numbers '' of electoral votes . If multiple individuals are tied for second place , the Senate may consider all of them , in addition to the individual with the greatest number of votes . The Twelfth Amendment introduced a quorum requirement of two - thirds of the whole number of Senators for the conduct of balloting . Furthermore , the Twelfth Amendment requires the Senate to choose a Vice President by way of the affirmative votes of `` a majority of the whole number '' of Senators . To prevent deadlocks from keeping the nation leaderless , the Twelfth Amendment provided that if the House did not choose a President before March 4 ( then the first day of a Presidential term ) , the individual elected Vice President would `` act as President , as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President . '' The Twelfth Amendment did not state for how long the Vice President would act as President or if the House could still choose a President after March 4 . Section 3 of the Twentieth Amendment , adopted in 1933 , supersedes that provision of the Twelfth Amendment by changing the date upon which a new presidential term commences to January 20 , clarifying that the Vice President - elect would only `` act as President '' if the House has not chosen a President by January 20 , and permitting Congress to statutorily provide `` who shall then act as President , or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected '' if there is no President - elect or Vice President - elect by January 20 . It also clarifies that if there is no President - elect on January 20 , whoever acts as President does so until a person `` qualified '' to occupy the Presidency is elected to be President . The Twelfth Amendment explicitly states the constitutional requirements as provided for the President also apply to being Vice President . It is unclear whether a two - term president could later serve as Vice President . Some argue that the Twenty - second Amendment and Twelfth Amendment both bar any two - term president from later serving as Vice President as well as from succeeding to the presidency from any point in the United States presidential line of succession . Others contend that the Twelfth Amendment concerns qualification for service , while the Twenty - second Amendment concerns qualifications for election , and thus a former two - term president is still eligible to serve as Vice President . The applicability of this distinction has not been tested , as no former president has ever sought the vice presidency , and thus the courts have never been required to make a judgment regarding the matter . During Hillary Clinton 's 2016 candidacy , she jokingly said that she had considered naming Bill Clinton as her Vice President , but was advised it would be unconstitutional . Elections since 1804 ( edit ) Certificate for the electoral vote for Rutherford B. Hayes and William A. Wheeler for the State of Louisiana Starting with the election of 1804 , each Presidential election has been conducted under the Twelfth Amendment . Only once since then has the House of Representatives chosen the President : In 1824 , Andrew Jackson received 99 electoral votes , John Quincy Adams ( son of John Adams ) 84 , William H. Crawford 41 and Henry Clay 37 . All of the candidates were members of the Democratic - Republican Party ( though there were significant political differences among them ) , and each had fallen short of the 131 votes necessary to win . Because the House could only consider the top three candidates , Clay could not become President . Crawford 's poor health following a stroke made his election by the House unlikely . Andrew Jackson expected the House to vote for him , as he had won a plurality of the popular and electoral votes . Instead , the House elected Adams on the first ballot with thirteen states , followed by Jackson with seven and Crawford with four . Clay had endorsed Adams for the Presidency ; the endorsement carried additional weight because Clay was the Speaker of the House . When Adams later appointed Clay his Secretary of State , many -- particularly Jackson and his supporters -- accused the pair of making a `` Corrupt Bargain '' . In the less contested election for vice president , John C. Calhoun received 182 electoral votes and was elected outright . In 1836 , the Whig Party nominated different candidates in different regions in the hopes of splintering the electoral vote and denying Martin Van Buren , the Democratic candidate , a majority in the Electoral College , thereby throwing the election into the Whig - controlled House . However , this strategy failed with Van Buren winning majorities of both the popular and electoral vote . In that same election no candidate for Vice President secured a majority in the electoral college as Democratic Vice Presidential nominee Richard Mentor Johnson did not receive the electoral votes of Democratic electors from Virginia , because of his relationship with a former slave . As a result , Johnson received 147 electoral votes , one vote short of a majority ; to be followed by Francis Granger with 77 , John Tyler with 47 and William Smith with 23 . This caused the Senate to choose whether Johnson or Granger would be the new Vice President . Johnson won with 33 votes , with Granger receiving 16 . Since 1836 , no major U.S. party has nominated multiple regional presidential or vice presidential candidates in an election . However , since the Civil War there have been two serious attempts by Southern - based parties to run regional candidates in hopes of denying either of the two major candidates an electoral college majority . Both attempts ( in 1948 and 1968 ) failed , but not by much -- in both cases a shift in the result of two close states would have forced the respective elections into the House . In 1992 , Ross Perot specifically cited his disinclination to forcing an election into the House when , in July of 1992 , he temporarily suspended his independent candidacy . When he resumed his candidacy in early October 1992 , the issue of that year 's election being decided in the House of Representatives never came up significantly in the last month of the campaign . In modern elections , a running mate is often selected in order to appeal to a different set of voters . A Habitation Clause issue arose during the 2000 presidential election contested by George W. Bush ( running - mate Dick Cheney ) and Al Gore ( running - mate Joe Lieberman ) , because it was alleged that Bush and Cheney were both inhabitants of Texas and that the Texas electors therefore violated the Twelfth Amendment in casting their ballots for both . Bush 's residency was unquestioned , as he was Governor of Texas at the time . Cheney and his wife had moved to Dallas five years earlier when he assumed the role of chief executive at Halliburton . Cheney grew up in Wyoming and had represented it in Congress . A few months before the election , he switched his voter registration and driver 's license to Wyoming and put his home in Dallas up for sale . Three Texas voters challenged the election in a federal court in Dallas and then appealed the decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit , where it was dismissed . See also ( edit ) Electoral College ( United States ) United States presidential eligibility legislation Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This sentence is superseded by Section 3 of the Twentieth Amendment Jump up ^ Ratification was completed on June 15 , 1804 , when the New Hampshire legislature ratified the amendment . The state 's governor , John Taylor Gilman , vetoed the resolution of ratification on June 20 , and the act failed to pass again by the two - thirds vote then required by the state constitution . However , Article V of the U.S. Constitution specifies that amendments shall become effective `` when ratified by the legislatures of three - fourths of the several States or by conventions in three - fourths thereof '' and so it has been generally believed that an approval or veto by a governor is without significance . Jump up ^ The popular vote in 1824 did not consist of all of the states , since many states chose their electors through their legislatures instead of by a vote of their people . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the United States : Amendments 11 - 27 '' . National Archives . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ The Electoral College -- Origin and History Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections Jump up ^ United States Congress ( 1797 ) . Annals of Congress . 4th Congress , 2nd Session . p. 1824 . Retrieved June 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon ( 2009 ) . Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 - 1815 . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 285 . ^ Jump up to : Kuroda , Tadahisa ( 1999 ) . The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment : The Electoral College in the Early Republic . Westport , CN : Greenwood Press . Jump up ^ Kuroda , Tadahisa ( 1999 ) . The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment : The Electoral College in the Early Republic . Westport , CN : Greenwood Press . pp. 127 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Kuroda , Tadahisa ( 1999 ) . The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment : The Electoral College in the Early Republic . Westport , CN : Greenwood Press . p. 128 . Jump up ^ Kuroda , Tadahisa ( 1999 ) . The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment : The Electoral College in the Early Republic . Westport , CN : Greenwood Press . pp. 133 -- 136 . Jump up ^ Kuroda , Tadahisa ( 1999 ) . The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment : The Electoral College in the Early Republic . Westport , CN : Greenwood Press . pp. 136 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Alder , Carolyn ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` A Far Superior Method -- the Original Electoral College '' . Freedom Formula . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kuroda , Tadahisa ( 1999 ) . The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment : The Electoral College in the Early Republic . Westport , CN : Greenwood Press . p. 137 . Jump up ^ Kuroda , Tadahisa ( 1999 ) . The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment : The Electoral College in the Early Republic . Westport , CN : Greenwood Press . p. 139 . Jump up ^ Kuroda , Tadahisa ( 1999 ) . The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment : The Electoral College in the Early Republic . Westport , CN : Greenwood Press . pp. 140 -- 141 . Jump up ^ `` 13 Annals of Congress 775 ( 1805 ) '' . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 13 Annals of Congress 209 ( 1805 ) '' . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA : ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION , Centennial Edition , INTERIM EDITION : ANALYSIS OF CASES DECIDED BY THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES TO JUNE 26 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . 2013 . p. 28 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matthew J. Franck ( July 31 , 2007 ) . `` Constitutional Sleight of Hand '' . National Review . Retrieved April 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott E. Gant ; Bruce G. Peabody ( 2006 - 06 - 13 ) . `` How to bring back Bill '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ 1339 GMT ( 2039 HKT ) September 15 , 2015 ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton : Bill as VP has ' crossed her mind ' '' . Edition.cnn.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andrew Costly . `` BRIA 8 4 a The Election of 1824 - 25 : When the House Chose the President - Constitutional Rights Foundation '' . Jump up ^ McNamara , Robert . `` The Election of 1824 Was Decided in the House of Representatives '' . About.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Parsons , Lynn Hudson ( 2009 ) . The Birth of Modern Politics : Andrew Jackson , John Quincy Adams , and the Election of 1828 . Oxford University Press . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 975424 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` VP Richard Mentor Johnson '' . 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Student Activity : Presidential Campaign of 1948 '' . Harry S. Truman Library & Museum . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Experience : George Wallace - 1968 Campaign '' . PBS . 2000 . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bravin , Jess . Obscure Texas Case Offers Peek Into Role Of Court Nominee , The Wall Street Journal , Oct. 7 , 2005 . External links ( edit ) Constitution of the United States , via Wikisource Twelfth Amendment , via National Archives CRS Annotated Constitution : Twelfth Amendment , via Cornell Law School Ellis , E.S. ( 1903 ) . Thomas Jefferson : A Character Sketch. , via Project Gutenberg U.S. Electoral College , via Office of the Federal Register Hawley , Joshua . `` The Transformative Twelfth Amendment '' . University of Missouri School of Law . ( hide ) United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book VIAF : 1477147312815937970000 LCCN : n97009338 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=801037676 '' Categories : 1804 in American law Amendments to the United States Constitution Vice Presidency of the United States History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) 1804 in American politics 8th United States Congress Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Беларуская Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 עברית 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 08 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which amendment changed the rules by which the president and vp are elected | [
"The Twelfth Amendment (Amendment XII) to the United States Constitution provides the procedure for electing the President and Vice President. It replaced the procedure provided in Article II, Section 1, Clause 3, by which the Electoral College originally functioned. Problems with the original procedure arose in the elections of 1796 and 1800. The Twelfth Amendment refined the process whereby a President and a Vice President are elected by the Electoral College. The amendment was proposed by the Congress on December 9, 1803, and was ratified by the requisite three-fourths of state legislatures on June 15, 1804."
] | [
"Twelfth Amendment (Amendment XII)"
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-9060589833572308684 | Commandant of the Marine Corps | Commandant of the Marine Corps - Wikipedia Commandant of the Marine Corps Commandant of the Marine Corps CMC Flag of the Commandant of the Marine Corps Incumbent General Robert Neller since 24 September 2015 Department of the Navy Member of Joint Chiefs of Staff Reports to Secretary of Defense Secretary of the Navy Seat The Pentagon , Arlington County , Virginia , U.S. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Term length 4 years Renewable once ( In time of war or during a national emergency declared by Congress ) Constituting instrument 10 U.S.C. § 5043 Formation 28 November 1775 , 12 July 1798 First holder Samuel Nicholas Deputy Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps Website Official website The Commandant of the Marine Corps ( CMC ) is normally the highest - ranking officer in the United States Marine Corps and is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The CMC reports directly to the United States Secretary of the Navy and is responsible for ensuring the organization , policy , plans , and programs for the Marine Corps as well as advising the President , the Secretary of Defense , the National Security Council , the Homeland Security Council , and the Secretary of the Navy on matters involving the Marine Corps . Under the authority of the Secretary of the Navy , the CMC designates Marine personnel and resources to the commanders of Unified Combatant Commands . The Commandant performs all other functions prescribed in Section 5043 in Title 10 of the United States Code or delegates those duties and responsibilities to other officers in his administration in his name . As with the other joint chiefs , the Commandant is an administrative position and has no operational command authority over United States Marine Corps forces . The Commandant is nominated by the President for a four - year term of office and must be confirmed by the Senate . By statute , the Commandant is appointed as a four - star general while serving in office . `` The Commandant is directly responsible to the Secretary of the Navy for the total performance of the Marine Corps . This includes the administration , discipline , internal organization , training , requirements , efficiency , and readiness of the service . The Commandant is also responsible for the operation of the Marine Corps material support system . '' Since 1801 , the official residence of the Commandant has been located in the Marine Barracks in Washington , D.C. and his main offices are in Arlington County , Virginia . Contents 1 Responsibilities 2 List of commandants 2.1 Timeline 3 See also 4 References 4.1 Notes 4.2 General 5 External links Responsibilities ( edit ) The responsibilities of the Commandant are outlined in Title 10 , Section 5043 , the United States Code and the position is `` subject to the authority , direction , and control of the Secretary of the Navy . '' As stated in the U.S. Code , the Commandant `` shall preside over the Headquarters , Marine Corps , transmit the plans and recommendations of the Headquarters , Marine Corps , to the Secretary and advise the Secretary with regard to such plans and recommendations , after approval of the plans or recommendations of the Headquarters , Marine Corps , by the Secretary , act as the agent of the Secretary in carrying them into effect , exercise supervision , consistent with the authority assigned to commanders of unified or specified combatant commands under chapter 6 of this title , over such of the members and organizations of the Marine Corps and the Navy as the Secretary determines , perform the duties prescribed for him by section 171 of this title and other provisions of law and perform such other military duties , not otherwise assigned by law , as are assigned to him by the President , the Secretary of Defense , or the Secretary of the Navy . '' List of Commandants ( edit ) Thirty - seven men have served as the Commandant of the Marine Corps . The first Commandant was Samuel Nicholas , who took office as a captain , though there was no office titled `` Commandant '' at the time , and the Second Continental Congress had authorized that the senior-most Marine could take a rank up to Colonel . The longest - serving was Archibald Henderson , sometimes referred to as the `` Grand old man of the Marine Corps '' due to his thirty - nine - year tenure . In the history of the United States Marine Corps , only one Commandant has ever been fired from the job : Anthony Gale , as a result of a court - martial in 1820 . # Picture Name Rank Start of tenure End of tenure Notes Nicholas Samuel Nicholas O - 04 Major 28 November 1775 27 August 1783 The first de facto Commandant for his role as the senior-most officer of the Continental Marines . Burrows William W. Burrows O - 05 Lieutenant colonel 12 July 1798 6 March 1804 The first de jure Commandant , he started many important organizations within the Marine Corps , including the United States Marine Band 3.0 3 Wharton Franklin Wharton O - 05 Lieutenant colonel 7 March 1804 1 September 1818 The first Commandant to be court - martialed ( acquitted ) and the first to occupy the Commandant 's House at the Marine Barracks , Washington , D.C. 3.5 Henderson1 Archibald Henderson ( acting ) O - 05 Major September 16 , 1818 2 March 1819 Acting Commandant , would later serve as Commandant from 1820 to 1859 -- Gale Anthony Gale O - 05 Lieutenant Colonel 3 March 1819 8 October 1820 The second Commandant to be court - martialed and the only Commandant to be fired . Burial location is unknown and no photos have ever been located . 5 Henderson2 Archibald Henderson O - 07 Brevet Brigadier General 17 October 1820 6 January 1859 The longest - serving Commandant ; known as the `` Grand old man of the Marine Corps '' ; known for his role in expanding the Marine Corps ' mission to include expeditionary warfare and rapid deployment 6 Harris John Harris O - 06 Colonel 7 January 1859 1 May 1864 Commandant during most of the American Civil War 7 Zeilin Jacob Zeilin O - 07 Brigadier General 10 June 1864 31 October 1876 Became the Marine Corps ' first general officer , officially approved of the design of the Eagle , Globe , and Anchor as the emblem of the Marine Corps 8 McCawley Charles G. McCawley O - 06 Colonel 1 November 1876 29 January 1891 Chose `` Semper Fidelis '' , Latin for `` Always Faithful '' , as the official Marine Corps motto 9 Heywood Charles Heywood O - 08 Major General 30 June 1891 2 October 1903 Was the first Marine to hold the rank of Major General 10 Elliott George F. Elliott O - 08 Major General 3 October 1903 30 November 1910 Successfully resisted attempts to remove seagoing Marines from capital ships and to merge the Corps into the United States Army 11 Biddle William P. Biddle O - 08 Major General 3 February 1911 24 February 1914 Established the Advanced Base Force , forerunner of today 's Fleet Marine Force 12 Barnett George Barnett O - 08 Major General 25 February 1914 30 June 1920 Served as Commandant during World War I , which caused a huge increase in personnel during his term 13 Lejeune John A. Lejeune O - 08 Major General 1 July 1920 4 March 1929 Started the tradition of the birthday ball with Marine Corps Order 47 , still read annually . Commanded a US Army division ( the 2nd Infantry Division ) in combat during World War I . 14 Neville Wendell C. Neville O - 08 Major General 5 March 1929 8 July 1930 Recipient of the Medal of Honor and Marine Corps Brevet Medal 15 Fuller Ben H. Fuller O - 08 Major General 9 July 1930 28 February 1934 Consolidated the Fleet Marine Force concept 16 Russell John H. Russell , Jr . O - 08 Major General 1 March 1934 30 November 1936 The system of seniority promotions of officers was changed to advancement by selection , the 1st Marine Brigade was withdrawn from Haiti , and the number of ships carrying Marine detachments continued to increase . 17 Holcomb Thomas Holcomb O - 09 Lieutenant General 1 December 1936 31 December 1943 Expanded the Corps almost 20 times in size for World War II and integrated women into the Corps . The first Marine to be advanced ( after retirement ) to the rank of General 18 Vandegrift Alexander Vandegrift O - 09 General 1 January 1944 31 December 1947 Recipient of the Medal of Honor . Was the first active duty Marine to hold the rank of General , resisted attempts to merge the Corps with the Army 19 Cates Clifton B. Cates O - 10 General 1 January 1948 31 December 1951 Recipient of the Navy Cross . Commandant during early stage of the Korean War . 20 Shepherd Lemuel C. Shepherd , Jr . O - 10 General 1 January 1952 31 December 1955 Recipient of the Navy Cross and last World War I veteran to be Commandant . First Commandant to serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Commandant during the Korean War . 21 Pate Randolph M. Pate O - 10 General 1 January 1956 31 December 1959 Commandant between U.S. involvement in the Korean War and Vietnam War . 22 Shoup David M. Shoup O - 10 General 1 January 1960 31 December 1963 Recipient of the Medal of Honor . Opposed U.S. involvement in South Vietnam based on strategy and undue influence of corporations and military officials in foreign policy . Historians consider Shoup 's criticisms to be among the most pointed and high - profile leveled by a veteran against the Vietnam War . 23 Greene Wallace M. Greene , Jr . O - 10 General 1 January 1964 31 December 1967 Oversaw the expansion of the Corps role in the Vietnam War 24 Chapman Leonard F. Chapman , Jr . O - 10 General 1 January 1968 31 December 1971 Was the Commandant during the final years of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War . During his period in command , the III Marine Amphibious Force withdrew from Vietnam and the strength of the Corps dropped from a peak of 289,000 to 198,000 . 25 Cushman Robert E. Cushman , Jr . O - 10 General 1 January 1972 30 June 1975 Oversaw the withdrawal of the Marines from Vietnam and a decline in the Corps ' peacetime strength to 194,000 26 Wilson Louis H. Wilson , Jr . O - 10 General 1 July 1975 30 June 1979 Recipient of the Medal of Honor for capture of Guam 27 Barrow Robert H. Barrow O - 10 General 1 July 1979 30 June 1983 Last World War II veteran to be Commandant . Was the first Commandant to serve as a full member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , acquired approval of production of the American - modified Harrier aircraft , and several other improvements to enhance the effectiveness of the Marine Corps 28 Kelley Paul X. Kelley O - 10 General 1 July 1983 30 June 1987 Commandant when the Marine Barracks bombing occurred in Beirut during the 1982 - 84 multinational force peacekeeping mission under the Reagan Administration . In 2007 , General Kelley published in the Washington Post an opinion piece that had a negative opinion on the use of enhanced interrogation techniques 29 Gray Alfred M. Gray , Jr . O - 10 General 1 July 1987 30 June 1991 The Alfred M. Gray Research Center at Marine Corps Base Quantico houses the Marine Corps Archives and Special Collections , the Quantico Base Library , and the research library for the Marine Corps University . As a reminder that the primary role of every Marine is a rifleman , he had his official photograph taken in the Camouflage Utility Uniform , the only Commandant to have done so . 30 Mundy Carl E. Mundy , Jr . O - 10 General 1 July 1991 30 June 1995 After retirement , he served as president and CEO of the United Service Organizations ( USO ) , and was the chairman of the Marine Corps University Foundation . 31 Krulak Charles C. Krulak O - 10 General 1 July 1995 30 June 1999 Was the son of Marine Corps Lieutenant General Victor H. Krulak . Came up with the concept of the ' Strategic Corporal ' and the ' Three Block War ' . Introduced The Crucible , a final test of Marine recruits . 32 Jones James L. Jones O - 10 General 1 July 1999 12 January 2003 Oversaw the Marine Corps ' development of MARPAT camouflage uniforms and the adoption of the Marine Corps Martial Arts Program ; later became the first Marine officer to serve as Commander , U.S. European Command ( USEUCOM ) and NATO 's Supreme Allied Commander Europe ( SACEUR ) , then as National Security Advisor for the Obama Administration . 33 Hagee Michael W. Hagee O - 10 General January 13 , 2003 13 November 2006 Guided the Corps through the initial years of the Iraq War 34 Conway James T. Conway O - 10 General 13 November 2006 22 October 2010 Commanded Marines forces in the Iraq War and oversaw expansion of the Corps to 202,000 personnel . First Commandant in nearly 40 years to have not served in the Vietnam War . 35 Amos James F. Amos O - 10 General 22 October 2010 17 October 2014 First naval aviator to serve as Commandant . 36 Dunford Joseph Dunford O - 10 General 17 October 2014 24 September 2015 First Commandant and second Marine to be promoted to Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . 37 Neller Robert B. Neller O - 10 General 24 September 2015 Incumbent Timeline ( edit ) See also ( edit ) United States Marine Corps portal Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps Military Secretary to the Commandant of the Marine Corps Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : 10 U.S.C. § 151 Joint Chiefs of Staff : composition ; functions . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 165 Combatant commands : administration and support ^ Jump up to : 10 U.S.C. § 5043 Commandant of the Marine Corps Jump up ^ `` Appendix A : How the Marines Are Organized '' . Marine Corps Concepts and Programs 2006 ( PDF ) . United States Marine Corps . p. 252 . Retrieved 6 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Commandants of the U.S. Marine Corps '' . Historical Topics : Frequently Requested . Reference Branch , History Division , United States Marine Corps . Archived from the original on 19 December 2011 . Retrieved 21 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Journal of the Continental Congress ( 10 November 1775 ) . `` Resolution Establishing the Continental Marines '' . United States Marine Corps History Division . Archived from the original on 7 October 2010 . Retrieved 2 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Col Jon T. ( 2002 ) . Marine Corps Association , ed . USMC : A Complete History . Beth L. Crumley ( illustration editor ) , Charles J. Ziga ( design ) , Col John Greenwood ( editor ) , James O. Muschett ( editor ) . Hugh Lauter Levin Associates . ISBN 0 - 88363 - 650 - 6 . Archived from the original on 4 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Krivdo , Michael E. ( 2009 ) . `` Harpers Ferry : Last Action of `` Henderson Era '' `` . Fortitudine . Quantico , VA : United States Marine Corps Historical Program . 34 ( 4 ) : 7 -- 11 . ISBN 0 - 16 - 010404 - 1 . Archived from the original on 27 May 2010 . Retrieved 1 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Shea , Sgt Jimmy D. ( 22 October 2010 ) . `` Taking the Reins : Marine Corps Welcomes New Commandant '' . Headquarters Marine Corps . United States Marine Corps . Archived from the original on 26 October 2010 . Retrieved 22 October 2010 . General ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps . Allan Reed Millett and Jack Shulimson , eds. ( 2004 ) . Commandants of the Marine Corps . Annapolis , Md. : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87021 - 012 - 9 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Ulbrich , David J. ( 2011 ) . Preparing for Victory : Thomas Holcomb and the Making of the Modern Marine Corps , 1936 - 183 . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 9781591149033 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Commandants of the United States Marine Corps . Official website Leadership of the United States Marine Corps Commandants Nicholas Burrows Wharton Gale Henderson Harris Zeilin McCawley Heywood Elliott Biddle Barnett Lejeune Neville Fuller Russell Holcomb Vandegrift Cates Shepherd Pate Shoup Greene Chapman Cushman Wilson Barrow Kelley Gray Mundy Krulak Jones Hagee Conway Amos Dunford Neller Assistant Commandants Cole Lejeune Long Neville Feland Williams Fuller Myers Russell McDougal Little H. Smith Vandegrift Barrett Keyser Schmidt Rockey Peck Turnage Shepherd O. Smith Silverthorn Thomas Pate Megee McCaul Munn Hayes Mangrum Chapman Walt McCutcheon R. Davis Anderson Jaskilka Barrow McLennan Kelley J. Davis Morgan Went J.R. Dailey Boomer Hearney Neal Dake Williams Nyland Magnus Amos Dunford Paxton Walters Sergeants Major Bestwick Rauber McHugh Sweet J.W. Daily Puckett Black Massaro Crawford Cleary Sommers Overstreet Lee McMichael Estrada Kent Barrett Green Secretary of the Navy ( navbox ) Four - star generals Headquarters Marine Corps Category United States Marine Corps Leadership Secretary of the Navy Under Secretary of the Navy Commandant of the Marine Corps Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps Marine Corps generals United States Congress House Subcommittee on Seapower and Expeditionary Forces Senate Subcommittee on Seapower Major commands Organization of the Marine Corps Headquarters Marine Corps Marine Forces Command II Marine Expeditionary Force Marine Forces Pacific I Marine Expeditionary Force III Marine Expeditionary Force Marine Forces Reserve Fleet Marine Force Atlantic Pacific Marine Corps Combat Development Command Small Wars Center and Irregular Warfare Integration Division ( SWC / IWID ) Operations Analysis Directorate ( OAD ) Training & Education Command ( TECOM ) United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory Structure Marine Air - Ground Task Force Bases Battalions Regiments Brigades Divisions MEF / Corps Marine aviation Marine expeditionary unit Special Operations Marine Raiders Marine Raider Regiment Recon Force Division Personnel and training Personnel Personnel Rank insignia MOS Notable Marines Historical Marines Marine Astronauts Criminal Investigation Division Judge Advocate Division Chaplain of the Marine Corps Associated organizations Training Training Recruit Training School of Infantry Officer Candidates School The Basic School Martial Arts Program Uniforms and equipment Uniforms Awards Badges Weapons Vehicles and aircraft Individual equipment History and traditions History Culture Acronyms and terms Birthday Ball Eagle , Globe , and Anchor Flag Marine Band Drum and Bugle Corps Marine One Silent Drill Platoon White House Sentries Service Numbers Marine Corps War Memorial Marine Detachments Marines ' Hymn National Museum Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima Rifleman 's Creed Semper Fidelis march History of Hispanics in the USMC History of women in the USMC Women 's Reserve Honorary Marine Toys for Tots Portal Category United States Joint Chiefs of Staff Dunford ( Chairman ) Selva ( Vice Chairman ) Milley ( Army ) Neller ( Marine Corps ) Richardson ( Navy ) Goldfein ( Air Force ) Lengyel ( National Guard ) Senior officials in the United States Department of Defense Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis Deputy Secretary of Defense Patrick M. Shanahan Chief Management Officer John H. Gibson Secretaries of the Military Departments Secretary of the Army : Mark Esper Secretary of the Navy : Richard V. Spencer Secretary of the Air Force : Heather Wilson Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen Joseph Dunford , USMC Under Secretaries of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment : Ellen Lord Research and Engineering : Michael D. Griffin Policy : John Rood Comptroller / Chief Financial Officer : David Norquist Personnel and Readiness : Vacant Intelligence : Joseph D. Kernan Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen Paul J. Selva , USAF Chiefs of the Military Services Chief of Staff of the Army : GEN Mark A. Milley Commandant of the Marine Corps : Gen Robert Neller Chief of Naval Operations : ADM John M. Richardson Chief of Staff of the Air Force : Gen David L. Goldfein Chief of the National Guard Bureau Gen Joseph L. Lengyel , USAF Unified Combatant Command Commanders Africa : Gen Thomas D. Waldhauser , USMC Central : GEN Joseph Votel , USA European : GEN Curtis Scaparrotti , USA Northern : Gen Lori Robinson , USAF Pacific : ADM Harry B. Harris Jr. , USN Southern : ADM Kurt W. Tidd , USN Special Operations : GEN Raymond A. Thomas , USA Strategic : Gen John E. Hyten , USAF Transportation : Gen Darren W. McDew , USAF - Acting United States Armed Forces Book Portal MC AF CG Category MC AF CG Navbox MC AF CG Leadership Commander - in - chief : President of the United States Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Defense Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff : Chairman Vice Chairman United States Congress : Committees on Armed Services : Senate House Active duty four - star officers United States military seniority National Security Act of 1947 Goldwater -- Nichols Act Organization Service departments Department of Defense ( Secretary ) : Army ( Secretary ) Navy ( Secretary ) Air Force ( Secretary ) Department of Homeland Security ( Secretary ) : Coast Guard Branches Army ( Chief of Staff ) Marine Corps ( Commandant ) Navy ( Chief of Naval Operations ) Air Force ( Chief of Staff ) Coast Guard ( Commandant ) Reserve components Reserves : A MC N AF CG National Guard : A AF Civilian auxiliaries Military Auxiliary Radio System Merchant Marine Civil Air Patrol Coast Guard Auxiliary Unified Combatant Command Africa Central European Indo - Pacific Northern Southern Cyber Special Operations Strategic Transportation Structure United States Code Title 10 Title 14 Title 32 Title 50 The Pentagon Installations Units : A MC N AF CG Logistics Media Unit mottoes Operations and history Current deployments Conflicts Wars Timeline History : A MC N AF CG Colonial World War II Civil affairs Officers ' clubs African Americans Asian Americans Buddhist Americans Jewish Americans Muslim Americans Pakistani Americans Sikh Americans Historiography : Army Center of Military History MC History Division Naval History and Heritage Command Air Force Historical Research Agency American official war artists : Army Art Program AF Art Program Personnel Training MEPS ASVAB Recruit training : A MC N AF CG Officer candidate school : A MC N AF Warrant : A MC Service academies : A ( prep ) N ( prep ) AF ( prep ) CG Merchant Marine ROTC A : ECP MC / N AF Medical Other education Uniforms Uniforms : A MC N AF CG Awards & decorations : Inter-service A MC / N AF CG Foreign International Devices Badges : Identification A MC N AF CG Ranks Enlisted : A MC N AF CG Warrant officers Officer : A MC N AF CG Other Oath : Enlistment Office Creeds & Codes : Code of Conduct NCO A MC N AF CG Service numbers : A MC N AF CG Military Occupational Specialty / Rating / Air Force Specialty Code Pay Uniform Code of Military Justice Judge Advocate General 's Corps Military Health System / TRICARE Separation Veterans Affairs Conscription Chiefs of Chaplains : A MC N AF CG Equipment MC : vehicles weapons other AF CG Land Individual weapons Crew - served weapons Vehicles ( active ) Sea All watercraft Ships : A N ( active ) AF CG MSC Weapons : N CG Reactors Air Aircraft World War I active Aircraft designation Missiles Helicopter arms Other Nuclear football Electronics ( designations ) Flags : A MC N AF CG Ensign Jack Guidons Food WMDs : Nuclear Biological Chemical Legend A = Army MC = Marine Corps N = Navy AF = Air Force CG = Coast Guard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commandant_of_the_Marine_Corps&oldid=865349727 '' Categories : Joint Chiefs of Staff United States Marine Corps Commandants United States Marine Corps leadership United States Marine Corps lists Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use dmy dates from August 2018 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Marine Corps CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 11 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the office of the commandant of the marine corps | [
"The Commandant is nominated by the President for a four-year term of office and must be confirmed by the Senate.[3] By statute, the Commandant is appointed as a four-star general while serving in office.[3] \"The Commandant is directly responsible to the Secretary of the Navy for the total performance of the Marine Corps. This includes the administration, discipline, internal organization, training, requirements, efficiency, and readiness of the service. The Commandant is also responsible for the operation of the Marine Corps material support system.\"[4] Since 1801, the official residence of the Commandant has been located in the Marine Barracks in Washington, D.C. and his main offices are in Arlington County, Virginia.\n"
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"Arlington County, Virginia"
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-9024135846625659690 | Point guard | Point guard - wikipedia Point guard Jump to : navigation , search Point guards Bob Cousy ( left ) and Bob McNeill ( right ) chase after the ball . Cousy won six NBA championships with the Boston Celtics . The point guard ( PG ) , also called the one or point , is one of the five positions in a regulation basketball game . A point guard has perhaps the most specialized role of any position . Point guards are expected to run the team 's offense by controlling the ball and making sure that it gets to the right players at the right time . Above all , the point guard must totally understand and accept their coach 's game plan ; in this way , the position can be compared to a quarterback in American football or a playmaker in association football ( soccer ) . While the guard must understand and accept the coach 's gameplan , he must also be able to adapt to what the defense is allowing , and he also must control the pace of the game . A point guard , like other player positions in basketball , specializes in certain skills . A point guard 's primary job is to facilitate scoring opportunities for his / her team , or sometimes for themselves . Lee Rose has described a point guard as a coach on the floor , who can handle and distribute the ball to teammates . This involves setting up plays on the court , getting the ball to the teammate in the best position to score , and controlling the tempo of the game . A point guard should know when and how to instigate a fast break and when and how to initiate the more deliberate sets . Point guards are expected to be vocal floor leaders . A point guard needs always to have in mind the times on the shot clock and the game clock , the score , the numbers of remaining timeouts for both teams , etc . Among the taller players who have enjoyed success at the position is Magic Johnson , who was 6 ' 9 '' ( 2.06 m ) and won the National Basketball Association Most Valuable Player Award three times in his career . Other point guards who have been named NBA MVP include Russell Westbrook , Bob Cousy , Oscar Robertson , Derrick Rose and two - time winners Steve Nash and Stephen Curry . In the NBA , point guards are usually about 6 ' 4 '' ( 1.93 m ) or shorter , and average about 6 ' 2 '' ( 1.88 m ) whereas in the WNBA , point guards are usually 5 ' 9 '' ( 1.75 m ) or shorter . Having above - average size ( height , muscle ) is considered advantageous , although size is secondary to situational awareness , speed , quickness , and ball handling skills . Shorter players tend to be better dribblers since they are closer to the floor , and thus have better control of the ball while dribbling . After an opponent scores , it is typically the point guard who brings the ball down court to begin an offensive play . Passing skills , ball handling , and court vision are crucial . Speed is important ; a speedy point guard is better able to create separation and space off the dribble , giving him / herself room to work . Point guards are often valued more for their assist totals than for their scoring . Another major evaluation factor is Assist - to - Turnover ratio , which reflects the decision - making skills of the player . Still , a first - rate point guard should also have a reasonably effective jump shot . Contents ( hide ) 1 Offense 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Offense ( edit ) Steve Nash led the NBA in assists five times . The point guard is positioned on the perimeter of the play , so as to have the best view of the action . This is a necessity because of the point guard 's many leadership obligations . Many times , the point guard is referred to by announcers as a `` coach on the floor '' or a `` floor general '' . In the past , this was particularly true , as several point guards such as Lenny Wilkens served their teams as player - coaches . This is not so common anymore , as most coaches are now solely specialized in coaching and are non-players . Some point guards are still given a great deal of leeway in the offense . Even point guards who are not given this much freedom , however , are still extensions of their coach on the floor and must display good leadership skills . Along with leadership and a general basketball acumen , ball - handling is a skill of great importance to a point guard . Generally speaking , the point guard is the player in possession of the ball for the most time during a game and is responsible for maintaining possession of the ball for his team in the face of any pressure from the opponents . Point guards must be able to maintain possession of the ball in crowded spaces and in traffic and be able to advance the ball quickly . A point guard that has enough ball - handling skill and quickness to be able to drive to the basket in a half - court set is also very valuable and considered by some to be a must for a successful offense . After ball - handling , passing and scoring are the most important areas of the game for a point guard . As the primary decision - maker for a team , a point guard 's passing ability determines how well a point guard is able to put his decision into play . It is one thing to be able to recognize the player that is in a tactically advantageous position , but it is another thing entirely to be able to deliver the ball to that player . For this reason , a point guard is usually , but not always , more skilled and focused on passing than shooting . However , a good jump shot and the ability to score off a drive to the basket are still valuable skills . A point guard will often use his ability to score in order to augment his effectiveness as a decision maker and play maker . In addition to the traditional role of the point guard , modern teams have found new ways to utilize the position . Notably , several modern point guards have used a successful style of post play , a tactic usually practiced by much larger centers and forwards . Working off of the fact that the opposing point guard is in all probability an undersized player with limited strength , several modern point guards have developed games close to the basket that include being able to utilize the drop step , spin move , and fade away jump shot . Stephen Curry is one of the best scoring point guards in the NBA . In recent years , the sport 's shift from a fundamental style of play to a more athletic , scoring - oriented game resulted in the proliferation of so - called combo guards at the point guard position . More explosive and athletic point guards focus on scoring as opposed to play - making , forgoing assists and ball - movement , and often defense , for higher scoring numbers . Young players who are relatively short are now developing the scoring aspects of their skill - sets , whereas previously these players would find it difficult to enter the NBA without true point guard skills . These combo point guards can surprise defenses . Instead of passing after bringing up the ball they quickly drive to the basket or step back for an outside shot . There are some disadvantages to this style of play . A point guard often controls the offense and he also controls who gets the ball and who does n't , as this type of controlling style of play is necessary to control the tempo of a game . Scoring point guards typically look to score first , thus preventing teammates from getting the ball . This can cause other players to become dis - involved in the offense . Even so , combo guards still require above - average passing skill , but not as much as possessed by `` pure '' point guards ( which is what those in the traditional mold of a point guard are referred to ) . Gary Payton , a point guard known for defensive prowess . A point guard primarily defends on the perimeter , just as he primarily plays on the perimeter on offense . On defense , the point guard is tasked with making the opposing point guard as ineffective as possible . A defensive point guard will try to accomplish this with constant pressure on the ball , making it difficult to maintain possession . A defensive point guard will also pressure opponents in passing lanes in an attempt to generate steals and scoring opportunities for his own team . See also ( edit ) Bob Cousy Award -- An annual award given to the nation 's top NCAA male point guard Nancy Lieberman Award -- The counterpart to the Cousy Award ; given to the top NCAA female point guard References ( edit ) The Basketball Handbook ( pg 14 ) ( 2004 ) . Lee H. Rose ISBN 0 - 7360 - 4906 - 1 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Point guards . FOXSports.com - Best all - time point guards at the Wayback Machine ( archived July 12 , 2005 ) , accessed 2008 - 02 - 09 ( hide ) Basketball positions Guards 1 ( Floor general ) Point guard ( PG ) Combo guard ( PG / SG ) 2 ( Wing ) Shooting guard ( SG ) Guard - forward / Swingman / Wing ( SG / SF ) Forwards 3 ( Wing ) Small forward ( SF ) Point forward ( PG / SF or PG / PF ) 4 ( Post ) Power forward ( PF ) Combo forward / Cornerman / Stretch four ( SF / PF ) Center 5 ( Pivot ) Center ( C ) Forward - center / Bigman / Big ( PF / C ) Backcourt Frontcourt Tweener Captain Head coach Referees and officials Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Point_guard&oldid=832554582 '' Categories : Point guards Basketball positions Basketball terminology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 18 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who takes the ball down the court in basketball | [
"After an opponent scores, it is typically the point guard who brings the ball down court to begin an offensive play. Passing skills, ball handling, and court vision are crucial. Speed is important; a speedy point guard is better able to create separation and space off the dribble, giving him/herself room to work. Point guards are often valued more for their assist totals than for their scoring. Another major evaluation factor is Assist-to-Turnover ratio, which reflects the decision-making skills of the player. Still, a first-rate point guard should also have a reasonably effective jump shot."
] | [
"typically the point guard"
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-3277857299281818702 | Freddie Highmore | Freddie Highmore - wikipedia Freddie Highmore Jump to : navigation , search Freddie Highmore Highmore at the premiere of Bates Motel in March 2013 Alfred Thomas Highmore ( 1992 - 02 - 14 ) 14 February 1992 ( age 25 ) Camden Town , London , England Education Highgate School , London Alma mater Emmanuel College , Cambridge ( B.A. ) Occupation Actor Years active 1999 -- present Parents Edward Highmore ( father ) Sue Latimer ( mother ) Alfred Thomas `` Freddie '' Highmore ( born 14 February 1992 ) is an English actor . He made his acting debut as a child in the comedy film Women Talking Dirty ( 1999 ) , and has since starred in Finding Neverland ( 2004 ) , Five Children and It ( 2004 ) , Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) , Arthur and the Invisibles ( 2006 ) , August Rush ( 2007 ) , The Spiderwick Chronicles ( 2008 ) , Toast ( 2010 ) , and The Art of Getting By ( 2011 ) . For Finding Neverland ( 2004 ) and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) , he won the Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer in two consecutive years . For five seasons , Highmore starred as Norman Bates in the A&E drama - thriller series Bates Motel ( 2013 -- 2017 ) , for which he was twice nominated for the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series . He made his screenwriting debut with the series , and in 2017 won a People 's Choice Award for his performance . Also in 2017 , he began starring as Dr. Shaun Murphy in the ABC drama series The Good Doctor , on which he also serves as a producer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1999 -- 2004 : Beginnings and Finding Neverland 2.2 2005 -- 2011 : Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and Astro Boy 2.3 2012 -- present : Bates Motel , screenwriting debut and The Good Doctor 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 4.4 Music videos 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Highmore was born on 14 February 1992 in Camden Town , London , into a show business family . His mother , Sue Latimer , is a talent agent whose clients include actors Daniel Radcliffe and Imelda Staunton , and his father , Edward Highmore , is an actor . He has a younger brother named Bertie . His home is in Highgate , North London . Highmore was educated at a primary school in Hampstead Garden Suburb in Hampstead and at Highgate School , an independent school , followed by Emmanuel College at the University of Cambridge , where he earned a Double First in Spanish and Arabic . Career ( edit ) 1999 -- 2004 : beginnings and Finding Neverland ( edit ) Highmore began his acting career with small roles on television at the age of 7 . He made his film debut in Coky Giedroyc 's comedy Women Talking Dirty ( 1999 ) , playing the son of a woman ( Helena Bonham Carter ) who has recently become estranged from her commitment - phobic French lover . In 2001 , Highmore played a young King Arthur in the TNT miniseries The Mists of Avalon , a revisionist take on the Arthurian legends that depicted the women of Camelot as the real power behind the throne . In 2001 , in the BBC miniseries Happy Birthday Shakespeare , he portrayed a young boy who dreams of moving his family to Stratford - upon - Avon . Highmore has acted alongside members of his family in two separate films ; his brother Bertie played his brother in Women Talking Dirty , and his father Edward played his father in Hallmark Entertainment 's television film Jack and the Beanstalk : The Real Story ( 2001 ) . In 2004 , Highmore returned to the big screen for the family adventure film Two Brothers , directed by Jean - Jacques Annaud . He played the son of a French administrator who refuses to believe that his new friend , a tiger cub , might be dangerous after having tasted blood . He next had a major role alongside Kenneth Branagh , Zoë Wanamaker and Eddie Izzard in the fantasy film Five Children and It ( 2004 ) . That same year , Highmore made his breakthrough with a critically acclaimed performance as troubled Peter Llewelyn Davies in Marc Forster 's semi-biographical film Finding Neverland . He received several awards and nominations for the role , including a Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer , and nominations for the Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role . 2005 -- 2011 : Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and Astro Boy ( edit ) Highmore at the San Diego Comic - Con International , 23 July 2009 In 2005 , he portrayed the main role of Charlie Bucket in Tim Burton 's musical fantasy film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , adapted from the book of the same name by Roald Dahl . He was reportedly recommended by co-star Johnny Depp , with whom Highmore had worked in Finding Neverland ; Depp had been impressed by the young actor 's performance and thus put his name forward for the role . Highmore had not seen the original 1971 version of the film , and decided not to see it until he was done filming so his portrayal of Charlie would not be influenced . For his role , he again won the Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer and was awarded the Satellite Award for Outstanding New Talent . Highmore also lent his voice to the film 's accompanying video game of the same name . He next appeared as a young Max Skinner in Ridley Scott 's comedy - drama film A Good Year , which was released in the UK on 27 October 2006 . Also in 2006 , he began portraying protagonist Arthur Montgomery in the live - action / animated fantasy adventure film Arthur and the Invisibles , released on 13 December 2006 . Two sequels followed : Arthur and the Revenge of Maltazard ( 2009 ) and Arthur 3 : The War of the Two Worlds ( 2010 ) . For the third film and the trilogy 's accompanying video game , Highmore provided voice acting . In 2007 , he lent his voice to the adventure fantasy film The Golden Compass ( 2007 ) and its video game of the same name . He then portrayed the title character in the drama film August Rush ( 2007 ) , alongside Keri Russell , Jonathan Rhys Meyers , and Robin Williams . The story follows a musical prodigy as he searches for his birth parents . This film received a wide release on 21 November 2007 . Highmore next starred in the dual role of American twins Simon and Jared Grace , alongside Sarah Bolger as their sister Mallory , in the fantasy adventure film The Spiderwick Chronicles ( 2008 ) , based on the popular children 's stories of the same name by Tony DiTerlizzi . The film also had a video game , The Spiderwick Chronicles , in which Highmore reprised the characters of Simon and Jared in a voice role . That same year , he provided voice acting for the role of Little Jack in the animated film A Fox 's Tale ( 2008 ) . In 2009 , Highmore voiced the lead character in the animated film Astro Boy , and provided his voice to its accompanying video game , Astro Boy : The Video Game . He then played the main role in Toast , a BBC autobiographical film about chef Nigel Slater , which was aired on 30 December 2010 . The miniseries marked the third time Highmore has worked with Helena Bonham Carter . Also in 2010 , he starred as Hally Ballard , opposite Ving Rhames , in the drama film Master Harold ... and the Boys , based on the play of the same name by Athol Fugard . The following year , he co-starred alongside Emma Roberts in the romantic comedy - drama The Art of Getting By ( 2011 ) . 2012 -- present : Bates Motel , screenwriting debut and the Good Doctor ( edit ) Highmore at PaleyFest for Bates Motel , 10 May 2013 In 2013 , Highmore voiced the title character in the animated adventure film Justin and the Knights of Valour . From 2013 to 2017 , he portrayed the iconic role of Norman Bates , alongside Vera Farmiga as his mother Norma , in the A&E drama - thriller series Bates Motel , a prequel to the Alfred Hitchcock film Psycho that restarts the storyline in the present day . He won a People 's Choice Award in 2016 for his performance , and has received nominations for the Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television ( 2013 ) , Satellite Award for Best Actor -- Television Series Drama ( 2013 ) , and the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series ( 2014 -- 2015 ) . Highmore ventured into writing and directing during his time working on the series , writing the fourth season episode `` Unfaithful '' and the fifth season episode `` Inseparable '' , and directing the fifth season episode `` The Body '' . In August 2014 , it was reported that NBC had purchased a comedy pilot script written and executive produced by Highmore and Bates Motel showrunner Kerry Ehrin . However , the pilot was not picked up to series . In 2015 , he appeared in the Libertines ' music video for `` You 're My Waterloo '' , alongside Marama Corlett . In 2016 , Highmore starred in Stephen Poliakoff 's BBC Two seven - part miniseries Close to the Enemy , the coming - of - age comedy - drama film Holding Patterns , and Nick Hamm 's political comedy - drama film The Journey . The following year , he began portraying the lead role of Dr. Shaun Murphy in the ABC drama series The Good Doctor , on which he also serves as a producer . Highmore has also been cast as the voice of the Duke of Cheshire in the animated film adaptation of The Canterville Ghost . Highmore is attached to play the title character , Baby Face Nelson , in the A&E drama pilot Baby Face , which he co-wrote and will executive produce with Kerry Ehrin . He will also executive produce Ehrin 's drama pilot Long Distance for NBC . Personal life ( edit ) Highmore lives in London , which he has said keeps him grounded . He is close friends with his Bates Motel co-star Vera Farmiga , and is godfather to her son with Renn Hawkey , Fynn . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Women Talking Dirty Sam Two Brothers Raoul Normandin Finding Neverland Peter Llewelyn Davies Five Children and It Robert 2005 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Charlie Bucket 2006 A Good Year Young Max Skinner 2006 Arthur and the Invisibles Arthur Montgomery 2007 August Rush Evan Taylor / August Rush 2007 The Golden Compass Pantalaimon Voice role 2008 The Spiderwick Chronicles Jared and Simon Grace 2008 A Fox 's Tale Little Jack Voice role 2009 Astro Boy Toby Tenma / Astro Boy Voice role 2009 Arthur and the Revenge of Maltazard Arthur Montgomery Arthur 3 : The War of the Two Worlds Arthur Montgomery Master Harold ... and the Boys Hally Ballard 2011 The Art of Getting By George Zinavoy 2013 Justin and the Knights of Valour Justin Voice role 2016 The Journey Jack 2016 Almost Friends Charlie Brenner Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 Happy Birthday Shakespeare Steven Green Television film 2001 The Mists of Avalon Young Arthur 2 episodes 2001 Jack and the Beanstalk : The Real Story Son at Playground 2 episodes 2002 I Saw You Oscar Bingley Television film Toast Nigel Slater Television film 2013 -- 2017 Bates Motel Norman Bates 50 episodes Also wrote 2 episodes and directed `` The Body '' 2016 Close to the Enemy Victor Ferguson 7 episodes 2017 Tour de Pharmacy Adrian Baton Television film 2017 -- present The Good Doctor Dr. Shaun Murphy Lead role ; also producer Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role 2005 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Charlie Bucket 2007 Arthur and the Invisibles Arthur Montgomery 2007 The Golden Compass Pantalaimon 2008 The Spiderwick Chronicles Jared and Simon Grace 2009 Astro Boy : The Video Game Toby Tenma / Astro Boy Music videos ( edit ) The Libertines -- `` You 're My Waterloo '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Freddie Highmore References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Births , Marriages & Deaths Index of England & Wales , 1984 -- 2004 , listed birth name as `` Alfred Thomas Highmore '' . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( 11 May 2017 ) . `` Good Doctor Medical Drama Starring Bates Motel 's Freddie Highmore Ordered to Series at ABC '' . TVLine . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Freddie Highmore -- Biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on 7 April 2013 . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Salisbury , Mark . `` Freddie Highmore keeps it real in music - filled ' August Rush ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 6 November 2007 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Freddie Highmore : ' When You 're Eighteen , You Ca n't Act the Kid Anymore ' '' . The Independent . 5 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Highmore gains double first '' . The Belfast Telegraph . 3 July 2014 . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Freddie Highmore Chronicles '' ( PDF ) . The Washington Post . 17 February 2008 . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Freddie Highmore cast as titular Charlie and the Chocolate Factory '' . JohnAugust.com. 23 May 2004 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2012 . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Movies : Details for Arthur and the Vengeance of Maltazard '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Movies : Details for Arthur and The War Of Two Worlds '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Freddie Highmore talks August Rush on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Highmore Joins Spiderwick Chronicles '' . Empire . 24 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Freddie Highmore Signed for Imagi Studios ' Astro Boy '' ( PDF ) . Imagi Studios . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 May 2008 . Retrieved 28 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Freddie Highmore and Kristen Bell Join Astro Boy : The Video Game '' . GamersHell.com. 5 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 27 February 2015 . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New BBC One drama , Helena Bonham Carter and Freddie Highmore star in Toast '' . BBC News . 21 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Cox , Gordon ( 21 April 2010 ) . `` Roberts , Highmore assigned ' Homework ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 27 April 2010 . Retrieved 24 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( 14 September 2012 ) . `` A&E 's ' Psycho ' Prequel ' Bates Motel ' Finds its Young Norman '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 6 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2017 Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 18 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Joseph ( 28 June 2014 ) . `` Gravity , The Walking Dead , and Breaking Bad Win Big at the Fortieth Annual Saturn Awards '' . Nerdist . Archived from the original on 5 January 2015 . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( 2 December 2013 ) . `` ' 12 Years a Slave ' Tops Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on 8 November 2014 . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( 19 June 2014 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards 2014 : Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 26 January 2015 . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( 6 May 2015 ) . `` Critics ' Choice TV Awards : ' Justified ' , ' Olive Kitteridge ' , HBO Lead The Field '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 7 May 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Saclao , Christian ( 4 April 2016 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' Star Freddie Highmore On Writing Season 4 , Episode 8 Of A&E 's ' Psycho ' Prequel '' . Design & Trend . Archived from the original on 25 April 2016 . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , Elena ( 23 July 2016 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' : 8 Things to Know About Season 5 , Rihanna 's Casting , and More '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( 22 August 2014 ) . `` ' Bates Motel 's ' Freddie Highmore , Kerry Ehrin Sell Comedy to NBC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Monroe , Jazz ( 2 December 2015 ) . `` The Libertines Share Romantic `` You 're My Waterloo '' Video Starring Freddie Highmore `` . Pitchfork Media . Archived from the original on 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Two announces new Stephen Poliakoff drama with stellar cast '' . BBC News . 30 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( 18 August 2015 ) . `` Freddie Highmore , Haley Joel Osment to Star in Coming - of - Age Film ' Holding Patterns ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 10 September 2015 ) . `` Toronto : John Hurt , Toby Stephens , Freddie Highmore Join ' The Journey ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( 24 February 2017 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' Star Freddie Highmore to Topline ABC 's David Shore Drama '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Freddie Highmore goes from ' Bates ' killer to life - saving ' Good Doctor ' '' . USA Today . August 6 , 2017 . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Stuart ( 9 May 2014 ) . `` Cannes : Freddie Highmore Lends Voice to Animated ' Oscar Wilde 's The Canterville Ghost ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( 16 December 2016 ) . `` ' Bates Motel 's ' Freddie Highmore and Kerry Ehrin Sell Drama Pilot to A&E ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 17 December 2016 . Retrieved 16 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 15 March 2017 ) . `` NBC Buys ' Long Distance ' Drama From ' Bates Motel ' Duo Kerry Ehrin & Freddie Highmore And Producer Danielle Gelber '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Ruby , Jennifer ( 3 May 2017 ) . `` Freddie Highmore : ' staying in London and avoiding social media has kept me grounded ' '' . London Evening Standard . Archived from the original on 3 May 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TVLine Podcast : Dream Emmy Q&A With Bates Motel 's Freddie Highmore '' . TVLine. 12 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Freddie Highmore . Freddie Highmore on IMDb Awards for Freddie Highmore Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer Jonathan Lipnicki ( 1996 ) Jurnee Smollett ( 1997 ) Ian Michael Smith ( 1998 ) Haley Joel Osment ( 1999 ) Jamie Bell ( 2000 ) Dakota Fanning ( 2001 ) Kieran Culkin ( 2002 ) Keisha Castle - Hughes ( 2003 ) Freddie Highmore / Emmy Rossum ( 2004 ) Freddie Highmore / Dakota Fanning ( 2005 ) Paul Dano / Abigail Breslin ( 2006 ) Ahmad Khan Mahmidzada / Nikki Blonsky ( 2007 ) Dev Patel ( 2008 ) Saoirse Ronan ( 2009 ) Hailee Steinfeld ( 2010 ) Thomas Horn ( 2011 ) Quvenzhané Wallis ( 2012 ) Adèle Exarchopoulos ( 2013 ) Ellar Coltrane ( 2014 ) Jacob Tremblay ( 2015 ) Lucas Hedges ( 2016 ) Empire Award for Best Newcomer Bryan Singer ( 1996 ) Ewen Bremner ( 1997 ) Gary Oldman ( 1998 ) Vinnie Jones ( 1999 ) Carrie - Anne Moss / Damien O'Donnell ( 2000 ) Jamie Bell ( 2001 ) Orlando Bloom ( 2002 ) Rosamund Pike ( 2003 ) Martine McCutcheon ( 2004 ) Freddie Highmore ( 2005 ) Kelly Reilly ( 2006 ) Brandon Routh / Eva Green ( 2007 ) Sam Riley ( 2008 ) Gemma Arterton ( 2009 ) Aaron Johnson ( 2010 ) Chloë Grace Moretz ( 2011 ) People 's Choice Award for Favorite Cable TV Actor Matt Bomer ( 2015 ) Kevin Hart ( 2016 ) Freddie Highmore ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor Noah Hathaway ( 1984 ) Barret Oliver ( 1985 ) Carrie Henn ( 1986 ) Kirk Cameron ( 1987 ) Fred Savage ( 1988 ) Adan Jodorowsky ( 1989 / 90 ) Edward Furlong ( 1991 ) Scott Weinger ( 1992 ) Elijah Wood ( 1993 ) Kirsten Dunst ( 1994 ) Christina Ricci ( 1995 ) Lucas Black ( 1996 ) Jena Malone ( 1997 ) Tobey Maguire ( 1998 ) Haley Joel Osment ( 1999 ) Devon Sawa ( 2000 ) Haley Joel Osment ( 2001 ) Tyler Hoechlin ( 2002 ) Jeremy Sumpter ( 2003 ) Emmy Rossum ( 2004 ) Dakota Fanning ( 2005 ) Ivana Baquero ( 2006 ) Freddie Highmore ( 2007 ) Jaden Smith ( 2008 ) Saoirse Ronan ( 2009 ) Chloë Grace Moretz ( 2010 ) Joel Courtney ( 2011 ) Suraj Sharma ( 2012 ) Chloë Grace Moretz ( 2013 ) Mackenzie Foy ( 2014 ) Ty Simpkins ( 2015 ) Tom Holland ( 2016 ) VIAF : 76564503 LCCN : no2005079407 ISNI : 0000 0001 1850 4678 GND : 142250546 SUDOC : 086271989 BNF : cb14596222r ( data ) BNE : XX4746390 IATH : w63f5ksg Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freddie_Highmore&oldid=808977776 '' Categories : 1992 births 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors Alumni of Emmanuel College , Cambridge Best Newcomer Empire Award winners English male child actors English male film actors English male screenwriters English male television actors English male video game actors English male voice actors English television directors English television producers Living people Male actors from London People educated at Highgate School People from Camden Town People from Highgate Hidden categories : Use British English from March 2015 Use dmy dates from August 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Baso Minangkabau Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 11 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the actor that plays dr shawn murphy | [
"Alfred Thomas \"Freddie\" Highmore[1] (born 14 February 1992) is an English actor. He made his acting debut as a child in the comedy film Women Talking Dirty (1999), and has since starred in Finding Neverland (2004), Five Children and It (2004), Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005), Arthur and the Invisibles (2006), August Rush (2007), The Spiderwick Chronicles (2008), Toast (2010), and The Art of Getting By (2011). For Finding Neverland (2004) and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005), he won the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer in two consecutive years."
] | [
"Alfred Thomas \"Freddie\" Highmore"
] |
5380840833773521783 | List of best Major League Baseball season win-loss records | List of best major League baseball season win - loss records - wikipedia List of best major League baseball season win - loss records Jump to : navigation , search Listed below are the Major League Baseball teams with the best season win - loss records in history , as determined by winning percentage (. 700 or better ) , minimum 120 games played . Contents ( hide ) 1 Season records 2 Other teams 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Season records ( edit ) The following teams finished the season with a . 700 winning percentage or higher . Since the season was expanded to 162 games in 1961 , only two teams have managed a winning percentage greater than . 700 ( which requires 114 wins ) . These two are the 1998 New York Yankees and the 2001 Seattle Mariners . Legend NL = National League AL = American League AA = American Association UA = Union Association Season Franchise League Wins Losses Pct . Finish 1906 Chicago Cubs NL 116 36 . 763 Lost 1906 World Series 1884 St. Louis Maroons UA 94 19 . 832 Union Association Champions 1902 Pittsburgh Pirates NL 103 36 . 741 National League Champions 1886 Chicago White Stockings NL 90 34 . 726 Lost 1886 World Series 1909 Pittsburgh Pirates NL 110 42 . 724 Won 1909 World Series 1954 Cleveland Indians AL 111 43 . 721 Lost 1954 World Series Seattle Mariners AL 116 46 . 716 Lost 2001 ALCS 1927 New York Yankees AL 110 44 . 714 Won 1927 World Series 1886 Detroit Wolverines NL 87 36 . 707 2nd place in National League 1897 Boston Beaneaters NL 93 39 . 705 Lost 1897 Temple Cup 1907 Chicago Cubs NL 107 45 . 704 Won 1907 World Series 1931 Philadelphia Athletics AL 107 45 . 704 Lost 1931 World Series 1998 New York Yankees AL 114 48 . 704 Won 1998 World Series 1887 St. Louis Browns AA 95 40 . 704 Lost 1887 World Series 1939 New York Yankees AL 106 45 . 702 Won 1939 World Series Other teams ( edit ) Several 19th century teams played . 700 ball or better over shorter schedules , where there is much less of the `` evening out '' effect of a lengthier season . For example , the Chicago White Stockings won the National League 's first pennant in 1876 with a 52 - 14 record (. 788 ) , and won the 1880 NL pennant with a 67 - 17 record (. 798 ) , which stands as the overall percentage record between the National or the American League . The White Stockings ' 1880 record would project to a record of 129 - 33 under the modern schedule of 162 games , while Pythagorean expectation based on the White Stockings ' results ( 538 runs scored , 317 runs allowed ) and a 162 - game schedule would translate to a record of 120 - 42 . The all - time best single season record belongs to the Cincinnati Red Stockings , who posted baseball 's only perfect record at 67 - 0 ( 57 - 0 against National Association of Base Ball Players clubs ) in 1869 . Their record would stretch to 81 - 0 across the 1870 season before losing 8 - 7 in eleven innings to the Brooklyn Atlantics in Brooklyn on June 14 . While this record is considered by many to be pre-MLB , the MLB ( professional baseball 's current official organization ) has officially recognized this year as the beginning of professional baseball . The second - best record belongs to the 1875 Boston Red Stockings of the National Association , who finished with a record of 71 - 8 (. 899 ) , but the status of the National Association as a major league has long been disputed . The Red Stockings record would project to 146 - 16 under the modern schedule of 162 games , while Pythagorean expectation based on the Red Stockings results ( 831 runs scored , 343 runs allowed ) and the modern 162 - game schedule would translate to a record of 138 - 24 . The National Association folded at the end of 1875 , and the Red Stockings , who had won the last four pennants , joined the National League for 1876 , being renamed the Red Caps . The team went 39 - 31 for a fourth - place finish in 1876 before winning the 1877 and 1878 pennants with records of 42 - 18 and 41 - 19 . The third - best record belongs to the St. Louis Maroons of the 1884 Union Association , who finished with a record of 94 - 19 (. 832 ) , but the Union Association was quite lopsided in talent distribution ( team owner Henry Lucas was also league president , an obvious conflict - of - interest situation which is now banned , and bought all the best available players for his franchise ) , generally disorganized ( six teams played close to full schedules , another four teams folded and one relocated during the course of the season ) , and poorly scheduled . The Maroons ' record would project to 135 - 27 under the modern schedule of 162 games , while Pythagorean expectation based on the Maroons ' results ( 887 runs scored , 429 runs allowed ) and a 162 - game schedule would translate to a record of 131 - 31 , but these results are of questionable merit . The Union Association folded at the end of 1884 , and the Maroons joined the National League for 1885 ; playing against stiffer competition , they went 36 - 72 in 1885 , and 43 - 79 in 1886 , finishing in last and sixth in both seasons . In 1887 , the Maroons relocated to Indianapolis and became the Indianapolis Hoosiers , playing three more seasons below . 500 before folding . See also ( edit ) List of worst Major League Baseball season records List of Major League Baseball 100 win seasons References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ^ History : Legend of the Cincinnati Red Stockings webpage. 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings Vintage Base Ball Team website ( 2007 ) . Cincinnati Vintage Base Ball Club . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Reds Timeline . Cincinnati Reds webpage . http://mlb.mlb.com/cin/history/timeline.jsp . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 Jump up ^ In conjunction with MLB 's celebration in 1969 of the 100th anniversary of professional baseball , the Philadelphia Phillies conducted a fan vote to determine their all - time team . The players were honored on August 5 , 1969 , at Connie Mack Stadium before the Phillies ' game against the San Francisco Giants . Although the Phillies were founded in 1883 , MLB commissioner Bowie Kuhn presented to each all - time team player a framed picture of the `` Greatest Phillies Team / 1869 -- 1969 '' . To see a photo of Kuhn and the framed picture , go to the following archived webpage and use the left click on the mouse to move the page upwards . Paul Lukas ( August 6 , 1969 ) . `` A Night to Remember '' . Reading Eagle . p. 48 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 27 . `` Lending a big hand for the memorable occasion was baseball commissioner Bowie Kuhn who presented the individual awards to each all - time team member . '' External links ( edit ) Records and statistics at Baseball Reference Baseball Almanac study of best teams of all time Excerpts from `` Baseball Dynasties '' by Neyer and Epstein Neyer , Rob , and Eddie Epstein . Baseball Dynasties : The Greatest Teams of All Time . Norton , 2000 , 384 p . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_best_Major_League_Baseball_season_win-loss_records&oldid=798276908 '' Categories : Major League Baseball lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 23 : 54 . About Wikipedia | most wins in mlb season by a team | [
"\n\nSeason\nFranchise\nLeague\nWins\nLosses\nPct.\nFinish\n\n\n1906\nChicago Cubs\nNL\n116\n36\n.763\nLost 1906 World Series\n\n\n1884\nSt. Louis Maroons\nUA\n94\n19\n.832\nUnion Association Champions\n\n\n1902\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNL\n103\n36\n.741\nNational League Champions\n\n\n1886\nChicago White Stockings\nNL\n90\n34\n.726\nLost 1886 World Series\n\n\n1909\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNL\n110\n42\n.724\nWon 1909 World Series\n\n\n1954\nCleveland Indians\nAL\n111\n43\n.721\nLost 1954 World Series\n\n\n2001\nSeattle Mariners\nAL\n116\n46\n.716\nLost 2001 ALCS\n\n\n1927\nNew York Yankees\nAL\n110\n44\n.714\nWon 1927 World Series\n\n\n1886\nDetroit Wolverines\nNL\n87\n36\n.707\n2nd place in National League\n\n\n1897\nBoston Beaneaters\nNL\n93\n39\n.705\nLost 1897 Temple Cup\n\n\n1907\nChicago Cubs\nNL\n107\n45\n.704\nWon 1907 World Series\n\n\n1931\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAL\n107\n45\n.704\nLost 1931 World Series\n\n\n1998\nNew York Yankees\nAL\n114\n48\n.704\nWon 1998 World Series\n\n\n1887\nSt. Louis Browns\nAA\n95\n40\n.704\nLost 1887 World Series\n\n\n1939\nNew York Yankees\nAL\n106\n45\n.702\nWon 1939 World Series\n\n"
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"116"
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9168974573194300301 | Coming Home for Christmas (2017 film) | Coming Home for Christmas ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Coming Home for Christmas ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Coming Home for Christmas Based on Coming Home for Christmas by Jenny Hale Written by Nina Weinman Directed by Mel Damski Starring Danica McKellar Neal Bledsoe Chelan Simmons Music by David Ramos Country of origin United States Canada Original language ( s ) English Production Executive producer ( s ) Jonathan Axelrod Alan Ett Allen Lewis Jason Macintyre Michael Shepard Marnie Young Producer ( s ) Harvey Kahn Cinematography Tyler Walzak Editor ( s ) Robert Lawrenson Running time 86 minutes Production company ( s ) Snowy Road Productions Ltd Release Original network Hallmark Channel Original release November 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 18 ) External links Website Coming Home for Christmas is a 2017 American - Canadian made - for - television romantic comedy film based on the novel of the same name by Jenny Hale , starring Danica McKellar and Neal Bledsoe . The film premiered on Hallmark Channel on November 18 , 2017 as part of the channel 's ' Countdown to Christmas ' season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Development 4 Filming 5 Broadcast 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Lizzie Richfield is at a crossroads when she lands a job as house manager for the exclusive Ashford Estate in the Virginia countryside . The estate is being sold ; prior to its sale , Lizzie plans one final Christmas Eve gala for the owners : the Marley family , who appear to be a `` family '' in name only . The clan consists of Kip Marley ( who never met a party he did n't like ) ; Robert ( the handsome but all - business executor of the estate ) ; Sloane ( who arrives with her two young children , sans husband ) , and Pippa ( the 80 - year - old matriarch , a spitfire who does n't want to put the house up for sale at all ) . As Lizzie is inserted into the home and the lives of the Marley family she finds herself drawn to Robert -- even as Kip pursues her . Cast ( edit ) Danica McKellar as Lizzie Richfield Neal Bledsoe as Robert Marley Chelan Simmons as Sloane Andrew Francis as Kip Marley Lindsay Maxwell as Megan Richfield Paula Shaw as Pippa Marley Andrew Kavadas as Gerard Brenda Crichlow as Anna Rebecca Staab as Camille Richfield Bekham Skoddje as Sammy Christian Convery as Paul Scott Perrie as Jackson Tosca Baggoo as Carla Roz Murray as Gladys Development ( edit ) The film was developed from an original novel of the same name by author Jenny Hale . Hale was approached by a screenwriter who wished to adapt the novel after reading the book . Filming ( edit ) Filming took place in British Columbia , in the Abbotsford , Vancouver and Langley areas in August 2017 , with a mansion in the Aldergrove area of Langely serving as the property at the centre of the story . Broadcast ( edit ) The film premiered on the Hallmark Channel on November 18 , 2017 , as part of the channel 's ' Countdown to Christmas ' season of programming . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hill , Ruth ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Interview With Author Jenny Hale , `` Coming Home For Christmas `` '' . `` My Devotional Thoughts '' . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : What 's Filming ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Coming Home For Christmas & Christmas Homecoming Start Filming '' . `` What 's Filming '' . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Coming Home for Christmas on IMDb Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coming_Home_for_Christmas_(2017_film)&oldid=819441434 '' Categories : 2017 television films 2010s romantic comedy films American films American television films American romantic comedy films Canadian films Canadian television films Canadian romantic comedy films Films set in Virginia Films shot in British Columbia Hallmark Channel original films Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 11 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who stars in hallmark's coming home for christmas | [
"Coming Home for Christmas is a 2017 American-Canadian made-for-television romantic comedy film based on the novel of the same name by Jenny Hale, starring Danica McKellar and Neal Bledsoe. The film premiered on Hallmark Channel on November 18, 2017 as part of the channel's 'Countdown to Christmas' season.",
"Coming Home for Christmas is a 2017 American-Canadian made-for-television romantic comedy film based on the novel of the same name by Jenny Hale, starring Danica McKellar and Neal Bledsoe. The film premiered on Hallmark Channel on November 18, 2017 as part of the channel's 'Countdown to Christmas' season."
] | [
"Danica McKellar",
"Neal Bledsoe"
] |
649980193126369580 | The Brady Bunch | The Brady Bunch - wikipedia The Brady Bunch Jump to : navigation , search The Brady Bunch Season five opening ( 1973 -- 74 ) Genre Sitcom Created by Sherwood Schwartz Starring Robert Reed Florence Henderson Ann B. Davis Barry Williams Maureen McCormick Christopher Knight Eve Plumb Mike Lookinland Susan Olsen Theme music composer Frank De Vol Sherwood Schwartz Opening theme `` The Brady Bunch '' performed by : Peppermint Trolley Company ( 1969 -- 70 ) The Brady Bunch Kids ( 1970 -- 74 ) Composer ( s ) Frank De Vol Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 117 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Sherwood Schwartz Producer ( s ) Howard Leeds Sherwood Schwartz Lloyd Schwartz Camera setup Single - camera Running time 25 -- 26 minutes Production company ( s ) Redwood Productions Paramount Television Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network ABC Audio format Monaural Original release September 26 , 1969 ( 1969 - 09 - 26 ) -- March 8 , 1974 ( 1974 - 03 - 08 ) Chronology Followed by The Brady Brides A Very Brady Christmas The Bradys Related shows The Brady Kids The Brady Bunch Hour The Brady Bunch is an American sitcom created by Sherwood Schwartz that aired from September 26 , 1969 , to March 8 , 1974 , on ABC . The series revolves around a large blended family with six children . Considered one of the last of the old - style family sitcoms , the series aired for five seasons and , after its cancellation in 1974 , went into syndication in September 1975 . While the series was never a critical or ratings success during its original run , it has since become a popular staple in syndication , especially among children and teenaged viewers . The Brady Bunch 's success in syndication led to several television reunion films and spin - off series : The Brady Bunch Hour ( 1976 -- 77 ) , The Brady Girls Get Married ( 1981 ) , The Brady Brides ( 1981 ) , A Very Brady Christmas ( 1988 ) , and The Bradys ( 1990 ) . In 1995 , the series was adapted into a satirical comedy theatrical film titled The Brady Bunch Movie , followed by A Very Brady Sequel in 1996 . A second sequel , The Brady Bunch in the White House , aired on Fox in November 2002 as a made - for - television film . In 1997 , `` Getting Davy Jones '' ( season three , episode 12 ) was ranked number 37 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All - Time . The durability of the show has resulted in it becoming widely recognized as an American cultural icon . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Premise 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring characters 3.3 Notable guest stars 4 Production notes 4.1 Theme song and credits sequence 4.2 The Brady house 5 Episodes 6 Reception 6.1 U.S. television ratings 6.2 Popular reception 6.3 Awards and honors 7 Syndication and distribution 7.1 Current airings 8 Discography 8.1 Albums 8.2 Singles 9 Spin - offs , sequels , and reunions 9.1 Kelly 's Kids 9.2 The Brady Kids 9.3 The Brady Bunch Variety Hour 9.4 The Brady Girls Get Married / The Brady Brides 9.4. 1 Episodes 9.5 A Very Brady Christmas 9.6 The Bradys 9.7 Day by Day : `` A Very Brady Episode '' 10 Film adaptations 11 DVD releases 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Development ( edit ) In 1966 , following the success of his TV series Gilligan 's Island , Sherwood Schwartz conceived the idea for The Brady Bunch after reading in The Los Angeles Times that `` 30 % of marriages ( in the United States ) have a child or children from a previous marriage . '' He set to work on a pilot script for a series tentatively titled Mine and Yours . Schwartz then developed the script to include three children for each parent . While Mike Brady is depicted as being a widower , Schwartz originally wanted the character of Carol Brady to have been a divorcée , but the network objected to this . A compromise was reached whereby Carol 's marital status ( whether she was divorced or widowed ) was never directly revealed . Schwartz shopped the series to the `` big three '' television networks of the era . ABC , CBS , and NBC all liked the script , but each network wanted changes before they would commit to filming , so Schwartz shelved the project . Although similarities exist between the series and two 1968 theatrical release films , United Artists ' Yours , Mine and Ours ( starring Henry Fonda and Lucille Ball ) and CBS 's With Six You Get Eggroll ( starring Brian Keith and Doris Day ) , the original script for The Brady Bunch predated the scripts for both of these films . Nonetheless , the outstanding success of the United Artists film ( the 11th - highest - grossing film of 1968 ) was a factor in ABC 's decision to order episodes for the series . After receiving a commitment for 13 weeks of television shows from ABC in 1968 , Schwartz hired film and television director John Rich to direct the pilot , cast the six children from 264 interviews during that summer , and hired the actors to play the mother role , the father role , and the housekeeper role . As the sets were built on Paramount Television stage 5 , adjacent to the stage where H.R. Pufnstuf was filmed by Sid and Marty Krofft , who later produced The Brady Bunch Hour , the production crew prepared the back yard of a home in Sherman Oaks , Los Angeles , as the exterior location for the chaotic backyard wedding scene . Filming of the pilot began on Friday , October 4 , 1968 , and lasted eight days . Premise ( edit ) Mike Brady ( Robert Reed ) , a widowed architect with three sons , Greg ( Barry Williams ) , Peter ( Christopher Knight ) , and Bobby ( Mike Lookinland ) , marries Carol Martin ( Florence Henderson ) , who herself has three daughters : Marcia ( Maureen McCormick ) , Jan ( Eve Plumb ) , and Cindy ( Susan Olsen ) . The wife and daughters take the Brady surname . Included in the blended family are Mike 's live - in housekeeper , Alice Nelson ( Ann B. Davis ) , and the boys ' dog , Tiger . ( In the pilot episode , the girls also have a pet : a cat named Fluffy . Fluffy never appeared in any episodes following the pilot . ) The setting is a large , suburban , two - story house designed by Mike , in a Los Angeles suburb . In the first season , awkward adjustments , accommodations , gender rivalries , and resentments inherent in blended families dominate the stories . In an early episode , Carol tells Bobby that the only `` steps '' in their household lead to the second floor ( in other words , that the family contains no `` stepchildren '' , only `` children '' ) . Thereafter , the episodes focus on typical preteen and teenaged adjustments such as sibling rivalry , puppy love , self - image , character building , and responsibility . Noticeably absent was any political commentary , especially regarding the Vietnam War , which was being waged at its largest extent during the height of the series . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Brady Bunch characters Main ( edit ) The regular cast appeared in an opening title sequence in which video head shots were arranged in a three - by - three grid , with each cast member appearing to look at the other cast members . The sequence used the then - new `` multi-dynamic image technique '' created by Canadian filmmaker Christopher Chapman ; as a result of the popular attention it garnered in this sequence , it has been referred to in the press as `` the Brady Bunch effect '' . In a 2010 issue of TV Guide , the show 's opening title sequence ranked number eight on a list of TV 's top - 10 credits sequences , as selected by readers . Cast of The Brady Bunch in the signature three - by - three grid featured in the show open . Click on a character for the actor 's biography . Robert Reed as Mike Brady Florence Henderson as Carol Brady Ann B. Davis as Alice Nelson Barry Williams as Greg Brady Maureen McCormick as Marcia Brady Christopher Knight as Peter Brady Eve Plumb as Jan Brady Mike Lookinland as Bobby Brady Susan Olsen as Cindy Brady Recurring characters ( edit ) Sam Franklin ( Allan Melvin ) is Alice 's boyfriend . He is the owner of a local butcher shop . Sam appears in only eight episodes , but they span all five seasons . He is also frequently mentioned in dialogue , and Alice occasionally goes on dates with him off - screen . By the time of the 1981 made - for - TV movie The Brady Girls Get Married , Alice and Sam are married . Tiger the dog -- the original dog that played Tiger died early in the first season . A replacement dog proved problematic , so the producers decided the dog would only appear when essential to the plot . Tiger appeared in about half the episodes in the first season and about half a dozen episodes in the second season . Tiger seemingly vanished without an explanation and was not shown again after `` The Impractical Joker '' ( last episode shown with Tiger ) and `` What Goes Up '' ( last episode made with Tiger ) . Robbie Rist as Cousin Oliver Mr. Phillips ( Jack Collins ) is Mike 's boss at the architectural firm . He appears in only three episodes , all during season two , but is often mentioned in other episodes when issues occur around Mike 's work . Cousin Oliver ( Robbie Rist ) -- in the middle of season five , producers added a new character named Oliver , Carol Brady 's young nephew , who was sent to live with the Bradys while his parents were living in South America . The character was added in an attempt to fill the age gap left by the maturing Brady children -- the youngest ( Susan Olsen ) was 12 years old during the show 's final season . Lloyd Schwartz , son of creator and executive producer Sherwood Schwartz , later admitted that the character threw off the balance of the show and said that fans regarded the character as an interloper . Oliver appeared in the final six episodes of season five , which proved to be the final season , as ABC cancelled the series in 1974 . The addition of the character has been cited as the moment the series `` jumped the shark '' . The term `` Cousin Oliver '' has been used to describe the addition of a young character to a series in an attempt to save a series from cancellation . Notable guest stars ( edit ) Davy Jones with Maureen McCormick in the 1971 The Brady Bunch episode `` Getting Davy Jones '' Herbert Anderson ( known for playing Dennis 's father in the 1960s sitcom Dennis the Menace ) as a doctor who comes to treat the boys ' measles in `` Is There a Doctor in the House ? '' ( season one ) Melissa Sue Anderson , who later rose to fame playing Mary Ingalls on Little House on the Prairie , played Millicent , a girl who gives Bobby his first kiss ( `` Never Too Young '' , season five ) Desi Arnaz , Jr. ( teen heartthrob son of Desi Arnaz and Lucille Ball ) meets Marcia , who had written about him in her diary in `` The Possible Dream '' ( season one ) Jim Backus ( Thurston Howell III in Gilligan 's Island ) appears three times in the series , twice in two of the three Grand Canyon episodes , `` Ghost Town U.S.A. '' and `` Grand Canyon or Bust '' , playing Zaccariah T. Brown , who mistakenly thinks the Bradys are jumping his gold claim and locks them in a ghost - town jail , and in `` The Hustler '' ( season five ) playing Mike 's second boss , Mr. Harry Matthews Ken Berry ( known for F Troop , Mayberry RFD and Mama 's Family ) . In 1973 Sherwood Schwartz wrote a Brady Bunch spin - off called Kelly 's Kids , which featured Berry as the adoptive father of three diverse boys ( black , white , and Asian ) . The pilot failed to interest ABC . Imogene Coca ( known for Your Show of Shows and one of the cast members of Sherwood Schwartz 's It 's About Time TV series ) plays the Brady girls ' great - aunt Jenny , whom Jan fears she will grow up to resemble after seeing a childhood photo of her in `` Jan 's Aunt Jenny '' ( season three ) Don Drysdale ( Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher ) tries to inject reality into Greg 's dreams of being a professional baseball player in `` The Dropout '' ( season two ) Don Ho ( Hawaiian singer ) meets Cindy and Bobby and serenaded Cindy in Honolulu in `` Hawaii Bound '' ( part one of a three - part season - four episode , filmed on location in Hawaii ) Davy Jones ( of The Monkees ) performs at a music studio and then takes Marcia to her school dance in `` Getting Davy Jones '' ( season three ) ( he also satirized his cameo decades later in The Brady Bunch Movie ) . Deacon Jones ( Los Angeles Rams defensive end ) encourages Peter 's singing in `` The Drummer Boy '' ( season two ) . E.G. Marshall as Mr. J.P. Randolph , Marcia 's school principal in `` The Slumber Caper '' ( season two ) ( Marshall and Robert Reed co-starred in The Defenders in 1961 -- 65 -- making this a reunion of the two ) . Bart La Rue , immortalized in Star Trek history as the iconic voice of the Guardian of Forever , played a sports coach in the ( season two ) episodes `` Click '' and `` The Drummer Boy '' . Brigadier General James McDivitt ( NASA astronaut ) signs autographs for Peter and Bobby after appearing on a talk show in `` Out of This World '' ( season five ) . Joe Namath ( New York Jets quarterback ) visits Bobby because he thought that Bobby had a terminal illness in `` Mail Order Hero '' ( season five ) . Wes Parker ( Los Angeles Dodgers first baseman ) meets Mike and Greg in Greg 's math classroom , thus curing Greg of the crush he had on his teacher Miss Linda O'Hara ( played by Gigi Perreau ) , Parker 's fiancée in `` The Undergraduate '' ( season one ) . Vincent Price ( horror film actor ) appears twice in the series in two of the three Hawaii episodes , `` Pass the Tabu '' , and `` The Tiki Caves '' from season four , playing the villainous Professor Hubert Whitehead , who holds the Brady boys hostage . Marion Ross ( later known as Mrs. Cunningham in Happy Days ) appears as a doctor who comes to treat the girls ' measles in `` Is There a Doctor in the House ? '' ( season one ) . Natalie Schafer ( Lovey Howell in Gilligan 's Island ) is Mike 's fussy client , Penelope Fletcher , who is charmed by Cindy 's impromptu ' Shirley Temple ' routine in `` The Snooperstar '' ( season five ) . Marcia Wallace played a salesclerk in `` Would the Real Jan Brady Please Stand Up '' ( season two ) and `` Mrs. Robbins '' in `` Getting Davy Jones '' ( season three ) . Rita Wilson ( actress and wife of Tom Hanks ) began her career with a guest appearance in `` Greg 's Triangle '' ( season four ) where she played one of the candidates running against Marcia for head cheerleader . Paul Winchell ( ventriloquist and actor ; Winchell - Mahoney Time , voice of `` Tigger '' in Winnie - the - Pooh ) appears as Skip Farnum , the TV commercial director in `` And Now a Word From Our Sponsor '' ( season three ) . Production notes ( edit ) Theme song and credits sequence ( edit ) The theme song , penned by Schwartz and Frank De Vol , and originally arranged , sung , and performed by Paul Parrish , Lois Fletcher , and John Beland under the name the Peppermint Trolley Company , quickly communicated to audiences that the Bradys were a blended family . The Brady family is shown in a tic - tac - toe board with Carol on the top center , Alice in the middle block , and Mike on bottom middle . To the right are three blocks with the boys from the oldest on top to the youngest . To the left are three blocks with the girls from the oldest to the youngest . In season two , the Brady kids took over singing the theme song . In season three , the boys sing the first verse , girls sing the second verse , and all sing together for the third and last verse . The sequence was created and filmed by Howard A. Anderson , Jr. , a visual effects pioneer who worked on the title sequences for many popular television series . The end credits feature an instrumental version of the theme song 's third verse . In season one , it was recorded by the Peppermint Trolley Company . From season two on , the theme was recorded in - house by Paramount musicians . The Brady house ( edit ) The house used in exterior shots , which bears little relation to the interior layout of the Bradys ' home , is located in Studio City , within the city limits of Los Angeles . According to a 1994 article in the Los Angeles Times , the San Fernando Valley house was built in 1959 and selected as the Brady residence because series creator Schwartz felt it looked like a home where an architect would live . A false window was attached to the front 's A-frame section to give the illusion that it had two full stories . Contemporary establishing shots of the house were filmed with the owner 's permission for the 1990 TV series The Bradys . The owner refused to allow Paramount to restore the property to its 1969 look for The Brady Bunch Movie in 1995 , so a facade resembling the original home was built around an existing house . In the series , the address of the house was given as 4222 Clinton Way ( as read aloud by Carol from an arriving package in the first - season episode entitled `` Lost Locket , Found Locket '' ) . Although no city was ever specified , it was presumed from references to the Los Angeles Dodgers , the Los Angeles Rams , and a Hollywood movie studio , among many others , that the Bradys lived in Southern California , most likely Los Angeles or one of its suburbs . The interior of the Brady house was used at least three times for other Paramount shows , twice for Mannix and once for Mission : Impossible , while The Brady Bunch was in production . In the case of Mission : Impossible , the Brady furniture was also used . A re-creation of the Brady house was constructed for the X-Files episode `` Sunshine Days '' , which also revolved around The Brady Bunch . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Brady Bunch episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Time slot ( ET ) First aired Last aired 1969 -- 70 25 September 26 , 1969 ( 1969 - 09 - 26 ) March 20 , 1970 ( 1970 - 03 - 20 ) Friday at 8 : 00 PM 1970 -- 71 24 September 25 , 1970 ( 1970 - 09 - 25 ) March 19 , 1971 ( 1971 - 03 - 19 ) Friday at 7 : 30 PM 1971 -- 72 23 September 17 , 1971 ( 1971 - 09 - 17 ) March 10 , 1972 ( 1972 - 03 - 10 ) Friday at 8 : 00 PM 1972 -- 73 23 September 22 , 1972 ( 1972 - 09 - 22 ) March 23 , 1973 ( 1973 - 03 - 23 ) 5 1973 -- 74 22 September 14 , 1973 ( 1973 - 09 - 14 ) March 8 , 1974 ( 1974 - 03 - 08 ) Reception ( edit ) U.S. television ratings ( edit ) Ratings data prior to 1973 is scarce for shows which did not place in the Top 30 . The only year on file was the final 1973 - 74 season which The Brady Bunch reached 54th Place with a 16.1 rating . The Brady Bunch never achieved high ratings during its primetime run ( never placing in the top 30 during the five years it aired ) and was cancelled in 1974 after five seasons and 117 episodes ; it was cancelled shortly after the series crossed the minimum threshold for syndication . At that point in the story , Greg graduated from high school and was about to enroll in college . Popular reception ( edit ) When the episodes were repeated in syndication , they usually appeared every weekday in late - afternoon or early - evening slots on local stations . This enabled children to watch the episodes when they came home from school , making the program widely popular and giving it iconic status among those who were too young to have seen the series during its primetime run . According to Schwartz , the reason the show has become a part of Americana , even though other shows have run longer , were rated higher , and were critically acclaimed , is that the episodes were written from the standpoint of the children and addressed situations that children could understand ( such as boy trouble , sibling rivalry , and meeting famous people such as a rock star or baseball players ) . The Bradys are also portrayed as a harmonious family , though they do have times when one of the children does not cooperate with his or her parents or the other children . Awards and honors ( edit ) Award Year Result Recipient Young Artist Award Former Child Star Lifetime Achievement Award Honored Barry Williams TV Land Awards 2003 Hippest Fashion Plate -- Male Nominated Favorite Dual - Role Character Nominated Christopher Knight as Peter Brady and Arthur Funniest Food Fight The Brady Pie Fight on the Paramount Lot . Nominated Favorite Guest Performance by a Musician on a TV Show Won Davy Jones Most Memorable Male Guest Star in a Comedy as Himself Won Joe Namath Favorite Fashion Plate -- Male Nominated Barry Williams Most Memorable Mane Nominated Susan Olsen Favorite Made - for - TV Maid Won Ann B. Davis 2005 Theme Song You Just Cannot Get out of Your Head Nominated Best Dream Sequence For episode `` Love and the Older Man , '' in which Marcia has a crush on her dentist . Nominated Favorite Two - Parter / Cliffhanger For the Greg Brady surfboard accident . Nominated Favorite Singing Siblings Nominated Williams , McCormick , Knight , Plumb , Lookinland , Olsen 2006 Best Dream Sequence For episode `` Love and the Older Man '' Nominated Favorite Made - for - TV Maid Won Ann B. Davis Favorite TV Food Pork chops and applesauce Won 2007 Most Beautiful Braces Nominated Maureen McCormick Pop Culture Award Won Williams , McCormick , Knight , Plumb , Lookinland , Olsen , Davis , Henderson , Lloyd J. Schwartz ( producer ) Syndication and distribution ( edit ) Since its first airing in syndication in September 1975 , an episode of the show has been broadcast somewhere in the United States and abroad every day of the year . Episodes were also shown on ABC daytime from July 9 , 1973 to April 18 , 1975 and from June 30 - August 29 , 1975 , at 11 : 30 a.m. EST / 10 : 30 CST . The show was aired on TBS starting in the 1980s until 1997 , Nick at Nite in 1995 ( for a special event ) , and again from 1998 to 2003 ( and briefly during the spring of 2012 ) , TeenNick ( under the channel 's former name The N ) from March to April 2004 , on TV Land on and off from 2002 to 2015 , Nick Jr. ( as part of the NickMom block from 2012 to 2013 ) , and Hallmark Channel from January to June 2013 and again starting September 5 , 2016 , until September 30 , 2016 . Episodes in the syndicated version have been edited for time to allow for commercial breaks , down from the original version of 25 -- 26 minutes . Current airings ( edit ) Since its launch as a national network in 2010 , the Weigel Broadcasting owned classic TV network MeTV airs a weekly two - hour block of the show every Sunday morning / early afternoon promoted as the `` Brady Bunch Brunch '' . In the years following , Me - TV has also periodically aired the series weekday mornings . Decades - a sister network of MeTV - also occasionally airs the show . Online , the show is available on Hulu and CBS All Access , though not all episodes are available for either service . Discography ( edit ) During the series ' original run , the Brady kids recorded several albums on Paramount 's record label . While session musicians provided backing , the actors from the series provided their own singing voices ( which was not always the case for early 1970s television crossover acts ) . None of the albums or singles from The Brady Kids ever became hits on any national music charts . Albums ( edit ) Merry Christmas From The Brady Bunch -- Paramount 5026 -- 1970 Meet The Brady Bunch -- Paramount 6032 -- 1972 -- Billboard # 108 The Kids From The Brady Bunch -- Paramount 6037 -- 1972 Phonographic Album -- Paramount 6058 -- 1973 Chris Knight & Maureen McCormick -- Paramount 6062 -- 1973 It 's a Sunshine Day : The Best of The Brady Bunch -- MCA 10764 -- 1993 Singles ( edit ) Also includes solo recordings as indicated Year Single ( A-side , B - side ) Label & number Album 1970 `` Frosty the Snowman '' b / w `` Silver Bells '' Paramount 0062 Merry Christmas From The Brady Bunch 1971 `` Sweet Sweetheart '' b / w `` Sunny '' Barry Williams solo single Paramount 0122 Non-album tracks `` How Will It Be ? '' b / w `` The Fortune Cookie Song '' Eve Plumb solo single RCA 0409 1972 `` Time to Change '' b / w `` We Can Make The World A Whole Lot Brighter '' Paramount 0141 Meet The Brady Bunch `` We 'll Always Be Friends '' b / w `` Time To Change '' Paramount 0167 `` Over and Over '' b / w `` Good For Each Other '' Chris Knight solo single Paramount 0177 Non-album tracks `` Candy ( Sugar Shoppe ) '' b / w `` Drummer Man '' Paramount 0180 The Kids From The Brady Bunch 1973 `` Zuckerman 's Famous Pig '' b / w `` Charlotte 's Web '' Paramount 0205 Phonographic Album `` Truckin ' Back To You '' b / w `` Teeny Weeny Bit ( Too Long ) '' Maureen McCormick solo single Paramount 0217 Non-album tracks `` I 'd Love You To Want Me '' b / w `` Everything I Do '' Paramount 0229 Phonographic Album `` Little Bird '' b / w `` Just A Singin ' Alone '' Maureen McCormick solo single Paramount 0246 Non-album tracks `` Harmonize '' b / w `` Love 's In The Roses '' Maureen McCormick solo single Paramount 0292 `` Love Does n't Care Who 's In It '' b / w `` Gum Drop '' Mike Lookinland solo single Capitol 3914 Spin - offs , sequels , and reunions ( edit ) Several spin - offs and sequels to the original series have been made , featuring all or most of the original cast . These include another sitcom , an animated series , a variety show , television movies , a dramatic series , a stage play , and theatrical movies : Kelly 's Kids ( edit ) A final - season Brady Bunch episode , `` Kelly 's Kids '' , was intended as a pilot for a prospective spin - off series of the same name . Ken Berry starred as Ken Kelly , a friend and neighbor of the Bradys , who with his wife Kathy ( Brooke Bundy ) adopted three orphaned boys of different racial backgrounds . One of the adopted sons was played by Todd Lookinland , the younger brother of Mike Lookinland . While Kelly 's Kids was not subsequently picked up as a full series , producer Sherwood Schwartz reworked the basic premise for the short - lived 1980s sitcom Together We Stand starring Elliott Gould and Dee Wallace . The Brady Kids ( edit ) Main article : The Brady Kids A 22 - episode animated Saturday morning cartoon series , produced by Filmation and airing on ABC from September 1972 to August 1974 , is about the Brady kids having various adventures . The family 's adults were never seen or mentioned , and the `` home '' scenes were in a very large , well - appointed tree house . Several animals were regular characters , including two non-English - speaking pandas ( Ping and Pong ) , a talking bird ( Marlon ) which could do magic , and an ordinary pet dog ( Mop Top , not Tiger ) . The first 17 episodes featured the voices of all six of the original child actors from the show , but Barry Williams , Maureen McCormick , and Christopher Knight were replaced for the last five episodes due to a contract dispute . The Brady Bunch Variety Hour ( edit ) Main article : The Brady Bunch Hour On November 28 , 1976 , a two - hour television special entitled The Brady Bunch Variety Hour aired on ABC . Eve Plumb was the only regular cast member from the original show who declined to be in the series and the role of Jan was recast with Geri Reischl . Produced by Sid and Marty Krofft , the sibling team behind H.R. Pufnstuf , Donny and Marie , and other variety shows and children 's series of the era , the show was intended to air every fifth week in the same slot as The Hardy Boys / Nancy Drew Mysteries , but ended up being scheduled sporadically throughout the season , leading to inconsistent ratings and its inevitable cancellation . In 2009 , Brady Bunch cast member Susan Olsen , with Lisa Sutton , published a book , Love to Love You Bradys , which dissects and celebrates the Variety Hour as a cult classic . The Brady Girls Get Married / the Brady Brides ( edit ) The Brady Brides Genre Sitcom Created by Sherwood Schwartz Lloyd J. Schwartz Directed by Peter Baldwin Starring Maureen McCormick Eve Plumb Jerry Houser Ron Kuhlman Florence Henderson Ann B. Davis Keland Love Theme music composer Frank De Vol Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 Production Executive producer ( s ) Sherwood Schwartz Lloyd J. Schwartz Producer ( s ) John Thomas Lenox Location ( s ) Paramount Studios , Hollywood , Los Angeles , California Cinematography Lester Shorr Running time 25 minutes Production company ( s ) Redwood Productions Paramount Television Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network NBC Original release February 6 ( 1981 - 02 - 06 ) -- April 17 , 1981 ( 1981 - 04 - 17 ) Chronology Preceded by The Brady Bunch Hour Followed by A Very Brady Christmas Related shows The Brady Bunch A TV reunion movie called The Brady Girls Get Married was produced in 1981 . Although scheduled to be shown in its original full - length movie format , NBC at the last minute divided it into half - hour segments and showed one part a week for three weeks , and the fourth week debuted a spin - off sitcom titled The Brady Brides . The reunion movie featured the entire original cast ; this proved to be the only time the entire cast worked together on a single project following the cancellation of the original series . The movie 's opening credits featured the season - one `` Grid '' and theme song , with the addition of The Brady Girls Get Married title . The movie shows what the characters had been doing since the original series ended : Mike is still an architect , Carol is a real - estate agent , Greg is a doctor , Marcia is a fashion designer , Peter is in the Air Force , Jan is also an architect , Bobby and Cindy are in college , and Alice has married Sam . Eventually , they all reunite for Marcia and Jan 's double wedding . The Brady Brides features Maureen McCormick ( Marcia ) and Eve Plumb ( Jan ) in regular roles . The series begins with Marcia and Jan and their new husbands buying a house and living together . The clashes between Jan 's uptight and conservative husband , Philip Covington III ( a college professor in science who is several years older than Jan , played by Ron Kuhlman ) and Marcia 's slovenly and more bohemian husband , Wally Logan ( a fun - loving salesman for a large toy company , played by Jerry Houser ) , were the pivot on which many of the stories were based , not unlike The Odd Couple . Florence Henderson and Ann B. Davis also appeared regularly . Ten episodes were aired before the sitcom was cancelled . This was the only Brady show in sitcom form to be filmed in front of a live studio audience . Bob Eubanks guest - starred as himself in an episode where the two couples appear on The Newlywed Game . Throughout the late 1980s and 1990s , The Brady Girls Get Married was rerun on various networks in its original full - length movie format . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Original air date `` The Brady Girls Get Married ( Part 1 ) '' February 6 , 1981 ( 1981 - 02 - 06 ) Marcia and Jan announce that they are both getting married and plans soon begin for a double wedding . `` The Brady Girls Get Married ( Part 2 ) '' February 13 , 1981 ( 1981 - 02 - 13 ) Jan and Philip want a traditional wedding , and Marcia and Wally want a modern wedding . `` The Brady Girls Get Married ( Part 3 ) '' February 20 , 1981 ( February 20 , 1981 ) The weather spells disaster for an outdoor wedding , so they end up having the ceremony inside the Brady house . `` Living Together '' March 6 , 1981 ( 1981 - 03 - 06 ) After all the houses they see are too expensive , Marcia , Jan and their husbands decide to share a house . 5 `` Gorilla of My Dreams '' March 13 , 1981 ( 1981 - 03 - 13 ) Marcia and Jan get some self - defense lessons from their mother , while a thief attempts to burglarize their home . 6 `` The Newlywed Game '' March 20 , 1981 ( 1981 - 03 - 20 ) Game - show host Bob Eubanks asks Marcia and Jan to appear on The Newlywed Game with their new husbands . 7 `` The Mom Who Came to Dinner '' March 27 , 1981 ( 1981 - 03 - 27 ) Mrs. Brady temporarily moves in with her newly wedded daughters and their husbands . 8 `` The Siege '' April 3 , 1981 ( 1981 - 04 - 03 ) Wally 's guilt over parking tickets causes him to panic when a policeman visits the house , so he decides to impersonate Philip . 9 `` Cool Hand Phil '' April 10 , 1981 ( 1981 - 04 - 10 ) Philip tries to change his image by dressing and acting `` hip . '' 10 `` A Pretty Boy is Like a Melody '' April 17 , 1981 ( 1981 - 04 - 17 ) Marcia is forced to use Wally and Philip in her fashion show after her models go on strike . A Very Brady Christmas ( edit ) Main article : A Very Brady Christmas A second TV reunion movie , A Very Brady Christmas , aired in December 1988 on CBS and featured all the regular cast ( except Susan Olsen , who was on her honeymoon at the time of filming ; the role of Cindy was played by Jennifer Runyon ) , as well as three grandchildren , Peter 's girlfriend , Valerie , and the spouses of Greg , Marcia , and Jan ( Nora , Wally , and Phillip , respectively ) . The Nielsen ratings for A Very Brady Christmas were the highest of any television movie that season for CBS . The Bradys ( edit ) Main article : The Bradys Due to the success of A Very Brady Christmas , CBS asked Brady Bunch creator Sherwood Schwartz and his son Lloyd to create a new series for the network . According to Lloyd Schwartz , his father and he initially balked at the idea because they felt a new series would harm the Brady franchise . They finally relented because CBS was `` desperate for programming '' . A new series featuring the Brady clan was created entitled The Bradys . All the original Brady Bunch cast members returned for the series , except for Maureen McCormick ( Marcia ) , who was replaced with Leah Ayres . As with A Very Brady Christmas , The Bradys also featured elements of comedy and drama and featured storylines that were of a more serious nature than that of the original series and its subsequent spin - offs . Lloyd Schwartz later said he compared The Bradys to another dramedy of the time , thirtysomething . The two - hour series premiere episode aired on February 9 , 1990 , at 9 pm on CBS and initially drew respectable ratings . Subsequent episodes were moved to 8 pm , where ratings quickly declined . Due to the decline , CBS cancelled the series after six episodes . Day by Day : `` A Very Brady Episode '' ( edit ) The Day by Day episode , titled `` A Very Brady Episode '' ( February 5 , 1989 ) , on NBC , reunited six of the original The Brady Bunch cast members : Robert Reed , Florence Henderson , Ann B. Davis , Christopher Knight , Mike Lookinland and Maureen McCormick Film adaptations ( edit ) Twenty years following the conclusion of the original series , a film adaptation , The Brady Bunch Movie went into production and was released in 1995 from Paramount Pictures . The film is set in the present day ( 1990s ) and the Bradys , still living their lives as if it were the 1970s , are unfamiliar with their surroundings . It stars Gary Cole and Shelley Long as Mike and Carol Brady , with Christopher Daniel Barnes ( Greg ) , Christine Taylor ( Marcia ) , Paul Sutera ( Peter ) , Jennifer Elise Cox ( Jan ) , Jesse Lee ( Bobby ) , Olivia Hack ( Cindy ) , Henriette Mantel ( Alice ) , and cameo appearances from Ann B. Davis as a long - haul truck driver and Florence Henderson as Carol 's mother . A sequel , A Very Brady Sequel , was released in 1996 . The cast of the first film returned for the sequel . A second sequel , The Brady Bunch in the White House was made - for - television and was aired on Fox in 2002 . Shelley Long and Gary Cole returned for the third film , while the Brady kids and Alice were recast . DVD releases ( edit ) Paramount Home Entertainment released all five seasons on DVD in Region 1 from 2005 to 2006 , before CBS DVD took over DVD rights to the Paramount Television library ( though CBS DVD releases are still distributed by Paramount ) . Paramount / CBS has released the series on DVD in other countries as well . A Complete Series box set was released in 2007 by CBS and Paramount , which includes the TV movies A Very Brady Christmas and `` The Brady 500 '' ( an episode of The Bradys ) , as well as two episodes of The Brady Kids animated series . The box art for the set features green shag carpeting and 1970s - style wood paneling . The first two seasons are also available on Region 2 DVD for the Nordic countries , with audio in English and subtitle choices in Norwegian , Swedish , Danish , or Finnish . The series has also been released on VHS , but the VHS tapes have gone out of print . On April 7 , 2015 , CBS Home Entertainment released a repackaged version of the complete series set , at a lower price , but it does not include the bonus disc that was part of the original complete series release . Seasons one and two have also been released in the UK . DVD name Episodes Release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 DVD Special Features The Complete First Season 25 March 1 , 2005 August 27 , 2007 September 19 , 2007 Audio Commentary on 4 Selected Episodes . 15min Behind the scenes Feature The Complete Second Season 24 July 26 , 2005 March 24 , 2008 March 6 , 2008 None The Complete Third Season 23 September 13 , 2005 N / A September 4 , 2008 None The Complete Fourth Season 23 November 1 , 2005 N / A April 2 , 2009 None The Complete Fifth Season 22 March 7 , 2006 N / A June 18 , 2009 None The Complete Series 117 ( with extras ) April 3 , 2007 N / A N / A Audio Commentary on 4 Selected ( Series One ) Episodes . 15min Behind the scenes Feature ( Series One ) A Very Brady Christmas `` The Brady 500 '' Two episodes of The Brady Kids See also ( edit ) Television in the United States portal 1960s portal 1970s portal It 's a Sunshine Day : The Best of The Brady Bunch Tam Spiva , a Brady Bunch script writer Christmas with The Brady Bunch , an album released by Paramount Records in 1970 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Brady Bunch '' . CBS.com . http://www.cbs.com/shows/the_brady_bunch/ Jump up ^ Berman , Marc . `` 11 Things About ' The Brady Bunch ' You May Not Know '' . TODAY. 26 September 2016 . http://www.today.com/popculture/11-things-about-brady-bunch-you-may-not-know-t103016 Jump up ^ `` Ann B Davis obit '' . Straight.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Special Collectors ' Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( June 28 July 4 ) . 1997 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Edelstein , Andrew J. ; Lovece , Frank ( 1990 ) . The Brady Bunch Book . New York : Warner Books . pp. 5 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 446 - 39137 - 9 . Jump up ^ The Biography Channel documentary titled `` The Brady Bunch '' , retrieved on June 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Sherwood ; Schwartz , Lloyd J. ( 2010 ) . Brady , Brady , Brady : The Complete Story of The Brady Bunch as Told by the Father / Son Team who Really Know . Running Press . pp. 46 , 48 . ISBN 0 - 7624 - 4164 - X . Jump up ^ Sutton , written by Ted Nichelson ; commentary and special features by Susan Olsen ; art direction and design by Lisa ( 2009 ) . Love to love you Bradys : the bizarre story of the Brady Bunch Variety Hour . Toronto : ECW Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55022 - 888 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Brady Bunch synopsis '' . Sitcoms Online . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ History Channel , `` The Social History of Television '' ( Aug 2013 ) Jump up ^ The Globe and Mail , Obituary : `` Christopher Chapman , Oscar Winner who invented ' Brady Bunch ' effect '' Jump up ^ The Hollywood Reporter , `` Oscar - Winning Creator of ' The Brady Bunch ' Effect Dies at 88 '' Jump up ^ Tomashoff , Craig . `` Credits Check '' TV Guide , October 18 , 2010 , Pages 16 -- 17 Jump up ^ `` Growing up Brady '' by Barry Williams with Chris Kreski , p. 210 , 1992 Jump up ^ Schwartz 2010 p. 201 Jump up ^ Ariano , Tara ; Bunting , Sarah D. ( 2006 ) . Television Without Pity : 752 Things We Love to Hate ( And Hate to Love ) About TV . Quirk Books . p. 63 . ISBN 1 - 59474 - 117 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Biography of the Peppermint Trolley Company '' . Danny Faragher . Jump up ^ `` Howard Anderson , Jr . Interview '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ' Archive of American Television . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's the story of the Brady Bunch house '' . Davidbrady.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Alleman , Richard ( 2003 ) . Hollywood : The Movie Lover 's Guide : The Ultimate Insider Tour of Movie L.A . Random House Digital , Inc . pp. 427 -- 428 . ISBN 0 - 8041 - 3777 - 3 . Jump up ^ McHugh , Erin ( 2005 ) . Where ? . Sterling Publishing Company , Inc. p. 54 . ISBN 1 - 4027 - 2572 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mansour , David ( 2005 ) . From Abba to Zoom : A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century . Andrews McMeel Publishing . p. 54 . ISBN 0 - 7407 - 5118 - 2 . Jump up ^ Terrace , Vincent ( 1985 ) . Encyclopedia of Television : Series , Pilots and Specials 1974 -- 1984 . 2 . VNR AG . p. 63 . ISBN 0 - 918432 - 61 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mannix -- season three , episode 19 -- `` Who is Sylvia ? '' Jump up ^ Mannix -- season four , episode two -- `` One for the Lady '' Jump up ^ Mission : Impossible -- season six , episode 20 -- `` Double Dead '' Jump up ^ `` 1973 - 74 Ratings History '' . Jump up ^ `` Brady Bunch history '' . Bradyworld.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Lawrence C. , ed. ( 2008 ) . Popular Culture in Counseling , Psychotherapy , and Play - based Interventions . Springer Publishing Company . p. 248 . ISBN 0 - 8261 - 0119 - 4 . Jump up ^ The Brady Bunch on Me - TV - Me TV Network.com Jump up ^ Stoddard , Sylvia ( 1996 ) . The Brady Bunch : An Outrageously Funny , Far - Out Guide To America 's Favorite TV Family . Macmillan . pp. 151 -- 152 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 96053 - 0 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Hal ( 1995 ) . Television Cartoon Shows : An Illustrated Encyclopedia , 1949 Through 1993 . McFarland . p. 111 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0029 - 3 . Jump up ^ Stoddard , Sylvia ( 1996 ) . The Brady Bunch : An Outrageously Funny , Far - Out Guide To America 's Favorite TV Family . Macmillan . p. 197 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 96053 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` ' Love to You Bradys ' exposes troubled set '' . today.com . August 31 , 2009 . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Brady Brides ( NBC ) ( 1981 ) '' . CTVA . http://ctva.biz/US/Comedy/BradyBunch_07_(1981)_BradyBrides.htm Jump up ^ Winans , Wendy . `` History of The Brady Bunch '' . Brady World . 2005 . http://www.bradyworld.com/cover/history.htm Jump up ^ `` Brady World -- Episode Guide '' . Bradyworld.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( 1999 ) . Gen X TV : `` The Brady Bunch '' to `` Melrose Place '' . Syracuse University Press . p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 0585 - 4 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Horace ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of television : A-C , Volume 1 ( 2 ed . ) . CRC Press . p. 300 . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 411 - X . Jump up ^ Schwartz 2010 p. 228 Jump up ^ `` Day by Day Season 2 Episode 11 A Very Brady Episode '' . TV.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Day by Day Episode Guide 1989 Season 2 - A Very Brady Episode , Episode 11 '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Brady Bunch -- Sesong 1 ( Television 1969 , Serie på 4 plater ) '' . Lovefilm.no . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Brady Bunch -- Sesong 2 ( Television 1970 , Serie på 4 plater ) '' . Lovefilm.no . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount to Re-Release a 20 - DVD Set of ' The Complete Series ' '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Brady Bunch . The Brady Bunch on IMDb The Brady Bunch Shrine ( fan site ) Bradyworld.com ( fan site ) `` The Brady Bunch Cast : Where are they now ? '' - ABC News , 2010 ( includes some editorial errors ) The Brady Bunch Characters Episodes TV series & reunions The Brady Bunch ( 1969 -- 74 ) The Brady Kids ( 1972 -- 73 ) The Brady Bunch Hour ( 1976 -- 77 ) The Brady Girls Get Married / The Brady Brides ( 1981 ) A Very Brady Christmas ( 1988 ) The Bradys ( 1990 ) Growing Up Brady ( 2000 ) The Brady Bunch 35th Anniversary Reunion Special : Still Brady After All These Years ( 2004 ) Books Growing Up Brady : I Was A Teenage Greg ( 1992 ) Here 's the Story : Surviving Marcia Brady ( 2008 ) Love to Love You Bradys : The Bizarre Story of The Brady Bunch Variety Hour ( 2009 ) Music Merry Christmas from The Brady Bunch ( 1970 ) `` Time to Change '' ( 1972 ) `` It 's a Sunshine Day '' ( 1973 ) It 's a Sunshine Day : The Best of The Brady Bunch ( 1993 ) Film series The Brady Bunch Movie ( 1995 ) A Very Brady Sequel ( 1996 ) The Brady Bunch in the White House ( 2002 ) Related shows Mission : Magic ! My Fair Brady `` Sunshine Days '' Television series produced or created by Sherwood Schwartz Gilligan 's Island It 's About Time The Brady Bunch Dusty 's Trail Big John , Little John The Brady Bunch Hour The Brady Brides Harper Valley PTA Together We Stand The Bradys The Real Gilligan 's Island MusicBrainz : 157f5157 - 5ad1 - 4055 - bbf5 - 91998e2e015c Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Brady_Bunch&oldid=831834056 '' Categories : The Brady Bunch 1969 American television series debuts 1974 American television series endings 1960s American sitcoms 1970s American sitcoms American Broadcasting Company network shows American television sitcoms Single - camera television sitcoms English - language television programs Fictional families Television series about families Television series based on singers and musicians Television series by CBS Television Studios Television shows set in Los Angeles Television programs adapted into films Television series created by Sherwood Schwartz Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from June 2013 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from August 2016 Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Cymraeg Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 12 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what street did the brady bunch live on | [
"In the series, the address of the house was given as 4222 Clinton Way (as read aloud by Carol from an arriving package in the first-season episode entitled \"Lost Locket, Found Locket\").[21] Although no city was ever specified, it was presumed from references to the Los Angeles Dodgers, the Los Angeles Rams, and a Hollywood movie studio, among many others, that the Bradys lived in Southern California, most likely Los Angeles or one of its suburbs.[22][23]"
] | [
"4222 Clinton Way"
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1950997687439170208 | Battle of the Little Bighorn | Battle of the Little Bighorn - wikipedia Battle of the Little Bighorn `` Custer 's Last Stand '' redirects here . For the 1936 film serial , see Custer 's Last Stand ( serial ) . The Battle of the Little Bighorn Part of The Great Sioux War of 1876 The Custer Fight by Charles Marion Russell Date June 25 -- 26 , 1876 Location Near Little Bighorn River , Crow Indian Reservation , Big Horn County , Montana , U.S. 45 ° 33 ′ 54 '' N 107 ° 25 ′ 44 '' W / 45.56500 ° N 107.42889 ° W / 45.56500 ; - 107.42889 ( The Battle of Little BigHorn ) Coordinates : 45 ° 33 ′ 54 '' N 107 ° 25 ′ 44 '' W / 45.56500 ° N 107.42889 ° W / 45.56500 ; - 107.42889 ( The Battle of Little BigHorn ) Result Lakota , Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho victory Belligerents Lakota Dakota Northern Cheyenne Arapaho United States Crow scouts Arikara scouts Commanders and leaders Sitting Bull Crazy Horse Chief Gall Lame White Man † Two Moon George A. Custer † Marcus Reno Frederick Benteen Myles Keogh † James Calhoun † Units involved Irregular military 7th Cavalry Regiment Strength 2,500 Warriors ~ 700 Cavalrymen & Scouts Casualties and losses 31 ( or to 130 - 300 ) Killed Up to 160 wounded 268 killed 55 wounded ( 6 of whom later died of wounds ) 10 Non-combatant natives killed Little Big Horn Battlefield Location within Montana Great Sioux War of 1876 Cattle Herd Skirmish Fort Reno Skirmish Powder River Prairie Dog Creek Rosebud Little Bighorn Warbonnet Creek Slim Buttes Cedar Creek Dull Knife Fight Wolf Mountain Little Muddy Creek Map indicating the battlefields of the Lakota wars ( 1854 - 1890 ) and the Lakota Indian territory as described in the Treaty of Fort Laramie ( 1851 ) . Like the Battle of the Little Bighorn ( 14 on the map ) , most battles between the army and the Lakota `` were on lands those Indians had taken from other tribes since 1851 '' . The steady Lakota invasion into treaty areas belonging to smaller tribes ensured the United States firm Indian allies in the Arikaras and the Crows during the Lakota Wars . The Battle of the Little Bighorn , known to the Lakota and other Plains Indians as the Battle of the Greasy Grass and also commonly referred to as Custer 's Last Stand , was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota , Northern Cheyenne , and Arapaho tribes and the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army . The battle , which resulted in the defeat of US forces , was the most significant action of the Great Sioux War of 1876 . It took place on June 25 -- 26 , 1876 , along the Little Bighorn River in the Crow Indian Reservation in southeastern Montana Territory . The fight was an overwhelming victory for the Lakota , Northern Cheyenne , and Arapaho , who were led by several major war leaders , including Crazy Horse and Chief Gall , and had been inspired by the visions of Sitting Bull ( Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake ) . The US 7th Cavalry , including the Custer Battalion , a force of 700 men led by Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer , suffered a major defeat . Five of the 7th Cavalry 's 12 companies were annihilated and Custer was killed , as were two of his brothers , a nephew and a brother - in - law . The total US casualty count included 268 dead and 55 severely wounded ( six died later from their wounds ) , including four Crow Indian scouts and two Pawnee Indian scouts . Public response to the Great Sioux War varied in the immediate aftermath of the battle . Custer 's widow soon worked to burnish her husband 's memory , and during the following decades Custer and his troops came to be considered iconic , even heroic , figures in American history , a status that lasted into the 1960s . The battle , and Custer 's actions in particular , have been studied extensively by historians . Contents 1 Background 1.1 The battlefield and surrounding areas 1.2 1876 Sun Dance Gathering 1.3 1876 U.S. military campaign 1.3. 1 7th Cavalry organization 1.3. 2 Battle of the Rosebud 1.3. 3 Little Bighorn 2 Prelude 2.1 Military assumptions prior to the battle 2.1. 1 Number of Indian warriors 2.1. 2 Role of Indian noncombatants in Custer 's strategy 2.2 The Lone Teepee 3 Battle 3.1 Reno 's attack 3.1. 1 Reno and Benteen on Reno Hill 3.2 Custer 's fight 3.2. 1 Custer at Minneconjou Ford 3.2. 2 Other views of Custer 's actions at Minneconjou Ford 3.3 The `` Last Stand '' 3.3. 1 Custer 's final resistance 3.3. 2 Last break - out attempt 4 Aftermath 5 Participants 5.1 7th Cavalry officers 5.2 Native American leaders and warriors 5.3 Arapaho participation 5.4 Notable scouts / interpreters 6 Order of battle 7 Casualties 7.1 Native American warriors 7.2 Native American noncombatants 7.3 7th Cavalry 7.4 Civilians killed ( armed and embedded within the Army ) 8 Legacy 8.1 Reconstitution of the 7th Cavalry 8.2 Expansion of the U.S. Army 8.3 `` Sell or Starve '' 9 Controversies 9.1 Reno 's conduct 9.2 Custer 's errors 9.3 Admiration for Custer 9.4 Gatling gun controversy 10 Weapons 10.1 Lakota and Cheyenne 10.2 7th Cavalry 10.3 Lever - action Repeaters vs. Single - shot Breechloaders 10.3. 1 Model 1873 Springfield carbine and the U.S. Army 10.3. 2 Malfunction of the Springfield carbine extractor mechanism 11 Survivor claims 12 Battlefield preservation 13 In popular culture 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links Background ( edit ) The battlefield and surrounding areas ( edit ) In 1805 fur trader Francois Antoine Larocque reported joining a Crow camp in the Yellowstone area . On the way he noted that the Crow hunted buffalo on the `` Small Horn River '' . The US built Fort Raymond in 1807 for trade with the Crow . It was located near the confluence of the Yellowstone and the Bighorn , about 40 miles north of the future battlefield . The area is first noted in the 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie . In the latter half of the 19th century tensions increased between the Native inhabitants of the Great Plains of the US and encroaching settlers . This resulted in a series of conflicts known as the Sioux Wars , which took place from 1854 - 90 . While some of the indigenous people eventually agreed to relocate to ever - shrinking reservations , a number of them resisted , at times fiercely . On May 7 , 1868 , the valley of the Little Bighorn became a tract in the eastern part of the new Crow Indian Reservation in the center of the old Crow country . The battlefield is known as `` Greasy Grass '' to the Lakota , Dakota , Cheyenne , and most other Plains Indians ; however , in contemporary accounts by participants , it was referred to as the `` Valley of Chieftains '' . 1876 Sun Dance gathering ( edit ) Among the Plains Tribes , the long - standing ceremonial tradition known as the Sun Dance was the most important religious event of the year . It is a time for prayer and personal sacrifice on behalf of the community , as well as making personal vows . Towards the end of spring in 1876 , the Lakota and the Cheyenne held a Sun Dance that was also attended by a number of `` Agency Indians '' who had slipped away from their reservations . During a Sun Dance around June 5 , 1876 , on Rosebud Creek in Montana , Sitting Bull , the spiritual leader of the Hunkpapa Lakota , reportedly had a vision of `` soldiers falling into his camp like grasshoppers from the sky . '' At the same time US military officials were conducting a summer campaign to force the Lakota and the Cheyenne back to their reservations , using infantry and cavalry in a so - called `` three - pronged approach '' . A Cheyenne Sun Dance gathering , circa 1909 1876 U.S. military campaign ( edit ) 1876 Army Campaign against the Sioux Col. John Gibbon 's column of six companies ( A , B , E , H , I , and K ) of the 7th Infantry and four companies ( F , G , H , and L ) of the 2nd Cavalry marched east from Fort Ellis in western Montana on March 30 to patrol the Yellowstone River . Brig. Gen. George Crook 's column of ten companies ( A , B , C , D , E , F , G , I , L , and M ) of the 3rd Cavalry , five companies ( A , B , D , E , and I ) of the 2nd Cavalry , two companies ( D and F ) of the 4th Infantry , and three companies ( C , G , and H ) of the 9th Infantry moved north from Fort Fetterman in the Wyoming Territory on May 29 , marching toward the Powder River area . Brig. Gen. Alfred Terry 's column , including twelve companies ( A , B , C , D , E , F , G , H , I , K , L , and M ) of the 7th Cavalry under Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer 's immediate command , Companies C and G of the 17th U.S. Infantry , and the Gatling gun detachment of the 20th Infantry departed westward from Fort Abraham Lincoln in the Dakota Territory on May 17 . They were accompanied by teamsters and packers with 150 wagons and a large contingent of pack mules that reinforced Custer . Companies C , D , and I of the 6th U.S. Infantry moved along the Yellowstone River from Fort Buford on the Missouri River to set up a supply depot and joined Terry on May 29 at the mouth of the Powder River . They were later joined there by the steamboat Far West , which was loaded with 200 tons of supplies from Fort Lincoln . 7th Cavalry organization ( edit ) The 7th Cavalry had been created just after the American Civil War . Many men were veterans of the war , including most of the leading officers . A significant portion of the regiment had previously served 4 - 1 / 2 years at Fort Riley , Kansas , during which time it fought one major engagement and numerous skirmishes , experiencing casualties of 36 killed and 27 wounded . Six other troopers had died of drowning and 51 in cholera epidemics . In November 1868 , while stationed in Kansas , the 7th Cavalry under Custer had successfully routed Black Kettle 's Southern Cheyenne camp on the Washita River in the Battle of Washita River , an attack which was at the time labeled a `` massacre of innocent Indians '' by the Indian Bureau . U.S. 7th Cavalry guidon By the time of the Little Bighorn , half of the 7th Cavalry 's companies had just returned from 18 months of constabulary duty in the Deep South , having been recalled to Fort Abraham Lincoln to reassemble the regiment for the campaign . About 20 % of the troopers had been enlisted in the prior seven months ( 139 of an enlisted roll of 718 ) , were only marginally trained and had no combat or frontier experience . A sizable number of these recruits were immigrants from Ireland , England and Germany , just as many of the veteran troopers had been before their enlistments . Archaeological evidence suggests that many of these troopers were malnourished and in poor physical condition , despite being the best - equipped and supplied regiment in the Army . Of the 45 officers and 718 troopers then assigned to the 7th Cavalry ( including a second lieutenant detached from the 20th Infantry and serving in Company L ) , 14 officers ( including the regimental commander , Col. Samuel D. Sturgis ) and 152 troopers did not accompany the 7th during the campaign . The ratio of troops detached for other duty ( approximately 22 % ) was not unusual for an expedition of this size , and part of the officer shortage was chronic , due to the Army 's rigid seniority system : three of the regiment 's 12 captains were permanently detached , and two had never served a day with the 7th since their appointment in July 1866 . Three second lieutenant vacancies ( in E , H , and L Companies ) were also unfilled . Battle of the Rosebud ( edit ) The Army 's coordination and planning began to go awry on June 17 , 1876 , when Crook 's column retreated after the Battle of the Rosebud , just 30 miles to the southeast of the eventual Little Bighorn battlefield . Surprised and according to some accounts astonished by the unusually large numbers of Native Americans , Crook held the field at the end of the battle but felt compelled by his losses to pull back , regroup , and wait for reinforcements . Unaware of Crook 's battle , Gibbon and Terry proceeded , joining forces in early June near the mouth of Rosebud Creek . They reviewed Terry 's plan calling for Custer 's regiment to proceed south along the Rosebud while Terry and Gibbon 's united forces would move in a westerly direction toward the Bighorn and Little Bighorn rivers . As this was the likely location of native encampments , all army elements had been instructed to converge there around June 26 or 27 in an attempt to engulf the Native Americans . On June 22 , Terry ordered the 7th Cavalry , composed of 31 officers and 566 enlisted men under Custer , to begin a reconnaissance in force and pursuit along the Rosebud , with the prerogative to `` depart '' from orders if Custer saw `` sufficient reason '' . Custer had been offered the use of Gatling guns but declined , believing they would slow his command . Little Bighorn ( edit ) External video Gall C - SPAN Cities Tour -- Billings : Battle of the Little Bighorn , 38 : 44 , C - SPAN Park Ranger Steve Adelson describes the battle on - site While the Terry -- Gibbon column was marching toward the mouth of the Little Bighorn , on the evening of June 24 , Custer 's Indian scouts arrived at an overlook known as the Crow 's Nest , 14 miles ( 23 km ) east of the Little Bighorn River . At sunrise on June 25 , Custer 's scouts reported they could see a massive pony herd and signs of the Native American village roughly 15 miles ( 24 km ) in the distance . After a night 's march , the tired officer who was sent with the scouts could see neither , and when Custer joined them , he was also unable to make the sighting . Custer 's scouts also spotted the regimental cooking fires that could be seen from 10 miles ( 16 km ) away , disclosing the regiment 's position . Custer contemplated a surprise attack against the encampment the following morning of June 26 , but he then received a report informing him several hostiles had discovered the trail left by his troops . Assuming his presence had been exposed , Custer decided to attack the village without further delay . On the morning of June 25 , Custer divided his 12 companies into three battalions in anticipation of the forthcoming engagement . Three companies were placed under the command of Major Marcus Reno ( A , G , and M ) and three were placed under the command of Captain Frederick Benteen ( H , D , and K ) . Five companies ( C , E , F , I , and L ) remained under Custer 's immediate command . The 12th , Company B under Captain Thomas McDougall , had been assigned to escort the slower pack train carrying provisions and additional ammunition . Unknown to Custer , the group of Native Americans seen on his trail was actually leaving the encampment and did not alert the rest of the village . Custer 's scouts warned him about the size of the village , with Mitch Bouyer reportedly saying , `` General , I have been with these Indians for 30 years , and this is the largest village I have ever heard of . '' Custer 's overriding concern was that the Native American group would break up and scatter . The command began its approach to the village at noon and prepared to attack in full daylight . Prelude ( edit ) Military assumptions prior to the battle ( edit ) Number of Indian warriors ( edit ) A Cheyenne artist 's depiction of the Battle of the Little Bighorn As the Army moved into the field on its expedition , it was operating with incorrect assumptions as to the number of Indians it would encounter . These assumptions were based on inaccurate information provided by the Indian Agents that no more than 800 hostiles were in the area . The Indian Agents based this estimate on the number of Lakota that Sitting Bull and other leaders had reportedly led off the reservation in protest of U.S. government policies . It was in fact a correct estimate until several weeks before the battle , when the `` reservation Indians '' joined Sitting Bull 's ranks for the summer buffalo hunt . The agents did not take into account the many thousands of these `` reservation Indians '' who had unofficially left the reservation to join their `` uncooperative non-reservation cousins led by Sitting Bull '' . Thus , Custer unknowingly faced thousands of Indians , including the 800 non-reservation `` hostiles '' . All Army plans were based on the incorrect numbers . Although Custer was severely criticized after the battle for not having accepted reinforcements and for dividing his forces , it must be understood that he had accepted the same official government estimates of hostiles in the area which Terry and Gibbon had also accepted . Historian James Donovan states that when Custer asked interpreter Fred Gerard for his opinion on the size of the opposition , he estimated the force at between 1,500 to 2,500 warriors . Additionally , Custer was more concerned with preventing the escape of the Lakota and Cheyenne than with fighting them . From his own observation , as reported by his bugler John Martin ( Martini ) , Custer assumed the warriors had been sleeping in on the morning of the battle , to which virtually every native account attested later , giving Custer a false estimate of what he was up against . When he and his scouts first looked down on the village from the Crow 's Nest across the Little Bighorn River , they could only see the herd of ponies . Looking from a hill 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) away after parting with Reno 's command , Custer could observe only women preparing for the day , and young boys taking thousands of horses out to graze south of the village . Custer 's Crow scouts told him it was the largest native village they had ever seen . When the scouts began changing back into their native dress right before the battle , Custer released them from his command . While the village was enormous in size , Custer thought there were far fewer warriors to defend the village . He assumed most of the warriors were still asleep in their tipis . Finally , Custer may have assumed that in the event of his encountering Native Americans , his subordinate Benteen with the pack train would quickly come to his aid . Rifle volleys were a standard way of telling supporting units to come to another unit 's aid . In a subsequent official 1879 Army investigation requested by Major Reno , the Reno Board of Inquiry ( RCOI ) , Benteen and Reno 's men testified that they heard distinct rifle volleys as late as 4 : 30 pm during the battle . Custer had initially wanted to take a day and scout the village before attacking ; however , when men went back after supplies dropped by the pack train , they discovered they were being back - trailed by Indians . Reports from his scouts also revealed fresh pony tracks from ridges overlooking his formation . It became apparent that the warriors in the village were either aware of or would soon be aware of his approach . Fearing that the village would break up into small bands that he would have to chase , Custer began to prepare for an immediate attack . Role of Indian noncombatants in Custer 's strategy ( edit ) Custer 's field strategy was designed to engage noncombatants at the encampments on the Little Bighorn so as to capture women , children , and the elderly or disabled to serve as hostages to convince the warriors to surrender and comply with federal orders to relocate . Custer 's battalions were poised to `` ride into the camp and secure noncombatant hostages '' and `` forc ( e ) the warriors to surrender '' . Author Evan S. Connell observed that if Custer could occupy the village before widespread resistance developed , the Sioux and Cheyenne warriors `` would be obliged to surrender , because if they started to fight , they would be shooting their own families . '' In Custer 's book My Life on the Plains , published just two years before the Battle of the Little Bighorn , he asserted : Indians contemplating a battle , either offensive or defensive , are always anxious to have their women and children removed from all danger ... For this reason I decided to locate our ( military ) camp as close as convenient to ( Chief Black Kettle 's Cheyenne ) village , knowing that the close proximity of their women and children , and their necessary exposure in case of conflict , would operate as a powerful argument in favor of peace , when the question of peace or war came to be discussed . On Custer 's decision to advance up the bluffs and descend on the village from the east , Lt. Edward Godfrey of Company K surmised : ( Custer ) expected to find the squaws and children fleeing to the bluffs on the north , for in no other way do I account for his wide detour . He must have counted upon Reno 's success , and fully expected the `` scatteration '' of the non-combatants with the pony herds . The probable attack upon the families and capture of the herds were in that event counted upon to strike consternation in the hearts of the warriors , and were elements for success upon which General Custer fully counted . The Sioux and Cheyenne fighters were acutely aware of the danger posed by the military engagement of noncombatants and that `` even a semblance of an attack on the women and children '' would draw the warriors back to the village , according to historian John S. Gray . Such was their concern that a `` feint '' by Capt . Yates ' E and F Companies at the mouth of Medicine Tail Coulee ( Minneconjou Ford ) caused hundreds of warriors to disengage from the Reno valley fight and return to deal with the threat to the village . Some authors and historians , based on archaeological evidence and reviews of native testimony , speculate that Custer attempted to cross the river at a point they refer to as Ford D. According to Richard A. Fox , James Donovan , and others , Custer proceeded with a wing of his battalion ( Yates ' Troops E and F ) north and opposite the Cheyenne circle at that crossing , which provided `` access to the ( women and children ) fugitives . '' Yates 's force `` posed an immediate threat to fugitive Indian families ... '' gathering at the north end of the huge encampment ; he then persisted in his efforts to `` seize women and children '' even as hundreds of warriors were massing around Keogh 's wing on the bluffs . Yates ' wing , descending to the Little Bighorn River at Ford D , encountered `` light resistance '' , undetected by the Indian forces ascending the bluffs east of the village . Custer was almost within `` striking distance of the refugees '' before being repulsed by Indian defenders and forced back to Custer Ridge . The Lone Teepee ( edit ) The Lone Teepee ( or Tipi ) was a landmark along the 7th Cavalry 's march . It was where the Indian encampment had been a week earlier , during the Battle of the Rosebud on June 17 . The Indians had left a single teepee standing ( some reports mention a second that had been partially dismantled ) , and in it was the body of a Sans Arc warrior , Old She - Bear , who had been wounded in the battle . He had died a couple of days after the Rosebud battle , and it was the custom of the Indians to move camp when a warrior died and leave the body with its possessions . The Lone Teepee was an important location during the Battle of the Little Bighorn for several reasons , including : It is where Custer gave Reno his final orders to attack the village ahead . It is also where some Indians who had been following the command were seen and Custer assumed he had been discovered . Many of the survivors ' accounts use the Lone Teepee as a point of reference for event times or distances . Knowing this location helps establish the pattern of the Indians ' movements to the encampment on the river where the soldiers found them . Battle ( edit ) Reno 's attack ( edit ) Movements of the 7th Cavalry A : Custer B : Reno C : Benteen D: Yates E : Weir Movement of Major Reno 's three companies The first group to attack was Major Reno 's second detachment ( Companies A , G and M ) after receiving orders from Custer written out by Lt. William W. Cooke , as Custer 's Crow scouts reported Sioux tribe members were alerting the village . Ordered to charge , Reno began that phase of the battle . The orders , made without accurate knowledge of the village 's size , location , or the warriors ' propensity to stand and fight , had been to pursue the Native Americans and `` bring them to battle . '' Reno 's force crossed the Little Bighorn at the mouth of what is today Reno Creek around 3 : 00 pm on June 25 . They immediately realized that the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne were present `` in force and not running away . '' Reno advanced rapidly across the open field towards the northwest , his movements masked by the thick bramble of trees that ran along the southern banks of the Little Bighorn River . The same trees on his front right shielded his movements across the wide field over which his men rapidly rode , first with two approximately forty - man companies abreast and eventually with all three charging abreast . The trees also obscured Reno 's view of the Native American village until his force had passed that bend on his right front and was suddenly within arrow - shot of the village . The tepees in that area were occupied by the Hunkpapa Sioux . Neither Custer nor Reno had much idea of the length , depth and size of the encampment they were attacking , as the village was hidden by the trees . When Reno came into the open in front of the south end of the village , he sent his Arikara / Ree and Crow Indian scouts forward on his exposed left flank . Realizing the full extent of the village 's width , Reno quickly suspected what he would later call `` a trap '' and stopped a few hundred yards short of the encampment . He ordered his troopers to dismount and deploy in a skirmish line , according to standard army doctrine . In this formation , every fourth trooper held the horses for the troopers in firing position , with five to ten yards separating each trooper , officers to their rear and troopers with horses behind the officers . This formation reduced Reno 's firepower by 25 percent . As Reno 's men fired into the village and killed , by some accounts , several wives and children of the Sioux leader , Chief Gall ( in Lakota , Phizí ) , mounted warriors began streaming out to meet the attack . With Reno 's men anchored on their right by the impassable tree line and bend in the river , the Indians rode hard against the exposed left end of Reno 's line . After about 20 minutes of long - distance firing , Reno had taken only one casualty , but the odds against him had risen ( Reno estimated five to one ) and Custer had not reinforced him . Trooper Billy Jackson reported that by then , the Indians had begun massing in the open area shielded by a small hill to the left of Reno 's line and to the right of the Indian village . From this position the Indians mounted an attack of more than 500 warriors against the left and rear of Reno 's line , turning Reno 's exposed left flank . They forced a hasty withdrawal into the timber along the bend in the river . Here the Indians pinned Reno and his men down and set fire to the brush to try to drive the soldiers out of their position . After giving orders to mount , dismount and mount again , Reno told his men , `` All those who wish to make their escape follow me , '' and led a disorderly rout across the river toward the bluffs on the other side . The retreat was immediately disrupted by Cheyenne attacks at close quarters . Later , Reno reported that three officers and 29 troopers had been killed during the retreat and subsequent fording of the river . Another officer and 13 -- 18 men were missing . Most of these missing men were left behind in the timber , although many eventually rejoined the detachment . Reno 's hasty retreat may have been precipitated by the death of Reno 's Arikara scout Bloody Knife , who had been shot in the head as he sat on his horse next to Reno , his blood and brains splattering the side of Reno 's face . Reno and Benteen on Reno Hill ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bloody Knife Atop the bluffs , known today as Reno Hill , Reno 's shaken troops were joined by Captain Benteen 's column ( Companies D , H and K ) , arriving from the south . This force had been on a lateral scouting mission when it had been summoned by Custer 's messenger , Italian bugler John Martin ( Giovanni Martini ) with the handwritten message `` Benteen . Come on , Big Village , Be quick , Bring packs . P.S. Bring Packs . '' . Benteen 's coincidental arrival on the bluffs was just in time to save Reno 's men from possible annihilation . Their detachments were reinforced by McDougall 's Company B and the pack train . The 14 officers and 340 troopers on the bluffs organized an all - around defense and dug rifle pits using whatever implements they had among them , including knives . This practice had become standard during the last year of the American Civil War , with both Union and Confederate troops utilizing knives , eating utensils , mess plates and pans to dig effective battlefield fortifications . Reno -- Benteen defensive position Despite hearing heavy gunfire from the north , including distinct volleys at 4 : 20 pm , Benteen concentrated on reinforcing Reno 's badly wounded and hard - pressed detachment rather than continuing on toward Custer 's position . Benteen 's apparent reluctance to reach Custer prompted later criticism that he had failed to follow orders . Around 5 : 00 pm , Capt . Thomas Weir and Company D moved out to make contact with Custer . They advanced a mile , to what is today Weir Ridge or Weir Point , and could see in the distance native warriors on horseback shooting at objects on the ground . By this time , roughly 5 : 25 pm , Custer 's battle may have concluded . The conventional historical understanding is that what Weir witnessed was most likely warriors killing the wounded soldiers and shooting at dead bodies on the `` Last Stand Hill '' at the northern end of the Custer battlefield . Some contemporary historians have suggested that what Weir witnessed was a fight on what is now called Calhoun Hill . The destruction of Keogh 's battalion may have begun with the collapse of L , I and C Company ( half of it ) following the combined assaults led by Crazy Horse , White Bull , Hump , Chief Gall and others . Other native accounts contradict this understanding , however , and the time element remains a subject of debate . The other entrenched companies eventually followed Weir by assigned battalions , first Benteen , then Reno , and finally the pack train . Growing native attacks around Weir Ridge forced all seven companies to return to the bluff before the pack train , with the ammunition , had moved even a quarter mile . The companies remained pinned down on the bluff for another day , but the natives were unable to breach the tightly held position . Benteen was hit in the heel of his boot by an Indian bullet . At one point , he personally led a counterattack to push back Indians who had continued to crawl through the grass closer to the soldier 's positions . Custer 's fight ( edit ) Fanciful 1876 illustration of Lieutenant Colonel Custer on horseback and his U.S. Army troops making their last charge at the Battle of the Little Bighorn Crow Indian Reservation , 1868 ( area 619 and 635 ) . Yellow area 517 is 1851 Crow treaty land ceded to the U.S. It was in the red area 635 that the battle stood . The Lakotas were here without consent from the local Crow tribe , which had treaty on the area . Already in 1873 , Crow chief Blackfoot had called for U.S. military actions against the Indian intrudes . The precise details of Custer 's fight are largely conjectural since none of his men ( the five companies under his immediate command ) survived the battle . Later accounts from surviving Indians are conflicting and unclear . While the gunfire heard on the bluffs by Reno and Benteen 's men was probably from Custer 's fight , the soldiers on Reno Hill were unaware of what had happened to Custer until General Terry 's arrival on June 27 . They were reportedly stunned by the news . When the army examined the Custer battle site , soldiers could not determine fully what had transpired . Custer 's force of roughly 210 men had been engaged by the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne about 3.5 miles ( 5.6 km ) to the north of Reno and Benteen 's defensive position . Evidence of organized resistance included apparent breastworks made of dead horses on Custer Hill . By the time troops came to recover the bodies , the Lakota and Cheyenne had already removed most of their dead from the field . The troops found most of Custer 's dead stripped of their clothing , ritually mutilated , and in an advanced state of decomposition , making identification of many impossible . The soldiers identified the 7th Cavalry 's dead as best as possible and hastily buried them where they fell . Custer was found with shots to the left chest and left temple . Either wound would have been fatal , though he appeared to have bled from only the chest wound , meaning his head wound may have been delivered postmortem . He also suffered a wound to the arm . Some Lakota oral histories assert that Custer committed suicide to avoid capture and subsequent torture , though this is usually discounted since the wounds were inconsistent with his known right - handedness . ( Other native accounts note several soldiers committing suicide near the end of the battle . ) Custer 's body was found near the top of Custer Hill , which also came to be known as `` Last Stand Hill '' . There the United States erected a tall memorial obelisk inscribed with the names of the 7th Cavalry 's casualties . Several days after the battle , Curley , Custer 's Crow scout who had left Custer near Medicine Tail Coulee ( a drainage which led to the river ) , recounted the battle , reporting that Custer had attacked the village after attempting to cross the river . He was driven back , retreating toward the hill where his body was found . As the scenario seemed compatible with Custer 's aggressive style of warfare and with evidence found on the ground , it became the basis of many popular accounts of the battle . According to Pretty Shield , the wife of Goes - Ahead ( another Crow scout for the 7th Cavalry ) , Custer was killed while crossing the river : `` ... and he died there , died in the water of the Little Bighorn , with Two - bodies , and the blue soldier carrying his flag '' . In this account , Custer was allegedly killed by a Lakota called Big - nose . However , in Chief Gall 's version of events , as recounted to Lt. Edward Settle Godfrey , Custer did not attempt to ford the river and the nearest that he came to the river or village was his final position on the ridge . Chief Gall 's statements were corroborated by other Indians , notably the wife of Spotted Horn Bull . Given that no bodies of men or horses were found anywhere near the ford , Godfrey himself concluded `` that Custer did not go to the ford with any body of men '' . Cheyenne oral tradition credits Buffalo Calf Road Woman with striking the blow that knocked Custer off his horse before he died . Custer at Minneconjou ford ( edit ) Hurrah boys , we 've got them ! We 'll finish them up and then go home to our station . - Reported words of Lieutenant Colonel Custer at the battle 's outset . Having isolated Reno 's force and driven them away from the encampment , the bulk of the native warriors were free to pursue Custer . The route taken by Custer to his `` Last Stand '' remains a subject of debate . One possibility is that after ordering Reno to charge , Custer continued down Reno Creek to within about a half mile ( 800 m ) of the Little Bighorn , but then turned north and climbed up the bluffs , reaching the same spot to which Reno would soon retreat . From this point on the other side of the river , he could see Reno charging the village . Riding north along the bluffs , Custer could have descended into Medicine Tail Coulee . Some historians believe that part of Custer 's force descended the coulee , going west to the river and attempting unsuccessfully to cross into the village . According to some accounts , a small contingent of Indian sharpshooters opposed this crossing . Lieutenant Colonel Custer and his U.S. Army troops are defeated in battle with Native American Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne on the Little Bighorn Battlefield , June 25 , 1876 at Little Bighorn River , Montana White Cow Bull claimed to have shot a leader wearing a buckskin jacket off his horse in the river . While no other Indian account supports this claim , if White Bull did shoot a buckskin - clad leader off his horse , some historians have argued that Custer may have been seriously wounded by him . Some Indian accounts claim that besides wounding one of the leaders of this advance , a soldier carrying a company guidon was also hit . Troopers had to dismount to help the wounded men back onto their horses . The fact that either of the non-mutilation wounds to Custer 's body ( a bullet wound below the heart and a shot to the left temple ) would have been instantly fatal casts doubt on his being wounded and remounted . Reports of an attempted fording of the river at Medicine Tail Coulee might explain Custer 's purpose for Reno 's attack , that is , a coordinated `` hammer - and - anvil '' maneuver , with Reno 's holding the Indians at bay at the southern end of the camp , while Custer drove them against Reno 's line from the north . Other historians have noted that if Custer did attempt to cross the river near Medicine Tail Coulee , he may have believed it was the north end of the Indian camp , although it was only the middle . Some Indian accounts , however , place the Northern Cheyenne encampment and the north end of the overall village to the left ( and south ) of the opposite side of the crossing . The precise location of the north end of the village remains in dispute , however . Custer 's route over battlefield , as theorized by Curtis . ( Credit : Northwestern University Library Edward S. Curtis 's The North American Indian , 2003 ) . Edward Curtis , the famed ethnologist and photographer of the Native American Indians , made a detailed personal study of the battle , interviewing many of those who had fought or taken part in it . First he went over the ground covered by the troops with the three Crow scouts White Man Runs Him , Goes Ahead , and Hairy Moccasin , and then again with Two Moons and a party of Cheyenne warriors . He also visited the Lakota country and interviewed Red Hawk , `` whose recollection of the fight seemed to be particularly clear '' . Then , he went over the battlefield once more with the three Crow scouts , but also accompanied by General Charles Woodruff `` as I particularly desired that the testimony of these men might be considered by an experienced army officer '' . Finally , Curtis visited the country of the Arikara and interviewed the scouts of that tribe who had been with Custer 's command . Based on all the information he gathered , Curtis concluded that Custer had indeed ridden down the Medicine Tail Coulee and then towards the river where he probably planned to ford it . However , `` the Indians had now discovered him and were gathered closely on the opposite side '' . They were soon joined by a large force of Sioux who ( no longer engaging Reno ) rushed down the valley . This was the beginning of their attack on Custer who was forced to turn and head for the hill where he would make his famous `` last stand '' . Thus , wrote Curtis , `` Custer made no attack , the whole movement being a retreat '' . Other Views of Custer 's actions at Minneconjou ford ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Other historians claim that Custer never approached the river , but rather continued north across the coulee and up the other side , where he gradually came under attack . According to this theory , by the time Custer realized he was badly outnumbered , it was too late to break back to the south where Reno and Benteen could have provided assistance . Two men from the 7th Cavalry , the young Crow scout Ashishishe ( known in English as Curley ) and the trooper Peter Thompson , claimed to have seen Custer engage the Indians . The accuracy of their recollections remains controversial ; accounts by battle participants and assessments by historians almost universally discredit Thompson 's claim . `` Custer 's Last Stand . '' Lieutenant Colonel Custer standing center , wearing buckskin , with few of his soldiers of the 7th Cavalry still standing . Archaeological evidence and reassessment of Indian testimony has led to a new interpretation of the battle . In the 1920s , battlefield investigators discovered hundreds of . 45 -- 55 shell cases along the ridge line known today as Nye - Cartwright Ridge , between South Medicine Tail Coulee and the next drainage at North Medicine Tail ( also known as Deep Coulee ) . Some historians believe Custer divided his detachment into two ( and possibly three ) battalions , retaining personal command of one while presumably delegating Captain George W. Yates to command the second . Evidence from the 1920s supports the theory that at least one of the companies made a feint attack southeast from Nye - Cartwright Ridge straight down the center of the `` V '' formed by the intersection at the crossing of Medicine Tail Coulee on the right and Calhoun Coulee on the left . The intent may have been to relieve pressure on Reno 's detachment ( according to the Crow scout Curley , possibly viewed by both Mitch Bouyer and Custer ) by withdrawing the skirmish line into the timber on the edge of the Little Bighorn River . Had the U.S. troops come straight down Medicine Tail Coulee , their approach to the Minneconjou Crossing and the northern area of the village would have been masked by the high ridges running on the northwest side of the Little Bighorn River . That they might have come southeast , from the center of Nye - Cartwright Ridge , seems to be supported by Northern Cheyenne accounts of seeing the approach of the distinctly white - colored horses of Company E , known as the Grey Horse Company . Its approach was seen by Indians at that end of the village . Behind them , a second company , further up on the heights , would have provided long - range cover fire . Warriors could have been drawn to the feint attack , forcing the battalion back towards the heights , up the north fork drainage , away from the troops providing cover fire above . The covering company would have moved towards a reunion , delivering heavy volley fire and leaving the trail of expended cartridges discovered 50 years later . The `` Last Stand '' ( edit ) Custer 's Last Stand by Edgar Samuel Paxson In the end , the hilltop to which Custer had moved was probably too small to accommodate all of the survivors and wounded . Fire from the southeast made it impossible for Custer 's men to secure a defensive position all around Last Stand Hill where the soldiers put up their most dogged defense . According to Lakota accounts , far more of their casualties occurred in the attack on Last Stand Hill than anywhere else . The extent of the soldiers ' resistance indicated they had few doubts about their prospects for survival . According to Cheyenne and Sioux testimony , the command structure rapidly broke down , although smaller `` last stands '' were apparently made by several groups . Custer 's remaining companies ( E , F , and half of C ) were soon killed . By almost all accounts , the Lakota annihilated Custer 's force within an hour of engagement . David Humphreys Miller , who between 1935 and 1955 interviewed the last Lakota survivors of the battle , wrote that the Custer fight lasted less than one - half hour . Other native accounts said the fighting lasted only `` as long as it takes a hungry man to eat a meal . '' The Lakota asserted that Crazy Horse personally led one of the large groups of warriors who overwhelmed the cavalrymen in a surprise charge from the northeast , causing a breakdown in the command structure and panic among the troops . Many of these men threw down their weapons while Cheyenne and Sioux warriors rode them down , `` counting coup '' with lances , coup sticks , and quirts . Some Native accounts recalled this segment of the fight as a `` buffalo run . '' Captain Frederick Benteen , battalion leader of Companies D , H and K , recalled his observations on the Custer battlefield on June 27 , 1876 I went over the battlefield carefully with a view to determine how the battle was fought . I arrived at the conclusion I ( hold ) now -- that it was a rout , a panic , until the last man was killed ... There was no line formed on the battlefield . You can take a handful of corn and scatter ( the kernels ) over the floor , and make just such lines . There were none ... The only approach to a line was where 5 or 6 ( dead ) horses found at equal distances , like skirmishers ( part of Lt. Calhoun 's Company L ) . That was the only approach to a line on the field . There were more than 20 ( troopers ) killed ( in one group ) ; there were ( more often ) four or five at one place , all within a space of 20 to 30 yards ( of each other ) ... I counted 70 dead ( cavalry ) horses and 2 Indian ponies . I think , in all probability , that the men turned their horses loose without any orders to do so . Many orders might have been given , but few obeyed . I think that they were panic stricken ; it was a rout , as I said before . A Brulé Sioux warrior stated : `` In fact , Hollow Horn Bear believed that the troops were in good order at the start of the fight , and kept their organization even while moving from point to point . '' Red Horse , an Oglala Sioux warrior , commented : `` Here ( Last Stand Hill ) the soldiers made a desperate fight . '' One Hunkpapa Sioux warrior , Moving Robe , noted that `` It was a hotly contested battle '' , while another , Iron Hawk , stated : `` The Indians pressed and crowded right in around Custer Hill . But the soldiers were n't ready to die . We stood there a long time . '' In a letter from February 21 , 1910 , Private William Taylor , Company M , 7th Cavalry , wrote : `` Reno proved incompetent and Benteen showed his indifference -- I will not use the uglier words that have often been in my mind . Both failed Custer and he had to fight it out alone . '' Custer 's final resistance ( edit ) Recent archaeological work at the battlefield indicates that officers on Custer Hill restored some tactical control . E Company rushed off Custer Hill toward the Little Bighorn River but failed to reach it , which resulted in the total destruction of that company . This left about 50 - 60 men , mostly from F Company and the staff , on Last Stand Hill . The remainder of the battle took on the nature of a running fight . Modern archaeology and historical Indian accounts indicate that Custer 's force may have been divided into three groups , with the Indians ' attempting to prevent them from effectively reuniting . Indian accounts describe warriors ( including women ) running up from the village to wave blankets in order to scare off the soldiers ' horses . One 7th Cavalry trooper claimed finding a number of stone mallets consisting of a round cobble weighing 8 -- 10 pounds ( about 4 kg ) with a rawhide handle , which he believed had been used by the Indian women to finish off the wounded . Fighting dismounted , the soldiers ' skirmish lines were overwhelmed . Army doctrine would have called for one man in four to be a horseholder behind the skirmish lines and , in extreme cases , one man in eight . Later , the troops would have bunched together in defensive positions and are alleged to have shot their remaining horses as cover . As individual troopers were wounded or killed , initial defensive positions would have been abandoned as untenable . Under threat of attack , the first U.S. soldiers on the battlefield three days later hurriedly buried the troopers in shallow graves , more or less where they had fallen . A couple of years after the battle , markers were placed where men were believed to have fallen , so the placement of troops has been roughly construed . The troops evidently died in several groups , including on Custer Hill , around Captain Myles Keogh , and strung out towards the Little Bighorn River . Last break - out attempt ( edit ) Mitch Bouyer marker on Deep Ravine trail . Deep Ravine is to the right of this picture ( south / southwest ) and about 65 yards distant . 1 : 5260 of Custer battlefield -- surveyed 1891 , detailing U.S. soldiers body locations Modern documentaries suggest that there may not have been a `` Last Stand '' as traditionally portrayed in popular culture . Instead , archaeologists suggest that , in the end , Custer 's troops were not surrounded but rather overwhelmed by a single charge . This scenario corresponds to several Indian accounts stating Crazy Horse 's charge swarmed the resistance , with the surviving soldiers fleeing in panic . Many of these troopers may have ended up in a deep ravine 300 -- 400 yards away from what is known today as Custer Hill . At least 28 bodies ( the most common number associated with burial witness testimony ) , including that of scout Mitch Bouyer , were discovered in or near that gulch , their deaths possibly the battle 's final actions . Although the marker for Mitch Bouyer has been accounted for as being accurate through archaeological and forensic testing , it is some 65 yards away from Deep Ravine . Other archaeological explorations done in Deep Ravine have found no human remains associated with the battle . According to Indian accounts , about 40 men made a desperate stand around Custer on Custer Hill , delivering volley fire . The great majority of the Indian casualties were probably suffered during this closing segment of the battle , as the soldiers and Indians on Calhoun Ridge were more widely separated and traded fire at greater distances for most of their portion of the battle than did the soldiers and Indians on Custer Hill . Aftermath ( edit ) Former U.S. Army Crow Scouts visiting the Little Bighorn battlefield , circa 1913 After the Custer force was soundly defeated , the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne regrouped to attack Reno and Benteen . The fight continued until dark ( approximately 9 : 00 pm ) and for much of the next day , with the outcome in doubt . Reno credited Benteen 's luck with repulsing a severe attack on the portion of the perimeter held by Companies H and M. On June 27 , the column under General Terry approached from the north , and the natives drew off in the opposite direction . The Crow scout White Man Runs Him was the first to tell General Terry 's officers that Custer 's force had `` been wiped out . '' Reno and Benteen 's wounded troops were given what treatment was available at that time ; five later died of their wounds . One of the regiment 's three surgeons had been with Custer 's column , while another , Dr. DeWolf , had been killed during Reno 's retreat . The only remaining doctor was Assistant Surgeon Henry R. Porter . Plenty Coups Edward Curtis Portrait ( c1908 ) . When the Crows got news from the battlefield , they went into grief . Crow woman Pretty Shield told how they were `` crying ... for Son - of - the - morning - star ( Custer ) and his blue soldiers ... '' With the defeat of Custer , it was still a real threat that the Lakotas would take - over the eastern part of the Crow reservation and keep up the invasion . In the end , the army won the Sioux war . Crow chief Plenty Coups recalled with amazement , how his tribe now finally could sleep without fear for Lakota attacks . `` ... this was the first time I had ever known such a condition . '' News of the defeat arrived in the East as the U.S. was observing its centennial . The Army began to investigate , although its effectiveness was hampered by a concern for survivors , and the reputation of the officers . Custer 's wife , Elisabeth Bacon Custer , in particular , guarded and promoted the ideal of him as the gallant hero , attacking any who cast an ill light on his reputation . The Battle of the Little Bighorn had far - reaching consequences for the Natives . It was the beginning of the end of the ' Indian ' Wars and has even been referred to as `` the Indians '' last stand '' in the area . Within 48 hours of the battle , the large encampment on the Little Bighorn broke up into smaller groups because there was not enough game and grass to sustain a large congregation of people and horses . Oglala Sioux Black Elk recounted the exodus this way : `` We fled all night , following the Greasy Grass . My two younger brothers and I rode in a pony - drag , and my mother put some young pups in with us . They were always trying to crawl out and I was always putting them back in , so I did n't sleep much . '' Crow warrior Two Leggings joined the U.S. army for a short time after the defeat of Custer . Two Belly had given him and nearly 30 other Crows a lecture and explained how the Sioux had taken the hunting grounds of the Crow . `` Two Belly said ... we should help the soldiers drive them back to their own country . '' The scattered Sioux and Cheyenne feasted and celebrated during July with no threat from soldiers . After their celebrations , many of the Natives returned to the reservation . Soon the number of warriors amounted to only about 600 . Both Crook and Terry remained immobile for seven weeks after the battle , awaiting reinforcements and unwilling to venture out against the Sioux and Cheyenne until they had at least 2,000 men . Crook and Terry finally took the field against the Natives forces in August . General Nelson A. Miles took command of the effort in October 1876 . In May 1877 , Sitting Bull escaped to Canada . Within days , Crazy Horse surrendered at Fort Robinson , Nebraska . The Great Sioux War ended on May 7 with Miles ' defeat of a remaining band of Miniconjou Sioux . Ownership of the Black Hills , which had been a focal point of the 1876 conflict , was determined by an ultimatum issued by the Manypenny Commission , according to which the Sioux were required to cede the land to the United States if they wanted the government to continue supplying rations to the reservations . Threatened with forced starvation , the Natives ceded Paha Sapa to the United States , but the Sioux never accepted the legitimacy of the transaction . They lobbied Congress to create a forum to decide their claim and subsequently litigated for 40 years ; the United States Supreme Court in the 1980 decision United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians acknowledged that the United States had taken the Black Hills without just compensation . The Sioux refused the money subsequently offered and continue to insist on their right to occupy the land . Participants ( edit ) 7th Cavalry officers ( edit ) Memorial Marker as seen from the east Memorial Marker plaque Memorial Marker as seen from the west Marker indicating where General Custer fell among soldiers - denoted with black - face , in center of photo Commanding Officer : Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer ( killed ) Maj . Marcus Reno Adjutant : 1st Lt. William W. Cooke ( killed ) Assistant Surgeon George Edwin Lord ( killed ) Acting Assistant Surgeon James Madison DeWolf ( killed ) Acting Assistant Surgeon Henry Rinaldo Porter Chief of Scouts : 2nd Lt. Charles Varnum ( detached from A Company , wounded ) 2nd in command of Scouts : 2nd Lt. Luther Hare ( detached from K Company ) Pack Train commander : 1st Lt. Edward Gustave Mathey ( detached from M Company ) A Company : Capt . Myles Moylan , 1st Lt. Charles DeRudio B Company : Capt . Thomas McDougall , 2nd Lt. Benjamin Hodgson ( killed ) as Adjutant to Major Reno C Company : Capt . Thomas Custer ( killed ) , 2nd Lt. Henry Moore Harrington ( killed ) D Company : Capt . Thomas Weir , 2nd Lt. Winfield Edgerly E Company : 1st Lt. Algernon Smith ( killed ) , 2nd Lt. James G. Sturgis ( killed ) F Company : Capt . George Yates ( killed ) , 2nd Lt. William Reily ( killed ) G Company : 1st Lt. Donald McIntosh ( killed ) , 2nd Lt. George D. Wallace H Company : Capt . Frederick Benteen , 1st Lt. Francis Gibson I Company : Capt . Myles Keogh ( killed ) , 1st Lt. James Porter ( killed ) K Company : 1st Lt. Edward Settle Godfrey L Company : 1st Lt. James Calhoun ( killed ) , 2nd Lt. John J. Crittenden ( killed ) M Company : Capt . Thomas French Native American leaders and warriors ( edit ) Pretty Nose who , according to her grandson , was a woman war chief who participated in the battle Marker stone on the battlefield Hunkpapa ( Lakota ) : Sitting Bull , Four Horns , Crow King , Chief Gall , Black Moon , Rain - in - the - Face , Moving Robe Woman , Spotted Horn Bull , Iron Hawk , One Bull , Bull Head , Chasing Eagle , Little Big Man Sihasapa ( Blackfoot Lakota ) : Crawler , Kill Eagle Minneconjou ( Lakota ) : Chief Hump , Black Moon , Red Horse , Makes Room , Looks Up , Lame Deer , Dog - with - Horn , Dog Back Bone , White Bull , Feather Earring , Flying By Sans Arc ( Lakota ) : Spotted Eagle , Red Bear , Long Road , Cloud Man Oglala ( Lakota ) : Crazy Horse , He Dog , Kicking Bear , Flying Hawk , Chief Long Wolf , Black Elk , White Cow Bull , Running Eagle , Black Fox II Brule ( Lakota ) : Two Eagles , Hollow Horn Bear , Brave Bird Two Kettles ( Lakota ) : Runs - the - Enemy Lower Yanktonai ( Dakota ) : Thunder Bear , Medicine Cloud , Iron Bear , Long Tree Wahpekute ( Dakota ) : Inkpaduta , Sounds - the - Ground - as - He - Walks , White Eagle , White Tracking Earth Black Powder ( Sioux Firearms trader ) : Black Powder , Johann Smidt Northern Cheyenne : Two Moons , Wooden Leg , Old Bear , Lame White Man , American Horse , Brave Wolf , Antelope Women , Thunder Bull Big Nose , Yellow Horse , Little Shield , Horse Road , Bob Tail Horse , Yellow Hair , Bear - Walks - on - a-Ridge , Black Hawk , Buffalo Calf Road Woman , Crooked Nose , Noisy Walking Arapahoes : Waterman , Sage , Left Hand , Yellow Eagle , Little Bird Arapaho participation ( edit ) Modern - day accounts include Arapaho warriors in the battle , but the five Arapaho men who were at the encampments were there only by accident . While on a hunting trip they came close to the village by the river and were captured and almost killed by the Lakota who believed the hunters were scouts for the U.S. Army . Two Moon , a Northern Cheyenne leader , interceded to save their lives . Notable scouts / interpreters ( edit ) Three of Custer 's scouts accompanying Edward Curtis on his investigative tour of the battlefield , circa 1907 . Left to right : Goes Ahead , Hairy Moccasin , White Man Runs Him , Curtis and Alexander B. Upshaw ( Curtis 's assistant and Crow interpreter ) . The 7th Cavalry was accompanied by a number of scouts and interpreters : Bloody Knife : Arikara / Lakota scout ( killed ) Bob Tailed Bull : Arikara scout ( killed ) Boy Chief : Arikara scout Charley Reynolds : scout ( killed ) Curley : Crow scout Curling Head : Arikara scout Fred Gerard : interpreter Goes Ahead : Crow scout Goose : Arikara scout ( wounded in the hand by a 7th Cavalry trooper ) Hairy Moccasin : Crow scout Half Yellow Face , leader of Crow Scouts , also known as Paints Half His Face Yellow Isaiah Dorman : interpreter ( killed ) Little Brave : Arikara scout ( killed ) Little Sioux : Arikara scout Mitch Bouyer : scout / interpreter ( killed ) One Feather : Arikara scout Owl : Arikara scout Curley , Custer 's Crow scout and interpreter through the battle . Peter Jackson : half - Pikuni and half Blackfoot brother of William , scout Red Bear : Arikara scout Red Star : Arikara scout Running Wolf : Arikara scout Sitting Bear : Arikara scout Soldier : Arikara scout Strikes The Lodge : Arikara scout Strikes Two : Arikara scout Two Moons : Arikara / Cheyenne scout White Man Runs Him : Crow scout White Swan : Crow Scout ( severely wounded ) William Jackson : half - Pikuni and half Blackfoot scout Young Hawk : Arikara scout Order of battle ( edit ) Native Americans Native Americans Tribe Leaders Native Americans Lakota Sioux Hunkpapa : Sitting Bull , Four Horns , Crow King , Chief Gall , Black Moon , Rain - in - the - Face , Moving Robe Women , Spotted Horn Bull , Iron Hawk , One Bull , Bull Head , Chasing Eagle Sihasapa : Crawler , Kill Eagle Minneconjou : Chief Hump , Black Moon , Red Horse , Makes Room , Looks Up , Lame Deer , Dog - with - Horn , Dog Back Bone , White Bull , Feather Earring , Flying By Sans Arc : Spotted Eagle , Red Bear , Long Road , Cloud Man Oglala : Crazy Horse , He Dog , Kicking Bear , Flying Hawk , American Horse the Elder , Chief Long Wolf , Black Elk , White Cow Bull , Running Eagle , Black Fox II Brule : Two Eagles , Hollow Horn Bear , Brave Bird Two Kettles : Runs - the - Enemy Dakota Sioux Lower Yanktonai : Thunder Bear , Medicine Cloud , Iron Bear , Long Tree Wahpekute : Inkpaduta , Sounds - the - Ground - as - He - Walks , White Eagle , White Tracking Earth Northern Cheyenne Northern Cheyenne : Two Moons , Wooden Leg , Old Bear , Lame White Man † , American Horse , Brave Wolf , Antelope Women , Thunder Bull Big Nose , Yellow Horse , Little Shield , Horse Road , Bob Tail Horse , Yellow Hair , Bear - Walks - on - a-Ridge , Black Hawk , Buffalo Calf Road Woman , Crooked Nose , Noisy Walking † Arapaho Arapahoes : Waterman , Sage , Left Hand , Yellow Eagle , Little Bird United States Army , Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer , 7th United States Cavalry Regiment , Commanding . 7th United States Cavalry Regiment Battalion Companies and Others Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer † , commanding . Custer 's Battalion Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer † Company C : Captain Thomas Custer † Company E : First Lieutenant Algernon Smith † Company F : Captain George Yates † Company I : Captain Myles Keogh † Company L : First Lieutenant James Calhoun † Reno 's Battalion Major Marcus Reno Company A : Captain Myles Moylan Company G : First Lieutenant Donald McIntosh † Company M : Captain Thomas French Benteen 's Battalion Captain Frederick Benteen Company D: Captain Thomas Weir Company H : Captain Frederick Benteen Company K : First Lieutenant Edward Settle Godfrey Pack Train First Lieutenant Edward Gustave Mathey Company B : Captain Thomas McDougall Scouts and Interpreters Second Lieutenant Charles Varnum ( wounded ) , Chief of Scouts Bloody Knife † , Charley Reynolds † , Isaiah Dorman † , Mitch Bouyer † , Bob Tailed Bull † , Little Brave † , White Swan ( severely wounded ) , Goose ( wounded ) , Curley , Curling Head , Fred Gerard , Goes Ahead , Boy Chief , Hairy Moccasin , Half Yellow Face ( Paints Half His Face Yellow ) , Little Sioux , One Feather , Owl , Peter Jackson , William Jackson , Red Bear , Red Star , Running Wolf , Sitting Bear , Soldier , Strikes The Lodge , Strikes Two , Two Moons , White Man Runs Him , Young Hawk Casualties ( edit ) Red Horse pictographic account of the Battle of Little Bighorn Native American warriors ( edit ) Estimates of Native American casualties have differed widely , from as few as 36 dead ( from Native American listings of the dead by name ) to as many as 300 . Lakota chief Red Horse told Col. W.H. Wood in 1877 that the Native Americans suffered 136 dead and 160 wounded during the battle . In 1881 , Red Horse told Dr. C.E. McChesney the same numbers but in a series of drawings done by Red Horse to illustrate the battle , he drew only sixty figures representing Lakota and Cheyenne casualties . Of those sixty figures only thirty some are portrayed with a conventional Plains Indian method of indicating death . In the last 140 years , historians have been able to identify multiple Indian names pertaining to the same individual , which has greatly reduced previously inflated numbers . Today a list of positively known casualties exists that lists 99 names , attributed and consolidated to 31 identified warriors . Red Horse pictographic of Lakota casualties Red Horse pictographic of Lakota casualties Red Horse pictographic of Lakota casualties Red Horse pictographic of Lakota casualties at Battle of Little Bighorn ( Plate XLV ) Native American noncombatants ( edit ) Six unnamed Native American women and four unnamed children are known to have been killed at the beginning of the battle during Reno 's charge . Among them were two wives and three children of the Hunkpapa Leader Pizi ( Gall ) . 7th Cavalry ( edit ) The 7th Cavalry suffered 52 percent casualties : 16 officers and 242 troopers killed or died of wounds , 1 officer and 51 troopers wounded . Every soldier of the five companies with Custer was killed ( except for some Crow scouts and several troopers that had left that column before the battle or as the battle was starting ) . Among the dead were Custer 's brothers Boston and Thomas , his brother - in - law James Calhoun , and his nephew Henry Reed . In 1878 , the army awarded 24 Medals of Honor to participants in the fight on the bluffs for bravery , most for risking their lives to carry water from the river up the hill to the wounded . Few on the non-Indian side questioned the conduct of the enlisted men , but many questioned the tactics , strategy and conduct of the officers . Indian accounts spoke of soldiers ' panic - driven flight and suicide by those unwilling to fall captive to the Indians . While such stories were gathered by Thomas Bailey Marquis in a book in the 1930s , it was not published until 1976 because of the unpopularity of such assertions . Although soldiers may have believed captives would be tortured , Indians usually killed men outright and took as captive for adoption only young women and children . Indian accounts also noted the bravery of soldiers who fought to the death . Red Horse pictographic of dead US cavalrymen Red Horse pictographic of dead US cavalrymen+ 2 Indian Government scouts ( ? ) Red Horse pictographic of dead US cavalrymen Red Horse pictographic of dead US cavalrymen & dead cavalry horses Civilians killed ( armed and embedded within the Army ) ( edit ) Boston Custer : brother of George and Thomas , forager for the 7th Mark Kellogg : reporter Henry Armstrong Reed : Custer 's nephew , herder for the 7th Legacy ( edit ) Reconstitution of the 7th Cavalry ( edit ) Scene of Custer 's Last Stand , looking in the direction of the Indian village and the deep ravine . Photo by Stanley J. Morrow , spring 1877 . Beginning in July , the 7th Cavalry was assigned new officers and recruiting efforts began to fill the depleted ranks . The regiment , reorganized into eight companies , remained in the field as part of the Terry Expedition , now based on the Yellowstone River at the mouth of the Bighorn and reinforced by Gibbon 's column . On August 8 , 1876 , after Terry was further reinforced with the 5th Infantry , the expedition moved up Rosebud Creek in pursuit of the Lakota . It met with Crook 's command , similarly reinforced , and the combined force , almost 4,000 strong , followed the Lakota trail northeast toward the Little Missouri River . Persistent rain and lack of supplies forced the column to dissolve and return to its varying starting points . The 7th Cavalry returned to Fort Abraham Lincoln to reconstitute . Expansion of the U.S. Army ( edit ) The U.S. Congress authorized appropriations to expand the Army by 2,500 men to meet the emergency after the defeat of the 7th Cavalry . For a session , the Democratic Party - controlled House of Representatives abandoned its campaign to reduce the size of the Army . Word of Custer 's fate reached the 44th United States Congress as a conference committee was attempting to reconcile opposing appropriations bills approved by the House and the Republican Senate . They approved a measure to increase the size of cavalry companies to 100 enlisted men on July 24 . The committee temporarily lifted the ceiling on the size of the Army by 2,500 on August 15 . `` Sell or starve '' ( edit ) Main article : Black Hills Land Claim As a result of the defeat in June 1876 , Congress responded by attaching what the Sioux call the `` sell or starve '' rider ( 19 Stat. 192 ) to the Indian Appropriations Act of 1876 ( enacted August 15 , 1876 ) , which cut off all rations for the Sioux until they terminated hostilities and ceded the Black Hills to the United States . The Agreement of 1877 ( 19 Stat. 254 , enacted February 28 , 1877 ) officially took away Sioux land and permanently established Indian reservations . Controversies ( edit ) Reno 's conduct ( edit ) The Battle of the Little Bighorn was the subject of an 1879 U.S. Army Court of Inquiry in Chicago , held at Reno 's request , during which his conduct was scrutinized . Some testimony by non-Army officers suggested that he was drunk and a coward . The court found Reno 's conduct to be without fault . After the battle , Thomas Rosser , James O'Kelly , and others continued to question the conduct of Reno due to his hastily ordered retreat . Defenders of Reno at the trial noted that , while the retreat was disorganized , Reno did not withdraw from his position until it became apparent that he was outnumbered and outflanked by the Indians . Contemporary accounts also point to the fact that Reno 's scout , Bloody Knife , was shot in the head , spraying him with blood , possibly increasing his own panic and distress . Custer 's errors ( edit ) General Terry and others claimed that Custer made strategic errors from the start of the campaign . For instance , he refused to use a battery of Gatling guns , and turned down General Terry 's offer of an additional battalion of the 2nd Cavalry . Custer believed that the Gatling guns would impede his march up the Rosebud and hamper his mobility . His rapid march en route to the Little Bighorn averaged nearly 30 miles ( 48 km ) a day , so his assessment appears to have been accurate . Custer planned `` to live and travel like Indians ; in this manner the command will be able to go wherever the Indians can '' , he wrote in his Herald dispatch . Death of Custer , scene by Pawnee Bill 's Wild West Show performers c. 1905 of Sitting Bull 's stabbing Custer , with dead Native Americans lying on ground By contrast , each Gatling gun had to be hauled by four horses , and soldiers often had to drag the heavy guns by hand over obstacles . Each of the heavy , hand - cranked weapons could fire up to 350 rounds a minute , an impressive rate , but they were known to jam frequently . During the Black Hills Expedition two years earlier , a Gatling gun had turned over , rolled down a mountain , and shattered to pieces . Lieutenant William Low , commander of the artillery detachment , was said to have almost wept when he learned he had been excluded from the strike force . Custer believed that the 7th Cavalry could handle any Indian force and that the addition of the four companies of the 2nd would not alter the outcome . When offered the 2nd Cavalry , he reportedly replied that the 7th `` could handle anything . '' There is evidence that Custer suspected that he would be outnumbered by the Indians , although he did not know by how much . By dividing his forces , Custer could have caused the defeat of the entire column , had it not been for Benteen 's and Reno 's linking up to make a desperate yet successful stand on the bluff above the southern end of the camp . The historian James Donovan believed that Custer 's dividing his force into four smaller detachments ( including the pack train ) can be attributed to his inadequate reconnaissance ; he also ignored the warnings of his Crow scouts and Charley Reynolds . By the time the battle began , Custer had already divided his forces into three battalions of differing sizes , of which he kept the largest . His men were widely scattered and unable to support each other . Wanting to prevent any escape by the combined tribes to the south , where they could disperse into different groups , Custer believed that an immediate attack on the south end of the camp was the best course of action . Admiration for Custer ( edit ) Criticism of Custer was not universal . While investigating the battlefield , Lieutenant General Nelson A. Miles wrote in 1877 , `` The more I study the moves here ( on the Little Big Horn ) , the more I have admiration for Custer . '' Facing major budget cutbacks , the U.S. Army wanted to avoid bad press and found ways to exculpate Custer . They blamed the defeat on the Indians ' alleged possession of numerous repeating rifles and the overwhelming numerical superiority of the warriors . The widowed Elizabeth Bacon Custer , who never remarried , wrote three popular books in which she fiercely protected her husband 's reputation . She lived until 1933 , thus preventing much serious research until most of the evidence was long gone . In addition , Captain Frederick Whittaker 's 1876 book idealizing Custer was hugely successful . Custer as a heroic officer fighting valiantly against savage forces was an image popularized in Wild West extravaganzas hosted by showman `` Buffalo Bill '' Cody , Pawnee Bill , and others . It was not until over half a century later that historians took another look at the battle and Custer 's decisions that led to his death and loss of half his command and found much to criticize . Gatling gun controversy ( edit ) General Alfred Terry 's Dakota column included a single battery of artillery , comprising two Rodman guns ( 3 - inch Ordnance rifle ) and two Gatling guns . ( According to historian Evan S. Connell , the precise number of Gatlings has not been established , ranging from two to three . ) The Gatling gun , invented in 1861 by Richard Gatling . Custer declined an offer of a battery of these weapons , explaining to Terry that they would `` hamper our movements '' . Said Custer : `` The 7th can handle anything it meets . '' Custer 's decision to reject Terry 's offer of the rapid - fire Gatlings has raised questions among historians as to why he refused them and what advantage their availability might have conferred on his forces at the Battle of the Little Bighorn . One factor concerned Major Marcus Reno 's recent 8 - day reconnaissance - in - force of the Powder - Tongue - Rosebud Rivers , June 10 to 18 . This deployment had demonstrated that artillery pieces mounted on gun carriages and hauled by horses no longer fit for cavalry mounts ( so - called condemned horses ) were cumbersome over mixed terrain and vulnerable to breakdowns . Custer , valuing the mobility of the 7th Cavalry and recognizing Terry 's acknowledgement of the regiment as `` the primary strike force '' preferred to remain unencumbered by the Gatling guns . Custer insisted that the artillery was superfluous to his success , in that the 7th Cavalry alone was sufficient to cope with any force they should encounter , informing Terry : `` The 7th can handle anything it meets '' . In addition to these practical concerns , a strained relationship with Major James Brisbin induced Custer 's polite refusal to integrate Brisbin 's Second Cavalry unit -- and the Gatling guns -- into his strike force , as it would disrupt any hierarchical arrangements that Custer presided over . Historians have acknowledged the firepower inherent in the Gatling gun : they were capable of firing 350 . 45 - 70 caliber rounds per minute . Jamming caused by black powder residue could lower that rate , raising questions as to their reliability under combat conditions . Researchers have further questioned the effectiveness of the guns under the tactics that Custer was likely to face with the Lakota and Cheyenne warriors . The Gatlings , mounted high on carriages , required the battery crew to stand upright during its operation , making them easy targets for Lakota and Cheyenne sharpshooters . Historian Robert M. Utley , in a section entitled `` Would Gatling Guns Have Saved Custer ? '' presents two judgments from Custer 's contemporaries : General Henry J. Hunt , expert in the tactical use of artillery in Civil War , stated that Gatlings `` would probably have saved the command '' , whereas General Nelson A. Miles , participant in the Great Sioux War declared `` ( Gatlings ) were useless for Indian fighting . '' Weapons ( edit ) Lakota and Cheyenne ( edit ) Colt Single Action Army , serial No 5773 7th Cavalry issued Springfield Trapdoor Rifle with breech open . Custer 's troops were equipped with these breech - loading , single - shot rifles . A Henry Rifle and a Winchester Mod 1866 Rifle . These repeater rifles were capable of higher rates of fire than the Springfield Trapdoor . The Lakota and Cheyenne warriors that opposed Custer 's forces possessed a wide array of weaponry , from Stone Age war clubs and lances to the most advanced firearms of the day . The typical firearms carried by the Lakota and Cheyenne combatants were muzzleloaders , more often a cap - lock smoothbore , the so - called Indian trade musket or Leman guns distributed to Indians by the US government at treaty conventions . Less common were surplus . 58 caliber rifled muskets of American Civil War vintage such as the Enfield and Springfield . Metal cartridge weapons were prized by native combatants , such as the Henry and the Spencer lever - action rifles , as well as Sharps breechloaders . Bows and arrows were utilized by younger braves in lieu of the more potent firearms ; effective up to 30 yards ( 27 meters ) , the arrows could readily maim or disable an opponent . Sitting Bull 's forces had no assured means to supply themselves with firearms and ammunition . Nonetheless , they could usually procure these through post-traders , licensed or unlicensed , and from gunrunners who operated in the Dakota Territory : `` ... a horse or a mule for a repeater ... buffalo hides for ammunition . '' Custer 's highly regarded guide , `` Lonesome '' Charley Reynolds , informed his superior in early 1876 that Sitting Bull 's forces were amassing weapons , including numerous Winchester repeating rifles and abundant ammunition . Of the guns owned by Lakota and Cheyenne fighters at the Little Bighorn , approximately 200 were repeating rifles corresponding to about 1 of 10 of the encampment 's two thousand able - bodied fighters who participated in the battle 7th Cavalry ( edit ) The troops under Custer 's command carried two regulation firearms authorized and issued by the U.S. Army in early 1876 : the breech - loading , single - shot Springfield Model 1873 carbine , and the 1873 Colt single - action revolver . The regulation M1860 saber or `` long knives '' were not carried by troopers upon Custer 's order . With the exception of a number of officers and scouts who opted for personally owned and more expensive rifles and handguns , the 7th Cavalry was uniformly armed . Ammunition allotments provided 100 carbine rounds per trooper , carried on a cartridge belt and in saddlebags on their mounts . An additional 50 carbine rounds per man were reserved on the pack train that accompanied the regiment to the battlefield . Each trooper had 24 rounds for his Colt handgun . The opposing forces , though not equally matched in the number and type of arms , were comparably outfitted , and neither side held a overwhelming advantage in weaponry . Lever - action repeaters vs. single - shot breechloaders ( edit ) Two hundred or more Lakota and Cheyenne combatants are known to have been armed with Henry , Winchester , or similar lever - action repeating rifles at the battle . Virtually every trooper in the 7th Cavalry fought with the single - shot , breech - loading Springfield carbine and the Colt revolver . Historians have asked whether the repeating rifles conferred a distinct advantage on Sitting Bull 's villagers that contributed to their victory over Custer 's carbine - armed soldiers . Historian Michael L. Lawson offers a scenario based on archaeological collections at the `` Henryville '' site , which yielded plentiful Henry rifle cartridge casings from approximately 20 individual guns . Lawson speculates that , though less powerful than the Springfield carbines , the Henry repeaters provided a barrage of fire at a critical point , driving Lieutenant James Calhoun 's L Company from Calhoun Hill and Finley Ridge , forcing them to flee in disarray back to Captain Myles Keogh 's I Company , and leading to the disintegration of that wing of Custer 's Battalion . Model 1873 Springfield carbine and the U.S. Army ( edit ) After exhaustive testing -- including comparisons to domestic and foreign single - shot and repeating rifles -- the Army Ordnance Board ( whose members included officers Marcus Reno and Alfred Terry ) authorized the Springfield as the official firearm for the United States Army . The Springfield , manufactured in a . 45 - 70 long rifle version for the infantry and a . 45 - 55 light carbine version for the cavalry , was judged a solid firearm that met the long - term and geostrategic requirements of the United States fighting forces . Tomahawk and sabre ; or even odds , painting by Charles Schreyvogel ( 1861 -- 1912 ) . This kind of combat never occurred at the Battle of the Little Bighorn : none of the 7th Cavalry carried sabers on Custer 's orders . British historian Mark Gallear maintains that US government experts rejected the lever - action repeater designs , deeming them ineffective in the event of a clash with fully equipped European armies , or in case of an outbreak of another American civil conflict . Gallear 's analysis minimizes the allegation that rapid depletion of ammunition in lever - action models influenced the decision in favor of the single - shot Springfield . The Indian War , in this context , appears as a minor theatre of conflict , whose contingencies were unlikely to govern the selection of standard weaponry for an emerging industrialized nation . The Springfield carbine is praised for its `` superior range and stopping power '' by historian James Donovan , and author Charles M. Robinson reports that the rifle could be `` loaded and fired much more rapidly than its muzzle loading predecessors , and had twice the range of repeating rifles such as the Winchester , Henry and Spencer . '' Gallear points out that lever - action rifles , after a burst of rapid discharge , still required a reloading interlude that lowered their overall rate of fire ; Springfield breechloaders `` in the long run , had a higher rate of fire , which was sustainable throughout a battle . '' The breechloader design patent for the Springfield 's Erskine S. Allin trapdoor system was owned by the US government and the firearm could be easily adapted for production with existing machinery at the Springfield Armory in Massachusetts . At time when funding for the post-war Army had been slashed , the prospect for economical production influenced the Ordnance Board member selection of the Springfield option . Malfunction of the Springfield carbine extractor mechanism ( edit ) The question as to whether the reported malfunction of the Model 1873 Springfield carbine issued to the 7th Cavalry contributed to their defeat has been debated for years . That the weapon experienced jamming of the extractor is not contested , but its contribution to Custer 's defeat is considered negligible . This conclusion is supported by evidence from archaeological studies performed at the battlefield , where the recovery of Springfield cartridge casing , bearing tell - tale scratch marks indicating manual extraction , were rare . The flaw in the ejector mechanism was known to the Army Ordnance Board at the time of the selection of the Model 1873 rifle and carbine , and was not considered a significant shortcoming in the overall worthiness of the shoulder arm . With the ejector failure in US Army tests as low as 1 : 300 , the Springfield carbine was vastly more reliable than the muzzle - loading Springfields used in the Civil War . Gallear addresses the post-battle testimony concerning the copper . 45 - 55 cartridges supplied to the troops in which an officer is said to have cleared the chambers of spent cartridges for a number of Springfield carbines . This testimony of widespread fusing of the casings offered to the Chief of Ordnance at the Reno Court of Inquiry in 1879 conflicts with the archaeological evidence collected at the battlefield . Field data showed that possible extractor failures occurred at a rate of approximately 1 : 30 firings at the Custer Battlefield and at a rate of 1 : 37 at the Reno - Benteen Battlefield . Historian Thom Hatch observes that the Model 1873 Springfield , despite the known ejector flaw , remained the standard issue shoulder arm for US troops until the early 1890s . when the copper - cased , inside - primed cartridges were replaced with brass . Survivor claims ( edit ) John Martin wearing the US Army uniform , ca . 1904 Soldiers under Custer 's direct command were annihilated on the first day of the battle ( except for three Crow scouts and several troopers ( including John Martin ( Giovanni Martino ) ) that had left that column before the battle ; one Crow scout , Curly , was the only survivor to leave after the battle had begun ) , although for years rumors persisted of other survivors . Over 120 men and women would come forward over the course of the next 70 years claiming they were `` the lone survivor '' of Custer 's Last Stand . The phenomenon became so widespread that one historian remarked , `` Had Custer had all of those who claimed to be ' the lone survivor ' of his two battalions he would have had at least a brigade behind him when he crossed the Wolf Mountains and rode to the attack . '' The historian Earl Alonzo Brininstool suggested he had collected at least 70 `` lone survivor '' stories . Michael Nunnally , an amateur Custer historian , wrote a booklet describing 30 such accounts . W.A. Graham claimed that even Libby Custer received dozens of letters from men , in shocking detail , about their sole survivor experience . At least 125 alleged `` single survivor '' tales have been confirmed in the historical record as of July 2012 . Frank Finkel , from Dayton , Washington , had such a convincing story that historian Charles Kuhlman believed the alleged survivor , going so far as to write a lengthy defense of Finkel 's participation in the battle . Douglas Ellison -- mayor of Medora , North Dakota , and an amateur historian -- also wrote a book in support of the veracity of Finkel 's claim , but most scholars reject it . Some of these survivors held a form of celebrity status in the United States , among them Raymond Hatfield `` Arizona Bill '' Gardner and Frank Tarbeaux . A few even published their own autobiographies , including their deeds at the Little Bighorn . Almost as soon as men came forward implying or directly pronouncing their unique role in the battle , there were others who were equally opposed to any such claims . Theodore Goldin , a battle participant who later became a controversial historian on the event , wrote ( in regards to Charles Hayward 's claim to have been with Custer and taken prisoner ) : The Indians always insisted that they took no prisoners . If they did -- a thing I firmly believe -- they were tortured and killed the night of the 25th . As an evidence of this I recall the three charred and burned heads we picked up in the village near the scene of the big war dance , when we visited the village with Capt . Benteen and Lieut . Wallace on the morning of the 27th ... I 'm sorely afraid , Tony , that we will have to class Hayward 's story , like that of so many others , as pure , unadulterated B.S. As a clerk at headquarters I had occasion to look over the morning reports of at least the six troops at Lincoln almost daily , and never saw his name there , or among the list of scouts employed from time to time ... I am hoping that some day all of these damned fakirs will die and it will be safe for actual participants in the battle to admit and insist that they were there , without being branded and looked upon as a lot of damned liars . Actually , there have been times when I have been tempted to deny that I ever heard of the 7th Cavalry , much less participated with it in that engagement ... My Medal of Honor and its inscription have served me as proof positive that I was at least in the vicinity at the time in question , otherwise I should be tempted to deny all knowledge of the event . The only documented and verified survivor of Custer 's command ( having been actually involved in Custer 's part of the battle ) was Captain Keogh 's horse , Comanche . The wounded horse was discovered on the battlefield by General Terry 's troops , and although other cavalry mounts survived they had been taken by the Indians . Comanche eventually was returned to the fort and became the regimental mascot . Several other badly wounded horses were found and destroyed at the scene . Writer Evan S. Connell noted in Son of the Morning Star : Comanche in 1887 Comanche was reputed to be the only survivor of the Little Bighorn , but quite a few Seventh Cavalry mounts survived , probably more than one hundred , and there was even a yellow bulldog . Comanche lived on another fifteen years , and when he died , he was stuffed and to this day remains in a glass case at the University of Kansas . So , protected from moths and souvenir hunters by his humidity - controlled glass case , Comanche stands patiently , enduring generation after generation of undergraduate jokes . The other horses are gone , and the mysterious yellow bulldog is gone , which means that in a sense the legend is true . Comanche alone survived . For more on survivor claims , see Custer Survivors in Little Bighorn Folklore . Battlefield preservation ( edit ) Main article : Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument Photo taken in 1894 by H.R. Locke on Battle Ridge looking toward Last Stand Hill ( top center ) . To the right of Custer Hill is Wooden Leg Hill , named for a surviving warrior . He described the death of a Sioux sharpshooter killed after being seen too often by the enemy . The battlefield in 2005 Indian Memorial by Colleen Cutschall US Casualty Marker Battle of the Little Bighorn The site of the battle was first preserved as a United States national cemetery in 1879 to protect the graves of the 7th Cavalry troopers . In 1946 , it was re-designated as the Custer Battlefield National Monument , reflecting its association with Custer . In 1967 , Major Marcus Reno was re-interred in the cemetery with honors , including an eleven - gun salute . Beginning in the early 1970s , there was concern within the National Park Service over the name Custer Battlefield National Monument failing to adequately reflect the larger history of the battle between two cultures . Hearings on the name change were held in Billings on June 10 , 1991 , and during the following months Congress renamed the site the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument . United States memorialization of the battlefield began in 1879 with a temporary monument to the U.S. dead . In 1881 , the current marble obelisk was erected in their honor . In 1890 , marble blocks were added to mark the places where the U.S. cavalry soldiers fell . Nearly 100 years later , ideas about the meaning of the battle have become more inclusive . The United States government acknowledged that Native American sacrifices also deserved recognition at the site . The 1991 bill changing the name of the national monument also authorized an Indian Memorial to be built near Last Stand Hill in honor of Lakota and Cheyenne warriors . The commissioned work by native artist Colleen Cutschall is shown in the photograph at right . On Memorial Day 1999 , in consultation with tribal representatives , the U.S. added two red granite markers to the battlefield to note where Native American warriors fell . As of December 2006 , a total of ten warrior markers have been added ( three at the Reno -- Benteen Defense Site and seven on the Little Bighorn Battlefield ) . The Indian Memorial , themed `` Peace Through Unity '' l is an open circular structure that stands 75 yards ( 69 metres ) from the 7th Cavalry obelisk . Its walls have some of the names of Indians who died at the site , as well as native accounts of the battle . The open circle of the structure is symbolic , as for many tribes , the circle is sacred . The `` spirit gate '' window facing the Cavalry monument is symbolic as well , welcoming the dead cavalrymen into the memorial . In popular culture ( edit ) See also : Cultural depictions of George Armstrong Custer John Mulvany 's 1881 painting Custer 's Last Rally was the first of the large images of this battle . It was 11 ft by 20 ft and toured the country for over 17 years . In 1896 , Anheuser - Busch commissioned from Otto Becker a lithographed , modified version of Cassilly Adams ' painting Custer 's Last Fight , which was distributed as a print to saloons all over America . It is reputed to still be in some bars today . Edgar Samuel Paxson completed his painting Custer 's Last Stand in 1899 . In 1963 Harold McCracken , the noted historian and Western art authority , deemed Paxson 's painting `` the best pictoral representation of the battle '' and `` from a purely artistic standpoint ... one of the best if not the finest pictures which have been created to immortalize that dramatic event . '' Noted artist Charles Marion Russell painted The Custer Fight in 1903 , concentrating on the Indians . In 1912 , the first movie about the battle , titled Custer 's Last Fight , was released . In 1916 , Britton of the Seventh , starring Darwin Karr , was released in the U.S. In 1927 , Little Big Horn opened in theaters in the U.S. , featuring Roy Stewart with John Beck as Custer . The 1936 film serial Custer 's Last Stand is a heavily fictionalized version of events leading up to the battle . They Died with Their Boots On ( 1941 ) is a highly fictionalized account of the battle , with Custer portrayed by Errol Flynn . In the 1952 Western Bugles in the Afternoon , a soldier played by Ray Milland witnesses the closing stages of the battle from a distance , having ridden to try to warn Custer . Earlier in the film Custer was seen leading the 7th Cavalry off on the campaign which climaxed at the Little Bighorn . The battle scene is actually a clip from They Died With Their Boots On . In the 1954 western Sitting Bull , Chief Sitting Bull of the Sioux tribe is forced by the Indian - hating General Custer to react with violence , resulting in the famous Last Stand at the Little Bighorn . In the 1956 movie 7th Cavalry , directed by Joseph H. Lewis , the captain Benson ( Randolph Scott ) , aide - de-camp of colonel Custer , comes back to the fort just after the battle and discovers half of the men died . Because he was on leave during the battle , he is seen as a coward by the other soldiers . The 1958 Walt Disney Studios film Tonka is a highly fictionalized history of the horse Comanche that survived the battle . This was the first film to tell the story from the Indian point - of - view , with a fairly accurate version of the battle taking place near the end of the film . Two 1960 episodes of the TV series Cheyenne focus on the circumstances and motivations leading up to the battle , as well as the roles of Custer and Reno . The 1963 episode of the TV series The Twilight Zone titled `` The 7th Is Made Up of Phantoms '' is a science fiction treatment where three present day National Guardsman find the Lone Teepee and end up back in 1876 in the battle . The 1964 novel Little Big Man by American author Thomas Berger includes an account of the battle ( and see below for the film of the novel ) . The 1965 film The Great Sioux Massacre stars Philip Carey as Custer and Darren McGavin as Captain Benteen ( called Benton in this film ) . The 1966 episode is the TV Series The Time Tunnel , `` Massacre '' , where the two time travelers arrive at Little Bighorn one day before the battle . The 1967 film Custer of the West stars Robert Shaw as Custer and concludes with the Battle of the Little Bighorn . The 1970 film Little Big Man portrays a manic and somewhat psychotic Custer ( Richard Mulligan ) realizing to his horror that he and his command are `` being wiped out . '' The 1977 television film The Court - Martial of George Armstrong Custer , starring James Olson as Custer , was based on a controversial best - selling novel by Douglas C. Jones in which Custer survives the battle and must explain his actions in court . The television miniseries Son of the Morning Star , based on Evan S. Connell 's bestselling book , debuted in 1991 . The film recounted the story of Custer ( Gary Cole ) and the Battle of the Little Bighorn . In 2005 , the battle was portrayed in the mini-series Into the West In 2007 , the BBC presented a one - hour drama - documentary titled Custer 's Last Stand . The 2007 HBO production Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee depicts the last stand of the 7th Cavalry at the beginning of the movie . The May 2011 episode of the BBC Radio 4 program In Our Time featured Melvyn Bragg ( and guests ) discussing the context , conditions , and consequences of the battle . Sherman Alexie provided a depiction of the battle through the perspective of a young American Indian boy in his 2007 novel Flight . In 2017 , historian Daniele Bolelli covered the battle and the events leading to it in a three - part series on the `` History on Fire '' podcast See also ( edit ) Battle of the Little Bighorn reenactment Battle of the Rosebud St. Clair 's Defeat , an earlier overwhelming defeat of the U.S. military by Native Americans Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Capt . Sheridan ( Company L ) , the brother of Lt. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan , served only seven months in 1866 -- 67 before becoming permanent aide to his brother but remained on the rolls until 1882 . Capt . Ilsley ( Company E ) was aide to Maj. Gen John Pope from 1866 to 1879 , when he finally joined his command . Capt . Tourtelotte ( Company G ) never joined the 7th . A fourth captain , Owen Hale ( Company K ) , was the regiment 's recruiting officer in St. Louis and rejoined his company immediately . Jump up ^ Testimony of Yellow Nose . Jump up ^ Reno Court of Inquiry . Jump up ^ According to United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians , 448 U.S. 371 ( 1980 ) , the US government had to pay just compensation and interest to the Sioux for taking the Black Hills . This case confirmed the court 's view that the government can treat Indian reservations like private property and take them by eminent domain if just compensation is paid . Jump up ^ Major Elmer I. Otis of the 1st Cavalry was promoted to replace Custer effective June 25 , 1876 , but did not report until February 1877 . Two 1876 West Point graduates designated for the 7th Cavalry were advanced to 1st lieutenant effective 10 days after their graduation . Four others appointed to other regiments , along with eight experienced 2nd lieutenants , were transferred and designated one to each company of the 7th . However , five declined the appointment , replaced by 2nd lieutenants of infantry and unappointed new officers in July and August 1876 . Only three replacements were able to report while the 7th was still in the field . Jump up ^ Twenty - three men were called to testify at the inquiry , which met in session daily except Sundays . For the army , far more was at stake than individual reputations , as the future of the service could be affected . On January 2 , General Sheridan had quoted Lee 's report of agent malfeasance in a supplement to his annual report , which continued the General 's running battle with the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Department of the Interior . At the same time , a House committee was busy debating a new appropriations bill that required a major reorganization of the army . `` Reduction of expenses '' was emphasized . One proposal would lop off entire regiments , including two cavalry regiments . Another would set the line officers ( those in the field ) from Major down back a few years in the promotion schedule . The total reduction in officers was proposed to be 406 , almost 25 percent of the total . The military strongly wanted to avoid confirmation of incompetency or cowardice -- rumors of which were circulating around the impending court of inquiry in Chicago . Donovan ( 2008 ) . A Terrible Glory ( Kindle Locations 6395 -- 6403 ) Jump up ^ Libbie Custer `` spent almost sixty years commemorating her marriage -- and her memories of it quite literally kept her alive ... she was quintessentially the professional widow , forcing it to become a very touchy matter for any military writer or officer to criticize Custer for having insanely launched an attack without taking the most elementary precautions or making even an attempt at reconnaissance . To say or write such put one in the position of standing against bereaved Libbie '' . Smith , Gene ( 1993 ) op cit . Jump up ^ Graham , 146 . Lt. Edward Godfrey reported finding a dead 7th Cavalry horse ( shot in the head ) , a grain sack , and a carbine at the mouth of the Rosebud River . He conjectured that a soldier had escaped Custer 's fight and rafted across the river , abandoning his played - out horse . Jump up ^ Badly wounded , the horse had been overlooked or left behind by the victors , who had taken the other surviving horses . Comanche was taken back to the steamer Far West and returned to Fort Abraham Lincoln to be nursed back to health . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ewers , John C. : `` Intertribal Warfare as a Precursor of Indian - White Warfare on the Northern Great Plains '' . Western Historical Quarterly , Vol. 6 , No. 4 ( Oct. 1975 ) , pp. 397 - 410 , p. 408 . Jump up ^ Stands In Timber , John and Margot Liberty ( 1972 ) : Cheyenne Memories . Lincoln and London . P. 170 , note 13 . Jump up ^ Calloway , Colin G. : `` The Inter-tribal Balance of Power on the Great Plains , 1760 - 1850 '' , Journal of American Studies , Vol. 16 , No. 1 ( April 1982 ) , pp. 25 - 47 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ White , Richard : `` The Winning of the West : The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries '' , The Journal of American History , Vo. 65 , No. 2 ( Sep. 1987 ) , pp. 319 - 343 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Medicine Crow , Joseph ( 1992 ) : From the Heart of the Crow Country . The Crow Indians ' Own Stories . New York . Pp. 64 , 84 . Jump up ^ Dunlay , Thomas W. ( 1982 ) . Wolves for the Blue Soldiers . Indian Scouts and Auxiliaries with the United States Army , 1860 - 90 . Lincoln and London . P. 132 . Jump up ^ Calloway , Colin G. : The Inter-tribal Balance of Power on the Great Plains , 1760 - 1850 . Journal of American Studies , Vol. 16 , No. 1 ( April 1982 ) , pp. 25 - 47 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Dunlay , Thomas W. ( 1982 ) . Wolves for the Blue Soldiers . Indian Scouts and Auxiliaries with the United States Army , 1860 - 90 . Lincoln and London . Pp. 112 - 114 . Jump up ^ Medicine Crow , Joseph ( 1992 ) : From the Heart of the Crow Country . The Crow Indians ' Own Stories . New York . P. xi . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of the Greasy Grass '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Kappler , Charles J ( 1904 ) : Indian Affairs . Laws and Treaties . Vol. 2 . Washington , pp. 1008 - 1011 . Jump up ^ Scott , Douglas D ; et al. ( 2013 ) . Archaeological Perspectives on the Battle of the Little Bighorn . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . p. 244 . ISBN 0806132922 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kershaw , Robert ( 2005 ) . Red Sabbath : The Battle of Little Bighorn . Ian Allan Publishing . pp. vi -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7110 - 3325 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wood , Raymond W. and Thomas D. Thiessen ( 1987 ) : Early Fur Trade on the Northern Plains . Canadian Traders among the Mandan and Hidatsa Indians , 1738 - 1818 . Norman and London , p. 184 Jump up ^ Hoxie , Frederick E. ( 1995 ) : Parading Through History . The Making of the Crow Nation in America , 1805 - 1935 . Cambridge , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Kappler , Charles J. ( 1904 ) : Indian Affairs . Laws and Treaties . Vol. 2 . Washington , p. 594 - 596 . Jump up ^ Carole A. Barrett . `` Sioux Wars '' . Encyclopedia of the Great Plains . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2013 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kappler , Charles J. ( 1904 ) : Indian Affairs . Laws and Treaties . Vol. 2 . Washington , p. 1008 - 1011 . Jump up ^ Medicine Crow , Joseph ( 1992 ) : From the Heart of the Crow Country . The Crow Indians ' Own Stories . New York . P. 44 . Jump up ^ Hutton , Paul Andrew , The Custer Reader , 1992 , University of Nebraska Press Jump up ^ `` Sitting Bull '' Archived March 27 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Encyclopædia Britannica ^ Jump up to : Gray , John S. , Centennial Campaign The Sioux War of 1876 , 1988 , University of Oklahoma Press Jump up ^ `` Virtual Online Steamboat Museum at '' . Steamboats.com . January 30 , 1914 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2011 . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Washita Memories : Eyewitness Views of Custer 's Attack on Black Kettle 's Village ( review ) , Project Muse , James T. Carroll , July 2007 . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A 7th Cavalry survivor 's account of the Battle of the Little Bighorn '' . Conversations with Crazy Horse . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Barnard , pp. 121 -- 36 . Jump up ^ `` The 7th U.S. Cavalry Regiment Fought in Battle of the Little Bighorn '' . HistoryNet.com . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2008 . Retrieved January 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Little Bighorn '' . C - SPAN . September 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrist , Ralph K. , The Long Death : The Last Days of the Plains Indian , Editorial Galaxia , 2001 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Macnab , David B. , A Day to Remember : Introducing the Drama , Irony , and Controversies of the Battle of the Little Bighorn , iUniverse , 2003 , p. 45 , based on Abstract of the Official Record of Proceedings of the Reno Court of Inquiry , 35 . Jump up ^ Gray , John ( 1991 ) . Custer 's Last Campaign . University of Nebraska Press . p. 243 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7040 - 2 . Jump up ^ Donovan , loc 3576 ^ Jump up to : Charles Windolph , Frazier Hunt , Robert Hunt , Neil Mangum , I Fought with Custer : The Story of Sergeant Windolph , Last Survivor of the Battle of the Little Big Horn : with Explanatory Material and Contemporary Sidelights on the Custer Fight , University of Nebraska Press , 1987 , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : Reno , Marcus A . `` The official record of a court of inquiry convened at Chicago , Illinois , January 13 , 1879 , by the President of the United States upon the request of Major Marcus A. Reno , 7th U.S. Cavalry , to investigate his conduct at the Battle of the Little Big Horn , June 25 -- 26 , 1876 '' . Jump up ^ Donovan , loc 3684 ^ Jump up to : Donovan , loc 3699 ^ Jump up to : Fox , Richard A. ( 1993 ) Archaeology , History and Custer 's Last Battle Archived June 24 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... University of Oklahoma Press , ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2998 - 0 . Jump up ^ Donovan , James . A Terrible Glory . Little , Brown and Company ( 2008 ) . P. 253 Jump up ^ Robinson , Charles M. , A Good Year to Die . Random House Publishing ( 1995 ) . p. 257 . Jump up ^ Connell , Evan S. Son of the Morning Star . Farrar , Straus and Giroux ( 1997 ) . p. 278 . Jump up ^ Custer , George Armstrong ( 1874 ) . My Life on the Plains : Or , Personal Experiences with Indians . New York : Sheldon and Company . p. 220 . ^ Jump up to : Godfrey , E.S. ( 1892 ) Custer 's Last Battle Archived August 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... The Century Magazine , Vol . XLIII , No. 3 , January . New York : The Century Company . ^ Jump up to : Gray , John S. Custer 's Last Campaign . University of Nebraska Press ( 1991 ) p. 360 . Jump up ^ Donovan , James , A Terrible Glory , Little , Brown and Company ( 2008 ) . p. 267 . Jump up ^ Bray , Kingsley M. Crazy Horse -- A Lakota Life University of Oklahoma Press ( 2006 ) . p. 222 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Peter ( 1914 ) . `` Custer 's Last Fight '' ( PDF ) . Belle Fource Bee . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Murchison , R. ( November 1973 ) . `` George Armstrong Custer and THE BATTLE OF THE LITTLE BIG HORN ( A South African View ) '' . S.A. Military History Society Journal . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lone Tipi ( marker ) '' . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Running Dog . `` Confirmed by one of his surviving Arikara scouts , Little Sioux '' . Astonisher.com . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Running Dog . `` Little Sioux 's Story of the Battle of the Little Bighorn '' . Astonisher.com . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodrich , Thomas . Scalp Dance : Indian Warfare on the High Plains , 1865 -- 1879 . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 1997 . p. 242 . Jump up ^ Perrett , Bryan . Last Stand : Famous Battles Against the Odds . London : Arms & Armour , 1993 ; p. 8 . Jump up ^ John Keegan , The American Civil War . ^ Jump up to : Michno , Gregory F. , Lakota Noon , the Indian narrative of Custer 's defeat , Mountain Press , 1997 , p 284 - 285 . ISBN 0 - 87842 - 349 - 4 . Jump up ^ Michael Robert Patterson . `` Frederick William Benteen , Brigadier General , United States Army '' . Arlingtoncemetery.net . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hoxie , Frederick E. ( 1995 ) : Parading Through History . The making of the Crow Nation in America , 1805 - 1935 . Cambridge , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs , 1873 . Washington 1874 , p. 124 . ^ Jump up to : Brininstool , 60 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Wooden Leg , Thomas B. Marquis ( interpreter ) , A Warrior Who Fought Custer , p. 246 Sun Bear , `` A Cheyenne Old Man '' , in Marquis , The Cheyennes of Montana , p. 86 Kate Big Head , Thomas B. Marquis ( interpreter ) , She Watched Custer 's Last Battle Jump up ^ Fox , pp. 10 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : Linderman , F. ( 1932 ) Pretty - shield : Medicine Woman of the Crows . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0803280254 . ( Preface © 2003 by Alma Snell and Becky Matthews ) . Jump up ^ Martin J. Kidston , `` Northern Cheyenne break vow of silence '' Archived June 28 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Helena Independent Record , June 28 , 2005 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ I fought with Custer by Charles Windolph , Frazier Hunt , Robert Hunt . 1987 - 09 - 01 . ISBN 9780803297203 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` White Cow Bull 's Story of the Battle of the Little Bighorn # 1 '' Archived May 11 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Wert , 1996 , p. 355 . ^ Jump up to : Curtis , E. ( 1907 ) The North American Indian . Vol. 3 . The Sioux Archived February 23 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Miller , David Humphreys , Custer 's Fall , Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press , 1985 , pg 158 Jump up ^ Graham , Benteen letter to Capt . R.E. Thompson , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Graham , Gall 's Narrative , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Miller , David Humphreys , Custer 's Fall , the Indian Side of the Story . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press , 1985 ( reprint of 1957 edition ) , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Graham , pp. 45 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Rice ( 1998 ) . Benteen testimony at Reno Court of Inquiry , January 13 -- February 11 , 1879 . The Library of Congress . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gregory Michno , Lakota Noon , Mountain Press , 1997 , p. 177 Jump up ^ Gregory Michno , Lakota Noon , Mountain Press , 1997 , p. 252 Jump up ^ Gregory Michno , Lakota Noon , Mountain Press , 1997 , p. 179 Jump up ^ Gregory Michno , Lakota Noon , Mountain Press , 1997 , p. 254 Jump up ^ GSklenar , Larry , To Hell with Honor , p. 260 Jump up ^ Fox , Allen ( 1993 ) . Archaeology , History , and Custer 's Last Battle : The Little Big Horn Reexamined . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press pp. 255 -- 59 . Jump up ^ They Died With Custer : Soldiers ' Bones from the Battle of the Little Bighorn , Douglas D. Scott , P. Willey , Melissa A. Connor , p. 314 , University of Oklahoma Press , 09 / 09 / 2002 ^ Jump up to : Gray , John , C. `` Custer 's Last Campaign '' Jump up ^ Archaeological Perspectives on the Battle of the Little Bighorn , Scott / Fox / Connor / Harmon , University of Oklahoma Press , 1989 p. 82 . Jump up ^ Archaeological Perspectives on the Battle of the Little Bighorn , Scott / Fox / Connor / Harmon , University of Oklahoma Press , 1989 , pp. 39 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Brust , J.S. , Pohanka , B.C. and Barnard , S. ( 2005 ) Where Custer Fell : Photographs of the Little Bighorn Battlefield Then and Now . University of Oklahoma Press , p. 57 . Jump up ^ `` Reno - Benteen Entrenchment Trail , p. 6 , Western Parks Association , 2004 . Jump up ^ Linderman , Frank B. ( 1974 ) : Pretty Shield . Medicine Woman of the Crows . Lincoln and London . p. 243 . Jump up ^ Linderman , Frank B. ( 1962 ) : Plenty Coups . Chief of the Crows . Lincoln / London . p. 177 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Horn ( sic ) Massacre '' , The New York Times. , Vol. 25 , No. 7742 , July 7 , 1876 , p. 1 , recounting `` dispatches '' published the day before . Jump up ^ Cheney , Lynne V. ( 1974 ) 1876 : The Eagle Screams . Historical Register of the Centennial Exposition 1876 Archived February 28 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... American Heritage , Volume 25 , Issue 3 , April 1974 . Jump up ^ Dee Brown `` The Westerners '' Chapter 15 Michael Joseph Ltd 1974 . Jump up ^ `` The Custer Syndrome Archived August 17 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . '' , Newsweek , Sep. 29 , 1991 ; accessed 2012.08. 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Custer 's Last Stand '' . sonofthesouth.net . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , James A & Steckler , Paul ( 1994 ) , Killing Custer -- The Battle of the Little Bighorn and the Fate of the Plains Indians , New York : Penguin Books : p. 194 . Jump up ^ Nabokov , Peter ( 1982 ) : Two Leggings . The Making of a Crow Warrior . Lincoln and London . p. 185 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen E. Crazy Horse and Custer New York : Anchor Books , 1996 , pp. 451 -- 52 Jump up ^ Welch , James A & Steckler , Paul ( 1994 ) , Killing Custer -- The Battle of the Little Bighorn and the Fate of the Plains Indians , New York : Penguin Books : pp. 196 -- 97 . Jump up ^ `` Count Carlo Di Rudio at Little Bighorn '' . Derudio.co.uk . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sturgis was the son of the 7th Cavalry 's Colonel . `` Samuel Davis Sturgis '' . Arlington National cemetery . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2008 . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Graham , The Custer Myth , p. 109 . Jump up ^ leeanne ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` The Battle of the Greasy Grass 140 Years Later : The Complete Story in 18 Drawings '' . indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hardorff , Hokayhey ! , page 13 . Jump up ^ Graham , Col. W.A. The Custer Myth . NY , Bonanza Books , 1953 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Rodney G. `` Indian Casualties of the Little Big Horn Battle '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Rodney G. `` Indian Casualties of the Little Big Horn Battle '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Medal of Honor Recipients : Indian Wars Period '' . United States Army Center of Military History . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Liberty , Dr. Margot . `` Cheyenne Primacy : The Tribes ' Perspective As Opposed To That Of The United States Army ; A Possible Alternative To `` The Great Sioux War Of 1876 '' . Friends of the Little Bighorn . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2008 . Retrieved January 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Running Dog ( August 19 , 1920 ) . `` He Dog 's Story of the Battle of the Little Bighorn # 2 '' . Astonisher.com . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Records of Living Officers of the United States Army ( 1884 ) . eBay.com. 1883 . Retrieved January 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Utley , Robert M. ( 1973 ) Frontier Regulars : The United States Army and the Indian 1866 -- 1890 , pp. 64 and 69 note 11 . Jump up ^ House Report 95 - 375 Jump up ^ United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians ( Ct . Cl. 1979 ) , 601 F. 2d 1157 , 1161 Jump up ^ `` A Complete scanned transcript of the Reno Court of Inquiry ( RCOI ) '' . Digicoll.library.wisc.edu . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2012 . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Donovan , James ( 2008 ) . A Terrible Glory : Custer and the Little Bighorn -- the Last Great Battle of the American West ( Kindle Location 5870 ) . Little , Brown and Company . Kindle Edition . ^ Jump up to : Donovan ( 2008 ) . A Terrible Glory , ( Kindle Locations 3080 -- 3086 ) Jump up ^ Connell , Evan S. ( 1997 ) . Son of the Morning Star . New York : HarperPerennial , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Donovan ( 2008 ) . A Terrible Glory ( Kindle Location 5758 ) Jump up ^ Donovan ( 2008 ) . A Terrible Glory ( Kindle Location 3697 ) Jump up ^ Goodrich , Thomas ( 1984 ) . Scalp Dance : Indian Warfare on the High Plains , 1865 -- 1879 . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Wert , Jeffry D. ( 1964 / 1996 ) Custer : The Controversial Life of George Armstrong Custer . New York : Simon & Schuster , p. 327 . Jump up ^ Sklenar , page 341 . Jump up ^ Smith , Gene ( 1993 ) . `` Libbie Custer '' . American Heritage . 44 ( 8 ) . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2013 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Gene ( 1993 ) op cit . Jump up ^ A Complete Life of General George A. Custer ( 1876 ) , noted in Donovan ( 2008 ) . A Terrible Glory ( Kindle Locations 6222 -- 6223 ) Jump up ^ Robert B. Smith ( June 12 , 2006 ) . `` Buffalo Bill 's Skirmish At Warbonnet Creek '' . American History Magazine . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2012 . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sklenar , 2000 , p. 68 : Terry 's column out of Fort Abraham Lincoln included `` ... artillery ( two Rodman and two Gatling guns ) ... '' Jump up ^ Lawson , 2007 , p. 48 : `` ( Three ) rapid - fire artillery pieces known as Gatling guns '' were part of Terry 's firepower included in the Dakota column . Jump up ^ Connell , 1984 , p. 101 : `` How many Gatling guns lurched across the prairie is uncertain . Probably three . '' Jump up ^ Lawson , 2007 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 175 : `` Custer refused Terry 's offer of the Gatling gun battery . '' Jump up ^ Lawson , 2008 , p. 50 : `` Military historians have speculated whether this decision was a mistake . If Gatling guns had made it to the battlefield , they might have allowed Custer enough firepower to allow Custer 's companies to survive on Last Stand Hill . '' Jump up ^ Philbrick , 2010 , p. 73 : `` Since its invention during the Civil War , the Gatling gun had been used sparingly in actual battle , but there was no denying , potentially at least , an awesome weapon . '' Jump up ^ Sklenar , 2000 , p. 71 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , pp. 162 -- 63 : Reno 's wing `` left ... on June 10 ... accompanied by a Gatling gun and its crew ... '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 163 : `` The ( Gatling gun ) and its ammunition ... was mostly pulled by two ' condemned ' cavalry mounts ( p. 176 : `` ... drawn by four condemned horses ... '' ) judged not fit to carry troopers , but it needed the occasional hauling by hand through some of the rougher ravines . ( The gun would eventually upset and injure three men . ) '' and p. 175 : `` ... Reno had taken ( a Gatling gun ) on his ( June reconnaissance mission ) , and it had been nothing but trouble . '' Jump up ^ Sklenar , 2000 , p. 72 : On Reno 's ( June 10 to June 18 ) reconnaissance `` the Gatling guns proved to be an annoying burden ... they either fell apart or had to be disassembled and carried in pieces over rough terrain . '' And p. 79 : `` During the Reno scout ( reconnoitering ) , the two guns were actually abandoned ( and retrieved later ) because soldiers got tired of dragging them over rough spots ... ( I ) f Custer did not already have a fully formed negative opinion of the Gatlings on such an expedition , the experience of the Reno ( reconnaissance of early June ) surely convinced him . '' Jump up ^ Philbrick , 2010 , p. 73 : `` The biggest problem with the ( Gatling ) gun was transporting it to where it might be of some use ... ( in the week preceding the Battle of the Little Bighorn ) , the Gatling , not the mules , proved to be the biggest hindrance to the expedition . '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 175 : `` ... Reno had taken one ( Gatling gun ) along ( on his June reconnaissance ) , and it had been nothing but trouble . '' And p. 195 : Custer , in comments to his officer staff before the Battle of the Little Bighorn , said that `` ... if hostiles could whip the Seventh ( Cavalry ) ... they could defeat a much larger force . '' Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , pp. 80 -- 81 : The Gatling guns `` were cumbersome and would cause delays over the traveled route . The guns were drawn by four condemned horses ( and ) obstacles in the terrain ( would ) require their unhitching and assistance of soldier to continue ... Terry 's own battery ( of Gatling guns ) -- the one he had offered to Custer -- ( would have ) a difficult time keeping up with the march of Colonel John Gibbon 's infantry . '' Jump up ^ Lawson , 2007 , p. 50 : `` ( Custer ) turned down General Terry 's offer to bring the three Gatling guns , because they would slow down his movement . '' Jump up ^ Philbrick , 2010 , p. 99 : `` Custer knew he had to move quickly to accomplish his objective . That was why he ultimately declined the offer of the Gatling guns that had proven such a bother to Reno . '' Jump up ^ Sklenar , 2000 , p. 79 : After the 7th Cavalry 's departure up Rosebud Creek , `` even Brisbin would acknowledge that everyone in Gibbon 's command understood ( that ) ... the Seventh was the primary strike force . '' Jump up ^ Philbrick , 2010 , p. 99 : `` Thinking his regiment powerful enough to handle anything it might encounter , ( Custer , in addition to declining the Gatling guns ) declined the offer of four additional cavalry companies from ( Gibbon 's ) Montana column . '' And p. 114 : Custer told his officer staff days before the battle that he `` opted against the Gatling guns ... so as not to ' hamper our movements ' '' Jump up ^ Sklenar , 2000 , p. 92 : Custer `` on the evening of 22 June ... ( informed his officer staff ) ... why he had not accepted the offers ... of Gatling guns ( he thought they might hamper his movements at a critical moment ) . '' Jump up ^ Lawson , 2007 p. 50 : `` Custer ... refused Major James Brisbin 's offer to include his Second Cavalry Regiment ( 200 troopers ) , told Terry `` the 7th can handle anything it meets . '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p . `` Explaining his refusal of the Gatling gun detachment and the Second Cavalry battalion , he convolutedly reaffirmed his confidence in the Seventh 's ability to defeat any number of Indians they could find . '' Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 24 : `` Brisbin argued with Terry that Custer was undermanned , and requested that his troops ( which had the ) Gatling guns -- with Terry in command because Brisbin did not want to serve under Custer -- be permitted to accompany ( Custer 's ) column . Custer refused the assistance , and Terry abided by that . '' Jump up ^ Sklenar , 2000 , pp. 78 -- 79 : `` Apparently , Terry offered ( Major James ) Brisbin 's battalion and Gatling gun battery to accompany the Seventh , but Custer refused these additions for several reasons . First of all , Custer and Brisbin did not get along and Custer thus would not have wanted to place Brisbin in a senior command position . Custer was on the verge of abolishing the wings led by Reno and Benteen , and the inclusion of Brisbin would have complicated the arrangement he had in mind . Also , Custer retained the conviction that the Seventh could handle any force of Indians it might encounter , and he may have reasoned that taking the Second Cavalry would leave ( Colonel John ) Gibbon 's column susceptible to attack and defeat ... '' Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 80 : `` The offer of 3 Gatling Guns ... was made to Custer by General Alfred Terry ( at the ) urging of Major James Brisbin , who also desired his Second Cavalry to become part of Custer 's detachment . Custer respectfully declined both offers , state that the Gatlings would impede his march . Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 80 : `` The Gatling Guns would have brought formidable firepower into play ; this rapid fire artillery could fire up to 350 rounds in 1 minute . '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 175 : `` Each of these heavy , hand - cranked weapons could fire up to 350 rounds a minute , an impressive rate , but they were known to jam frequently . Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , pp. 80 -- 81 : `` The Gatlings had major drawbacks , such as frequent jamming due to residue from black powder ... '' Jump up ^ Philbrick , 2010 , p. 73 : `` Military traditionalists like to claim the gun was unreliable , but in actuality the Gatling functioned surprisingly well . '' Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 81 : `` ... The ( Gatling ) guns were mounted on large ( diameter ) wheels , which meant that in order to operate them the gun crews would ( necessarily ) be standing upright , making them ( extremely vulnerable ) to Indian snipers . '' Jump up ^ Utley , 1987 , pp. 80 -- 81 Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` The Indians were well equipped with hand - to - hand weapons and these included lances , tomahawks , war clubs , knives and war shields were carried for defense . Such weapons were little different from the shock and hand - to - hand weapons , used by the cavalry of the European armies , such as the sabre and lance ... ( in addition ) the Indians were clearly armed with a number of sophisticated firearms ... '' Hatch , 1997 , p. 184 : `` Sioux and Cheyenne weapons included ... clubs , bows and arrows , lances , and hatchets ( as well as ) an array of new and old ( model ) firearms : muzzleloaders , Spenser , Sharps , Henry and Winchester repeating rifles , and ... Springfield carbines taken from Reno 's dead cavalrymen . '' Robinson , 1995 , p. xxix : `` ... Indians carried at least forty - one different kinds of firearms in the fight . '' Jump up ^ Flaherty , 1993 , p. 208 : `` By 1873 , Indians `` used the traditional bow and arrows and war club along with firearms such as the muzzle - loading Leman rifle , issued as part of treaty agreements , and rapid - fire Henry and Winchester rifles , obtained through civilian traders . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` Trade guns were made up until the 1880s by such gunsmiths as Henry Leman , J.P. Lower and J. Henry & Son . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` These guns were crudely made for Indian trade and were given out as a sweetener for treaties . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` Civil War type muzzleloader rifles would have had an effective range of about 500 yards , but with volley fire were effective to 1000 yards . '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 188 : `` Though most of the men in the village carried the bow and arrow in battle ... over the past decade ( 1866 -- 1876 ) the sale and trade of arms to the Indians had increased significantly ... ( t ) he latest Winchester magazine rifles were available for the right price ... Many men carried older guns -- muzzleloaders , for which some molded their own bullets ; Henry and Spencer repeaters ; Springfield , Enfield ( rifled muskets ) , Sharps breechloaders and many different pistols . All told , between one - third and one - half of the gathering warriors had a gun . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` The bows effective range was about 30 yards and was unlikely to kill a man instantly or even knock him off his horse . However , it would incapacitate and few troopers would fight on after an arrow hit them . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` There is also evidence that some Indians were short of ammunition and it is unclear how good a shot they were . They certainly did not have the ammunition to practice , except whilst hunting buffalo , and this would suggest that the Indians generally followed the same technique of holding their fire until they were at very close range , '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 188 ( fragment of quote ) Utley , 1993 , p. 39 : The Indians had grown to depend on the goods ( white traders ) supplied , especially firearms and ammunition ... they could be obtained only though white men , directly , of through Indian intermediaries . '' Gallear , 2001 : `` Indian trade muskets ... could be legitimately obtained from traders at Indian agencies ... The Sioux ( however ) were keen to obtain metal cartridge weapons ( available ). from half - breed Indian traders out of Canada or unsupervised traders at Missouri River posts in Montana ... By 1876 almost all ( Model 1860 Henry rifles ) in civilian use would have disappeared so Indian use must have come from ex-Civil War stocks sold off cheaply and bought by Indian traders , such as the Métis . Flaherty , 1993 , p. 208 : By 1873 , Indians `` used the traditional bow and arrows and war club along with firearms such as the muzzle - loading Leman rifle , issued as part of treaty agreements , and rapid - fire Henry and Winchester rifles , obtained through civilian traders . '' Donovan , 2008 , p. 188 : `` ... there were many ... ways a warrior could acquire a rifle . Post-traders on some reservations supplied illegal arms to non-treat ( y ) ( Indians ) ; so did unlicensed traders -- primarily the half - breed Canadian Métis gunrunners to the north in the desolate area known as Burning Ground below the Black Hills . Robinson , 1995 , p. xxix : `` Studies of the cartridge cases recovered in archaeological investigations of the Little Big Horn show the Indians carried at least forty - one different kinds ( models ) if firearms in that fight , and it estimated that at least 25 to 30 percent ( of Lakota and Cheyenne combatants ) were armed with modern sixteen - shot Winchester and Henry repeating rifles. ... they also armed themselves with captured Springfield carbines ... ( and ) carried traditional weapons ... bows and arrows , hatchets ... and war clubs . '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 118 : Reynolds `` ... best white scout in Dakota Territory ... had earned Custer 's respect for his excellent work ... report ( ed ) to Custer that Lakotas under Sitting Bull were ' gathering in force ' . They had been preparing for war by collecting Winchester repeating rifles and plenty ammunition . '' ^ Jump up to : Hatch , 1997 , p. 184 : `` It has been estimated that perhaps 200 repeating rifles were possessed by the Indians , nearly one for each ( man in Custer 's battalion ) . '' Jump up ^ Sklenar , 2000 , p. 163 : `` ... the village contained possibly 1,200 lodges , plus several hundred wikiups housing individual warriors . The total population of men , woman and children probably reached 6,000 to 7,000 at its peak , with 2,000 of these being able - bodied warriors ... '' Jump up ^ Lawson , 2007 , pp. 52 -- 53 : `` The troops of the 7th Cavalry were each armed with two standard weapons , a rifle and a pistol . The rifle was a . 45 / 55 - caliber Springfield carbine and the pistol was a . 45 - caliber Colt revolver ... both weapons were models ( introduced in ) 1873 ( though ) they did not represent the latest in firearm technology . '' Jump up ^ Lawson , 2007 , p. 53 : `` Although each soldier was also issued a sword or saber , Custer ordered these weapons boxed before the strike force departed ( up Rosebud Creek ) ... the lack of swords would prove to be a disadvantage during some of the close fighting that lay ahead . Gunpowder of the day is now known as black powder . It causes substantial fouling within the firearm . After about 25 rounds are fired from the M1873 revolver using black powder , the cylinder binds on the cylinder pin . The cavalry trooper would then have used his saber . However , their inclusion would not have changed the ultimate outcome . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` No bayonet or hand to hand weapon was issued apart from the saber , which under Custer 's orders was left behind . '' Jump up ^ Lawson , 2008 , p. 53 : `` Many of the officers and most of the civilians brought along their own weapons . '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 191 : `` ... each enlisted man carried the regulation single - action breech - loading , M1873 Springfield carbine ... the standard issue sidearm was the reliable ( single - action ) M1873 Colt . 45 cal . pistol . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` Officers purchased their own carbines or rifles for hunting purposes ... ( however ) these guns may have been left with the baggage and is unclear how many officers actually used these weapons in the battle . However , there is evidence that Reno 's men did make use of long - range hunting rifles . White Scouts would have been better armed and seemed to favor long - range buffalo hunting type rifles over fast - shooting lever actions ... Henrys , Spencers and Winchester M1866s would also have been popular choices ... Some Scouts would have been armed with both types of weapons plus a variety of side arms . '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 191 : `` ( Each ) trooper carried 100 rounds of carbine ammunition and 24 pistol cartridges with him -- as many as 50 on a belt or in a pouch , and the remainder in his saddlebag ( the pack train mules carried 26,000 more carbine rounds ( approximately 50 extra per trooper ) ) . '' Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 184 : `` ... not a wide disparity ... '' in arms of the opposing forces . Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` the . 44 rim - fire round fired from the Henry rifle is the most numerous Indian gun fired with almost as many individual guns identified as the Cavalry Springfield Model 1873 carbine . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` ... by the time of the Little Bighorn the U.S. Army was standardizing on the Springfield rifle and carbine ( and ) saw breech - loading rifles and carbines as the way forward . '' Jump up ^ Lawson , 2008 , p. 93 : `` The rapid fire power of the Henry repeaters was intimidating , especially to inexperience soldiers . Their use was probably a significant cause of the confusion and panic among the soldiers so widely reported by Native American eyewitnesses . '' Jump up ^ Lawson , 2007 , pp. 91 -- 93 : `` ( Henryville ) was named in the mid-1980s by archaeologists after they discovered a large artifact collection there , which included numerous . 44 - caliber Henry cartridges . The number of cartridges indicated that about 20 warriors at this position were using Henry repeating rifles . These weapons were less powerful than the cavalry 's Springfield rifles , especially at long range ; however , they had the advantage of providing rapid fire ... The rapid fire power ... was intimidating , especially to inexperienced soldiers . Their use was probably a significant a confusion and panic among the soldiers so widely reported by Native American eyewitnesses ... Survivors of the assaults ... fled north to seek safety with Keogh 's Company I ... they could react quickly enough to prevent the disintegration of their own unit . '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 191 : `` The Springfield had won out over many other American and foreign rifles , some of them repeaters , after extensive testing supervised by an army board that had included Marcus Reno and Alfred Terry . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` In 1872 the Army tested a number of foreign and domestic single - shot breechloaders ... '' Jump up ^ Robinson , 1995 , p. xxviii : `` ... the Model 1873 Springfield rifle , in caliber . 45 - 70 for the infantry , and . 45 - 55 light carbine for cavalry . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` The established wisdom is that the U.S. Army did not adopt lever - action multiple shot weapons during the Civil War because of the problems they would create regarding the supply of ammunition . However , I believe that by the time of the Indian Wars the Army viewed the lever - actions weapons as under - powered novelty weapons and that they were equipping their men to fight wars against European equipped enemies or to re-fight the Civil War . The Indian Wars were seen as a minor sideshow in which troops armed to fight on European battlefields would be more than a match for fighting any number of Indians . Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 191 : `` ... a solid weapon with superior range and stopping power ... '' Jump up ^ Robinson , 1995 , p. xxviii Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` The Army saw breech - loading rifles and carbines as the way forward . They could fire a much more powerful round at longer ranges than lever - actions . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` The Allin System had been developed at the Government Armories to reduce the cost , but the U.S. Treasury had already been forced to pay $124,000 to inventors whose patents it infringed . The adoption of the Allin breech gave the advantages of being already familiar throughout the Army , involved no more royalties , and existing machinery at the Springfield Armory could easily be adapted to its manufacture . Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 191 : `` Army appropriations were at an all - time low , and a key factor in the Springfield 's favor was its low production cost . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` ... some authorities have blamed the gun 's reliability and tendency for rounds to jam in the breech for the defeat at the Little Bighorn ... '' Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 124 : `` This defect was noted by the board of officers ( which included Major Reno ) that selected the weapon in 1872 , but was not considered particularly serious at the time . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` A study of . 45 - 55 cases found at the battle concludes that extractor failure amounted to less than 0.35 % of some 1,751 cases tested ... the carbine was in fact more reliable than anything that had preceded it in U.S. Army service . These weapons were vastly more reliable than the muzzle - loading weapons of the Civil War , which would frequently misfire and cause the soldier to uselessly load multiple rounds on top of each other in the heat of battle . Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 124 : ' Scholars have for years debated the issue of whether or not the Model 1873 Springfield carbine carried by cavalrymen , malfunctioned during the battle and ( whether this ) was one reason for the defeat '' and `` No definitive conclusion can be drawn ( as to ) the possible malfunction ... as being a significant cause of Custer 's defeat . Writers of both pro - and anti-Custer material over the years ... have incorporated the theory into their works ... '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 440 : footnote , `` the carbine extractor problem did exist , though it probably had little impact on the outcome of the battle . DeRudio testified that ' the men had to take their knives to extract cartridges after firing 6 to 10 rounds . ' ... but ' the men ' seems to have been an exaggeration . Private Daniel Newall mentioned the problem ... '' Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 124 : `` The controversy results from the known failure of the carbine to ( eject ) the spent . 45 - 55 caliber cartridge ( casings ) . The cartridge cases were made of copper , which expands when hot . That -- coupled with a faulty extractor mechanism and dirt -- could cause the head of the cartridge to be torn away when the block was opened , and the cartridge cylinder would then be left inside the chamber ... The casings would have to be removed manually with a pocketknife before ( reloading and ) firing again . This defect was noted by the board of officers ( which included Major Reno ) that selected the weapon in 1872 , but was not considered particularly serious at the time . '' Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 124 : `` How often did this defect ( ejector failure ) occur and cause the ( Springfield carbines ) to malfunction on June 25 , 1876 ? According to Dr. Richard Fox in Archeology , History and Custer 's Last Battle ( 1993 ) , there were very few . 45 - 55 caliber cartridge casings found during the digs on the battlefield that showed any evidence to pry or scratch marks ( indicating manual extraction ) . Only 3 of 88 ( 3.4 % ) found on the Custer ( battalion ) portion of the battlefield could possibly have been removed in an extraction jam . On the Reno - Benteen defense site ( Reno Hill ) , 7 of 257 fit this category ( 2.7 % ) . If this was a representative number it would appear that malfunction from that source was minimal . '' Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 124 : `` Both sides ( troopers and Indians ) apparently believed that some weapons malfunctioned . Indian testimony ... reported that some soldiers threw down their long guns and fought with their short guns . Could this indicate a malfunctioning ( carbine ) that was discarded and therefore could not have left its marked ( pry scratched ) casings on the field ? ( ... ) No definitive conclusion can be drawn about the possible malfunction ... as being a significant cause of Custer 's defeat . Writers of both pro - and anti-Custer material over the years ... have incorporated the theory into their works ... '' Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 124 : `` On a final note : the Springfield carbine remained the official cavalry firearm until the early 1890s '' Jump up ^ Harris , Ethan E. ( 2012 ) . Custer Survivors 101 : The Impostor Roster ( E-book ) . Warrior 's Quill . Introduction . Jump up ^ Stewart , Edgar I. ( 1980 ) . Custer 's Luck . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . p. 490 . ISBN 9780806116327 . Jump up ^ Van de Water , Frederic F. ( 1988 ) . Glory - Hunter : A Life of General Custer . Lincoln , NE : University of Nebraska Press . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0803296077 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ege , Robert J. ( 2008 ) . Curse Not His Curls. Old Army Press . p. 121 . Jump up ^ Nunnally , Michael L. ( 2005 ) . I Survived Custer 's Last Stand . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Graham , W.A. ( 1995 ) . The Custer Myth : A source book of Custeriana with a new introduction by Brian C. Pohanka . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books . pp. 353 -- 57 , 413 . ISBN 0811703479 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Kuhlman Papers , 1896 -- 1959 '' . University of Montana Library . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kuhlman , Charles ( 1968 ) . The Frank Finkel Story . Omaha , NE : Citizen Printing Co. p. 20 . Jump up ^ Ellison , Douglas W. ( 1983 ) . Sole Survivor : An Examination of the Frank Finkel Narrative . North Plains Press . p. 128 . Jump up ^ Boyes , William ( 1977 ) . No Custer Survivors : Or , The Unveiling of Frank Finkel . WJBM Associates . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Nunnally , Michael L. ( 2008 ) . The Frank Finkel Hoax : No Survivor of Custer 's Last Stand. Old Scout Books . p. 32 . Jump up ^ Raymond Hatfield Gardner ( 1944 ) . The Old Wild West : Adventures of Arizona Bill ( 1st ed . ) . San Antonio , TX : Naylor Company . Jump up ^ The Autobiography of Frank Tarbeaux , as Told to Donald Henderson Clarke . Vanguard Press . 1930 . p. 287 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Ed ( 1951 ) . Me and The Black Hills . Custer , South Dakota : Ed Ryan . p. 89 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Raymond Hatfield ( 2009 ) . The Old Wild West : Adventures of Arizona Bill . Kessinger Publishing . p. 326 . ISBN 978 - 1104848590 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Donald Henderson ( 1930 ) . The Autobiography of Frank Tarbeaux . New York : Vanguard Press . p. 286 . Jump up ^ `` A Pretended Custer Survivor : Another Attempt to Pose As a Survivor Punctured by the Regiment 's Clerk '' . The Big Horn Searchlight . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Shanks , Jenny ( June 26 , 2007 ) . `` Comanche : The Horse that Survived the Battle of the Little Bighorn , Part 2 '' . NewWest . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Connell , Evan S. ( 1984 ) . Son of the Morning Star : Custer and the Little Bighorn . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 88394 - 088 - 4 . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Pate '' Archived November 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Friends Of The Little Bighorn Battlefield , retrieved April 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wooden Leg , q.v. , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Rankin , ed. by Charles E. ( 1997 ) . Legacy : new perspectives on the Battle of the Little Bighorn ; ( proceedings of the Little Bighorn Legacy Symposium , held in Billings , Montana , August 3 -- 6 , 1994 ) ( Nachdr . ed . ) . Helena , Mont. : Historical Soc . Press . p. 310 . ISBN 0 - 917298 - 41 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ National Park Service website for the Little Bighorn Battlefield . Jump up ^ `` The Indian Memorial Peace Through Unity -- Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument ( U.S. National Park Service ) '' . www.nps.gov . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Russell , D. Custer 's List : A Checklist of Pictures Relating to the Battle of the Little Big Horn . Fort Worth : Amon Carter Museum of Western Art , 1969 , Jump up ^ `` Kansas Historical Quarterly -- The Pictorial Record of the Old West , 4 '' . Kansas Historical Society . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2010 . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Custer 's Last Stand -- Artist E.S. Paxson '' . Home1.gte.net . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Evans 2000 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Custer 's Last Stand Archived November 2 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... BBC Two , Friday 23 Feb 2007 . Jump up ^ Custer 's Last Stand Archived October 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... BBC Radio 4 , Thursday 19 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The War for the Black Hills '' . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Barnard , Sandy ( 1998 ) . Digging into Custer 's Last Stand . Huntington Beach , California : Ventana Graphics . ISBN 0 - 9618087 - 5 - 6 . Brininstool , E.A. ( 1994 ) . Troopers With Custer . Mechanicsburg , Pennsylvania : Stackpole Books . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 1742 - 9 . Chiaventone , Frederick J. ( 1996 ) . A Road We Do Not Know : A Novel of Custer at the Little Bighorn . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 83056 - 6 . Connell , Evan S. ( 1984 ) . Son of the Morning Star . New York : North Point Press . ISBN 0 - 86547 - 510 - 5 . Cornut , David ( 2012 ) . Little Big Horn : Autopsie d'une bataille légendaire . Parçay - sur - Vienne : Anovi . ISBN 978 - 2 - 360351 - 34 - 3 . Dickson , Ephriam D. III . `` Prisoners in the Indian Camp : Kill Eagle 's Band at the Little Bighorn '' ( PDF ) . Greasy Grass. 27 ( May 2011 ) : 3 -- 11 . OCLC 38114524 . Donovan , James . A Terrible Glory : Custer and the Little Bighorn . Little , Brown , and Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 15578 - 6 . Dustin , Fred ( 1939 ) . The Custer Tragedy : Events Leading Up to and Following the Little Big Horn Campaign of 1876 . Ann Arbor , Michigan : Edwards Brothers . OCLC 4387990 . Elliot , M.A. ( 2007 ) . Custerology : The Enduring Legacy of the Indian Wars and George Armstrong Custer . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 20146 - 5 . Connell , Evan S. ( 1984 ) . Son of the Morning Star : Custer and The Little Bighorn . New York : North Point Press . ISBN 0 - 86547 - 510 - 5 . Evans , Alun ( 2000 ) . Brassey 's Guide to War Films . Brassey 's . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 263 - 5 . Flaherty , Thomas H. , ed. ( 1993 ) . The Wild West . New York : Time - Life Books . ISBN 0 - 446 - 51761 - 5 . Fox , Richard Allan , Jr. ( 1993 ) . Archaeology , History , and Custer 's Last Battle . Norman , Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2496 - 2 . Gallear , Mark ( 2001 ) . Guns at the Little Bighorn . Custer Association of Great Britain . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2006 . Goodrich , Thomas ( 1997 ) . Scalp Dance : Indian Warfare on the High Plains , 1865 -- 1879 . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 1523 - X . Graham , Col. William A. ( 1953 ) . The Custer Myth : A Source Book for Custeriana . New York : Bonanza Books . OCLC 944258 . Gray , John S. ( 1991 ) . Custer 's Last Campaign : Mitch Boyer and the Little Bighorn Reconstructed . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7040 - 2 . Grinnell , George Bird ( 1956 ) ( 1915 ) . The Fighting Cheyennes ( Reprint ed . ) . Norman : The University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 7394 - 0373 - 7 . Hammer , Kenneth ( 2000 ) . Nichols , Ronald H. , ed . Men with Custer : Biographies of the 7th Cavalry : June 25 , 1876 . Hardin , Montana : Custer Battlefield Historical and Museum Association . ISBN 1 - 892258 - 05 - 6 . Hammer , Kenneth , ed. ( 1976 ) . Custer in ' 76 : Walter Camp 's notes on the Custer Fight . Provo : Brigham Young University . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2279 - X . Hardorff , R.G. , ed. ( 1997 ) . Camp , Custer and the Little Big Horn . El Segundo , California : Upton and Sons . ISBN 0 - 912783 - 25 - 7 . Hatch , Thom ( 1997 ) . Custer and the Little Bighorn : An Encyclopedia . London : McFarland & Company , Inc . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0154 - 0 . Hardorff , R.G. ( 1993 ) . Hokahey ! A Good Day to Die ! The Indian Casualties of the Custer Fight . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7322 - 3 . Keegan , John ( 1996 ) . Warpaths . London : Pimlico . ISBN 1 - 55013 - 621 - 6 . Lawson , Michael L. ( 2007 ) . Little Bighorn : Winning the Battle , Losing the War . New York : Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 9347 - 4 . Mails , Thomas E. ( 1996 ) . The Mystic Warriors of the Plains : The Culture , Arts , Crafts and Religion of the Plains Indians . New York : Marlowe & Co . ISBN 1 - 56924 - 538 - X . Michno , Gregory F. ( 1994 ) . The Mystery of E Troop : Custer 's Grey Horse Company at the Little Bighorn . Missoula , Montana : Mountain Press Publishing . ISBN 0 - 87842 - 304 - 4 . Miller , David , H. ( 1985 ) . Custer 's Fall : The Native American Side of the Story . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 452 - 01095 - 0 . Neihardt , John G. , ed. ( 1979 ) . Black Elk Speaks : Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8359 - 8 . Nichols , Ronald H. , ed. ( 1996 ) . Reno Court of Inquiry . Hardin , Montana : Custer Battlefield Historical and Museum Association . OCLC 45499454 . Panzeri , Peter ( 1995 ) . Little Big Horn , 1876 : Custer 's Last Stand . London , UK : Osprey . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 458 - X . Perrett , Bryan ( 1993 ) . Last Stand ! : Famous Battles Against the Odds . London : Arms & Armour . ISBN 1 - 85409 - 188 - 3 . Philbrick , Nathaniel ( 2010 ) . The Last Stand : Custer , Sitting Bull , and The Battle of The Little Bighorn . Viking Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 242769 - 9 . Reno , Marcus A . The official record of a court of inquiry convened at Chicago , Illinois , January 13 , 1879 , by the President of the United States upon the request of Major Marcus A. Reno , 7th U.S. Cavalry , to investigate his conduct at the Battle of the Little Big Horn , June 25 -- 26 , 1876 . University of Wisconsin Digital Collections . Rice , Earle Jr. ( 1998 ) . The Battle or the Little Bighorn . World History Series . San Diego : Lucent Books . ISBN 978 - 1560064534 . Sandoz , Mari ( 1966 ) . The Battle of the Little Bighorn . Lippincott Major Battle Series . Philadelphia : Lippincott . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 9100 - 0 . Robbins , James S. ( 2014 ) . The Real Custer ; From Boy General to Tragic Hero . Washington D.C. : Regnery Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62157 - 209 - 1 . Robinson , Charles M. III ( 1995 ) . A Good Year to Die : the story of the great Sioux war . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 43025 - 3 . Sarf , Wayne Michael ( 1993 ) . The Little Bighorn Campaign : March -- September 1876 . Conshohocken , Pennsylvania : Combined Books . ISBN 1 - 58097 - 025 - 7 . Scott , Douglas D. ; Connor , Melissa ( 1997 ) . `` Context Delicti : Archaeological Context in Forensic Work '' . In Haglund , W.D. ; Sorg , M.H. Forensic Taphonomy : The Postmortem Fate of Human Remains . Boca Raton : CRC Press . pp. 27 -- 38 . ISBN 9780849394348 . Sklenar , Larry ( 2000 ) . To Hell with Honor , General Custer and the Little Big Horn . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3472 - 0 . Utley , Robert M. ( 1993 ) . The Lance and the Shield : the life and times of Sitting Bull . New York : Henry Holt & Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 1274 - 5 . Utley , Robert M. ( 2001 ) . Cavalier in Buckskin : George Armstrong Custer and the Western Military Frontier ( Revised ed . ) . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2292 - 7 . Vestal , Stanley ( 1934 ) . Warpath : The True Story of the Fighting Sioux Told in a Biography of Chief White Bull . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 4653 - 6 . Viola , Herman J. ( 1999 ) . Little Bighorn Remembered : The Untold Indian Story of Custer 's Last Stand . Westminster , Maryland : Times Books . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 3256 - 0 . Welch , James ; Stekler , Paul ( 1994 ) . Killing Custer : The Battle of the Little Bighorn and the Fate of the Plains Indians . New York : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32939 - 9 . Wert , Jeffry D. ( 1996 ) . Custer : The Controversial Life of George Armstrong Custer . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 81043 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of the Little Bighorn . Account of Custer 's fight on Little Bighorn , MSS SC 860 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections , Harold B. Lee Library , Brigham Young University Custer Battlefield Museum , Garryowen , Montana Map of Battle of Little Bighorn , Part III . Map of Battle of Little Bighorn , Part IV . Indians . Map of Battle of Little Bighorn , Part V . Map of Battle of Little Bighorn , Part VI . Map of Battle of Little Bighorn , Part VII . Custer 's Last Stand . Map of Indian battles and skirmishes after the Battle of Little Bighorn. 1876 -- 1881 . Battle field related Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument Friends of the Little Bighorn Battlefield Portals The Little Big Horn Associates -- includes a bibliography and articles , as well as many general and commercial links custerwest.org -- site for traditional scholarship with sources and videos First - person accounts The Battle of Little Bighorn : An Eyewitness Account by the Lakota Chief Red Horse An eyewitness account by Tantanka Iyotake ( Lakota Chief Sitting Bull ) , New York Times archive pdf . Complete transcript of the Reno Court of Inquiry 100 Voices : Sioux , Cheyenne , Arapaho , Crow , Arikara and American eyewitness accounts of the Battle of the Little Bighorn Lists of participants Friends Of The Little Bighorn Battlefield -- Battle information , including names of 7th Cavalry soldiers and warriors who fought in the battle . Muster Rolls of 7th U.S. Cavalry , June 25 , 1876 Custer Battlefield Historical and Museum Association Kenneth M. Hammer Collection on Custer and the Battle of the Little Bighorn ( Harold G. Andersen Library , University of Wisconsin - Whitewater ) Charles Kuhlman collection on the Battle of the Little Big Horn , MSS 1401 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections , Brigham Young University `` Custer 's Last Stand '' -- An American Experience Documentary Verdict at the Little Bighorn -- The American Surveyor ( October 2009 ) Native American battles in Montana American Indian Wars The following Native American battles occurred within Montana Territory or the state of Montana . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what indian tribes fought in the little bighorn | [
"The Battle of the Little Bighorn, known to the Lakota and other Plains Indians as the Battle of the Greasy Grass[10] and also commonly referred to as Custer's Last Stand, was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes and the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army. The battle, which resulted in the defeat of US forces, was the most significant action of the Great Sioux War of 1876. It took place on June 25–26, 1876, along the Little Bighorn River in the Crow Indian Reservation in southeastern Montana Territory.[11]\n",
"The Battle of the Little Bighorn, known to the Lakota and other Plains Indians as the Battle of the Greasy Grass[10] and also commonly referred to as Custer's Last Stand, was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes and the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army. The battle, which resulted in the defeat of US forces, was the most significant action of the Great Sioux War of 1876. It took place on June 25–26, 1876, along the Little Bighorn River in the Crow Indian Reservation in southeastern Montana Territory.[11]\n",
"The Battle of the Little Bighorn, known to the Lakota and other Plains Indians as the Battle of the Greasy Grass[10] and also commonly referred to as Custer's Last Stand, was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes and the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army. The battle, which resulted in the defeat of US forces, was the most significant action of the Great Sioux War of 1876. It took place on June 25–26, 1876, along the Little Bighorn River in the Crow Indian Reservation in southeastern Montana Territory.[11]\n"
] | [
"Lakota",
"Northern Cheyenne",
"Arapaho"
] |
-973768972293458408 | Implantation (human embryo) | Implantation ( human embryo ) - wikipedia Implantation ( human embryo ) Jump to : navigation , search This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( September 2008 ) Fertilization in humans . The sperm and ovum unite through fertilization , creating a conceptus that ( over the course of 8 - 9 days ) will implant in the uterine wall , where it will reside over the course of 9 months . In humans , implantation is the stage of pregnancy at which the already fertilized egg adheres to the wall of the uterus . At this stage of prenatal development , the conceptus is a blastocyst . It is by this adhesion that the fetus receives oxygen and nutrients from the mother to be able to grow . In humans , implantation of a fertilized ovum is most likely to occur about 9 days after ovulation , ranging between 6 and 12 days . Contents ( hide ) 1 Implantation window 2 Adaptation of uterus 2.1 Predecidualization 2.2 Decidualization 2.2. 1 Trigger 2.2. 2 Parts of decidua 2.3 Decidua throughout pregnancy 2.4 Pinopodes 2.4. 1 Function in implantation 2.4. 2 Function during implantation 3 Adaptation of secretions 3.1 Nourishment 3.2 Growth and implantation 4 Mechanism 4.1 Zona hatching 4.1. 1 Factors 4.2 Apposition 4.2. 1 Location 4.2. 2 Molecular Mechanism 4.3 Adhesion 4.3. 1 Communication 4.3. 1.1 Proteoglycan Receptors 4.4 Invasion 4.4. 1 Syncytiotrophoblasts 4.4. 2 Secretions 4.4. 2.1 Autocrine 4.4. 2.2 Dislodging 4.4. 2.3 Immunosuppressive 4.4. 2.4 Decidualization 4.4. 2.5 Prevention of menstruation 4.4. 2.6 Other factors 5 Failure 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading Implantation window ( edit ) The reception - ready phase of the endometrium of the uterus is usually termed the `` implantation window '' and lasts about 4 days . The implantation window follows around 6 days after the peak in luteinizing hormone levels . With some disparity between sources , it has been stated to occur from 7 days after ovulation until 9 days after ovulation , or days 6 - 10 postovulation . On average , it occurs during the 20th to the 23rd day after the last menstrual period . The implantation window is characterized by changes to the endometrium cells , which aid in the absorption of the uterine fluid . These changes are collectively known as the plasma membrane transformation and bring the blastocyst nearer to the endometrium and immobilize it . During this stage the blastocyst can still be eliminated by being flushed out of the uterus . Scientists have hypothesized that the hormones cause a swelling that fills the flattened out uterine cavity just prior to this stage , which may also help press the blastocyst against the endometrium . The implantation window may also be initiated by other preparations in the endometrium of the uterus , both structurally and in the composition of its secretions . Adaptation of uterus ( edit ) To enable implantation , the uterus goes through changes in order to be able to receive the conceptus . Predecidualization ( edit ) The endometrium increases thickness , becomes vascularized and its glands grow to be tortuous and boosted in their secretions . These changes reach their maximum about 7 days after ovulation . Furthermore , the surface of the endometrium produces a kind of rounded cells , which cover the whole area toward the uterine cavity . This happens about 9 to 10 days after ovulation . These cells are called decidual cells , which emphasises that the whole layer of them is shed off in every menstruation if no pregnancy occurs , just as leaves of deciduous trees . The uterine glands , on the other hand , decrease in activity and degenerate already 8 to 9 days after ovulation in absence of pregnancy . The decidual cells originate from the stromal cells that are always present in the endometrium . However , the decidual cells make up a new layer , the decidua . The rest of the endometrium , in addition , expresses differences between the luminal and the basal sides . The luminal cells form the zona compacta of the endometrium , in contrast to the basalolateral zona spongiosa , which consists of the rather spongy stromal cells . Decidualization ( edit ) Decidualization succeeds predecidualization if pregnancy occurs . This is an expansion of it , further developing the uterine glands , the zona compacta and the epithelium of decidual cells lining it . The decidual cells become filled with lipids and glycogen and take the polyhedral shape characteristic for decidual cells . Trigger ( edit ) It is likely that the blastocyst itself makes the main contribution to this additional growing and sustaining of the decidua . An indication of this is that decidualization occurs at a higher degree in conception cycles than in nonconception cycles . Furthermore , similar changes are observed when giving stimuli mimicking the natural invasion of the embryo . Parts of decidua ( edit ) The decidua can be organized into separate sections , although they have the same composition . Decidua basalis - This is the part of the decidua which is located basalolateral to the embryo after implantation . Decidua capsularis - Decidua capsularis grows over the embryo on the luminal side , enclosing it into the endometrium . It surrounds the embryo together with decidua basalis . Decidua parietalis - All other decidua on the uterine surface belongs to decidua parietalis . Decidua throughout pregnancy ( edit ) After implantation the decidua remains , at least through the first trimester . However , its most prominent time is during the early stages of pregnancy , during implantation . Its function as a surrounding tissue is replaced by the definitive placenta . However , some elements of the decidualization remain throughout pregnancy . The compacta and spongiosa layers are still observable beneath the decidua in pregnancy . The glands of the spongiosa layer continue to secrete during the first trimester , when they degenerate . However , before that disappearance , some glands secrete unequally much . This phenomenon of hypersecretion is called the Arias - Stella phenomenon , after the pathologist Javier Arias - Stella . Pinopodes ( edit ) Main article : Pinopod Pinopodes are small , finger - like protrusions from the endometrium . They appear between day 19 and day 21 of gestational age . This corresponds to a fertilization age of approximately 5 to 7 days , which corresponds well with the time of implantation . They only persist for 2 to 3 days . The development of them is enhanced by progesterone but inhibited by estrogens . Function in implantation ( edit ) Pinopodes endocytose uterine fluid and macromolecules in it . By doing so , the volume of the uterus decreases , taking the walls closer to the embryoblast floating in it . Thus , the period of active pinocytes might also limit the implantation window . Function during implantation ( edit ) Pinopodes continue to absorb fluid , and removes most of it during the early stages of implantation . Adaptation of secretions ( edit ) proteins , glycoproteins and peptides secreted by the endometrial glands Matrix - associated : Fibronectin Laminin Entactin Type - IV collagen heparan sulfate Proteoglycan Integrins - Others : Mucins Prolactin IGFBP - 1 Placental protein 14 ( PP14 ) or glycodelin Pregnancy - associated endometrial alpha - 2 - globulin ( alpha - 2 - PEG ) endometrial protein 15 Albumin Beta - Lipoprotein Relaxin Fibroblast growth factor 1 Fibroblast growth factor 2 Pregnancy - associated plasma protein A ( PAPP - A ) Stress response protein 27 ( SRP - 27 ) CA - 125 Beta - endorphin Leu - enkephalin Di amine oxidase Tissue plasminogen activator Renin Progesterone - dependent carbonic anhydrase Lactoferrin Not only the lining of the uterus transforms , but in addition , the secretion from its epithelial glands changes . This change is induced by increased levels of progesterone from the corpus luteum . The target of the secretions is the embryoblast , and has several functions on it . Nourishment ( edit ) The embryoblast spends approximately 72 hours in the uterine cavity before implanting . In that time , it can not receive nourishment directly from the blood of the mother , and must rely on secreted nutrients into the uterine cavity , e.g. iron and fat - soluble vitamins . Growth and implantation ( edit ) In addition to nourishment , the endometrium secretes several steroid - dependent proteins , important for growth and implantation . Cholesterol and steroids are also secreted . Implantation is further facilitated by synthesis of matrix substances , adhesion molecules and surface receptors for the matrix substances . When the sperm nucleus and the egg nucleus have fused together , they form a zygote Mechanism ( edit ) Implantation is initiated when the blastocyst comes into contact with the uterine wall . Zona hatching ( edit ) Main article : Zona hatching To be able to perform implantation , the blastocyst first needs to get rid of its zona pellucida . This process can be called `` hatching '' . Factors ( edit ) Lytic factors in the uterine cavity , as well as factors from the blastocyst itself are essential for this process . Mechanisms in the latter are indicated by that the zona pellucida remains intact if an unfertilized egg is placed in the uterus under the same conditions . A substance probably involved is plasmin . Plasminogen , the plasmin precursor , is found in the uterine cavity , and blastocyst factors contribute to its conversion to active plasmin . This hypothesis is supported by lytic effects in vitro by plasmin . Furthermore , plasmin inhibitors also inhibit the entire zona hatching in rat experiments . Apposition ( edit ) The very first , albeit loose , connection between the blastocyst and the endometrium is called the apposition . Location ( edit ) On the endometrium , the apposition is usually made where there is a small crypt in it , perhaps because it increases the area of contact with the rather spherical blastocyst . On the blastocyst , on the other hand , it occurs at a location where there has been enough lysis of the zona pellucida to have created a rupture to enable direct contact between the underlying trophoblast and the decidua of the endometrium . However , ultimately , the inner cell mass , inside the trophoblast layer , is aligned closest to the decidua . Nevertheless , the apposition on the blastocyst is not dependent on if it is on the same side of the blastocyst as the inner cell mass . Rather , the inner cell mass rotates inside the trophoblast to align to the apposition . In short , the entire surface of the blastocyst has a potential to form the apposition to the decidua . Molecular mechanism ( edit ) The identity of the molecules on the trophoblast and the endometrial epithelia that mediate the initial interaction between the two remain unidentified . However , a number of research groups have proposed that MUC1 , a member of the Mucin family of glycosylated proteins , is involved . MUC1 is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed at the apical surface of endometrial epithelial cells during the window of implantation in humans and has been shown to be differentially expressed between fertile and infertile subjects during this time . MUC1 displays carbohydrate moieties on its extracellular domain that are ligands of L - selectin , a protein expressed on the surface of trophoblast cells . An in vitro model of implantation developed by Genbacev et al. , gave evidence to support the hypothesis that L - selectin mediates apposition of the blastocyst to the uterine epithelium by interacting with its ligands . Adhesion ( edit ) Adhesion is a much stronger attachment to the endometrium than the loose apposition . The trophoblasts adhere by penetrating the endometrium , with protrusions of trophoblast cells . Communication ( edit ) There is massive communication between the blastocyst and the endometrium at this stage . The blastocyst signals to the endometrium to adapt further to its presence , e.g. by changes in the cytoskeleton of decidual cells . This , in turn , dislodges the decidual cells from their connection to the underlying basal lamina , which enables the blastocyst to perform the succeeding invasion . This communication is conveyed by receptor - ligand - interactions , both integrin - matrix and proteoglycan ones . Proteoglycan receptors ( edit ) Another ligand - receptor system involved in adhesion is proteoglycan receptors , found on the surface of the decidua of the uterus . Their counterparts , the proteoglycans , are found around the trophoblast cells of the blastocyst . This ligand - receptor system also is present just at the implantation window . Invasion ( edit ) Invasion is an even further establishment of the blastocyst in the endometrium . Syncytiotrophoblasts ( edit ) The protrusions of trophoblast cells that adhere into the endometrium continue to proliferate and penetrate into the endometrium . As these trophoblast cells penetrate , they differentiate to become a new type of cells , syncytiotrophoblast . The prefix syn - refers to the transformation that occurs as the boundaries between these cells disappear to form a single mass of many cell nuclei ( a syncytium ) . The rest of the trophoblasts , surrounding the inner cell mass , are hereafter called cytotrophoblasts . Invasion continues with the syncytiotrophoblasts reaching the basal membrane beneath the decidual cells , penetrating it and further invading into the uterine stroma . Finally , the whole embryo is embedded in the endometrium . Eventually , the syncytiotrophoblasts come into contact with maternal blood and form chorionic villi . This is the initiation of forming the placenta . Secretions ( edit ) The blastocyst secretes factors for a multitude of purposes during invasion . It secretes several autocrine factors , targeting itself and stimulating it to further invade the endometrium . Furthermore , secretions loosen decidual cells from each other , prevent the embryo from being rejected by the mother , trigger the final decidualization and prevent menstruation . Autocrine ( edit ) Human chorionic gonadotropin is an autocrine growth factor for the blastocyst . Insulin - like growth factor 2 , on the other hand , stimulates the invasiveness of it . Dislodging ( edit ) The syncytiotrophoblasts dislodges decidual cells in their way , both by degradation of cell adhesion molecules linking the decidual cells together as well as degradation of the extracellular matrix between them . Cell adhesion molecules are degraded by syncytiotrophoblast secretion of Tumor necrosis factor - alpha . This inhibits the expression of cadherins and beta - catenin . Cadherins are cell adhesion molecules , and beta - catenin helps to anchor them to the cell membrane . Inhibited expression of these molecules thus loosens the connection between decidual cells , permitting the syncytotrophoblasts and the whole embryo with them to invade into the endometrium . The extracellular matrix is degraded by serine endopeptidases and metalloproteinases . Examples of such metalloproteinases are collagenases , gelatinases and stromelysins . These collagenases digest Type - I collagen , Type - II collagen , Type - III collagen , Type - VII collagen and Type - X collagen . The gelatinases exist in two forms ; one digesting Type - IV collagen and one digesting gelatin . Immunosuppressive ( edit ) The embryo differs from the cells of the mother , and would be rejected as a parasite by the immune system of the mother if it did n't secrete immunosuppressive agents . Such agents are Platelet - activating factor , human chorionic gonadotropin , early pregnancy factor , immunosuppressive factor , Prostaglandin E 2 , Interleukin 1 - alpha , Interleukin 6 , interferon - alpha , leukemia inhibitory factor and Colony - Stimulating Factor . Decidualization ( edit ) Factors from the blastocyst also trigger the final formation of decidual cells into their proper form . In contrast , some decidual cells in the proximity of the blastocyst degenerate , providing nutrients for it . Prevention of menstruation ( edit ) Human chorionic gonadotropin ( hCG ) not only acts as an immunosuppressive , but also `` notifies '' the mother 's body that she is pregnant , preventing menstruation by sustaining the function of the corpus luteum . Other factors ( edit ) Other factors secreted by the blastocyst are ; Embryo - derived histamine - releasing factor Tissue plasminogen activator as well as its inhibitors Estradiol β1 - integrins Fibroblast growth factor CYTL1 Transforming growth factor alpha inhibin Failure ( edit ) Implantation failure is considered to be caused by inadequate uterine receptivity in two - thirds of cases , and by problems with the embryo itself in the other third . Inadequate uterine receptivity may be caused by abnormal cytokine and hormonal signaling as well as epigenetic alterations . Recurrent implantation failure is a cause of female infertility . Therefore , pregnancy rates can be improved by optimizing endometrial receptivity for implantation . Evaluation of implantation markers may help to predict pregnancy outcome and detect occult implantation deficiency . Luteal support is the administration of medication , generally progestins , for the purpose of increasing the success rate of implantation and early embryogenesis , thereby complementing the function of the corpus luteum . In women with more than 3 implantation failures in assisted reproduction , a review of several small randomized controlled studies estimated that the use of adjunct low molecular weight heparin ( LMWH ) improves live birth rate by approximately 80 % . See also ( edit ) Embryonic diapause Blastocyst References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wilcox AJ , Baird DD , Weinberg CR ( 1999 ) . `` Time of implantation of the Conceptus and loss of pregnancy '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 340 ( 23 ) : 1796 -- 1799 . PMID 10362823 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199906103402304 . Jump up ^ Xiao , Y. ; Sun , X. ; Yang , X. ; Zhang , J. ; Xue , Q. ; Cai , B. ; Zhou , Y. ( 2010 ) . `` Leukemia inhibitory factor is dysregulated in the endometrium and uterine flushing fluid of patients with adenomyosis during implantation window '' . Fertility and Sterility. 94 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 89 . PMID 19361790 . doi : 10.1016 / j. fertnstert. 2009.03. 012 . Jump up ^ Aboubakr M. Elnashar , Gamal I. Aboul - Enein . Endometrial receptivity . Middle East Fertility Society Journal , Vol. 9 , No. 1 , 2004 , pp. 10 - 24 Jump up ^ 6.2 Implantation stages from embryology.ch at by the universities of Fribourg , Lausanne and Bern ( Switzerland ) . Retrieved May , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Implantation stages '' . Human Embryology . Online course in embryology for medicine students developed by the universities of Fribourg , Lausanne and Bern ( Switzerland ) with the support of the Swiss Virtual Campus . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Boron , Walter ; Emile Boulpaep ( 2004 ) . Medical Physiology : A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch . Oxford : Elsevier . ISBN 1 - 4160 - 2328 - 3 . OCLC 61527528 . ^ Jump up to : Margarit , L. ; Taylor , A. ; Roberts , M.H. ; Hopkins , L. ; Davies , C. ; Brenton , A.G. ; Conlan , R.S. ; Bunkheila , A. ; Joels , L. ; White , J.O. ; Gonzalez , D. ( 2010 ) . `` MUC1 as a Discriminator between Endometrium from Fertile and Infertile Patients with PCOS and Endometriosis '' . The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 95 ( 12 ) : 5320 -- 5329 . ISSN 0021 - 972X . doi : 10.1210 / jc. 2010 - 0603 . Jump up ^ Carson , D.D. ; et al. , ( 2006 ) . `` MUC1 is a scaffold for selectin ligands in the human uterus . '' . Front . Biosci. 11 ( 1 ) : 2903 . doi : 10.2741 / 2018 . Jump up ^ Genbacev , O.D. ; et al. , ( 2003 ) . `` Trophoblast L - selectin - mediated adhesion at the maternal - fetal interface . '' . Science . 299 : 405 -- 8 . PMID 12532021 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1079546 . Jump up ^ Ai Z. , Jing W. , Fang L. ( 2015 ) . `` Cytokine - Like Protein 1 ( Cytl1 ) A Potential Molecular Mediator in Embryo Implantation '' . PLOS ONE . 11 ( 1 ) : e0147424 . PMC 4723121 . PMID 26800213 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0147424 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Melford , S.E. ; Taylor , A.H. ; Konje , J.C. ( 2013 ) . `` Of mice and ( wo ) men : factors influencing successful implantation including endocannabinoids '' . Human Reproduction Update. 20 ( 3 ) : 415 -- 428 . ISSN 1355 - 4786 . PMID 24306146 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmt060 . ^ Jump up to : Cakmak , H. ; Taylor , H.S. ( 2010 ) . `` Implantation failure : Molecular mechanisms and clinical treatment '' . Human Reproduction Update. 17 ( 2 ) : 242 -- 253 . PMC 3039220 . PMID 20729534 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmq037 . Jump up ^ Potdar , N. ; Gelbaya , T.A. ; Konje , J.C. ; Nardo , L.G. ( 2013 ) . `` Adjunct low - molecular - weight heparin to improve live birth rate after recurrent implantation failure : A systematic review and meta - analysis '' . Human Reproduction Update. 19 ( 6 ) : 674 -- 684 . PMID 23912476 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmt032 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Implantation of the blastocyst ... '' Human embryogenesis in the first three weeks Week 1 Fertilization Oocyte activation Zygote Cleavage Blastomere Morula Blastocoele Blastocyst Blastula Inner cell mass Trophoblast Week 2 ( Bilaminar ) Hypoblast Epiblast Week 3 ( Trilaminar ) Germ layers Archenteron / Primitive streak Primitive pit Primitive knot / Blastopore Primitive groove Gastrula Gastrulation Regional specification Embryonic disc Ectoderm Surface ectoderm Neuroectoderm Somatopleuric mesenchyme Neurulation Neural crest Endoderm Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme Mesoderm Axial mesoderm Paraxial Somite Somitomere Intermediate Lateral plate Intraembryonic coelom Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme Somatopleuric mesenchyme Pregnancy and childbirth Planning Birth control Natural family planning Pre-conception counseling Conception Assisted reproductive technology Artificial insemination Fertility medication In vitro fertilisation Fertility awareness Unintended pregnancy Testing 3D ultrasound Obstetric ultrasonography Pregnancy test Home testing Prenatal diagnosis Prenatal Anatomy Amniotic fluid Amniotic sac Endometrium Placenta Development Fundal height Gestational age Human embryogenesis Maternal physiological changes Postpartum physiological changes Care Nutrition Environmental toxicants In pregnancy Prenatal Concomitant conditions Drinking Diabetes mellitus Smoking Vaping SLE Sexual activity during pregnancy Procedures Amniocentesis Cardiotocography Chorionic villus sampling Nonstress test Abortion Childbirth Preparation Adaptation to extrauterine life Bradley method Hypnobirthing Lamaze Nesting instinct Roles Doula Men 's roles Midwife Obstetrician Perinatal nurse Delivery Bloody show Childbirth positions Home birth Multiple birth Natural childbirth Pelvimetry / Bishop score Cervical dilation Cervical effacement Position Presentation Breech Cephalic Shoulder Rupture of membranes Unassisted childbirth Uterine contraction Water birth Postpartum Child care Congenital disorders Sex after pregnancy Obstetric history Gravidity Parity TPAL Human physiology and endocrinology of sexual reproduction Tanner scale Menstrual cycle Menarche Menstruation Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis ( spermatogonium spermatocyte spermatid sperm ) Oogenesis ( oogonium oocyte ootid ovum ) Germ cell ( gonocyte gamete ) Human sexual behavior Sexual arousal Sexual intercourse Masturbation Erection Orgasm Ejaculation Insemination Fertilisation / Fertility Implantation Pregnancy Postpartum period Mechanics of sex Life span Prenatal development / Sexual dimorphism / Sexual differentiation ( Feminization Virilization ) Puberty ( Gonadarche Pubarche Menarche Spermarche Adrenarche ) Maternal age / Paternal age Climacteric ( Menopause Late - onset hypogonadism ) Egg Ovum Oviposition Oviparity Ovoviviparity Vivipary Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- gonadal axis Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- prolactin axis Andrology Hormone Breast Thelarche Breast development Lactation Breastfeeding Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Implantation_(human_embryo)&oldid=795636200 '' Categories : Embryology Obstetrics Human reproduction Fertility Midwifery Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from September 2008 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Latina Lietuvių 日本 語 Polski Português کوردی Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2017 , at 14 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the blastocyst implant to become an embryo | [
"The implantation window is characterized by changes to the endometrium cells, which aid in the absorption of the uterine fluid. These changes are collectively known as the plasma membrane transformation and bring the blastocyst nearer to the endometrium and immobilize it. During this stage the blastocyst can still be eliminated by being flushed out of the uterus. Scientists have hypothesized that the hormones cause a swelling that fills the flattened out uterine cavity just prior to this stage, which may also help press the blastocyst against the endometrium.[5] The implantation window may also be initiated by other preparations in the endometrium of the uterus, both structurally and in the composition of its secretions."
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"against the endometrium"
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-6708951086716005403 | Somebody Loan Me a Dime | Somebody Loan Me a Dime - wikipedia Somebody Loan Me a Dime Jump to : navigation , search Somebody Loan Me a Dime Studio album by Fenton Robinson Released Genre Blues Length 42 : 37 Label Alligator Producer Bruce Iglauer Fenton Robinson chronology Monday Morning Boogie and Blues ( 1972 ) Monday Morning Boogie and Blues1972 Somebody Loan Me a Dime ( 1974 ) I Hear Some Blues Downstairs ( 1977 ) I Hear Some Blues Downstairs1977 Somebody Loan Me a Dime is a 1974 studio album by blues singer and guitarist Fenton Robinson , his debut under the Alligator Records imprint . Blending together some elements of jazz with Chicago blues and Texas blues , the album was largely critically well received and is regarded as important within his discography . Among the album 's tracks is a re-recording of his 1967 signature song , `` Somebody Loan Me a Dime '' , which has become a blues standard . It has been reissued multiple times in the United States and Japan , including with bonus tracks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Critical reception 2 Music 3 Release history 4 Track listing 5 Use in popular culture 6 Personnel 7 References Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Robert Christgau ( B+ ) The album overall received good reception by critics and is described by the 1993 The Big Book of Blues as `` essential listening . '' Allmusic in its review characterized the album as `` one of the most subtly satisfying electric blues albums of the ' 70s '' . New York based WGMC blue radio host Jeff Harris describes the album as `` one of the era 's true masterpieces '' , Robinson 's `` pinnacle '' . Critic Robert Christgau offers some dissent ; though he graded the album a B+ overall , indicated that Robinson 's voice ( though well utilized ) lacked power , his songs lacked hooks ( aside from `` Gotta Wake Up '' ) and his music was `` stylish and thoughtful '' but restrained . Allmusic 's Bill Dahl , by contrast , praised Robinson for the power of several composition and focused particularly on his voice , a `` deep , rich baritone ( that ) sounds more like a magic carpet than a piece of barbed wire , '' indicating that Robinson `` speaks in jazz - inflected tongues , full of complex surprises . '' Harris , too , pays particular attention to Robinson 's voice , which he describes as `` a thing of beauty , a deep , rich baritone that glides along and is a perfect counterpoint to his elegant guitar work . '' Music ( edit ) Among the more notable tracks on the album was a new recording of the title song , which Robinson had originally released in 1967 for the Palos label ( and which had become a hit for Boz Scaggs in 1969 , under the title `` Loan Me a Dime '' without composition credit for Robinson ) . The song is regarded as Robinson 's signature piece and went on to become a blues standard , according to 1997 's Encyclopedia of Blues being `` part of the repertoire of one out of every two blues artists . '' The title song serves as the background music during the opening scenes of the movie The Blues Brothers , a movie responsible for revitalizing Aretha Franklin 's career . Jeff Harris identifies as among Robinson 's influences on the album B.B. King and T - Bone Walker , `` but with a strong jazzy inflection and plenty of grit '' . All About Jazz , concurring with those influences , places the musician on `` the smoother side '' of the genre of Chicago blues with some elements of Texas blues . Release history ( edit ) The album was Robinson 's debut for the Alligator Records label , the first of three for the label . ( For his second , I Hear Some Blues Downstairs , Robinson would be nominated for a Grammy Award . ) Prior to his contract with Alligator , Robinson had encountered difficulties finding a studio home for his music . The album has been subsequently reissued a number of times by Alligator in the United States and internationally by Japanese labels Pony Canyon and P - Vine . The 2001 P - Vine re-issue includes two bonus tracks : `` I Hear Some Blues Downstairs '' ( 4 : 16 ) and `` As the Years Go Passing By '' ( 4 : 49 ) . Track listing ( edit ) Except where otherwise noted , all tracks composed by Fenton Robinson `` Somebody Loan Me a Dime '' -- 2 : 54 `` The Getaway '' -- 4 : 17 `` Directly from My Heart to You '' ( Little Richard ) -- 4 : 17 `` Going to Chicago '' ( Traditional ) -- 3 : 46 `` You Say You 're Leaving '' ( Big Joe Williams ) -- 3 : 15 `` Checking on My Woman '' -- 3 : 23 `` You Do n't Know What Love Is '' -- 3 : 50 `` I 've Changed '' -- 4 : 23 `` Country Girl '' ( Rudy Toombs ) -- 4 : 55 `` Gotta Wake Up '' -- 4 : 25 `` Texas Flood '' ( Larry Davis , Don Robey , Joseph Wade Scott ) -- 4 : 12 Use in Popular culture ( edit ) The title track can be overheard at the beginning of the 1980 film , The Blues Brothers as Jake Blues ( John Belushi ) is being escorted from his cell upon the day of his release from prison and parole . Personnel ( edit ) Fenton Robinson -- guitar , vocals Dave Baldwin -- tenor saxophone Cornelius Boyson -- bass guitar Elmer Brown -- trumpet Tony Gooden -- drums Bill Heid -- keyboards Norval D. Hodges -- trumpet Bill McFarland -- trombone Mighty Joe Young -- guitar Bruce Iglauer -- record producer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Allmusic review Jump up ^ Robert Christgau review Jump up ^ Santelli , Robert ( 1993 ) . The Big Book of Blues : A Biographical Encyclopedia . Penguin . p. 345 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 015939 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Tomko , Gene ( 2006 ) . `` Robinson , Fenton '' . In Edward M. Komara . Encyclopedia of the Blues : A - J. Routledge . p. 835 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 92699 - 8 . Jump up ^ Cochran , Robert ( 2005 ) . Our Own Sweet Sounds : A Celebration of Popular Music in Arkansas . University of Arkansas Press . p. 58 . ISBN 1 - 55728 - 793 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Somebody Loan Me a Dime at AllMusic ^ Jump up to : Harris , Jeff ( 2007 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Fenton Robinson : Somebody Loan Me A Dime '' . Big Road Blues . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( 1990 ) . Rock Albums of the ' 70s : A Critical Guide . Da Capo Press . p. 326 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80409 - 3 . Jump up ^ Herzhaft , Gérard ; Harris Herzhaft ; Paul Harris ; Brigitte Debord ; Jerry Haussler ; Anton J. Mikofsky ( 1997 ) . Encyclopedia of the Blues . Brigitte Debord ( trans . ) . University of Arkansas Press . p. 278 . ISBN 1 - 55728 - 452 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Aretha Franklin '' , Black History.com , http://www.blackhistory.com/cgi-bin/blog.cgi?blog_id=62063&cid=52&reading=1 Jump up ^ `` Fenton Robinson '' . All About Jazz . 2007 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ McHugh , Rich ; J.P. Anderson ; Chris Barsanti ; Mark Ellwood ( 2003 ) . Chicago . Rough Guides . p. 255 . ISBN 1 - 85828 - 755 - 3 . Jump up ^ Somebody Loan Me a Dime ( Japanese Bonus Tracks ) at AllMusic Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somebody_Loan_Me_a_Dime&oldid=793961204 '' Categories : Fenton Robinson albums 1974 albums Albums produced by Bruce Iglauer Alligator Records albums P - Vine Records albums Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2017 , at 23 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song somebody loan me a dime | [
"Somebody Loan Me a Dime is a 1974 studio album by blues singer and guitarist Fenton Robinson, his debut under the Alligator Records imprint. Blending together some elements of jazz with Chicago blues and Texas blues, the album was largely critically well received and is regarded as important within his discography. Among the album's tracks is a re-recording of his 1967 signature song, \"Somebody Loan Me a Dime\", which has become a blues standard. It has been reissued multiple times in the United States and Japan, including with bonus tracks."
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"Fenton Robinson"
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2323502105387798177 | Great Pyramid of Giza | Great pyramid of Giza - wikipedia Great pyramid of Giza Jump to : navigation , search The Great Pyramid of Giza Owner Khufu Location Giza pyramid complex , Giza , Egypt Coordinates 29 ° 58 ′ 45.03 '' N 31 ° 08 ′ 03.69 '' E / 29.9791750 ° N 31.1343583 ° E / 29.9791750 ; 31.1343583 Coordinates : 29 ° 58 ′ 45.03 '' N 31 ° 08 ′ 03.69 '' E / 29.9791750 ° N 31.1343583 ° E / 29.9791750 ; 31.1343583 Ancient name Khufu 's Horizon Architect Hemiunu Constructed c. 2580 -- 2560 BC ( 4th dynasty ) Type True pyramid Height 146.7 metres ( 481 ft ) or 280 cubits ( ancient ) 138.8 metres ( 455 ft ) ( contemporary ) Base 230.34 metres ( 756 ft ) or 440 cubits Volume 2,583,283 cubic metres ( 91,227,778 cu ft ) Slope 51 ° 52 ' ± 2 ' UNESCO World Heritage Site Part of Memphis and its Necropolis -- the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur Criteria Cultural : i , iii , vi Reference 86 - 002 Inscription 1979 ( 3rd Session ) Location of Great Pyramid of Giza Related media on Wikimedia Commons ( edit on Wikidata ) The Great Pyramid of Giza ( also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops ) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering what is now El Giza , Egypt . It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , and the only one to remain largely intact . Based on a mark in an interior chamber naming the work gang and a reference to fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu , Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb over a 10 to 20 - year period concluding around 2560 BC . Initially at 146.5 metres ( 481 feet ) , the Great Pyramid was the tallest man - made structure in the world for more than 3,800 years . Originally , the Great Pyramid was covered by casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface ; what is seen today is the underlying core structure . Some of the casing stones that once covered the structure can still be seen around the base . There have been varying scientific and alternative theories about the Great Pyramid 's construction techniques . Most accepted construction hypotheses are based on the idea that it was built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place . There are three known chambers inside the Great Pyramid . The lowest chamber is cut into the bedrock upon which the pyramid was built and was unfinished . The so - called Queen 's Chamber and King 's Chamber are higher up within the pyramid structure . The main part of the Giza complex is a setting of buildings that included two mortuary temples in honour of Khufu ( one close to the pyramid and one near the Nile ) , three smaller pyramids for Khufu 's wives , an even smaller `` satellite '' pyramid , a raised causeway connecting the two temples , and small mastaba tombs surrounding the pyramid for nobles . Transparent view of Khufu 's pyramid from SE . Taken from a 3d model Contents ( hide ) 1 History and description 2 Materials 2.1 Casing stones 2.2 Construction theories 3 Interior 3.1 Queen 's Chamber 3.2 Grand Gallery 3.3 King 's Chamber 3.4 Modern entrance 4 Pyramid complex 5 Boats 6 Looting 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Bibliography 9 External links History and description Timeline and map of the Great Pyramid of Giza and the other Wonders of the Ancient World It is believed by Egyptologists that the pyramid was built as a tomb for Fourth Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu ( often Hellenicised as `` Cheops '' ) and was constructed over a 20 - year period . Khufu 's vizier , Hemiunu ( also called Hemon ) , is believed by some to be the architect of the Great Pyramid . It is thought that , at construction , the Great Pyramid was originally 280 Egyptian cubits tall ( 146.5 metres ( 480.6 ft ) ) , but with erosion and absence of its pyramidion , its present height is 138.8 metres ( 455.4 ft ) . Each base side was 440 cubits , 230.4 metres ( 755.9 ft ) long . The mass of the pyramid is estimated at 5.9 million tonnes . The volume , including an internal hillock , is roughly 2,500,000 cubic metres ( 88,000,000 cu ft ) . Based on these estimates , building the pyramid in 20 years would involve installing approximately 800 tonnes of stone every day . Additionally , since it consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks , completing the building in 20 years would involve moving an average of more than 12 of the blocks into place each hour , day and night . The first precision measurements of the pyramid were made by Egyptologist Sir Flinders Petrie in 1880 -- 82 and published as The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh . Almost all reports are based on his measurements . Many of the casing stones and inner chamber blocks of the Great Pyramid fit together with extremely high precision . Based on measurements taken on the northeastern casing stones , the mean opening of the joints is only 0.5 millimetre wide ( 1 / 50 of an inch ) . Great Pyramid of Giza from a 19th - century stereopticon card photo The pyramid remained the tallest man - made structure in the world for over 3,800 years , unsurpassed until the 160 - metre - tall ( 520 ft ) spire of Lincoln Cathedral was completed c. 1300 . The accuracy of the pyramid 's workmanship is such that the four sides of the base have an average error of only 58 millimetres in length . The base is horizontal and flat to within ± 15 mm ( 0.6 in ) . The sides of the square base are closely aligned to the four cardinal compass points ( within four minutes of arc ) based on true north , not magnetic north , and the finished base was squared to a mean corner error of only 12 seconds of arc . The completed design dimensions , as suggested by Petrie 's survey and subsequent studies , are estimated to have originally been 280 royal cubits high by 440 cubits long at each of the four sides of its base . The ratio of the perimeter to height of 1760 / 280 royal cubits equates to 2 π to an accuracy of better than 0.05 % ( corresponding to the well - known approximation of π as 22 / 7 ) . Some Egyptologists consider this to have been the result of deliberate design proportion . Verner wrote , `` We can conclude that although the ancient Egyptians could not precisely define the value of π , in practice they used it '' . Petrie , author of Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh concluded : `` but these relations of areas and of circular ratio are so systematic that we should grant that they were in the builder 's design '' . Others have argued that the Ancient Egyptians had no concept of pi and would not have thought to encode it in their monuments . They believe that the observed pyramid slope may be based on a simple seked slope choice alone , with no regard to the overall size and proportions of the finished building . In 2013 , rolls of papyrus called the Diary of Merer were discovered written by some of those who delivered limestone and other construction materials from Tora to Giza . Materials The Great Pyramid consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks which most believe to have been transported from nearby quarries . The Tura limestone used for the casing was quarried across the river . The largest granite stones in the pyramid , found in the `` King 's '' chamber , weigh 25 to 80 tonnes and were transported from Aswan , more than 800 km ( 500 mi ) away . Traditionally , ancient Egyptians cut stone blocks by hammering into them wooden wedges , which were then soaked with water . As the water was absorbed , the wedges expanded , causing the rock to crack . Once they were cut , they were carried by boat either up or down the Nile River to the pyramid . It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of limestone , 8,000 tonnes of granite ( imported from Aswan ) , and 500,000 tonnes of mortar were used in the construction of the Great Pyramid . Casing stones Casing stone in the British Museum . At completion , the Great Pyramid was surfaced by white `` casing stones '' -- slant - faced , but flat - topped , blocks of highly polished white limestone . These were carefully cut to what is approximately a face slope with a seked of 51⁄2 palms to give the required dimensions . Visibly , all that remains is the underlying stepped core structure seen today . In AD 1303 , a massive earthquake loosened many of the outer casing stones , which were then carted away by Bahri Sultan An - Nasir Nasir - ad - Din al - Hasan in 1356 to build mosques and fortresses in nearby Cairo . Many more casing stones were removed from the great pyramids by Muhammad Ali Pasha in the early 19th century to build the upper portion of his Alabaster Mosque in Cairo not far from Giza . These limestone casings can still be seen as parts of these structures . Later explorers reported massive piles of rubble at the base of the pyramids left over from the continuing collapse of the casing stones , which were subsequently cleared away during continuing excavations of the site . Nevertheless , a few of the casing stones from the lowest course can be seen to this day in situ around the base of the Great Pyramid , and display the same workmanship and precision that has been reported for centuries . Petrie also found a different orientation in the core and in the casing measuring 193 centimetres ± 25 centimetres . He suggested a redetermination of north was made after the construction of the core , but a mistake was made , and the casing was built with a different orientation . Petrie related the precision of the casing stones as to being `` equal to opticians ' work of the present day , but on a scale of acres '' and `` to place such stones in exact contact would be careful work ; but to do so with cement in the joints seems almost impossible '' . It has been suggested it was the mortar ( Petrie 's `` cement '' ) that made this seemingly impossible task possible , providing a level bed , which enabled the masons to set the stones exactly . Construction theories Main article : Egyptian pyramid construction techniques Clay seal bearing the name of Khufu from the great pyramid . On display at the Musée du Louvre . Many alternative , often contradictory , theories have been proposed regarding the pyramid 's construction techniques . Many disagree on whether the blocks were dragged , lifted , or even rolled into place . The Greeks believed that slave labour was used , but modern discoveries made at nearby workers ' camps associated with construction at Giza suggest that it was built instead by tens of thousands of skilled workers . Verner posited that the labour was organized into a hierarchy , consisting of two gangs of 100,000 men , divided into five zaa or phyle of 20,000 men each , which may have been further divided according to the skills of the workers . One mystery of the pyramid 's construction is its planning . John Romer suggests that they used the same method that had been used for earlier and later constructions , laying out parts of the plan on the ground at a 1 - to - 1 scale . He writes that `` such a working diagram would also serve to generate the architecture of the pyramid with precision unmatched by any other means '' . He also argues for a 14 - year time span for its construction . A modern construction management study , in association with Mark Lehner and other Egyptologists , estimated that the total project required an average workforce of about 14,500 people and a peak workforce of roughly 40,000 . Without the use of pulleys , wheels , or iron tools , they used critical path analysis methods , which suggest that the Great Pyramid was completed from start to finish in approximately 10 years . Interior Diagram of the interior structures of the Great Pyramid . The inner line indicates the pyramid 's present profile ; the outer line indicates the original profile . The original entrance to the Great Pyramid is on the north , 17 metres ( 56 ft ) vertically above ground level and 7.29 metres ( 23.9 ft ) east of the centre line of the pyramid . From this original entrance , there is a Descending Passage 0.96 metres ( 3.1 ft ) high and 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide , which goes down at an angle of 26 ° 31'23 '' through the masonry of the pyramid and then into the bedrock beneath it . After 105.23 metres ( 345.2 ft ) , the passage becomes level and continues for an additional 8.84 metres ( 29.0 ft ) to the lower Chamber , which appears not to have been finished . There is a continuation of the horizontal passage in the south wall of the lower chamber ; there is also a pit dug in the floor of the chamber . Some Egyptologists suggest that this Lower Chamber was intended to be the original burial chamber , but Pharaoh Khufu later changed his mind and wanted it to be higher up in the pyramid . 28.2 metres ( 93 ft ) from the entrance is a square hole in the roof of the Descending Passage . Originally concealed with a slab of stone , this is the beginning of the Ascending Passage . The Ascending Passage is 39.3 metres ( 129 ft ) long , as wide and high as the Descending Passage and slopes up at almost precisely the same angle to reach the Grand Gallery . The lower end of the Ascending Passage is closed by three huge blocks of granite , each about 1.5 metres ( 4.9 ft ) long . One must use the Robbers ' Tunnel ( see below ) to access the Ascending Passage . At the start of the Grand Gallery on the right - hand side there is a hole cut in the wall . This is the start of a vertical shaft which follows an irregular path through the masonry of the pyramid to join the Descending Passage . Also at the start of the Grand Gallery there is the Horizontal Passage leading to the `` Queen 's Chamber '' . The passage is 1.1 m ( 3'8 `` ) high for most of its length , but near the chamber there is a step in the floor , after which the passage is 1.73 metres ( 5.7 ft ) high . Queen 's Chamber Richard Pococke 's sketch of Pyramid of Cheops from 1754 . The `` Queen 's Chamber '' is exactly halfway between the north and south faces of the pyramid and measures 5.75 metres ( 18.9 ft ) north to south , 5.23 metres ( 17.2 ft ) east to west , and has a pointed roof with an apex 6.23 metres ( 20.4 ft ) above the floor . At the eastern end of the chamber there is a niche 4.67 metres ( 15.3 ft ) high . The original depth of the niche was 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) , but has since been deepened by treasure hunters . In the north and south walls of the Queen 's Chamber there are shafts , which unlike those in the King 's Chamber that immediately slope upwards ( see below ) , are horizontal for around 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) before sloping upwards . The horizontal distance was cut in 1872 by a British engineer , Waynman Dixon , who believed a shaft similar to those in the King 's Chamber must also exist . He was proved right , but because the shafts are not connected to the outer faces of the pyramid or the Queen 's Chamber , their purpose is unknown . At the end of one of his shafts , Dixon discovered a ball of black diorite ( a type of rock ) and a bronze implement of unknown purpose . Both objects are currently in the British Museum . The shafts in the Queen 's Chamber were explored in 1993 by the German engineer Rudolf Gantenbrink using a crawler robot he designed , Upuaut 2 . After a climb of 65 m ( 213 ft ) , he discovered that one of the shafts was blocked by limestone `` doors '' with two eroded copper `` handles '' . Some years later the National Geographic Society created a similar robot which , in September 2002 , drilled a small hole in the southern door , only to find another door behind it . The northern passage , which was difficult to navigate because of twists and turns , was also found to be blocked by a door . Research continued in 2011 with the Djedi Project . Realizing the problem was that the National Geographic Society 's camera was only able to see straight ahead of it , they instead used a fiber - optic `` micro snake camera '' that could see around corners . With this they were able to penetrate the first door of the southern shaft through the hole drilled in 2002 , and view all the sides of the small chamber behind it . They discovered hieroglyphs written in red paint . They were also able to scrutinize the inside of the two copper `` handles '' embedded in the door , and they now believe them to be for decorative purposes . They also found the reverse side of the `` door '' to be finished and polished , which suggests that it was not put there just to block the shaft from debris , but rather for a more specific reason . Grand Gallery The Grand Gallery of the Great Pyramid of Giza The Grand Gallery continues the slope of the Ascending Passage , but is 8.6 metres ( 28 ft ) high and 46.68 metres ( 153.1 ft ) long . At the base it is 2.06 metres ( 6.8 ft ) wide , but after 2.29 metres ( 7.5 ft ) the blocks of stone in the walls are corbelled inwards by 7.6 centimetres ( 3.0 in ) on each side . There are seven of these steps , so , at the top , the Grand Gallery is only 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide . It is roofed by slabs of stone laid at a slightly steeper angle than the floor of the gallery , so that each stone fits into a slot cut in the top of the gallery like the teeth of a ratchet . The purpose was to have each block supported by the wall of the Gallery , rather than resting on the block beneath it , in order to prevent cumulative pressure . At the upper end of the Gallery on the right - hand side there is a hole near the roof that opens into a short tunnel by which access can be gained to the lowest of the Relieving Chambers . The other Relieving Chambers were discovered in 1837 -- 1838 by Colonel Howard Vyse and J.S. Perring , who dug tunnels upwards using blasting powder . The floor of the Grand Gallery consists of a shelf or step on either side , 51 centimetres ( 20 in ) wide , leaving a lower ramp 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide between them . In the shelves there are 54 slots , 27 on each side matched by vertical and horizontal slots in the walls of the Gallery . These form a cross shape that rises out of the slot in the shelf . The purpose of these slots is not known , but the central gutter in the floor of the Gallery , which is the same width as the Ascending Passage , has led to speculation that the blocking stones were stored in the Grand Gallery and the slots held wooden beams to restrain them from sliding down the passage . This , in turn , has led to the proposal that originally many more than 3 blocking stones were intended , to completely fill the Ascending Passage . At the top of the Grand Gallery , there is a step giving onto a horizontal passage some metres long and approximately 1.02 metres ( 3.3 ft ) in height and width , in which can be detected four slots , three of which were probably intended to hold granite portcullises . Fragments of granite found by Petrie in the Descending Passage may have come from these now - vanished doors . In 2017 , scientists from the Scan Pyramids Project discovered a large cavity above the Grand Gallery , using muon radiography that can detect cosmic rays . Its length is at least 30 metres ( 98 ft ) and its cross-section is similar to that of the Grand Gallery . It was detected using three different technologies : nuclear emulsion films , scintillator hodoscopes , and gas detectors . The purpose of the cavity is not known and it is not accessible but according to Zahi Hawass it may have been a gap used in the construction of the Grand Gallery . The Japanese research team disputes this , however , saying that the huge void is completely different from the construction spaces previously identified . King 's Chamber Sarcophagus in the King 's chamber The `` King 's Chamber '' is 20 cubits or 10.47 metres ( 34.4 ft ) from east to west and 10 cubits or 5.234 metres ( 17.17 ft ) north to south . It has a flat roof 11 cubits and 5 digits or 5.852 metres ( 19 feet 2 inch ) above the floor . 0.91 m ( 3.0 ft ) above the floor there are two narrow shafts in the north and south walls ( one is now filled by an extractor fan in an attempt to circulate air inside the pyramid ) . The purpose of these shafts is not clear : they appear to be aligned towards stars or areas of the northern and southern skies , yet one of them follows a dog - leg course through the masonry , indicating no intention to directly sight stars through them . They were long believed by Egyptologists to be `` air shafts '' for ventilation , but this idea has now been widely abandoned in favour of the shafts serving a ritualistic purpose associated with the ascension of the king 's spirit to the heavens . The King 's Chamber is entirely faced with granite . Above the roof , which is formed of nine slabs of stone weighing in total about 400 tons , are five compartments known as Relieving Chambers . The first four , like the King 's Chamber , have flat roofs formed by the floor of the chamber above , but the final chamber has a pointed roof . Vyse suspected the presence of upper chambers when he found that he could push a long reed through a crack in the ceiling of the first chamber . From lower to upper , the chambers are known as `` Davison 's Chamber '' , `` Wellington 's Chamber '' , `` Nelson 's Chamber '' , `` Lady Arbuthnot 's Chamber '' , and `` Campbell 's Chamber '' . It is believed that the compartments were intended to safeguard the King 's Chamber from the possibility of a roof collapsing under the weight of stone above the Chamber . As the chambers were not intended to be seen , they were not finished in any way and a few of the stones still retain masons ' marks painted on them . One of the stones in Campbell 's Chamber bears a mark , apparently the name of a work gang . The entrance of the Pyramid The only object in the King 's Chamber is a rectangular granite sarcophagus , one corner of which is broken . The sarcophagus is slightly larger than the Ascending Passage , which indicates that it must have been placed in the Chamber before the roof was put in place . Unlike the fine masonry of the walls of the Chamber , the sarcophagus is roughly finished , with saw marks visible in several places . This is in contrast with the finely finished and decorated sarcophagi found in other pyramids of the same period . Petrie suggested that such a sarcophagus was intended but was lost in the river on the way north from Aswan and a hurriedly made replacement was used instead . Modern entrance Today tourists enter the Great Pyramid via the Robbers ' Tunnel , a tunnel purportedly created around AD 820 by Caliph al - Ma'mun 's workmen using a battering ram . The tunnel is cut straight through the masonry of the pyramid for approximately 27 metres ( 89 ft ) , then turns sharply left to encounter the blocking stones in the Ascending Passage . It is believed that their efforts dislodged the stone fitted in the ceiling of the Descending Passage to hide the entrance to the Ascending Passage and it was the noise of that stone falling and then sliding down the Descending Passage , which alerted them to the need to turn left . Unable to remove these stones , however , the workmen tunnelled up beside them through the softer limestone of the Pyramid until they reached the Ascending Passage . It is possible to enter the Descending Passage from this point , but access is usually forbidden . Pyramid complex Main article : Giza pyramid complex Map of Giza pyramid complex -- `` Pyramid of Khufu '' refers to the Great Pyramid . The Great Pyramid is surrounded by a complex of several buildings including small pyramids . The Pyramid Temple , which stood on the east side of the pyramid and measured 52.2 metres ( 171 ft ) north to south and 40 metres ( 130 ft ) east to west , has almost entirely disappeared apart from the black basalt paving . There are only a few remnants of the causeway which linked the pyramid with the valley and the Valley Temple . The Valley Temple is buried beneath the village of Nazlet el - Samman ; basalt paving and limestone walls have been found but the site has not been excavated . The basalt blocks show `` clear evidence '' of having been cut with some kind of saw with an estimated cutting blade of 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) in length , capable of cutting at a rate of 1.5 inches ( 38 mm ) per minute . John Romer suggests that this `` super saw '' may have had copper teeth and weighed up to 300 pounds ( 140 kg ) . He theorizes that such a saw could have been attached to a wooden trestle and possibly used in conjunction with vegetable oil , cutting sand , emery or pounded quartz to cut the blocks , which would have required the labour of at least a dozen men to operate it . On the south side are the subsidiary pyramids , popularly known as Queens ' Pyramids . Three remain standing to nearly full height but the fourth was so ruined that its existence was not suspected until the recent discovery of the first course of stones and the remains of the capstone . Hidden beneath the paving around the pyramid was the tomb of Queen Hetepheres I , sister - wife of Sneferu and mother of Khufu . Discovered by accident by the Reisner expedition , the burial was intact , though the carefully sealed coffin proved to be empty . Group photo of Australian 11th Battalion soldiers on the Great Pyramid in 1915 . Aerial photography , taken from Eduard Spelterini 's balloon on 21 November 1904 The Giza pyramid complex , which includes among other structures the pyramids of Khufu , Khafre and Menkaure , is surrounded by a cyclopean stone wall , the Wall of the Crow . Mark Lehner has discovered a worker 's town outside of the wall , otherwise known as `` The Lost City '' , dated by pottery styles , seal impressions , and stratigraphy to have been constructed and occupied sometime during the reigns of Khafre ( 2520 -- 2494 BC ) and Menkaure ( 2490 -- 2472 BC ) . Recent discoveries by Mark Lehner and his team at the town and nearby , including what appears to have been a thriving port , suggest the town and associated living quarters consisting of barracks called `` galleries '' may not have been for the pyramid workers after all , but rather for the soldiers and sailors who utilized the port . In light of this new discovery , as to where then the pyramid workers may have lived Lehner now suggests the alternative possibility they may have camped on the ramps he believes were used to construct the pyramids or possibly at nearby quarries . In the early 1970s , the Australian archaeologist Karl Kromer excavated a mound in the South Field of the plateau . This mound contained artefacts including mudbrick seals of Khufu , which he identified with an artisans ' settlement . Mudbrick buildings just south of Khufu 's Valley Temple contained mud sealings of Khufu and have been suggested to be a settlement serving the cult of Khufu after his death . A worker 's cemetery used at least between Khufu 's reign and the end of the Fifth Dynasty was discovered south of the Wall of the Crow by Zahi Hawass in 1990 . Boats Main article : Khufu ship There are three boat - shaped pits around the pyramid , of a size and shape to have held complete boats , though so shallow that any superstructure , if there ever was one , must have been removed or disassembled . In May 1954 , the Egyptian archaeologist Kamal el - Mallakh discovered a fourth pit , a long , narrow rectangle , still covered with slabs of stone weighing up to 15 tons . Inside were 1,224 pieces of wood , the longest 23 metres ( 75 ft ) long , the shortest 10 centimetres ( 0.33 ft ) . These were entrusted to a boat builder , Haj Ahmed Yusuf , who worked out how the pieces fit together . The entire process , including conservation and straightening of the warped wood , took fourteen years . The result is a cedar - wood boat 43.6 metres ( 143 ft ) long , its timbers held together by ropes , which is currently housed in a special boat - shaped , air - conditioned museum beside the pyramid . During construction of this museum , which stands above the boat pit , a second sealed boat pit was discovered . It was deliberately left unopened until 2011 when excavation began on the boat . Looting Comparison of approximate profiles of the Great Pyramid of Giza with some notable pyramidal or near - pyramidal buildings . Dotted lines indicate original heights , where data are available . In its SVG file , hover over a pyramid to highlight and click for its article . Although succeeding pyramids were smaller , pyramid building continued until the end of the Middle Kingdom . However , as authors Briar and Hobbs claim , `` all the pyramids were robbed '' by the New Kingdom , when the construction of royal tombs in a desert valley , now known as the Valley of the Kings , began . Joyce Tyldesley states that the Great Pyramid itself `` is known to have been opened and emptied by the Middle Kingdom '' , before the Arab caliph Abdullah al - Mamun entered the pyramid around AD 820 . I.E.S. Edwards discusses Strabo 's mention that the pyramid `` a little way up one side has a stone that may be taken out , which being raised up there is a sloping passage to the foundations '' . Edwards suggested that the pyramid was entered by robbers after the end of the Old Kingdom and sealed and then reopened more than once until Strabo 's door was added . He adds : `` If this highly speculative surmise be correct , it is also necessary to assume either that the existence of the door was forgotten or that the entrance was again blocked with facing stones '' , in order to explain why al - Ma'mun could not find the entrance . He also discusses a story told by Herodotus . Herodotus visited Egypt in the 5th century BC and recounts a story that he was told concerning vaults under the pyramid built on an island where the body of Cheops lies . Edwards notes that the pyramid had `` almost certainly been opened and its contents plundered long before the time of Herodotus '' and that it might have been closed again during the Twenty - sixth Dynasty of Egypt when other monuments were restored . He suggests that the story told to Herodotus could have been the result of almost two centuries of telling and retelling by Pyramid guides . See also Djedi Project Golden Ratio dimensions in Egyptian pyramids Index of Egypt - related articles List of archaeoastronomical sites by country List of Egyptian pyramids List of largest monoliths including a section on calculating the weight of megaliths List of tallest freestanding structures Pyramid inch Pyramidion Pyramidology The Upuaut Project References ^ Jump up to : `` By themselves , of course , none of these modern labels define the ancient purposes of the architecture they describe . '' -- Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ Shaw ( 2003 ) , p. 89 Jump up ^ Levy ( 2005 ) , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : Petrie ( 1883 ) Jump up ^ I.E.S. Edwards ( 1986 ) ( 1947 ) . The Pyramids of Egypt . p. 285 . 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Educreation Publishing . 2017 . p. 38 . Jump up ^ `` Lower Northern Shaft '' . The Upuaut Project . Retrieved 11 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Will the Great Pyramid 's Secret Doors Be Opened ? '' . Fox News . 12 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Gupton , Nancy ( 4 April 2003 ) . `` Ancient Egyptian Chambers Explored '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Third `` Door '' Found in Great Pyramid `` . National Geographic . 23 September 2002 . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` First images from Great Pyramid 's chamber of secrets '' . New Scientist . Reed Business Information . 25 May 2011 . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Kingsland , William ( 1932 ) . The Great pyramid in fact and in theory . London : Rider . p. 71 . Jump up ^ Lehner , Mark ( 1997 ) . The Complete Pyramids . London : Thames and Hudson . p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05084 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Mysterious Void Discovered in Egypt 's Great Pyramid '' . 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Morishima , Kunihiro ; Kuno , Mitsuaki ; Nishio , Akira ; Kitagawa , Nobuko ; Manabe , Yuta ; Moto , Masaki ; Takasaki , Fumihiko ; Fujii , Hirofumi ; Satoh , Kotaro ; Kodama , Hideyo ; Hayashi , Kohei ; Odaka , Shigeru ; Procureur , Sébastien ; Attié , David ; Bouteille , Simon ; Calvet , Denis ; Filosa , Christopher ; Magnier , Patrick ; Mandjavidze , Irakli ; Riallot , Marc ; Marini , Benoit ; Gable , Pierre ; Date , Yoshikatsu ; Sugiura , Makiko ; Elshayeb , Yasser ; Elnady , Tamer ; Ezzy , Mustapha ; Guerriero , Emmanuel ; Steiger , Vincent ; Serikoff , Nicolas ; Mouret , Jean - Baptiste ; Charlès , Bernard ; Helal , Hany ; Tayoubi , Mehdi ( 2 November 2017 ) . `` Discovery of a big void in Khufu 's Pyramid by observation of cosmic - ray muons '' . Nature . doi : 10.1038 / nature24647 -- via www.nature.com . 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ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87166 - 2 . Scarre , Chris ( 1999 ) . The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World . Thames & Hudson , London . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05096 - 5 . Seidelmann , P. Kenneth ( 1992 ) . Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac . University Science Books . ISBN 0 - 935702 - 68 - 7 . Shaw , Ian ( 2003 ) . The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 815034 - 2 . Siliotti , Alberto ( 1997 ) . Guide to the pyramids of Egypt ; preface by Zahi Hawass . Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 0763 - 4 . Smyth , Piazzi ( 1978 ) . The Great Pyramid . Crown Publishers Inc . ISBN 0 - 517 - 26403 - X . Tyldesley , Joyce ( 2007 ) . Egypt : How a lost civilization was rediscovered . BBC Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 52257 - 7 . Verner , Miroslav ( 2001 ) . The Pyramids : The Mystery , Culture , and Science of Egypt 's Great Monuments . Grove Press . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 1703 - 1 . Verner , Miroslav ( 2003 ) . The Pyramids : Their Archaeology and History . Atlantic Books . ISBN 1 - 84354 - 171 - 8 . Wirsching , Armin ( 2009 ) . Die Pyramiden von Giza -- Mathematik in Stein gebaut ( 2nd ed . ) . Books on Demand . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8370 - 2355 - 8 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Pyramid of Giza . Pyramids at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Building the Khufu Pyramid `` The Giza Plateau Mapping Project '' . Oriental Institute . Records Preceded by Red Pyramid World 's tallest structure c. 2570BC -- 1300AD 146.6 m Succeeded by Lincoln Cathedral Egyptian pyramids List of Egyptian pyramids ( Lepsius ) Commons Period Dynasty Pyramids Old Kingdom ( 2686 -- 2181 BC ) III Djoser Buried Layer Lepsius I ( de ) Athribis Elephantine Edfu South el - Kula ( de ) Naqada Saujet el - Meitin ( de ) Sinki ( de ) IV Seila ( de ) Meidum Bent Red Khufu Djedefre Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan Khafre Menkaure Khentkaus I ( de ) Mastabet el - Fara'un G1 - a G1 - b G1 - c G1 - d Lepsius L ( de ) V Userkaf Neferhetepes ( de ) Sahure Neferirkare Khentkaus II Neferefre Unfinished Niuserre ( de ) Lepsius XXIV Double Headless Djedkare - Isesi Unas VI Teti Pepi I Merenre Pepi II Sesheshet 1 Intermediate Period ( 2181 -- 2040 BC ) VII VIII Ity Neferkare Neby Ibi Khui X Merikare Middle Kingdom ( 2040 -- 1650 BC ) XI Reherishefnakht XII Amenemhat I Senusret I White Senusret II ( de ) Senusret III Black Hawara Neferuptah ( de ) Central Dahshur ( de ) South Mazghuna North Mazghuna XIII Ameny Qemau Khendjer Southern South Saqqara SAK S 3 SAK S 7 ( de ) South Dahshur A ( de ) South Dahshur B ( de ) DAS 46 DAS 49 DAS 50 DAS 51 DAS 53 ( de ) S 9 S 10 Merneferre Ay Second Intermediate ( 1650 -- 1570 BC ) XVII Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre - Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose New Kingdom ( 1570 -- 1070 BC ) XVIII Ahmose Step pyramid Construction techniques Seked Texts Pyramidion Pyramidology Mathematics and art Concepts Algorithm Catenary Fractal Golden ratio Plastic number Hyperboloid structure Minimal surface Paraboloid Perspective Camera lucida Camera obscura Projective geometry Proportion Architecture Human Symmetry Tessellation Wallpaper group Forms Algorithmic art Anamorphic art Computer art 4D art Fractal art Islamic geometric patterns Girih Jali Muqarnas Zellige Knotting Architecture Geodesic dome Islamic Mughal Pyramid Vastu shastra Music Origami Textiles String art Sculpture Tiling Artworks List of works designed with the golden ratio Continuum Octacube Pi Pi in the Sky Buildings Hagia Sophia Pantheon Parthenon Pyramid of Khufu Sagrada Família St Mary 's Cathedral Sydney Opera House Taj Mahal Artists Renaissance Paolo Uccello Piero della Francesca Albrecht Dürer Leonardo da Vinci Vitruvian Man Parmigianino Self - portrait in a Convex Mirror 19th -- 20th Century William Blake The Ancient of Days Newton Jean Metzinger Danseuse au café L'Oiseau bleu Man Ray René Magritte La condition humaine Salvador Dalí Crucifixion The Swallow 's Tail Giorgio de Chirico M.C. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the great pyramid of giza constructed | [
"Based on a mark in an interior chamber naming the work gang and a reference to fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu, Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb over a 10 to 20-year period concluding around 2560 BC. Initially at 146.5 metres (481 feet), the Great Pyramid was the tallest man-made structure in the world for more than 3,800 years. Originally, the Great Pyramid was covered by casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface; what is seen today is the underlying core structure. Some of the casing stones that once covered the structure can still be seen around the base. There have been varying scientific and alternative theories about the Great Pyramid's construction techniques. Most accepted construction hypotheses are based on the idea that it was built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place."
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"over a 10 to 20-year period concluding around 2560 BC"
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-8707781798595035651 | Khelo India School Games | Khelo India School Games - wikipedia Khelo India School Games Khelo India School Games Abbreviation NG First event 2018 Occur every Annual Last event 2018 Purpose Grassroot talent hunt Headquarters New Delhi Website www.kheloindia.gov.in Khelo India School Games ( KISG ) , meaning Play India School Games , held annually beginning from 31 January 2018 , are the national level multidisciplinary grassroot games in India for the under - 17 years school kids . Every year best 1000 kids will be given an annual scholarship of INR500 , 000 for 8 years to prepare them for the international sporting events . Small state of Haryana ( 102 medals including 38 golds , 26 silvers and 38 bronzes ) was the top team in 2018 , followed by Maharashtra ( 111 medals including 36 golds ) and Delhi ( 94 medals including 25 golds ) . Contents 1 History 2 Annual games 2.1 Sports 2.2 Selection criteria 2.3 Talent hunt and scholarship 2.4 Medal tally 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) On 31 January 2018 , Prime Minister , Narendra Modi , declared open the inaugural Khelo India School Games at the opening ceremony based on Guru -- shishya tradition held at Indira Gandhi Arena . Annual Games ( edit ) Sports ( edit ) The inaugural 2018 games had students competing for 209 gold medals across 16 sports . Badminton , basketball , boxing ( 26 gold medals ) , gymnastics ( 20 gold medals ) , judo ( 16 gold medals ) , kabaddi , volleyball and wrestling ( 30 gold medals ) were held at the Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium Complex . Athletics ( 36 gold medals ) , football , kho kho and weightlifting ( 16 gold medals ) were held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium . Archery was held at the India Gate war memorial , Swimming at the Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Swimming Complex ( 35 gold medals ) , hockey at the Dhyan Chand National Stadium and shooting at the Dr. Karni Singh Shooting Range were other venues . Selection criteria ( edit ) Only selected school kids below the age of 17 years are eligible to compete . In the individual sports , top 8 sportsperson from the School Games Federation of India 's National School Games , 4 nominations from federation , one from Central Board of Secondary Education , one from the host State and 2 wild card entries for the individual events will be selected . In team sports , the top 4 from the National School Games , 2 nominations by the federation , 1 from the host State and one from the organising committee will be selected . For archery , badminton and shooting , the top 16 from the National School Games , 8 nominations by the federation , 1 from CBSE , 1 from host State , 1 from organising committee , and 6 from wild cards will be selected . Talent hunt and scholarship ( edit ) To identify the talent at grassroot level , each sports has a dedicated talent hunt committee , who will identify top 2 sportsperson for each sports and they will be given an annual scholarship of INR598 , 000 for 8 years . Medal tally ( edit ) ( T - Total medals won , G - Golds won , S - Silver won , B - Bronze won ) Khelo India School Games Edition Year Host ( s ) Start Date End Date Sports Gold 1st Team 2nd Team 3rd Team 2018 Delhi 31 Jan 8 Feb 16 209 Haryana Maharashtra Delhi 102 38 26 38 111 36 32 43 94 25 29 40 II 2019 III 2020 IV 2021 See also ( edit ) National Games of India Indian Olympic Association Sports in India References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : PM Modi launches Khelo India School Games , Times of India , 31 Jan 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Khelo India School Games in December , The Hindu , 6 Nov 2017 . Jump up ^ Sport minister Rathore hails Khelo India School Games , Business Standard , 8 Feb 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Haryana crowned champions of Khelo India School Games with 38 gold medals , Hindustan Times , 8 Feb 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Khelo India School Games : Haryana overtake Maharashtra to emerge champions , Times of India , 8 Feb 2018 . Jump up ^ Is Khelo India School Games a success ? Shocking revelations here , Financial Express , 7 Feb 2018 . External links ( edit ) Khelo India , official website Indian Olympic Association , official website Multi-sport events Global Olympics Olympic Games Summer Winter Youth Olympic Games Disabled sports Deaflympics Défi sportif Invictus Games CPISRA World Games INAS Global Games IBSA World Games IWAS World Games World Dwarf Games Paralympic Games Summer Winter Special Olympics Summer Winter Professions Lumberjack World Championship World Air Games World Martial Arts Games World Military Games World Police and Fire Games World Firefighters Games World Roller Games European Championship in Forestry Skills Southern Forestry Conclave Stihl Timbersports Series World Logging Championship Youth and students Gymnasiade International Children 's Games SELL Student Games Universiade World Interuniversity Games Commonwealth Youth Games Other types Arafura Games CSIT World Sports Games Dew Tour Mind Sports Olympiad World Mind Sports Games SportAccord World Mind Games TAFISA World Games World Combat Games World Games World Masters Games X Games World Beach Games Intercommunity Commonwealth Games CPLP Games Croatian World Games Gay Games Invictus Games Islamic Solidarity Games Jeux de la Francophonie Lusophony Games Maccabiah Games Pan Arab Games Pan-Armenian Games World Transplant Games World Eskimo Indian Olympics World Indigenous Games World Nomad Games World Outgames Regional Africa African Youth Games African Games All - Africa University Games Americas Pan American Pan American Games Parapan American Games Central American and the Caribbean Central American and Caribbean Games Central American Games Latin American ALBA Games Bolivarian Games North American CANUSA Games North American Indigenous Games North American Outgames South American South American Games South American Beach Games South American Youth Games Asia Pan Asian Asian Games Asian Beach Games Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games Asian Para Games Asian Winter Games Asian Youth Games Southeast Asian Southeast Asian Games ASEAN School Games ASEAN University Games ASEAN Para Games Central Asian Games East Asian Youth Games South Asian Games West Asian Games Europe Black Sea Games European Games European Masters Games European Sports Championships European Youth Olympic Festival Games of the Small States of Europe Jeux des îles EuroGames European Universities Championships European Universities Games Oceania Australian Youth Olympic Festival Micronesian Games Pacific Games Intercontinental Arctic Winter Games Asia Pacific Deaf Games Asia Pacific Masters Games Indian Ocean Island Games Island Games Mediterranean Games Pan Arab Games National Africa South African Games Americas Canada British Columbia Quebec Western Colombia United States amateur juniors seniors Warrior Games NCSG , United States Alabama California Florida Massachusetts Missouri Montana Nebraska New York North Carolina North Dakota Lakota Nation Texas Wisconsin Asia Bangladesh China All - China Games National Games National Peasants ' Games National Youth Games India School Indonesia Japan Malaysia Para Mongolia Pakistan Philippines National Games Batang Pinoy Palaro Singapore South Korea Summer Winter Thailand youth Vietnam Europe Netherlands Poland ( youth ) All - Union Spartakiad Spartakiad of Albania Spartakiad of Peoples of the USSR youth WheelPower Historical Pre-Modern Olympics ( in order , from 1900 BC to 1859 AD ) Tailteann Games ( ancient ) Panhellenic Games Ancient Olympic Games Pythian Games Nemean Games Isthmian Games Heraean Games Panathenaic Games Roman Games Cotswold Olimpick Games Gog Magog Games Wenlock Olympian Society Annual Games Zappas Olympics Alternatives to the Modern Olympics Aryan Games Friendship Games GANEFO Goodwill Games Inter-Allied Games Islamic Games Liberty Bell Classic People 's Olympiad Workers ' Olympiads Defunct regional or community events Afro - Asian Games Asian Indoor Games Asian Martial Arts Games Central African Games East Asian Games Far Eastern Championship Games FESPIC Games Games of the New Emerging Forces Nordic Games Pacific Ocean Games Spartakiad of Peoples of the USSR Tailteann Games ( modern ) Women 's Islamic Games World Youth Games Winter games International Olympics Paralympics Winter Universiade Commonwealth World Scout Arctic Winter Games Kennedy Memorial New Zealand Winter Games Regional National Winter Games of China Asian Winter Games European Youth Olympic Festival Winter X Games Europe Defunct Sub-national 51 component games in 36 U.S. states List WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khelo_India_School_Games&oldid=861951546 '' Categories : Multi-sport events in India National Games of India National multi-sport events 2018 establishments in India Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 October 2018 , at 05 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the first khelo india school games 2018 held | [
"On 31 January 2018, Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, declared open the inaugural Khelo India School Games at the opening ceremony based on Guru–shishya tradition held at Indira Gandhi Arena.[1][2]\n"
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"Indira Gandhi Arena"
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7614560304832097204 | Kingdom Hearts | Kingdom Hearts - Wikipedia Kingdom Hearts Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the series . For the video game , see Kingdom Hearts ( video game ) . Kingdom Hearts The logo of Kingdom Hearts utilized in merchandizing . Genres Action role - playing , hack and slash Developers Square Square Enix Jupiter h.a.n.d. BitGroove Inc . Success Publishers Square Square Enix Disney Interactive Studios Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media Creators Shinji Hashimoto Tetsuya Nomura Composers Yoko Shimomura Platforms PlayStation 2 , Game Boy Advance , mobile phone , Nintendo DS , PlayStation Portable , Nintendo 3DS , PlayStation 3 , Web browser , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , Android , iOS Platform of origin PlayStation 2 First release Kingdom Hearts March 28 , 2002 Latest release Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue January 12 , 2017 Kingdom Hearts ( Japanese : キングダム ハーツ , Hepburn : Kingudamu Hātsu ) is a series of crossover action role - playing games owned by Disney Interactive Studios and developed and published by Square Enix ( originally by Square ) . It is a collaboration between Disney Interactive and Square Enix , and is under the direction of Tetsuya Nomura , a longtime Square Enix character designer . Kingdom Hearts is a crossover of various Disney settings based in a universe made specifically for the series . The series primarily centers on the main character Sora and his journey and experiences with various Disney , Final Fantasy and The World Ends with You characters , whilst stopping the various incarnations of the primary antagonist Xehanort throughout the series . All characters original to the Kingdom Hearts franchise are owned by The Walt Disney Company . The series consists of eight games across multiple platforms , and future titles are planned . Most of the games in the series have been both positively received and commercially successful . As of October 2013 , the Kingdom Hearts series has sold more than 25 million copies worldwide . A wide variety of related merchandise has been released along with the games , including soundtracks , figurines , companion books , novels and manga series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Titles 1.1 Games 1.1. 1 Other 1.1. 2 Collections 1.1. 3 Upcoming titles 1.2 Other media 1.2. 1 Printed adaptations 2 Common elements 2.1 Disney and Square Enix characters 2.2 Story 2.3 Gameplay 2.4 Music 3 Development 3.1 History 3.2 Creation and design 3.3 Promotion 4 Reception 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Titles ( edit ) Main article : List of Kingdom Hearts media Games ( edit ) Timeline of release years 2002 Kingdom Hearts 2003 Chain of Memories 2005 Kingdom Hearts II 2006 2007 Re : Chain of Memories 2008 Coded 2009 358 / 2 Days Birth by Sleep Re : coded 2011 2012 Dream Drop Distance 2013 1.5 Remix χ 2014 2.5 Remix 2015 Unchained χ 2016 2017 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue 1.5 + 2.5 Remix 2018 Kingdom Hearts III Kingdom Hearts is the first game in the series , released in Japan on March 28 , 2002 for PlayStation 2 . Tetsuya Nomura has served as game director , his first time in this position . Kingdom Hearts introduced the main characters ( Sora , Kairi and Riku ) of the series , and established the plot 's framework involving hearts and dark beings known as the Heartless . It also established the role of Disney characters in the series , with character cameos from the Final Fantasy series . Kingdom Hearts was released in North America on September 17 , 2002 , and featured additional content that was not in the original Japanese version . The game was later re-released exclusively in Japan as Kingdom Hearts Final Mix on December 26 , 2002 . Final Mix includes the content from the North American release and additional enemies , cutscenes , and weapons . Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories is a direct sequel to the first game . It was released on the Game Boy Advance in Japan on November 11 , 2004 . Chain of Memories was touted as a bridge between the two PlayStation 2 titles , introducing and previewing plot elements that would be explored in the next game . The gameplay system is a departure from the original and employs card game mechanics in real time . Players construct decks out of cards that correspond to different actions in battle , such as attacking or using magic . It was remade into a PlayStation 2 game titled Kingdom Hearts Re : Chain of Memories , which contains polygonal graphics instead of the sprites used in the original game . The remake was released in Japan as a second disc packaged with Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix on March 29 , 2007 , and in North America as a standalone title on December 2 , 2008 . Kingdom Hearts II takes place one year after the events of Chain of Memories . It was released for the PlayStation 2 in Japan on December 22 , 2005 . The game further explores the `` heart '' concept by involving a new group of enemies , the Nobodies , which are the cast - off shells of those who have become Heartless . The gameplay is similar to that of the first Kingdom Hearts game , with the addition of the Reaction Command , which performs context - sensitive actions in battle . Kingdom Hearts II was revised into Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix , which contains more material than the original release , such as additional cutscenes and bosses . Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix was released with Kingdom Hearts Re : Chain of Memories in a collection titled Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix+ , which was released in Japan on March 29 , 2007 . Kingdom Hearts Coded is an episodic mobile phone game that picks up directly after Kingdom Hearts II . The `` preinstall '' episode was released exclusively in Japan on November 18 , 2008 and eight episodes were released between June 3 , 2009 and January 28 , 2010 . The game was remade for the Nintendo DS as Kingdom Hearts Re : coded , and features updated gameplay combining that of two later titles in the series , 358 / 2 Days and Birth by Sleep . Unlike the original version , Re : coded was released internationally : October 7 , 2010 in Japan ; January 11 , 2011 in North America ; and January 14 , 2011 in Europe . Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days was released for the Nintendo DS in Japan on May 30 , 2009 . It is primarily set between Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II , focusing on Roxas ' time in Organization XIII and his motives for leaving . It is the first game in the series to feature cooperative multiplayer in addition to the traditional use of AI - controlled partners . Gameplay is mission - based with optional objectives that yield additional rewards . The game also has a unique panel system which governs character improvement , special abilities , and equipped weapons . Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep is a prequel to the series , released for the PlayStation Portable in Japan on January 9 , 2010 , and in North America on September 7 , 2010 with additional content . The game is set ten years before the events of the first Kingdom Hearts game , revealing the origins of the villain , Xehanort . It consists of four scenarios , three of which focus on one of the game 's three protagonists , Terra , Ventus and Aqua . The game was re-released exclusively in Japan under the title Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep Final Mix on January 20 , 2011 with the content from the English versions as well as new features , such as an additional fifth scenario . Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance was released on March 29 , 2012 in Japan for the Nintendo 3DS . The game focuses on Sora and Riku 's Mark of Mastery exam under Yen Sid in anticipation of Xehanort 's return and their subsequent conflicts with enemies from their past . In addition to similar systems inherited from Birth by Sleep , this game features `` Dream Eaters '' which serve as both enemies and allies . Players may collect and breed friendly Dream Eaters and train them to become more powerful . The English edition came out on July 20 , 2012 in Europe while it came out on July 31 , 2012 for North America . Kingdom Hearts χ : At Tokyo Game Show 2012 , Square Enix announced Kingdom Hearts χ , previously known as Kingdom Hearts for PC Browsers . It is a browser game for PCs , and is only playable in Japan since July 18 , 2013 . It features cartoon - like 2D models and is a prequel to the entire series , taking place before the Keyblade War . Kingdom Hearts : Unchained χ : An international port of Kingdom Hearts χ that was released for Android and iOS devices featuring content from the original game 's release while later diverging from it and providing all - new content . Unchained χ was released in Japan on September 3 , 2015 , in North America on April 7 , 2016 , and in Europe on June 16 , 2016 . In April 2017 , it was rebranded as Kingdom Hearts Union X . Other ( edit ) A Kingdom Hearts game was developed exclusively for V CAST , Verizon Wireless 's broadband service , and was released on October 1 , 2004 in Japan and on February 4 , 2005 in the United States . It was one of the launch games for the V CAST services . The game , developed by Superscape and published by Disney Mobile with no involvement from Square Enix , features gameplay akin to the first Kingdom Hearts game , modified for the input method of mobile phones . The game 's storyline features Sora struggling to free himself from a nightmare induced by Maleficent 's magic . Kingdom Hearts Mobile is a Kingdom Hearts - themed social game in which players can play mini-games together . Unlike Kingdom Hearts for the V CAST and Kingdom Hearts Coded , this game does not have a storyline and focuses more on socializing . The service operates in conjunction with Kingdom Hearts Coded -- new avatar costumes become available after the player completes an episode of Kingdom Hearts Coded . Kingdom Hearts - related media such as wallpapers , ringtones , graphics , and other items can be purchased and downloaded through the service for mobile phones . Collections ( edit ) Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix was released for the PlayStation 3 in Japan on March 14 , 2013 . The collection includes remastered versions of Kingdom Hearts Final Mix and Re : Chain of Memories , which include gameplay enhancements and trophy support . In addition , a `` Theatre Mode '' has been added , consisting of high definition cutscenes from Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days . The collection was released in North America on September 10 , 2013 in Australia on September 12 , 2013 , and in Europe on September 13 , 2013 . Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix : After the announcement of HD 1.5 Remix , Nomura stated that it would be `` pretty unnatural '' if Kingdom Hearts II did not receive an HD update . In the credits of HD 1.5 Remix , clips of Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix , Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep Final Mix and Kingdom Hearts Re : coded were shown , hinting at another collection . On October 14 , 2013 , the collection was announced exclusively for the PlayStation 3 , and will include the previously mentioned games , with Re : coded appearing as HD cinematics , similar to 358 / 2 Days in HD 1.5 Remix . The collection was released in Japan on October 2 , 2014 , North America on December 2 , 2014 , Australia on December 4 , 2014 , and Europe on December 5 , 2014 . Kingdom Hearts Collector 's Pack : HD 1.5 + 2.5 Remix : The Collector 's pack features both Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix and Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix , a code to get an Anniversary Set for Kingdom Hearts χ , music , and a booklet with art from the series , with a release in Japan . Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue : In the credits of HD 2.5 Remix , clips of Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance were shown as well as the inclusion of a secret ending related to the game , hinting at a possible additional collection . In September 2015 , Square Enix announced Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue . The collection features an HD remaster of Dream Drop Distance as well as Kingdom Hearts χ Back Cover , a cinematic telling of the backstory behind the events of Kingdom Hearts χ , and Kingdom Hearts 0.2 : Birth by Sleep -- A Fragmentary Passage , a new game taking place after the events of the original Birth by Sleep , told from the perspective of Aqua . It was released in Japan on January 12 , 2017 , and in North America and Europe on January 24 , 2017 . Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 + 2.5 Remix : In October 2016 , Square - Enix announced a single - disc compilation release of Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix and Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix for the PlayStation 4 . The compilation was released on March 9 , 2017 in Japan ; March 28 , 2017 in North America ; and March 31 , 2017 in Europe . Upcoming titles ( edit ) Though Kingdom Hearts III will be the end of the `` Dark Seeker Saga '' centered on Xehanort , it has already been decided where certain characters will end up , in order to potentially continue their story in future games . Kingdom Hearts III : In an interview on September 14 , 2010 , Tetsuya Nomura stated that his team was too busy with other projects such as Final Fantasy XV ( known as Final Fantasy Versus XIII at the time ) to work on Kingdom Hearts III . He also stated that his team was doing research concerning the high - definition graphics of the game , and depending on the technical requirements of the next generation consoles . On June 10 , 2013 , at the E3 Sony press conference , after years of rumors and speculations , Nomura introduced a teaser for Kingdom Hearts III , which stated it was in development for the PlayStation 4 . It was announced the next day to be in development for the Xbox One as well . In Kingdom Hearts III , the series protagonist Sora will search for the `` Key to Return Hearts '' while Sora 's friends , Riku and King Mickey , search for Keyblade wielders . The game will conclude the `` Dark Seeker Saga '' , but it will not be the final game in the series . The game is scheduled to be released in 2018 . Other media ( edit ) Both Square Enix and Disney have released a wide variety of Kingdom Hearts merchandise including toys , figurines , clothing , and jewelry . Two of the games , Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II , had a soundtrack released to coincide with the video games . These were followed by a nine CD complete set which featured both soundtracks and unreleased tracks . Kingdom Hearts has been adapted as a trading card game by the Tomy corporation of Japan . An English version of the game was released in November 2007 by Fantasy Flight Games . The video games have also been adapted into manga and novel series . Like the Final Fantasy games , a series of `` Ultimania '' books were released in Japan for many of the games . These books include game walkthroughs , interviews , and extra information from the developers . Kingdom Hearts - Another Report - was released along with Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix+ and features game information , visuals by Shiro Amano , and a director interview . In North America , Brady Games released strategy guides for each game . For Kingdom Hearts II , they released two versions , a standard version and a limited edition version . The limited edition was available in four different covers and included a copy of Jiminy 's Journal along with 400 stickers . Printed adaptations ( edit ) A manga based on the Kingdom Hearts storyline has been released in Japan and the United States . The story and art are done by Shiro Amano , who is also known for his manga adaptation of the Legend of Mana video game . The story follows the events that took place in the video games with differences to account for the loss of interactivity a video game provides . The manga was originally serialized in Japan by Square Enix 's Monthly Shōnen Gangan and eventually released in tankōbon format . The first tankōbon was released in Japan in October 2003 . The manga was released in the USA by Tokyopop two years later in October 2005 . Yen Press now holds the rights to publish the books for the USA market . The first series , Kingdom Hearts , consists of four volumes , while the second series , Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories , has two volumes . The third series , Kingdom Hearts II , has had five volumes published and is currently on hiatus . A fourth series based on Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days is being serialized . The games have also been adapted as a light novel series , written by Tomoco Kanemaki and illustrated by Shiro Amano . Like the manga series , it is divided into separate series based on the games . Kingdom Hearts is divided into two volumes ; `` The First Door '' and `` Darkness Within '' . Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories is divided into two volumes . Kingdom Hearts II is divided into four volumes ; `` Roxas -- Seven Days '' , `` The Destruction of Hollow Bastion '' , `` Tears of Nobody '' , and `` Anthem -- Meet Again / Axel Last Stand '' . Common elements ( edit ) Disney and Square Enix characters ( edit ) Further information : Characters of Kingdom Hearts Kingdom Hearts features a mixture of familiar Disney , Pixar and Square Enix characters , as well as several new characters designed and created by Nomura . In addition to original locations , the Kingdom Hearts series features many worlds from Disney films . Sora must visit these worlds and interact with various Disney characters to protect them from enemies . Often , his actions in these worlds closely follow the storylines of their respective Disney films . The main characters try not to interfere with the affairs of other worlds , as it could negatively affect the universe 's order . Moogles , small creatures from the Final Fantasy series , are another common element in the games . They provide the player with a synthesis shop in order to create and purchase items used in the game . The main cast from The World Ends with You also makes an appearance in the series in Dream Drop Distance , and the upcoming Kingdom Hearts III will feature characters from Pixar 's Toy Story series . Story ( edit ) Kingdom Hearts chronology Back Cover ( Unchained / Union ) χ Birth by Sleep A Fragmentary Passage Kingdom Hearts Chain of Memories 358 / 2 Days II Coded Dream Drop Distance III The series starts with Kingdom Hearts , where a 14 - year - old boy named Sora is separated from his friends Riku and Kairi when their world , Destiny Islands , is invaded by creatures known as the Heartless . During the invasion , Sora obtains a weapon called the Keyblade that allows him to fight the Heartless . He soon arrives in another world , Traverse Town , where he meets Donald Duck and Goofy , two emissaries from Disney Castle sent to find the Keyblade wielder under orders from their missing king , Mickey Mouse . The three band together and travel to different Disney - themed worlds , sealing the hearts of the worlds to prevent more Heartless from devouring the hearts of those worlds as they search for their companions . Along the way , they encounter a group of Disney villains led by Maleficent , who are controlling the Heartless to capture seven maidens called the Princesses of Heart , and use their power to open the door to Kingdom Hearts , the heart of all worlds . Though they eventually defeat Maleficent , the three discover a sentient Heartless named Ansem to be the true orchestrator of the worlds ' destruction . The three defeat Ansem and seal the door to Kingdom Hearts , but remain separated from Riku and King Mickey while Kairi remains home to await her friends ' return . In Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories , Sora , Donald and Goofy 's search for Riku and Mickey leads them to Castle Oblivion , a fortress controlled by a mysterious group of non-existent `` Nobodies '' called Organization XIII , who use the power of a girl named Naminé to manipulate the trio 's memories . After defeating the Organization , the three are put to sleep for a year by Naminé to allow them to regain their memories , though they must lose the memories of their experience in Castle Oblivion . Meanwhile , Riku arrives in the basement of the castle and ascends to the surface with the aid of Mickey . Discovering Sora 's sleeping state , Riku helps Naminé keep him safe until he is awoken . In Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days , a snag in the plan over the year forces Riku to capture Roxas -- Sora 's Nobody , who is born when Sora briefly becomes a Heartless in the first game -- in order to enable Sora 's reawakening . In Kingdom Hearts II , Sora and friends awaken from their sleep and resume their search for Riku and King Mickey , learning of the Nobodies and becoming re-familiarized with Organization XIII . Sora once again travels to many Disney - themed worlds and resolves issues caused by the Heartless and Nobodies , and Maleficent 's servant Pete . They reunite with King Mickey and encounter Xemnas , the leader of Organization XIII and Nobody of Xehanort , revealed to be the human form of the Heartless Ansem . The Organization 's plan is also revealed : they seek to regain their lost hearts by creating their own version of Kingdom Hearts from the sum of all the hearts released from the Heartless slain by Sora 's Keyblade . The three arrive at the headquarters of Organization XIII and team up with their friends . Ansem the Wise uses a device that dissipates some of Kingdom Hearts ' power , but it self - destructs , engulfing Ansem . At the top of the Castle that Never Was , Sora and his friends battle Xemnas . After Sora and Riku defeat Xemnas , they get trapped in the realm of darkness , but a letter from Kairi summons a gateway for them , and the two are reunited with their friends at their home . Sometime later , Sora , Riku , and Kairi receive a letter from King Mickey . The letter , which was discovered by Mickey during the events of Kingdom Hearts Coded , describes the parts of their past that Naminé learned while restoring Sora 's memory . As they read the letter , they learn about the fates of three Keyblade wielders at the hands of Xehanort during the events of Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep ( a decade before Kingdom Hearts ) : Terra is possessed by Xehanort ; Ventus , whom Xehanort attempts to turn into the legendary χ - blade , sacrifices his heart to stop him and hides it within a four - year - old Sora 's ; and new Keyblade Master Aqua ends up trapped in the realm of darkness after sacrificing herself to save Terra . King Mickey also discovers that the destruction of `` Ansem '' and Xemnas has led to the reconstruction of Xehanort . To combat the new threat Xehanort poses , Sora and Riku take an exam to attain the Mark of Mastery that will allow them to become Keyblade Masters themselves . During the test in Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance , Sora and Riku enter the realm of sleep , where they encounter a young version of Xehanort with the ability to travel through time . The two Keyblade wielders also learn of Xehanort 's true goal : assembling thirteen vessels and incarnations of himself ( Organization XIII ) and pitting them against seven hearts of pure light ( the Princesses of Heart ) in an ultimate battle to recreate the χ - blade . Sora is narrowly saved from becoming Xehanort 's final vessel , and Riku learns about data Ansem the Wise had implanted within Sora during his year - long sleep , which may be used to save those connected to Sora . At the end of the exam , Riku is declared a Keyblade Master , and Sora embarks on a new journey alone to train . In the meantime , to defend the Princesses of Heart from Xehanort , Yen Sid assembles any available Keyblade users to combat Xehanort 's thirteen vessels in the upcoming final battle . Gameplay ( edit ) The Kingdom Hearts games contain elements of action role - playing video games with hack - and - slash elements . The games are driven by a linear progression from one story event to the next , usually shown in the form of a cutscene , though there are numerous side quests available that provide bonus benefits to the characters . In most games , the player primarily controls the principal protagonist of the series , Sora . Sora is usually accompanied by Donald Duck and Goofy , who are artificial intelligence - controlled non-playable characters that aid Sora in battle . In the first and third game , their behavior can be altered to suit different combat objectives . The games feature real - time combat that incorporates physical attacks , magic , and summonings , though each game handles battles differently . The game also allows for items to be used on the field of battle to heal oneself or one 's party members . Gummi Ships are another common element of the series , which serve as the main mode of transportation between worlds in the games . The gameplay for the Gummi Ship sections is more akin to a rail shooter . Because it received negative criticism in the first game , it was modified in the third title . Most games also feature a journal which is accessible from the main menu . This journal keeps track of information regarding the story , characters , enemies , and locations . In the first three games , the journal is kept by Jiminy Cricket , who was appointed by Queen Minnie as the royal chronicler . In 358 / 2 Days , Birth by Sleep and Dream Drop Distance , the main characters write their own journal entries . A battle in the first Kingdom Hearts game The games are influenced by their parent franchise , Final Fantasy , and carry its gameplay elements over into their own action - based , hack - and - slash system . Like many traditional role - playing games , Kingdom Hearts features an experience point system which determines character development . As enemies are defeated , the player gains experience which culminates in a `` level - up '' , where the characters grow stronger and gain access to new abilities . The amount of experience is shared with all party members and each character grows stronger as experience is gained . Music ( edit ) Further information : Music of Kingdom Hearts The music for the series has been primarily composed by Yoko Shimomura . Kaoru Wada works as the arranger for orchestral music , including orchestral renditions of the main vocal themes and the ending themes . The orchestral music was performed by the New Japan Philharmonic Orchestra and the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra . Soundtracks were released for the first and third installments following the release of their respective games . A compilation soundtrack was later released that included soundtracks for the entire series , including reworked tracks for the re-released Kingdom Hearts Re : Chain of Memories . While the themes for some of the Disney - based worlds are taken directly from their Disney film counterparts , most of them are given entirely original musical scores . In addition to each world having unique background music , each is given its own battle theme rather than having a common theme to cover all fights . Several of the main characters have themes , and the final boss of each game has several themes played in the various phases of those fights . The fights with Sephiroth feature a modified version of Nobuo Uematsu 's `` One - Winged Angel '' from Final Fantasy VII . The main theme songs for the Kingdom Hearts games were written and performed by Japanese pop star , Hikaru Utada . The two main themes are `` Hikari '' , from Kingdom Hearts and Chain of Memories , and `` Passion '' , from Kingdom Hearts II . Each song has an English counterpart , `` Simple and Clean '' and `` Sanctuary '' respectively , for the North American and European releases . Utada was the only singer Tetsuya Nomura had in mind for the first Kingdom Hearts theme song . This marked the first time Utada had produced a song for a video game . Both theme songs reached notable popularity in Japan . On weekly Oricon charts , `` Hikari '' reached No. 1 in 2002 and `` Passion '' reached No. 4 in 2005 . Development ( edit ) History ( edit ) The initial idea for Kingdom Hearts began with a discussion between Shinji Hashimoto and Hironobu Sakaguchi about Super Mario 64 . They were planning to make a game with freedom of movement in three dimensions like Super Mario 64 but lamented that only characters as popular as Disney 's could rival a Mario game . Tetsuya Nomura , overhearing their conversation , volunteered to lead the project and the two producers agreed to let him direct . A chance meeting between Hashimoto and a Disney executive in an elevator -- Square and Disney had previously worked in the same building in Japan -- allowed Hashimoto to pitch the idea directly to Disney . Development began in February 2000 with Nomura as director and Hashimoto as producer . While Nomura had done previous work in the Final Fantasy series as monster designer and graphic director , he did not gain widespread recognition until he was the lead character designer for Final Fantasy VII . Kingdom Hearts marked his transition into a directorial position , though he also served as the game 's character designer . Scenarios were provided by Kazushige Nojima who was a scenario writer for Square from Final Fantasy VII until he left in 2003 . Originally the development focused on the gameplay with a simple story to appeal to Disney 's target age range . After Kingdom Hearts executive producer Hironobu Sakaguchi told Nomura the game would be a failure if it did not aim for the same level as the Final Fantasy series , he began to develop the story further . In June 2013 , Nomura stated the name of the game came from him thinking about Disney Theme Parks , especially Animal Kingdom . However , Nomura could not get the IP with just `` Kingdom '' , so the development team began to think about `` heart '' as a core part of the story , so they decided to combine the two to form `` Kingdom Hearts '' . Nomura placed a secret trailer in Kingdom Hearts in hopes that fans would want a sequel . He was unsure if fans would want a sequel and felt that if they did not , then it would be best to leave certain events in the first game unexplained . After Kingdom Hearts Final Mix was completed , development for Kingdom Hearts II began . There were several obstacles to clear before development could begin on a sequel . One was the development team 's desire to showcase Mickey Mouse more ; Mickey 's inclusion in the first game was restricted to a very small role . Nomura had planned for the sequel to take place a year after the first and originally intended for the events of that year to be left unexplained . To bridge the gap between the two games , Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories was developed . Nomura was hesitant about releasing a game on the Game Boy Advance because he felt the 3D graphics of the original game would not translate well into 2D . He changed his position after hearing that children wanted to play Kingdom Hearts on the handheld system . Creation and design ( edit ) Though Disney gave Nomura freedom in the characters and worlds used for the games , he and his staff tried to stay within the established roles of characters and boundaries of the worlds . Nomura has stated that though many of the Disney characters are not normally dark and serious , there were not many challenges making them so for the story , and despite this , their personalities shine because they maintain their own characteristics . He also felt managing and keeping multiple worlds was problematic . When deciding which worlds to include in the game , the development staff tried to take into account worlds with Disney characters that would be interesting and made an effort to minimize any overlap in the overall look and feel of each world . The inclusion of specific Final Fantasy characters was based on the opinions of both fans and staff . Another criterion for inclusion was whether the staff felt the characters would fit into the storyline and in the Kingdom Hearts universe . Initially , Nomura was hesitant to use characters he did not design , because he was unfamiliar with the backstory of such characters . For Kingdom Hearts II , he changed his mind after receiving pressure from his staff . Throughout the development of the games , Nomura has often left certain events and connections between characters unexplained until the release of future games . Nomura does this because he feels that games should have room for fans to speculate and use their imagination . He has stated that with speculation , even though a game gets old , people can still be happy with it . Promotion ( edit ) The first Kingdom Hearts was announced at E3 in May 2001 . Initial details were that it would be a collaboration between Square and Disney Interactive , and would feature worlds developed by both companies and Disney characters . New characters were designed by Nomura and include Sora , Riku , Kairi , and the Heartless . On May 14 , 2002 , a press release announced a list of the English voice actors . The list included Haley Joel Osment , David Gallagher , and Hayden Panettiere as the three new characters introduced into the game . It was also announced that many of the Disney characters would be voiced by the official voice actors from their respective Disney films . A secret trailer in the first Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts Final Mix hinted at the possibility of a sequel . Rumors for a sequel on the PlayStation 2 were spurred in Japan when a Japanese video game site , Quiter , stated that `` an internal ( and anonymous ) source at Square Japan '' confirmed that development of Kingdom Hearts II had begun . It was not until Kingdom Hearts II was announced , along with Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories , at the Tokyo Game Show in September 2003 that rumors were confirmed . Initial details were that it would take place some time after Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories , which takes place directly after the first game . Other details included the return of Sora , Donald , and Goofy , as well as new costumes . At the 2004 Square Enix E3 press conference , the producer , Shinji Hashimoto , stated that many mysteries of the first game would be answered . To help market the games , websites were set up for each game and demos were on display at gaming events . Each game in the main series was also re-released in Japan with additional content and served as canonical updates to the series . The additional content foreshadowed later plot elements in the series . The rereleases of the main series games had the term `` Final Mix '' added after the title , while Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories and Kingdom Hearts Coded were re-released as Kingdom Hearts Re : Chain of Memories and Kingdom Hearts Re : coded and released on the PlayStation 2 and Nintendo DS , respectively , with 3D graphics , voice overs during some cutscenes , and new game content . Reception ( edit ) Aggregate review scores As of April 12 , 2017 . Game Metacritic Kingdom Hearts 85 Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories 76 Kingdom Hearts II 87 Kingdom Hearts Re : Chain of Memories 68 Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days 75 Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep 82 Kingdom Hearts Re : coded 66 Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance 75 Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix 77 Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix 81 Kingdom Hearts Unchained χ 70 Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue 78 Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 + 2.5 Remix 84 The Kingdom Hearts series has been critically and commercially successful . As of March 2014 , the series has sold over 20 million copies worldwide . The three main games in the series all met with positive sales at the time of their releases . In the first two months since the North American release of Kingdom Hearts , it was one of the top three highest - selling video games . Chain of Memories sold 104,000 units in 48 hours in Japan , a record for a Game Boy Advance title at the time . Its positive debut sales placed it in the top spot of sales charts in Japan . In the first month of its North American release , it was ranked 1st on GameSpot 's ChartSpot for portable systems and 6th for all consoles . Within three days of the Kingdom Hearts II release in Japan , it shipped 1 million copies , selling through within a month . By the end of March 2006 , the NPD Group reported that Kingdom Hearts II was the highest - selling console game in North America , with 614,000 copies . In the month after its release in North America , Kingdom Hearts II sold an estimated 1 million copies . The games have also received high ratings and positive comments from reviewers . All of the main games in the series have scored a 36 out of 40 or higher from the Japanese gaming magazine Famitsu , known for its harsh grading . All six games have been praised for their visuals . Game Informer considers the series the eleventh `` must - play PlayStation 2 '' series . The individual games have also won several awards . GameSpot commented that the concept of mixing the serious elements of Final Fantasy with the lighter elements of Disney seemed impossible , but was pulled off quite well . Because of that they awarded Kingdom Hearts `` Best Crossover Since Capcom vs. SNK '' in their 2002 Best and Worst of the Year awards . IGN named Kingdom Hearts `` Best Art Style / Direction '' in their 2003 list of `` Best Looking Games on PS2 '' . G4 awarded it `` Best Story '' at their 2003 G - Phoria awards show . Electronic Gaming Monthly awarded Kingdom Hearts II `` Best Sequel '' of 2006 . It tied with Resident Evil 4 as Famitsu 's Game of the Year 2005 . The manga series has also been well received . Several of the manga volumes were listed on USA Today 's `` Top 150 best sellers '' . The highest ranked volume was Kingdom Hearts volume 4 at # 73 . Every volume listed stayed on the list for at least two weeks ; Kingdom Hearts volume 4 stayed the longest at four weeks . See also ( edit ) List of Square Enix franchises List of Japanese role - playing game franchises References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` KINGDOM HEARTS HD 2.5 ReMIX in Development '' . October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kingdom Hearts '' . IGN . Retrieved September 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kingdom Hearts Info '' . GameFAQs . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ IGN Staff ( September 11 , 2002 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts Final Mix Images '' . IGN . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories '' . IGN . Retrieved September 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories Info '' . GameFAQs . Retrieved May 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Craig Harris ( October 3 , 2003 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories -- Square - Enix continues its Disney - based adventure on the GBA . New screens and details '' . IGN . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Square Enix Announces Kingdom Hearts Re : Chain of Memories for North America '' . Square Enix . September 19 , 2008 . Retrieved September 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts : Re : Chain of Memories Heads to Retailers Today '' . IGN . December 2 , 2008 . Retrieved December 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts II '' . IGN . Retrieved September 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts II Info '' . GameFAQs . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved June 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Anoop Gantayat ( September 13 , 2006 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts II Update For PS2 '' . IGN . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` キングダム ハーツ coded '' ( in Japanese ) . Square Enix . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts Re : coded Decoded in October '' . Siliconera . July 19 , 2010 . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` KINGDOM HEARTS RE : CODED CONFIRMED FOR RELEASE JANUARY 11 , 2011 '' . Square Enix . October 6 , 2010 . Retrieved October 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Square Enix Europe ( October 6 , 2010 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts Re : coded is coming to Europe 14 January 2011 '' . Twitter . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Scott ( September 20 , 2007 ) . `` TGS07 : New Kingdom Hearts games coming to DS , PSP , mobile '' . Joystiq . Retrieved September 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Onyett , Charles ( September 19 , 2007 ) . `` TGS 2007 : Three New Kingdom Hearts Titles '' . IGN . Retrieved September 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kristin Neirinckx ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` New KINGDOM HEARTS Birth by Sleep PSP Entertainment Pack '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment . Retrieved May 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Charles Onyett ( September 19 , 2007 ) . `` Three New Kingdom Hearts Titles '' . IGN . Retrieved September 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Anoop Gantayat ( June 18 , 2010 ) . `` Tetsuya Nomura on Kingdom Hearts 3D '' . Andriasang . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Square - Enix ( February 19 , 2013 ) . `` ( PC ブラウザ ) KINGDOM HEARTSχ ( chi ) 正式 タイトル & タイトル ロゴ 決定 '' . Square - Enix . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ あなた の 手 の 中 に 、 『 KH 』 の 世界 が 法 が る ( The world of `` KH '' expands into your hands ) . Famitsu Weekly ( in Japanese ) . Enterbrain ( 1380 ) : 30 -- 35 . 2015 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( 2015 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts : Unchained Chi launches September 3 in Japan '' . Gematsu . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts Unchained χ is coming to North America ! '' . Square Enix. 2016 - 04 - 04 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sata ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts Unchained χ Will Be Available In Europe And In 100 Countries Later Tonight '' . Siloconera . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hume , Manon ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts Union X Cross Update Announced '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts '' . IGN . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Levi Buchanan ( February 2 , 2005 ) . `` V CAST Launches '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Levi Buchanan ( October 20 , 2004 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts -- Disney Mobile presents the future of wireless gaming '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2007 . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( December 20 , 2012 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix Japanese release date set '' . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts HD Collection Announced '' . GameInformer . September 19 , 2012 . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Mathew ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 ReMIX : Pre-Order for Limited Edition Artbook '' . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bruno , Travis ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix release date announced for Australia and NZ '' . Capsule Computers . Jump up ^ Bateman , Benjamin ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Pre-order Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 ReMIX , limited edition art book available '' . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` Nomura teases Kingdom Hearts II HD '' . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Karmali , Luke ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix coming to PS3 in 2014 '' . IGN . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Spencer ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix Heads To Japan In October With A Collector 's Pack '' . Siliconera . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moriarty , Colin ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` PS3 'S Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 ReMIX Gets A Release Date '' . IGN . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dunsmore , Kevin ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` Get Ready to Play a New Kingdom Hearts Game in 2015 '' . Hardcore Gamer . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Kimberly ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` ( Update ) Kingdom Hearts 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue Revealed For PS4 '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 launches January 12 in Japan '' . Gematsu . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 + 2.5 Remix announced for March release on PlayStation 4 '' . VG 24 / 7 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts III has mostly new worlds , release window internally decided '' . Gematsu . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Electronic Gaming Monthly . September 14 , 2010 . pp. 12 , 13 . Jump up ^ `` Square Enix Announces Next Generation Development of Kingdom Hearts III '' . Square Enix . June 11 , 2013 . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gifford , Kevin ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts 3 detailed by game director Tetsuya Nomura '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts 3 gets a new trailer and its first Pixar - based world '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Kingdom Hearts Website : News '' . Square Enix . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved May 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Square Enix Official Goods -- Kingdom Hearts '' . Square Enix . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2007 . Retrieved August 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts : Original Soundtrack '' . CD Japan . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts II -- Original Soundtrack '' . CD Japan . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game Music / Kingdom Hearts Original Soundtrack Complete '' . CD Japan . Retrieved May 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chris Cook ( September 24 , 2004 ) . `` TGS 2004 : Square Enix Press Conference Wrap Up '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2007 . Retrieved June 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasy Flight Games to publish `` Kingdom Hearts TCG '' `` . Fantasy Flight Games . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2007 . Retrieved October 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ビジュアル ブック 「 キングダム ハーツ - Another Report - 」 が 予約 特典 ! '' ( in Japanese ) . Famitsu . January 25 , 2007 . Retrieved July 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Key to Unlimited Adventures Lies Within Bradygames ' Latest Collectible Kingdom Hearts II Strategy Guide Products '' . Brady Games . April 6 , 2006 . Retrieved July 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ キングダム ハーツ ( 1 ) ( コミック ) ( in Japanese ) . ISBN 4757716575 . Jump up ^ Kingdom Hearts , Vol. 1 ( Paperback ) . Tokyopop . October 2005 . ISBN 1598162179 . Jump up ^ Kingdom Hearts : The First Door -- # 1 ( Kingdom Hearts ) ( Paperback ) . ISBN 1423103955 . Jump up ^ Kingdom Hearts : Darkness Within -- # 2 ( Kingdom Hearts ) ( Paperback ) . ISBN 1423103963 . Jump up ^ Game Novels キングダム ハーツ II Vol. 1 Roxas - Sevendays ( 単行本 ) ( in Japanese ) . ISBN 4757516797 . Jump up ^ Game Novels キングダム ハーツ II Vol. 2 The Destruction of Hollow Bastion ( 新書 ) ( in Japanese ) . ISBN 4757517157 . Jump up ^ Game Novels キングダム ハーツ II Vol. 3 Tears ofNobody ( 新書 ) ( in Japanese ) . ISBN 4757517920 . Jump up ^ Game Novels キングダム ハーツ II Vol. 4 Anthem - Meet Again / Axel Last Stand ( 単行本 ) ( in Japanese ) . ISBN 4757519648 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kingdom Hearts Company Line '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Square ( November 15 , 2002 ) . Kingdom Hearts . PlayStation 2 . Square Electronic Arts . Donald : But we ca n't . If we take him to another world , we would be ... / Goofy : Muh ... Mudd -- / Donald : Meddling ! Jump up ^ Kingdom Hearts manga , Volume 1 . Page 99 . Tokyopop . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts 3 gets a new trailer and its first Pixar - based world '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Kimberly ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` Nomura Shares More Details On Kingdom Hearts III And Its Toy Story World '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Turner , Benjamin ( September 3 , 2002 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts Review ( PS2 ) '' . GameSpy . Retrieved July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Square ( November 15 , 2002 ) . Kingdom Hearts . PlayStation 2 . Square Electronic Arts . King Mickey 's Note : Donald , Sorry to rush off without sayin ' goodbye , nevertheless , there 's big trouble brewin ' . Not sure why , but the stars have been blinkin ' out , one by one . And that means disaster ca n't be far behind . I hate to leave you all but I 've got ta go check into it . There 's someone with a `` key '' -- the key to our survival . So I need you and Goofy to find him , and stick with him . Got it ? We need that key or we 're doomed ! So go to Traverse Town and find Leon . He 'll point you in the right direction . P.S. Would ya apologize to Minnie for me ? Thanks , pal . Jump up ^ Dave Zdyrko ( February 6 , 2002 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts Preview '' . IGN . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts for PlayStation 2 ( 2002 ) '' . MobyGames . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hollinger , Elizabeth ( 2004 ) . Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories Official Strategy Guide . BradyGames Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7440 - 0473 - X . OCLC 122414850 . Jump up ^ Square Enix ( December 2 , 2008 ) . Kingdom Hearts Re : Chain of Memories . PlayStation 2 . Square Enix U.S.A. , Buena Vista Games . Jiminy : So you can put ' em back together ? / Naminé : Yes , but first I have to undo the chains of memories I made on my own . After I 've done that , I have to gather up the memories scattered across each of your hearts and them reconnect them . It might take some time . But I think it might work . No -- It will work . I 'm sure . It 's my turn to look after you . / Sora : All right . We all really trust you . / Jiminy : Oh ... Wait just a second ! You said you 'd have to undo the links you made . But that means -- / Naminé : Yes . You wo n't be able to remember anything about what happened here . / Sora : Not even you ? / Naminé : I 'm sorry . It 's the only way , I 'm afraid . Jump up ^ Square Enix ( March 28 , 2006 ) . Kingdom Hearts II . PlayStation 2 . Square Enix U.S.A. , Buena Vista Games . Mickey : But , what you actually fought was his Heartless . Ya see , he was n't really Ansem . He just went around telling everybody that he was . Jump up ^ Square Enix ( March 28 , 2006 ) . Kingdom Hearts II . PlayStation 2 . Square Enix U.S.A. , Buena Vista Games . Mickey : Now I remember ! Xehanort ! Ansem 's apprentice ! The leader of Organization XIII is Xehanort 's Nobody ! Jump up ^ Square Enix ( March 28 , 2006 ) . Kingdom Hearts II . PlayStation 2 . Square Enix U.S.A. , Buena Vista Games . Ansem the Wise : It 's a device to reclaim Kingdom Hearts and encode it as data . / Mickey : Not sure I get it . / Ansem the Wise : I do not claim to know the outcome of this venture , either . After all ... Hearts are unpredictable . Jump up ^ Square Enix ( March 28 , 2006 ) . Kingdom Hearts II . PlayStation 2 . Square Enix U.S.A. , Buena Vista Games . Xemnas : Heed me , Kingdom Hearts ! Lend me your power , so that we may be complete ! The power to erase the fools that hinder us . Jump up ^ Square Enix ( March 28 , 2006 ) . Kingdom Hearts II . PlayStation 2 . Square Enix U.S.A. , Buena Vista Games . Sora : W - We 're back . / Kairi : You 're home . Jump up ^ Square Enix , h.a.n.d. ( January 11 , 2011 ) . Kingdom Hearts Re : coded . Nintendo DS . Square Enix . Data - Naminé : It all began with these memories that were sleeping way down deep in Sora 's heart . / Data - Sora : These are my memories ? / Data - Naminé : No . Not yours . These belong to people connected to you . ( ... ) When I first found them while repairing your memory , I thought I 'd made a mistake . Jump up ^ Square Enix 1st Production Department ( July 31 , 2012 ) . Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance . Nintendo 3DS . Square Enix . Xehanort : Ah , but destiny is never left to chance . I merely guided them to their proper places . The broken boy who failed to be the blade ... the misguided master who sacrificed herself for a friend ... and the feckless youth who became my new vessel . Jump up ^ Square Enix , h.a.n.d. ( January 11 , 2011 ) . Kingdom Hearts Re : coded . Nintendo DS . Square Enix . Mickey : Xehanort ? But his two halves are gone . There was Ansem , who commanded the Heartless ... and Xemnas , who commanded the Nobodies . Did n't Sora defeat them both ? / Yen Sid : Correct , those two met their end . However , therein lies exactly our problem . Their destruction now guarantees the original Xehanort 's reconstruction . / ... / In short ... this means Master Xehanort will return . Jump up ^ Square Enix , h.a.n.d. ( January 11 , 2011 ) . Kingdom Hearts Re : coded . Nintendo DS . Square Enix . Yen Sid : Mickey , please summon Sora hither . Riku as well . / Mickey : Of course , but ... why ? / Yen Sid : To show us the Mark of Mastery . Jump up ^ Square Enix 1st Production Department ( July 31 , 2012 ) . Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance . Nintendo 3DS . Square Enix . Young Xehanort : I am Xehanort from the most distant past . My future self gave me a task -- to visit the splintered versions of myself in many worlds , and ensure they gathered here today . Jump up ^ Square Enix 1st Production Department ( July 31 , 2012 ) . Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance . Nintendo 3DS . Square Enix . Xigbar : Xemnas and Xehanort formed the Organization for a specific reason -- round up a bunch of empty husks , hook them up to Kingdom Hearts , then fill them all with the exact same heart and mind . Translation -- they were gon na turn all the members into Xehanort . Jump up ^ Square Enix 1st Production Department ( July 31 , 2012 ) . Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance . Nintendo 3DS . Square Enix . Mickey : Why ? How was I so blind ? I should 've seen it , as soon as Maleficent started gathering the seven princesses of heart . / Xehanort : Yes . They were all my doing . I used the evil fairy to find seven pure lights for me , just as I prepared thirteen vessels to fill with pure darkness . Jump up ^ Square Enix 1st Production Department ( July 31 , 2012 ) . Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance . Nintendo 3DS . Square Enix . Xehanort : All of the pieces are destined to appear . Your seven lights just like my thirteen darknesses , whose final clash will beget the prize I seek -- / Xehanort and Mickey : The χ - blade ! Jump up ^ Square Enix 1st Production Department ( July 31 , 2012 ) . Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance . Nintendo 3DS . Square Enix . Ansem the Wise : Perhaps I wanted to atone for events of the past , even if no apology can undo the harm I have wrought . I felt ... that I ought to leave at least something behind . So I digitized myself and my research , and hid them within Sora . / ... / He has touched countless hearts , he has accepted them , and he has saved them . And some of those hearts have never left him -- whether they fell into darkness or were trapped there -- whether they sleep in the darkness of Sora 's heart , or were welcomed into its warmth -- they can be saved . All Sora needs to do is be himself and follow wherever it is that his heart takes him . It is the best and the only way . The rest is in there . Jump up ^ Square Enix 1st Production Department ( July 31 , 2012 ) . Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance . Nintendo 3DS . Square Enix . Riku : I believe we need a new Keyblade Master , one with a new kind of power . Sora and Riku , you both deserve the honor . However , one of you braved the realm of sleep again to unlock the final Keyhole and save a friend . Riku , I name you our new true Keyblade Master . Jump up ^ Square Enix 1st Production Department ( July 31 , 2012 ) . Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance . Nintendo 3DS . Square Enix . Goofy : Do ya have to go ? / Sora : Well ... I did doze off ... I just have some stuff to take care of . Jump up ^ Square Enix 1st Production Department ( July 31 , 2012 ) . Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance . Nintendo 3DS . Square Enix . Yen Sid : ( Even ) if we deliberately avoid finding our seven lights to avert another Keyblade War , Xehanort will still target the seven princesses in order to forge the χ - blade . ( ... ) To protect the seven pure hearts , we will need seven lights strong enough to stand against the thirteen darknesses . Jump up ^ `` 1UP -- E3 2005 Interview '' . Kingdom Hearts Ultimania . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2007 . Retrieved August 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Minnie : Oh , and to chronicle your travels , he will accompany you . / Jiminy : Over here ! Cricket 's the name . Jiminy Cricket , at your service . Square ( November 15 , 2002 ) . Kingdom Hearts . PlayStation 2 . Square Electronic Arts . Jump up ^ `` Tetsuya Nomura Interview '' . Edge ( 177 ) . Future Publishing . July 2007 . pp. 80 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Square ( 2002 ) . Kingdom Hearts Instruction Booklet . Square . Jump up ^ Greg Kasavin ( September 9 , 2002 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts for PlayStation 2 Review '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Kingdom Hearts Original Soundtrack CD insert . Toshiba - Emi Limited . 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Kingdom Hearts II Original Soundtrack CD insert . Toshiba - Emi Limited . 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` キングダム ハーツ サントラ コンプリート Box と KH2FM+ を 買っ たよ ! レポ '' ( in Japanese ) . Intermezzo . March 30 , 2007 . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ IGN Staff ( January 10 , 2002 ) . `` Hikaru Utada Sings Kingdom Hearts Theme '' . IGN . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hirohiko Niizumi ( July 29 , 2005 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts vocalist returns for sequel '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved June 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Stephen Coleman ( August 22 , 2002 ) . `` Square , Disney and Japanese Pop Star Utada Hikaru Collaborate on Kingdom Hearts '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2012 . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` CDTV PowerWeb ! : 宇多田 ヒカル -- 光 '' . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved June 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` CDTV PowerWeb ! : 宇多田 ヒカル -- Passion '' . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved June 26 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Iwata Asks '' . Iwataasks.nintendo.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Final Fantasy Retrospective Part XI ( GameTrailers.com feature ) . GameTrailers . October 10 , 2007 . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Anoop Gantayat ( September 23 , 2004 ) . `` TGS 2004 : Tetsuya Nomura Q&A '' . IGN . Retrieved June 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts キングダム ハーツ '' ( in Japanese ) . Final Fantasy 2000 . Retrieved May 30 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` KHU Interview w / Tetsuya Nomura '' . Kingdom Hearts Insider . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2012 . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Splechta , Mike ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` Tetsuya Nomura discusses Kingdom Hearts 1.5 , Kingdom Hearts 3 and Final Fantasy 15 '' . Gamezone . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Square Enix ( June 25 , 2013 ) . Square Enix Presents E3 2013 -- Day1 ( # 03 ) -- KINGDOM HEARTS HD 1.5 ReMIX Interview . Youtube . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kingdom Hearts II Ultimania -- Tetsuya Nomura Interview '' . Kingdom Hearts Ultimania . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2007 . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ GameSpot staff ( October 10 , 2003 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts II 's Tetsuya Nomura Q & A '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2011 . Retrieved June 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Raymond Padilla ( December 8 , 2004 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories Review '' . GameSpy . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts II 's Tetsuya Nomura Q & A '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved June 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nomura Interview TechTv '' . Kingdom Hearts Ultimania . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2007 . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Playstation.com Europe -- E3 Interview '' . Kingdom Hearts Ultimania . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2007 . Retrieved September 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` IGN -- Nomura Interview '' . Kingdom Hearts Ultimania . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2007 . Retrieved August 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts II Tetsuya Nomura interview '' . Video Game Blogger . Retrieved July 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Boulette , Bryan ( November 27 , 2005 ) . `` Nomura Divulges Kingdom Hearts II Details '' . RPGamer . Retrieved July 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tetsuya Nomura 1st 1UP Interview '' . Kingdom Hearts Ultimania . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2007 . Retrieved September 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dengeki -- Kingdom Hearts 2 Progress Report '' . Kingdom Hearts Ultimania . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2007 . Retrieved July 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gerstmann , Jeff ( May 17 , 2001 ) . `` E3 2001 : Square announces Disney RPG for PS2 '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved January 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ IGN Staff . `` IGN : Kingdom Hearts Voice Cast '' . IGN . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ IGN staff ( March 7 , 2003 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts 2 on PS2 ? '' . IGN . Retrieved June 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Justin Calvert ( September 26 , 2003 ) . `` TGS 2003 : Kingdom Hearts sequels announced '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved June 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Benson , Mike ( May 12 , 2004 ) . `` Square Enix E3 Press Conference and `` Dear Friends '' Concert `` . Gaming Age . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts : Final Mix ( Import ) '' . Neoseeker . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 「 キングダム ハーツ II ファイナル ミックス 」 に 新 要素 が ! ! '' ( in Japanese ) . Famitsu . March 24 , 2007 . Retrieved July 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix '' . IGN . Retrieved June 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix+ ( Limited Package Version ) '' . Play - Asia . Retrieved June 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts II Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts Re : Chain of Memories Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts Re : coded Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts Unchained χ Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 + 2.5 Remix Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Businesses -- Square Enix Holdings '' . March 31 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2012 . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Calvert , Justin ( November 18 , 2002 ) . `` October video game sales '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` News : November 13 , 2004 '' . The Magic Box . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2007 . Retrieved May 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ GamePro Staff . `` Kingdom Hearts for GBA Debuts Number One in Japan '' . GamePro . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2009 . Retrieved September 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tor Thorsen ( January 31 , 2005 ) . `` ChartSpot : December 2004 '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved June 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts II Achieves Million - Unit Sales Mark in North America in Four Weeks '' . Square Enix . May 2 , 2006 . Retrieved August 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Anoop Gantayat ( December 27 , 2005 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts 2 Goes Platinum '' . IGN . Retrieved June 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tor Thorsen . `` ChartSpot : March 2006 '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` TGS06 : Kingdom Hearts II Achieves Million - Unit Sales Mark in North America in Four Weeks '' . Square Enix . Retrieved December 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ KK . `` Highest Scoring Games in Famitsu 's History '' . Zelda-fans.com . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2012 . Retrieved July 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` News : November 3 , 2004 '' . The Magic Box . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2007 . Retrieved May 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Josh Freund ( December 20 , 2005 ) . `` News -- Latest Famitsu review scores -- Kingdom Hearts II , Mario & Luigi 2 , & more '' . Gamesarefun.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved December 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Reiner , Andrew ( September 29 , 2008 ) . `` Top 25 PlayStation 2 Games : The Games That Defined a Generation '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` GameSpot 's Best and Worst of 2002 '' . GameSpot. 2002 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2007 . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Perry , Douglass C. ( March 20 , 2003 ) . `` IGN : The Best Looking Games on PS2 '' . IGN . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ IGN Staff ( July 31 , 2003 ) . `` G - Phoria Report '' . IGN . Retrieved August 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ EGM Staff ( March 2007 ) . `` The 2006 1UP Network Awards '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly ( 213 ) . pp. 76 -- 81 . Jump up ^ `` Famitsu Awards 2005 '' 大賞 は 「 キングダム ハーツ II 」 と 「 バイオ ハザード 4 」 ! ! '' ( in Japanese ) . Famitsu . Retrieved December 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` USA Today Best - Selling Books Database -- Top 150 best sellers '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` USA Today Best - Selling Books Database -- Top 150 best sellers '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2012 . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` USA Today Best - Selling Books Database -- Top 150 best sellers '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2009 . Retrieved May 24 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kingdom Hearts . Official website Kingdom Hearts series Console games Kingdom Hearts Kingdom Hearts II Kingdom Hearts III Handheld games Chain of Memories Coded 358 / 2 Days Birth by Sleep Dream Drop Distance χ HD Collections HD 1.5 Remix HD 2.5 Remix HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue Characters Sora Organization XIII Roxas Terra Ventus Aqua Music Yoko Shimomura `` Hikari ( Simple and Clean ) '' `` Passion ( Sanctuary ) '' Other Media Universe Mobile World of Final Fantasy Book Category Final Fantasy Main games Final Fantasy II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV A Realm Reborn XV Other games Airborne Brigade All the Bravest Artniks Brave Exvius Explorers Mobius Mystic Quest Record Keeper Toki no Suishō The 4 Heroes of Light World of Final Fantasy Subseries Crystal Chronicles Dissidia Tactics Theatrhythm Curtain Call Dragon Quest Type - 0 HD Agito Online Related games Bravely Default Second : End Layer Ehrgeiz Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U Related series Chocobo Fortune Street Kingdom Hearts Mana SaGa Films and animation Legend of the Crystals The Spirits Within Unlimited Last Order Advent Children Brotherhood Kingsglaive Media video games Recurring elements Music concerts Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media Licensing Disney Retail Disney Store Publishing and Digital Media Disney Publishing Worldwide Disney comics Disney English Disney Press Disney Hyperion Marvel Press ( joint w / Marvel ) Disney Digital Network Maker Studios Babble.com Disney.com Go.com Games and Interactive Experiences DCPI Labs The Muppets Studio Disney Interactive Studios Disney Mobile Playdom Franchises Disney Channels Worldwide Disney Junior Elena of Avalor Gravity Falls Kim Possible Phineas and Ferb Star vs. the Forces of Evil Disney comics Donald Duck universe Disney Fairies Disney Princess Disney Tsum Tsum Disney Villains Disney Interactive Club Penguin Disney Infinity Kingdom Hearts Where 's My Water ? 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia Developers | what was added in kingdom hearts final mix | [
"Kingdom Hearts is the first game in the series, released in Japan on March 28, 2002 for PlayStation 2.[2][3] Tetsuya Nomura has served as game director, his first time in this position. Kingdom Hearts introduced the main characters (Sora, Kairi and Riku) of the series, and established the plot's framework involving hearts and dark beings known as the Heartless. It also established the role of Disney characters in the series, with character cameos from the Final Fantasy series. Kingdom Hearts was released in North America on September 17, 2002,[2][3] and featured additional content that was not in the original Japanese version. The game was later re-released exclusively in Japan as Kingdom Hearts Final Mix on December 26, 2002.[2][3] Final Mix includes the content from the North American release and additional enemies, cutscenes, and weapons.[4]",
"Kingdom Hearts is the first game in the series, released in Japan on March 28, 2002 for PlayStation 2.[2][3] Tetsuya Nomura has served as game director, his first time in this position. Kingdom Hearts introduced the main characters (Sora, Kairi and Riku) of the series, and established the plot's framework involving hearts and dark beings known as the Heartless. It also established the role of Disney characters in the series, with character cameos from the Final Fantasy series. Kingdom Hearts was released in North America on September 17, 2002,[2][3] and featured additional content that was not in the original Japanese version. The game was later re-released exclusively in Japan as Kingdom Hearts Final Mix on December 26, 2002.[2][3] Final Mix includes the content from the North American release and additional enemies, cutscenes, and weapons.[4]",
"Kingdom Hearts is the first game in the series, released in Japan on March 28, 2002 for PlayStation 2.[2][3] Tetsuya Nomura has served as game director, his first time in this position. Kingdom Hearts introduced the main characters (Sora, Kairi and Riku) of the series, and established the plot's framework involving hearts and dark beings known as the Heartless. It also established the role of Disney characters in the series, with character cameos from the Final Fantasy series. Kingdom Hearts was released in North America on September 17, 2002,[2][3] and featured additional content that was not in the original Japanese version. The game was later re-released exclusively in Japan as Kingdom Hearts Final Mix on December 26, 2002.[2][3] Final Mix includes the content from the North American release and additional enemies, cutscenes, and weapons.[4]"
] | [
"enemies",
"cutscenes",
"weapons"
] |
1583716394123640116 | Bank of America | Bank of America - Wikipedia Bank of America American multinational banking and financial services corporation This article is about a commercial bank unaffiliated with the government . For the central bank of the United States , see Federal Reserve System . Bank of America Corporation In addition to its corporate headquarters in Charlotte , it maintains the Bank of America Tower ( pictured ) in New York City as a central hub . Type Public Traded as NYSE : BAC ISIN US0605051046 Industry Investment banking financial services Predecessor Bank America NationsBank Founded October 17 , 1904 ; 113 years ago ( 1904 - 10 - 17 ) ( as Bank of Italy ) September 1998 ; 19 years ago ( 1998 - 09 ) ( as Bank of America through Nationsbank 's acquisition ) Founder Amadeo Giannini Headquarters Charlotte , North Carolina , U.S. Number of locations 4,600 retail financial centers & approximately 15,900 automated teller machines Area served International service Key people Brian Moynihan ( Chairman and CEO ) Terrence Laughlin ( Co-Vice Chairman ) Bruce Thompson ( Co-Vice Chairman ) Products Consumer banking , corporate banking , insurance , investment banking , mortgage loans , private banking , private equity , wealth management , credit cards Revenue US $87.352 billion ( 2017 ) Net income US $18.232 billion ( 2017 ) Total assets US $2.281 trillion ( 2017 ) Total equity US $267.146 billion ( 2017 ) Number of employees 209,000 ( 2017 ) Divisions Bank of America Merrill Lynch Subsidiaries Merrill Lynch Merrill Edge U.S. Trust Capital ratio 11.8 % ( 2017 ) Rating Moody 's : Baa1 S&P : BBB Fitch : A Website bankofamerica.com The Bank of America Corporation ( abbreviated as BofA ) is an American multinational investment bank and financial services company based in Charlotte , North Carolina with central hubs in New York City , London , Hong Kong , and Toronto . Bank of America is the second largest banking institution in the United States , after JP Morgan Chase . As a part of the Big Four , it services approximately 10.73 % of all American bank deposits , in direct competition with Citigroup , Wells Fargo , and JPMorgan Chase . Its primary financial services revolve around commercial banking , wealth management , and investment banking . Founded as the Bank of Italy by Amadeo Pietro Giannini in 1904 , it provided Italian immigrants who faced service discrimination various banking options . Originally headquartered in San Francisco , California , Giannini renamed his bank Banca d'America e d'Italia ( Bank of America and Italy ) in 1922 , and expanded further into California . The passage of landmark federal banking legislation facilitated rapid growth in the 1950s , quickly establishing a prominent market share . After suffering a significant loss after the 1998 Russian bond default , BankAmerica , as it was then known , was acquired by the Charlotte - based NationsBank for US $ 62 billion . Following what was then the largest bank acquisition in history , the Bank of American Corporation was founded . Through a series of mergers and acquisitions , it built upon its commercial banking business by establishing Merrill Lynch for wealth management and Bank of America Merrill Lynch for investment banking in 2008 and 2009 , respectively . Since both divisions carry the `` Merrill Lynch '' signage , the former is often referred to as `` Merrill Lynch Wealth Management '' to differentiate itself from the latter . Both Bank of America Merrill Lynch and Merrill Lynch Wealth Management retain large market shares in their respective offerings . The investment bank is considered within the `` Bulge Bracket '' as the third largest investment bank in the world , as of 2018 . Its wealth management side manages US $ 1.081 trillion in assets under management ( AUM ) as the second largest wealth manager in the world , after UBS . In commercial banking , Bank of America operates -- but does not necessarily maintain retail branches -- in all 50 states of the United States , the District of Columbia and more than 40 other countries . Its commercial banking footprint encapsulates 46 million consumer and small business relationships at 4,600 banking centers and 15,900 automated teller machines ( ATMs ) . The bank 's large market share , business activities , and economic impact has led to numerous lawsuits and investigations regarding both mortgages and financial disclosures dating back to the 2008 financial crisis . Its corporate practices of servicing the middle class and wider banking community has yielded a substantial market share since the early 20th century . As of August 2018 , Bank of America has a $313.5 billion market capitalization , making it the 13th largest company in the world . As the sixth largest American public company , it garnered $102.98 billion in sales as of June 2018 . Bank of America was named the `` World 's Best Bank '' by the Euromoney Institutional Investor in their 2018 Awards for Excellence . Contents 1 History 1.1 Bank of Italy 1.2 Expansion in California 1.3 Expansion outside California 1.4 Merger of NationsBank and BankAmerica 1.5 2001 to present 1.5. 1 Acquisition of Countrywide Financial 1.5. 2 Acquisition of Merrill Lynch 1.5. 3 Federal Troubled Asset Relief Program 1.5. 4 Bonus settlement 1.5. 5 Fraud 1.5. 6 Downsizing ( 2011 to 2014 ) 1.5. 7 Sale of stake in China Construction Bank 1.5. 8 $17 billion settlement with Justice Department 1.5. 9 DOD Community Bank 1.5. 10 Decision Not to Finance Makers of Military - Style Guns 1.6 Introduction of Erica 2 Operations 2.1 Consumer Banking 2.2 Global Banking 2.3 Global Wealth and Investment Management 2.4 Global Markets 2.5 Offices 2.5. 1 International offices 3 Charitable efforts 4 Lawsuits 5 Controversies 5.1 Parmalat controversy 5.2 Consumer credit controversies 5.3 WikiLeaks 5.4 Anonymous 5.5 Mortgage business 5.6 Investment in mountaintop removal 6 Notable buildings 6.1 Former buildings 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Bank of Italy ( edit ) Main article : Bank of Italy ( United States ) The history of Bank of America dates back to October 17 , 1904 , when Amadeo Pietro Giannini founded the Bank of Italy in San Francisco . The Bank of Italy served the needs of many immigrants settling in the United States at that time , providing services denied to them by the existing American banks which typically discriminated against them and often denied service to all but the wealthiest . Giannini was raised by his mother and stepfather Lorenzo Scatena , as his father was fatally shot over a pay dispute with an employee . When the 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck , Giannini was able to save all deposits out of the bank building and away from the fires . Because San Francisco 's banks were in smoldering ruins and unable to open their vaults , Giannini was able to use the rescued funds to commence lending within a few days of the disaster . From a makeshift desk consisting of a few planks over two barrels , he lent money to those who wished to rebuild . In 1922 , Giannini established Bank of America and Italy . In 1986 , Deutsche Bank AG acquired 100 % of Banca d'America e d'Italia , a bank established in Naples in 1917 following the name - change of Banca dell'Italia Meridionale with the latter established in 1918 . In 1918 another corporation , Bancitaly Corporation , was organized by A.P. Giannini , the largest stockholder of which was Stockholders Auxiliary Corporation . This company acquired the stocks of various banks located in New York City and certain foreign countries . In 1918 , the Bank opened a Delegation in New York in order to follow American political , economic and financial affairs more closely ; together with the London Delegation , this was the first permanent overseas office opened by the Bank , at a time when the foundations were being laid for the restructuring of the international money market . In 1928 , Giannini merged his bank with Bank of America , Los Angeles , headed by Orra E. Monnette and consolidated it with other bank holdings to create what would become the largest banking institution in the country . Bank of Italy was renamed on November 3 , 1930 , to Bank of America National Trust and Savings Association , which was the only such designated bank in the United States of America at that time . Giannini and Monnette headed the resulting company , serving as co-chairs . Expansion in California ( edit ) Branch banking was introduced by Giannini shortly after 1909 legislation in California that allowed for branch banking in the state . Its first branch outside San Francisco was established in 1909 in San Jose . By 1929 , the bank had 453 banking offices in California with aggregate resources of over US $1.4 billion . There is a replica of the 1909 Bank of Italy branch bank in History Park in San Jose , and the 1925 Bank of Italy Building is an important downtown landmark . Giannini sought to build a national bank , expanding into most of the western states as well as into the insurance industry , under the aegis of his holding company , Transamerica Corporation . In 1953 , regulators succeeded in forcing the separation of Transamerica Corporation and Bank of America under the Clayton Antitrust Act . The passage of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 prohibited banks from owning non-banking subsidiaries such as insurance companies . Bank of America and Transamerica were separated , with the latter company continuing in the insurance business . However , federal banking regulators prohibited Bank of America 's interstate banking activity , and Bank of America 's domestic banks outside California were forced into a separate company that eventually became First Interstate Bancorp , later acquired by Wells Fargo and Company in 1996 . It was not until the 1980s , with a change in federal banking legislation and regulation , that Bank of America was again able to expand its domestic consumer banking activity outside California . New technologies also allowed credit cards to be linked directly to individual bank accounts . In 1958 , the bank introduced the BankAmericard , which changed its name to Visa in 1977 . A consortium of other California banks introduced Master Charge ( now MasterCard ) to compete with BankAmericard . Expansion outside California ( edit ) Following the passage of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 , BankAmerica Corporation was established for the purpose of owning and operation of Bank of America and its subsidiaries . Bank of America expanded outside California in 1983 , with its acquisition , orchestrated in part by Stephen McLin , of Seafirst Corporation of Seattle , Washington , and its wholly owned banking subsidiary , Seattle - First National Bank . Seafirst was at risk of seizure by the federal government after becoming insolvent due to a series of bad loans to the oil industry . BankAmerica continued to operate its new subsidiary as Seafirst rather than Bank of America until the 1998 merger with NationsBank . BankAmerica experienced huge losses in 1986 and 1987 by the placement of a series of bad loans in the Third World , particularly in Latin America . The company fired its CEO , Sam Armacost . Though Armacost blamed the problems on his predecessor , A.W. ( Tom ) Clausen , Clausen was appointed to replace Armacost . The losses resulted in a huge decline of BankAmerica stock , making it vulnerable to a hostile takeover . First Interstate Bancorp of Los Angeles ( which had originated from banks once owned by BankAmerica ) , launched such a bid in the fall of 1986 , although BankAmerica rebuffed it , mostly by selling operations . It sold its FinanceAmerica subsidiary to Chrysler and the brokerage firm Charles Schwab and Co. back to Mr. Schwab . It also sold Bank of America and Italy to Deutsche Bank . By the time of the 1987 stock market crash , BankAmerica 's share price had fallen to $8 , but by 1992 it had rebounded mightily to become one of the biggest gainers of that half - decade . The Bank of America Tower in New York City . BankAmerica 's next big acquisition came in 1992 . The company acquired its California rival , Security Pacific Corporation and its subsidiary Security Pacific National Bank in California and other banks in Arizona , Idaho , Oregon , and Washington ( which Security Pacific had acquired in a series of acquisitions in the late 1980s ) . This was , at the time , the largest bank acquisition in history . Federal regulators , however , forced the sale of roughly half of Security Pacific 's Washington subsidiary , the former Rainier Bank , as the combination of Seafirst and Security Pacific Washington would have given BankAmerica too large a share of the market in that state . The Washington branches were divided and sold to West One Bancorp ( now U.S. Bancorp ) and KeyBank . Later that year , BankAmerica expanded into Nevada by acquiring Valley Bank of Nevada . In 1994 , BankAmerica acquired the Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust Co. of Chicago , which had become federally owned as part of the same oil industry debacle emanating from Oklahoma City 's Penn Square Bank , that had brought down numerous financial institutions including Seafirst . At the time , no bank possessed the resources to bail out Continental , so the federal government operated the bank for nearly a decade . Illinois at that time regulated branch banking extremely heavily , so Bank of America Illinois was a single - unit bank until the 21st century . BankAmerica moved its national lending department to Chicago in an effort to establish a financial beachhead in the region . Pyramid - shaped former Bank of America branch building towers over Interstate 410 in San Antonio , Texas . These mergers helped BankAmerica Corporation to once again become the largest U.S. bank holding company in terms of deposits , but the company fell to second place in 1997 behind North Carolina 's fast - growing NationsBank Corporation , and to third in 1998 First Union Corp . On the capital markets side , the acquisition of Continental Illinois helped BankAmerica to build a leveraged finance origination and distribution business ( Continental Illinois had extensive leveraged lending relationships ) which allowed the firm 's existing broker - dealer , BancAmerica Securities ( originally named BA Securities ) , to become a full - service franchise . In addition , in 1997 , BankAmerica acquired Robertson Stephens , a San Francisco -- based investment bank specializing in high technology for $540 million . Robertson Stephens was integrated into BancAmerica Securities and the combined subsidiary was renamed BancAmerica Robertson Stephens . Merger of NationsBank and BankAmerica ( edit ) Logo of the former Bank of America ( BA ) , 1969 -- 1998 In 1997 , Bank of America lent D.E. Shaw & Co. , a large hedge fund , $1.4 billion in order to run various businesses for the bank . However , D.E. Shaw suffered significant loss after the 1998 Russia bond default . NationsBank of Charlotte acquired BankAmerica in October 1998 in what was the largest bank acquisition in history at that time . While NationsBank was the nominal survivor , the merged bank took the better - known name of Bank of America . Hence , the holding company was renamed Bank of America Corporation , while NationsBank , N.A. merged with Bank of America NT&SA to form Bank of America , N.A. as the remaining legal bank entity . The combined bank operates under Federal Charter 13044 , which was granted to Giannini 's Bank of Italy on March 1 , 1927 . However , the merged company was and still is headquartered in Charlotte , and retains NationsBank 's pre-1998 stock price history . Additionally , all U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) filings before 1998 are listed under NationsBank , not Bank of America . NationsBank president , chairman and CEO Hugh McColl , took on the same roles with the merged company . Bank of America possessed combined assets of $570 billion , as well as 4,800 branches in 22 states . Despite the mammoth size of the two companies , federal regulators insisted only upon the divestiture of 13 branches in New Mexico , in towns that would be left with only a single bank following the combination . ( Branch divestitures are only required if the combined company will have a larger than 25 % Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) deposit market share in a particular state or 10 % deposit market share overall . ) In addition , the combined broker - dealer , created from the integration of BancAmerica Robertson Stephens and NationsBanc Montgomery Securities , was named Banc of America Securities in 1998 . 2001 to present ( edit ) Typical Bank of America local office in Los Angeles In 2001 , McColl stepped down and named Ken Lewis as his successor . In 2004 , Bank of America announced it would purchase Boston - based bank FleetBoston Financial for $47 billion in cash and stock . By merging with Bank of America , all of its banks and branches were given the Bank of America logo . At the time of merger , FleetBoston was the seventh largest bank in United States with $197 billion in assets , over 20 million customers and revenue of $12 billion . Hundreds of FleetBoston workers lost their jobs or were demoted , according to The Boston Globe . On June 30 , 2005 , Bank of America announced it would purchase credit card giant MBNA for $35 billion in cash and stock . The Federal Reserve Board gave final approval to the merger on December 15 , 2005 , and the merger closed on January 1 , 2006 . The acquisition of MBNA provided Bank of America a leading domestic and foreign credit card issuer . The combined Bank of America Card Services organization , including the former MBNA , had more than 40 million U.S. accounts and nearly $140 billion in outstanding balances . Under Bank of America the operation was renamed FIA Card Services . Bank of America footprint Bank of America operated under the name BankBoston in many other Latin American countries , including Brazil . In 2006 , Bank of America sold BankBoston 's operations to Brazilian bank Banco Itaú , in exchange for Itaú shares . The BankBoston name and trademarks were not part of the transaction and , as part of the sale agreement , can not be used by Bank of America ( ending the BankBoston brand ) . In May 2006 , Bank of America and Banco Itaú ( Investimentos Itaú S.A. ) entered into an acquisition agreement through which Itaú agreed to acquire BankBoston 's operations in Brazil and was granted an exclusive right to purchase Bank of America 's operations in Chile and Uruguay . The deal was signed in August 2006 under which Itaú agreed to purchase Bank of America 's operations in Chile and Uruguay . Prior to the transaction , BankBoston 's Brazilian operations included asset management , private banking , a credit card portfolio , and small , middle - market , and large corporate segments . It had 66 branches and 203,000 clients in Brazil . BankBoston in Chile had 44 branches and 58,000 clients and in Uruguay it had 15 branches . In addition , there was a credit card company , OCA , in Uruguay , which had 23 branches . BankBoston N.A. in Uruguay , together with OCA , jointly served 372,000 clients . While the BankBoston name and trademarks were not part of the transaction , as part of the sale agreement , they can not be used by Bank of America in Brazil , Chile or Uruguay following the transactions . Hence , the BankBoston name has disappeared from Brazil , Chile and Uruguay . The Itaú stock received by Bank of America in the transactions has allowed Bank of America 's stake in Itaú to reach 11.51 % . Banco de Boston de Brazil had been founded in 1947 . On November 20 , 2006 , Bank of America announced the purchase of The United States Trust Company for $3.3 billion , from the Charles Schwab Corporation . US Trust had about $100 billion of assets under management and over 150 years of experience . The deal closed July 1 , 2007 . On September 14 , 2007 , Bank of America won approval from the Federal Reserve to acquire LaSalle Bank Corporation from ABN AMRO for $21 billion . With this purchase , Bank of America possessed $1.7 trillion in assets . A Dutch court blocked the sale until it was later approved in July . The acquisition was completed on October 1 , 2007 . Many of LaSalle 's branches and offices had already taken over smaller regional banks within the previous decade , such as Lansing and Detroit based Michigan National Bank . The deal increased Bank of America 's presence in Illinois , Michigan , and Indiana by 411 branches , 17,000 commercial bank clients , 1.4 million retail customers , and 1,500 ATMs . Bank of America became the largest bank in the Chicago market with 197 offices and 14 % of the deposit share , surpassing JPMorgan Chase . LaSalle Bank and LaSalle Bank Midwest branches adopted the Bank of America name on May 5 , 2008 . Ken Lewis , who had lost the title of Chairman of the Board , announced that he would retire as CEO effective December 31 , 2009 , in part due to controversy and legal investigations concerning the purchase of Merrill Lynch . Brian Moynihan became President and CEO effective January 1 , 2010 , and afterward credit card charge offs and delinquencies declined in January . Bank of America also repaid the $45 billion it had received from the Troubled Assets Relief Program . Acquisition of Countrywide financial ( edit ) On August 23 , 2007 , the company announced a $2 billion repurchase agreement for Countrywide Financial . This purchase of preferred stock was arranged to provide a return on investment of 7.25 % per annum and provided the option to purchase common stock at a price of $18 per share . On January 11 , 2008 , Bank of America announced that it would buy Countrywide Financial for $4.1 billion . In March 2008 , it was reported that the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) was investigating Countrywide for possible fraud relating to home loans and mortgages . This news did not hinder the acquisition , which was completed in July 2008 , giving the bank a substantial market share of the mortgage business , and access to Countrywide 's resources for servicing mortgages . The acquisition was seen as preventing a potential bankruptcy for Countrywide . Countrywide , however , denied that it was close to bankruptcy . Countrywide provided mortgage servicing for nine million mortgages valued at $1.4 trillion as of December 31 , 2007 . This purchase made Bank of America Corporation the leading mortgage originator and servicer in the U.S. , controlling 20 -- 25 % of the home loan market . The deal was structured to merge Countrywide with the Red Oak Merger Corporation , which Bank of America created as an independent subsidiary . It has been suggested that the deal was structured this way to prevent a potential bankruptcy stemming from large losses in Countrywide hurting the parent organization by keeping Countrywide bankruptcy remote . Countrywide Financial has changed its name to Bank of America Home Loans . Chart showing the trajectory of BOA share value and transaction volume during the 2007 -- 2009 Financial Crisis In December 2011 , the Justice Department announced a $335 million settlement with Bank of America over discriminatory lending practice at Countrywide Financial . Attorney General Eric Holder said a federal probe found discrimination against qualified African - American and Latino borrowers from 2004 to 2008 . He said that minority borrowers who qualified for prime loans were steered into higher - interest - rate subprime loans . Acquisition of Merrill Lynch ( edit ) On September 14 , 2008 , Bank of America announced its intention to purchase Merrill Lynch & Co. , Inc. in an all - stock deal worth approximately $50 billion . Merrill Lynch was at the time within days of collapse , and the acquisition effectively saved Merrill from bankruptcy . Around the same time Bank of America was reportedly also in talks to purchase Lehman Brothers , however a lack of government guarantees caused the bank to abandon talks with Lehman . Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy the same day Bank of America announced its plans to acquire Merrill Lynch . This acquisition made Bank of America the largest financial services company in the world . Temasek Holdings , the largest shareholder of Merrill Lynch & Co. , Inc. , briefly became one of the largest shareholders of Bank of America , with a 3 % stake . However , taking a loss Reuters estimated at $3 billion , the Singapore sovereign wealth fund sold its whole stake in Bank of America in the first quarter of 2009 . Shareholders of both companies approved the acquisition on December 5 , 2008 , and the deal closed January 1 , 2009 . Bank of America had planned to retain various members of the then Merrill Lynch 's CEO , John Thain 's management team after the merger . However , after Thain was removed from his position , most of his allies left . The departure of Nelson Chai , who had been named Asia - Pacific president , left just one of Thain 's hires in place : Tom Montag , head of sales and trading . The bank , in its January 16 , 2009 earnings release , revealed massive losses at Merrill Lynch in the fourth quarter , which necessitated an infusion of money that had previously been negotiated with the government as part of the government - persuaded deal for the bank to acquire Merrill . Merrill recorded an operating loss of $21.5 billion in the quarter , mainly in its sales and trading operations , led by Tom Montag . The bank also disclosed it tried to abandon the deal in December after the extent of Merrill 's trading losses surfaced , but was compelled to complete the merger by the U.S. government . The bank 's stock price sank to $7.18 , its lowest level in 17 years , after announcing earnings and the Merrill mishap . The market capitalization of Bank of America , including Merrill Lynch , was then $45 billion , less than the $50 billion it offered for Merrill just four months earlier , and down $108 billion from the merger announcement . Bank of America CEO Kenneth Lewis testified before Congress that he had some misgivings about the acquisition of Merrill Lynch , and that federal officials pressured him to proceed with the deal or face losing his job and endangering the bank 's relationship with federal regulators . Lewis ' statement is backed up by internal emails subpoenaed by Republican lawmakers on the House Oversight Committee . In one of the emails , Richmond Federal Reserve President Jeffrey Lacker threatened that if the acquisition did not go through , and later Bank of America were forced to request federal assistance , the management of Bank of America would be `` gone '' . Other emails , read by Congressman Dennis Kucinich during the course of Lewis ' testimony , state that Mr. Lewis had foreseen the outrage from his shareholders that the purchase of Merrill would cause , and asked government regulators to issue a letter stating that the government had ordered him to complete the deal to acquire Merrill . Lewis , for his part , states he did n't recall requesting such a letter . The acquisition made Bank of America the number one underwriter of global high - yield debt , the third largest underwriter of global equity and the ninth largest adviser on global mergers and acquisitions . As the credit crisis eased , losses at Merrill Lynch subsided , and the subsidiary generated $3.7 billion of Bank of America 's $4.2 billion in profit by the end of quarter one in 2009 , and over 25 % in quarter 3 2009 . On September 28 , 2012 , Bank of America settled the class action lawsuit over the Merrill Lynch acquisition and will pay $2.43 billion . This was one of the first major securities class action lawsuits stemming from the financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 to settle . Many major financial institutions had a stake in this lawsuit , including Chicago Clearing Corporation , hedge funds , and bank trusts , due to the belief that Bank of America stock was a sure investment . Federal Troubled Asset relief program ( edit ) Bank of America received $20 billion in the federal bailout from the U.S. government through the Troubled Asset Relief Program ( TARP ) on January 16 , 2009 , and a guarantee of $118 billion in potential losses at the company . This was in addition to the $25 billion given to them in the fall of 2008 through TARP . The additional payment was part of a deal with the U.S. government to preserve Bank of America 's merger with the troubled investment firm Merrill Lynch . Since then , members of the U.S. Congress have expressed considerable concern about how this money has been spent , especially since some of the recipients have been accused of misusing the bailout money . Then CEO Ken Lewis was quoted as claiming `` We are still lending , and we are lending far more because of the TARP program . '' Members of the U.S. House of Representatives , however , were skeptical and quoted many anecdotes about loan applicants ( particularly small business owners ) being denied loans and credit card holders facing stiffer terms on the debt in their card accounts . According to a March 15 , 2009 , article in The New York Times , Bank of America received an additional $5.2 billion in government bailout money , channeled through American International Group . As a result of its federal bailout and management problems , The Wall Street Journal reported that the Bank of America was operating under a secret `` memorandum of understanding '' ( MOU ) from the U.S. government that requires it to `` overhaul its board and address perceived problems with risk and liquidity management '' . With the federal action , the institution has taken several steps , including arranging for six of its directors to resign and forming a Regulatory Impact Office . Bank of America faces several deadlines in July and August and if not met , could face harsher penalties by federal regulators . Bank of America did not respond to The Wall Street Journal story . On December 2 , 2009 , Bank of America announced it would repay the entire $45 billion it received in TARP and exit the program , using $26.2 billion of excess liquidity along with $18.6 billion to be gained in `` common equivalent securities '' ( Tier 1 capital ) . The bank announced it had completed the repayment on December 9 . Bank of America 's Ken Lewis said during the announcement , `` We appreciate the critical role that the U.S. government played last fall in helping to stabilize financial markets , and we are pleased to be able to fully repay the investment , with interest ... As America 's largest bank , we have a responsibility to make good on the taxpayers ' investment , and our record shows that we have been able to fulfill that commitment while continuing to lend . '' Bonus settlement ( edit ) On August 3 , 2009 , Bank of America agreed to pay a $33 million fine , without admission or denial of charges , to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) over the non-disclosure of an agreement to pay up to $5.8 billion of bonuses at Merrill . The bank approved the bonuses before the merger but did not disclose them to its shareholders when the shareholders were considering approving the Merrill acquisition , in December 2008 . The issue was originally investigated by New York State Attorney General Andrew Cuomo , who commented after the suit and announced settlement that `` the timing of the bonuses , as well as the disclosures relating to them , constituted a ' surprising fit of corporate irresponsibility ' '' and `` our investigation of these and other matters pursuant to New York 's Martin Act will continue . '' Congressman Kucinich commented at the same time that `` This may not be the last fine that Bank of America pays for how it handled its merger of Merrill Lynch . '' A federal judge , Jed Rakoff , in an unusual action , refused to approve the settlement on August 5 . A first hearing before the judge on August 10 was at times heated , and he was `` sharply critic ( al ) '' of the bonuses . David Rosenfeld represented the SEC , and Lewis J. Liman , son of Arthur L. Liman , represented the bank . The actual amount of bonuses paid was $3.6 billion , of which $850 million was `` guaranteed '' and the rest was shared amongst 39,000 workers who received average payments of $91,000 ; 696 people received more than $1 million in bonuses ; at least one person received a more than $33 million bonus . On September 14 , the judge rejected the settlement and told the parties to prepare for trial to begin no later than February 1 , 2010 . The judge focused much of his criticism on the fact that the fine in the case would be paid by the bank 's shareholders , who were the ones that were supposed to have been injured by the lack of disclosure . He wrote , `` It is quite something else for the very management that is accused of having lied to its shareholders to determine how much of those victims ' money should be used to make the case against the management go away , '' ... `` The proposed settlement , '' the judge continued , `` suggests a rather cynical relationship between the parties : the S.E.C. gets to claim that it is exposing wrongdoing on the part of the Bank of America in a high - profile merger ; the bank 's management gets to claim that they have been coerced into an onerous settlement by overzealous regulators . And all this is done at the expense , not only of the shareholders , but also of the truth . '' While ultimately deferring to the SEC , in February 2010 , Judge Rakoff approved a revised settlement with a $150 million fine `` reluctantly '' , calling the accord `` half - baked justice at best '' and `` inadequate and misguided '' . Addressing one of the concerns he raised in September , the fine will be `` distributed only to Bank of America shareholders harmed by the non-disclosures , or ' legacy shareholders ' , an improvement on the prior $33 million while still `` paltry '' , according to the judge . Case : SEC v. Bank of America Corp. , 09 - cv - 06829 , United States District Court for the Southern District of New York . Investigations also were held on this issue in the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform , under chairman Edolphus Towns ( D - NY ) and in its investigative Domestic Policy Subcommittee under Kucinich . Fraud ( edit ) In 2010 , the U.S. government accused the bank of defrauding schools , hospitals , and dozens of state and local government organizations via misconduct and illegal activities involving the investment of proceeds from municipal bond sales . As a result , the bank agreed to pay $137.7 million , including $25 million to the Internal Revenue service and $4.5 million to state attorney general , to the affected organizations to settle the allegations . Former bank official Douglas Campbell pleaded guilty to antitrust , conspiracy and wire fraud charges . As of January 2011 , other bankers and brokers are under indictment or investigation . On October 24 , 2012 , the top federal prosecutor in Manhattan filed a lawsuit alleging that Bank of America fraudulently cost American taxpayers more than $1 billion when Countrywide Financial sold toxic mortgages to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac . The scheme was called ' Hustle ' , or High Speed Swim Lane . On May 23 , 2016 the Second U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the finding of fact by the jury that low quality mortgages were supplied by Countrywide to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in the `` Hustle '' case supported only `` intentional breach of contract , '' not fraud . The action , for civil fraud , relied on provisions of the Financial Institutions Reform , Recovery and Enforcement Act . The decision turned on lack of intent to defraud at the time the contract to supply mortgages was made . Downsizing ( 2011 to 2014 ) ( edit ) During 2011 , Bank of America began conducting personnel reductions of an estimated 36,000 people , contributing to intended savings of $5 billion per year by 2014 . In December 2011 , Forbes ranked Bank of America 's financial health 91st out of the nation 's largest 100 banks and thrift institutions . Bank of America cut around 16,000 jobs in a quicker fashion by the end of 2012 as revenue continued to decline because of new regulations and a slow economy . This put a plan one year ahead of time to eliminate 30,000 jobs under a cost - cutting program , called Project New BAC . In the first quarter of 2014 , Berkshire bank purchased 20 Bank of America branches in Central and eastern New York for 14.4 million dollars . The branches were from Utica / Rome region and down the Mohawk Valley east to the capital region . In April and May 2014 , Bank of America sold two dozen branches in Michigan to Huntington Bancshares . The locations were converted to Huntington National Bank branches in September . As part of its new strategy Bank of America is focused on growing its mobile banking platform . As of 2014 , Bank of America has 31 million active online users and 16 million mobile users . Its retail banking branches have decreased to 4,900 as a result of increased mobile banking use and a decline in customer branch visits . By 2018 , the number of mobile users has increased to 25.3 million and the number of locations fell to 4,411 at the end of June . Sale of stake in China Construction Bank ( edit ) In 2005 , Bank of America acquired a 9 % stake in China Construction Bank , one of the Big Four banks in China , for $3 billion . It represented the company 's largest foray into China 's growing banking sector . Bank of America has offices in Hong Kong , Shanghai , and Guangzhou and was looking to greatly expand its Chinese business as a result of this deal . In 2008 , Bank of America was awarded Project Finance Deal of the Year at the 2008 ALB Hong Kong Law Awards . In November 2011 , Bank of America announced plans to divest most of its stake in the China Construction Bank . In September 2013 , Bank of America sold its remaining stake in the China Construction Bank for as much as $1.5 billion , marking the firm 's full exit from the country . $17 billion settlement with Justice Department ( edit ) In August 2014 , Bank of America agreed to a near - $17 billion deal to settle claims against it relating to the sale of toxic mortgage - linked securities including subprime home loans , in what was believed to be the largest settlement in U.S. corporate history . The bank agreed with the U.S. Justice Department to pay $9.65 billion in fines , and $7 billion in relief to the victims of the faulty loans which included homeowners , borrowers , pension funds and municipalities . Real estate economist Jed Kolko said the settlement is a `` drop in the bucket '' compared to the $700 billion in damages done to 11 million homeowners . Since the settlement covered such a substantial portion of the market , he said for most consumers `` you 're out of luck . '' Much of the government 's prosecution was based on information provided by three whistleblowers -- Shareef Abdou ( a senior vice president at the bank ) , Robert Madsen ( a professional appraiser employed by a bank subsidiary ) and Edward O'Donnell ( a Fannie Mae official ) . The three men received $170 million in whistleblower awards . DOD Community Bank ( edit ) DOD Community Bank logo . Bank of America has formed a partnership with the United States Department of Defense creating a newly chartered bank DOD Community Bank ( `` Community Bank '' ) providing full banking services to military personnel at 68 branches and ATM locations on U.S. military installations in Guantanamo Bay Naval Base Cuba , Diego Garcia , Germany , Japan , Italy , Kwajalein Atoll , South Korea , the Netherlands and the United Kingdom . It should be noted that even though Bank of America operates Community Bank customer services are not interchangeable between the two financial institutions , meaning a Community Bank customer can not go to a Bank of America branch and withdraw from their account and vice versa . Deposits made into checking and savings accounts are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation up to $250,000 despite the fact that none of Community 's operating branches are located within the jurisdictional borders of the United States . Decision not to Finance makers of military - style Guns ( edit ) In April 2018 , Bank of America announced that it would stop providing financing to makers of military - style weapons such as the AR - 15 rifle . In announcing the decision , Bank of America referenced recent mass shootings and said that it wanted to `` contribute in any way we can '' to reduce them . Introduction of Erica ( edit ) At the Money 20 / 20 conference in October 2016 , retail banking president Thong Nguyen introduced a digital assistant called Erica , whose name comes from the bank name . Starting in 2017 , customers will be able to use voice or text to communicate with Erica and get advice , check balances and pay bills . Unlike the people who work for the bank , Erica will be available 24 / 7 . Digital banking head Michelle Moore said the technology was designed to help customers do a better job of managing money . Forrester analyst Peter Wannemacher says bank customer experiences with the technology have been `` uneven or poor , '' but Bank of America intends to adapt Erica as needed . Operations ( edit ) Bank of America branch in Washington , D.C. Bank of America generates 90 % of its revenues in its domestic market . The core of Bank of America 's strategy is to be the number one bank in its domestic market . It has achieved this through key acquisitions . Consumer banking ( edit ) Consumer Banking , the largest division in the company , provides financial services to consumers and small businesses including , banking , investments and lending products including business loans , mortgages , and credit cards . It provides for investing online through its electronic trading platform , Merrill Edge . The consumer banking division represented 38 % of the company 's total revenue in 2016 . The company earns revenue from interest income , service charges , and fees . The company is also a mortgage servicer . It competes primarily with the retail banking arms of America 's three other megabanks : Citigroup , JPMorgan Chase , and Wells Fargo . The Consumer Banking organization includes over 4,600 retail financial centers and approximately 15,900 automated teller machines . Bank of America is a member of the Global ATM Alliance , a joint venture of several major international banks that provides for reduced fees for consumers using their ATM card or check card at another bank within the Global ATM Alliance when traveling internationally . This feature is restricted to withdrawals using a debit card and users are still subject to foreign currency conversion fees , credit card withdrawals are still subject to cash advance fees and foreign currency conversion fees . Global banking ( edit ) Bank of America Tower , located on Laura Street in Jacksonville , Florida The Global Banking division provides banking services , including investment banking and lending products to businesses . It includes the businesses of Global Corporate Banking , Global Commercial Banking , Business Banking , and Global Investment Banking . The division represented 22 % of the company 's revenue in 2016 . Before Bank of America 's acquisition of Merrill Lynch , the Global Corporate and Investment Banking ( GCIB ) business operated as Banc of America Securities LLC . The bank 's investment banking activities operate under the Merrill Lynch subsidiary and provided mergers and acquisitions advisory , underwriting , capital markets , as well as sales & trading in fixed income and equities markets . Its strongest groups include Leveraged Finance , Syndicated Loans , and mortgage - backed securities . It also has one of the largest research teams on Wall Street . Bank of America Merrill Lynch is headquartered in New York City . Global wealth and investment management ( edit ) The Global Wealth and Investment Management ( GWIM ) division manages investment assets of institutions and individuals . It includes the businesses of Merrill Lynch Global Wealth Management and U.S. Trust and represented 21 % of the company 's total revenue in 2016 . It is among the 10 largest U.S. wealth managers . It has over $2.5 trillion in client balances . GWIM has five primary lines of business : Premier Banking & Investments ( including Bank of America Investment Services , Inc . ) , The Private Bank , Family Wealth Advisors , and Bank of America Specialist . Global markets ( edit ) The Global Markets division offers services to institutional clients , including trading in financial securities . The division provides research and other services such as market maker and risk management using derivatives . The division represented 19 % of the company 's total revenues in 2016 . Offices ( edit ) The Bank of America principal executive offices are located in the Bank of America Corporate Center , Charlotte , North Carolina . The skyscraper is located at 100 North Tryon Street , and stands at 871 ft ( 265 m ) , having been completed in 1992 . In 2012 , Bank of America cut ties to the American Legislative Exchange Council ( ALEC ) . International offices ( edit ) Bank of America 's Global Corporate and Investment Banking has its U.S. headquarters in New York , European headquarters in London , and Asian headquarters in Hong Kong and Singapore . Charitable efforts ( edit ) Bank of America volunteers at the Los Angeles LGBT pride parade in 2011 In 2007 , the bank offered employees a $3,000 rebate for the purchase of hybrid vehicles . The company also provided a $1,000 rebate or a lower interest rate for customers whose homes qualified as energy efficient . In 2007 , Bank of America partnered with Brighter Planet to offer an eco-friendly credit card , and later a debit card , which help build renewable energy projects with each purchase . In 2010 , the bank completed construction of the 1 Bank of America Center in Charlotte center city . The tower , and accompanying hotel , is a LEED - certified building . Bank of America has also donated money to help health centers in Massachusetts and made a $1 million donation in 2007 to help homeless shelters in Miami . In 1998 , the bank made a ten - year commitment of $350 billion to provide affordable mortgage , build affordable housing , support small business and create jobs in disadvantaged neighborhoods . In 2004 , the bank pledged $750 million over a ten - year period for community development lending and affordable housing programs . Lawsuits ( edit ) In August 2011 , Bank of America was sued for $10 billion by American International Group . Another lawsuit filed in September 2011 pertained to $57.5 billion in mortgage - backed securities Bank of America sold to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac . That December , Bank of America agreed to pay $335 million to settle a federal government claim that Countrywide Financial had discriminated against Hispanic and African - American homebuyers from 2004 to 2008 , prior to being acquired by BofA . In September 2012 , BofA settled out of court for $2.4 billion in a class action lawsuit filed by BofA shareholders who felt they were misled about the purchase of Merrill Lynch . On February 9 , 2012 , it was announced that the five largest mortgage servicers ( Ally / GMAC , Bank of America , Citi , JPMorgan Chase , and Wells Fargo ) agreed to a historic settlement with the federal government and 49 states . The settlement , known as the National Mortgage Settlement ( NMS ) , required the servicers to provide about $26 billion in relief to distressed homeowners and in direct payments to the states and federal government . This settlement amount makes the NMS the second largest civil settlement in U.S. history , only trailing the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement . The five banks were also required to comply with 305 new mortgage servicing standards . Oklahoma held out and agreed to settle with the banks separately . On October 24 , 2012 , American federal prosecutors filed a $1 billion civil lawsuit against Bank of America for mortgage fraud under the False Claims Act , which provides for possible penalties of triple the damages suffered . The government asserted that Countrywide , which was acquired by Bank of America , rubber - stamped mortgage loans to risky borrowers and forced taxpayers to guarantee billions of bad loans through Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac . The suit was filed by Preet Bharara , the United States attorney in Manhattan , the inspector general of FHFA and the special inspector for the Troubled Asset Relief Program . In March 2014 , Bank of America settled the suit by agreeing to pay $6.3 billion to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and to buy back around $3.2 billion worth of mortgage bonds . In April 2014 , the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ( CFPB ) ordered Bank of America to provide and estimated $727 million in relief to consumers harmed by practices related to credit card add - on products . According to the Bureau , roughly 1.4 million customers were affected by deceptive marketing of add - on products and 1.9 million customers were illegally charged for credit monitoring and reporting services they were not receiving . The deceptive marketing misconduct involved telemarketing scripts containing misstatements and off - script sales pitches made by telemarketers that were misleading and omitted pertinent information . The unfair billing practices involved billing customers for privacy related products without having the authorization necessary to perform the credit monitoring and credit report retrieval services . As a result , the company billed customers for services they did not receive , unfairly charged consumers for interest and fees , illegally charged approximately 1.9 million accounts , and failed to provide the product benefit . A $7.5 million settlement was reached in April 2014 with former chief financial officer for Bank of America , Joe L. Price , over allegations that the bank 's management withheld material information related to its 2008 merger with Merrill Lynch . In August 2014 , the United States Department of Justice and the bank agreed to a $16.65 billion agreement over the sale of risky , mortgage - backed securities before the Great Recession ; the loans behind the securities were transferred to the company when it acquired banks such as Merrill Lynch and Countrywide in 2008 . As a whole , the three firms provided $965 billion of mortgage - backed securities from 2004 -- 2008 . The settlement was structured to give $7 billion in consumer relief and $9.65 billion in penalty payments to the federal government and state governments ; California , for instance , received $300 million to recompense public pension funds . The settlement was the largest in United States history between a single company and the federal government . A lawsuit has been filed against Bank of America by a former senior executive , Omeed Malik , who was accused of sexual harassment . Malik filed a defamation claim against the bank and is seeking damages of more than $100 million . Controversies ( edit ) Parmalat controversy ( edit ) Parmalat SpA is a multinational Italian dairy and food corporation . Following Parmalat 's 2003 bankruptcy , the company sued Bank of America for $10 billion , alleging the bank profited from its knowledge of Parmalat 's financial difficulties . The parties announced a settlement in July 2009 , resulting in Bank of America paying Parmalat $98.5 million in October 2009 . In a related case , on April 18 , 2011 , an Italian court acquitted Bank of America and three other large banks , along with their employees , of charges they assisted Parmalat in concealing its fraud , and of lacking sufficient internal controls to prevent such frauds . Prosecutors did not immediately say whether they would appeal the rulings . In Parma , the banks were still charged with covering up the fraud . Consumer credit controversies ( edit ) In January 2008 , Bank of America began notifying some customers without payment problems that their interest rates were more than doubled , up to 28 % . The bank was criticized for raising rates on customers in good standing , and for declining to explain why it had done so . In September 2009 , a Bank of America credit card customer , Ann Minch , posted a video on YouTube criticizing the bank for raising her interest rate . After the video went viral , she was contacted by a Bank of America representative who lowered her rate . The story attracted national attention from television and internet commentators . More recently , the bank has been criticized for allegedly seizing three properties that were not under their ownership , apparently due to incorrect addresses on their legal documents . WikiLeaks ( edit ) In October 2009 , Julian Assange of WikiLeaks claimed that his organization possessed a 5 gigabyte hard drive formerly used by a Bank of America executive and that Wikileaks intended to publish its contents . In November 2010 , Forbes published an interview with Assange in which he stated his intent to publish information which would turn a major U.S. bank `` inside out '' . In response to this announcement , Bank of America stock dropped 3.2 % . In December 2010 , Bank of America announced that it would no longer service requests to transfer funds to WikiLeaks , stating that `` Bank of America joins in the actions previously announced by MasterCard , PayPal , Visa Europe and others and will not process transactions of any type that we have reason to believe are intended for WikiLeaks ... This decision is based upon our reasonable belief that WikiLeaks may be engaged in activities that are , among other things , inconsistent with our internal policies for processing payments . '' Later in December , it was announced that Bank of America purchased more than 300 Internet domain names in an attempt to preempt bad publicity that might be forthcoming in the anticipated WikiLeaks release . The domain names included as BrianMoynihanBlows.com , BrianMoynihanSucks.com and similar names for other top executives of the bank . Sometime before August 2011 , WikiLeaks claimed that 5 GB of Bank of America leaks was part of the deletion of over 3500 communications by Daniel Domscheit - Berg , a now ex-WikiLeaks volunteer . Anonymous ( edit ) On March 14 , 2011 , members of hacker group Anonymous began releasing emails said to be from a former Bank of America employee . According to the group , the emails documented alleged `` corruption and fraud '' . The source , identified publicly as Brian Penny , was a former LPI Specialist from Balboa Insurance , a firm which used to be owned by the bank , but was sold to Australian Reinsurance Company QBE . Mortgage business ( edit ) In 2010 the state of Arizona launched an investigation into Bank of America for misleading homeowners who sought to modify their mortgage loans . According to the attorney general of Arizona , the bank `` repeatedly has deceived '' such mortgagors . In response to the investigation , the bank has given some modifications on the condition that the homeowners remove some information criticizing the bank online . Investment in mountaintop removal ( edit ) On May 6 , 2015 , Bank of America announced it would reduce its financial exposure to coal companies . The announcement came following pressure from universities and environmental groups . The new policy was announced as part of the bank 's decision to continue to reduce credit exposure over time to the coal mining sector . Notable buildings ( edit ) Bank of America Plaza , the tallest building in Atlanta Bank of America Stadium , home to the Carolina Panthers of the NFL Notable buildings which Bank of America currently occupies include : Bank of America Tower in Phoenix , Arizona Bank of America Center in Los Angeles , California Transamerica Pyramid , in San Francisco 555 California Street , formerly the Bank of America Center and world headquarters , in San Francisco , California Bank of America Plaza in Fort Lauderdale , Florida Bank of America Tower in Jacksonville , Florida Bank of America Financial Center ( Brickell ) and Bank of America Museum Tower ( Downtown Miami ) in Miami , Florida Bank of America Center in Orlando , Florida Bank of America Tower in St. Petersburg , Florida Bank of America Plaza in Tampa , Florida Bank of America Plaza in Atlanta , Georgia Bank of America Building , formerly the LaSalle Bank Building in Chicago , Illinois One City Center , often called the Bank of America building due to signage rights , in Portland , Maine Bank of America Building in Baltimore , Maryland Bank of America Plaza in St Louis , Missouri Bank of America Tower in Albuquerque , New Mexico Bank of America Tower in New York City Bank of America Corporate Center in Charlotte , North Carolina ( the corporate headquarters ) Bank of America Plaza in Charlotte , North Carolina Bank of America Plaza in Dallas , Texas Bank of America Center in Houston , Texas Bank of America Tower in Midland , Texas Bank of America Plaza in San Antonio , Texas Bank of America Fifth Avenue Plaza in Seattle , Washington Columbia Center in Seattle , Washington Bank of America Tower in Hong Kong City Place I , also known as United Healthcare Center , in Hartford , Connecticut ( the tallest building in Connecticut ) 9454 Wilshire Boulevard in Beverly Hills , California Former buildings ( edit ) The Robert B. Atwood Building in Anchorage , Alaska was at one time named the Bank of America Center , renamed in conjunction with the bank 's acquisition of building tenant Security Pacific Bank . This particular branch was later acquired by Alaska - based Northrim Bank and moved across the street to the Linny Pacillo Parking Garage . The Bank of America Building ( Providence ) opened in 1928 as the Industrial Trust Building and remains the tallest building in Rhode Island . Through a number of mergers it was later known as the Industrial National Bank building and the Fleet Bank building . The building was leased by Bank of America from 2004 to 2012 and has been vacant since March 2013 . The building is commonly known as the Superman Building based on a popular belief that it was the model for the Daily Planet building in the Superman comic books . The Miami Tower iconic in its appearance in Miami Vice was known as the Bank of America Tower for many years . It is located in Downtown Miami . On April 18 , 2012 , the AIA 's Florida Chapter placed it on its list of Florida Architecture : 100 Years . 100 Places as the Bank of America Tower . See also ( edit ) North Carolina portal San Francisco Bay Area portal Companies portal List of members ATM Industry Association ( ATMIA ) BAML Capital Partners Bank of America ( Asia ) Bank of America Canada Calibuso , et al. v. Bank of America Corp. , et al . List of bank mergers in United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Bank of America Corporation 2017 Annual Report ( Form 10 - K ) '' . sec.gov . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . February 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Made America ? -- Innovators -- A.P. Giannini '' . PBS.org . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Cohan , William D. ( September 2009 ) , `` An offer he could n't refuse '' , The Atlantic Jump up ^ Team , Trefis ( June 14 , 2018 ) . `` Five Largest U.S. Investment Banks Have Over $1.5 Trillion In Securities Trading Assets '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shelby - Green , Michael ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` The 15 biggest wealth managers in the world '' . Business Insider . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ B of A has operations ( for example , Merrill Lynch offices ) , but no retail branches in Alabama , Alaska , Hawaii , Louisiana , Mississippi , Montana , Nebraska , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , West Virginia , Wisconsin , or Wyoming . Bank of America Branches and ATMs Archived July 1 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Click `` Browse locations by state . '' © 2014 Bank of America Corporation . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America on the Forbes Global 2000 List '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World 's best bank 2018 : Bank of America '' . Euromoney . July 11 , 2018 . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Bank of American sets the standard for banking in the modern era . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America '' . NNDB . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amadeo Peter Giannini '' . Famous Entrepreneurs by Evan Carmichael . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nation & World : Ripples from 1906 San Francisco quake felt even today Archived October 29 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... The Seattle Times . Retrieved on August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fradkin , Philip L. ( 2005 ) . The Great Earthquake and Firestorms of 1906 : How San Francisco Nearly Destroyed Itself . University of California Press . pp. 97 -- 99 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23060 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bank of America - Our Heritage : Loans on a Handshake . About.bankofamerica.com ( April 18 , 1906 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Bank of Italy Archived July 18 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Statewide Expansion '' pp. 34 -- 38 In : Branch Banking California . Report for the U.S. Federal Reserve System . web version at : PDF version Jump up ^ Transamerica Corporation , a corporation of Delaware Archived August 30 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , has petitioned this court to review an order of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System entered against it under Section 11 of the Clayton Act , 15 U.S.C.A. § 21 , to enforce compliance with Section 7 of the Act , 15 U.S.C.A. § 18 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Visa '' . Visa Inc . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2007 . Retrieved October 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Matassa Flores , Michele ( April 2 , 1992 ) . `` Key Bank , West One Finalize Purchases '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ BA Securities , Inc . Changes to BancAmerica Securities , Inc ... Business Wire , January 16 , 1997 Jump up ^ BankAmerica Adds 4 Traders To Its High - Yield Bond Sector . American Banker , June 17 , 1996 Jump up ^ BankAmerica to Buy Robertson , Stephens Investment Company . The New York Times , June 9 , 1997 Jump up ^ Kolman , Joe ( 1998 ) . `` Inside D.E. Shaw '' . Derivatives Strategy . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2013 . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mulligan , Thomas S. ( October 21 , 1998 ) . `` BankAmerica 's Coulter to Step Down Oct. 30 '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Petruno , Tom ( October 15 , 1998 ) . `` Surprise BofA Losses Trigger Plunge in Stock '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , Mitchell ( April 14 , 1998 ) . `` Nations Bank Drives $62 Billion Merger : A New BankAmerica : Biggest of U.S. Banks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Montgomery name disappears , as Banc of America Securities debuts . Investment Dealers ' Digest , May 17 , 1999 ^ Jump up to : `` US banking mega-merger unveiled '' . BBC News . October 27 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America To Buy U.S. Trust '' . Forbes . November 20 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved August 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tom , Henderson ( April 14 , 2008 ) . `` BOA to ' paint the town red ' with LaSalle name change '' . Crain 's Detroit Business . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2008 . Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Dan ; Lublin , Joann S. ( October 2 , 2009 ) . `` Bank of America Chief Resigns Under Fire '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2010 . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ La Monica , Paul R. ( February 24 , 2010 ) . `` BofA : No longer hated on Wall Street '' . CNNMoney.com . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Salas , Caroline ; Church , Steven ( August 23 , 2007 ) . `` Countrywide Gives Bank of America $447 million Gain '' . Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on October 9 , 2007 . Retrieved October 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America to buy Countrywide for $4 billion '' . Reuters . January 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Countrywide FBI Investigation '' . CNNMoney.com . March 10 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2008 . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Arena , Kelli ( September 24 , 2008 ) , `` FBI probing bailout firms '' , CNNMoney.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bauerlein , Valerie ; Hagerty , James S. ( January 12 , 2008 ) . `` Behind Bank of America 's Big Gamble '' . The Wall Street Journal . pp. A1 , A5 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Countrywide Financial Corporation Thirteen Month Statistical Data for the period ended December 31 , 2007 '' ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BofA completes deal for Countrywide Financial '' . Orlando Sentinel . Associated Press . July 1 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2008 . Retrieved July 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America May Not Guarantee Countrywide 's Debt '' . Bloomberg News . May 2 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved August 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Isidore , Chris ( December 21 , 2011 ) . `` BofA settles unfair lending claims for $335 million '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach ( September 15 , 2008 ) . `` Wachtell , Shearman , Cravath on Bank of America - Merrill Deal '' . Law.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Popper , Margaret ( September 14 , 2008 ) . `` Bank of America Said to Walk Away From Lehman Talks ( Update1 ) '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2010 . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sorkin , Andrew Ross ( September 15 , 2008 ) . `` Lehman Files for Bankruptcy ; Merrill Is Sold '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lehman Brothers files for Bankruptcy '' . BBC News . September 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AFP : Temasek could profit on Merrill takeover : economists '' . Google News . September 15 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2009 . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lim , Kevin & Azhar , Saeed ( May 22 , 2009 ) , `` Singapore 's Temasek defends costly Bank of America exit '' , Reuters , retrieved August 3 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Bank of America Completes Merrill Lynch Purchase '' . prnewswire.com for Bank of America . January 1 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Keoun , Bradley ; Trowbridge , Poppy ( December 18 , 2008 ) . `` Bank of America Moves Chai ; Berkery Said to Depart '' . Bloomberg L.P . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Farrell , Greg ; Guerrera , Francesco ( February 3 , 2009 ) . `` BofA Asia head and Thain ally leaves '' . Financial Times . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dash , Eric ; Story , Louise ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Bank of America to Receive Additional $20 billion '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ LOUISE STORY and JO BECKER ( June 11 , 2009 ) . `` Bank Chief Tells of U.S. Pressure to Buy Merrill Lynch '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2010 . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kim Dixon ( June 10 , 2009 ) . `` BofA documents , e-mails show pressure to buy Merrill Lynch '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America Buys Merrill Lynch Creating Unique Financial Services Firm '' ( Press release ) . Bank of America . September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Debt overshadows US bank 's profit '' . BBC News . April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mildenberg , David ( October 5 , 2009 ) . `` Merrill Bringing Down Lewis Gives Bank 30 % Profits as ' a Steal ' '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2010 . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Silver - Greenberg , Jessica ; Craig , Susanne ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Bank of America Settles Suit Over Merrill for $2.43 Billion '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Rucker , Patrick ; Stempel , Jonathan ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Bank of America gets big government bailout '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Giannone , Joseph A. ( February 5 , 2009 ) . `` U.S. pushed Bank of America to complete Merrill buy : report '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ellis , David ( February 11 , 2009 ) . `` Bank CEOs flogged in Washington '' . CNNMoney.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Mary Williams ( March 15 , 2009 ) , `` A.I.G. Lists Firms It Paid With Taxpayer Money '' , The New York Times . Retrieved March 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` US Regulators to B of A : Obey or Else '' , The Wall Street Journal , July 16 , 2009 Jump up ^ Bank of America to Repay Entire $45 billion in TARP to U.S. Taxpayers , PR Newswire , December 2 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Bank of America Completes US TARP Repayment '' . Google News . October 12 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2012 . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kouwe , Zachery ( August 3 , 2009 ) , `` BofA Settles S.E.C. Suit Over Merrill Deal '' DealBook blog , The New York Times , Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stempel , Jonathan , `` Judge blocks Bank of America - SEC bonus settlement '' Reuters , 8 / 6 / 09 . Retrieved 8 / 7 / 09 . Jump up ^ Story , Louise ( August 10 , 2009 ) , `` Judge Attacks Merrill Pre-Merger Bonuses '' , The New York Times , ( p . B1 , August 11 , 2009 NY ed . ) , retrieved August 11 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Story , Louise , `` Judge Rejects Settlement Over Merrill Bonuses '' , The New York Times , September 14 , 2009 . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Glovin , David ( February 22 , 2010 ) , `` Bank of America $150 million SEC Accord Is Approved '' , Bloomberg.com , retrieved March 2 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Executive Compensation : How Much is Too Much ? '' Hearing , with statements , October 28 , 2009 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kucinich on new NY AG fraud charges against Bank of America and SEC settling charges against BofA for misleading shareholders '' Press release , February 4 , 2010 . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Zachary A. ( December 7 , 2010 ) . `` Bank of America to pay $137 million in state fraud cases '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Selway , William , & Braun , Martin Z . ( January 2011 ) , `` The Men who Rigged the Muni Market '' , Bloomberg Markets , pp. 79 -- 84 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Sues Bank Of America Over Mortgage Loans To Fannie And Freddie '' . npr . October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Protess , Ben ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` U.S. Accuses Bank of America of a ' Brazen ' Mortgage Fraud '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Viswanatha , Aruna ; Rexrode , Christina ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Bank of America Penalty Thrown Out in Crisis - Era ' Hustle ' Case Appeals court says government did n't prove case , bank does n't have to pay $1.27 billion '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America ending 30K more jobs '' . Philadelphia Business Journal . American City Business Journals . September 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2011 . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( December 13 , 2011 ) . `` Full List : America 's Best And Worst Banks '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` BofA speeds up plans to cut 16,000 jobs : WSJ '' . Yahoo News . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Huntington Bank buys 13 branches to Flint - area , Monroe , Muskegon in $500 million deal '' . MLive.com . Jump up ^ `` Why Bank of America branches are disappearing '' . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America invests in China '' . BBC News . June 17 , 2005 . Retrieved August 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ALB Asia -- legal deals , law deals , law firm deals , lawyer deals '' . Legalbusinessonline.com.au . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Son , Hugh ; Tong , Stephanie ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` Bank of America 's Construction Bank Sale Lifts Capital , Reduces China Risk '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barreto , Elzio ; Thomas , Denny ; Rudegeair , Peter ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` Bank of America selling remaining stake in Chinese bank '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America to pay nearly $17 bn to settle mortgage claims '' . Philadelphia Herald . August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Handley , Meg . `` Mortgage Settlement : Do the Big Banks Owe You Money ? '' . U.S. News & World Report . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mahany , Brian ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Whistleblowers Share Over $170 M in Bank of America Settlement '' . MahanyLaw . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Community Bank official website Jump up ^ DOD Community Bank Branch and ATM locations Jump up ^ Community Bank Frequently Asked Questions Jump up ^ Hsu , Tiffany ( 10 April 2018 ) . `` Bank of America to Stop Financing Makers of Military - Style Guns '' . New York Times . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Awards for Excellence 2007 Best Bank : Bank of America '' . Euromoney . July 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Whoa ! Bank of America cuts ties to ALEC '' . Teamsters . November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Asia Pacific Global Regions Bank of America Merrill Lynch '' . Bank of America . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2009 . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Vows $20 Billion for Green Projects '' . NBC News . Associated Press . February 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cui , Carolyn ( November 30 , 2007 ) . `` Credit Cards ' Latest Pitch : Green Benefits '' . Wall Street Journal . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ O'Daniel , Adam ; Boye , Will ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Credit Cards ' Latest Pitch : Green Benefits '' . Charlotte Business Journal . Jump up ^ Kowalczyk , Liz ( March 10 , 2007 ) . `` Bank to aid health centers '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Freer , Jim ( March 9 , 2007 ) . `` BofA donates $1 M to Camillus House '' . South Florida Business Journal . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America Meeting $350 Billion Community Development Goals '' ( Press release ) . Bank of America . June 20 , 2002 -- via PRNewswire . Jump up ^ `` Beyond the Balance Sheet : Social Scorecard '' . Forbes . December 13 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Eileen AJ ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Fitch may downgrade BofA , Morgan Stanley , Goldman '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Associated Press . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2011 . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ( December 21 , 2011 ) . `` Countrywide Will Settle a Bias Suit '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Joint State - Federal Mortgage Servicing Settlement FAQ '' . Attorneys General Executive Committee . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Nelson D. ; Creswell , Julie ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Mortgage Plan Gives Billions to Homeowners , but With Exceptions '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Protess , Ben ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` U.S. Accuses Bank of America of a ' Brazen ' Mortgage Fraud '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Son , Hugh ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` BofA 's Moynihan Delivers at Last on Vow to Boost Dividend '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CFPB Orders Bank Of America To Pay $727 Million In Consumer Relief For Illegal Credit Card Practices '' . Consumer Financial Protection Bureau . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Rachel ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Ex-Finance Chief at Bank of America to Pay $7.5 Million in Settlement '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Puzzanghera , Jim ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Bank of America to Pay Record $16.65 Billion to Settle Mortgage Claims '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Holder to Announce Record Bank of America Settlement '' . CBS News . August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Deon ( August 20 , 2014 ) . `` Bank of America 's Nearly $17 Billion Settlement Could be Announced Thursday '' . The Charlotte Observer . Jump up ^ Corkery , Michael ; Apuzzo , Matt ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Bank of America Reaches $16.65 Billion Mortgage Settlement '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ McCoy , Kevin ; Johnson , Kevin ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Bank of America Agrees to Nearly $17 B Settlement '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Ex-BofA Executive Omeed Malik Seeks $100 Million in Defamation Claim '' . Bloomberg.com. 2018 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` BofA settles with Parmalat for $100 M '' . Charlotte Business Journal . July 28 , 2009 . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Italy / US : Parmalat receives Bank of America settlement '' . Aroq Ltd . October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sylvers , Eric ( April 18 , 2011 ) . `` Judge Clears Banks in Parmalat Case '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Berner , Robert ( February 7 , 2008 ) , A Credit Card You Want to Toss '' Archived January 26 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Kimberly ( February 28 , 2008 ) , Mortgage Woes Boost Credit Card Debt Archived May 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Delaney , Arthur ( September 21 , 2009 , updated November 21 , 2009 ) , `` Ann Minch Triumphs In Credit Card Fight '' , The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ferran , Lee ( September 29 , 2009 ) , `` Woman Boycotts Bank of America , Wins '' , Good Morning America , ABC News . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pepitone , Julianne ( September 29 , 2009 ) , `` YouTube credit card rant gets results '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gomstyn , Alice ( January 25 , 2010 ) . `` No Mortgage , Still Foreclosed ? Bank of America Sued for Seizing Wrong Homes '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nystedt , Dan ( October 9 , 2009 ) . `` Wikileaks plans to make the Web a leakier place '' . Computerworld . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2010 . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andy Greenberg ( November 29 , 2010 ) . `` WikiLeaks ' Julian Assange Wants To Spill Your Corporate Secrets '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Of America Shares Fall On WikiLeaks Fears '' . CBS News . Associated Press . November 30 , 2010 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lundin , Leigh ( February 20 , 2011 ) . `` WikiLicks '' . Crime . Orlando : Criminal Brief . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Nelson D. ( December 18 , 2010 ) . `` Bank of America Suspends Payments Made to WikiLeaks '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America Wants You to Know Its Executives Do n't Suck '' . Domain Name Wire . December 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2011 . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tiku , Nitasha ( December 22 , 2010 ) . `` Bank of America Prepares to Get WikiLeaked by Buying Up Negative Domain Names '' . New York . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2010 . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kapne , Suzanne ( December 23 , 2010 ) . `` Hundreds of anti-BofA websites registered '' . Financial Times . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2011 . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rothacker , Rick ( December 23 , 2010 ) . `` Bank of America buys up critical domain names '' . The Charlotte Observer . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2011 . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` We can confirm that the DDB ... '' August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` We can confirm that the DDB '' . August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Koons , Cynthia ; Fitzpatrick , Dan ( March 15 , 2011 ) . `` Anonymous ' Perplexing Leak of Bank of America Documents '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Ryan ( 2011 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Bank Of America Anonymous Leak Alleges ' Corruption And Fraud ' '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Garofalo , Pat ( January 26 , 2012 ) . `` Bank Of America 's Offer To Homeowners : We 'll Modify Loans If You 'll Erase All The Mean Things Said About Us On Twitter '' . ThinkProgress . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Valerie Volcovici ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Bank of America 's new policy to limit credit exposure to coal '' . Business Insider . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Architecture : 100 Years . 100 Places '' . AIA Florida . Further reading ( edit ) Cohen , Lauren ( 2016 ) . Bank of America Interview Tips . Los Angeles , CA : Smith - Westfield Press . Bonadio , Felice A. ( 1994 ) . A.P. Giannini : Banker of America . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 08249 - 4 . Hector , Gary ( 1988 ) . Breaking the Bank : The Decline of BankAmerica . Boston : Little , Brown . ISBN 0 - 316 - 35392 - 2 . James , Marquie ; James , Bessie ( 1954 ) . Biography of a Bank : The Story of Bank of America N.T. &S. A. New York : Harper and Brothers . Johnston , Moira ( 1990 ) . Roller Coaster : The Bank of America and the Future of American Banking . New York : Ticknor & Fields . Josephson , Matthew ( 1972 ) . The Money Lords : The Great Finance Capitalists , 1925 -- 1950 . New York : Weybright and Talley . Lampert , Hope ( 1986 ) . Behind Closed Doors : Wheeling and Dealing in the Banking World . New York : Atheneum . Light , Larry ( October 1 , 2007 ) . `` Money for the Masses '' . Forbes . Monnette , Orra Eugene . Personal Papers Collection . Los Angeles , CA : Los Angeles Public Library . Nash , Gerald G. ( 1992 ) . A.P. Giannini and the Bank of America . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . Yockey , Ross ( 1999 ) . McColl : The Man with America 's Money . Atlanta : Longstreet Press . Ahmed , Azam ; Demirjian , Karoun ( February 15 , 2007 ) . `` Credit offered to illegal residents '' . Chicago Tribune . Taibbi , Matt ( March 14 , 2012 ) . `` Bank of America : Too Crooked to Fail '' . Rolling Stone . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bank of America . Official website DOD Community Bank operated by Bank of America official website Business data for Bank of America Corp : Google Finance Yahoo ! Finance Reuters SEC filings Bank of America Divisions Bank of America Home Loans Bank of America Merrill Lynch Merrill Lynch U.S. Trust Historical components Banc of America Securities Bank of America , Los Angeles Bank of America NT&SA Bank of Italy Bank of New England BankBoston Barnett Bank Baybank Benj. Franklin Savings and Loan Boatmen 's Bancshares Cassatt & Company Central Bank and Trust Citizens & Southern National Bank Commercial National Bank Continental Illinois Countrywide Financial E.A. Pierce & Co . 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Lloyds Bank PLC MashreqBank psc ( UAE ) Royal Bank of Scotland PLC UBS AG Wells Fargo Bank NA Non-EU Bank of China ( CHN ) GND : 19010 - X ISNI : 0000 0001 0373 6759 LCCN : n80026791 VIAF : 155048466 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_America&oldid=856705537 '' Categories : Bank of America 1904 establishments in California Banks based in North Carolina Banks established in 1904 Systemically important financial institutions Bank of America legacy banks Companies based in Charlotte , North Carolina Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange Financial services companies of the United States Former components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average Multinational companies headquartered in the United States Online brokerages Primary dealers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with short description Use mdy dates from November 2015 Use American English from January 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 01 : 36 ( UTC ) . 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"In 2004, Bank of America announced it would purchase Boston-based bank FleetBoston Financial for $47 billion in cash and stock.[27] By merging with Bank of America, all of its banks and branches were given the Bank of America logo. At the time of merger, FleetBoston was the seventh largest bank in United States with $197 billion in assets, over 20 million customers and revenue of $12 billion.[27] Hundreds of FleetBoston workers lost their jobs or were demoted, according to The Boston Globe.\n"
] | [
"Bank of America"
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-2015294628189420653 | iPhone 6S | IPhone 6S - Wikipedia IPhone 6S Jump to : navigation , search iPhone 6S iPhone 6S Plus iPhone 6S in Rose Gold Brand Apple Inc . Slogan `` The only thing that 's changed is everything . '' `` One powerful phone '' Generation 9th Model 6S : A1633 ( North America ) A1688 ( International ) A1700 ( China ) 6S Plus : A1634 ( North America ) A1687 ( International ) A1699 ( China ) Compatible networks GSM , CDMA , 3G , EVDO , HSPA+ , LTE / 4G , LTE Advanced / 4G+ First released September 25 , 2015 ; 2 years ago ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) Units sold 13 million in launch weekend Predecessor iPhone 6 ( Plus ) Successor iPhone 7 ( Plus ) Related iPhone SE Type 6S : Smartphone 6S Plus : Phablet Form factor Slate 6S : 138.3 mm ( 5.44 in ) H 67.1 mm ( 2.64 in ) W 7.1 mm ( 0.28 in ) D 6S Plus : 158.2 mm ( 6.23 in ) H 77.9 mm ( 3.07 in ) W 7.3 mm ( 0.29 in ) D Weight 6S : 143 g ( 5.0 oz ) 6S Plus : 192 g ( 6.8 oz ) Operating system Original : iOS 9.0 Current : iOS 11.0. 3 , released October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) System on chip Apple A9 CPU 1.85 GHz dual - core 64 - bit ARMv8 - A `` Twister '' GPU PowerVR GT7600 ( hexa - core ) Memory 2 GB LPDDR4 RAM Storage 16 , 32 , 64 , or 128 GB SK Hynix TLC NAND connected via NVMe Battery 6S : 3.82 V 6.55 W h ( 1715 mA h ) Li - Po 150 min charge time for an average of 8h 15 min use 6S Plus : 3.8 V 10.45 W h ( 2750 mA h ) Li - Po 165 min charge time for an average of 9h 11 min use Display 6S : 4.7 in ( 120 mm ) Retina HD , LED - backlit IPS LCD , 1334 × 750 pixel resolution ( 326 ppi ) with Dual Ion Exchange strengthened glass and 3D Touch 6S Plus : 5.5 in ( 140 mm ) Retina HD , LED - backlit IPS LCD , 1920 × 1080 pixel resolution ( 401 ppi ) , 500 cd / m2 max . brightness ( typical ) , with Dual Ion Exchange strengthened glass and 3D Touch Rear camera Sony Exmor RS IMX315 12 MP ( 1.22 μm ) , true - tone flash , autofocus , IR filter , burst mode , f / 2.2 aperture , 4K video recording at 30 fps or 1080p at 30 or 60 fps , slow - motion video ( 1080p at 120 fps and 720p at 240 fps ) , timelapse with stabilization , panorama ( up to 63 megapixels ) , facial recognition , digital image stabilization , optical image stabilization ( 6S Plus only ) Front camera 5 MP , burst mode , f / 2.2 aperture , exposure control , face detection , auto - HDR , 720p HD video recording , Retina flash Sound Mono speaker , 3.5 mm stereo audio jack Connectivity All models : ( show ) LTE ( Bands 1 to 5 , 7 , 8 , 12 , 13 , 17 to 20 , 25 to 29 ) , TD - LTE ( Bands 38 to 41 ) , TD - SCDMA 1900 ( F ) , 2000 ( A ) , UMTS / HSPA+ / DC - HSDPA ( 850 , 900 , 1700 / 2100 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) , CDMA EV - DO Rev. A ( 800 , 1700 / 2100 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) , GSM / EDGE ( 850 , 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz ) , Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ) , Bluetooth 4.2 , NFC , GPS and GLONASS Models A1633 and A1634 : ( show ) LTE ( Band 30 ) Hearing aid compatibility M3 , T4 Website www.apple.com/iphone-6s/ This article is part of a series on the iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 ( Plus ) 6S ( Plus ) SE 7 ( Plus ) 8 ( Plus ) X List of iPhone models iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus ( stylized and marketed as iPhone 6s and iPhone 6s Plus ) are smartphones designed , developed and marketed by Apple Inc . They were announced on September 9 , 2015 , at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco by Apple CEO Tim Cook , with pre-orders beginning September 12 and official release on September 25 , 2015 . The iPhone 6S and 6S Plus were succeeded by the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus in September 2016 . The iPhone 6S has a similar design to the 6 but updated hardware , including a strengthened chassis and upgraded system - on - chip , a 12 - megapixel camera , improved fingerprint recognition sensor , and LTE Advanced support . The iPhone 6S also introduces a new hardware feature known as `` 3D Touch '' , which enables pressure - sensitive touch inputs . iPhone 6S had a mostly positive reception . While performance and camera quality were praised by most reviewers , the addition of 3D Touch was liked by one critic for the potential of entirely new interface interactions , but disliked by another critic for not providing users with an expected intuitive response before actually using the feature . The battery life was criticized , and one reviewer asserted that the phone 's camera was n't significantly better than the rest of the industry . The iPhone 6S set a new first - weekend sales record , selling 13 million models , up from 10 million for the iPhone 6 in the previous year . However , Apple saw its first - ever quarterly year - over-year decline in iPhone sales in the months after the launch , credited to a saturated smartphone market in Apple 's biggest countries and a lack of iPhone purchases in developing countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Specifications 2.1 Hardware 2.2 Software 3 Reception 3.1 Sales 4 Hardware issues 4.1 Unexpected battery shutdowns 5 Timeline of models 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Before the official unveiling , several aspects of the iPhone 6S were rumored , including the base model having 16 gigabytes of storage , the pressure - sensitive display technology known as 3D Touch , and a new rose gold color option . iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus were officially unveiled on September 9 , 2015 , during a press event at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco . Pre-orders began September 12 , with the official release on September 25 . On September 7 , 2016 , Apple announced the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus as successors to the iPhone 6S and 6S Plus . On March 31 , 2017 , the iPhone 6S and 6S Plus were released in Indonesia alongside the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus , following Apple 's research and development investment in the country . Specifications ( edit ) Hardware ( edit ) The iPhone 6S is nearly identical in design to the iPhone 6 . In response to the `` bendgate '' design flaws of the previous model , changes were made to improve the durability of the chassis : the 6S was constructed from a stronger , 7000 series aluminum alloy , `` key points '' in the rear casing were strengthened , and touchscreen Integrated circuits were re-located to the display assembly . Alongside the existing gold , silver , and space gray options , a new rose gold color option was also introduced . The iPhone 6S is powered by the Apple A9 system - on - chip , which the company stated is up to 70 % faster than Apple A8 , and has up to 90 % better graphics performance . The iPhone 6S has 2 GB of RAM , more than any previous iPhone , and also supports LTE Advanced . The Touch ID sensor on the 6S was also updated , with the new version having improved fingerprint scanning performance over the previous version . While the capacities of their batteries are slightly smaller , Apple rates iPhone 6S and 6S Plus as having the same average battery life as their respective predecessors . The A9 system - on - chip was dual - sourced from TSMC and Samsung . Although it was speculated that the Samsung version had worse battery performance than the TSMC version , multiple independent tests have shown there is no appreciable difference between the two chips . Although the device is not promoted as such , the iPhone 6S has a degree of water resistance because of a change to its internal design , which places a silicone seal around components of the logic board to prevent them from being shorted by accidental exposure to water . Their displays are the same sizes as those of the iPhone 6 , coming in 4.7 - inch 750p and 5.5 - inch 1080p ( Plus ) sizes . The iPhone 6S features a technology known as 3D Touch ; sensors are embedded in the screen 's backlight layer that measure the firmness of the user 's touch input by the distance between it and the cover glass , allowing the device to distinguish between normal and more forceful presses . 3D Touch is combined with a Taptic Engine vibrator to provide associated haptic feedback . Although similar , this is distinct from the Force Touch technology used on the Apple Watch and Retina MacBook , as it is more sensitive and can recognize more levels of touch pressure than Force Touch . Due to the hardware needed to implement 3D Touch , the iPhone 6S is heavier than its predecessor . The iPhone 6S features a 12 - megapixel rear - facing camera , an upgrade from the 8 - megapixel unit on previous models , as well as a 5 - megapixel front - facing camera . It can record 4K video , as well as 1080p video at 60 and now 120 frames per second . The iPhone 6S and 6S Plus were originally offered in models with 16 , 64 , and 128 GB of internal storage . Following the release of iPhone 7 in September 2016 , the 16 and 64 GB models were dropped , and replaced by a new 32 GB option . For improved storage performance , iPhone 6S utilizes NVM Express ( NVMe ) , resulting in a maximum average read speed of 1,840 megabytes per second . Software ( edit ) See also : iOS , iOS 9 , and iOS 10 The iPhone 6S ships with iOS 9 ; the operating system leverages the 3D Touch hardware to allow recognition of new gestures and commands , including `` peeking '' at content with a light touch and `` popping '' it into view by pressing harder , and accessing context menus with links to commonly used functions within apps with harder presses on home screen icons . The camera app 's `` Retina Flash '' feature allows the display 's brightness to be used as a makeshift flash on images taken with the front camera , while `` Live Photos '' captures a short video alongside each photo taken . Reception ( edit ) Nilay Patel of The Verge described the 6S , in particular the Plus model , as `` right now the best phone on the market . ( ... ) There just are n't other companies that can roll out a feature like 3D Touch and make it work in a way that suggests the creation of entirely new interface paradigms , and every other phone maker needs to figure out exactly why Apple 's cameras are so consistent before they can really compete . '' Samuel Gibbs of The Guardian commented that the phone `` has the potential to be the best smaller smartphone on the market , but its short battery life is deeply frustrating '' and described the camera as `` not leagues ahead of the competition anymore . '' Tom Salinger of The Register praised performance , noting that `` we 're now using phones with the performance of current PCs '' , but described 3D Touch as `` just a glorified vibrator '' and `` no good ( ... ) you still do n't know quite what 's going to happen until you try it '' . Ryan Smith and Joshua Ho of AnandTech awarded the iPhone 6S and 6S Plus its Editors ' Choice Gold Award , based largely on the phone 's performance and the addition of 3D Touch . Sales ( edit ) On the Monday following the iPhone 6S ' launch weekend , Apple announced that they had sold 13 million models , a record - breaking number that exceeded the 10 million launch sales of the iPhone 6 in 2014 . In the months following the launch , Apple saw its first - ever quarterly year - over-year decline in iPhone sales , attributed to a saturated smartphone market in Apple 's biggest sales countries and consumers in developing countries not buying iPhones . Hardware issues ( edit ) Unexpected battery shutdowns ( edit ) In November 2016 , Apple announced that a `` very small number '' of iPhone 6S devices manufactured between September and October 2015 have faulty batteries that unexpectedly shut down . While Apple noted that the battery problems were `` not a safety issue '' , it announced a battery replacement program for affected devices . Customers with affected devices , which span `` a limited serial number range '' , were able to check their device 's serial number on Apple 's website , and , if affected , receive a battery replacement free of charge at Apple Stores or authorized Apple Service Providers . In December 2016 , Apple revealed new details about the issue , stating that the affected devices contained a `` battery component that was exposed to controlled ambient air longer than it should have been before being assembled into battery packs '' . The statement also said that customers `` outside of the affected range '' may also experience unexpected shutdowns , though clarifying that some shutdowns can occur under `` normal conditions '' because the iPhone tries to `` protect its electronics '' . Apple also said that an upcoming update to the iOS operating system would include additional diagnostic tools to help Apple find more information about different kinds of battery issues . In February 2017 , Apple released a statement to TechCrunch , saying that the iOS 10.2. 1 update , released on January 23 , had reduced the occurrence of battery shutdowns by `` more than 80 % '' on iPhone 6S devices . In full , the statement read : With iOS 10.2. 1 , Apple made improvements to reduce occurrences of unexpected shutdowns that a small number of users were experiencing with their iPhone . iOS 10.2. 1 already has over 50 % of active iOS devices upgraded and the diagnostic data we 've received from upgraders shows that for this small percentage of users experiencing the issue , we 're seeing a more than 80 % reduction in iPhone 6s and over 70 % reduction on iPhone 6 of devices unexpectedly shutting down . We also added the ability for the phone to restart without needing to connect to power , if a user still encounters an unexpected shutdown . It is important to note that these unexpected shutdowns are not a safety issue , but we understand it can be an inconvenience and wanted to fix the issue as quickly as possible . If a customer has any issues with their device they can contact AppleCare . Timeline of models ( edit ) Sources : Apple press release library References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` iPhone 6S '' . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2015 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple '' . 2016 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 6s customer receives her device early , benchmarks show a marked increase in power '' . iDownloadBlog . September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A9 's CPU : Twister - The Apple iPhone 6s and iPhone 6s Plus Review '' . AnandTech . November 2 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 6S Review '' . GSM Arena . October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple A9 / PowerVR GT7600 '' . NotebookCheck . September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cunningham , Andrew ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Xcode 's iOS simulator reports 2GB RAM for iPhone 6S , 4GB for iPad Pro '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` iPhone 6s Teardown '' . iFixit . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tokar , Les ( October 4 , 2015 ) . `` iPhone 6S Uses NVMe Storage -- Performance Determined By Capacity '' . The SSD Review . p. 1 . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sumram , Husain ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Apple 's 3D Touch Video Confirms 1715 mAh iPhone 6s Battery '' . MacRumors . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple iPhone 6s Teardown '' . Teardown . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Google Nexus 5X battery life test results are out Jump up ^ Clover , Juli ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` iPhone 6s Plus Has Smaller 2750mAh Battery '' . MacRumors . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ iPhone 6s Plus posts excellent battery life , matches the Galaxy Note5 to the minute ^ Jump up to : `` iPhone 6s specs '' . Apple . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tofel , Kevin ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Report : iPhone 6s base model to have 16GB of storage '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mayo , Benjamin ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` iPhone 6S rumors : New packaging leak suggests 16 GB base model will stay around for another product cycle '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurman , Mark ( September 5 , 2015 ) . `` iPhone 6s to have ' 3D Touch ' three - level , next - gen Force Touch interface '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Orazio , Dante ( September 5 , 2015 ) . `` Force Touch on iPhone 6S will reportedly recognize three kinds of taps '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Neil ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Apple 's next - gen ' iPhone 6s ' to come in rose gold model , feature 2GB RAM , 12MP camera '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kastrenakes , Jacob ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` iPhone 6S announced : 3D Touch , 12 - megapixel rear camera , rose gold finish , available September 25th for $199 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Ben Fox ; Tibken , Shara ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Apple unveils iPhone 6S , 6S Plus , aiming to tighten grip on high - end smartphones '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seifert , Dan ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 and 7 Plus announced with water resistance , dual cameras , and no headphone jack '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crook , Jordan ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple * officially * unveils the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fingas , Roger ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Indonesian iPhone sales to resume on March 31 after Apple R&D investments '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall , Zac ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Apple resuming iPhone sales in Indonesia after $44 M investment meeting local requirements '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moynihan , Tim ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` You Ca n't See the iPhone 6S and 6S Plus ' Biggest Changes '' . Wired . Condé Nast . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rothman , Wilson ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Apple 's iPhone 6S vs iPhone 6 : The Key Differences '' . Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ H. , Victor ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Apple iPhone SE TouchID is the same as in 5s , slower than iPhone 6s fingerprint sensor '' . Phone Arena . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carnoy , David ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` One spec Apple did n't improve in iPhone 6S : Battery life '' . CNET . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Andrew . `` Consumer Reports : `` No ' Chipgate ' problems '' with iPhone 6S battery life `` . Ars Technica . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 6s ' Chipgate ' Stirs Battery Fears '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple 's Clever Tech Makes the iPhone 6s Nearly Waterproof '' . Wired . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tyrangiel , Josh ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` How Apple Built 3D Touch '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McHugh , Molly ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Yes , There Is a Difference Between 3D Touch and Force Touch '' . Wired . Condé Nast . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bohn , Dieter ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus : hands - on with 3D Touch and the new cameras '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Orazio , Dante ( September 12 , 2015 ) . `` New aluminum alloy is n't to blame for iPhone 6S weight gain '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dent , Steve ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Apple 's iPhone 6s camera makes a huge leap in quality '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ho , Joshua ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Hands On With the iPhone 6s and iPhone 6s Plus '' . Anandtech . Purch , Inc . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Broussard , Mitchel ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Updates iPhone 6s Storage Tiers With New Options and Prices '' . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tokar , Les ( October 4 , 2015 ) . `` iPhone 6S Uses NVMe Storage -- Performance Determined By Capacity '' . The SSD Review . p. 2 . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patel , Nilay ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` iPhone 6S review '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Samuel ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` iPhone 6S review : a very good phone ruined by rubbish battery life '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Salinger , Tom ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` iPhone 6s and 6s Plus : Harder , faster and they 'll give you a buzz '' . The Register . Situation Publishing . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ryan ; Ho , Joshua ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` The Apple iPhone 6s and iPhone 6s Plus Review '' . AnandTech . Purch Group . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benner , Katie ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Apple iPhone 6s Breaks First - Weekend Sales Record '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Neil ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Apple sells blockbuster 13 million iPhone 6s , 6s Plus units in launch weekend '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Apple sells 13 million iPhones in opening weekend record '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Opam , Kwame ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Apple 's sales fall across iPhone , iPad , and Mac '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goel , Vindu ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` IPhone Sales Drop , and Apple 's 13 - Year Surge Ebbs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goel , Vindu ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Apple 's iPhone Sales Drop Again , but Services Are a Bright Spot '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 6s Program for Unexpected Shutdown Issues '' . Apple . November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Rich ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Apple offers free battery replacements for some iPhone 6S handsets that keep shutting down '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , Arnold ( November 20 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Launches Repair Program for iPhone 6s Devices Experiencing Unexpected Shutdowns '' . MacRumors . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Message from Apple about iPhone and Unexpected Shutdowns '' . Apple Inc . December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Apple blames exposure to ' ambient air ' for iPhone 6S battery failures '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 6S battery issues may be more widespread than Apple initially thought '' . The Next Web . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Panzarino , Matthew ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Apple says iOS 10.2. 1 has reduced unexpected iPhone 6s shutdown issues by 80 % '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clover , Juli ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Apple Says iOS 10.2. 1 Update Has Significantly Reduced Unexpected iPhone 6 and 6s Shutdowns '' . MacRumors . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Apple Inc. ( 2004 - 2016 ) . Press Release Library . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . 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] | [
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8000490453079055571 | The Big Bang Theory (season 1) | The Big Bang Theory ( season 1 ) - wikipedia The Big Bang Theory ( season 1 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Big Bang Theory ( season 1 ) First season DVD cover art Starring Johnny Galecki Jim Parsons Kaley Cuoco Simon Helberg Kunal Nayyar Country of origin United States No. of episodes 17 Release Original network CBS Original release September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) -- May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) Season chronology Next → Season 2 List of The Big Bang Theory episodes The first season of the American sitcom The Big Bang Theory was originally aired on CBS from September 24 , 2007 , to May 19 , 2008 , over 17 episodes . An unaired pilot also exists . The Season 1 DVD came without a gag reel and is , so far , the only Big Bang Theory DVD set not to have one . The reissued Blu - ray , was released July 10 , 2012 , and includes a gag reel that is exclusive to the set . The episodes on Blu - ray are all in remastered surround sound , whereas the DVD version had stereo . Two of the main cast , Sheldon and Leonard , are named after actor , director , and producer Sheldon Leonard . Johnny Galecki and Sara Gilbert both selected the episode `` The Hamburger Postulate '' as a Primetime Emmy Award submission for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series , respectively , at the 60th Primetime Emmy Awards , but both ended up not receiving a nomination . Jim Parsons selected the episode `` The Pancake Batter Anomaly '' as a Primetime Emmy Award submission for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series at the 60th Primetime Emmy Awards , but ended up not receiving a nomination . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest cast 3 Production 4 Episodes 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) The lives of physicists Dr. Leonard Hofstadter and Dr. Sheldon Cooper are shaken up when an attractive young aspiring actress from Omaha , Nebraska named Penny moves into the apartment across the hall from theirs . Leonard begins to become hopelessly enamored of Penny , while she feels only platonic affection for him ; as a result , she finds herself putting up with his closest and ever - present friends : his roommate , Sheldon , who appears borderline obsessive - compulsive ; engineering whiz Howard Wolowitz , a desperately sex - crazed mama 's boy who thinks that his 1960s - style clothing and hairstyle give him an air of cool hipness ; and Dr. Rajesh `` Raj '' Koothrappali , who will not speak to her as he is too shy to talk to women ( a case of selective mutism ) , unless intoxicated in which case he becomes a smooth talking yet highly overly aggressive womanizing flirt . During Season One , Sheldon loses his job for insulting his new boss , finds his ego bruised by a child prodigy , becomes unable to bear being part of a lie that Leonard has told , and is always attacking the world with a relentless need to assert his supremacy . Rajesh first learns that he can talk to women , but only when he is drunk , and Penny and Leonard finally go out in the season finale . It is so far the only season not to feature John Ross Bowie as the recurring character Barry Kripke and Kevin Sussman as Stuart Bloom . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Big Bang Theory characters Main cast ( edit ) Johnny Galecki as Dr. Leonard Hofstadter Jim Parsons as Dr. Sheldon Cooper Kaley Cuoco as Penny Simon Helberg as Howard Wolowitz Kunal Nayyar as Dr. Rajesh `` Raj '' Koothrappali Recurring cast ( edit ) Brian Patrick Wade as Kurt Vernee Watson as Althea Sara Gilbert as Leslie Winkle Laurie Metcalf as Mary Cooper Mark Harelik as Dr. Eric Gablehauser Carol Ann Susi as Mrs. Wolowitz Brian George as Dr. V.M. Koothrappali Alice Amter as Mrs. Koothrappali Guest cast ( edit ) Brooke D'Orsay as Christy James Hong as Chen Sarayu Rao as Lalita Gupta DJ Qualls as Toby Loobenfeld Austin Lee as Dennis Kim Andrew Walker as Mike Courtney Henggeler as Missy Cooper Production ( edit ) Further information : The Big Bang Theory § Production The program 's initial pilot , developed for the 2006 / 07 television season , was substantially different from its current form . Only Johnny Galecki and Jim Parsons were in the cast , and their across - the - hall neighbor Katie was envisioned as `` a street - hardened , tough - as - nails woman with a vulnerable interior '' . Katie was played by actress Amanda Walsh . They also had a female friend called Gilda ( played by Iris Bahr ) . The program 's original theme music was also different , using Thomas Dolby 's hit `` She Blinded Me with Science '' . The program was not picked up , but the creators were given an opportunity to revise it , bringing in the remaining leading cast and retooling the show to its current format . The original unaired pilot has never been released on any official format , but copies of it are on the internet with various collectors . The second pilot of The Big Bang Theory was directed by James Burrows , who did not continue with the show . This reworked pilot led to a 13 - episode order by CBS on May 14 , 2007 . Prior to its airing on CBS , the pilot episode was distributed on iTunes free of charge . The show premiered September 24 , 2007 , and was picked up for a full 22 - episode season on October 19 , 2007 . Production on the show was halted on November 6 , 2007 , due to the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , only to be replaced by a short - lived sitcom , Welcome to the Captain on February 4 , 2008 , but returning on March 17 , 2008 , in an earlier time slot with nine new episodes . David Saltzberg , a professor of physics and astronomy at the University of California , Los Angeles , checks scripts and provides dialogue , math equations and diagrams used as props . Clips from the season finale , `` The Tangerine Factor '' , gained popularity on the Chinese video - sharing website Tudou because of Sheldon 's inaccurate Mandarin . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Big Bang Theory episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' James Burrows Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) 276023 12.52 After an unsuccessful visit to the high - IQ sperm bank , Dr. Leonard Hofstadter and Dr. Sheldon Cooper return home to find aspiring actress Penny is their new neighbor across the hall from their apartment . Sheldon thinks Leonard , who is immediately interested in her , is chasing a dream he will never catch . Leonard invites Penny to his and Sheldon 's apartment for Indian food , where she asks to use their shower since hers is broken . While wrapped in a towel , she gets to meet their visiting friends Howard Wolowitz , a wannabe ladies ' man who tries to hit on her , and Rajesh Koothrappali , who is unable to speak to her as he suffers from selective mutism in the presence of women . Leonard is so infatuated with Penny that , after helping her use their shower , he agrees to retrieve her TV from her ex-boyfriend Kurt . However , Kurt 's physical superiority overwhelms Leonard 's and Sheldon 's combined IQ of 360 , and they return without pants or TV . Penny , feeling bad , offers to take the guys out to dinner , initiating a friendship with them . `` The Big Bran Hypothesis '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady Teleplay by : Robert Cohen & Dave Goetsch October 1 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 01 ) 3T6601 10.58 When Sheldon and Leonard drop off a box of flat pack furniture that came for Penny , Sheldon is deeply disturbed at how messy and disorganized her apartment is . Later that night , while Penny sleeps , the obsessive - compulsive Sheldon , unable to sleep , sneaks into her apartment to organize and clean it . Leonard finds out and reluctantly helps him . The next morning , Penny is furious to discover they had been in her apartment . Sheldon tries to apologize to Penny but fails by remarking that Leonard is a `` gentle and thorough lover '' . Later , Penny encounters Raj in the hallway . Though he can not talk to Penny , she calms down whilst telling him about the issue , reasoning the guys were just trying to help her , and hugs Raj . Then Leonard apologizes , prompting Penny to forgive and hug him . Title reference : Sheldon having Big Bran cereal ( with higher fiber content ) after Penny finds out her apartment has been rearranged . `` The Fuzzy Boots Corollary '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro October 8 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 08 ) 3T6602 10.36 When he sees Penny kissing a man in front of her apartment door , Leonard is devastated that she has `` rejected '' him . The guys persuade him to date someone at work , so he approaches fellow scientist Leslie Winkle . In an experiment to strip the usual dating procedure to its essentials , she suggests fast forwarding to a kiss . She finds their kiss good but unexciting , so she turns him down . As Leonard becomes more depressed , thinking of buying a cat ( hypoallergenic in view of Sheldon 's asthma - though in later episodes Leonard is the one with asthma ) , Sheldon points out Leonard was not actually rejected by Penny as he never asked her out , so Leonard asks her out to dinner . As she misinterprets this as an invitation to hang out with all the guys , he devises reasons for their absence from the date . Penny says the man Leonard saw was not her boyfriend : casual weekend sex helps her get over relationships . Leonard , excited , regains his confidence , but he accidentally hurts himself and Penny has to take him home . In the end , Leonard does not find the courage to reveal his true feelings to Penny , though she suspected what he was up to . Title reference : One of the names Leonard was considering for his cat . `` The Luminous Fish Effect '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady Teleplay by : David Litt & Lee Aronsohn October 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 15 ) 3T6603 11.15 At the university Sheldon is fired from his job as a physicist after insulting his new boss Dr. Eric Gablehauser . Sheldon 's change of circumstance triggers a downward spiral of depression in which he fails to improve scrambled eggs , develops luminous fish for nightlights , and weaves on a hand loom . Worried , Leonard calls Sheldon 's mother , Mary Cooper . When she visits , the men realize she is the complete opposite of their expectations : she is sweet , down - to - earth , a devout Christian , and a loving and caring mother . Mary finally forces Sheldon to apologize , who is given his job back after she flirts with Dr. Gablehauser . Title reference : Sheldon creating glow - in - the - dark fish during his period of unemployment . A line of genetically modified fluorescent fish using the green fluorescent protein ( and variants ) from jellyfish , the GloFish , was actually developed and began selling in 2003 . 5 5 `` The Hamburger Postulate '' Andrew D. Weyman Story by : Jennifer Glickman Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Steven Molaro October 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 22 ) 3T6604 10.81 The guys , eating at the Cheesecake Factory where Penny works , are approached by Leslie Winkle . She wants Leonard to play cello in her string quartet as the other players are uncomfortable near the current cellist who was possibly irradiated at work . After the quartet practise in Leonard and Sheldon 's apartment , Leslie seduces Leonard for the night , making Sheldon so uneasy that he repeatedly asks Penny 's advice . Penny later congratulates Leonard , who tries to figure out what she meant . Leonard decides to pursue a real relationship with Leslie rather than an imaginary one with Penny , but at her lab , Leslie makes it clear she is not interested in a relationship : she just needed him for a one - night stand to satisfy her sex drive - which is now satisfied until New Year . Leonard later tells Penny , who reassures him and walks away smiling . Title reference : Sheldon switching his favorite burger restaurant . 6 6 `` The Middle - Earth Paradigm '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Dave Goetsch Teleplay by : David Litt & Robert Cohen October 29 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 29 ) 3T6605 11.92 Penny invites the guys to her Halloween party . They at first decline as they do not dance , but accept when costumes are mentioned . At the party they have problems socializing : Sheldon is unable to explain his Doppler effect costume since none of Penny 's friends are physicists or smart enough to understand it ; Raj ( dressed as Thor ) can not speak to women ; Howard as Robin Hood is mistaken for Peter Pan ; and Leonard ( dressed as Frodo Baggins from The Lord of the Rings ) is insecure . Penny 's ex-boyfriend Kurt ( underdressed as a very tall , muscular caveman ) later shows up and aggressively confronts Leonard , causing him ( and later Penny ) to leave . Penny goes to check on Leonard and apologizes for Kurt 's behavior . She is very upset , but Leonard tells her she is perfect , and they kiss , though Penny confesses she is drunk . They kiss again , in sight of Kurt , Leonard saying `` That 's how we roll at the Shire ! '' before locking his apartment door in panic . Meanwhile , Howard can not find Raj , who is at home sleeping with party guest Cheryl who finds him to be a `` very good listener '' . Title reference : Leonard 's Halloween costume . 7 7 `` The Dumpling Paradox '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady Teleplay by : Lee Aronsohn & Jennifer Glickman November 5 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 05 ) 3T6606 10.68 Penny 's promiscuous acquaintance Christy from Omaha , Nebraska , `` kind of family '' since she slept with Penny 's brother whilst engaged to her cousin , arrives to visit Penny indefinitely , and immediately beds Howard in Penny 's apartment which the pair take over . Penny replaces Howard as a Halo 3 player and displays natural talent , to Sheldon 's disbelief . To avoid the noisy `` lovers '' , Penny sleeps on Leonard and Sheldon 's couch that night . Next day , Howard invites Christy to move in with him ( and his mother ) , taking up all his time . Distraught at the odd number in the group , Sheldon invites Penny to play Halo again , but she prefers to go dancing . The guys believe their group is falling apart and go to speak to Howard . There they hear Howard 's mother arguing loudly with Christy , causing her to leave . Howard , single again , goes to play Halo with the guys , and the group is restored , completely ignoring Penny and her three attractive dancing friends who briefly appear at the door . Title reference : The scene where Leonard , Sheldon , and Raj are at the Chinese restaurant and do not know what to do with the spare dumpling which Howard would normally have eaten . 8 8 `` The Grasshopper Experiment '' Ted Wass Story by : Dave Goetsch & Steven Molaro Teleplay by : Lee Aronsohn & Robert Cohen November 12 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 12 ) 3T6607 10.32 Raj introduces his parents , Dr. V.M. Koothrappali and Mrs. Koothrappali , to his friends via webcam . However , Raj is overwhelmed when his parents try to arrange him a date with Lalita Gupta , a childhood friend and dental student , as he can not talk to women . To Raj 's annoyance Howard , using a fake Indian accent to impersonate Raj , phones Lalita to set up a date for them . Meanwhile , Penny takes up bar tending for some extra money . She practices mixing drinks with the guys , and they discover Raj is able to speak to women after drinking alcohol . They decide his date should be at Penny 's restaurant so she and the guys can keep an eye on Raj 's behavior when drinking . On his date , Raj becomes an obnoxious drunk . After Sheldon flatters Lalita with compliments comparing her to Princess Panchali , an Indian fairy tale princess , she takes him away for a meal , to Raj 's horror . When Raj tries to explain all this to his parents , they are angry about his drinking . Leonard asks Sheldon if he plans to see Lalita again , but he replies that he already has a dentist . Title reference : The drink ( a Grasshopper ) that enabled Raj to speak to women . 9 9 `` The Cooper - Hofstadter Polarization '' Joel Murray Story by : Bill Prady & Stephen Engel Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Lee Aronsohn & Dave Goetsch March 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 17 ) 3T6608 11.21 Leonard cleans up after an Internet experiment , and in the trash can he finds an invitation to him and Sheldon to present their joint research at an academic conference . Sheldon disapproves of presenting research in person , but Leonard defies him and goes alone . This causes a rift between the two which Penny tries to mend but accidentally makes worse . Sheldon appears at the conference and tries to discredit Leonard 's presentation by attempting to `` blow up '' Leonard 's head with his mind à la the movie Scanners , starting a physical altercation between the two . Howard films the fight on his cellphone and puts it on YouTube , but angers Penny by also posting a photo on Facebook of her sleeping on his shoulder during the presentation , entitled `` Me and my girlfriend '' . Title reference : The rift between Leonard and Sheldon . 10 10 `` The Loobenfeld Decay '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Lee Aronsohn March 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 24 ) 3T6609 11.63 Penny is given a part in the musical Rent , but after Leonard and Sheldon hear her off - key singing ( Sheldon commenting , `` if cats could sing , they 'd hate it too '' ) , Leonard lies to avoid having to see her perform and hurt her feelings . Sheldon , worried that Leonard 's lie was inadequate , devises an intricate lie about his nonexistent drug - addicted cousin `` Leopold Houston '' needing an intervention the night of the play ) . Sheldon is so obsessed with his lie 's credibility that he has Toby Loobenfeld , a research assistant who double majored in Physics and Theatre , impersonate cousin `` Leo '' to convince Penny the lie is true . In the end , Leonard must still see the video of Penny 's performance , and Penny and `` Leo '' start flirting . Title reference : The name of the physicist / actor , Toby Loobenfeld , who plays the fictional cousin . 11 11 `` The Pancake Batter Anomaly '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Lee Aronsohn Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Stephen Engel March 31 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 31 ) 3T6610 12.68 Penny returns from visiting family in Nebraska , but mentions while picking up mail from Leonard that most of her relatives became sick . Sheldon , a germophobe according to Leonard , freaks out and becomes sick , becoming demanding on top of his already obnoxious personality . Familiar with Sheldon being sick , Leonard and the guys hide from him at a Planet of the Apes series marathon , leaving Penny to care for Sheldon . However , Leonard breaks his glasses in the cinema and has to retrieve his spare pair from the apartment , piloted by Howard and Raj using a laptop , an endoscope , and a Bluetooth helmet camera worn by the short - sighted Leonard . Penny intercepts him and abandons him to his fate with Sheldon . Leonard tries to escape , but runs into a wall and nearly knocks himself out . In the end , injured Leonard and sick Sheldon sit miserably on the couch . Title reference : Sheldon 's urine measuring jug , which is the same jug Leonard uses to mix pancake batter . 12 12 `` The Jerusalem Duality '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Jennifer Glickman & Stephen Engel Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Steven Molaro April 14 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 14 ) 3T6611 11.69 Sheldon becomes envious when he meets 15 - year - old child prodigy Dennis Kim , who was invited to work at the university , and soon realizes that not only is Kim similar to himself ( an obnoxious and arrogant child prodigy ) , but is even smarter than he . Sheldon loses faith in his own research and annoys his friends by criticizing their work more than ever and forcing his own contributions on them . Finding his physics work useless , he aims for the Nobel Peace Prize by attempting to solve all Middle East conflicts , but he annoys everyone , including a Jewish professor , with his proposal that an exact duplicate of Jerusalem be built in the Mexican desert . The others , tired of Sheldon 's behavior , decide to distract Kim with girls of the same age . Their plan unexpectedly works at Kim 's welcome party , and Kim leaves with a blonde 15 - year - old . Sheldon resumes his research while the others are perplexed at how easily Kim was able to get a girl . In a park , the guys spot him drinking heavily and making out . They feel sorry at his demise , but the victorious Sheldon mocks him . Title reference : Sheldon 's proposed duplication of Jerusalem . 13 13 `` The Bat Jar Conjecture '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Stephen Engel & Jennifer Glickman Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Robert Cohen April 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 21 ) 3T6612 10.51 The guys decide to compete in a physics bowl after the strong competitors drop out , but Sheldon 's showboating is too much , and they eject him from the team . Sheldon , upset , vows to form his own team and compete against them . The guys , in need of a fourth member , ask Leslie Winkle . She at first declines , but accepts on hearing they are opposing Sheldon , who has often criticized her research and gender . The guys name themselves PMS ( Perpetual Motion Squad , an unintentional pun on premenstrual syndrome ) . Sheldon 's team is named AA ( Army Ants , an unintentional pun on Alcoholics Anonymous ) , and comprises Sheldon ( who forbids answers from his team mates ) , the 3rd floor janitor , the lunch lady , and her son ( or possibly her butcher ) . PMS win when Sheldon , unable to answer the last question , refuses to accept the janitor 's answer , which is actually correct : he explains that despite working as a janitor in America , he was a physicist in the former Soviet Union . Title reference : The Batman cookie jar ( `` Bat Jar '' ) given to Sheldon when he is kicked out of the original team . 14 14 `` The Nerdvana Annihilation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady Teleplay by : Stephen Engel & Steven Molaro April 28 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 28 ) 3T6613 11.07 In an online auction , Leonard buys a full - sized replica of the time machine from the 1960 film The Time Machine , believing it to be a miniature . The men 's efforts to move the cumbersome object into the apartment cause Penny to lose a work shift , and she lashes out at them for their obsession with childish memorabilia . This upsets Leonard , who decides to sell all his collectibles . His friends try to dissuade him , but they also want his collectibles and argue over who should get what . Sheldon later accuses Penny of hypocrisy , pointing out her own love of such things as Hello Kitty or Care Bears . Penny apologizes to Leonard and dissuades him from abandoning the things he loves ; he decides to keep his belongings . His hope of a relationship with her is thus very briefly renewed until her current boyfriend Mike appears and pulls her into her apartment . Sheldon later has nightmares of being attacked by Morlocks , and persuades Leonard to return the time machine replica . Title reference : Leonard getting rid of his collectibles , which Howard refers to as `` Nerdvana '' . 15 15 `` The Shiksa Indeterminacy '' `` The Pork Chop Indeterminacy '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre Teleplay by : Lee Aronsohn & Bill Prady May 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 05 ) 3T6614 10.38 Sheldon introduces his twin sister Missy to the guys , and all are attracted to her . Raj decides to take part in a drug trial to cure his inability to talk to women , and Leonard insists Missy stay with them at the apartment . Predictably , the men all awkwardly flirt with her , so Penny comes to her rescue . Leonard , hoping for an advantage over Howard and Raj , convinces Sheldon he is Missy 's guardian as concerns her choice of partner . Sheldon deems all three guys to be unsuitable for her . On learning of Sheldon 's plan to find her a suitable mate , Missy confronts her brother , and after she kicks him in the groin he agrees she can date whoever she likes . She turns down Leonard , and then Howard , who fails to charm her with simple conjuring tricks . Finally Raj goes to talk to Missy , who shows interest in him , but the drug wears off and he is unable to speak to her , forcing Raj to leave defeated . Title reference : Howard saying he would kill his rabbi with a pork chop to be with Missy , who was not Jewish ( hence a shiksa ) . 16 16 `` The Peanut Reaction '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Lee Aronsohn Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Steven Molaro May 12 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 12 ) 3T6615 11.79 Penny learns that Leonard has never had a birthday party , as his parents did not believe in celebrating anything other than achievements . She decides to throw him a surprise party , and blackmails Sheldon to join in by threatening to draw a smiley face on each of his mint condition comic books . However , on the day of the party , Penny discovers Sheldon has not yet bought a present , so she has to drive him to a computer store to buy one . Meanwhile , Howard has the task of keeping Leonard out of his apartment before the party . Howard pretends to eat a peanut bar , to which he is allergic , so that Leonard will drive him to the emergency room . However , Sheldon 's lack of focus at the computer store means Howard has to distract Leonard even longer , and he eventually actually eats the peanut bar , swelling up in a severe allergic reaction . After several hours at the hospital , Howard and Leonard arrive back at the apartment to find the party has ended , though Penny does kiss Leonard . Title reference : Howard 's serious peanut allergy . 17 17 `` The Tangerine Factor '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady Teleplay by : Lee Aronsohn & Steven Molaro May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 3T6616 11.34 Penny furiously breaks up with Mike after he posts details of their sex life on his blog , while Sheldon , determined to prove that the Chinese restaurant uses oranges instead of tangerines in their `` Tangerine chicken '' , asks Howard to teach him Mandarin . When Penny laments her choice of men , Leonard awkwardly asks her out . After a few days , both worry that this relationship could ruin their friendship , and each seeks Sheldon 's advice . Sheldon uses the `` Schrödinger 's cat '' thought experiment to explain that the date has both `` good '' and `` bad '' possible outcomes , and the only way to determine which outcome is to go on the date . When Leonard arrives to pick up Penny , he mentions the thought experiment and kisses her passionately . She concludes that `` the cat is alive '' and they leave for dinner . Leonard and Penny go to the Chinese restaurant , but they leave before entering on seeing Sheldon arguing with the owner in Mandarin , and doing it very badly , disturbing the patrons . Title reference : The Chinese Tangerine chicken which Sheldon believed was actually prepared with oranges . Reception ( edit ) The Big Bang Theory initially received mixed reviews , receiving 55 % `` rotten '' score on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , based on 22 reviews , with the critics consensus reading `` The Big Bang Theory brings a new class of character to mainstream television , but much of the comedy feels formulaic and stiff . '' It also received a 57 - point score on review aggregator Metacritic , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' , based on 23 reviews . Tom Shales of The Washington Post gave the show a positive review , saying `` Big Bang is the funniest new sitcom of the season '' . Robert Bianco of USA Today also gave the show a positive review , saying `` This may not be the sitcom breakthrough for which we 've all been hoping , but Lorre has produced a first episode that leaves you eager to try the second '' . David Bianculli of New York Daily News criticized the dialogue , particularly when the male characters explain jokes , writing that `` People tuning in to Big Bang may not all be Mensa members , but they wo n't all be idiots , either '' , Henry Goldblatt of Entertainment Weekly criticized the premise and plot of early episodes , writing that `` To call this a one - joke sitcom would be a stretch '' , and Tim Goodman of San Francisco Chronicle criticized the stereotypes presented in the characters , and wrote that `` the writing here is so moronic and the situations so forced and mundane '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Big Bang Theory ' : ' We did n't anticipate how protective the audience would feel about our guys ' '' . Variety . May 5 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . Q. Are Sheldon and Leonard named after the brilliant ( producer ) Sheldon Leonard of `` The Andy Griffith Show , '' `` The Danny Thomas Show , '' `` The Dick Van Dyke Show , '' `` My Favorite Martian '' and `` I Spy ? '' ( Binnie ) A. Yep . Chuck and I are both fans . Chuck 's idea . ^ Jump up to : `` Official 2008 EMMYS Episode Submissions '' . The Envelope Forum , Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` TV Legends Revealed ' Big Bang Theory 's ' Sheldon Originally Had a Sex Drive '' . Comic Book Resources . November 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- Development Update : May 22 -- 26 ( Weekly Round - Up ) '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Picks Up ' Bang , ' ' Power ' Plus Four Dramas '' . The Futon Critic . May 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- Cbs Gives Freshman Comedy `` The Big Bang Theory '' And Drama `` The Unit '' Full Season Orders '' ( Press release ) . CBS . October 19 , 2007 . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Big Bang Theory '' And `` How I Met Your Mother '' to Swap Time Periods '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . February 20 , 2008 . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Sets Series Return Dates '' . zap2it.com . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2008 . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Gary ( April 11 , 2007 ) . `` There 's a science to CBS ' Big Bang Theory '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2009 . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 3 , 2007 ) . `` Nielsen Top 20 New Shows TV Ratings , Sept 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2009 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 2 , 2007 ) . `` Nielsen Overnight TV Ratings , Monday Oct 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 9 , 2007 ) . `` Cuban Dancing to the Top ? ABC Wins '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 16 , 2007 ) . `` Overnight Results Monday 10 / 15 : ABC Dances on Top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings ( Wk of 10 / 22 ) '' ( Press release ) . ABC Medianet . October 30 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 30 , 2007 ) . `` Overnight Results 10 / 29 : ABC Dancing on Mondays '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 6 , 2007 ) . `` Overnight Results 11 / 5 : Dance , Dance , Dance '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2007 . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings ( Wk of 11 / 12 ) '' ( Press release ) . ABC Medianet . November 20 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved December 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 18 , 2008 ) . `` Neilsen Ratings Mon March 17 : Dancing is Back '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2008 . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 25 , 2008 ) . `` Neilsen Ratings Mon March 24 : Youth Demo Loves Britney ? '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2008 . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 1 , 2008 ) . `` Nielsen Ratings Mon March 31 : CBS Goes Young vs. ABC '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2010 . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 15 , 2008 ) . `` Nielsen Ratings Mon April 14 : CBS Feels Young Again '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2008 . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 22 , 2008 ) . `` Nielsen Ratings Mon April 21 : Nobody Watched Gossip Girl and CBS is Young Again '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2009 . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings ( Wk of 4 / 28 ) '' ( Press release ) . ABC Medianet . May 6 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved December 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 115 ) `` The Shiksa Indeterminacy '' `` . Listings -- Big Bang Theory , The on CBS . the Futon Critic . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory : The Pork Chop Indeterminacy '' . CBS . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings ( W / O 5 / 5 ) '' ( Press release ) . ABC Medianet . May 13 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved December 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings ( Wk of 5 / 12 ) '' ( Press release ) . ABC Medianet . May 20 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved December 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings ( Wk of 5 / 19 ) '' ( Press release ) . ABC Medianet . May 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved December 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shales , Tom ( September 24 , 2007 ) . `` Way to Go , Chuck ! '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2016 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( September 24 , 2007 ) . `` Big Bang Theory both smart , funny '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bianculli , David ( September 26 , 2007 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory - CBS creates a new sitcom '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldblatt , Henry ( October 12 , 2007 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( September 23 , 2007 ) . `` Review : Big Bang is more like a big did '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . General references `` The Big Bang Theory Season 1 episodes '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . `` Shows A-Z -- big bang theory , the on CBS '' . the Futon Critic . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . `` The Big Bang Theory : Episode Guide '' . MSN TV . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) List of The Big Bang Theory episodes on IMDb The Big Bang Theory : Season 1 at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) The Big Bang Theory Characters Leonard Hofstadter Sheldon Cooper Penny Howard Wolowitz Raj Koothrappali Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 `` The Terminator Decoupling '' Season 3 `` The Jiminy Conjecture '' Season 4 `` The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification '' `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' `` The Love Car Displacement '' `` The Toast Derivation '' `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' Season 5 `` The Skank Reflex Analysis '' `` The Infestation Hypothesis '' `` The Wiggly Finger Catalyst '' `` The Russian Rocket Reaction '' `` The Rhinitis Revelation '' `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' `` The Isolation Permutation '' `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' `` The Shiny Trinket Maneuver '' `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' `` The Beta Test Initiation '' `` The Werewolf Transformation '' `` The Hawking Excitation '' `` The Stag Convergence '' `` The Countdown Reflection '' Season 6 `` The Fish Guts Displacement '' `` The Santa Simulation '' `` The Egg Salad Equivalency '' Season 7 `` The Hofstadter Insufficiency '' `` The Convention Conundrum '' Season 8 `` The Locomotion Interruption '' Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Recurring concepts `` Soft Kitty '' Related articles Awards and nominations Bazinga ( genus ) Euglossa bazinga Young Sheldon Portal Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Big_Bang_Theory_(season_1)&oldid=802588407 '' Categories : 2007 American television seasons 2008 American television seasons The Big Bang Theory seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Português Română Sicilianu Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 03 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the first episode of the big bang theory aired | [
"The first season of the American sitcom The Big Bang Theory was originally aired on CBS from September 24, 2007, to May 19, 2008, over 17 episodes. An unaired pilot also exists. The Season 1 DVD came without a gag reel and is, so far, the only Big Bang Theory DVD set not to have one. The reissued Blu-ray, was released July 10, 2012, and includes a gag reel that is exclusive to the set. The episodes on Blu-ray are all in remastered surround sound, whereas the DVD version had stereo. Two of the main cast, Sheldon and Leonard, are named after actor, director, and producer Sheldon Leonard.[1]"
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"September 24, 2007"
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511508299327767108 | Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again | Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again - wikipedia Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Jump to : navigation , search Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Teaser poster Directed by Ol Parker Produced by Judy Craymer Gary Goetzman Screenplay by Ol Parker Story by Catherine Johnson Richard Curtis Ol Parker Based on Mamma Mia ! by Catherine Johnson Starring Christine Baranski Pierce Brosnan Dominic Cooper Colin Firth Andy Garcia Lily James Amanda Seyfried Stellan Skarsgård Julie Walters Cher Meryl Streep Cinematography Robert Yeoman Production company Playtone Littlestar Productions Universal Pictures Legendary Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date July 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 20 ) Country United States Language English Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again is an upcoming American romantic musical comedy film directed and written by Ol Parker , from a story by Parker , Catherine Johnson , and Richard Curtis . It is the sequel to the 2008 film Mamma Mia ! , which is based on the musical of the same name . The film stars Meryl Streep , Amanda Seyfried , Lily James , Christine Baranski , Julie Walters , Pierce Brosnan , Colin Firth , Stellan Skarsgård , Dominic Cooper , Andy García , and Cher . It is scheduled to be released in the United States on July 20 , 2018 by Universal Pictures , 10 years to the month of the original 's release . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Musical numbers 4 Production 4.1 Casting 4.2 Filming 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) As another day dawns on sunny Kalokairi , Sophie , now running the Greek villa , greets Tanya and Rosie at the pier and announces to them that she is pregnant . However , despite being overjoyed and having Sky by her side , Sophie admits she doubts whether she will be able to do it without her mother 's help . Tanya and Rosie reassure Sophie , along with Sam , Bill , and Harry 's help . They begin telling the soon - to - be mother the story of how her mother Donna made something of her life all on her own despite being underage and pregnant , without a mother to guide her , managing the world 's first girl power band and running the Greek villa that would soon be the place she would build a home for herself and her daughter . Donna 's mother Ruby Sheridan suddenly appears uninvited to a party and everything gets a new twist . Cast ( edit ) Amanda Seyfried as Sophie Sheridan , Donna 's 30 - year - old daughter , Sky 's fiancée and Ruby 's granddaughter Meryl Streep as Donna Carmichael , Sophie 's mother and Ruby 's daughter , owner of the hotel Villa Bella Donna , wife to Sam Lily James as Young Donna Christine Baranski as Tanya Chesham - Leigh , Donna 's other former bandmate ; a rich three - time divorcee Jessica Keenan Wynn as Young Tanya Julie Walters as Rosie Mulligan , one of Donna 's former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos ; an unmarried fun - loving author Alexa Davies as Young Rosie Pierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael , Sophie 's step - father and possible father , an American architect and husband to Donna Jeremy Irvine as Young Sam Colin Firth as Harry Bright , Sophie 's possible father and a British banker ; he came out as gay at the end of the previous film Hugh Skinner as Young Harry Stellan Skarsgård as Bill Anderson , Sophie 's possible father , a Swedish sailor and travel writer Josh Dylan as Young Bill Dominic Cooper as Sky , Sophie 's fiancé Andy García as Fernando Cher as Ruby Sheridan , Donna 's mother and Sophie 's grandmother Naoko Mori as Yumiko Togo Igawa as Tateyama Omid Djalili as Rav Musical numbers ( edit ) The following ABBA songs have been confirmed to appear in the film , either by Benny Andersson or they appeared in the trailer : `` Angeleyes '' from Voulez - Vous ( 1979 ) `` I Wonder ( Departure ) '' from ABBA : The Album ( 1977 ) `` When I Kissed the Teacher '' from Arrival ( 1976 ) `` Fernando '' non-album single ( 1976 ) `` Mamma Mia '' from ABBA ( 1975 ) `` Waterloo '' from Waterloo ( 1974 ) `` Dancing Queen '' from Arrival ( 1976 ) The following songs have also been mentioned by cast and crew members : `` Why Did It Have To Be Me ? '' from Arrival ( 1976 ) `` Knowing Me , Knowing You '' from Arrival ( 1976 ) `` One of Us '' from The Visitors ( 1981 ) `` I 've Been Waiting For You '' from ABBA ( 1975 ) `` Kisses of Fire '' from Voulez - Vous ( 1979 ) `` The Name Of The Game '' from ABBA : The Album ( 1977 ) `` As Good As New '' from Voulez - Vous ( 1979 ) `` If It Was n't for the Nights '' from Voulez - Vous ( 1979 ) `` Summer Night City '' non-album single ( 1978 ) `` On and On and On '' from Super Trouper ( 1980 ) `` Bang - A-Boomerang '' from ABBA ( 1975 ) The following songs appeared in the trailer but have not been confirmed to appear in the film : `` I Have a Dream '' from Voulez - Vous ( 1979 ) Production ( edit ) Due to Mamma Mia ! 's financial success , Hollywood studio chief David Linde , co-chairman of Universal Pictures told The Daily Mail that it would take a while , but there could be a sequel . He stated that he would be delighted if Judy Craymer , Catherine Johnson , Phyllida Lloyd , Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus agreed to the project , noting that there are still plenty of ABBA songs to use . Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again was announced on May 19 , 2017 , with a planned release date of July 20 , 2018 . It will be written and directed by Ol Parker . On September 27 , 2017 , Benny Andersson confirmed 3 ABBA songs that would be featured in the film : `` When I Kissed the Teacher , '' `` I Wonder ( Departure ) , '' and `` Angel Eyes . '' Casting ( edit ) On June 1 , 2017 , it was announced that Seyfried would be returning as Sophie . Later that month , Dominic Cooper confirmed in an interview that he would be returning for the sequel along with Streep , Firth and Brosnan . In July 2017 , Baranski was confirmed to return as Tanya in the film . On July 12 , 2017 , Lily James was cast in the film to play the role of `` Young Donna . '' On August 3 , 2017 , Jeremy Irvine and Alexa Davies were cast in the film with Irvine set to play Brosnan 's character Sam in a past era , and Davies would play the role of a young Rosie , played by Julie Walters in the first film . On August 16 , 2017 , it was announced that Jessica Keenan Wynn ( Heather Chandler in the original Off - Broadway cast of Heathers : The Musical ) had been cast as a young Tanya , who was played by Baranski in the first film . Julie Walters and Stellan Skarsgård will also reprise their roles as Rosie and Bill , respectively . On October 16 , 2017 , it was revealed that American singer / actress Cher had joined the cast in her first on - screen film role since 2010 . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on August 12 , 2017 in Croatia , including the island of Vis . The cast gathered in October 2017 , at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England , to film some song and dance numbers with Cher . Filming wrapped on December 2 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again is scheduled to be released on July 20 , 2018 by Universal Pictures in the UK , USA and other selected countries . Marketing ( edit ) The first trailer for the film was released on December 21 , 2017 in front of Pitch Perfect 3 , another film made by Universal Pictures . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Read - Dominguez , Jennifer ( 27 September 2017 ) . `` Mamma Mia 2 Here We Go Again ! songs officially revealed by Benny from ABBA '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Julie Walters talks to the ECHO ahead of Film Stars Do n't Die in Liverpool premiere '' . Liverpool Echo . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Baz Bamigboye ( 2008 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Baz Bamigboye on a possible Mamma Mia sequel , Kate Winslet , Leonardo DiCaprio and much more '' . Mail Online . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bryan Alexander ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ' sequel ' Here We Go Again ' coming next summer '' . US Today . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again ! ' On Universal Pictures ' 2018 Schedule '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Read - Dominguez ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Mamma Mia 2 Here We Go Again ! songs officially revealed by Benny from ABBA '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Amanda Seyfried Set For ' Mamma Mia ! ' Reprise '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zach Seemayer ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Dominic Cooper Dishes on Returning for ' Mamma Mia 2 ' : It 's ' a Phone Call I 've Been Waiting For ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amanda N'Duka ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Christine Baranski Returning For Universal 's ' Mamma Mia ! ' Sequel '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ' Sequel Adds Lily James ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ; N'Duka , Amanda ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! ' Sequel Adds Jeremy Irvine & ' Harlots ' Actress Alexa Davies '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again ! ' Casts Broadway Star Jessica Keenan Wynn '' . Variety . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spencer Perry ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Here We Go Again : Mamma Mia ! Sequel Begins Production '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bamigboye , Baz ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) . `` Here she goes again : Cher prepares to return to the big screen with appearance in Mamma Mia 2 '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Demark , Nikolina ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Will the Filming of ' Mamma Mia ' Affect the Island of Vis ? '' . Total Croatia News . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( August 12 , 2017 ) . `` Lily James shares snap of young Dynamos in Mamma Mia 2 '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Ellie ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Lily James shares photo from the set of Mamma Mia ! sequel '' . RadioTimes . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sommers , Kat ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` First Look : The Dynamos Reunite as ' Mamma Mia 2 ' Starts Filming BBC America '' . BBC America . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Mamma Mia 2 : Here We Go Again ! has officially finished filming '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mamma Mia ! ' Film Sequel Gets July 2018 Release Date '' . US News . May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again on IMDb ABBA Agnetha Fältskog Björn Ulvaeus Benny Andersson Anni - Frid Lyngstad Core albums catalogue highlighted in bold Studio albums Ring Ring Waterloo ABBA Arrival ABBA : The Album Voulez - Vous Super Trouper The Visitors Compilations Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Gracias Por La Música The Singles : The First Ten Years Thank You for the Music The Songbook -- Australian Chart Hits Gold : Greatest Hits Oro : Grandes Éxitos More ABBA Gold : More ABBA Hits Thank You for the Music ( box set ) Love Stories The Definitive Collection 18 Hits The Complete Studio Recordings Number Ones The Albums Other albums Live Albums ABBA Live Live at Wembley Arena Mamma Mia Mamma Mia ! Original Cast Recording Mamma Mia ! The Movie Soundtrack Tours and TV specials Eurovision Song Contest 1974 European & Australian Tour ( ABBA ) ABBA : The Tour Dick Cavett Meets ABBA Congratulations : 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest Films and musicals ABBA : The Movie The Girl with the Golden Hair ABBAcadabra Mamma Mia ! Mamma Mia ! ( film ) Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Video games SingStar ABBA ABBA : You Can Dance Related music Discography Awards and nominations Songs Unreleased songs `` Just Like That '' `` Thank ABBA for the Music '' ABBA : The Museum Music of Sweden List of ABBA tribute albums Related individuals Stig Anderson Ola Brunkert Rutger Gunnarsson Janne Schaffer Michael B. Tretow Lasse Hallström A-Teens Björn Again Linda Ulvaeus Book Films directed by Ol Parker Imagine Me & You ( 2005 ) Now Is Good ( 2012 ) Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mamma_Mia!_Here_We_Go_Again&oldid=826746897 '' Categories : Upcoming films 2018 films English - language films 2010s musical comedy films 2010s musical films 2010s romantic comedy films 2010s sequel films American films ABBA American musical comedy films American romantic musical films Films based on musicals American sequel films Films produced by Gary Goetzman Films set on islands Universal Pictures films Legendary Pictures films Playtone films Films shot in Croatia Upcoming sequel films Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Русский Slovenščina Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 20 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is mamma mia here we go again filmed | [
"Principal photography on the film began on August 12, 2017 in Croatia, including the island of Vis.[15][16][17][18][15] The cast gathered in October 2017, at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England, to film some song and dance numbers with Cher.[14] Filming wrapped on December 2, 2017.[19]",
"Principal photography on the film began on August 12, 2017 in Croatia, including the island of Vis.[15][16][17][18][15] The cast gathered in October 2017, at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England, to film some song and dance numbers with Cher.[14] Filming wrapped on December 2, 2017.[19]"
] | [
"Croatia, including the island of Vis",
"Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England"
] |
-4220845331212374801 | Neoclassical architecture | Neoclassical architecture - wikipedia Neoclassical architecture Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the historical style . For the contemporary style , see New Classical Architecture . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Cathedral of Vilnius Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century . In its purest form , it is a style principally derived from the architecture of classical antiquity , the Vitruvian principles , and the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio . In form , neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts . The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament , and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicising features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition . Neoclassical architecture is still designed today , but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings . In Central and Eastern Europe , the style is usually referred to as Classicism ( German : Klassizismus ) , while the newer revival styles of the 19th century until today are called neoclassical . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Palladianism 1.2 Neoclassicism 1.3 Interior design 1.4 Greek revival 2 Characteristics 3 Regional trends 3.1 Britain 3.2 France 3.3 Greece 3.4 Hungary 3.5 Malta 3.6 Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth 3.7 Russia 3.8 Spain 3.9 The Third Reich 3.10 United States 4 Today 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) Intellectually , neoclassicism was symptomatic of a desire to return to the perceived `` purity '' of the arts of Rome , to the more vague perception ( `` ideal '' ) of Ancient Greek arts and , to a lesser extent , 16th - century Renaissance Classicism , which was also a source for academic Late Baroque architecture . Many early 19th - century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of Étienne - Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux . The many graphite drawings of Boullée and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of the universe . There are links between Boullée 's ideas and Edmund Burke 's conception of the sublime . Ledoux addressed the concept of architectural character , maintaining that a building should immediately communicate its function to the viewer : taken literally such ideas give rise to `` architecture parlante '' . Palladianism ( edit ) Main article : Palladian architecture Palladian revival : Stourhead House , designed by Colen Campbell and completed in 1720 . The design is based on Palladio 's Villa Emo . A return to more classical architectural forms as a reaction to the Rococo style can be detected in some European architecture of the earlier 18th century , most vividly represented in the Palladian architecture of Georgian Britain and Ireland . The baroque style had never truly been to the English taste . Four influential books were published in the first quarter of the 18th century which highlighted the simplicity and purity of classical architecture : Vitruvius Britannicus ( Colen Campbell 1715 ) , Palladio 's Four Books of Architecture ( 1715 ) , De Re Aedificatoria ( 1726 ) and The Designs of Inigo Jones ... with Some Additional Designs ( 1727 ) . The most popular was the four - volume Vitruvius Britannicus by Colen Campbell . The book contained architectural prints of famous British buildings that had been inspired by the great architects from Vitruvius to Palladio . At first the book mainly featured the work of Inigo Jones , but the later tomes contained drawings and plans by Campbell and other 18th - century architects . Palladian architecture became well established in 18th - century Britain . Woburn Abbey , an excellent example of English Palladianism , designed by Burlington 's student Henry Flitcroft in 1746 . At the forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic `` architect earl '' , Richard Boyle , 3rd Earl of Burlington ; in 1729 , he and William Kent , designed Chiswick House . This House was a reinterpretation of Palladio 's Villa Capra , but purified of 16th century elements and ornament . This severe lack of ornamentation was to be a feature of the Palladianism . In 1734 William Kent and Lord Burlington designed one of England 's finest examples of Palladian architecture with Holkham Hall in Norfolk . The main block of this house followed Palladio 's dictates quite closely , but Palladio 's low , often detached , wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance . This classicising vein was also detectable , to a lesser degree , in the Late Baroque architecture in Paris , such as in Perrault 's east range of the Louvre . This shift was even visible in Rome at the redesigned façade for S. Giovanni in Laterano . Neoclassicism ( edit ) Altes Museum , built by Karl Friedrich Schinkel in Berlin . By the mid 18th century , the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences , including those from Ancient Greece . The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s . It first gained influence in England and France ; in England , Sir William Hamilton 's excavations at Pompeii and other sites , the influence of the Grand Tour and the work of William Chambers and Robert Adam , was pivotal in this regard . In France , the movement was propelled by a generation of French art students trained in Rome , and was influenced by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann . The style was also adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden and Russia . International neoclassical architecture was exemplified in Karl Friedrich Schinkel 's buildings , especially the Old Museum in Berlin , Sir John Soane 's Bank of England in London and the newly built White House and Capitol in Washington , D.C. of the nascent American Republic . The style was international . A second neoclassic wave , more severe , more studied and more consciously archaeological , is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire . In France , the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the `` Louis XVI style '' , and the second in the styles called `` Directoire '' or Empire . The Rococo style remained popular in Italy until the Napoleonic regimes brought the new archaeological classicism , which was embraced as a political statement by young , progressive , urban Italians with republican leanings . In the decorative arts , neoclassicism is exemplified in French furniture of the Empire style ; the English furniture of Chippendale , George Hepplewhite and Robert Adam , Wedgwood 's bas reliefs and `` black basaltes '' vases , and the Biedermeier furniture of Austria . The Scottish architect Charles Cameron created palatial Italianate interiors for the German - born Catherine II the Great in St. Petersburg . Interior design ( edit ) Château de Malmaison , 1800 , room for the Empress Joséphine , on the cusp between Directoire style and Empire style Indoors , neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior , inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum . These had begun in the late 1740s , but only achieved a wide audience in the 1760s , with the first luxurious volumes of tightly controlled distribution of Le Antichità di Ercolano ( The Antiquities of Herculaneum ) . The antiquities of Herculaneum showed that even the most classicising interiors of the Baroque , or the most `` Roman '' rooms of William Kent were based on basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in , hence their often bombastic appearance to modern eyes : pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors , fireplaces topped with temple fronts . The new interiors sought to recreate an authentically Roman and genuinely interior vocabulary . Techniques employed in the style included flatter , lighter motifs , sculpted in low frieze - like relief or painted in monotones en camaïeu ( `` like cameos '' ) , isolated medallions or vases or busts or bucrania or other motifs , suspended on swags of laurel or ribbon , with slender arabesques against backgrounds , perhaps , of `` Pompeiian red '' or pale tints , or stone colours . The style in France was initially a Parisian style , the Goût grec ( `` Greek style '' ) , not a court style ; when Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774 , Marie Antoinette , his fashion - loving Queen , brought the `` Louis XVI '' style to court . Interior of Home House in London , designed by Robert Adam in 1777 in the Adam style . However , there was no real attempt to employ the basic forms of Roman furniture until around the turn of the century , and furniture - makers were more likely to borrow from ancient architecture , just as silversmiths were more likely to take from ancient pottery and stone - carving than metalwork : `` Designers and craftsmen ... seem to have taken an almost perverse pleasure in transferring motifs from one medium to another '' . A new phase in neoclassical design was inaugurated by Robert and James Adam , who travelled in Italy and Dalmatia in the 1750s , observing the ruins of the classical world . On their return to Britain , they published a book entitled The Works in Architecture in installments between 1773 and 1779 . This book of engraved designs made the Adam repertory available throughout Europe . The Adam brothers aimed to simplify the rococo and baroque styles which had been fashionable in the preceding decades , to bring what they felt to be a lighter and more elegant feel to Georgian houses . The Works in Architecture illustrated the main buildings the Adam brothers had worked on and crucially documented the interiors , furniture and fittings , designed by the Adams . Greek revival ( edit ) Main article : Greek Revival architecture Saint Isaac 's Cathedral in Saint Petersburg From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples , seen through the medium of etchings and engravings , gave a new impetus to neoclassicism , the Greek Revival . There was little to no direct knowledge of Greek civilization before the middle of the 18th century in Western Europe , when an expedition funded by the Society of Dilettanti in 1751 and led by James Stuart and Nicholas Revett began serious archaeological enquiry . Stuart was commissioned after his return from Greece by George Lyttelton to produce the first Greek building in England , the garden temple at Hagley Hall ( 1758 -- 59 ) . A number of British architects in the second half of the century took up the expressive challenge of the Doric from their aristocratic patrons , including Joseph Bonomi and John Soane , but it was to remain the private enthusiasm of connoisseurs up to the first decade of the 19th century . Thomas Hamilton 's design for the Royal High School , Edinburgh , 1831 . Seen in its wider social context , Greek Revival architecture sounded a new note of sobriety and restraint in public buildings in Britain around 1800 as an assertion of nationalism attendant on the Act of Union , the Napoleonic Wars , and the clamour for political reform . It was to be William Wilkins 's winning design for the public competition for Downing College , Cambridge that announced the Greek style was to be the dominant idiom in architecture . Wilkins and Robert Smirke went on to build some of the most important buildings of the era , including the Theatre Royal , Covent Garden ( 1808 -- 09 ) , the General Post Office ( 1824 -- 1829 ) and the British Museum ( 1823 -- 1848 ) , Wilkins University College London ( 1826 -- 1830 ) and the National Gallery ( 1832 -- 1838 ) . In Scotland , Thomas Hamilton ( 1784 -- 1858 ) , in collaboration with the artists Andrew Wilson ( 1780 -- 1848 ) and Hugh William Williams ( 1773 -- 1829 ) created monuments and buildings of international significance ; the Burns Monument at Alloway ( 1818 ) and the ( Royal ) High School in Edinburgh ( 1823 -- 1829 ) . At the same time the Empire style in France was a more grandiose wave of neoclassicism in architecture and the decorative arts . Mainly based on Imperial Roman styles , it originated in , and took its name from , the rule of Napoleon I in the First French Empire , where it was intended to idealize Napoleon 's leadership and the French state . The style corresponds to the more bourgeois Biedermeier style in the German - speaking lands , Federal style in the United States , the Regency style in Britain , and the Napoleonstil in Sweden . According to the art historian Hugh Honour `` so far from being , as is sometimes supposed , the culmination of the Neo-classical movement , the Empire marks its rapid decline and transformation back once more into a mere antique revival , drained of all the high - minded ideas and force of conviction that had inspired its masterpieces '' . Neoclassicism continued to be a major force in academic art through the 19th century and beyond -- a constant antithesis to Romanticism or Gothic revivals -- although from the late 19th century on it had often been considered anti-modern , or even reactionary , in influential critical circles . The centres of several European cities , notably St Petersburg and Munich , came to look much like museums of Neoclassical architecture . Characteristics ( edit ) A. Rinaldi . The White hall of the Gatchina palace . 1760s . An early example of the Italianate neoclassical interior design in Russian architecture . High neoclassicism was an international movement . Though neoclassical architecture employed the same classical vocabulary as Late Baroque architecture , it tended to emphasize its planar qualities , rather than sculptural volumes . Projections and recessions and their effects of light and shade were more flat ; sculptural bas - reliefs were flatter and tended to be enframed in friezes , tablets or panels . Its clearly articulated individual features were isolated rather than interpenetrating , autonomous and complete in themselves . The L'Enfant Plan for Washington , D.C. , as revised by Andrew Ellicott in 1792 . Neoclassicism also influenced city planning ; the ancient Romans had used a consolidated scheme for city planning for both defence and civil convenience , however , the roots of this scheme go back to even older civilizations . At its most basic , the grid system of streets , a central forum with city services , two main slightly wider boulevards , and the occasional diagonal street were characteristic of the very logical and orderly Roman design . Ancient façades and building layouts were oriented to these city design patterns and they tended to work in proportion with the importance of public buildings . Many of these urban planning patterns found their way into the first modern planned cities of the 18th century . Exceptional examples include Karlsruhe and Washington , D.C. Not all planned cities and planned neighbourhoods are designed on neoclassical principles , however . Opposing models may be found in Modernist designs exemplified by Brasília , the Garden city movement , levittowns , and new urbanism . Regional trends ( edit ) Britain ( edit ) The central courtyard of Sir William Chambers ' Somerset House in London . From the middle of the 18th century , exploration and publication changed the course of British architecture towards a purer vision of the Ancient Greco - Roman ideal . James ' Athenian ' Stuart 's work The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece was very influential in this regard , as were Robert Wood 's Palmyra and Baalbec . A combination of simple forms and high levels of enrichment was adopted by the majority of contemporary British architects and designers . The revolution begun by Stuart was soon to be eclipsed by the work of the Adam Brothers , James Wyatt , Sir William Chambers , George Dance , James Gandon and provincially based architects such as John Carr and Thomas Harrison of Chester . In the early 20th century , the writings of Albert Richardson were responsible for a re-awakening of interest in pure neoclassical design . Vincent Harris ( compare Harris 's colonnaded and domed interior of Manchester Central Reference Library to the colonnaded and domed interior by John Carr and RR Duke ) , Bradshaw Gass & Hope and Percy Thomas were among those who designed public buildings in the neoclassical style in the interwar period . In the British Raj in India , Sir Edwin Lutyens ' monumental city planning for New Delhi marked the sunset of neoclassicism . In Scotland and the north of England , where the Gothic Revival was less strong , architects continued to develop the neoclassical style of William Henry Playfair . The works of Cuthbert Brodrick and Alexander Thomson show that by the end of the 19th century the results could be powerful and eccentric . France ( edit ) Main article : Neoclassicism in France Saint Louis church in La Roche - sur - Yon 1812 / 1830 Château de Montmusard ( 1765 ) , by Charles de Wailly . The first phase of neoclassicism in France is expressed in the `` Louis XVI style '' of architects like Ange - Jacques Gabriel ( Petit Trianon , 1762 -- 68 ) ; the second phase , in the styles called Directoire and `` Empire '' , might be characterized by Jean Chalgrin 's severe astylar Arc de Triomphe ( designed in 1806 ) . In England the two phases might be characterized first by the structures of Robert Adam , the second by those of Sir John Soane . The interior style in France was initially a Parisian style , the `` Goût grec '' ( `` Greek style '' ) not a court style . Only when the young king acceded to the throne in 1771 did Marie Antoinette , his fashion - loving Queen , bring the `` Louis XVI '' style to court . From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples , seen through the medium of etchings and engravings , gave a new impetus to neoclassicism that is called the Greek Revival . Although several European cities -- notably St Petersburg , Athens , Berlin and Munich -- were transformed into veritable museums of Greek revival architecture , the Greek revival in France was never popular with either the State or the public . What little there was , started with Charles de Wailly 's crypt in the church of St Leu - St Gilles ( 1773 -- 80 ) , and Claude Nicolas Ledoux 's Barriere des Bonshommes ( 1785 -- 89 ) . First - hand evidence of Greek architecture was of very little importance to the French , due to the influence of Marc - Antoine Laugier 's doctrines that sought to discern the principles of the Greeks instead of their mere practices . It would take until Laboustre 's Neo-Grec of the second Empire for the Greek revival to flower briefly in France . Greece ( edit ) The Academy of Athens designed by Theophil von Hansen ( 1859 ) The Iliou Melathron in 1900 After the establishment of the Kingdom of Greece in 1832 , the architecture of Greece was mostly influenced by the Neoclassical architecture . For Athens , the first King of Greece , Otto I , commissioned the architects Stamatios Kleanthis and Eduard Schaubert to design a modern city plan . The Old Royal Palace was the first important public building to be built , between 1836 and 1843 . Later in the mid and late 19th century , Theophil von Hansen and Ernst Ziller took part in the construction of many neoclassical buildings . Theophil von Hansen designed his first building , the National Observatory of Athens and two of the three contiguous buildings forming the so - called `` Athens Classical Trilogy '' , namely the Academy of Athens ( 1859 ) and the National Library of Greece ( 1888 ) , the third building of the trilogy being the National and Capodistrian University of Athens ( 1843 ) , which was designed by his brother Christian Hansen . Also he designed the Zappeion Hall ( 1888 ) . Ernst Ziller also designed many private mansions in the center of Athens which gradually became public , usually through donations , such the mansion of Heinrich Schliemann , Iliou Melathron ( 1880 ) . The city of Nauplio is also an important example of Neoclassical Architecture along with the island of Poros . Hungary ( edit ) Cathedral of Vác by I.M.A. Ganneval , 1762 -- 1777 Hungarian National Museum , Budapest by Mihály Pollack , 1837 - 1847 The earliest examples of neoclassical architecture in Hungary may be found in Vác . In this town the triumphal arch and the neoclassical façade of the baroque Cathedral were designed by the French architect Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval ( Isidore Canevale ) in the 1760s . Also the work of a French architect Charles Moreau is the garden façade of the Esterházy Palace ( 1797 -- 1805 ) in Kismarton ( today Eisenstadt in Austria ) . The two principal architect of Neoclassicism in Hungary was Mihály Pollack and József Hild . Pollack 's major work is the Hungarian National Museum ( 1837 -- 1844 ) . Hild is famous for his designs for the Cathedral of Eger and Esztergom . The Reformed Great Church of Debrecen is an outstanding example of the many Protestant churches that were built in the first half of the 19th century . This was the time of the first iron structures in Hungarian architecture , the most important of which is the Chain Bridge ( Budapest ) by William Tierney Clark . Malta ( edit ) The Rotunda of Mosta , which was built between 1833 and 1860 Neoclassical architecture was introduced in Malta in the late 18th century , during the final years of Hospitaller rule . Early examples include the Bibliotheca ( 1786 ) , the De Rohan Arch ( 1798 ) and the Hompesch Gate ( 1801 ) . However , neoclassical architecture only became popular in Malta following the establishment of British rule in the early 19th century . In 1814 , a neoclassical portico decorated with the British coat of arms was added to the Main Guard building so as to serve as a symbol of British Malta . Other 19th century neoclassical buildings include the Monument to Sir Alexander Ball ( 1810 ) , RNH Bighi ( 1832 ) , St Paul 's Pro-Cathedral ( 1844 ) , the Rotunda of Mosta ( 1860 ) and the now - destroyed Royal Opera House ( 1866 ) . Neoclassicism gave way to other architectural styles by the late 19th century . Few buildings were built in the neoclassical style during the 20th century , such as the Domvs Romana museum ( 1922 ) , and the Courts of Justice building in Valletta ( 1965 -- 71 ) . Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth ( edit ) Main article : Neoclassical architecture in Poland The center of Polish Neoclassicism was Warsaw under the rule of the last Polish king Stanisław August Poniatowski . Vilnius University was another important center of the Neoclassical architecture in Europe , led by notable professors of architecture Marcin Knackfus , Laurynas Gucevicius and Karol Podczaszyński . The style was expressed in the shape of main public buildings , such as the University 's Observatory , Vilnius Cathedral and the town hall . The best - known architects and artists , who worked in Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth were Dominik Merlini , Jan Chrystian Kamsetzer , Szymon Bogumił Zug , Jakub Kubicki , Antonio Corazzi , Efraim Szreger , Chrystian Piotr Aigner and Bertel Thorvaldsen . A Russian Orthodox church near Lake Baikal in Siberia ( built in 1816 ) . Russia ( edit ) Main article : Neoclassical architecture in Russia In the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th century , neoclassical architecture was equal to Saint Petersburg architecture because this style was specific for a huge number of buildings in the city . In the Soviet Union ( 1917 -- 1991 ) , neoclassical architecture was very popular among the political elite , as it effectively expressed state power and a vast array of neoclassical building was erected all over the country . Soviet neoclassical architecture was exported to other socialist countries of the Eastern Bloc , as a gift from the Soviet Union . Examples of this include the Palace of Culture and Science , Warsaw , Poland and the Shanghai International Convention Centre in Shanghai , China . Spain ( edit ) Prado Museum in Madrid , by Juan de Villanueva Spanish Neoclassicism was exemplified by the work of Juan de Villanueva , who adapted Burke 's theories of beauty and the sublime to the requirements of Spanish climate and history . He built the Prado Museum , that combined three functions -- an academy , an auditorium and a museum -- in one building with three separate entrances . This was part of the ambitious program of Charles III , who intended to make Madrid the Capital of the Arts and Sciences . Very close to the museum , Villanueva built the Astronomical Observatory . He also designed several summer houses for the kings in El Escorial and Aranjuez and reconstructed the Major Square of Madrid , among other important works . Villanueva _́ s pupils expanded the Neoclassical style in Spain . The third Reich ( edit ) Main article : Nazi architecture Neoclassical architecture was the preferred style by the leaders of the National Socialist movement in the Third Reich , especially admired by Adolf Hitler himself . Hitler commissioned his favourite architect , Albert Speer , to plan a re-design of Berlin as a city comprising imposing neoclassical structures , which would be renamed as Welthauptstadt Germania , the centrepiece of Hitler 's Thousand Year Reich . These plans never came to fruition due to the eventual downfall of Nazi Germany and the suicide of its leader . United States ( edit ) The Lincoln Memorial , an early 20th century example of American Renaissance neoclassical architecture . In the new republic , Robert Adam 's neoclassical manner was adapted for the local late 18th and early 19th - century style , called `` Federal architecture '' . One of the pioneers of this style was English - born Benjamin Henry Latrobe , who is often noted as one of the first formally trained America 's professional architects and the father of American architecture . The Baltimore Basilica , the first Roman Catholic cathedral in the United States , is considered by many experts to be Latrobe 's masterpiece . The widespread use of neoclassicism in American architecture , as well as by French revolutionary regimes , and the general tenor of rationalism associated with the movement , all created a link between neoclassicism and republicanism and radicalism in much of Europe . The Gothic Revival can be seen as an attempt to present a monarchist and conservative alternative to neoclassicism . In later 19th - century American architecture , neoclassicism was one expression of the American Renaissance movement , ca 1880 -- 1917 . Its last manifestation was in Beaux - Arts architecture ( 1885 -- 1920 ) , and its very last , large public projects in the United States include the Lincoln Memorial ( 1922 ) , the National Gallery in Washington , D.C. ( 1937 ) , and the American Museum of Natural History 's Roosevelt Memorial ( 1936 ) . Today , there is a small revival of Classical Architecture as evidenced by the groups such as The Institute of Classical Architecture and Classical America . The School of Architecture at the University of Notre Dame , currently teaches a fully Classical curriculum . Today ( edit ) See also : New Classical Architecture The Keating Millennium Centre at St. Francis Xavier University , Canada , completed in 2001 After a lull during the period of modern architectural dominance ( roughly post-World War II until the mid-1980s ) , neoclassicism has seen somewhat of a resurgence . This rebirth can be traced to the movement of New Urbanism and postmodern architecture 's embrace of classical elements as ironic , especially in light of the dominance of Modernism . While some continued to work with classicism as ironic , some architects such as Thomas Gordon Smith , began to consider classicism seriously . While some schools had interest in classical architecture , such as the University of Virginia , no school was purely dedicated to classical architecture . In the early 1990s a program in classical architecture was started by Smith and Duncan Stroik at the University of Notre Dame that continues successfully . Programs at the University of Miami , Andrews University , Judson University and The Prince 's Foundation for Building Community have trained a number of new classical architects since this resurgence . Today one can find numerous buildings embracing neoclassical style , since a generation of architects trained in this discipline shapes urban planning . As of the first decade of the 21st century , contemporary neoclassical architecture is usually classed under the umbrella term of New Classical Architecture . Sometimes it is also referred to as Neo-Historicism / Revivalism , Traditionalism or simply neoclassical architecture like the historical style . For sincere traditional - style architecture that sticks to regional architecture , materials and craftsmanship , the term Traditional Architecture ( or vernacular ) is mostly used . The Driehaus Architecture Prize is awarded to major contributors in the field of 21st century traditional or classical architecture , and comes with a prize money twice as high as that of the modernist Pritzker Prize . Regional developments In the United States various contemporary public buildings are built in neoclassical style , with the 2006 Schermerhorn Symphony Center in Nashville being an example . In Britain a number of architects are active in the neoclassical style . Two new university Libraries , Quinlan Terry 's Maitland Robinson Library at Downing College and ADAM Architecture 's Sackler Library illustrate that the approach taken can range from the traditional , in the former case , to the unconventional , in the latter case . Recently , Prince Charles came under controversy for promoting a classically designed development on the land of the former Chelsea Barracks in London . Writing to the Qatari Royal family ( who were funding the development through the property development company Qatari Diar ) he condemned the accepted modernist plans , instead advocating a classical approach . His appeal was met with success and the plans were withdrawn . A new design by architecture firm Dixon Jones is currently being drafted . See also ( edit ) Architecture portal Neo-Historism New Urbanism Federal Period Nordic Classicism Neoclassical architecture in Milan John Carr Robert Adam Sir William Chambers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Neoclassical architecture '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Neoclassical Architecture ( 1640 - 1850 ) '' . www.visual-arts-cork.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Honour , 110 -- 111 , 110 quoted Jump up ^ Though Giles Worsley detects the first Grecian influenced architectural element in the windows of Nuneham Park from 1756 , see Giles Worsley , `` The First Greek Revival Architecture '' , The Burlington Magazine , Vol. 127 , No. 985 ( April 1985 ) , pp. 226 -- 229 . Jump up ^ Honour , 171 -- 184 , 171 quoted Jump up ^ `` Bibliotheca '' ( PDF ) . National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands . 28 December 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rohan Gate , Żebbuġ '' . Times of Malta. 11 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Bötig , Klaus ( 2011 ) . Malta , Gozo . Con atlante stradale ( in Italian ) . EDT srl . p. 54 . ISBN 9788860407818 . Jump up ^ `` Architecture in Malta under the British '' . culturemalta.org . Archived from the original on 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Domvs Romana '' . Heritage Malta . Archived from the original on 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Courts '' . The Judiciary -- Malta . Archived from the original on 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Welthauptstadt Germania -- Hitler 's vision of a new Berlin '' . Akin.blog-city.com . Archived from the original on 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Institute of Classical Architecture & Art '' . Classicist.org . Retrieved 11 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` University of Notre Dame School of Architecture at the '' . Architecture.nd.edu . Archived from the original on 9 July 2012 . Retrieved 11 June 2011 . Jump up ^ School of Architecture at the University of Notre Dame `` Twenty years ago the curriculum was reformed to focus on traditional and classical architecture and urbanism . '' Jump up ^ Neo-classicist Architecture . Traditionalism . Historicism . Jump up ^ Driehaus Prize for New Classical Architecture at Notre Dame SoA : `` Together , the $200,000 Driehaus Prize and the $50,000 Reed Award represent the most significant recognition for classicism in the contemporary built environment '' ; retained 7 March 2014 Jump up ^ Booth , Robert ( 25 June 2010 ) . `` Prince Charles 's role in Chelsea barrack planning row ' unwelcome ' '' . London : Guardian . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Détournelle , Athanase , Recueil d'architecture nouvelle , A Paris : Chez l'auteur , 1805 Dowling , Elizabeth Meredith , New Classicism , Rizzoli , 2004 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8478 - 2660 - 5 OCLC 56661784 Gabriel , Jean - François , Classical Architecture for the Twenty - first Century , Norton , 2004 Groth , Håkan , Neoclassicism in the North : Swedish Furniture and Interiors , 1770 -- 1850 Honour , Hugh , Neoclassicism Irwin , David , Neoclassicism ( in series Art and Ideas ) Phaidon , paperback , 1997 Lorentz , Stanislaw , Neoclassicism in Poland ( Series History of art in Poland ) McCormick , Thomas , Charles - Louis Clérisseau and the Genesis of Neoclassicism Architectural History Foundation , 1991 Praz , Mario . On Neoclassicism Rawle , Tim ( author ) , Tim Rawle and Louis Sinclair ( photographers ) , John Adamson ( editor ) , A Classical Adventure : The Architectural History of Downing College , Cambridge , Cambridge , The Oxbridge Portfolio , 2015 , 200 pp. ISBN 978 0 9572867 4 0 OCLC 931005141 Skurman , Andrew , Contemporary Classical : The Architecture of Andrew Skurman , Princeton Architectural Press , 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61689 - 088 - 9 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neoclassical architecture . Institute of Classical Architecture and Art Traditional Architecture Group OpenSource Classicism - project for free educational content about neoclassical architecture History of architecture Architectural timeline History of construction Neolithic Ancient Egyptian Coptic Chinese Dravidian Hindu Maya Mesopotamian Classical Mesoamerican Achaemenid Persia Ancient Greek Roman Indian Incan Sasanian Byzantine Russian Islamic Newari Medieval Scandinavian Buddhist Somali Persian Japanese Korean Pre-Romanesque Romanesque Romano - Gothic Gothic Plateresque Manueline Hoysala Vijayanagara Western Chalukya Renaissance Spanish Spanish Colonial Portuguese Portuguese Colonial Ottoman Mughal Sikh Baroque Biedermeier Classicism Neoclassical Historicism Gründerzeit Gothic Revival Neo-Renaissance Neo-Baroque Rationalism Modernisme Art Nouveau ( Jugendstil ) Futurist Expressionism Art Deco Fascist Nazi Stalinist Modern Postmodern Stripped Classicism Vernacular New Classical Neo-futurism Historicism and Revivalism in Western architecture and decorative arts International Baroque Revival Beaux - Arts Byzantine Revival Carpenter Gothic Egyptian Revival Gothic Revival Greek Revival / Neo-Grec Moorish Revival Neoclassical New Classical / Neo-Historism Renaissance Revival Châteauesque Italianate Palazzo style Romanesque Revival Second Empire Spanish Colonial Revival Swiss chalet style Vernacular France French Renaissance Henry II style Louis Treize Style Louis XIV Louis Quinze Louis XVI Directoire style Empire style Second Empire Belle Époque Art Nouveau Art Deco Germany , Austria - Hungary Biedermeier Gründerzeit Nazi architecture Resort style Rundbogenstil Great Britain Adam style Bristol Byzantine Edwardian Baroque Indo - Saracenic Revival British India Jacobethan Queen Anne style Regency Scottish baronial style Tudor Revival / Black - and - White Revival Greece and Balkans Mycenaean Revival Serbo - Byzantine Revival Italy Stile umbertino Mexico Mayan Revival Netherlands Traditionalist School Nordic countries National Romantic style Dragon Style Portugal Pombaline Neo-Manueline Soft Portuguese style Russian Empire and USSR Byzantine Revival Russian Revival Stalinist architecture Spain Neo-Mudéjar United States Jeffersonian architecture American Renaissance Collegiate Gothic Colonial Revival Federal style Greco Deco Mediterranean Revival Mission Revival Polish Cathedral style Pueblo Revival Queen Anne style Richardsonian Romanesque Territorial Revival Modern architecture '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_architecture&oldid=827590773 '' Categories : Neoclassical architecture Neoclassicism Revival architectural styles Architectural styles 18th - century architecture 19th - century architecture 20th - century architecture Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles needing additional references from June 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles containing German - language text All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2013 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 16 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the individual credited with bringing the neoclassical architectural style to the united states was | [
"In the new republic, Robert Adam's neoclassical manner was adapted for the local late 18th and early 19th-century style, called \"Federal architecture\". One of the pioneers of this style was English-born Benjamin Henry Latrobe, who is often noted as one of the first formally trained America's professional architects and the father of American architecture. The Baltimore Basilica, the first Roman Catholic cathedral in the United States, is considered by many experts to be Latrobe's masterpiece."
] | [
"English-born Benjamin Henry Latrobe"
] |
-2346278742256154201 | List of Mighty Med characters | List of Mighty Med characters - wikipedia List of Mighty Med characters Jump to : navigation , search See also : Lab Rats : Elite Force § Cast and characters This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mighty Med is an American Disney XD original series created by Jim Bernstein and Andy Schwartz and produced by It 's a Laugh Productions for Disney XD . It stars Jake Short , Bradley Steven Perry , Paris Berelc , Devan Leos , and Augie Isaac . The series aired for two seasons , premiering on October 7 , 2013 , and running through September 9 , 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main 1.1 Kaz 1.2 Oliver 1.3 Skylar Storm 1.4 Alan Diaz 1.5 Gus 2 Recurring 2.1 Jordan 2.2 Stefanie 3 Mighty Med hospital staff 3.1 Horace Diaz 3.2 Benny 3.3 Lizard Man 3.4 Philip 3.5 Newscaster 3.6 Ambrose 4 Superheroes 4.1 Tecton 4.2 Solar Flare II 4.3 Incognito 4.4 Blue Tornado 4.5 The Crusher 4.6 Brain Matter 4.7 Titanio 4.8 Mesmera 4.9 Citadel 4.10 The Great Defender 4.11 Captain Atomic 4.12 Mr. Quick 4.13 Owl Girl 4.14 Timeline 4.15 Gray Granite 4.16 Neocortex 4.17 Surge 4.18 Absolute Zero 4.19 Snowstorm 4.20 Remix 4.21 Spotlight 4.22 Alley Cat 4.23 Agent Blaylock 4.24 Optimo 4.25 Dark Warrior 4.26 Valkira 4.27 Gamma Girl 4.28 Amicus 4.28. 1 Harold 4.29 Bubble Man 4.30 Hapax the Elder 4.31 Dynamo 4.32 Human Blade 4.33 Scarlet Ace 4.34 Disgusto 4.35 Queen Hornet 4.36 Replicate 4.37 Gravitas 4.38 Lady Spectrum 4.39 Skipper 4.40 Arachnia 4.41 Spark 5 Supervillains 5.1 Annihilator 5.2 Wallace and Clyde 5.3 Megahertz 5.4 Micros 5.5 Crimson Demon 5.6 Experion 5.7 Black Falcon 5.8 Dr. Wrath 5.9 Sonic Shriek 5.10 Revengeance 5.11 Disembowler 5.12 Soul Slayer 5.13 Wi - Fi 5.14 Dreadlock 5.14. 1 Bob 5.15 The Ambusher 5.16 Hunter Bounty 5.17 Nightstrike 5.18 Slaughter Master 5.19 Mr. Terror 5.19. 1 Mort 6 References 7 External links Main ( edit ) Kaz ( edit ) Kaz ( Bradley Steven Perry ) is Oliver 's best friend . He is lazy in school and , while devoted to Oliver , he will often try to get away with a shortcut that ends up getting both him and Oliver into trouble . While he seems stupid sometimes , he can unexpectedly come up with a smart solution to a problem . It was revealed by Jordan in `` Alan 's Reign of Terror '' that he has 11 siblings . In `` Mighty Mole '' , it 's revealed that Kaz 's full name is Kazimeras . At the end of `` The Mother of All Villains '' , exposure to the Arcturion gave Kaz and Oliver superpowers . Oliver ( edit ) Oliver ( Jake Short ) is Kaz 's best friend and puts up with his flaws because he sees good in him . He is intelligent , sweet , and sarcastic , the perfect yin to Kaz 's yang . He is also in love with Skylar . He apparently has a fear of elbows as shown in `` Mighty Mole '' . In `` Living the Dream '' , Oliver operated by Quimby Fletcher to have Ambrose write a story about his dream of the Arcturion . In `` The Mother of All Villains '' , Oliver discovers that his mother Bridget is actually Mr. Terror . At the end of the episode , exposure to the Arcturion gave Oliver and Kaz superpowers . Skylar Storm ( edit ) Skylar Storm ( Paris Berelc ) is a superhero from the volcano planet Caldera and Oliver 's love interest . Besides having peak human condition , some of Skylar 's 24 superpowers include X-ray vision , explosive induction , time rewind , gyrokinesis , caelestikinesis , flight , super strength , intangibility , camouflage , invisibility , space survivability , and super speed . She recently lost her superpowers and her invisible motorcycle in a battle against her nemesis , Annihilator , and is now a normo patient at Mighty Med , where she is working to find a way to regain her superpowers . However , she still has amazing hand - to - hand combat skills , along with enhanced physical attributes , which can even become useful against super-powered beings . As a normo , she goes by the alias of Connecticut `` Connie '' Valentine when attending Logan High School . In the first - season finale , she regains her powers . However , she falls under Annihilator 's control due to her tampering with them . While the Annihilator is at Mighty Max , Skylar is being used by the Annihilator to use a secret formula that turns superheroes into super villains . In `` Storm 's End '' , Skylar becomes evil enough to execute a powerful attack on the Annihilator . Using coal , Oliver tricks Skylar into thinking that he has given up as Hapax removes the corrupted powers from her . A weakened Annihilator shows up and uses Black Widower 's poison power as Hapax transports Kaz , Oliver , and Skylar back to Mighty Med to get an antidote . Horace and the doctors work to keep Skylar from dying . After Skylar flatlines , Horace uses his abilities to heal her . Alan Diaz ( edit ) Alan Diaz ( Devan Leos ) is the nephew of Horace . He slightly dislikes Kaz and Oliver because of their status as normos , so he does everything in his power to get rid of them . Although there are some occasions where he helps Kaz and Oliver . He seems to like Kaz a little more than Oliver , as shown in `` How the Mighty Med Have Fallen '' when they were trapped at Mighty Max . He is always seen wearing a sweater vest and it 's suggested in `` Lair , Lair '' that he wears several sweater vests on top of each other . His power is telekinesis . In `` Growing Pains '' , it is revealed that when Alan gets scared , he either turns into an animal or sprouts an animal body part . He also has the ability to turn other people into animals , as seen in `` Mighty Mole '' . He apparently does n't know the difference between a circle and a triangle and is bad with grammar due to his lack of education . In `` The Mother of All Villains '' , Alan tries to find a good wedding gift for Bridget and Horace which leads to him unknowingly obtaining the Arcturion . During the wedding , he ends up learning that Optimo is his father . At the end of the episode , it is discovered that Alan 's grandfather is Hapax the Elder . Gus ( edit ) Gus ( Augie Isaac ) is Kaz and Oliver 's friend , but is unaware of their secret job . He is very quirky , sometimes unlikable , and lacks normal social skills . Over time , a crush on Jordan appears to have revealed itself . Gus ' character started out as recurring , but became a series regular in the second season . Throughout the whole series , it has been mentioned that his family is rich , even capable of buying The Domain , as seen in `` Are You Afraid the Shark ? '' He always keeps strange things in his backpack or wallet . In `` Stop Bugging Me '' , it is revealed that Gus owns a cheetah . In `` The Dirt on Kaz & Skylar '' , it is revealed that Gus owns a bobcat . In `` The Mother of All Villains '' , Oliver enlisted Gus to help him crack the code on Mort 's cell phone . Gus later buys a lot of wedding presents for Bridget and Horace . Recurring ( edit ) Jordan ( edit ) Jordan ( Cozi Zuehlsdorff ) is Kaz and Oliver 's friend and hates Gus . She is very negative . Just like Kaz and Oliver , she loves video games and comics . Stefanie ( edit ) Stefanie ( Brooke Sorenson ) is the popular girl at Logan High School . Mighty Med hospital staff ( edit ) Horace Diaz ( edit ) Horace Diaz ( Carlos Lacámara ) is the chief of staff of Mighty Med and is Alan 's maternal uncle . He has the power of freezing people and is a bit eccentric . He apparently loves bridges . In `` Atomic Blast from the Past '' , he is revealed to be 3,006 years old and has never aged since 1953 . Some even consider that he is immortal . In `` Storm 's End '' , it is revealed that Horace is actually Caduceo and can only restore life five times with the side effect of having him gain weight in the hips . He appears in most of the episodes , despite only having a guest star role . Benny ( edit ) Benny ( Karan Soni ) is a worker at Mighty Med and a superhero named What 's His Face . He has super speed , but it only works when he runs backwards . In addition , Benny has the ability to throw objects in slow motion . In `` Saving The People Who Save People '' , it is shown that he dislikes Skylar . Lizard Man ( edit ) Lizard Man ( Dirk Ellis ) is a humanoid lizard who stays at Mighty Med because he does n't fit anywhere else . He is a frequently recurring character seen as an employee at Mighty Med . Philip ( edit ) Philip ( Jeremy Howard ) is an alien doctor with a large head , though it is very small compared to other inhabitants of his planet . He appears to dislike almost everyone at Mighty Med , even Horace . He frequently appears with very minor roles . In `` Night of the Living Nightmare '' , it is revealed that his wildest dream is to have the Oscar Awards redesigned to look like him . In `` The Claw Prank Redemption '' , it is revealed that Philip is the new security guard for Mighty Max . In `` The Mother of All Villains '' , it is revealed that Philip is from the planet Baaaaahh and worked as a janitor at the time when his kind created the Arcturion . Following the incident where the spaceship crashed on Philadelphia , Philip was banished to Philadelphia . He also mentioned that his planet 's president has the second smallest head . Philip also claimed that any mortal who touches the Arcturion would be vanquished . Newscaster ( edit ) The Newscaster ( Angela Martinez ) is the unnamed news anchor for a news channel exclusively for superheroes that is shown on the televisions at Mighty Med . Ambrose ( edit ) Ambrose ( Oliver Muirhead ) is a member of Mighty Med 's comic book department . He has the power to see visions of other heroes ' lives , allowing him to write and illustrate incredibly fast . Ambrose agrees with Kaz and Oliver 's idea to fudge some details to boost sales . He also does not seem to be paid well since he has to use a saw to sharpen his pencils . He was mentioned in `` Storm 's End '' , where Kaz had to change the expressions of his face from scared to not scared just in case Ambrose got a vision of the fight between Annihilator and Hapax . In `` Living the Dream '' , Ambrose gets a new drawing table in the form of Lizard Man . When Oliver tells Ambrose about Kaz 's dream of the Arcturion , Ambrose takes Oliver 's suggestion to give Oliver the alias of Quimby Fletcher . He later helps Oliver into locating Kaz after he was abducted by Mr. Terror 's minions . Superheroes ( edit ) Tecton ( edit ) Tecton ( Jilon VanOver ) is Kaz 's favorite superhero who is a parody of Superman and Hyperion . He has superhuman strength and speed as well as flight , immunity to pain , and the ability to cause tectonic activity with a stomp of his foot . He is also capable of healing at a rapid rate , but if exposed to a gas that only exists when delta radiation mixes with gold , he will not be able to heal . In `` So You Think You Can Be a Sidekick '' , Oliver was his sidekick until Alan took his place . In `` Lair , Lair '' , Tecton and Skylar Storm are converted into supervillains by a formula made by the Annihilator that was used by Skylar . Solar Flare II ( edit ) Solar Flare II ( Carly Hollas ) is a female superhero with pyrokinesis and pyrogenisis . Although the most recurring of the superheroes , Solar Flare has yet to have a speaking role . She is actually the second Solar Flare since there was a Solar Flare that was around back in the 1950s . Incognito ( edit ) Incognito is an invisible superhero . Nobody knew what he looked like until the episode `` Copy Kaz '' . His appearance is a white - faced human with silver clothing , ginger hair , and an eye - patch . Blue Tornado ( edit ) Blue Tornado ( Brett Johnson ) is a superhero with atmokinesis , which allows him to spin at the speed of sound and shoot lightning from his hands . Kaz saw him in disguise and recognized him , which is what led him and Oliver to Mighty Med . In `` Mighty Mole '' , Blue Tornado and Neocortex are converted into supervillains by a formula made by the Annihilator that was used by Skylar . He is a parody of the DC Comics superhero Red Tornado . The Crusher ( edit ) The Crusher ( Jeffrey James Lippold ) is the strongest man in the universe , capable of hurling someone across a room just by giving them a high - five . He was the first superhero to have his life saved by Kaz and Oliver , in which they shocked his feet to give him cardiac aid . According to Tecton , his real name is Glenn Crushman . Near the end of the first season , the Crusher gets married ; however , his wife does n't like him doing anything dangerous . Brain Matter ( edit ) Brain Matter ( Napoleon Ryan as a human , Troy Brenna as a monster ) was once a hero with superhuman intelligence , which he used to create weapons , but he grew envious of superheroes with other powers . He created a serum that would give him more powers , but the experiment backfired and went horribly wrong -- the serum turned him into a large , blue - skinned monster with super-strength , and his only thought was to eat brains . He was shrunken and locked in Mighty Med 's freezer , but years later Kaz and Skylar released him , causing his monster form to go on a rampage , until it fell into a coffin with dry ice in it . He reappears in `` Growing Pains '' where he has been cured of the serum and given all the powers he intended to give himself , along with the ability to alter the age of any living thing . When doing so , that living thing 's memories will remain intact and their clothes will alter their size to fit them . Occasionally , the object will continue aging / de-aging for a certain amount of time . Titanio ( edit ) Titanio ( Chris Elwood ) was a test pilot turned aero space engineer who is also a billionaire . He became Titanio to battle the forces of evil . He has no powers , but he has a robotic suit with a stun ray , a jet pack , and strength boosters like Iron Man . He appeared in `` I , Normo '' where he had amnesia courtesy of the Black Falcon . With Alan 's help , he regained his memory , but mistook Alan for the real Black Falcon and gave him amnesia . With his full suit on , he resembles Optimus Prime from Transformers . In `` Guitar Superhero '' , Skylar enlists Titanio to pose as Soul Slayer to fight Remix while his robotic suit was being repaired . In `` Free Wi - Fi '' , Titanio 's robotic suit is possessed by Wi - Fi . Mesmera ( edit ) Mesmera ( Tiphani Abney ) is a female superhero who has an eye on the palm of her right hand that can hypnotize anyone . In `` I , Normo '' , Alan used Mesmera in an attempt to restore Titanio 's memory . Citadel ( edit ) Citadel is a superhero with indestructible skin that can deflect magnetic fields . Citadel first appeared in `` Sm'oliver's Travels '' , where he had stomach pains . Due to his indestructible skin , surgery could not be performed on him , so Oliver was shrunken and sent inside his body to remove the source of the pain . He reappears in `` The Friend of My Friend Is My Enemy '' where Oliver used an advanced stethoscope to hear his heartbeat . The Great Defender ( edit ) The Great Defender ( Dwight Howard ) is from another planet , like Skylar . His suit is indestructible and his powers consist of ice ball projection , superhuman strength , and spinning things at high speed on his fingertips like a basketball . Despite being six feet and 11 inches , he is the shortest person on his planet . He appeared in `` Pranks for Nothing '' , where Kaz played a prank on him by super-gluing a coin to his hand . He later tricked Kaz and Oliver into thinking he spun the Earth on his finger and pretended that his powers were n't working . He then had Solar Flare heat up the hospital to make them think the Earth was hurling towards the sun and had Horace make them think they had to sacrifice themselves to save the Earth . He was mentioned by Alan in `` Alan 's Reign of Terror '' where Alan had him slow down the rotation of a planet so that his uncle 's appointment there would be longer . Captain Atomic ( edit ) Captain Atomic ( Bradley Dodds ) was hit by a radioactive bullet in the 1950s , but survived thanks to the lucky yo - yo given to him by his girlfriend . Captain Atomic has the power of flight and can infuse atomic power into his yo - yo , allowing him to use it to snare his enemies , use it as a shield , and use it as a whip . He attempted to stop an intergalactic war in 1953 , but a mishap trapped him in a wormhole for 61 years . In the present , the wormhole was opened by Oliver . After he was given a new battery to help him survive and defeating the Black Falcon , Captain Atomic decided to stick around in the present and experience its wonders . In `` Fantasy League of Superheroes '' , it is revealed that Captain Atomic has super-strength and near invulnerability to the point where it can rival with Tecton 's abilities . Mr. Quick ( edit ) Mr. Quick is a superhero with super speed . He first appeared in `` Growing Pains '' , where he ran away from Alan when he wanted to talk to him . Owl Girl ( edit ) Owl Girl ( Erica Arrias ) is an owl - themed female superhero who can fly and is good at hand - to - hand combat . She was first seen in `` Growing Pains '' . Timeline ( edit ) Timeline ( Carlos Lacámara ) is Horace 's cousin , though they do not get along . He can see into the future , view holograms of his visions , and temporarily freeze time . He appeared in `` It 's Not the End of the World '' , where he came to Mighty Med because his powers were acting up . He helped Kaz ace his pop quiz , but because Kaz became smart , it was one of the requirements to open a portal where Crimson Demon 's brothers Blue Demon , White Demon , and Matt Demon , were which almost ended the world . He speaks with an Italian accent . Due to him being played by the same actor as his cousin , they can not appear on screen at the same time . Gray Granite ( edit ) Gray Granite ( Mike O'Hearn ) is a rock - based superhero who was first seen in `` Evil Gus '' . He was the only superhero who fought Gus and did n't lose his powers since he can dissolve into a pile of rocks . Gray Granite is a parody of Metamorpho while his rocky features are similar to Thing and Rockslide . Neocortex ( edit ) Neocortex ( Mike Bradecich ) is a telepathic superhero that can communicate mentally , alter one 's personality , link minds , and put people into dreams and nightmares . Neocortex also has neuron - manipulation , which means he can send out psychic bursts that can immobilize a villain or control their behavior . He first appeared in `` All That Kaz '' , where he broke his shoulder surfing the Internet . Oliver , wanting to be more popular , had Neocortex alter his personality to be more like Kaz 's , but the real Kaz wanted to change it back . Unfortunately , Oliver redirected the blast back at Neocortex , causing him to become a nuclear reactor that almost blew him and the hospital up . Oliver cured Neocortex and Neocortex gave Oliver his original personality back . He reappears in `` Night of the Living Nightmare '' , where he holds a grudge against Oliver for the events of his previous appearance . During that time , there was a lunar eclipse that caused him to only give people nightmares and if the victim dies in their nightmare , they 'll die in reality . Luckily , the lunar eclipse ended before anyone died . In `` Mighty Mole '' , Skylar uses the Annihilator 's formula to turn him evil alongside Blue Tornado . Surge ( edit ) Surge is a superhero that can generate and control electricity . He was first seen in `` Lockdown '' . In `` How the Mighty Med Have Fallen '' , Surge is among the superheroes that fight the Annihilator and Skylar . Absolute Zero ( edit ) Absolute Zero is a superhero who can generate and control ice . He was first seen in `` All That Kaz '' working out with Snowstorm . In `` There 's a Storm Coming '' , it is revealed that Absolute Zero had a gun that freezes things in ice until it was stolen from him by the Annihilator . Snowstorm ( edit ) Snowstorm is a female superhero with cryokinesis . At some point the Annihilator stole her powers and left her helpless . He took them and placed them on his trophy shelf with all the others . Later she was attacked by her nemesis and left in critical condition . She was taken to Mighty Med , but without her powers to save her , she would die . As such in `` Lair , Lair '' , Kaz and Oliver went to get them back from the Annihilator 's lair . At the end , her powers were restored and she happily created snow balls to celebrate . However , Skylar had secretly injected the Annihilator 's secret formula into them meaning that she turned evil and became another of the Annihilator 's servants . Remix ( edit ) Jade ( Debby Ryan ) was once an average , self - centered rock star who first appeared in `` Guitar Superhero '' . During one of her concerts , Jade was covered with yak 's milk lotion irradiated by sunlight . When she strummed her guitar with her tongue , the electric shock caused the lotion to give her flight , energy projection , and force field projection . With Kaz and Oliver 's help , she learned what it meant to be a hero and became the superhero Remix . She was the first hero to have an on - screen origin , considering that was the main plot of her first appearance . Spotlight ( edit ) Spotlight is a superhero that can shoot beams of light and can teleport . In `` Guitar Superhero '' , Spotlight provided the light for Jade 's costume unveiling for her Remix appearance . In `` How the Mighty Med Have Fallen '' , Spotlight is among the superheroes that fight Annihilator and Skylar . Alley Cat ( edit ) Alley Cat is a cat - themed superhero . She is a parody of Catwoman . In `` Night of the Living Nightmare '' , Alley Cat lost one of her nine lives in a nightmare and lost another one when a light fell from the ceiling . In `` How the Mighty Med Have Fallen '' , Alley Cat is among the superheroes that help Titanio fight the Annihilator and Skylar . Agent Blaylock ( edit ) Agent Blaylock ( Windell D. Middlebrooks ) is a member of the Secret Superhero Service Division . Besides wielding a laser gun , he can phase through the walls . Agent Blaylock first appeared in `` Mighty Mad '' , where he posed as a teacher named Mr. Patterson in order to find the supervillain Dr. Wrath . After Dr. Wrath is defeated , Agent Blaylock sweeps up his remains and thanks Kaz , Oliver , and Skylar for their help . In `` Mighty Mole '' , Agent Blaylock looks for a mole in Mighty Med when one is suspected of helping the Annihilator . When he finds that it is Skylar , Agent Blaylock is petrified by Skylar . Optimo ( edit ) Optimo ( Mike Beaver ) is an undercover telekinetic superhero who is part of the Super Secret Heroes in Hiding . He is Alan 's father and Horace 's brother - in - law . Alan had never met him before . In `` Free Wi - Fi '' , Alan disobeys Horace and goes to meet him . Optimo is forced to pretend to be a normo called Nelson in order to stay undercover . After Alan leaves , Horace is also shown to be covering up Optimo 's secret . In `` Do You Want to Build a Lava Man ? '' Optimo visits Horace for a medical procedure , causing Horace to keep Optimo from officially meeting Alan . Optimo 's reason for having Horace watch Alan is to keep his archenemy , Razorclaw , from targeting Alan . The condition that Optimo has is a virus that would turn him into goo , and the only way to cure Optimo is to obtain a sample of Alan 's DNA . When Horace manages to get a sample of Alan 's DNA , he uses it to save Optimo before the final stage of the virus can turn him into goo . After being cured , Optimo is asked by Horace to obtain him a new paddle ball since the one he has is broken . In `` The Mother of All Villains '' , Optimo in the form of Nelson attended the wedding of Horace and Bridget . When alone with Horace and Alan in the hotel suite , Nelson had to act out the missing years that he did n't have with Alan . Nelson admitted that the truth that he is Optimo and was in hiding in order to protect Alan from being targeted by Razorclaw . He was defeated by Bridget when he and Optimo try to stop her . At the end when Alan meets Hapax , it is revealed that Hapax is Alan 's long - lost grandfather . Dark Warrior ( edit ) Dark Warrior ( Ben Giroux ) is a parody of Batman who uses a voice modulator to speak . Even though Dark Warrior appears tall , he has raised parts in his boots where his real height has him near the same size as Oliver . He wields a utility belt which contains various weapons and gadgets . Aside from being a parody of him , Dark Warrior appears to be based on many portrayals of Batman where his suit is similar to the Batsuit from Batman Begins , The Dark Knight , and The Dark Knight Rises . He has a dark , corrupt personality and he has a tendency to break that character . Valkira ( edit ) Valkira is a valkyrie - themed superhero . She first appeared in `` The Pen Is Mighty Med - ier than the Sword '' where Horace was treating her injuries . Gamma Girl ( edit ) Gamma Girl is a gamma - powered superhero who can shoot gamma volts and have gamma manipulation . She first appeared in `` The Pen Is Mighty Med - ier than the Sword '' . Amicus ( edit ) Amicus ( voiced by Matt Nolan ) is a dog superhero . Harold ( edit ) Harold is Amicus ' pet human . Bubble Man ( edit ) Bubble Man is bubble - themed superhero who first appeared in `` There 's a Storm Coming '' , popping in and out of Skylar 's party to eat chips . He is not liked by Alan . Hapax the Elder ( edit ) Hapax ( Devan Leos ) is a mutant human who once taught the Annihilator how to use his powers . His powers include climate adaptions , age reversal , telekinesis , energy projection , life force absorption , and teleporting . In `` Do You Want to Build a Lava Man ? '' Kaz and Oliver travel to Caldera in order to get Hapax to help free Skylar from the Annihilator 's control . In `` The Mother of All Villains '' , Hapax the Elder is summoned to Earth by Kaz and Skylar in an attempt to get the Arcturion energy out of Bridget . He tried to fight Bridget only to be thrown into a car . At the end of the episode , it is revealed that Hapax is Optimo 's father and Alan 's grandfather . Dynamo ( edit ) Dynamo is a superhero whose power canister was seen on the Annihilator 's shelf . He was first mentioned in `` There 's a Storm Coming '' . Dynamo first appeared in `` Future Tense '' where he is among the superheroes that had a temporary hatred toward Skylar at the time when she was under the Annihilator 's control . Human Blade ( edit ) Human Blade is a superhero with rotating fan blades for hands and has a weakness for electricity . In `` Future Tense '' , Skylar hired Human Blade to make smoothies for the superheroes so that they would stop hating her for having been used as the Annihilator 's servant . This did n't work because Alan used Surge to charge Human Blade , which resulted in Lizard Man 's tail and Solar Flare II 's pony tail getting chopped off . Scarlet Ace ( edit ) Scarlet Ace is a superhero . She was first mentioned in `` There 's a Storm Coming '' , when her power canister was seen on the Annihilator 's shelf in his lair . After this episode , she was not seen until `` Mighty Mole '' . In `` Future Tense '' , Scarlet Ace is among the superheroes who developed a temporary hatred towards Skylar due to her being used as the Annihilator 's servant . Disgusto ( edit ) Disgusto is a smelly superhero . He first appeared in `` Stop Bugging Me '' , where he had some alien bugs on him . Queen hornet ( edit ) Queen Hornet ( Bethany Levy ) is a hornet - themed superhero . She came to Mighty Med in `` Stop Bugging Me '' , where she was affected by the chemicals used by an exterminator . Replicate ( edit ) Replicate is a shape - shifting superhero who appeared in `` Stop Bugging Me '' . Gravitas ( edit ) Gravitas is a superhero . He was once injured by Ambush in `` Less than Hero '' . Lady Spectrum ( edit ) Lady Spectrum is a rainbow - themed superhero who was originally seen as Nurse Gladis . She first appeared in `` Less than Hero '' , where she was impaled by Harpooner . After the program that auditions possible superheroes was terminated , Lady Spectrum did cheer up Skylar by making a rainbow for her . Skipper ( edit ) Skipper is an ambulance driver who came to Mighty Med in `` Less than Hero '' in hopes of becoming a superhero . He was ultimately rejected when he failed to demonstrate his power of super speed . When he let Kaz drive the invisible ambulance , Kaz made him a superhero as an award . He was so happy , he super-skipped away . He showed up later using the alias of Skipper to save Kaz and Alan from Ambush , but was captured . Arachnia ( edit ) Arachnia is a spider - themed alien superhero who can weave strong webs . While Arachnia was in the hospital , Oliver had to safeguard her embryonic sac in and give birth to her children while evading Hunter Bounty . Spark ( edit ) Spark ( Gianna LePera ) is a teenage superhero whose mother got hit with gamma rays while orbiting around Mars , causing Spark to be born with superhuman physical attributes , flight , electrokinesis , and limited gravity manipulation . When Kaz tried to ask her out , she immediately wanted to go out with him . Due to her superpowers , Kaz became frightened and faked his own death . Because of this , Spark knew that Kaz was n't the right type of person to go out with . During Spark 's battle with her nemesis Nightstrike , Oliver comforted Spark and said that she should go out with someone who actually cared about her . After hearing this , she wanted to go out with Oliver and thought that he would be the type of guy to go out with . Supervillains ( edit ) Annihilator ( edit ) The Annihilator ( portrayed by Morgan Benoit , voiced by David Sobolov ) is a fully armored supervillain who is the archenemy of Skylar . He was once an original human named Neil Gundenhauser who developed superpowers and was tormented and teased for being a freak . He was trained by Hapax to be a superhero , which did n't go as Hapax planned . He keeps a trophy of the superpowers and weapons he steals from defeated superheroes . The Annihilator is responsible for stealing Skylar 's powers and her invisible motorcycle in an ambush . In `` The Friend of My Friend Is My Enemy '' , Annihilator was mentioned to have hired Experion to capture Skylar in order to keep her from regaining her powers . In `` There 's a Storm Coming '' , the Annihilator shows up in person , where he finds Kaz and Oliver in his lair trying to reclaim Skylar 's powers . Using a steam cover , Kaz and Oliver managed to sneak out of through the ventilation with Skyler 's powers . The Annihilator later catches up to Kaz and Oliver at Mighty Med due to the tracking device he places on his trophies . Skylar then fights the Annihilator . When Mighty Med 's reactor goes supernova , Skylar takes advantage of this by tricking the Annihilator into a trap . In a twist ending , the Annihilator had tampered with Skylar 's powers in order to control her and Mighty Med . In `` How the Mighty Med Have Fallen '' , the Annihilator plans to obtain the quantum chip that contains the secret files of every superhero . It turned out that the quantum chip is in the form of a sour cream and onion potato chip that Kaz and Oliver ate , which the Annihilator and Skylar plan to get it out of their stomachs . When the Annihilator plans to cut Kaz and Oliver open in order to get the quantum chip , he and Skylar are tricked into using the forestation on them for Horace . Titanio arrives with a cadre of superheroes to fight the Annihilator . After Megahertz charges a capsule that turns back time , time is changed back by Skylar . The Annihilator plans to use Skylar to help him create an army of supervillains from the superheroes so that he and Skylar can rule the world . In `` Mighty Mole '' , he and Skylar turn Neocortex evil . In `` Do You Want to Build a Lava Man ? '' Kaz and Oliver discover the Annihilator 's origin and make plans to go to Caldera in order to get Hapax to help free Skylar from the Annihilator 's control . After Kaz and Oliver pass Hapax 's challenge , the Annihilator and Skylar arrive on Caldera . In `` Storm 's End '' , the Annihilator faces off against Hapax until Skylar manages to execute a powerful attack on the Annihilator upon becoming more evil than him . When the wounded Annihilator catches up to Skylar and uses Black Widower 's poison power , he is taken down by Hapax . After the Annihilator dissolves , those who are under his control become good again . Wallace and Clyde ( edit ) Wallace and Clyde ( Randy Sklar and Jason Sklar ) are owners of The Domain and want to destroy the superheroes at Mighty Med and get revenge on Horace . In `` Copy Kaz '' , it is revealed that Wallace and Clyde were once a being called Catastrophe ( Derek Mears ) , the most powerful villain in the galaxy . Catastrophe was eventually defeated by Horace and divided into two pathetic humans with little power . When apart or together , Wallace and Clyde can disintegrate anything . In `` There 's a Storm Coming '' , Wallace and Clyde trick Alan out of the other half of the Dyad of Nebulon that Horace holds . Upon forcing the location of Mighty Med out of Alan and leaving him bound and gagged , Wallace and Clyde rejoin Horace 's piece of the dyad with theirs at Mighty Med 's entrance and joined together as Catastrophe to seek revenge on Horace . When he finds Horace , Catastrophe gets out of Horace 's freeze trap and destroys the weapon that Horace would use in the event of Catastrophe 's attack . Due to the reactor going nova , Catastrophe 's powers were disabled as Alan breaks the dyad in half , regressing Catastrophe back to Wallace and Clyde . When Wallace and Clyde try to persuade Alan use the dyad 's powers to become more powerful than he ever wanted to be and to give Wallace and Clyde a continent to rule over , as long as it 's not Australia , Alan throws the Dyad of Nebulon pieces into the reactor , stating that it 's too much work . Afterward , Wallace and Clyde are arrested by the Mighty Med security team , along with Megahertz and Experion . In `` The Claw Prank Redemption '' , it is revealed that Wallace and Clyde could never get seats at the cool villains table at Mighty Max . In `` Wallace and Clyde : A Grand Day Out '' , Dr. Diaz puts Oliver in charge of reforming Wallace and Clyde , which successfully happens at the end . Megahertz ( edit ) Megahertz ( James Ryen ) is a human / titanium cyborg forged in a freak accident at a power plant and Tecton 's nemesis . Like his name suggests , Megahertz has high voltage electrokinesis . Unfortunately , if he uses it too much , he has to go back to the power plant where he became Megahertz and recharge . According to Kaz and Oliver , his real name is Leslie . He ultimately despises not just Tecton , but also Kaz and Oliver . In `` There 's a Storm Coming '' , Megahertz is a cellmate of Experion where was previously in solitary confinement for injuring a prison guard 's pelvis . Experion uses the cell phone he took from Kaz to free himself and Megahertz from Mighty Max . During the fight at Mighty Med , the reactor goes supernova , disabling Megahertz 's powers as he , Experion , Wallace , and Clyde are arrested by the Mighty Med security team . In `` How the Mighty Med Have Fallen '' , Megahertz was placed in the Chamber of Certain Destruction , a cell for repeated offenders that turns them into limited edition action figures . Kaz , Oliver , and Alan fall into it and encounter Megahertz , where he explains the chamber 's purpose . Kaz , Oliver , and Megahertz are let out when Alan accidentally turns into a blue whale . Kaz and Oliver convince Megahertz to boost the signal to Oliver 's phone so that they can contact some help . Before leaving , Megahertz warns Kaz , Oliver , and Alan not to tell anyone that he helped them or else he 'll hunt them down . Megahertz later arrives when Skylar uses her powers to turn back time . In `` The Dirt on Kaz & Skylar '' , Megahertz is working as a janitor as part of his prison sentence . Megahertz offers to help Oliver deal with Mr. Terror if he can reduce his prison sentence . Megahertz comes up with a plan to hold a book - signing run by Quimby Fletcher . When Mort shows up to attack Oliver , he ends up fighting Megahertz . Afterward , Oliver and Megahertz arrive at school , where Megahertz starts to fall under the influence of the Arcturion . After a brief struggle with Kaz , Oliver , and Skylar , Megahertz is knocked out by Gus using a bobcat . Megahertz is taken back to Mighty Max . He is a spoof of Metallo and Electro . His name is a play on `` megahertz , '' meaning a high unit of electrical frequency . Micros ( edit ) Micros ( Adam Leadbeater ) is a supervillain who can make himself microscopic . He is the archenemy of Citadel , where he stated that Citadel stole his girlfriend in college . When he was inside Citadel , he used a laser gun and utility saw to try to destroy the superhero from inside . He used both of these to try to kill Oliver as well . Crimson Demon ( edit ) Crimson Demon ( Douglas Tait ) is a demonic supervillain who had excellent jumping abilities and wields a fire staff that shoots fireballs . His brothers , Blue Demon , White Demon , and Matt Demon , were imprisoned in a lower dimension by Tecton where Crimson Demon plotted to free them . He came to Logan High School to watch the events unfold that would open the portal and free his brothers . However , just as the portal was opening , Oliver figured out a way to manipulate Timeline 's powers to freeze time , giving them a bit more time . Immune to this , Crimson Demon attacked . Thanks to Timeline predicting his attacks and Skylar 's moves , they managed to fight back and imprison him . Skylar kicked him into a drum Kaz and Oliver were holding , and then the two threw the demon into the same portal , thus imprisoning him with his brothers . Crimson Demon is a parody of Dormammu and Red Skull . Experion ( edit ) Experion ( Chase Austin ) is a former superhero and Skylar 's former childhood friend from the planet Caldera . He appeared in the episode `` The Friend of My Friend Is My Enemy '' , supposedly attempting to restore Skylar 's powers , but in truth , he had actually turned to the dark side and was attempting to bring her to the Annihilator . His powers are magnetism and gravokinesis . Until discovering his true nature , Kaz thought Experion was the second coolest teen . When he and Skylar had a fight , he then not only despised Skylar , but also Kaz and Oliver . Experion is now an enemy to Kaz , Oliver , and Skylar after being taken away by Mighty Med 's security team . In `` There 's a Storm Coming '' , Kaz and Oliver visit Experion at Mighty Max in order to get the location of the Annihilator 's lair . He tells them that he resides in a sewer lair four blocks from the abandoned slaughterhouse . He lends them his right eyeball , which regrows , in order to get through the retina scanners at the Annihilator 's base . During this time , Experion is shown to be a cellmate of Megahertz . Experion uses the cell phone he took from Kaz to free himself and Megahertz from Mighty Max . During the fight at Mighty Med , the reactor goes supernova , disabling Experion 's powers as he , Megahertz , Wallace , and Clyde are arrested by the Mighty Med security team . Black Falcon ( edit ) Black Falcon ( Scott Anthony Leet ) is one of the most dangerous villains in the show . Black Falcon can fly and shoot deadly energy blasts that can either harm or stun the victims . He has a staff that can enhance his powers , which serves as his main weapon of choice . His danger factor is due to the fact that he knocked out almost every superhero in his area and some of his energy blasts can even shatter Captain Atomic 's yo - yo shield . In `` How the Mighty Med Have Fallen '' , it was revealed that Black Falcon was turned into a limited action figure by Mighty Max 's Chamber of Certain Destruction alongside Blood Chef and Machete Man . He has a slight English accent and is similar to Thor from Marvel Comics . Dr. Wrath ( edit ) Dr. Wrath is a shape - shifting supervillain that feeds off negative energy . No one knew what Dr. Wrath really looked like due to them always wearing a cloak and being a shape - shifter . They arrived at Logan High School where they shape - shifted into Stefanie and impersonated her , spreading negative energy to strengthen them while building a machine that would make the whole world negative . Kaz and Skylar end up getting captured , but manage to break free , and Skylar confronts and fights Dr. Wrath , while Kaz alters the machine . However , Dr. Wrath proves too powerful for Skylar and the machine activates . However , due to Kaz 's alterations , instead of creating negativity , it created positive elements , thus returning Dr. Wrath to his true form before exploding and being reduced to a pile of ashes . His ashes are then swept up by Agent Blaylock . In `` New Kids are the Docs '' , Chaz and Gulliver plotted to trick Dr. Diaz into restoring Dr. Wrath . Sonic Shriek ( edit ) Sonic Shriek ( Marcus Giamatti ) was originally an inventor who tried to make limitless energy out of sound , but one of his inventions malfunctioned and he gained super powers . After that , he vowed to destroy any monument named after an inventor , regardless of how many lives were destroyed in the process . At some point , he decided to destroy the Franklin bridge as seen in `` Fantasy League of Superheroes '' . As all the superheroes were caught up in Kaz 's fantasy hero league , they were all out trying to stop the same disaster . As such , Kaz and Skylar were forced to try and stop him themselves . Unfortunately , Sonic Shriek manages to easily defeat Skylar and imprisons her and Kaz . Tecton arrives to stop him , but is interrupted when Captain Atomic also arrives . As both heroes were still too caught up in Kaz 's fantasy league to think straight , they began fighting each other , allowing Sonic Shriek to capture them both . He then started the bomb 's count down . Skylar manages to goad him into trying to destroy them . At the last minute , she dodges and the blast destroys the restraints , freeing her and Kaz . She manages to knock down Sonic Shriek and free Tecton and Captain Atomic . Captain Atomic then flies the bomb to a safe distance while Tecton easily defeats Sonic Shriek , before taking him away . Revengeance ( edit ) Revengeance is a supervillain . A battle with Tecton left Revengeance as a disembodied cloud . Revengeance plans on regaining his physical form and conquering the world . He has flight and mind control where he can possess the body of anyone . He attempted to succeed in his plan , but was sucked into a vacuum cleaner . Disembowler ( edit ) Disembowler is a re-retired supervillain with knives for fingers who first appeared in `` Lockdown '' where he is part of Wallace 's intervention to get Clyde to give up his evil ways . Soul Slayer ( edit ) Soul Slayer ( Scott Connors ) is Titanio 's nemesis . Soul Slayer has energy projection and teleportation . Skylar had Titanio dress up as Soul Slayer , but the real Soul Slayer arrived because he tracked Titanio that location and wanted to destroy him . Remix and Skylar battled him , but Soul Slayer 's teleportation gave him the upper hand . However , Kaz and Oliver turned the tide by playing electric guitars , forming magnetic fields that left Soul Slayer unable to teleport , eventually leading to his defeat . Wi - Fi ( edit ) Wi - Fi ( John Griffin ) is a supervillain who wants to steal all of Mighty Med 's secrets and share them with the rest of the supervillains except for Counterfeit . He has the power to go into computers , which is how he attempts to steal Mighty Med 's secrets . He appeared in `` Free Wi - Fi '' , when Kaz accidentally frees him from his flash drive prison . Dreadlock ( edit ) Dreadlock ( Bruno Gunn ) is Dark Warrior 's nemesis . Dreadlock designs weapons that counteract his nemesis ' weapons . He was never seen in person , but it should be known that he is extremely evil , threatening to fire his henchman out of a cannon and into a saw if he fails . He was only seen on a monitor . After it was discovered that Oliver and Bob were posing as the respectful characters , Kaz and Oliver told Ambrose to end the comic with Dark Warrior and Dreadlock falling into the dark parts of the city . His mask bears slight resemblance to that of Bane from The Dark Knight Rises . Bob ( edit ) Bob ( Elisha Yaffe ) is Dreadlock 's henchman . He had to battle Oliver in Dreadlock 's place at the time when Dreadlock had a stomach virus . The Ambusher ( edit ) The Ambusher ( Mustafa Shakir ) is a supervillain who has super strength and is an expert chemist . In `` Less than Hero '' , he injured Gravitas and had come up with a chemical to destroy all plant life in the Amazon Rainforest . Hunter Bounty ( edit ) Hunter Bounty ( Brett Wagner ) is a notorious bounty hunter that is known throughout seven galaxies . He appeared in `` Oliver Hatches the Egg '' where he targeted the egg sack of Arachnia that Oliver was watching over . Thanks to the egg sack , Oliver was able to defeat Hunter Bounty and get the egg sack back to Arachnia . Nightstrike ( edit ) Nightstrike ( Morgan Benoit ) is the nemesis of Spark . He is capable of teleporting , escrima , and summoning weapons . He appeared shortly after Kaz dumped Spark . He attempted to kill Spark only for Kaz to apologize to Spark , restoring her confidence and allowing her to defeat Nightstrike . In `` The Mother of All Villains '' , Nightstrike is among the supervillains that target the Arcturion . Upon crashing the wedding of Horace Diaz and Bridget , Nightstrike and the villains were taken down by the superheroes present and remanded to Mighty Max . He appears to be a villainous parody of Nightwing . Slaughter Master ( edit ) Slaughter Master ( David Mattey ) is a supervillain with super-strength and flight as well as his skill at wielding the Hammer of Achelon . He appeared in `` The Key to Being a Hero '' where he wanted to destroy the Key Keeper 's key . He was defeated by Kaz , Oliver , and Skylar . In `` The Mother of All Villains '' , Slaughter Master is among the supervillains that target the Arcturion . Upon crashing the wedding of Horace Diaz and Bridget , Slaughter Master and the villains were taken down by the superheroes present and remanded to Mighty Max . Mr. Terror ( edit ) Mr. Terror ( portrayed by Jamie Denbo , voiced by Richard Epcar ) is a mysterious crime lord and evil genius who wears a black mask over his entire face . Mr. Terror 's true identity is Oliver 's overbearing mother Bridget while using a voice modulator to disguise her voice . Her plan is to obtain the Arcturion so she can become the most powerful villain in existence . Bridget had previously worked for a boss was the main identity of Argento . In order to keep her son safe , Bridget eliminated Argento and took over his criminal empire . Outside of her identity , Bridget plans to marry Horace Diaz . In `` Thanks for the Memory Drives '' , Kaz , Oliver , and Skylar learn about Mr. Terror 's goals . After his henchmen have failed , Mr. Terror spared them due to a phone call from Oliver . In `` The Mother of All Villains '' , Bridget makes her final plans for her wedding to Horace at a local hotel . While Horace and Alan are busy , she sends a call to Mort to find the Arcturion . Bridget then goes around collecting the phones so that they ca n't disrupt the wedding . Due to Bridget mentioning a call from her employer Mort , Kaz , Oliver , and Skylar secretly figure out that Bridget is actually Mr. Terror . When the wedding starts , it ends up being interrupted by Alan 's father Nelson . Upon being confronted by Oliver , Bridget came clean and stated that she wanted to rule the world just to protect Oliver . Before Bridget can claim the item , different super villains showed up which resulted in a fight between the super villains and the attending superheroes . After the fight , Bridget claims the Arcturion with Mort 's help . Kaz , Oliver , and Bridget grab the orb part of the Arcturion where Bridget gets knocked out from its power leaving her in critical condition . After Oliver leaves , Bridget 's body is found by Horace , Alan , and Nelson . Horace had no choice but to use the last of his powers on Bridget . When Bridget regains consciousness , Horace learns that Bridget was Mr. Terror where she is now the most powerful being on the planet . Bridget then begins to go on a rampage . Optimo makes his attempt to stop Bridget only to be thrown into a building . Hapax the Elder makes his attempt only for Bridget to throw him into a car . Bridget then leaves to take over the world . Mort ( edit ) Mort ( portrayed by John J. Joseph ) is a minion of Mr. Terror that has reptilian abilities . In `` The Mother of All Villains '' , Mort helps Bridget claim the Arcturion . He was surprised that Bridget 's son was Quimby Fletcher all along . References ( edit ) The episodes of Mighty Med that have aired are the source of most of the information in this article . External links ( edit ) Official website Mighty Med on IMDb `` Mighty Med '' . Disney XD Canada . 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( 2011 -- 12 ) Kickin ' It ( 2011 -- 15 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Lab Rats ( 2012 -- 16 ) Crash & Bernstein ( 2012 -- 14 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Mighty Med ( 2013 -- 15 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Gamer 's Guide to Pretty Much Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Films Hannah Montana : The Movie ( 2009 ) Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie ( 2009 ) The Suite Life Movie ( 2011 ) Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! ( 2011 ) Crossovers `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana '' ( 2006 ) `` Take This Job and Love It '' ( 2007 ) `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' ( 2009 ) `` Weasels on Deck '' ( 2010 ) `` Charlie Shakes it Up '' ( 2011 ) `` Austin & Jessie & Ally All Star New Year '' ( 2012 ) `` Good Luck Jessie : NYC Christmas '' ( 2013 ) `` Jessie 's Aloha - holidays with Parker and Joey '' ( 2014 ) `` Karate Kid - tastrophe '' ( 2015 ) `` Lab Rats vs. Mighty Med '' ( 2015 ) TV specials The Wizards Return : Alex vs. Alex ( 2013 ) Related ABC Kids Disney Channel Disney XD Disney Channel Original Series Disney Channel Original Movies Toon Disney ( 1998 -- 2009 ) Disney Channel Storytellers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Mighty_Med_characters&oldid=797760908 '' Categories : Lists of science fiction television characters Lists of action television characters Superhero television characters Lists of Disney characters Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from August 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Română Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 01 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays wallace and clyde on mighty med | [
"Wallace and Clyde (Randy Sklar and Jason Sklar) are owners of The Domain and want to destroy the superheroes at Mighty Med and get revenge on Horace.",
"Wallace and Clyde (Randy Sklar and Jason Sklar) are owners of The Domain and want to destroy the superheroes at Mighty Med and get revenge on Horace."
] | [
"Randy Sklar",
"Jason Sklar"
] |
-1560563229162756558 | List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League top scorers | List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League top scorers - wikipedia List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League top scorers Jump to : navigation , search The UEFA Champions League , known until 1992 as the European Champion Clubs ' Cup or colloquially as the European Cup , is an annual association football cup competition organised by UEFA since 1955 . Originally a straight knockout competition open only to champion clubs , the tournament was expanded during the 1990s to incorporate a round - robin group phase and more teams . The expansion resulted in more games being played , increasing players ' goalscoring chances , thus the list below is weighted in favour of modern players . Contents ( hide ) 1 All - time top scorers 2 Top scorers by seasons 2.1 By player 2.2 By country 3 See also 4 References All - time top scorers As of 26 May 2018 The table below does not include goals scored in the qualification stage of the competition . Player Country Goals Apps Ratio Years Clubs Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal 120 153 0.78 2003 -- Manchester United Real Madrid Lionel Messi Argentina 100 125 0.8 2005 -- Barcelona Raúl Spain 71 142 0.5 1995 -- 2011 Real Madrid Schalke 04 Ruud van Nistelrooy Netherlands 56 73 0.77 1998 -- 2009 PSV Eindhoven Manchester United Real Madrid Karim Benzema France 56 104 0.54 2006 -- Lyon Real Madrid 6 Thierry Henry France 50 112 0.45 1997 -- 2012 Monaco Arsenal Barcelona 7 Alfredo Di Stéfano Argentina 49 58 0.84 1955 -- 1964 Real Madrid 8 Andriy Shevchenko Ukraine 48 100 0.48 1994 -- 2012 Dynamo Kyiv Milan Chelsea Zlatan Ibrahimović Sweden 48 120 0.4 2001 -- 2018 Ajax Juventus Internazionale Barcelona Milan Paris Saint - Germain Manchester United 10 Eusébio Portugal 47 63 0.75 1961 -- 1974 Benfica 11 Filippo Inzaghi Italy 46 81 0.57 1997 -- 2012 Juventus Milan 12 Robert Lewandowski Poland 45 70 0.64 2011 -- Borussia Dortmund Bayern Munich 13 Didier Drogba Ivory Coast 44 92 0.48 2003 -- 2015 Marseille Chelsea Galatasaray 14 Alessandro Del Piero Italy 42 89 0.47 1995 -- 2009 Juventus Thomas Müller Germany 42 97 0.43 2008 -- Bayern Munich 16 Ferenc Puskás Hungary 35 41 0.85 1956 -- 1966 Budapest Honvéd Real Madrid 17 Gerd Müller West Germany 34 35 0.97 1969 -- 1977 Bayern Munich 18 Francisco Gento Spain 32 88 0.36 1955 -- 1969 Real Madrid Edinson Cavani Uruguay 32 52 0.62 2011 -- Napoli Paris Saint - Germain 20 Sergio Agüero Argentina 31 61 0.51 2008 -- Atlético Madrid Manchester City 21 Samuel Eto'o Cameroon 30 78 0.38 1999 -- 2014 Mallorca Barcelona Internazionale Chelsea Wayne Rooney England 30 85 0.35 2004 -- 2016 Manchester United Kaká Brazil 30 86 0.35 2003 -- 2014 Milan Real Madrid Fernando Morientes Spain 30 88 0.34 1997 -- 2009 Real Madrid Monaco Liverpool Valencia 25 David Trezeguet France 29 58 0.5 1997 -- 2009 Monaco Juventus Roy Makaay Netherlands 29 61 0.48 2000 -- 2007 Deportivo La Coruña Bayern Munich Patrick Kluivert Netherlands 29 71 0.41 1994 -- 2006 Ajax Barcelona Arjen Robben Netherlands 29 106 0.27 2002 -- PSV Eindhoven Chelsea Real Madrid Bayern Munich 29 Jean - Pierre Papin France 28 37 0.76 1989 -- 1994 Marseille Milan Bayern Munich Ryan Giggs Wales 28 141 0.2 1993 -- 2014 Manchester United 31 Neymar Brazil 27 47 0.57 2013 -- Barcelona Paris Saint - Germain Rivaldo Brazil 27 73 0.37 1997 -- 2007 Barcelona Milan Olympiacos 33 Mario Gómez Germany 26 44 0.59 2007 -- 2013 Stuttgart Bayern Munich 34 Mário Jardel Brazil 25 46 0.54 1996 -- 2001 Porto Galatasaray Robin van Persie Netherlands 25 59 0.42 2002 -- 2014 Arsenal Manchester United Hernán Crespo Argentina 25 65 0.38 1997 -- 2007 Parma Lazio Internazionale Chelsea Milan Giovane Élber Brazil 25 69 0.36 1997 -- 2004 Bayern Munich Lyon 38 José Altafini Brazil 24 28 0.86 1959 -- 1976 Milan Juventus Marco Simone Italy 24 46 0.52 1989 -- 2001 Milan Paris Saint - Germain Monaco Luís Figo Portugal 24 103 0.23 1997 -- 2009 Barcelona Real Madrid Internazionale Paul Scholes England 24 124 0.19 1994 -- 2013 Manchester United 42 Jari Litmanen Finland 23 57 0.4 1993 -- 2003 Ajax Liverpool Frank Lampard England 23 105 0.22 2001 -- 2015 Chelsea Manchester City 44 Santillana Spain 22 46 0.48 1971 -- 1988 Real Madrid Gonzalo Higuaín Argentina 22 75 0.29 2007 -- Real Madrid Napoli Juventus 46 José Torres Portugal 21 33 0.64 1959 -- 1971 Benfica Luiz Adriano Brazil 21 47 0.45 2008 -- Shakhtar Donetsk Spartak Moscow Amancio Spain 21 52 0.4 1962 -- 1976 Real Madrid Steven Gerrard England 21 73 0.29 2001 -- 2015 Liverpool Claudio Pizarro Peru 21 73 0.29 2001 -- 2014 Bayern Munich Werder Bremen Notes Jump up ^ Ronaldo additionally scored one goal in four qualification matches . Jump up ^ Van Nistelrooy additionally scored four goals in eight qualification matches . Jump up ^ Henry additionally scored one goal in three qualification matches . Jump up ^ Shevchenko additionally scored 11 goals in 16 qualification matches . Jump up ^ Ibrahimović additionally scored one goal in four qualification matches . Jump up ^ Inzaghi additionally scored four goals in four qualification matches . Jump up ^ Del Piero additionally scored two goals in three qualification matches . Jump up ^ Agüero additionally scored six goals in four qualification matches . Jump up ^ Eto'o additionally scored three goals in four qualification matches . Jump up ^ Rooney additionally scored four goals in three qualification matches . Jump up ^ Morientes additionally scored six goals in 11 qualification matches . Jump up ^ Trezeguet additionally scored three goals in three qualification matches . Jump up ^ Kluivert additionally scored one goal in four qualification matches . Jump up ^ Robben additionally scored one goal in one qualification match . Jump up ^ Giggs additionally scored two goals in 10 qualification matches . Jump up ^ Rivaldo additionally scored four goals in five qualification matches . Jump up ^ Gómez additionally scored one goal in two qualification matches . Jump up ^ Jardel additionally scored three goals in two qualification matches . Jump up ^ Van Persie additionally scored two goals in nine qualification matches . Jump up ^ Crespo additionally scored three goals in five qualification matches . Jump up ^ Élber additionally scored two goals in four qualification matches . Jump up ^ Simone additionally scored one goal in two qualification matches . Jump up ^ Scholes additionally scored one goal in six qualification matches . Jump up ^ Adriano additionally scored one goal in four qualification matches . Jump up ^ Gerrard additionally scored nine goals in 14 qualification matches . Jump up ^ Pizarro additionally scored three goals in four qualification matches . Top scorers by seasons The table below does not include goals scored in the qualification stage of the competition . Season Player Country Club Goals 1955 -- 56 Miloš Milutinović Yugoslavia Partizan 8 1956 -- 57 Dennis Viollet England Manchester United 9 1957 -- 58 Alfredo Di Stéfano Argentina Real Madrid 10 1958 -- 59 Just Fontaine France Stade Reims 10 1959 -- 60 Ferenc Puskás Hungary Real Madrid 12 1960 -- 61 José Águas Portugal Benfica 11 1961 -- 62 Heinz Strehl West Germany 1 . FC Nürnberg 8 1962 -- 63 José Altafini Italy Milan 14 1963 -- 64 Vladica Kovačević Yugoslavia Partizan 7 Sandro Mazzola Italy Internazionale Ferenc Puskás Hungary Real Madrid 1964 -- 65 Eusébio Portugal Benfica 9 José Torres Portugal Benfica 1965 -- 66 Flórián Albert Hungary Ferencváros 7 Eusébio Portugal Benfica 1966 -- 67 Jürgen Piepenburg East Germany Vorwärts Berlin 6 Paul Van Himst Belgium Anderlecht 1967 -- 68 Eusébio Portugal Benfica 6 1968 -- 69 Denis Law Scotland Manchester United 9 1969 -- 70 Mick Jones England Leeds United 8 1970 -- 71 Antonis Antoniadis Greece Panathinaikos 10 1971 -- 72 Johan Cruyff Netherlands Ajax 5 Antal Dunai Hungary Újpesti Dózsa Lou Macari Scotland Celtic Silvester Takač Yugoslavia Standard Liège 1972 -- 73 Gerd Müller West Germany Bayern Munich 11 1973 -- 74 Gerd Müller West Germany Bayern Munich 8 1974 -- 75 Gerd Müller West Germany Bayern Munich 5 Eduard Markarov Soviet Union Ararat Yerevan 1975 -- 76 Jupp Heynckes West Germany Borussia Mönchengladbach 6 1976 -- 77 Gerd Müller West Germany Bayern Munich 5 Franco Cucinotta Italy Zürich 1977 -- 78 Allan Simonsen Denmark Borussia Mönchengladbach 5 1978 -- 79 Claudio Sulser Switzerland Grasshopper 11 1979 -- 80 Søren Lerby Denmark Ajax 10 1980 -- 81 Terry McDermott England Liverpool 6 Graeme Souness Scotland Liverpool Karl - Heinz Rummenigge West Germany Bayern Munich 1981 -- 82 Dieter Hoeneß West Germany Bayern Munich 7 1982 -- 83 Paolo Rossi Italy Juventus 6 1983 -- 84 Viktor Sokol Soviet Union Dinamo Minsk 6 1984 -- 85 Torbjörn Nilsson Sweden IFK Göteborg 7 Michel Platini France Juventus 1985 -- 86 Torbjörn Nilsson Sweden IFK Göteborg 6 1986 -- 87 Borislav Cvetković Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade 7 1987 -- 88 Gheorghe Hagi Romania Steaua Bucureşti Jean - Marc Ferreri France Bordeaux Rabah Madjer Algeria Porto Ally McCoist Scotland Rangers Míchel Spain Real Madrid Rui Águas Portugal Benfica 1988 -- 89 Marco van Basten Netherlands Milan 10 1989 -- 90 Romário Brazil PSV Eindhoven 6 Jean - Pierre Papin France Marseille 1990 -- 91 Peter Pacult Austria Tirol Innsbruck 6 Jean - Pierre Papin France Marseille 1991 -- 92 Sergei Yuran Ukraine Benfica 7 Jean - Pierre Papin France Marseille 1992 -- 93 Franck Sauzée France Marseille 5 1993 -- 94 Hristo Stoichkov Bulgaria Barcelona 5 1994 -- 95 George Weah Liberia Paris Saint - Germain 7 1995 -- 96 Jari Litmanen Finland Ajax 9 1996 -- 97 Milinko Pantić Yugoslavia Atlético Madrid 5 1997 -- 98 Alessandro Del Piero Italy Juventus 10 1998 -- 99 Andriy Shevchenko Ukraine Dynamo Kyiv 8 Dwight Yorke Trinidad and Tobago Manchester United 1999 -- 00 Mário Jardel Brazil Porto 10 Rivaldo Brazil Barcelona Raúl Spain Real Madrid 2000 -- 01 Raúl Spain Real Madrid 7 2001 -- 02 Ruud van Nistelrooy Netherlands Manchester United 10 2002 -- 03 Ruud van Nistelrooy Netherlands Manchester United 12 2003 -- 04 Fernando Morientes Spain Monaco 9 2004 -- 05 Ruud van Nistelrooy Netherlands Manchester United 8 2005 -- 06 Andriy Shevchenko Ukraine Milan 9 2006 -- 07 Kaká Brazil Milan 10 2007 -- 08 Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Manchester United 8 2008 -- 09 Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona 9 2009 -- 10 Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona 8 2010 -- 11 Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona 12 2011 -- 12 Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona 14 2012 -- 13 Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid 12 2013 -- 14 Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid 17 2014 -- 15 Neymar Brazil Barcelona 10 Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona 2015 -- 16 Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid 16 2016 -- 17 Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid 12 2017 -- 18 Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid 15 By player Player Titles Seasons Cristiano Ronaldo 7 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 Lionel Messi 5 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 Gerd Müller 1972 -- 73 , 1973 -- 74 , 1974 -- 75 , 1976 -- 77 Eusébio 1964 -- 65 , 1965 -- 66 , 1967 -- 68 Jean - Pierre Papin 1989 -- 90 , 1990 -- 91 , 1991 -- 92 Ruud van Nistelrooy 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 Ferenc Puskás 1959 -- 60 , 1963 -- 64 Torbjörn Nilsson 1984 -- 85 , 1985 -- 86 Raúl 1999 -- 00 , 2000 -- 01 Andriy Shevchenko 1998 -- 99 , 2005 -- 06 By country Country Titles Seasons Portugal 13 1960 -- 61 , 1964 -- 65 , 1964 -- 65 , 1965 -- 66 , 1967 -- 68 , 1987 -- 88 , 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 West Germany 8 1961 -- 62 , 1972 -- 73 , 1973 -- 74 , 1974 -- 75 , 1975 -- 76 , 1976 -- 77 , 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 France 7 1958 -- 59 , 1984 -- 85 , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 , 1990 -- 91 , 1991 -- 92 , 1992 -- 93 Argentina 6 1957 -- 58 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 Yugoslavia 5 1955 -- 56 , 1963 -- 64 , 1971 -- 72 , 1986 -- 87 , 1996 -- 97 Italy 1962 -- 63 , 1963 -- 64 , 1976 -- 77 , 1982 -- 83 , 1997 -- 98 Netherlands 1971 -- 72 , 1988 -- 89 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 Brazil 1989 -- 90 , 1999 -- 2000 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2006 -- 07 , 2014 -- 15 Hungary 1959 -- 60 , 1963 -- 64 , 1965 -- 66 , 1971 -- 72 Scotland 1968 -- 69 , 1971 -- 72 , 1980 -- 81 , 1987 -- 88 Spain 1987 -- 88 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2003 -- 04 England 1956 -- 57 , 1969 -- 70 , 1980 -- 81 Ukraine 1991 -- 92 , 1998 -- 99 , 2005 -- 06 Soviet Union 1974 -- 75 , 1983 -- 84 Denmark 1977 -- 78 , 1979 -- 80 Sweden 1984 -- 85 , 1985 -- 86 Notes ^ Jump up to : Two Portuguese players were joint top scorers in this season . ^ Jump up to : Two Brazilian players were joint top scorers in this season . See also List of UEFA Cup and Europa League top scorers List of UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup top scorers List of footballers with 100 or more UEFA Champions League appearances References Jump up ^ `` Champions League + European Cup - All - time Topscorers '' . worldfootball.net . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Source ( unless otherwise indicated ) : UEFA Champions League Statistics Handbook 2016 -- 17 . For players active prior to the introduction of the Champions League in 1992 , see `` All - time records 1955 -- 2016 '' ( pdf ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . pp. 5 -- 8 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . For all other players , see : `` Facts and figures '' ( pdf ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . pp. 4 -- 7 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo goal for goal '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Ronaldo : Debrecen 3 - 0 ( h ) 09 / 08 / 05 , UEFA Champions League third qualifying round ^ Jump up to : `` Goals per game : Europe 's most efficient scorers '' . UEFA. 26 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Edinson Cavani : Club matches '' . World Football . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Neymar : Club matches '' . World Football . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Potter , Steffen ( 30 June 2016 ) . `` Grateful Gómez gunning for Italy '' . UEFA . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jardel : Club matches '' . World Football . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marco Simone : Club matches '' . World Football . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Santillana : Club matches '' . World Football . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` José Torres : Club matches '' . World Football . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luiz Adriano : Club matches '' . World Football . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ For players active prior to the introduction of the Champions League in 1992 , see : Di Maggio , Roberto ; Mamrud , Roberto ; Rota , Davide ; Owsianski , Jarek ( 8 June 2017 ) . `` Champions Cup / Champions League Topscorers '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . For all other players , see : `` UEFA Champions League Statistics Handbook 2017 / 18 : Facts and figures '' ( pdf ) . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . p. 11 . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . European Cup and UEFA Champions League top scorers European Cup 1955 -- 56 : Milutinović 1956 -- 57 : Viollet 1957 -- 58 : Di Stéfano 1958 -- 59 : Fontaine 1959 -- 60 : Puskás 1960 -- 61 : J. Águas 1961 -- 62 : Di Stéfano , Løfqvist , Puskás , Strehl & Tejada 1962 -- 63 : Altafini 1963 -- 64 : Kovačević , Mazzola & Puskás 1964 -- 65 : Eusébio & Torres 1965 -- 66 : Albert & Eusébio 1966 -- 67 : Piepenburg & Van Himst 1967 -- 68 : Eusébio 1968 -- 69 : Law 1969 -- 70 : Jones 1970 -- 71 : Antoniadis 1971 -- 72 : Dunai , Macari & Takač 1972 -- 73 : Müller 1973 -- 74 : Müller 1974 -- 75 : Müller & Markarov 1975 -- 76 : Heynckes 1976 -- 77 : Cucinotta & Müller 1977 -- 78 : Simonsen 1978 -- 79 : Sulser 1979 -- 80 : Lerby 1980 -- 81 : McDermott , Rummenigge & Souness 1981 -- 82 : Hoeneß 1982 -- 83 : Rossi 1983 -- 84 : Sokol 1984 -- 85 : Nilsson & Platini 1985 -- 86 : Nilsson 1986 -- 87 : Cvetković 1987 -- 88 : R. Águas , Ferreri , Hagi , Madjer , McCoist , Míchel & Novák 1988 -- 89 : Van Basten 1989 -- 90 : Papin & Romário 1990 -- 91 : Pacult & Papin 1991 -- 92 : Papin & Yuran UEFA Champions League 1992 -- 93 : Romário 1993 -- 94 : Koeman & Rufer 1994 -- 95 : Weah 1995 -- 96 : Litmanen 1996 -- 97 : Pantić 1997 -- 98 : Del Piero 1998 -- 99 : Shevchenko & Yorke 1999 -- 2000 : Jardel , Raúl & Rivaldo 2000 -- 01 : Raúl 2001 -- 02 : Van Nistelrooy 2002 -- 03 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 -- 04 : Morientes 2004 -- 05 : Van Nistelrooy 2005 -- 06 : Shevchenko 2006 -- 07 : Kaká 2007 -- 08 : C. Ronaldo 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Messi 2010 -- 11 : Messi 2011 -- 12 : Messi 2012 -- 13 : C. Ronaldo 2013 -- 14 : C. Ronaldo 2014 -- 15 : Neymar , C. Ronaldo & Messi 2015 -- 16 : C. Ronaldo 2016 -- 17 : C. Ronaldo 2017 -- 18 : C. Ronaldo European Cup and UEFA Champions League European Cup era , 1955 -- 1992 Seasons 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 Finals 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 UEFA Champions League era , 1992 -- present Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 2019 -- 20 Finals 2017 2018 2019 2020 History Finals Winning managers Winning players Records and statistics Top scorers Hat - tricks Appearances Performance comparison Anthem Broadcasters Trophy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_Cup_and_UEFA_Champions_League_top_scorers&oldid=843435943 '' Categories : UEFA Champions League Lists of association football league top scorers in Europe Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Français Հայերեն Italiano Português Română Русский Türkçe Українська 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 04 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has the most uefa champions league goals | [
"\n\n\nPlayer\nCountry\nGoals\nApps\nRatio\nYears\nClubs\n\n\n1\nCristiano Ronaldo\n Portugal\n120[a]\n153\n0.78\n2003–\nManchester United\nReal Madrid\n\n\n2\nLionel Messi\n Argentina\n100\n125\n0.8\n2005–\nBarcelona\n\n\n3\nRaúl\n Spain\n71\n142\n0.5\n1995–2011\nReal Madrid\nSchalke 04\n\n\n4\nRuud van Nistelrooy\n Netherlands\n56[b]\n73\n0.77\n1998–2009\nPSV Eindhoven\nManchester United\nReal Madrid\n\n\nKarim Benzema\n France\n56\n104\n0.54\n2006–\nLyon\nReal Madrid\n\n\n6\nThierry Henry\n France\n50[c]\n112\n0.45\n1997–2012\nMonaco\nArsenal\nBarcelona\n\n\n7\nAlfredo Di Stéfano\n Argentina\n49\n58\n0.84\n1955–1964\nReal Madrid\n\n\n8\nAndriy Shevchenko\n Ukraine\n48[d]\n100\n0.48\n1994–2012\nDynamo Kyiv\nMilan\nChelsea\n\n\nZlatan Ibrahimović\n Sweden\n48[e]\n120\n0.4\n2001–2018\nAjax\nJuventus\nInternazionale\nBarcelona\nMilan\nParis Saint-Germain\nManchester United\n\n\n10\nEusébio\n Portugal\n47\n63\n0.75\n1961–1974\nBenfica\n\n\n11\nFilippo Inzaghi\n Italy\n46[f]\n81\n0.57\n1997–2012\nJuventus\nMilan\n\n\n12\nRobert Lewandowski\n Poland\n45\n70\n0.64\n2011–\nBorussia Dortmund\nBayern Munich\n\n\n13\nDidier Drogba\n Ivory Coast\n44\n92\n0.48\n2003–2015\nMarseille\nChelsea\nGalatasaray\n\n\n14\nAlessandro Del Piero\n Italy\n42[g]\n89\n0.47\n1995–2009\nJuventus\n\n\nThomas Müller\n Germany\n42\n97\n0.43\n2008–\nBayern Munich\n\n\n16\nFerenc Puskás\n Hungary\n35\n41[4]\n0.85\n1956–1966\nBudapest Honvéd\nReal Madrid\n\n\n17\nGerd Müller\n West Germany\n34\n35[4]\n0.97\n1969–1977\nBayern Munich\n\n\n18\nFrancisco Gento\n Spain\n32\n88\n0.36\n1955–1969\nReal Madrid\n\n\nEdinson Cavani\n Uruguay\n32\n52[5]\n0.62\n2011–\nNapoli\nParis Saint-Germain\n\n\n20\nSergio Agüero\n Argentina\n31[h]\n61\n0.51\n2008–\nAtlético Madrid\nManchester City\n\n\n21\nSamuel Eto'o\n Cameroon\n30[i]\n78\n0.38\n1999–2014\nMallorca\nBarcelona\nInternazionale\nChelsea\n\n\nWayne Rooney\n England\n30[j]\n85\n0.35\n2004–2016\nManchester United\n\n\nKaká\n Brazil\n30\n86\n0.35\n2003–2014\nMilan\nReal Madrid\n\n\nFernando Morientes\n Spain\n30[k]\n88\n0.34\n1997–2009\nReal Madrid\nMonaco\nLiverpool\nValencia\n\n\n25\nDavid Trezeguet\n France\n29[l]\n58\n0.5\n1997–2009\nMonaco\nJuventus\n\n\nRoy Makaay\n Netherlands\n29\n61\n0.48\n2000–2007\nDeportivo La Coruña\nBayern Munich\n\n\nPatrick Kluivert\n Netherlands\n29[m]\n71\n0.41\n1994–2006\nAjax\nBarcelona\n\n\nArjen Robben\n Netherlands\n29[n]\n106\n0.27\n2002–\nPSV Eindhoven\nChelsea\nReal Madrid\nBayern Munich\n\n\n29\nJean-Pierre Papin\n France\n28\n37[4]\n0.76\n1989–1994\nMarseille\nMilan\nBayern Munich\n\n\nRyan Giggs\n Wales\n28[o]\n141\n0.2\n1993–2014\nManchester United\n\n\n31\nNeymar\n Brazil\n27\n47[6]\n0.57\n2013–\nBarcelona\nParis Saint-Germain\n\n\nRivaldo\n Brazil\n27[p]\n73\n0.37\n1997–2007\nBarcelona\nMilan\nOlympiacos\n\n\n33\nMario Gómez\n Germany\n26[q]\n44[7]\n0.59\n2007–2013\nStuttgart\nBayern Munich\n\n\n34\nMário Jardel\n Brazil\n25[r]\n46[8]\n0.54\n1996–2001\nPorto\nGalatasaray\n\n\nRobin van Persie\n Netherlands\n25[s]\n59\n0.42\n2002–2014\nArsenal\nManchester United\n\n\nHernán Crespo\n Argentina\n25[t]\n65\n0.38\n1997–2007\nParma\nLazio\nInternazionale\nChelsea\nMilan\n\n\nGiovane Élber\n Brazil\n25[u]\n69\n0.36\n1997–2004\nBayern Munich\nLyon\n\n\n38\nJosé Altafini\n Brazil\n24\n28[4]\n0.86\n1959–1976\nMilan\nJuventus\n\n\nMarco Simone\n Italy\n24[v]\n46[9]\n0.52\n1989–2001\nMilan\nParis Saint-Germain\nMonaco\n\n\nLuís Figo\n Portugal\n24\n103\n0.23\n1997–2009\nBarcelona\nReal Madrid\nInternazionale\n\n\nPaul Scholes\n England\n24[w]\n124\n0.19\n1994–2013\nManchester United\n\n\n42\nJari Litmanen\n Finland\n23\n57\n0.4\n1993–2003\nAjax\nLiverpool\n\n\nFrank Lampard\n England\n23\n105\n0.22\n2001–2015\nChelsea\nManchester City\n\n\n44\nSantillana\n Spain\n22\n46[10]\n0.48\n1971–1988\nReal Madrid\n\n\nGonzalo Higuaín\n Argentina\n22\n75\n0.29\n2007–\nReal Madrid\nNapoli\nJuventus\n\n\n46\nJosé Torres\n Portugal\n21\n33[11]\n0.64\n1959–1971\nBenfica\n\n\nLuiz Adriano\n Brazil\n21[x]\n47[12]\n0.45\n2008–\nShakhtar Donetsk\nSpartak Moscow\n\n\nAmancio\n Spain\n21\n52\n0.4\n1962–1976\nReal Madrid\n\n\nSteven Gerrard\n England\n21[y]\n73\n0.29\n2001–2015\nLiverpool\n\n\nClaudio Pizarro\n Peru\n21[z]\n73\n0.29\n2001–2014\nBayern Munich\nWerder Bremen\n\n"
] | [
"Cristiano Ronaldo"
] |
3738748222865612110 | Friendship Day | Friendship Day - wikipedia Friendship Day Jump to : navigation , search Friendship Day Type Historical Date varies : 30 July ( UN ) , first Sunday of August Frequency annual Related to Friendship Love Friendship Day ( Arabic : اليوم الدولي للصداقة , Chinese : 国际 友谊 日 , French : Journée internationale de l'amitié , Russian : Международный день дружбы , Spanish : Día del Amigo , ) is a day for celebrating friendship . The day has been celebrated in several southern South American countries for many years , particularly in Paraguay , where the first World Friendship Day - International Friendship Day was proposed in 1958 . Initially created by the greeting card industry , evidence from social networking sites shows a revival of interest in the holiday that may have grown with the spread of the Internet , particularly in India , Bangladesh , and Malaysia . Digital communication modes such as the Internet and cell phones may be helping to popularize the custom , since greeting friends en masse is now easier than before . Those who promote the holiday in South Asia attribute the tradition of dedicating a day in honor of friends to have originated in the United States in 1935 , but it actually dates from 1919 . The exchange of Friendship Day gifts like flowers , cards and wrist bands is a popular tradition of this occasion . Friendship Day celebrations occur on different dates in different countries . The first World Friendship Day was proposed for 30 July in 1958 , by the World Friendship Crusade . On 27 April 2011 the General Assembly of the United Nations declared 30 July as official International Friendship Day . However , some countries , including India , celebrate Friendship Day on the first Sunday of August . In Oberlin , Ohio , Friendship Day is celebrated on 8 April each year . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 United States and India 3 Argentina 4 Brazil 5 Finland and Estonia 6 Paraguay 7 Peru 8 References 9 Bibliography History ( edit ) Friendship Day was originated by Joyce Hall , the founder of Hallmark cards in 1930 , intended to be 2 August and a day when people celebrated their friendships by holiday celebrations . Friendship Day was promoted by the greeting card National Association during the 1920s but met with consumer resistance - given that it was too obviously a commercial gimmick to promote greetings cards . By the 1940s the number of Friendship Day cards available in the US by had dwindled and the holiday largely died out there . There is no evidence to date for its uptake in Europe ; however , it has been kept alive and revitalised in Asia , where several countries have adopted it . In honor of Friendship Day in 1998 , Nane Annan , wife of UN Secretary - General Kofi Annan , named Winnie the Pooh as the world 's Ambassador of Friendship at the United Nations . The event was co-sponsored by the U.N. Department of Public Information and Disney Enterprises , and was co-hosted by Kathy Lee Gifford . Some friends acknowledge each other with exchanges of gifts and cards on this day . Friendship bands are very popular in India , Nepal , Bangladesh , and parts of South America . With the advent of social networking sites , Friendship Day is also being celebrated online . The commercialization of the Friendship Day celebrations has led to some dismissing it as a `` marketing gimmick '' . But nowadays it is celebrated on the first Sunday of August rather than 30 July . However , on 27 July 2011 the 65th Session of the United Nations General Assembly declared 30 July as `` International Day of Friendship '' . The idea of a World Friendship Day was first proposed on 20 July 1958 by Dr. Ramon Artemio Bracho during a dinner with friends in Puerto Pinasco , a town on the River Paraguay about 200 miles north of Asuncion , Paraguay . Out of this humble meeting of friends , the World Friendship Crusade was born . The World Friendship Crusade is a foundation that promotes friendship and fellowship among all human beings , regardless of race , color or religion . Since then , 30 July has been faithfully celebrated as Friendship Day in Paraguay every year and has also been adopted by several other countries . The World Friendship Crusade has lobbied the United Nations for many years to recognise 30 July as World Friendship Day and finally on 20 May , General Assembly of the United Nations decided to designate 30 July as the International Day of Friendship ; and to invite all Member States to observe the International Day of Friendship in accordance with the culture and customs of their local , national and regional communities , including through education and public awareness - raising activities . United States and India ( edit ) On the first Sunday of August , USA and India celebrate Friendship Day . Argentina ( edit ) In Argentina , Friend 's Day , on 20 July , is an excuse for a friendly gathering and greeting both current and old friends . Since it is not an Argentine public holiday , people tend to gather during the evening . Friend 's Day has in recent years turned into a very popular mass phenomenon . In 2005 , the amount of well - wishing friends led breakdown of the mobile phone network in the cities of Buenos Aires , Mendoza , Córdoba and Rosario , comparable to the one experienced in 2004 on Christmas and New Year 's Day . Seats in most restaurants , bars , and other establishments are often completely booked a week before the celebration . Since the death of the Argentine cartoonist and writer Roberto Fontanarrosa in 2007 , a proposal has existed to change the date to 19 July , the day of his death . Brazil ( edit ) In Brazil , Friend 's Day is also celebrated on 20 July . Finland and Estonia ( edit ) In Finland and Estonia Valentine 's Day is celebrated as Friend 's Day . Paraguay ( edit ) In Paraguay , the eve of 30 July is used for giving presents to close friends and loved ones , and celebrations often take place in bars and nightclubs . The game of the Invisible Friend ( Amigo Invisible ) is considered a tradition , in which small sheets of paper with names are given to all members of a group , each of them secretly selects one , and on 30 July gives a present to the person on the paper . This custom is practiced in both schools and workplaces in Asunción and other Paraguayan cities . Peru ( edit ) Since 2009 , Peru celebrates `` El dia del Amigo '' on the first Saturday in July . This day was proposed by Pilsen Callao . The objective was to recognize true friendship and differentiate its celebration from Valentine 's Day . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A band for ties of friendship '' . The Times of India . New Delhi . 30 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bose , Antara ( 1 August 2009 ) . `` Flavours of friendship '' . The Telegraph . Calcutta . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Official blog of the World Crusade of Friendship Jump up ^ Declaration of International Day of Friendship . Declaration of Day of Friendship Under Agenda no 15 , Culture of Peace Jump up ^ In India the Friendship Day will be celebrated on May 18 , 2011 . In India the Friendship Day will be celebrated on 7 August 2011 Jump up ^ `` Friendship Initiative '' . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : UN Res. A / 65 / L. 72 Jump up ^ `` ONU aprobó 30 de julio como Día de la Amistad '' . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Munro , Robert , ed. ( 2010 ) . Paraguay 200 Years of Independence in the Heart of South America . Oxford : Whap . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9567405 - 1 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Gran polémica gran : proponen adelantar el Día del Amigo en homenaje al Negro Fontanarrosa '' ( Grand controversy grand : they propose to advance Friend 's Day in honor of Fontanarrosa ) . Minutouno.com ( in Spanish ) . 19 July 2008 . Retrieved 25 December 2011 . En la actualidad , muchos `` Canallas '' bloggeros proponen a través de la web que sea el sábado 19 el día para celebrar el Día del Amigo en conmemoración a la muerte del dibujante , humorista y célebre escritor que dedicó miles de diálogos a la amistad entre Mendieta e Inodoro Pereyra , Roberto Fontanarosa . Jump up ^ `` El Día del Amigo ya tiene su previa en Internet '' ( Friend 's Day already has a preview on the Internet ) . Clarín ( in Spanish ) . Buenos Aires. 18 July 2008 . Retrieved 25 December 2011 . Como si todo esto fuera poco , el usuario Pola91 creó un blog destinado exclusivamente a exigir que se cambie la fecha del Día del Amigo al 19 de julio , para recordar la partida del genial humorista gráfico y escritor Roberto `` El Negro '' Fontanarrosa . Jump up ^ BRAZIL , Câmara dos Deputados . Datas Comemorativas . March 2003 . Bibliography ( edit ) Schmidt , E.L. ( 1991 ) . `` The Commercialisation of the Calendar : American Holidays and the Culture of Consumption , 1870 - 1930 '' . The Journal of American History . 78 (. 3 ) : 887 -- 916 . ( UN Resolution A / 65 / L. 72 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friendship_Day&oldid=831784741 '' Categories : Types of secular holidays April observances July observances August observances Sunday observances Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from February 2018 Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday ( other ) Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Spanish - language text Holidays and observances by scheduling ( nth weekday of the month ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia עברית ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം नेपाली Polski Română Русский Simple English کوردی தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 05 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is friendship day celebrated in india date | [
"Friendship Day celebrations occur on different dates in different countries. The first World Friendship Day was proposed for 30 July in 1958, by the World Friendship Crusade.[3] On 27 April 2011 the General Assembly of the United Nations declared[4] 30 July as official International Friendship Day. However, some countries, including India[5], celebrate Friendship Day on the first Sunday of August. In Oberlin, Ohio, Friendship Day is celebrated on 8 April each year.[6]"
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"first Sunday of August"
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-6799050605900493014 | 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers season | 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers season - wikipedia 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers season Jump to : navigation , search 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers National League Champions National League West Champions Major League affiliations National League ( since 1890 ) Western Division ( since 1969 ) Location Dodger Stadium ( since 1962 ) Los Angeles , California ( since 1958 ) Results Record 104 -- 58 (. 642 ) Divisional place 1st Other information Owner ( s ) Guggenheim Baseball Management General manager ( s ) Farhan Zaidi Manager ( s ) Dave Roberts Local television SportsNet LA ( Joe Davis , Charley Steiner , Orel Hershiser , Nomar Garciaparra ) ( Spanish audio feed ) ( Pepe Yñiguez , Fernando Valenzuela , Manny Mota ) KTLA ( occasional simulcasts ) Local radio KLAC ( Charley Steiner , Rick Monday , Kevin Kennedy ) KTNQ ( Jaime Jarrín , Jorge Jarrin ) < Previous season Next season > The 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers season was the 128th for the franchise in Major League Baseball , and their 60th season in Los Angeles , California . They finished the season with the most wins in Los Angeles team history with a major league best 104 wins ( 2nd best in overall team history , tied with the 1942 team and behind only the 1953 Brooklyn Dodgers ) . They won their fifth straight National League West championship and swept the Arizona Diamondbacks in three games in the Division Series . They advanced to the National League Championship Series for the second year in a row and the third time in five seasons , where they faced the Chicago Cubs for the second year in a row . They defeated the Cubs in five games and advanced to the World Series for the first time since 1988 , where they lost to the Houston Astros in seven games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Offseason 1.1 Roster departures 1.2 Trades 1.3 Free agent signings 2 Spring training 3 Standings 3.1 National League West 3.2 National League Wild Card 3.3 Record vs. opponents 4 Regular season 4.1 April 4.2 May 4.3 June 4.4 July 4.5 August 4.6 September 4.7 Game log 5 Postseason 5.1 Postseason Game log 5.2 National League Division Series 5.3 National League Championship Series 5.4 World Series 6 Roster 7 Player stats 7.1 Batting 7.2 Pitching 8 Awards and honors 9 Transactions 9.1 April 9.2 May 9.3 June 9.4 July 9.5 August 9.6 September 10 Farm system 10.1 Minor League statistical leaders 10.1. 1 Batting 10.1. 2 Pitching 10.2 Mid-Season All - Stars 10.3 Post-Season All - Stars 10.4 Notes 11 Major League Baseball Draft 12 References 13 External links Offseason ( edit ) Roster departures ( edit ) The day after the 2016 World Series several Dodgers instantly became free agents : Pitchers Kenley Jansen , Brett Anderson , Rich Hill , Jesse Chavez , Joe Blanton and J.P. Howell , second baseman Chase Utley , third baseman Justin Turner and outfielder Josh Reddick . On November 9 , relief pitcher Chin - hui Tsao was outrighted to the minors and removed from the 40 man roster . On December 2 , Louis Coleman was non-tendered . On December 9 , infielder Charlie Culberson was outrighted to the minors and removed from the 40 - man roster and on January 10 , 2017 , infielder Micah Johnson was designated for assignment and then traded to the Atlanta Braves . Pitcher Carlos Frías was designated for assignment on January 25 and traded to the Cleveland Indians on January 30 . Trades ( edit ) Logan Forsythe was acquired in a trade with the Rays on January 23 On November 7 , 2016 , the Dodgers traded catcher Carlos Ruiz to the Seattle Mariners for pitcher Vidal Nuño and on November 11 , they traded infielder / outfileder Howie Kendrick to the Philadelphia Phillies in exchange for first baseman / outfielder Darin Ruf and minor leaguer Darnell Sweeney . Ruf was later sold to the Samsung Lions of the KBO League . On January 23 , 2017 , the Dodgers traded starting pitcher José De León to the Tampa Bay Rays in exchange for second baseman Logan Forsythe . On January 25 , they acquired outfielder Brett Eibner from the Oakland Athletics in exchange for minor league infielder Jordan Tarsovich . On February 19 , Nuño was traded to the Baltimore Orioles in exchange for minor league pitcher Ryan Moseley . Free agent signings ( edit ) On December 5 , 2016 , the Dodgers re-signed pitcher Rich Hill to a three - year , $48 million contract . On December 23 , they re-signed third baseman Justin Turner to a four - year , $64 million , contract . On January 10 , 2017 , they announced the re-signing of relief pitcher Kenley Jansen to a five - year , $80 million , contract . On February 15 , they signed relief pitcher Sergio Romo to a one - year , $3 million contract . Second baseman Chase Utley signed a one - year , $2 million , contract to rejoin the team on February 18 , 2017 . On February 20 , they signed outfielder Franklin Gutiérrez to a one - year , $2.6 million , contract . ( show ) Off - season 40 - man roster moves Departing Player Date Transaction New Team Arriving player Old team Date Transaction Brett Anderson November 3 Free agent Chicago Cubs Vidal Nuño Seattle Mariners November 7 Trade Joe Blanton November 3 Free agent Washington Nationals Darin Ruf Philadelphia Phillies November 11 Trade Jesse Chavez November 3 Free agent Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Chase De Jong Oklahoma City Dodgers November 18 Added to 40 man roster Rich Hill November 3 Free agent Los Angeles Dodgers Kyle Farmer Oklahoma City Dodgers November 18 Added to 40 man roster J.P. Howell November 3 Free agent Toronto Blue Jays Jacob Rhame Oklahoma City Dodgers November 18 Added to 40 man roster Kenley Jansen November 3 Free agent Los Angeles Dodgers Rich Hill Los Angeles Dodgers December 5 Free - agent signing Josh Reddick November 3 Free agent Houston Astros Justin Turner Los Angeles Dodgers December 23 Free agent signing Justin Turner November 3 Free agent Los Angeles Dodgers Kenley Jansen Los Angeles Dodgers January 10 Free agent signing Chase Utley November 3 Free agent Los Angeles Dodgers Logan Forsythe Tampa Bay Rays January 23 Trade Carlos Ruiz November 3 Trade Seattle Mariners Brett Eibner Oakland Athletics January 25 Trade Chin - hui Tsao November 9 Outrighted to the minors and declared free agency Long Island Ducks Sergio Romo San Francisco Giants February 15 Free agent signing Howie Kendrick November 11 Trade Philadelphia Phillies Chase Utley Los Angeles Dodgers February 18 Free agent signing Louis Coleman December 2 Non-tendered Cincinnati Reds Franklin Gutiérrez Seattle Mariners February 20 Free agent signing Charlie Culberson December 9 Outrighted to the minors Oklahoma City Dodgers Micah Johnson January 13 Trade Atlanta Braves José De León January 23 Trade Tampa Bay Rays Carlos Frías January 25 Trade Cleveland Indians Darin Ruf February 17 Contract sold Samsung Lions Vidal Nuño February 19 Trade Baltimore Orioles Spring training ( edit ) Spring training got underway for the Dodgers on February 15 , 2017 , when pitchers and catchers officially reported to Camelback Ranch to begin their workouts . The Dodgers made a trade early in spring training , sending pitcher Chase De Jong to the Seattle Mariners for minor league infielder Drew Jackson and minor league pitcher Aneurys Zabala . With most of the positions in the lineup locked in before camp , the major battle was for the last couple of spots in the starting rotation behind Clayton Kershaw , Rich Hill and Kenta Maeda . In the mix were veterans Brandon McCarthy , Scott Kazmir and Hyun - jin Ryu , all of whom were coming back from injuries as well as Alex Wood , Ross Stripling , Julio Urias and Brock Stewart . McCarthy and Ryu won the rotation spots , with Stripling and Wood in the bullpen to start . Several members of the Dodgers organization participated in the 2017 World Baseball Classic during March . Kenley Jansen played for the Netherlands , Rob Segedin and Drew Maggi played for Italy , Ike Davis and Dean Kremer played for Israel , Enrique Hernández played for Puerto Rico and Adrian Gonzalez , Sergio Romo and Alex Verdugo played for Mexico . The Dodgers finished their Cactus League schedule with a record of 17 -- 16 -- 1 and wrapped up the pre-season with the Freeway Series against the Angels on April 1 . Standings ( edit ) National League West ( edit ) National League West Pct . GB Home Road Los Angeles Dodgers 104 58 0.642 -- 57 -- 24 47 -- 34 Arizona Diamondbacks 93 69 0.574 11 52 -- 29 41 -- 40 Colorado Rockies 87 75 0.537 17 46 -- 35 41 -- 40 San Diego Padres 71 91 0.438 33 43 -- 38 28 -- 53 San Francisco Giants 64 98 0.395 40 38 -- 43 26 -- 55 National League Wild Card ( edit ) Wild Card standings Division Leaders Pct . Los Angeles Dodgers 104 58 0.642 Washington Nationals 97 65 0.599 Chicago Cubs 92 70 0.568 Wild Card teams ( Top 2 qualify for 1 - game playoff ) Pct . GB Arizona Diamondbacks 93 69 0.574 + 6 Colorado Rockies 87 75 0.537 -- Milwaukee Brewers 86 76 0.531 St. Louis Cardinals 83 79 0.512 Miami Marlins 77 85 0.475 10 Pittsburgh Pirates 75 87 0.463 12 Atlanta Braves 72 90 0.444 15 San Diego Padres 71 91 0.438 16 New York Mets 70 92 0.432 17 Cincinnati Reds 68 94 0.420 19 Philadelphia Phillies 66 96 0.407 21 San Francisco Giants 64 98 0.395 23 Record vs. opponents ( edit ) NL Records 2017 National League Records Source : NL Standings Head - to - Head Team ARI ATL CHC CIN COL LAD MIA MIL NYM PHI PIT SD SF STL WSH AL Arizona -- 2 -- 4 3 -- 3 3 -- 3 11 -- 8 11 -- 8 3 -- 4 4 -- 3 6 -- 1 6 -- 1 4 -- 3 11 -- 8 12 -- 7 3 -- 4 2 -- 4 12 -- 8 Atlanta 4 -- 2 -- 1 -- 6 3 -- 3 3 -- 4 3 -- 4 11 -- 8 4 -- 2 7 -- 12 6 -- 13 2 -- 5 5 -- 2 4 -- 3 1 -- 5 9 -- 10 9 -- 11 Chicago 3 -- 3 6 -- 1 -- 12 -- 7 2 -- 5 2 -- 4 4 -- 3 10 -- 9 4 -- 2 4 -- 3 10 -- 9 2 -- 4 4 -- 3 14 -- 5 3 -- 4 12 -- 8 Cincinnati 3 -- 3 3 -- 3 7 -- 12 -- 3 -- 4 0 -- 6 2 -- 5 8 -- 11 3 -- 4 4 -- 2 13 -- 6 3 -- 4 4 -- 3 9 -- 10 1 -- 6 5 -- 15 Colorado 8 -- 11 4 -- 3 5 -- 2 4 -- 3 -- 10 -- 9 2 -- 4 4 -- 3 3 -- 3 5 -- 2 3 -- 3 12 -- 7 12 -- 7 2 -- 4 3 -- 4 10 -- 10 Los Angeles 8 -- 11 4 -- 3 4 -- 2 6 -- 0 9 -- 10 -- 6 -- 1 3 -- 3 7 -- 0 4 -- 3 6 -- 1 13 -- 6 11 -- 8 4 -- 3 3 -- 3 16 -- 4 Miami 4 -- 3 8 -- 11 3 -- 4 5 -- 2 4 -- 2 1 -- 6 -- 2 -- 4 12 -- 7 8 -- 11 3 -- 4 5 -- 1 5 -- 1 2 -- 5 6 -- 13 9 -- 11 Milwaukee 3 -- 4 2 -- 4 9 -- 10 11 -- 8 3 -- 4 3 -- 3 4 -- 2 -- 5 -- 2 3 -- 3 9 -- 10 5 -- 2 3 -- 4 11 -- 8 4 -- 3 11 -- 9 New York 1 -- 6 12 -- 7 2 -- 4 4 -- 3 3 -- 3 0 -- 7 7 -- 12 2 -- 5 -- 12 -- 7 3 -- 3 3 -- 4 5 -- 1 3 -- 4 6 -- 13 7 -- 13 Philadelphia 1 -- 6 13 -- 6 3 -- 4 2 -- 4 2 -- 5 3 -- 4 11 -- 8 3 -- 3 7 -- 12 -- 2 -- 5 1 -- 5 4 -- 3 1 -- 5 8 -- 11 5 -- 15 Pittsburgh 3 -- 4 5 -- 2 9 -- 10 6 -- 13 3 -- 3 1 -- 6 4 -- 3 10 -- 9 3 -- 3 5 -- 2 -- 3 -- 3 1 -- 5 8 -- 11 4 -- 3 10 -- 10 San Diego 8 -- 11 2 -- 5 4 -- 2 4 -- 3 7 -- 12 6 -- 13 1 -- 5 2 -- 5 4 -- 3 5 -- 1 3 -- 3 -- 12 -- 7 3 -- 4 2 -- 5 8 -- 12 San Francisco 7 -- 12 3 -- 4 3 -- 4 3 -- 4 7 -- 12 8 -- 11 1 -- 5 4 -- 3 1 -- 5 3 -- 4 5 -- 1 7 -- 12 -- 3 -- 4 1 -- 5 8 -- 12 St. Louis 4 -- 3 5 -- 1 5 -- 14 10 -- 9 4 -- 2 3 -- 4 5 -- 2 8 -- 11 4 -- 3 5 -- 1 11 -- 8 4 -- 3 4 -- 3 -- 3 -- 3 8 -- 12 Washington 4 -- 2 10 -- 9 4 -- 3 6 -- 1 4 -- 3 3 -- 3 13 -- 6 3 -- 4 13 -- 6 11 -- 8 3 -- 4 5 -- 2 5 -- 1 3 -- 3 -- 10 -- 10 Regular season ( edit ) Opening Day Starters Name Position Andrew Toles Left fielder Corey Seager Shortstop Justin Turner Third baseman Adrian Gonzalez First baseman Logan Forsythe Second baseman Joc Pederson Center fielder Yasmani Grandal Catcher Yasiel Puig Right fielder Clayton Kershaw Starting pitcher April ( edit ) The Dodgers began the 2017 season on April 3 at Dodger Stadium against the San Diego Padres . Clayton Kershaw made his seventh straight opening day start , tying Don Sutton for the most consecutive starts and Sutton and Don Drysdale for most overall opening day starts in franchise history . He allowed one unearned run in seven innings , while striking out eight . The Dodgers won 14 -- 3 and Kershaw remained undefeated in openers . Joc Pederson hit a grand slam home run in the third inning , the first grand slam hit by a Dodger on opening day since Raúl Mondesí hit one in 1999 . Switch - hitting Yasmani Grandal homered twice , one from each side of the plate . The first Dodger in history to do so on opening day and only the third to hit two opening day homers for the Dodgers in the same game , joining Mondesí ( who did it twice , in 1995 and 1999 ) and Roy Campanella ( 1954 ) . Clayton Richard pitched eight scoreless innings as the Padres evened the series with a 4 -- 0 win in game two . Rich Hill allowed one run in five innings and Yasiel Puig hit his first home run of the season as the Dodgers won the next game 3 -- 1 . He hit two more homers the next day as the Dodgers took the series with a 10 -- 2 rout of the Padres . The Dodgers began their first road trip of the season on April 7 against the Colorado Rockies at Coors Field . Hyun - Jin Ryu made his first start since July 7 , 2016 , and he was going up against Kyle Freeland , who was making his major league debut for the Rockies . Ryu pitched 4 ⁄ innings , allowing two runs on six hits . However , Freeland quieted the Dodgers offense , and struck out six batters , while only allowing one run in six innings as his team won the opener 2 -- 1 . The Rockies hit three home runs , including back to back blasts by Mark Reynolds and Gerardo Parra , off of Kershaw as they won 4 -- 2 in the next game . The Dodgers avoided the sweep by beating the Rockies 10 -- 6 in the series finale . They next traveled to Wrigley Field to play the defending champion Chicago Cubs . A walk - off single by Anthony Rizzo gave the Cubs a 3 -- 2 win in the opener . After an off - day , the series resumed on April 12 with Brandon McCarthy and the bullpen shutting down the Cubs . Andrew Toles hit a lead - off homerun to start the day and the Dodgers made it hold up in a 2 -- 0 victory . Addison Russell and Rizzo both homered for the Cubs as the Dodgers were unable to score off of former teammate Brett Anderson and lost 4 -- 0 in the final game of the series . The Dodgers returned home on April 14 for a pitching matchup between Kershaw and Zack Greinke of the Arizona Diamondbacks . Kershaw allowed one run on four hits over 8 ⁄ innings while the Dodgers were not kind to their former pitcher and won 7 -- 1 . Puig homered and drove in four runs and Alex Wood pitched 3 ⁄ scoreless innings of relief as the Dodgers won 8 -- 4 on Jackie Robinson Day . The Dodgers were unable to get much offense against Taijuan Walker and Rich Hill left his second start of the season with a flare up of his recurring blister problem as the team lost 3 -- 1 . The Diamondbacks wound up with a series split thanks to Jake Lamb 's tie - breaking homer in the 8th leading them to a 4 -- 2 win . In the next game Nolan Arenado hit two homers off of a struggling Ryu and the Rockies beat the Dodgers 4 -- 3 . After a rough first inning , Kershaw struck out 10 in seven innings to help end the losing streak with a 4 -- 2 win over the Rockies . The Dodgers went back on the road to play the Diamondbacks at Chase Field on April 21 . Corey Seager had three hits , including a home run , in the opener but the Dodgers bullpen collapsed , allowing nine runs in the eighth inning of a 13 -- 5 loss . Kenta Maeda allowed four home runs the next game , including two by Yasmany Tomás , as the Diamondbacks rolled to a 11 -- 5 win . McCarthy allowed two runs in seven innings and the Dodgers scored six runs in the fifth inning to avoid the sweep with a 6 -- 2 win in the series finale . Hyun - jin Ryu allowed only one run and five hits in six innings against the San Francisco Giants at AT&T Park but still picked up his fourth loss of the season as the Giants won 2 -- 1 . The next day it was the Dodgers chance to win 2 -- 1 behind Kershaw 's strong performance . Alex Wood only gave up one hit in six scoreless innings on April 26 , and left the game with a 3 -- 0 lead only to see the bullpen falter . A two - run homer by Christian Arroyo in the seventh and a solo shot by Michael Morse in the eighth tied the game and the Giants won 4 -- 3 on a walk - off sacrifice fly by Hunter Pence in the tenth inning . In the last game of the road trip , Julio Urías made his season debut , allowing only one run in 5 ⁄ innings for the Dodgers who again went into extra innings . This time they scored four runs in the tenth to win the game 5 -- 1 and split the four game series with the Giants . Cody Bellinger made his MLB debut on April 25 The Dodgers returned home to end the month with a three - game series against the Philadelphia Phillies beginning on April 28 . Kenta Maeda reversed his recent string of poor starts by allowing only two runs in seven innings and Justin Turner had three hits and two RBIs in the 5 -- 3 win . The Dodgers trailed 5 -- 2 in the ninth of the next game and then hit three straight home runs ( by Puig , Cody Bellinger and Turner ) to tie the game against Phillies closer Héctor Neris . After Austin Barnes and Seager singled with Chris Taylor striking out and Andrew Toles flying out , Dodgers walked off with a 6 -- 5 win with Adrian Gonzalez hitting an infield single . The Dodgers wrapped up the month of April with a 5 -- 3 win and a series sweep of the Phillies . Ryu picked up his first win since 2014 and Toles and Taylor hit home runs in the game . May ( edit ) The Giants beat the Dodgers 4 -- 3 on May Day as Clayton Kershaw allowed two home runs . The Dodgers got back on the winning track the next day as Yasiel Puig drove in four runs , Cody Bellinger hit a three - run triple and Franklin Gutiérrez homered in his first at - bat after coming off the disabled list in a 13 -- 5 win . On May 3 , the Dodgers had a ceremony to add longtime announcer Vin Scully to the ring of honor . They then went out and had a pitching duel as Jeff Samardzija and Julio Urías matched each other and the game was tied at one after nine innings . Gorkys Hernández hit an RBI double off of reliever Grant Dayton in the 11th that led to three runs scoring and the Giants took the series with a 4 -- 1 win . On May 5 at Petco Park , Kenta Maeda allowed only one earned run in five innings while striking out eight batters and Cody Bellinger hit two home runs as the Dodgers beat the San Diego Padres 8 -- 2 . He hit a grandslam in the next game as the Dodgers routed the Padres 10 -- 2 . Kershaw allowed only one run in 7 ⁄ innings in the game . The final scheduled game of the brief roadtrip was rained out and rescheduled for September 2 . The Dodgers returned home on May 8 for a series against the Pittsburgh Pirates . Alex Wood struck out 11 batters in five innings . This was a Dodger record for most strikeouts in a start of five or fewer innings , breaking the mark previously held by Sandy Koufax ( 1961 ) and Vicente Padilla ( 2009 ) . Chris Taylor hit a grand slam in the first inning and the Dodgers cruised to a 12 -- 1 win . Julio Urías took a no - hitter into the 7th in the next game , but was broken up by the Pirates , who scored two runs in the 7th to tie the game and John Jaso hitting the go - ahead home run an inning later to lead 3 - 2 . At the bottom of the 9th inning , Cody Bellinger drove in Corey Seager with a game - tying single , sending the game in extras and Austin Barnes drove in pinch runner Ross Stripling with a walk - off double in the 10th for a 4 -- 3 Dodgers win . Bellinger homered again in the next game and Maeda allowed two runs in 8 ⁄ innings as the Dodgers finished off the series sweep with a 5 -- 2 win . The Dodgers next played the Colorado Rockies at Coors Field . Hyun - jin Ryu had the worst start of his career , allowing 10 runs ( 5 earned ) in four innings as the Rockies won 10 -- 7 . The Dodgers came back with a five run second inning the next day , leading to a 6 -- 2 win as Kershaw allowed two runs and seven hits in seven innings for his sixth win of the season . Alex Wood struck out 10 in six scoreless innings while the Dodgers shutout the Rockies 4 -- 0 on May 13 . Pat Valaika hit two homers and Nolan Arenado also went deep as the Rockies won 9 -- 6 on Mother 's Day to split the series . The Dodgers lost again the next day , dropping the opener of a series against the San Francisco Giants 8 -- 4 . Ty Blach allowed only one run in seven innings as the Giants took the next game 2 -- 1 . The Dodgers avoided the sweep by winning the last game 6 -- 1 behind seven scoreless innings by Kershaw . The Dodgers returned home to begin a 10 - game homestand , starting with a four - game weekend series against the Miami Marlins . They defeated the Marlins in the first game 7 - 2 . Yasiel Puig hit a two - run home run in the second inning , Ryu pitched well enough to get the win and Kenley Jansen pitched an immaculate inning in the ninth . Alex Wood pitched another 7 ⁄ scoreless innings , extending his streak to 20 ⁄ innings and the Dodgers hit three home runs ( Taylor , Brett Eibner and Bellinger ) to beat the Marlins 7 -- 2 for the second straight day . Julio Urías struggled in the next game , allowing seven runs in only 2 ⁄ innings . Seager and Bellinger hit back - to - back home runs in the seventh but it was n't enough as the Dodgers lost 10 -- 6 . Bellinger became the fastest player in Dodgers history to hit nine home runs . In the series finale , Adrian Gonzalez was 3 for 4 with three RBI and Joc Pederson homered as the Dodgers won 6 -- 3 to take the series . After an off - day , the Dodgers continued their homestand with a three - game series with the St. Louis Cardinals . In the opener , Kershaw allowed only one run on three hits while striking out 10 in nine innings but was matched by Lance Lynn of the Cardinals who allowed one run on two hits with 10 strikeouts in eight innings . The Dodgers eventually won 2 -- 1 on a walk - off double by Logan Forsythe , who came off the disabled list before the game , in the 13th inning . The following day , Mike Leake allowed only four hits in eight innings while Rich Hill struggled , walking seven , a career high , and allowing five runs in only four innings , as the Cardinals won 6 -- 1 to even the series . In the series finale , the Dodgers came back from a 3 - 0 deficit to take the series with a 7 - 3 win . Kenta Maeda 's two run RBI single in the fourth put the Dodgers ahead for good and Hyun - Jin Ryu pitched four scoreless innings out of the bullpen to earn his first major league save . The Dodgers would conclude their 10 - game homestead with a 3 - day weekend series with the Chicago Cubs . Wood continued his streak of scoreless innings , allowing only two hits while striking out eight in the opener of a weekend series against the Chicago Cubs . Chase Utley and Adrian Gonzalez homered in the Dodgers 4 -- 0 shutout win . The Dodgers won the next game as well . McCarthy and Stripling combined to shutdown the Cubs , with Stripling getting his first career save with three innings of relief . Utley drove in three runs and Chris Taylor hit his sixth home run of the season in the 5 -- 0 victory . The Dodgers wrapped up their long homestand with a 9 -- 4 win and a series sweep of the Cubs for the first time since the 2012 season . Kershaw struggled , giving up four runs , and failed to make it out of the fifth inning , but Bellinger hit his 10th home run of the season , the fastest Dodger to reach that mark in franchise history , and Kike Hernández , Austin Barnes and Puig also homered in the game . The Dodgers embarked on a seven - game road trip , starting with a four - game series against the Cardinals at Busch Stadium . Rich Hill allowed one run in five innings and Utley , Bellinger and Forsythe each homered in the 5 -- 1 win on Memorial Day . With his ninth homer of the month , Bellinger moved into a three - way tie with Pederson ( May 2015 ) and James Loney ( September 2007 ) for most home runs by a Dodger rookie in a calendar month . The Dodgers beat the Cardinals 9 -- 4 in the next game thanks to seven different Dodgers getting RBIs and the bullpen pitching five innings of one - run ball after Maeda struggled early . With the win and the Rockies loss earlier in the day , the Dodgers moved into sole possession of first place in the National League West Division for the first time all season . The Dodgers six game winning streak came to an end with a 2 -- 1 loss to the Cardinals on May 31 . Dexter Fowler 's solo homer in the eighth inning accounted for the winning run . June ( edit ) The Dodgers began the month of June with a 2 -- 0 loss to the Cardinals . Adam Wainwright and three relievers shut down the Dodgers on five hits and nine strikeouts and Wainwright also accounted for the only scoring in the game by hitting a two - run home run in the second inning off of Brandon McCarthy . Clayton Kershaw picked up his 2,000 th career strikeout in the second inning of the next game , as he retired Jonathan Villar of the Milwaukee Brewers . He finished the day with 14 strikeouts in seven innings , but allowed a solo homer by Domingo Santana , one of only two batters to get hits off him . Yasmani Grandal tied the game in the ninth with a homer , his sixth of the season , and Cody Bellinger won it in the 12th with his 12th homer of the season . The Dodgers pitchers recorded a franchise record 26 strikeouts in the game and Kenley Jansen set a new major league record with his 36th strikeout to start the season without issuing a walk . The Dodgers beat the Brewers 2 -- 1 at Miller Park . In the following game , the Brewers took a lead on a grand - slam by Travis Shaw in the seventh inning only for the Dodgers to fight back with a grand slam of their own by Chris Taylor in the ninth inning . They held on for a 10 -- 8 win . The Brewers took the last game of the series , 3 -- 0 , as Zach Davies shut down the Dodgers on three hits over seven innings and Eric Thames and Santana homered . The Dodgers returned home on June 5 to open a series against the team with the best record in the National League , the Washington Nationals . Hyun - jin Ryu got the start and went seven innings for the first time since the 2014 season but the offense disappeared again and the Dodgers lost 4 -- 2 . Max Scherzer struck out 14 Dodgers batters in seven innings as the Nationals also took game two , 2 -- 1 . The Dodgers managed to win the final game of the series , 2 -- 1 , in a prime pitching matching between Clayton Kershaw and Stephen Strasburg . Strasburg struck out eight in six innings while Kershaw struck out nine in seven innings and the Dodgers got only three hits to five for the Nationals . Justin Turner came off the disabled list to hit a two - run home run in his first at - bat as the Dodgers won the opener of a three - game series against the Cincinnati Reds , 7 -- 2 . Rich Hill and Kenta Maeda ( in his first career relief appearance ) combined on a five hitter . Maeda picked up the save , and along with Ryu 's earlier performance the Dodgers had two pitchers with four inning saves for the first time since Matt Herges and Alan Mills did so in the 2000 season . Corey Seager 's first career walk off hit gave the Dodgers a 5 -- 4 win the next night . In the next game , he hit a grandslam homer to put the Dodgers ahead and Bellinger hit two homers of his own as the Dodgers won 9 -- 7 . Bellinger again hit two homers in the very next game , on June 13 in the Dodgers 7 -- 5 victory over the Cleveland Indians at Progressive Field . He became the first Dodger player to hit two home runs in back - to - back games since Adrián Beltré in the 2004 season and by reaching the mark in 45 games he was the fastest player in MLB history with four career multi-homer games , besting Bob Horner who did so in 63 games in 1978 . A pinch hit homer by Kike Hernández in the 8th inning gave the Dodgers the lead the next day , in a game they won 6 -- 4 . However , the Dodgers winning streak came to an end on June 15 when the Indians scored seven runs off Rich Hill in four innings and Lonnie Chisenhall clubbed a three - run homer off of reliever Ross Stripling en route to a 12 -- 5 Cleveland victory . Joc Pederson homered and Alex Wood allowed only one run in eight innings pitched as the Dodgers won 3 -- 1 over the Cincinnati Reds at Great American Ball Park the next day . The Dodgers scored five runs in the top of the third inning in the next game as they beat the Reds 10 -- 2 . Bellinger and Pederson hit back - to - back homers and Yasiel Puig homered twice in the win . The Dodgers finished the road trip with a 8 -- 7 win over the Reds , sweeping the series and finishing with a 5 -- 1 Ohio road trip . The Dodgers returned home to start a nine - game homestand , starting with a four - game series with the New York Mets . Kershaw allowed a career high four home runs , but the Dodgers offense picked up the slack , as they won 10 -- 6 . Bellinger hit two home runs to record his fifth multi-homer game , while Justin Turner and Chris Taylor also homered . Bellinger became the fastest player in MLB history to hit 21 homers , passing Wally Berger ( 1930 ) . He homered again in the next game , becoming the first rookie in MLB history to hit 10 homers in 10 games . Corey Seager homered three times as well as the Dodgers beat the Mets 12 -- 0 . In the third game , Yasmani Grandal homered twice while Puig hit a three - run home run and the Dodgers beat the Mets 8 -- 2 . In the series finale , Joc Pederson hit a go - ahead homer in the seventh inning as the Dodgers extended their winning streak to a season high seven games with a 6 -- 3 win . This was the Dodgers first four - game series sweep of the Mets since the 1979 season . The Dodgers continued their homestand with a three - game weekend series with the Colorado Rockies . Alex Wood allowed one run in six innings pitched , while Yasiel Puig homered and Justin Turner had three hits as the Dodgers beat the Rockies 6 -- 1 . This was the 15th straight game the Dodgers had hit at least one homer in , their longest streak since 1977 . The following day , Kershaw pitched six scoreless innings with eight strikeouts to pick up his eleventh win as the Dodgers beat the Rockies 4 -- 0 . Pederson extended the Dodgers homer streak to 16 with a solo shot in the third , and the Dodgers won their 50th game of the season , the third fastest team to reach that mark in Los Angeles franchise history behind only the 1974 and 1977 seasons . In the series finale , McCarthy struggled with his command early and the Dodgers fell behind 5 -- 0 after three innings but they battled back behind two more homers by Bellinger ( his sixth multi-homer game as a rookie , setting a new Dodgers franchise record ) and scored five runs off four Adam Ottavino wild pitches in the seventh and eighth to win the game 12 -- 6 . The Dodgers extended their winning streak to a season high 10 games , making it three straight series sweep , and the five runs scored on wild pitches was the most by any team since 1920 . At four hours and nineteen minutes , this was the longest nine - inning game in Dodger Stadium history . The streak came to an end the next day as the Dodgers dropped the opener of an interleague series against the crosstown rival Los Angeles Angels , 4 -- 0 . Ricky Nolasco shut down the Dodgers , allowing only five hits in 6 ⁄ innings as the homer streak was snapped at 17 , second longest in team history . The Dodgers finished off the homestand with a 4 -- 0 victory over the Angels . Kenta Maeda pitched seven scoreless innings and Joc Pederson hit a three run homer . The series moved south to Angel Stadium in Anaheim for the following game . The Dodgers managed just four hits off Angels pitching , including solo homers by Yasmani Grandal and Trayce Thompson . They lost 3 -- 2 when Ben Revere reached base on a fielding error in the bottom of the ninth , advanced to second on a wild pitch and then scored when Grandal committed a throwing error after a dropped third strike . Clayton Kershaw struck out 12 batters in seven innings while the Dodgers hit three home runs en route to a 6 -- 2 win and a split of the series with the Angels . They reached 50 home runs hit in the month , a new franchise record for a single month . The Dodgers next traveled to San Diego to play a weekend series with the San Diego Padres at Petco Park . Alex Wood allowed only one run on two hits in six innings while striking out eight . Austin Barnes recorded his first multi-homer game of his career with two home runs ( his first career grand slam and a three run home run ) and seven RBIs and Justin Turner had three hits including a two run home run in the 10 -- 4 win . Wood was the first Dodgers pitcher to open a season with nine wins and no losses since Rick Rhoden in 1976 . The 21 wins in the month of June tied the all - time franchise record also set in 1952 , 1954 and 1973 . July ( edit ) The Dodgers began the month with a 8 -- 0 win over the Padres . Rich Hill pitched seven scoreless innings , striking out 11 , while Corey Seager , Justin Turner , and Chris Taylor homered . Manager Dave Roberts was suspended for the game after an altercation with Padres manager Andy Green in the previous game . The Dodgers dropped the final game of the series , 5 -- 3 to the Padres behind an ineffective Kenta Maeda . José Pirela and Manuel Margot provided early offense for the Padres , each driving in two runs to back up Jhoulys Chacín . The Dodgers returned home on Independence Day to begin a six - game homestand , starting with a three - game series with the Arizona Diamondbacks , who had the second best record in the division coming into the game . Clayton Kershaw pitched seven scoreless innings , allowing two hits and striking out 11 batters while Justin Turner and Yasmani Grandal drove in two runs each and the Dodgers won 4 -- 3 . In the next game , Alex Wood pitched seven scoreless innings , allowing three hits and striking out 10 batters while Grandal provided the only offense with an RBI double in the 1 -- 0 win . Wood became the first Dodgers starting pitcher to begin the season 10 -- 0 since Don Newcombe in 1955 . In the series finale , Hill allowed only one run on two hits in seven innings with nine strikeouts but Robbie Ray also pitched well , with one run and 13 strikeouts in six innings . The Diamondbacks pulled ahead off the Dodgers bullpen to lead 4 -- 1 heading into the ninth but the Dodgers rallied against their closer Fernando Rodney and Chris Taylor 's walk - off single with the bases loaded gave the Dodgers a 5 -- 4 win and a sweep of the Diamondbacks . The Dodgers concluded the homestand and the first half of the season with a three - game weekend interleague series against the Kansas City Royals . Maeda rebounded from his last start , allowing one run on four hits in five innings as the Dodgers won the first game 4 -- 1 . Chase Utley recorded his 1,000 career RBI in the game . The Dodgers won the next game 5 -- 4 on a walk - off walk in the 10th inning . Cody Bellinger hit his 25th home run in the game and Brandon McCarthy allowed only one earned run on six hits in six innings . It was the 60th victory for the Dodgers on the season , the first team in the majors to reach that mark in 2017 and joining the 1973 and 1974 teams as the only Dodgers teams to reach that mark before the all - star break . The Dodgers wrapped up the first half of the season with a 5 -- 2 win and series sweep over the Royals . Kershaw pitched his first complete game of the season and in the process became the first pitcher in MLB history to strike out at least 13 batters in a complete game of less than 100 pitches . Justin Turner hit two home runs in the game as the Dodgers went into the break with a 61 -- 29 record , best in MLB . Justin Turner won the `` Final Vote '' and was selected to his first All - Star Game Six Dodgers were selected to represent the National League at the 2017 Major League Baseball All - Star Game on July 11 at Marlins Park in Miami : Clayton Kershaw , Alex Wood , Kenley Jansen , Corey Seager , Justin Turner , and Cody Bellinger . Bellinger also was selected to participate in the Home Run Derby , where he lost in the semi-finals to the eventual champion Aaron Judge . The Dodgers began the second half of the season with a five - game road trip , starting with a three - game weekend series against the Miami Marlins on July 14 . Yasiel Puig hit two home runs , including the go - ahead three run homer in the top of the ninth , as the Dodgers won 6 -- 4 . In the following game , Bellinger became the first Dodgers rookie to hit for the cycle and Wood pitched six shutout innings to become the first pitcher in franchise history to win his first 11 decisions as the Dodgers won the game 7 -- 1 . The Dodgers finished off their third straight series sweep with a 3 -- 2 win over the Marlins . Rich Hill struck out nine while giving up one run on five hits in five innings and Justin Turner homered in the win . After an off - day , the Dodgers began a brief two game interleague series against the Chicago White Sox at Guaranteed Rate Field . Kershaw pitched seven scoreless innings with seven strikeouts and Bellinger 's RBI single in the first inning accounted for the only run in the 1 -- 0 victory . It was the Dodgers 10th consecutive victory and they were in the midst of a 30 -- 4 run , the franchise best since 1899 . In the second game , Kenta Maeda allowed one run in five innings while the Dodgers hit four home runs ( two by Kike Hernández ) en route to a rain shortened 9 -- 1 win . Corey Seager hit his 44th career home run , the most by a shortstop in Los Angeles Dodger history . The Dodgers returned home on July 20 to begin a four - game series against the Atlanta Braves . In the opener , Brandon McCarthy allowed six runs on nine hits in only four innings as the Dodgers 11 game win streak was snapped with a 6 -- 3 loss . In the following game , Alex Wood had his worst start of the season , allowing seven earned runs in only 4 ⁄ innings , as he suffered his first loss in the Braves 12 -- 3 win . Rich Hill struck out eight in 6 ⁄ innings and the Dodgers hit three home runs as they won the next game , 6 -- 2 . It was the 45th consecutive win for the Dodgers in a game in which they held a lead of any size , a major league record . On July 23 , Kershaw left the game after two innings because of lower back tightness and Kenley Jansen blew his first save of the season when Matt Adams hit a three - run homer off him in the ninth . However , a walk - off hit by Logan Forsythe in the 10th gave them a 5 -- 4 win and a series split . After learning that Kershaw would be lost for over a month with a back injury , the Dodgers welcomed the Minnesota Twins to Dodger Stadium for a three - game interleague series . Cody Bellinger hit a three - run home run in the bottom of the eighth inning to lead the Dodgers to a 6 -- 4 comeback victory . They picked up their 70th win of the season the following day with a 6 -- 2 victory over the Twins . Chris Taylor had two doubles and three RBIs in the game . In the next game , Brock Stewart made his first start of the season and gave up five unearned runs in 3 ⁄ innings but the Dodgers battled back and eventually won 6 -- 5 on a walk - off hit by Justin Turner to complete the sweep of the Twins . The victory moved the Dodgers 40 games over . 500 for the first time since the end of the 1974 season . After an off day , the Dodgers would conclude the homestand with a three - game weekend series against the San Francisco Giants . Corey Seager homered twice , including the go - ahead 2 run home run , as the Dodgers won the series opener 6 -- 4 . Rich Hill allowed only two hits and one run in 5 ⁄ innings in the second game of the series and Bellinger drove in the Dodgers only two runs in a 2 -- 1 victory . The Dodgers finished up the homestand and the month with a 3 -- 2 extra innings victory over the Giants . Kyle Farmer , in his first major league at - bat , drove in two runs on a walk - off double in the 11th to give the Dodgers the win . They finished with a 20 -- 3 record in the month of July . The . 870 win percentage was the highest posted in a month by a Major League team since the 1936 New York Giants and third highest since 1913 . August ( edit ) The Dodgers began August with a nine - game roadtrip , starting in Atlanta at SunTrust Park . They beat the Braves 3 -- 2 behind seven scoreless innings by Kenta Maeda . Cody Bellinger hit his 30th home run of the season in the next game but Tyler Flowers hit a pinch hit tie - breaking two - run homer off of Pedro Báez in the eighth inning as the Braves won 5 -- 3 to snap the Dodgers winning streak . However , they won the series by beating the Braves 7 -- 4 in the final game . Alex Wood allowed only one run in six innings and Chris Taylor had three hits including a home run . The Dodgers next began a three - game series at Citi Field against the New York Mets . Yu Darvish , who was acquired from the Texas Rangers at the trade deadline , made his Dodgers debut and struck out 10 in seven scoreless innings as the Dodgers hit three homers to win 6 -- 0 . Five different Dodgers homered in the next games as they beat the Mets 7 -- 4 . The Dodgers 50 game stretch of 43 -- 7 was the best mark in the majors since the 1912 New York Giants . Hyun - jin Ryu struck out eight and allowed only one baserunner ( a single by Travis d'Arnaud ) in seven innings of work as the Dodgers completed the sweep of the Mets with an 8 -- 0 victory . The Dodgers next traveled to Chase Field for a series against the second place Arizona Diamondbacks . Justin Turner hit two home runs to stake the Dodgers to an early lead , but a grand slam homer by Jake Lamb off reliever Tony Watson in the seventh inning gave the Diamondbacks a come from behind 6 -- 3 win . The Dodgers won the second game of the series , 3 -- 2 , to become the sixth team since 1913 to hit the 80 win mark in its first 113 games . They won the next game as well , to win the series , 8 -- 6 . Darvish allowed two runs on five hits in five innings with ten strikeouts and Kenley Jansen became the first Dodger player with four seasons of at least 30 saves . The Dodgers returned home on August 11 to start a three - game weekend series with the San Diego Padres . In the opener , the Padres hit three home runs , two of which were by Manuel Margot , and beat the Dodgers 4 -- 3 . The Dodgers came from behind to win the next game , 6 -- 3 . Corey Seager drove in three runs on a single in the sixth to pull them ahead and Cody Bellinger hit his 34th home run of the season . The Dodgers became the fastest National League team to reach 82 victories in a season since the 1944 Cardinals . They then took the final game of the series , 6 -- 4 , to win their 19th straight series . Justin Turner homered twice in the win . On August 15 , the Dodgers scored five runs in the eighth inning to beat the Chicago White Sox 6 -- 1 in the opener of a short two - game series . With the win the Dodgers moved to 50 games over . 500 for the fourth time in franchise history and the first time since 1953 . The Dodgers closed out the homestand with a 5 -- 4 win over the White Sox . They rallied from two runs down in the ninth to win it on a walk - off hit by Yasiel Puig . The Dodgers next traveled to Comerica Park for a series against the Detroit Tigers . They hit six doubles , including two by Chris Taylor for a 8 -- 5 win . The Dodgers tied a major league record the next day , with their 13th consecutive interleague win , 3 -- 0 over the Tigers . The 2004 Devil Rays and 2006 Red Sox had also won 13 in a row . However , that streak came to an end the next day , with a 6 -- 1 loss in the series finale . Curtis Granderson , whom the Dodgers had acquired from the Mets a couple of days before , hit a solo homer for the Dodgers only run but a four - run sixth , sparked by a Justin Upton homer did them in . They traveled to PNC Park the next day for a four - game series against the Pittsburgh Pirates . Puig hit a home run in the 12th inning to give the Dodgers a 6 -- 5 win . Granderson hit a grand slam homer earlier in the game , and became the first player in MLB history to hit two grand slams in the same week for two different organizations . The following day , spot starter Brock Stewart struggled , allowing five runs in the third inning without recording an out but the Dodgers bullpen prevented more damage and the offense picked up the clack . Chris Taylor had three hits and three RBI as they came back to win 8 -- 5 . In the next game , Rich Hill took a perfect game into the ninth inning only to have it broken up by an error on Logan Forsythe . With the Dodgers offense unable to score , he remained in the game for the 10th and allowed his first hit , a leadoff homer by Josh Harrison to lose the game 1 -- 0 . Granderson hit his third homer of the week in the next game , and Yasmani Grandal and Adrian Gonzalez hit back - to - back homers in the eighth as they took the final game of the series , 5 -- 2 . They became the first Dodgers team ever and the first in the majors since the 2001 Mariners to win their 90th game within their first 126 games . The Dodgers returned home on August 25 for a three - game series against the Milwaukee Brewers on Players Weekend . Kenta Maeda allowed only one hit in six innings with seven strikeouts . Forsythe and Puig homered and the Dodgers won 3 -- 1 . In the next game , Zach Davies shut out the Dodgers over seven innings with seven strikeouts and the bullpen finished the job as the Brewers won 3 -- 0 with a two - run homer by Orlando Arcia being the main offense . The Brewers took the next game as well , 3 -- 2 , handing the Dodgers their first series defeat since June 5 -- 7 . The Dodgers next traveled back to Chase Field for another road series with the Diamondbacks . Rich Hill struggled , allowing five runs in the first inning and only lasting 3 ⁄ innings in the game . The offense battled back but they lost 7 -- 6 . In the following game , the Diamondbacks jumped all over Hyun - jin Ryu , who allowed six runs on eight hits , including three home runs , in four innings . The Dodgers dropped their season high fourth straight game , 6 -- 4 . This was the first time the Dodgers had lost two series in a row since early April . They ended the month of August with a 8 -- 1 loss , the first time they had been swept in a series all season . September ( edit ) The Dodgers began September with a four - game series against the San Diego Padres at Petco Park . Clayton Kershaw returned from the disabled list and allowed only two hits in six innings with seven strikeouts . Padres pitcher Dinelson Lamet was also good , striking out 10 in six innings but the Dodgers managed to score a run in the sixth en route to a 1 -- 0 victory to snap the longest losing streak of the season . The Dodgers played a double - header against the Padres on September 2 , making up the game that was rained out on May 7 . In the first game , the Dodgers fell behind early , tied the game on Justin Turner 's two run homer in the top of the ninth and then lost the game , 6 -- 5 , on a walk - off homer by Yangervis Solarte . Yu Darvish pitched poorly in the next game , allowing five runs on eight hits in three innings and the Dodgers lost 5 -- 2 . In the final game of the road trip , Cody Bellinger hit his 36th home run of the season , breaking Mike Piazza 's franchise rookie record . The game however , ended in another loss , 6 -- 4 . The Dodgers returned home on September 4 to play the Arizona Diamondbacks . J.D. Martinez tied a major league record by hitting four homeruns in the game and Robbie Ray struck out 14 in 7 ⁄ innings as the Diamondbacks routed the Dodgers 13 -- 0 . It was the Dodgers worst shutout loss since the 2004 season . In the next game , Hyun - jin Ryu and Zack Greinke both pitched well and the game went to extra innings tied at one . However , Pedro Báez walked the first two batters he faced in the 10th and two runs scored on a Justin Turner throwing error giving the Diamondbacks their 12th straight win , 3 -- 1 . In the final game of the series , Kenta Maeda struck out eight in five innings while allowing only one run , but the Diamondbacks scored a couple of runs off the bullpen and it was enough to sweep the Dodgers for the second straight series , 3 -- 1 . It was the Dodgers first six - game losing streak of the season and their 11th loss in their last 12 games . The Colorado Rockies came to town for the next series and in the opener got to Kershaw early , as he allowed a three - run homer to Nolan Arenado in the first inning en route to a 9 -- 1 shellacking . It was the Dodgers first seven - game losing streak since May of the 2013 season . The Dodgers jumped out to a 4 -- 1 lead in the next game but the Rockies scored four in the fifth off of Yu Darvish and won the game 5 -- 4 . The Dodgers lost their ninth straight game on September 9 , when they fell to the Rockies , 6 -- 5 . It was their longest losing streak since the 1992 season . Andre Ethier homered in the game for the Dodgers , his first home run in almost one year . The homestand ended with an 8 -- 1 loss . Mark Reynolds hit a grand slam in the eighth inning to put the game out of reach . It was the first time the Dodgers had been swept at home in two years and the first time they had lost every game of a homestand of five or more games since they moved to Los Angeles . Chris Taylor hit an inside - the - park homer against the Phillies on September 18 The Dodgers went back on the road for a series against the San Francisco Giants at AT&T Park on September 11 . The opener was delayed 3 ⁄ hours by rain but the result was the same , as the Dodgers lost their 11th straight game , 8 -- 6 . In the next game , Kershaw allowed two runs ( one earned ) on eight hits in six innings with six strikeouts and the Dodgers snapped their longest losing streak since 1944 with a 5 -- 3 win over the Giants . With the win , the Dodgers clinched a spot in the post-season . Yu Darvish got the start in the following game and he shutout the Giants on three hits over seven innings . Bellinger hit a two - run homer and the Dodgers won the game 4 -- 1 for their first series victory since August 21 -- 24 . On September 15 , they traveled to Nationals Park for a three - game weekend series against the National League East champion Washington Nationals . In the opener , Alex Wood struck out eight and only allowed three hits in six shutout innings and the Dodgers homered three times , including a three - run blast by Corey Seager . They won the game 7 -- 0 . Rich Hill struck out seven in five innings while only allowing one hit in the following game and Bellinger hit his 38th home run of the season , tying the National League rookie record previously set by Wally Berger ( 1930 ) and Frank Robinson ( 1956 ) . The Dodgers won 3 -- 2 . In the final game of the series , Ryan Zimmerman hit a three - run homerun in the sixth inning off of reliever Ross Stripling and the Nationals went ahead to a 7 -- 1 win to avoid the sweep . The Dodgers next traveled to Citizens Bank Park for a four - game mid-week series against the team with the second worst record in the National League , the Philadelphia Phillies . They jumped out to a 2 -- 0 lead in the first inning after an inside - the - park homer by Chris Taylor and a normal homer by Justin Turner . However , Aaron Altherr hit a grand slam off of Kershaw in the sixth to lead the Phillies to a 4 -- 3 upset win . In the following game , the Phillies scored four runs in the seventh off reliever Pedro Báez and beat the Dodgers again , 6 -- 2 . The Dodgers bullpen faltered again in the next game , as they lost 7 -- 5 . They wrapped up the road trip on September 21 with a 5 -- 4 comeback victory over the Phillies to avoid being swept . On September 22 , they returned home to play a series with the Giants . Cody Bellinger hit his 39th homer , a three - run blast , to set a new NL rookie record , Rich Hill struck out nine in six innings , Kenley Jansen picked up his 40th save and the Dodgers beat the Giants 4 -- 2 . The win clinched the Dodgers fifth straight National League West title , a run only surpassed by the New York Yankees ( who won nine from 1998 -- 2006 ) and the Atlanta Braves ( who won 11 from 1995 -- 2005 ) . The Dodgers offense could n't get anything going against Madison Bumgarner in the next game and they lost 2 -- 1 . The Dodgers finished off the series with a 3 -- 1 victory over the Giants . Kershaw struck out six while allowing only one run in eight innings and Yasmani Grandal hit a two - run homer in the win . The Dodgers began a three - game series with the San Diego Padres on September 25 . Yu Darvish struck out nine with only two hits in seven innings as the Dodgers won 9 -- 3 for their 100th win of the season . It was the first time the Dodgers had reached 100 victories since the 1974 season and it was their 55th home win , tying a Dodger Stadium record previously set in 1980 and 2015 . The Dodgers hit three home runs en route to a 9 -- 2 win the next game as they clinched home field throughout the National League playoffs and broke the LA record for home wins with their 56th . They added one more win the next night , when they finished off their last home series of the regular season with a 10 -- 0 win over the Padres . Rich Hill struck out 10 in seven innings and the Dodgers won their 102nd game , setting a new record for the Los Angeles franchise . The Dodgers concluded the regular season with a three - game road trip to Coors Field to play the Rockies . Hyun - jin Ryu allowed five runs , including three home runs in only two innings as the Rockies won big , 9 -- 1 . In the next game , Yasiel Puig hit a two - run homer as the Dodgers won 5 -- 3 to clinch the best record in baseball , for the first time in 43 years . The Dodgers finished off the regular season with a 6 -- 3 win over the Rockies . They tied the 1942 Brooklyn Dodgers for the second most wins in franchise history with 104 , their highest win total since moving to Los Angeles . Game log ( edit ) 2017 Game Log : ( 104 -- 58 ) April ( 14 -- 12 ) ( show ) # Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record April 3 Padres W 14 -- 3 Kershaw ( 1 -- 0 ) Chacín ( 0 -- 1 ) -- 53,701 1 -- 0 April 4 Padres L 0 -- 4 Richard ( 1 -- 0 ) Maeda ( 0 -- 1 ) -- 42,196 1 -- 1 April 5 Padres W 3 -- 1 Hill ( 1 -- 0 ) Cahill ( 0 -- 1 ) Jansen ( 1 ) 38,373 2 -- 1 April 6 Padres W 10 -- 2 McCarthy ( 1 -- 0 ) Weaver ( 0 -- 1 ) -- 36,501 3 -- 1 5 April 7 @ Rockies L 1 -- 2 Freeland ( 1 -- 0 ) Ryu ( 0 -- 1 ) McGee ( 1 ) 39,169 3 -- 2 6 April 8 @ Rockies L 2 -- 4 Dunn ( 2 -- 0 ) Kershaw ( 1 -- 1 ) Holland ( 4 ) 48,012 3 -- 3 7 April 9 @ Rockies W 10 -- 6 Maeda ( 1 -- 1 ) Anderson ( 1 -- 1 ) -- 33,529 4 -- 3 8 April 10 @ Cubs L 2 -- 3 Davis ( 1 -- 0 ) Romo ( 0 -- 1 ) -- 41,166 4 -- 4 9 April 12 @ Cubs W 2 -- 0 McCarthy ( 2 -- 0 ) Lackey ( 1 -- 1 ) Jansen ( 2 ) 40,844 5 -- 4 10 April 13 @ Cubs L 0 -- 4 Anderson ( 1 -- 0 ) Ryu ( 0 -- 2 ) -- 38,379 5 -- 5 11 April 14 Diamondbacks W 7 -- 1 Kershaw ( 2 -- 1 ) Greinke ( 1 -- 1 ) -- 49,438 6 -- 5 12 April 15 Diamondbacks W 8 -- 4 Wood ( 1 -- 0 ) Corbin ( 1 -- 2 ) Jansen ( 3 ) 48,070 7 -- 5 13 April 16 Diamondbacks L 1 -- 3 Walker ( 2 -- 1 ) Hill ( 1 -- 1 ) Rodney ( 4 ) 39,822 7 -- 6 14 April 17 Diamondbacks L 2 -- 4 Hoover ( 1 -- 0 ) Hatcher ( 0 -- 1 ) Rodney ( 5 ) 35,448 7 -- 7 15 April 18 Rockies L 3 -- 4 Rusin ( 2 -- 0 ) Ryu ( 0 -- 3 ) Holland ( 8 ) 37,960 7 -- 8 16 April 19 Rockies W 4 -- 2 Kershaw ( 3 -- 1 ) Anderson ( 1 -- 3 ) Jansen ( 4 ) 45,474 8 -- 8 17 April 21 @ Diamondbacks L 5 -- 13 Bradley ( 1 -- 0 ) Stripling ( 0 -- 1 ) -- 27,018 8 -- 9 18 April 22 @ Diamondbacks L 5 -- 11 Ray ( 2 -- 0 ) Maeda ( 1 -- 2 ) -- 36,294 8 -- 10 19 April 23 @ Diamondbacks W 6 -- 2 McCarthy ( 3 -- 0 ) Miller ( 2 -- 2 ) -- 28,704 9 -- 10 20 April 24 @ Giants L 1 -- 2 Cain ( 2 -- 0 ) Ryu ( 0 -- 4 ) Melancon ( 4 ) 41,399 9 -- 11 21 April 25 @ Giants W 2 -- 1 Kershaw ( 4 -- 1 ) Blach ( 0 -- 1 ) Jansen ( 5 ) 41,329 10 -- 11 22 April 26 @ Giants L 3 -- 4 ( 10 ) Law ( 2 -- 0 ) Stripling ( 0 -- 2 ) -- 41,573 10 -- 12 23 April 27 @ Giants W 5 -- 1 ( 10 ) Jansen ( 1 -- 0 ) Gearrin ( 0 -- 1 ) -- 41,580 11 -- 12 24 April 28 Phillies W 5 -- 3 Maeda ( 2 -- 2 ) Eickhoff ( 0 -- 2 ) Jansen ( 6 ) 46,729 12 -- 12 25 April 29 Phillies W 6 -- 5 Dayton ( 1 -- 0 ) Neris ( 0 -- 1 ) -- 53,110 13 -- 12 26 April 30 Phillies W 5 -- 3 Ryu ( 1 -- 4 ) Pivetta ( 0 -- 1 ) Jansen ( 7 ) 48,961 14 -- 12 May ( 19 -- 9 ) ( show ) # Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record 27 May 1 Giants L 3 -- 4 Cueto ( 4 -- 1 ) Kershaw ( 4 -- 2 ) Law ( 1 ) 44,606 14 -- 13 28 May 2 Giants W 13 -- 5 Wood ( 2 -- 0 ) Moore ( 1 -- 4 ) -- 43,471 15 -- 13 29 May 3 Giants L 1 -- 4 ( 11 ) Okert ( 1 -- 0 ) Dayton ( 1 -- 1 ) Melancon ( 6 ) 50,215 15 -- 14 30 May 5 @ Padres W 8 -- 2 Romo ( 1 -- 1 ) Torres ( 1 -- 2 ) Fields ( 1 ) 34,320 16 -- 14 31 May 6 @ Padres W 10 -- 2 Kershaw ( 5 -- 2 ) Richard ( 2 -- 4 ) -- 36,337 17 -- 14 -- May 7 @ Padres Postponed ( rain ) Rescheduled for September 2 32 May 8 Pirates W 12 -- 1 Wood ( 3 -- 0 ) Williams ( 1 -- 2 ) -- 37,314 18 -- 14 33 May 9 Pirates W 4 -- 3 ( 10 ) Jansen ( 2 -- 0 ) Hudson ( 0 -- 2 ) -- 47,720 19 -- 14 34 May 10 Pirates W 5 -- 2 Maeda ( 3 -- 2 ) Kuhl ( 1 -- 3 ) -- 40,719 20 -- 14 35 May 11 @ Rockies L 7 -- 10 Hoffman ( 1 -- 0 ) Ryu ( 1 -- 5 ) Holland ( 15 ) 27,265 20 -- 15 36 May 12 @ Rockies W 6 -- 2 Kershaw ( 6 -- 2 ) Chatwood ( 3 -- 5 ) -- 40,146 21 -- 15 37 May 13 @ Rockies W 4 -- 0 Wood ( 4 -- 0 ) Anderson ( 2 -- 4 ) -- 43,534 22 -- 15 38 May 14 @ Rockies L 6 -- 9 Senzatela ( 6 -- 1 ) Urías ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 16 ) 41,051 22 -- 16 39 May 15 @ Giants L 4 -- 8 Cain ( 3 -- 1 ) McCarthy ( 3 -- 1 ) -- 41,397 22 -- 17 40 May 16 @ Giants L 1 -- 2 Blach ( 1 -- 2 ) Avilán ( 0 -- 1 ) Law ( 4 ) 41,366 22 -- 18 41 May 17 @ Giants W 6 -- 1 Kershaw ( 7 -- 2 ) Cueto ( 4 -- 3 ) -- 41,588 23 -- 18 42 May 18 Marlins W 7 -- 2 Ryu ( 2 -- 5 ) Vólquez ( 0 -- 6 ) Jansen ( 8 ) 41,717 24 -- 18 43 May 19 Marlins W 7 -- 2 Wood ( 5 -- 0 ) Nicolino ( 0 -- 1 ) -- 45,034 25 -- 18 44 May 20 Marlins L 6 -- 10 Straily ( 2 -- 3 ) Urías ( 0 -- 2 ) -- 52,850 25 -- 19 45 May 21 Marlins W 6 -- 3 McCarthy ( 4 -- 1 ) Worley ( 0 -- 1 ) -- 44,646 26 -- 19 46 May 23 Cardinals W 2 -- 1 ( 13 ) Fields ( 1 -- 0 ) Broxton ( 0 -- 1 ) -- 41,248 27 -- 19 47 May 24 Cardinals L 1 -- 6 Leake ( 5 -- 2 ) Hill ( 1 -- 2 ) -- 40,653 27 -- 20 48 May 25 Cardinals W 7 -- 3 Maeda ( 4 -- 2 ) Wacha ( 2 -- 2 ) Ryu ( 1 ) 47,427 28 -- 20 49 May 26 Cubs W 4 -- 0 Wood ( 6 -- 0 ) Arrieta ( 5 -- 4 ) -- 45,017 29 -- 20 50 May 27 Cubs W 5 -- 0 McCarthy ( 5 -- 1 ) Lackey ( 4 -- 5 ) Stripling ( 1 ) 48,322 30 -- 20 51 May 28 Cubs W 9 -- 4 Fields ( 2 -- 0 ) Lester ( 3 -- 3 ) -- 47,732 31 -- 20 52 May 29 @ Cardinals W 5 -- 1 Hill ( 2 -- 2 ) Leake ( 5 -- 3 ) -- 46,241 32 -- 20 53 May 30 @ Cardinals W 9 -- 4 Morrow ( 1 -- 0 ) Wacha ( 2 -- 3 ) -- 38,466 33 -- 20 54 May 31 @ Cardinals L 1 -- 2 Martínez ( 4 -- 4 ) Stripling ( 0 -- 3 ) Oh ( 12 ) 40,304 33 -- 21 June ( 21 -- 7 ) ( show ) # Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record 55 June 1 @ Cardinals L 0 -- 2 Wainwright ( 6 -- 3 ) McCarthy ( 5 -- 2 ) Oh ( 13 ) 40,477 33 -- 22 56 June 2 @ Brewers W 2 -- 1 ( 12 ) Jansen ( 3 -- 0 ) Feliz ( 1 -- 5 ) -- 30,140 34 -- 22 57 June 3 @ Brewers W 10 -- 8 Morrow ( 2 -- 0 ) Torres ( 2 -- 4 ) Jansen ( 9 ) 34,354 35 -- 22 58 June 4 @ Brewers L 0 -- 3 Davies ( 6 -- 3 ) Maeda ( 4 -- 3 ) Knebel ( 5 ) 30,330 35 -- 23 59 June 5 Nationals L 2 -- 4 González ( 5 -- 1 ) Ryu ( 2 -- 6 ) Pérez ( 1 ) 46,289 35 -- 24 60 June 6 Nationals L 1 -- 2 Scherzer ( 7 -- 3 ) McCarthy ( 5 -- 3 ) Glover ( 8 ) 44,250 35 -- 25 61 June 7 Nationals W 2 -- 1 Kershaw ( 8 -- 2 ) Strasburg ( 7 -- 2 ) Jansen ( 10 ) 43,230 36 -- 25 62 June 9 Reds W 7 -- 2 Hill ( 3 -- 2 ) Garrett ( 3 -- 5 ) Maeda ( 1 ) 44,036 37 -- 25 63 June 10 Reds W 5 -- 4 Jansen ( 4 -- 0 ) Storen ( 1 -- 3 ) -- 43,439 38 -- 25 64 June 11 Reds W 9 -- 7 Avilán ( 1 -- 1 ) Iglesias ( 2 -- 1 ) Jansen ( 11 ) 42,674 39 -- 25 65 June 13 @ Indians W 7 -- 5 Kershaw ( 9 -- 2 ) Miller ( 3 -- 1 ) Jansen ( 12 ) 22,171 40 -- 25 66 June 14 @ Indians W 6 -- 4 Fields ( 3 -- 0 ) Miller ( 3 -- 2 ) Jansen ( 13 ) 21,051 41 -- 25 67 June 15 @ Indians L 5 -- 12 Tomlin ( 4 -- 8 ) Hill ( 3 -- 3 ) -- 23,339 41 -- 26 68 June 16 @ Reds W 3 -- 1 Wood ( 7 -- 0 ) Adleman ( 4 -- 3 ) Jansen ( 14 ) 35,613 42 -- 26 69 June 17 @ Reds W 10 -- 2 Ryu ( 3 -- 6 ) Wojciechowski ( 1 -- 1 ) -- 42,431 43 -- 26 70 June 18 @ Reds W 8 -- 7 Maeda ( 5 -- 3 ) Arroyo ( 3 -- 6 ) Jansen ( 15 ) 27,316 44 -- 26 71 June 19 Mets W 10 -- 6 Kershaw ( 10 -- 2 ) Wheeler ( 3 -- 5 ) -- 43,266 45 -- 26 72 June 20 Mets W 12 -- 0 McCarthy ( 6 -- 3 ) Gsellman ( 5 -- 5 ) Stewart ( 1 ) 47,715 46 -- 26 73 June 21 Mets W 8 -- 2 Hill ( 4 -- 3 ) Pill ( 0 -- 3 ) -- 42,330 47 -- 26 74 June 22 Mets W 6 -- 3 Báez ( 1 -- 0 ) Sewald ( 0 -- 2 ) Jansen ( 16 ) 45,967 48 -- 26 75 June 23 Rockies W 6 -- 1 Wood ( 8 -- 0 ) Freeland ( 8 -- 5 ) -- 43.787 49 -- 26 76 June 24 Rockies W 4 -- 0 Kershaw ( 11 -- 2 ) Chatwood ( 6 -- 8 ) -- 50,403 50 -- 26 77 June 25 Rockies W 12 -- 6 Báez ( 2 -- 0 ) Ottavino ( 1 -- 2 ) Jansen ( 17 ) 41,605 51 -- 26 78 June 26 Angels L 0 -- 4 Nolasco ( 3 -- 9 ) Hill ( 4 -- 4 ) -- 43,126 51 -- 27 79 June 27 Angels W 4 -- 0 Maeda ( 6 -- 3 ) Chavez ( 5 -- 8 ) -- 47,245 52 -- 27 80 June 28 @ Angels L 2 -- 3 Bedrosian ( 2 -- 0 ) Báez ( 2 -- 1 ) -- 44,669 52 -- 28 81 June 29 @ Angels W 6 -- 2 Kershaw ( 12 -- 2 ) Ramírez ( 7 -- 6 ) Jansen ( 18 ) 44,807 53 -- 28 82 June 30 @ Padres W 10 -- 4 Wood ( 9 -- 0 ) Richard ( 5 -- 8 ) -- 39,254 54 -- 28 July ( 20 -- 3 ) ( show ) # Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record 83 July 1 @ Padres W 8 -- 0 Hill ( 5 -- 4 ) Overton ( 0 -- 1 ) -- 40,683 55 -- 28 84 July 2 @ Padres L 3 -- 5 Chacín ( 7 -- 7 ) Maeda ( 6 -- 4 ) Maurer ( 16 ) 41,604 55 -- 29 85 July 4 Diamondbacks W 4 -- 3 Kershaw ( 13 -- 2 ) Corbin ( 6 -- 8 ) Jansen ( 19 ) 53,159 56 -- 29 86 July 5 Diamondbacks W 1 -- 0 Wood ( 10 -- 0 ) Godley ( 3 -- 3 ) Jansen ( 20 ) 40,997 57 -- 29 87 July 6 Diamondbacks W 5 -- 4 Fields ( 4 -- 0 ) Rodney ( 3 -- 3 ) -- 41,999 58 -- 29 88 July 7 Royals W 4 -- 1 Maeda ( 7 -- 4 ) Hammel ( 4 -- 8 ) Jansen ( 21 ) 48,017 59 -- 29 89 July 8 Royals W 5 -- 4 ( 10 ) Stripling ( 1 -- 3 ) Alexander ( 1 -- 3 ) -- 45,225 60 -- 29 90 July 9 Royals W 5 -- 2 Kershaw ( 14 -- 2 ) Duffy ( 5 -- 5 ) -- 41,524 61 -- 29 -- July 11 88th All - Star Game National League vs. American League ( Marlins Park , Miami , Florida ) 91 July 14 @ Marlins W 6 -- 4 Fields ( 5 -- 0 ) Ramos ( 2 -- 4 ) Jansen ( 22 ) 21,858 62 -- 29 92 July 15 @ Marlins W 7 -- 1 Wood ( 11 -- 0 ) Ureña ( 7 -- 4 ) -- 22,609 63 -- 29 93 July 16 @ Marlins W 3 -- 2 Hill ( 6 -- 4 ) O'Grady ( 1 -- 1 ) Jansen ( 23 ) 22,119 64 -- 29 94 July 18 @ White Sox W 1 -- 0 Kershaw ( 15 -- 2 ) González ( 4 -- 9 ) Jansen ( 24 ) 23,088 65 -- 29 95 July 19 @ White Sox W 9 -- 1 ( 7 ) Maeda ( 8 -- 4 ) Rodon ( 1 -- 3 ) -- 24,907 66 -- 29 96 July 20 Braves L 3 -- 6 Foltynewicz ( 8 -- 5 ) McCarthy ( 6 -- 4 ) Johnson ( 22 ) 45,636 66 -- 30 97 July 21 Braves L 3 -- 12 García ( 4 -- 7 ) Wood ( 11 -- 1 ) -- 46,083 66 -- 31 98 July 22 Braves W 6 -- 2 Hill ( 7 -- 4 ) Teherán ( 7 -- 8 ) -- 47,497 67 -- 31 99 July 23 Braves W 5 -- 4 ( 10 ) Morrow ( 3 -- 0 ) Johnson ( 6 -- 2 ) -- 44,701 68 -- 31 100 July 24 Twins W 6 -- 4 Paredes ( 1 -- 0 ) Rogers ( 5 -- 2 ) Jansen ( 25 ) 47,754 69 -- 31 101 July 25 Twins W 6 -- 2 Maeda ( 9 -- 4 ) Berríos ( 9 -- 4 ) Ravin ( 1 ) 44,403 70 -- 31 102 July 26 Twins W 6 -- 5 Jansen ( 5 -- 0 ) Kintzler ( 2 -- 2 ) -- 50,941 71 -- 31 103 July 28 Giants W 6 -- 4 Wood ( 12 -- 1 ) Kontos ( 0 -- 5 ) Jansen ( 26 ) 51.426 72 -- 31 104 July 29 Giants W 2 -- 1 Hill ( 8 -- 4 ) Blach ( 6 -- 7 ) Jansen ( 27 ) 47,792 73 -- 31 105 July 30 Giants W 3 -- 2 ( 11 ) Báez ( 3 -- 1 ) Suárez ( 0 -- 1 ) -- 53,495 74 -- 31 August ( 17 -- 10 ) ( show ) # Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record 106 August 1 @ Braves W 3 -- 2 Maeda ( 10 -- 4 ) Sims ( 0 -- 1 ) Jansen ( 28 ) 32,174 75 -- 31 107 August 2 @ Braves L 3 -- 5 Brothers ( 2 -- 2 ) Báez ( 3 -- 2 ) Vizcaíno ( 3 ) 28,107 75 -- 32 108 August 3 @ Braves W 7 -- 4 Wood ( 13 -- 1 ) Newcomb ( 1 -- 6 ) -- 29,680 76 -- 32 109 August 4 @ Mets W 6 -- 0 Darvish ( 7 -- 9 ) deGrom ( 12 -- 5 ) -- 41,187 77 -- 32 110 August 5 @ Mets W 7 -- 4 Morrow ( 4 -- 0 ) Sewald ( 0 -- 4 ) -- 40,060 78 -- 32 111 August 6 @ Mets W 8 -- 0 Ryu ( 4 -- 6 ) Matz ( 2 -- 5 ) -- 27,077 79 -- 32 112 August 8 @ Diamondbacks L 3 -- 6 Hernandez ( 2 -- 0 ) Watson ( 5 -- 4 ) Rodney ( 26 ) 24,810 79 -- 33 113 August 9 @ Diamondbacks W 3 -- 2 Wood ( 14 -- 1 ) Greinke ( 13 -- 5 ) Jansen ( 29 ) 22,670 80 -- 33 114 August 10 @ Diamondbacks W 8 -- 6 Darvish ( 8 -- 9 ) Banda ( 1 -- 2 ) Jansen ( 30 ) 31,396 81 -- 33 115 August 11 Padres L 3 -- 4 Torres ( 6 -- 3 ) Stripling ( 1 -- 4 ) Hand ( 9 ) 52,898 81 -- 34 116 August 12 Padres W 6 -- 3 Watson ( 6 -- 4 ) Stammen ( 0 -- 2 ) Jansen ( 31 ) 53,230 82 -- 34 117 August 13 Padres W 6 -- 4 Maeda ( 11 -- 4 ) Perdomo ( 6 -- 7 ) Jansen ( 32 ) 46,128 83 -- 34 118 August 15 White Sox W 6 -- 1 Morrow ( 5 -- 0 ) Minaya ( 1 -- 1 ) -- 46,385 84 -- 34 119 August 16 White Sox W 5 -- 4 Stripling ( 2 -- 4 ) Petricka ( 1 -- 1 ) -- 52,413 85 -- 34 120 August 18 @ Tigers W 8 -- 5 Hill ( 9 -- 4 ) Zimmermann ( 7 -- 10 ) -- 32,801 86 -- 34 121 August 19 @ Tigers W 3 -- 0 Stripling ( 3 -- 4 ) Fulmer ( 10 -- 11 ) Jansen ( 33 ) 37,182 87 -- 34 122 August 20 @ Tigers L 1 -- 6 Verlander ( 9 -- 8 ) Maeda ( 11 -- 5 ) -- 30,901 87 -- 35 123 August 21 @ Pirates W 6 -- 5 ( 12 ) Avilán ( 2 -- 1 ) Neverauskas ( 1 -- 1 ) Stripling ( 2 ) 19,094 88 -- 35 124 August 22 @ Pirates W 8 -- 5 Watson ( 7 -- 4 ) Barbato ( 0 -- 1 ) Jansen ( 34 ) 17,288 89 -- 35 125 August 23 @ Pirates L 0 -- 1 ( 10 ) Nicasio ( 2 -- 5 ) Hill ( 9 -- 5 ) -- 19,859 89 -- 36 126 August 24 @ Pirates W 5 -- 2 Ryu ( 5 -- 6 ) Kuhl ( 6 -- 9 ) Morrow ( 1 ) 22,115 90 -- 36 127 August 25 Brewers W 3 -- 1 Maeda ( 12 -- 5 ) Anderson ( 7 -- 3 ) Jansen ( 35 ) 52,455 91 -- 36 128 August 26 Brewers L 0 -- 3 Davies ( 15 -- 7 ) Ravin ( 0 -- 1 ) Knebel ( 28 ) 52,345 91 -- 37 129 August 27 Brewers L 2 -- 3 Nelson ( 10 -- 6 ) Darvish ( 8 -- 10 ) Knebel ( 29 ) 51,355 91 -- 38 130 August 29 @ Diamondbacks L 6 -- 7 Godley ( 6 -- 7 ) Hill ( 9 -- 6 ) Rodney ( 33 ) 25,219 91 -- 39 131 August 30 @ Diamondbacks L 4 -- 6 Ray ( 11 -- 5 ) Ryu ( 5 -- 7 ) Rodney ( 34 ) 23,321 91 -- 40 132 August 31 @ Diamondbacks L 1 -- 8 Greinke ( 16 -- 6 ) Maeda ( 12 -- 6 ) -- 19,882 91 -- 41 September ( 12 -- 17 ) ( show ) # Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record 133 September 1 @ Padres W 1 -- 0 Kershaw ( 16 -- 2 ) Lamet ( 7 -- 6 ) Jansen ( 36 ) 36,767 92 -- 41 134 September 2 @ Padres L 5 -- 6 Hand ( 3 -- 4 ) Báez ( 3 -- 3 ) -- 39,140 92 -- 42 135 September 2 @ Padres L 2 -- 7 Baumann ( 1 -- 1 ) Darvish ( 8 -- 11 ) -- 42,130 92 -- 43 136 September 3 @ Padres L 4 -- 6 Chacín ( 12 -- 10 ) Wood ( 14 -- 2 ) Hand ( 15 ) 33,949 92 -- 44 137 September 4 Diamondbacks L 0 -- 13 Ray ( 12 -- 5 ) Hill ( 9 -- 7 ) -- 47,192 92 -- 45 138 September 5 Diamondbacks L 1 -- 3 ( 10 ) Hernandez ( 3 -- 0 ) Báez ( 3 -- 4 ) Rodney ( 35 ) 47,039 92 -- 46 139 September 6 Diamondbacks L 1 -- 3 Walker ( 9 -- 7 ) Avilán ( 2 -- 2 ) Rodney ( 36 ) 48,612 92 -- 47 140 September 7 Rockies L 1 -- 9 Gray ( 7 -- 4 ) Kershaw ( 16 -- 3 ) -- 51,492 92 -- 48 141 September 8 Rockies L 4 -- 5 Rusin ( 5 -- 0 ) Darvish ( 8 -- 12 ) Holland ( 38 ) 53,632 92 -- 49 142 September 9 Rockies L 5 -- 6 Bettis ( 1 -- 2 ) Wood ( 14 -- 3 ) Holland ( 39 ) 52,884 92 -- 50 143 September 10 Rockies L 1 -- 8 Chatwood ( 7 -- 12 ) Hill ( 9 -- 8 ) -- 50,161 92 -- 51 144 September 11 @ Giants L 6 -- 8 Law ( 4 -- 1 ) Báez ( 3 -- 5 ) Dyson ( 13 ) 40,409 92 -- 52 145 September 12 @ Giants W 5 -- 3 Kershaw ( 17 -- 3 ) Cueto ( 7 -- 8 ) Jansen ( 37 ) 38,727 93 -- 52 146 September 13 @ Giants W 4 -- 1 Darvish ( 9 -- 12 ) Moore ( 5 -- 14 ) -- 38,866 94 -- 52 147 September 15 @ Nationals W 7 -- 0 Wood ( 15 -- 3 ) Jackson ( 5 -- 6 ) -- 37,508 95 -- 52 148 September 16 @ Nationals W 3 -- 2 Hill ( 10 -- 8 ) Cole ( 2 -- 5 ) Jansen ( 38 ) 39,387 96 -- 52 149 September 17 @ Nationals L 1 -- 7 Strasburg ( 14 -- 4 ) Stripling ( 3 -- 5 ) -- 29,155 96 -- 53 150 September 18 @ Phillies L 3 -- 4 Pivetta ( 6 -- 10 ) Kershaw ( 17 -- 4 ) Neris ( 22 ) 16,690 96 -- 54 151 September 19 @ Phillies L 2 -- 6 Nola ( 12 -- 10 ) Báez ( 3 -- 6 ) -- 20,156 96 -- 55 152 September 20 @ Phillies L 5 -- 7 García ( 2 -- 4 ) Avilán ( 2 -- 3 ) Neris ( 23 ) 20,175 96 -- 56 153 September 21 @ Phillies W 5 -- 4 Buehler ( 1 -- 0 ) Pinto ( 1 -- 2 ) Jansen ( 39 ) 18,735 97 -- 56 154 September 22 Giants W 4 -- 2 Hill ( 11 -- 8 ) Samardzija ( 9 -- 15 ) Jansen ( 40 ) 51,159 98 -- 56 155 September 23 Giants L 1 -- 2 Bumgarner ( 4 -- 9 ) Ryu ( 5 -- 8 ) Dyson ( 14 ) 51,093 98 -- 57 156 September 24 Giants W 3 -- 1 Kershaw ( 18 -- 4 ) Stratton ( 3 -- 4 ) Morrow ( 2 ) 46,774 99 -- 57 157 September 25 Padres W 9 -- 3 Darvish ( 10 -- 12 ) Wood ( 3 -- 4 ) -- 49,419 100 -- 57 158 September 26 Padres W 9 -- 2 Wood ( 16 -- 3 ) Lamet ( 7 -- 8 ) -- 47,432 101 -- 57 159 September 27 Padres W 10 -- 0 Hill ( 12 -- 8 ) Richard ( 8 -- 15 ) -- 47,273 102 -- 57 160 September 29 @ Rockies L 1 -- 9 Bettis ( 2 -- 4 ) Ryu ( 5 -- 9 ) -- 48,395 102 -- 58 161 September 30 @ Rockies W 5 -- 3 Morrow ( 6 -- 0 ) Chatwood ( 8 -- 15 ) Jansen ( 41 ) 48,103 103 -- 58 October ( 1 -- 0 ) ( show ) # Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record 162 October 1 @ Rockies W 6 -- 3 Maeda ( 13 -- 6 ) Freeland ( 11 -- 11 ) Fields ( 2 ) 32,946 104 -- 58 Legend : = Win = Loss = Postponement Bold = Dodgers team member Post-season ( edit ) Postseason Game log ( edit ) 2017 Postseason Game Log : ( 10 -- 5 ) National League Division Series ( 3 -- 0 ) ( show ) # Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record October 6 Diamondbacks W 9 -- 5 Kershaw ( 1 -- 0 ) Walker ( 0 -- 1 ) -- 54,707 1 -- 0 October 7 Diamondbacks W 8 -- 5 Maeda ( 1 -- 0 ) Ray ( 0 -- 1 ) Jansen ( 1 ) 54,726 2 -- 0 October 9 @ Diamondbacks W 3 -- 1 Darvish ( 1 -- 0 ) Greinke ( 0 -- 1 ) Jansen ( 2 ) 48,641 3 -- 0 National League Championship Series ( 4 -- 1 ) ( show ) Game Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Series October 14 Cubs W 5 -- 2 Maeda ( 1 -- 0 ) Rondón ( 0 -- 1 ) Jansen ( 1 ) 54,289 1 -- 0 October 15 Cubs W 4 -- 1 Jansen ( 1 -- 0 ) Duensing ( 0 -- 1 ) -- 54,479 2 -- 0 October 17 @ Cubs W 6 -- 1 Darvish ( 1 -- 0 ) Hendricks ( 0 -- 1 ) -- 41,871 3 -- 0 October 18 @ Cubs L 2 -- 3 Arrieta ( 1 -- 0 ) Wood ( 0 -- 1 ) Davis ( 1 ) 42,195 3 -- 1 5 October 19 @ Cubs W 11 -- 1 Kershaw ( 1 -- 0 ) Quintana ( 0 -- 1 ) -- 42,735 4 -- 1 World Series ( 3 -- 4 ) ( show ) Game Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Series October 24 Astros W 3 -- 1 Kershaw ( 1 -- 0 ) Keuchel ( 0 -- 1 ) Jansen ( 1 ) 54,253 1 -- 0 October 25 Astros L 6 -- 7 ( 11 ) Devenski ( 1 -- 0 ) McCarthy ( 0 -- 1 ) -- 54,293 1 -- 1 October 27 @ Astros L 3 -- 5 McCullers ( 1 -- 0 ) Darvish ( 0 -- 1 ) Peacock ( 1 ) 43,282 1 -- 2 October 28 @ Astros W 6 -- 2 Watson ( 1 -- 0 ) Giles ( 0 -- 1 ) -- 43,322 2 -- 2 5 October 29 @ Astros L 12 -- 13 ( 10 ) Musgrove ( 1 -- 0 ) Jansen ( 0 -- 1 ) -- 43,300 2 -- 3 6 October 31 Astros W 3 -- 1 Watson ( 2 -- 0 ) Verlander ( 0 -- 1 ) Jansen ( 2 ) 54,128 3 -- 3 7 November 1 Astros L 1 -- 5 Morton ( 1 -- 0 ) Darvish ( 0 -- 2 ) -- 54,124 3 -- 4 Legend : = Win = Loss = Postponement Bold = Dodgers team member Playoff Rosters National League Division Series ( show ) Pitchers : 17 Brandon Morrow 18 Kenta Maeda 21 Yu Darvish 22 Clayton Kershaw 33 Tony Watson 44 Rich Hill 46 Josh Fields 52 Pedro Báez 54 Tony Cingrani 57 Alex Wood 68 Ross Stripling 74 Kenley Jansen Catchers : 9 Yasmani Grandal 15 Austin Barnes 65 Kyle Farmer Infielders : 5 Corey Seager 10 Justin Turner 11 Logan Forsythe 26 Chase Utley 35 Cody Bellinger Outfielders : 3 Chris Taylor 6 Curtis Granderson 14 Enrique Hernández 16 Andre Ethier 66 Yasiel Puig National League Championship Series ( show ) Pitchers : 17 Brandon Morrow 18 Kenta Maeda 21 Yu Darvish 22 Clayton Kershaw 33 Tony Watson 44 Rich Hill 46 Josh Fields 54 Tony Cingrani 57 Alex Wood 68 Ross Stripling 74 Kenley Jansen Catchers : 9 Yasmani Grandal 15 Austin Barnes 65 Kyle Farmer Infielders : 10 Justin Turner 11 Logan Forsythe 26 Chase Utley 35 Cody Bellinger 37 Charlie Culberson Outfielders : 3 Chris Taylor 6 Curtis Granderson 14 Enrique Hernández 16 Andre Ethier 31 Joc Pederson 66 Yasiel Puig World Series ( show ) Pitchers : 17 Brandon Morrow 18 Kenta Maeda 21 Yu Darvish 22 Clayton Kershaw 33 Tony Watson 38 Brandon McCarthy 44 Rich Hill 46 Josh Fields 54 Tony Cingrani 57 Alex Wood 68 Ross Stripling 74 Kenley Jansen Catchers : 9 Yasmani Grandal 15 Austin Barnes Infielders : 5 Corey Seager 10 Justin Turner 11 Logan Forsythe 26 Chase Utley 35 Cody Bellinger 37 Charlie Culberson Outfielders : 3 Chris Taylor 14 Enrique Hernández 16 Andre Ethier 31 Joc Pederson 66 Yasiel Puig National League Division series ( edit ) Main article : 2017 National League Division Series The Dodgers , as the top seeded team in the National League , played the Arizona Diamondbacks in the Division Series . Clayton Kershaw started for the Dodgers in the first game and he struck out seven in 6 ⁄ innings . He also allowed four solo homers , the first National League pitcher to ever do so in a playoff game . The Dodgers got to Diamondbacks starter Taijuan Walker early , scoring four runs off him in the first inning before recording an out , most of them on Justin Turner 's three - run home run . Turner had five RBIs in the game , tying Pedro Guerrero ( 1981 ) and Davey Lopes ( 1978 ) for the Dodgers single game post-season record . Walker was replaced after the first inning by Zack Godley , who pitched five innings of relief while allowing three more runs to score . The Dodgers held on to win the game , 9 -- 5 . In the second game , the Diamondbacks jumped on Rich Hill in the first inning with a two - run homer by Paul Goldschmidt . The Dodgers battled back against Robbie Ray , who battled control problems , with four walks , a hit batter and three wild pitches . Yasiel Puig had three hits and two RBI , Logan Forsythe had three hits in five at bats . The Dodgers won the game 8 -- 5 with Kenley Jansen recording the last five outs to get the save . In game three , at Chase Field , Yu Darvish struck out seven and allowed only two hits and one run ( a solo homer by Daniel Descalso ) . Meanwhile , Zack Greinke labored through his five innings , walking five and giving up four hits and three runs ( two on homers by Cody Bellinger and Austin Barnes ) . The bullpens kept the game there and the Dodgers won the game 3 -- 1 , completing the sweep of the Diamondbacks and making their third trip to the NLCS in five years . National League championship series ( edit ) Main article : 2017 National League Championship Series The Dodgers hosted the Chicago Cubs in the NLCS . This was the second straight year these two teams faced each other in the series . The Dodgers offense took a big hit before the series even began when All - Star shortstop Corey Seager was left off the NLCS roster as a result of a back injury suffered in game three of the division series . In the opener of the series , the Cubs took the early lead when Albert Almora hit a two - run homer off of Clayton Kershaw in the fourth inning but the Dodgers fought back , tying the game on a RBI double by Yasiel Puig and a sacrifice fly by Seager 's replacement Charlie Culberson in the fifth . Solo homers by Chris Taylor and Puig and an RBI hit by Justin Turner gave the Dodgers enough runs to win 5 -- 2 as the bullpen shut the Cubs down over the last four innings of the game . In the second game , Jon Lester and Rich Hill each pitched four scoreless innings before allowing solo runs in the fifth , on an RBI single by Turner and a solo homer by Addison Russell . The bullpens kept the game tied until the bottom of the ninth when Turner hit a walk - off three run homer off of John Lackey . It was the Dodgers first walk - off homer in the post-season since Kirk Gibson 's homer in game one of the 1988 World Series . The series moved to Wrigley Field in Chicago for game three . Kyle Schwarber homered off Yu Darvish in the first inning to give the Cubs the early lead yet again . It was the only run Darvish allowed in 6 ⁄ innings , while he struck out seven Cubs batters . Andre Ethier , making his first start of the post-season , tied the game up with a solo homer in the second off of Kyle Hendricks and Chris Taylor homered in the third to put the Dodgers ahead . The Dodgers bullpen continued to shut down the Cubs , and the Dodgers added on against the Cubs bullpen to win the game 6 -- 1 . This was the sixth straight post-season game the Dodgers won , a franchise record . In game four , Jake Arrieta struck out nine batters over 6 ⁄ innings in game five for the Cubs while Dodgers starter Alex Wood struck out seven in 4 ⁄ innings . All the runs in the game were on solo homers . Cody Bellinger and Justin Turner for the Dodgers and Willson Contreras hit one and Javier Báez hit two homers for the Cubs who staved off elimination with a 3 -- 2 win . Wade Davis pitched the last two innings for the save . In the fifth game of the series , the Dodgers jumped on top early with a home run in the second by Enrique Hernandez . He added two more home runs later in the game , including a grand slam . He became only the fourth Dodger to hit a post-season grandslam ( joining Ron Cey and Dusty Baker from the 1981 NLCS and James Loney in the 2008 NLDS ) . His seven RBI in the game also set a NLCS record . The Dodgers cruised to an 11 -- 1 win and a trip to their first World Series since 1988 . Chris Taylor and Justin Turner were voted co-MVPs of the series . The Dodgers bullpen set a record with 23 consecutive scoreless innings in the post-season from game two of the NLDS through the completion of the NLCS . World series ( edit ) Main article : 2017 World Series The Dodgers faced the Houston Astros in the World Series , their first appearance in the series since they won in 1988 . Clayton Kershaw started Game 1 for the Dodgers , while Dallas Keuchel started for the Astros . The temperature at the start of the game was 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) , which made this the hottest World Series game ever recorded . Chris Taylor hit a home run for the Dodgers on Keuchel 's first pitch of the game . It was the third home run to leadoff a game in Dodgers postseason history ( Davey Lopes in 1978 World Series and Carl Crawford in 2013 NLDS ) . Alex Bregman hit a home run for the Astros in the fourth inning . In the sixth inning , Justin Turner hit a two - run home run for the Dodgers . Turner tied Duke Snider for most career runs batted in in Dodgers post-season history with 26 . Kershaw struck out 11 in seven innings pitched with no walks and only three hits allowed while Keuchel allowed three runs on six hits in 6 ⁄ innings . Brandon Morrow pitched a scoreless eighth and Kenley Jansen earned the save as the Dodgers took game one 3 -- 1 . The starting pitchers for Game 2 were Rich Hill for the Dodgers and Justin Verlander for the Astros . The Astros scored first when Bregman drove in Josh Reddick with a hit in the third inning . Hill struck out seven in four innings but was replaced by Kenta Maeda in the fifth . Joc Pederson tied the game with a solo home run in the bottom of the fifth inning , and the Dodgers took the lead when Corey Seager hit a two - run home run in the bottom of the sixth inning . Verlander allowed two hits , both home runs , in his six innings pitched . Carlos Correa drove in the Astros second run of the game on a single in the eighth , ending the Dodgers bullpen 's streak of 28 consecutive scoreless innings in the post-season . Marwin González hit a home run off Jansen in the ninth to tie the game . This was only Jansen 's second blown save all season and snapped his streak of converting his first 12 post-season save opportunities , a major league record . The game went into extra innings . José Altuve and Correa hit home runs off Josh Fields in the 10th inning to put the Astros in the lead . In the bottom of the 10th inning , Yasiel Puig hit a home run off of Ken Giles and Enrique Hernández drove in Logan Forsythe to tie the game . In the next inning , George Springer hit a two - run home run for the Astros off of Brandon McCarthy to retake the lead . In the bottom of the 11th inning , Charlie Culberson hit a home run off of Chris Devenski , but Devenski struck out Puig to end the game . The teams set a new record for combined home runs in a single World Series game with eight . This was the first World Series game ever won by the Astros as they had been swept in their previous appearance in 2005 . The series moved to Minute Maid Park in Houston for game 3 , which was started by Yu Darvish for the Dodgers and Lance McCullers Jr. for the Astros . The Astros scored four runs in the bottom of the second inning on a home run by Yuli Gurriel and RBIs by González , Brian McCann , and Bregman . Darvish left the game after 1 ⁄ innings , which is the shortest outing of his career . The Dodgers scored one run in the top of the third inning as Seager grounded into a double play after McCullers loaded the bases with three consecutive walks . The Astros added another run in the fifth on an RBI single by Evan Gattis and the Dodgers added two in the sixth on an RBI groundout by Puig and a wild pitch . McCullers wound up pitching 5 ⁄ innings and allowed three runs on four hits . He was replaced by Brad Peacock who no - hit the Dodgers over the last 3 ⁄ innings to pick up his first career save . The starting pitchers for Game 4 were Alex Wood for the Dodgers and Charlie Morton for the Astros . Springer homered off Wood in the bottom of the sixth for the first run . It was the only hit Wood allowed in 5 ⁄ innings pitched in the game . Forsythe drove in Cody Bellinger to tie the game in the top of the seventh . Morton struck out seven and only allowed three hits and one run in 6 ⁄ innings . Bellinger then drove in the go - ahead run with a double in the top of the ninth off of Ken Giles and the Dodgers added four more runs on a sacrifice fly by Austin Barnes and a three - run homer by Pederson . Bregman homered off of Jansen in the bottom of the ninth but the Dodgers managed to even up the series . The Astros only got two hits in the game ; both were home runs . This was the first game in World Series history where both starting pitchers allowed four or fewer baserunners . Pederson tied a Dodgers post-season record ( Billy Cox , Andre Ethier , A.J. Ellis ) with four straight starts with an extra base hit . Kershaw and Keuchel started Game 5 , in a rematch of the opening game of the series . Forsythe singled in two runs off of Keuchel in the first inning to put the Dodgers up early . A third run scored on a throwing error by Gurriel . Barnes singled in the fourth to score Forsythe . Keuchel pitched only 3 ⁄ innings for the Astros , allowing five hits and four runs ( three earned ) . This was his shortest home start of the season . The Astros scored their first run with an RBI double by Correa in the bottom of the fourth inning , followed by a three - run home run by Gurriel to tie the game . Bellinger hit a three - run home run off of Collin McHugh in the top of the fifth to put the Dodgers back on top only for Altuve to hit his own three - run home run in the bottom of the inning off Maeda to tie it back up . Kershaw only pitched 4 ⁄ innings and allowed six runs on four hits and three walks . A triple by Bellinger on a line drive that Springer missed on a dive in the seventh inning off of Peacock scored Hernández from first base . In the bottom of the seventh inning , Springer hit a home run off the first pitch in the bottom of the inning off of Morrow , who was pitching for the third consecutive day , to tie the game . Bregman scored on a double by Altuve to put the Astros ahead for the first time in the game , and then Correa hit a two - run home run to extend the lead . Seager doubled in a run in the top of the eighth inning , but McCann hit a home run in the bottom of the inning . That was the 21st home run of the series , tying the record set in the 2002 World Series . Puig broke the record with a two - run home run in the top of the ninth inning . Taylor drove in Barnes to tie the game . With the teams combining to score 24 runs through the first nine innings , this was the highest scoring World Series game since the Florida Marlins beat the Cleveland Indians 14 -- 11 in Game 3 of the 1997 World Series . Bregman singled in pinch runner Derek Fisher for the winning run in the tenth off of Jansen . The Astros became only the second team to come back twice from three runs down in a World Series game . The other were the Toronto Blue Jays in the 15 -- 14 win during Game 4 of the 1993 World Series . This World Series set a new record for most players to hit a home run ( 14 to date in the World Series ) . The 2017 World Series also set a record for the number of players who hit at least one home run Game 5 lasted five hours and seventeen minutes , making it the second longest World Series game in history , trailing only the 14 inning contest between the Astros and the Chicago White Sox in Game 3 of the 2005 World Series and the six game tying home runs in the series to this point is the most for any World Series on record . Game 6 featured the same starting pitchers as the second game : Verlander and Hill . Springer hit a solo home run off of Hill in the top of the third for the first run of the night . It was Springer 's fourth homer of the series , tied for third all - time in a single series and joining Gene Tenace , in 1972 , as the only players with four game - tying or go - ahead home runs in a World Series . The Astros loaded the bases in the fifth inning , but did not score . Hill pitched 4 ⁄ innings , struck out five and allowed four hits and one run . In the sixth inning , Taylor tied the game with an RBI double and Seager hit a sacrifice fly to give the Dodgers the lead . Verlander pitched six innings with nine strikeouts and only three hits allowed . Pederson hit a home run in the bottom of the seventh inning and Jansen pitched two scoreless innings for the save . Pederson tied a World Series record with his fifth consecutive game with an extra base hit and Andre Ethier , who appeared in the game as a pinch hitter , set a new Dodgers franchise record with his 50th career postseason game . The starting pitchers for this game were the same as in the third game : McCullers and Darvish . Springer doubled to open the game and scored the first run on an error by Bellinger , which allowed Bregman to reach second base . Bregman stole third base and scored on an Altuve ground out . McCann scored the next inning on a groundout by the pitcher McCullers . Springer then hit a two - run home run , tying Reggie Jackson and Chase Utley for most home runs in a single world series ( 5 ) and setting a new record with 29 total bases in any post-season series . Darvish lasted only 1 ⁄ innings and became the third pitcher with two starts of less than two innings in the World Series , and the first since Art Ditmar in the 1960 World Series . Morrow relieved Darvish and in the process became only the second pitcher to pitch in all seven games of a single World Series , joining Darold Knowles in the 1973 World Series . McCullers lasted only 2 ⁄ innings himself , he allowed three hits and hit a World Series record four batters . This was the first Game 7 in World Series history where neither starting pitcher got past the third inning . The Dodgers failed to score a run through five innings , despite having multiple runners in scoring position . Ethier , pinch hitting , scored Pederson on a single in the sixth inning for the Dodgers ' only run . They only had one hit in 13 chances with runners in scoring position in the game . Kershaw pitched four scoreless innings of relief in the game , and in the process , he broke Orel Hershiser 's Dodgers post-season record with his 33rd strikeout . Morton pitched four innings of relief to end the game , earning the win , as the Astros won their first World Series . Roster ( edit ) 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers Roster Pitchers 43 Luis Avilán 52 Pedro Báez 64 Walker Buehler 59 Fabio Castillo 54 Tony Cingrani 21 Yu Darvish 75 Grant Dayton 46 Josh Fields 62 Wilmer Font 41 Chris Hatcher 44 Rich Hill 74 Kenley Jansen 22 Clayton Kershaw 36 Adam Liberatore 18 Kenta Maeda 38 Brandon McCarthy 17 Brandon Morrow 58 Edward Paredes 71 Josh Ravin 54 Sergio Romo 99 Hyun - jin Ryu 48 Brock Stewart 68 Ross Stripling 7 Julio Urías 33 Tony Watson 57 Alex Wood Catchers 15 Austin Barnes 9 Yasmani Grandal Infielders 35 Cody Bellinger 37 Charlie Culberson 65 Kyle Farmer 11 Logan Forsythe 37 Mike Freeman 23 Adrian Gonzalez 5 Corey Seager 25 Rob Segedin 10 Justin Turner 26 Chase Utley Outfielders 67 O'Koyea Dickson 50 Brett Eibner 16 Andre Ethier 6 Curtis Granderson 28 Franklin Gutiérrez 14 Enrique Hernández 70 Tim Locastro 31 Joc Pederson 66 Yasiel Puig 3 Chris Taylor 21 , 47 Trayce Thompson 60 Andrew Toles 33 Scott Van Slyke 61 Alex Verdugo Manager 30 Dave Roberts Coaches 56 Josh Bard ( bullpen ) 13 Juan Castro ( quality assurance ) 82 Steve Cilladi ( bullpen catcher ) 85 Rob Flippo ( bullpen catcher ) 8 Bob Geren ( bench ) 40 Rick Honeycutt ( pitching ) 49 Tim Hyers ( assistant hitting ) 27 George Lombard ( first base ) 12 Turner Ward ( hitting ) 45 Chris Woodward ( third base ) 7 Steve Yeager ( catching ) Player Stats ( edit ) Batting ( edit ) List does not include pitchers . Stats in bold are the team leaders ... Note : G = Games played ; AB = At Bats ; R = Runs ; H = Hits ; 2B = Doubles ; 3B = Triples ; HR = Home Runs ; RBI = Runs Batted In ; BB = Walks ; SO = Strikeouts ; SB = Stolen Bases ; Avg . = Batting Average ; OBP = On Base Percentage ; SLG = Slugging ; OPS = On Base + Slugging Player AB 2B 3B HR RBI BB SO SB AVG OBP SLG OPS Seager , Corey Corey Seager 145 539 85 159 33 0 22 77 67 131 . 295 . 375 . 479 . 854 Taylor , Chris Chris Taylor 140 514 85 148 34 5 21 72 50 142 17 . 288 . 354 . 496 . 850 Puig , Yasiel Yasiel Puig 152 499 72 131 24 28 74 64 100 15 . 263 . 346 . 487 . 833 Bellinger , Cody Cody Bellinger 132 480 87 128 26 39 97 64 146 10 . 267 . 352 . 581 . 933 Turner , Justin Justin Turner 130 457 72 147 32 0 21 71 59 56 7 . 322 . 415 . 530 . 945 Grandal , Yasmani Yasmani Grandal 129 438 50 108 27 0 22 58 40 130 0 . 247 . 308 . 459 . 767 Forsythe , Logan Logan Forsythe 119 361 56 81 19 0 6 36 69 109 . 224 . 351 . 327 . 678 Utley , Chase Chase Utley 127 309 43 73 20 8 34 32 57 6 . 236 . 324 . 405 . 728 Hernández , Enrique Enrique Hernández 140 297 46 64 24 11 37 41 80 . 215 . 308 . 421 . 729 Pederson , Joc Joc Pederson 102 273 44 58 20 0 11 35 39 68 . 212 . 331 . 407 . 738 Gonzalez , Adrian Adrian Gonzalez 71 231 14 56 17 0 30 16 43 0 . 242 . 287 . 355 . 642 Barnes , Austin Austin Barnes 102 218 35 63 15 8 38 39 43 . 289 . 408 . 486 . 895 Granderson , Curtis Curtis Granderson 36 112 16 18 0 7 12 18 33 . 161 . 288 . 366 . 654 Toles , Andrew Andrew Toles 31 96 17 26 0 5 15 5 16 0 . 271 . 314 . 458 . 772 Gutiérrez , Franklin Franklin Gutiérrez 35 56 8 13 0 8 7 16 0 . 232 . 317 . 339 . 657 Thompson , Trayce Trayce Thompson 27 49 6 6 6 23 0 . 122 . 218 . 265 . 483 Van Slyke , Scott Scott Van Slyke 29 41 6 5 0 7 15 . 122 . 250 . 293 . 543 Ethier , Andre Andre Ethier 22 34 8 0 10 0 . 235 . 316 . 441 . 757 Eibner , Brett Brett Eibner 17 33 6 0 0 6 17 0 . 182 . 250 . 364 . 614 Verdugo , Alex Alex Verdugo 15 23 0 0 0 . 174 . 240 . 304 . 544 Farmer , Kyle Kyle Farmer 20 20 6 0 0 0 0 . 300 . 300 . 350 . 650 Segedin , Rob Rob Segedin 13 20 0 0 0 7 0 . 200 . 200 . 300 . 500 Culberson , Charlie Charlie Culberson 15 13 0 0 0 0 . 154 . 267 . 231 . 497 Dickson , O'Koyea O'Koyea Dickson 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 143 . 333 . 143 . 476 Freeman , Mike Mike Freeman 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 000 . 000 . 000 . 000 Locastro , Tim Tim Locastro 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 000 . 000 . 000 . 000 Pitching ( edit ) Stats in bold are the team leaders . Note : W = Wins ; L = Losses ; ERA = Earned run average ; G = Games pitched ; GS = Games started ; SV = Saves ; IP = Innings pitched ; R = Runs allowed ; ER = Earned runs allowed ; BB = Walks allowed ; K = Strikeouts Player ERA GS SV IP ER BB Kershaw , Clayton Clayton Kershaw 18 2.31 27 27 0 175.0 136 49 45 30 202 Wood , Alex Alex Wood 16 2.72 27 25 0 152.1 123 50 46 38 151 Hill , Rich Rich Hill 12 8 3.32 25 25 0 135.2 99 51 50 49 166 Maeda , Kenta Kenta Maeda 13 6 4.22 29 25 134.1 121 68 63 34 140 Ryu , Hyun - jin Hyun - jin Ryu 5 9 3.77 25 24 126.2 128 58 53 45 116 McCarthy , Brandon Brandon McCarthy 6 3.98 19 16 0 92.2 89 43 41 27 72 Stripling , Ross Ross Stripling 5 3.75 49 74.1 69 31 31 19 74 Jansen , Kenley Kenley Jansen 5 0 1.32 65 0 41 68.1 44 11 10 7 109 Báez , Pedro Pedro Báez 6 2.95 66 0 0 64.0 56 24 21 29 64 Fields , Josh Josh Fields 5 0 2.84 57 0 57.0 40 19 18 15 60 Darvish , Yu Yu Darvish 3.44 9 9 0 49.2 44 20 19 13 61 Avilán , Luis Luis Avilán 2.93 61 0 0 46.0 42 16 15 22 52 Morrow , Brandon Brandon Morrow 6 0 2.06 45 0 43.2 31 10 10 9 50 Hatcher , Chris Chris Hatcher 0 4.66 26 0 0 36.2 37 20 19 12 43 Stewart , Brock Brock Stewart 0 0 3.41 17 34.1 28 18 13 19 29 Romo , Sergio Sergio Romo 6.12 30 0 0 25.0 23 17 17 12 31 Dayton , Grant Grant Dayton 4.94 29 0 0 23.2 19 13 13 12 20 Urías , Julio Julio Urías 0 5.40 5 5 0 23.1 23 15 14 14 11 Watson , Tony Tony Watson 2.70 24 0 0 20.0 15 6 6 6 18 Cingrani , Tony Tony Cingrani 0 0 2.79 22 0 0 19.1 15 8 6 6 28 Ravin , Josh Josh Ravin 0 6.48 14 0 16.2 12 12 12 9 19 Buehler , Walker Walker Buehler 0 7.71 8 0 0 9.1 11 8 8 8 12 Paredes , Edward Edward Paredes 0 3.24 10 0 0 8.1 8 0 111 Font , Wilmer Wilmer Font 0 0 17.18 0 0 3.2 7 7 7 Liberatore , Adam Adam Liberatore 0 0 2.70 0 0 3.1 5 Castillo , Fabio Fabio Castillo 0 0 13.50 0 0 1.1 Awards and honors ( edit ) ( hide ) Recipient Award Date awarded Ref . Bellinger , Cody Cody Bellinger National League Player of the Week ( May 1 -- 7 ) May 8 , 2017 Wood , Alex Alex Wood National League Player of the Week ( May 8 -- 14 ) May 15 , 2017 Bellinger , Cody Cody Bellinger National League Rookie of the Month ( May ) June 2 , 2017 Wood , Alex Alex Wood National League Pitcher of the Month ( May ) June 2 , 2017 Bellinger , Cody Cody Bellinger National League Player of the Week ( June 19 -- 25 ) June 26 , 2017 Bellinger , Cody Cody Bellinger National League All - Star Team July 2 , 2017 Seager , Corey Corey Seager National League All - Star Team July 2 , 2017 Kershaw , Clayton Clayton Kershaw National League All - Star Team July 2 , 2017 Jansen , Kenley Kenley Jansen National League All - Star Team July 2 , 2017 Bellinger , Cody Cody Bellinger National League Rookie of the Month ( June ) July 3 , 2017 Turner , Justin Justin Turner National League All - Star Team July 6 , 2017 Wood , Alex Alex Wood National League All - Star Team July 7 , 2017 Hill , Rich Rich Hill National League Pitcher of the Month ( July ) August 2 , 2017 Turner , Justin Justin Turner National League Championship Series MVP October 19 , 2017 Taylor , Chris Chris Taylor National League Championship Series MVP October 19 , 2017 Bellinger , Cody Cody Bellinger Sporting News NL Rookie of the Year October 23 , 2017 Jansen , Kenley Kenley Jansen Trevor Hoffman National League Reliever of the Year October 28 , 2017 Kershaw , Clayton Clayton Kershaw Baseball America ALL - MLB TEAM October 28 , 2017 Jansen , Kenley Kenley Jansen Baseball America ALL - MLB TEAM October 28 , 2017 Bellinger , Cody Cody Bellinger Topps All - Star Rookie Team November 7 , 2017 Bellinger , Cody Cody Bellinger Players Choice National League Outstanding Rookie November 8 , 2017 Seager , Corey Corey Seager Silver Slugger Award November 9 , 2017 Puig , Yasiel Yasiel Puig Wilson Defensive Player of the Year Award - Right Field November 10 , 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers Wilson Best Defensive Team in Baseball Award November 10 , 2017 Bellinger , Cody Cody Bellinger National League Rookie of the Year Award November 13 , 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers Baseball America Organization of the Year November 28 , 2017 Kershaw , Clayton Clayton Kershaw Warren Spahn Award December 12 , 2017 Bellinger , Cody Cody Bellinger Los Angeles Sports Council Sportsman of the Year January 3 , 2018 Transactions ( edit ) April ( edit ) On April 2 , placed RHP Pedro Báez ( right wrist contusion ) , LHP Scott Kazmir ( left hip strain ) , RHP Josh Ravin ( right groin strain ) , RHP Brock Stewart ( right shoulder tendinitis ) , and OF Andre Ethier ( herniated disc in back ) on the 10 - day disabled list . On April 7 , placed LHP Rich Hill on the 10 - day disabled list due to a blister on his left middle finger and recalled RHP Josh Fields from AAA Oklahoma City . On April 10 , acquired RHP Joe Gunkel from the Baltimore Orioles in exchange for a player to be named later or cash . On April 11 , optioned RHP Joe Gunkel to AAA Oklahoma City . On April 12 , placed OF Franklin Gutiérrez on the 10 - day disabled list with a strained left hamstring and recalled OF Trayce Thompson from AAA Oklahoma City . On April 14 , activated RHP Pedro Báez from the 10 - day disabled list and optioned RHP Josh Fields to AAA Oklahoma City . On April 16 , activated LHP Rich Hill from the 10 - day disabled list and optioned OF Trayce Thompson to AAA Oklahoma City . On April 17 , placed LHP Rich Hill on the 10 - day disabled list due to a blister on his left middle finger and recalled IF / OF Rob Segedin from AAA Oklahoma City . On April 18 , placed LHP Grant Dayton on the 10 - day disabled list with a left intercostal strain and recalled RHP Josh Fields from AAA Oklahoma City . On April 19 , placed IF Logan Forsythe on the 10 - day disabled list with a broken right toe and recalled IF Chris Taylor from AAA Oklahoma City . Placed IF / OF Rob Segedin on the 10 - day disabled list with right toe strain and recalled OF Brett Eibner from AAA Oklahoma City . On April 23 , optioned OF Brett Eibner to AAA Oklahoma City and recalled LHP Adam Liberatore from AAA Oklahoma City . On April 24 , placed OF Joc Pederson on the 10 - day disabled list with a right groin strain and recalled OF Brett Eibner from AAA Oklahoma City . On April 25 , optioned OF Brett Eibner to AAA Oklahoma City , purchased the contract of 1B / OF Cody Bellinger from AAA Oklahoma City and designated RHP Joe Gunkel for assignment . On April 27 , recalled LHP Julio Urías from AAA Oklahoma City and optioned LHP Adam Liberatore to AAA Oklahoma City . On April 29 , activated LHP Grant Dayton from the 10 - day disabled list and optioned RHP Josh Fields to AAA Oklahoma City . May ( edit ) On May 1 , placed LHP Hyun - jin Ryu on the 10 - day disabled list with a left hip contusion and recalled RHP Josh Fields from AAA Oklahoma City . On May 2 , activated OF Franklin Gutiérrez from the 10 - day disabled list and optioned OF / 1B Scott Van Slyke to AAA Oklahoma City . On May 5 , activated OF Joc Pederson from the 10 - day disabled list and placed 1B Adrian Gonzalez on the 10 - day disabled list with right elbow soreness . On May 8 , placed RHP Brandon McCarthy on the 10 - day disabled list , retroactive to May 5 , with left shoulder soreness , and recalled LHP Adam Liberatore from AAA Oklahoma City . On May 9 , claimed LHP Justin Marks off waivers from the Tampa Bay Rays and transferred OF Andre Ethier from the 10 - day disabled list to the 60 - day disabled list . Marks was optioned to AAA Oklahoma City . On May 10 , placed OF Andrew Toles ( torn ACL ) and LHP Adam Liberatore ( groin strain ) on the 10 - day disabled list and recalled OF Brett Eibner and 1B / OF Scott Van Slyke from AAA Oklahoma City . Activated RHP Josh Ravin from the 10 - day disabled list and optioned him to AAA Oklahoma City . On May 11 , placed RHP Kenta Maeda on the 10 - day disabled list with left hamstring tightness and activated LHP Hyun - jin Ryu from the 10 - day disabled list . On May 15 , activated RHP Brandon McCarthy from the 10 - day disabled list and optioned OF Brett Eibner to AAA Oklahoma City . On May 16 , activated LHP Rich Hill from the 10 - day disabled list and optioned LHP Grant Dayton to AAA Oklahoma City . On May 18 , activated 1B Adrian Gonzalez from the 10 - day disabled list and optioned 1B / OF Scott Van Slyke to AAA Oklahoma City . On May 21 , optioned LHP Julio Urías to AAA Oklahoma City and recalled RHP Josh Ravin from AAA Oklahoma City . On May 23 , activated IF Logan Forsythe from the 10 - day disabled list and optioned RHP Josh Ravin to AAA Oklahoma City . On May 25 , activated RHP Kenta Maeda from the 10 - day disabled list and placed OF Joc Pederson on the 7 - day disabled list with a concussion . Placed LHP Luis Avilán on the 10 - day disabled list with left triceps soreness and activated LHP Adam Liberatore from the 10 - day disabled list . On May 26 , claimed RHP Chris Heston and IF Mike Freeman off waivers from the Seattle Mariners and optioned them to AAA Oklahoma City . Transferred LHP Scott Kazmir and OF Andrew Toles from the 10 - day disabled list to the 60 - day disabled list . On May 29 , placed LHP Alex Wood on the 10 - day disabled list with left SC joint inflammation , purchased the contract of RHP Brandon Morrow from AAA Oklahoma City and transferred RHP Brock Stewart from the 10 - day disabled list to the 60 - day disabled list . June ( edit ) On June 1 , placed LHP Adam Liberatore on the 10 - day disabled list with left forearm tightness and recalled LHP Grant Dayton from AAA Oklahoma City . On June 2 , acquired LHP Jason Wheeler from the Minnesota Twins for cash considerations and optioned him to AAA Oklahoma City . Transferred IF / OF Rob Segedin from the 10 - day disabled list to the 60 - day disabled list . On June 7 , RHP Chris Heston was claimed off waivers by the Minnesota Twins . Activated RHP Brock Stewart from the 60 - day disabled list and optioned him to AAA Oklahoma City . On June 8 , purchased the contract of RHP Fabio Castillo from AAA Oklahoma City and optioned him to AAA Oklahoma City , designated LHP Justin Marks for assignment . On June 9 , Activated 3B Justin Turner from the 10 - day disabled list , and optioned OF Brett Eibner to AAA Oklahoma City . Activated LHP Luis Avilán from the 10 - day disabled list and placed RHP Sergio Romo on the 10 - day disabled list with a left ankle sprain . On June 10 , activated LHP Alex Wood from the 10 - day disabled list and optioned RHP Brandon Morrow to AAA Oklahoma City . On June 13 , activated OF Joc Pederson from the 7 - day disabled list and placed 1B Adrian Gonzalez on the 10 - day disabled list with lower back discomfort . On June 15 , optioned RHP Ross Stripling to AAA Oklahoma City . On June 16 , recalled RHP Josh Ravin from AAA Oklahoma City . On June 18 , recalled RHP Brock Stewart from AAA Oklahoma City , optioned RHP Josh Ravin to AAA Oklahoma City , claimed OF Peter O'Brien on waivers from the Texas Rangers , and designated RHP Jason Wheeler for assignment . Optioned O'Brien to AAA Oklahoma City . On June 19 , activated RHP Sergio Romo from the 10 - day disabled list and optioned RHP Josh Fields to AAA Oklahoma City . On June 21 , optioned RHP Brock Stewart to AAA Oklahoma City and recalled RHP Brandon Morrow from AAA Oklahoma City . On June 23 , placed RHP Chris Hatcher on the 10 - day disabled list with thoracic inflammation and recalled RHP Ross Stripling from AAA Oklahoma City . On June 25 , placed OF Franklin Gutiérrez on the 10 - day disabled list with ankylosis spondylitis and recalled IF / OF Mike Freeman from AAA Oklahoma City . On June 26 , placed RHP Brandon McCarthy on the 10 - day disabled list with right knee inflammation , optioned RHP Ross Stripling to AAA Oklahoma City and recalled RHP Brock Stewart and OF Trayce Thompson from AAA Oklahoma City . On July 1 , optioned IF / OF Mike Freeman to AAA Oklahoma City and recalled RHP Josh Fields from AAA Oklahoma City . July ( edit ) On July 4 , placed LHP Hyun - jin Ryu on the 10 - day disabled list with a left foot contusion and recalled RHP Ross Stripling from AAA Oklahoma City . On July 6 , placed LHP Grant Dayton on the 10 - day disabled list with neck stiffness and recalled 1B / OF Scott Van Slyke from AAA Oklahoma City . On July 8 , activated RHP Brandon McCarthy from the 10 - day disabled list and optioned 1B / OF Scott Van Slyke to AAA Oklahoma City . On July 20 , activated LHP Grant Dayton from the 10 - day disabled list and designated RHP Sergio Romo for assignment . On July 24 , placed LHP Clayton Kershaw on the 10 - day disabled list with lower back strain , placed RHP Brandon McCarthy on the 10 - day disabled list with a blister on his right middle finger , activated LHP Hyun - jin Ryu from the 10 - day disabled list , recalled RHP Josh Ravin from AAA Oklahoma City , optioned OF Trayce Thompson to AAA Oklahoma City and purchased the contract of LHP Edward Paredes from AAA Oklahoma City . On July 28 , acquired RHP Luke Farrell from the Kansas City Royals for cash considerations and optioned him to AAA Oklahoma City . Transferred LHP Adam Liberatore from the 10 - day disabled list to the 60 - day disabled list . Placed LHP Grant Dayton on the 10 - day disabled list with neck pain and recalled C / IF Kyle Farmer from AAA Oklahoma City . On July 29 , acquired LHP Luis Ysla from the Boston Red Sox for cash considerations and optioned him to AA Tulsa . Transferred 1B Adrian Gonzalez from the 10 - day disabled list to the 60 - day disabled list . On July 31 , acquired LHP Tony Watson from the Pittsburgh Pirates for minor league pitcher Angel German and minor league infielder Oneil Cruz . Designated OF Peter O'Brien for assignment . Acquired RHP Yu Darvish from the Texas Rangers in exchange for minor leaguer pitcher A.J. Alexy and minor league infielders Willie Calhoun and Brendon Davis and designated IF / OF Mike Freeman for assignment . Acquired LHP Tony Cingrani from the Cincinnati Reds in exchange for 1B / OF Scott Van Slyke and minor league catcher Henrik Clementina . August ( edit ) On August 1 , activated LHP Tony Watson and optioned LHP Edward Paredes to AAA Oklahoma City . On August 2 , activated RHP Yu Darvish and optioned RHP Josh Ravin to AAA Oklahoma City . On August 3 , activated LHP Tony Cingrani and optioned RHP Brock Stewart to AAA Oklahoma City . On August 4 , claimed RHP Dylan Floro off waivers from the Chicago Cubs and optioned him to AAA Oklahoma City . Transferred OF Franklin Gutiérrez from the 10 - day disabled list to the 60 - day disabled list . On August 8 , LHP Luis Avilán was placed on the paternity list and RHP Brock Stewart was recalled from AAA Oklahoma City . On August 9 , RHP Luke Farrell was claimed on waivers by the Cincinnati Reds . On August 11 , LHP Luis Avilán was activated from the paternity list and RHP Brock Stewart was optioned to AAA Oklahoma City . On August 13 , activated RHP Chris Hatcher from the 10 - day disabled list and optioned C / IF Kyle Farmer to AAA Oklahoma City . On August 15 , traded RHP Chris Hatcher to the Oakland Athletics for international bonus slot money and activated IF / OF Rob Segedin from the 60 - day disabled list . On August 18 , activated 1B Adrian Gonzalez from the 60 - day disabled list and optioned IF / OF Rob Segedin to AAA Oklahoma City . Acquired OF Curtis Granderson from the New York Mets in exchange for cash or a player to be named later . Designated RHP Dylan Floro for assignment . On August 19 , placed RHP Yu Darvish on the 10 - day disabled list with back tightness , recalled LHP Edward Paredes from AAA Oklahoma City and optioned OF Joc Pederson to AAA Oklahoma City . On August 20 , claimed RHP Jordan Jankowski off waivers from the Houston Astros and optioned him to AAA Oklahoma City . Traded RHP Jacob Rhame to the New York Mets as the player to be named later in the Granderson trade . On August 22 , placed LHP Alex Wood on the 10 - day disabled list with inflammation of the sternoclavicular joint and 1B / OF Cody Bellinger on the 10 - day disabled list with a mild right ankle sprain and recalled RHP Brock Stewart and RHP Josh Ravin from AAA Oklahoma City . On August 23 , optioned RHP Brock Stewart to AAA Oklahoma City and recalled C / IF Kyle Farmer from AAA Oklahoma City . On August 27 , activated RHP Yu Darvish from the 10 - day disabled list and placed RHP Josh Fields on the 10 - day disabled list with lower back strain . On August 30 , activated 1B / OF Cody Bellinger from the 10 - day disabled list and optioned C / IF Kyle Farmer to AAA Oklahoma City . September ( edit ) On September 1 , activated LHP Clayton Kershaw from the 10 - day disabled list and OF Andre Ethier from the 60 - day disabled list , recalled IF / OF Rob Segedin and RHP Fabio Castillo from AAA Oklahoma City , purchased the contracts of OF Alex Verdugo and 1B / OF O'Koyea Dickson from AAA Oklahoma City , transferred LHP Grant Dayton from the 10 - day disabled list to the 60 - day disabled list and designated OF Brett Eibner and LHP Luis Ysla for assignment . On September 2 , recalled RHP Brock Stewart from AAA Oklahoma City , purchased the contract of RHP Wilmer Font from AAA Oklahoma City and designated RHP Jordan Jankowski for assignment . On September 3 , activated LHP Alex Wood from the 10 - day disabled list . On September 4 , activated RHP Josh Fields from the 10 - day disabled list , purchased the contract of IF Charlie Culberson from AAA Oklahoma City and transferred RHP Brandon McCarthy from the 10 - day disabled list to the 60 - day disabled list . On September 5 , recalled OFs Joc Pederson and Trayce Thompson from AAA Oklahoma City . On September 6 , purchased the contract of RHP Walker Buehler from AAA Oklahoma City and designated RHP Fabio Castillo for assignment . On September 9 , recalled C / IF Kyle Farmer from AAA Oklahoma City . On September 22 , activated RHP Brandon McCarthy from the 60 - day disabled list and placed RHP Josh Ravin on the 60 - day disabled list with a right abdomen strain . On September 29 , purchased the contract of IF Tim Locastro from AAA Oklahoma City and placed 1B / OF O'Koyea Dickson on the 60 - day disabled list with a sore left shoulder . Farm system ( edit ) Level Team League Manager Position AAA Oklahoma City Dodgers Pacific Coast League Bill Haselman 72 69 2nd place AA Tulsa Drillers Texas League Ryan Garko Scott Hennessey 77 63 1st place Lost in championship game High A Rancho Cucamonga Quakes California League Drew Saylor 76 64 2nd place Lost in playoffs Great Lakes Loons Midwest League Jeremy Rodriguez 69 70 5th place Rookie Ogden Raptors Pioneer League Mark Kertenian 47 29 2nd place League Champions Rookie Arizona League Dodgers Arizona League John Shoemaker 37 19 1st place Lost in playoffs Rookie DSL Dodgers 1 Dominican Summer League Keyter Collado 47 24 1st place Lost in championship game Rookie DSL Dodgers 2 Dominican Summer League Austin Chubb 44 28 1st place League champions Minor League statistical leaders ( edit ) Batting ( edit ) Average : Romer Cuadrado - Ogden - . 335 Home runs : Ibandel Isabel - Rancho Cucamonga - 28 RBI : Edwin Rios - Oklahoma City - 91 OBP : Romer Cuadrado - Ogden - . 413 SLG : Willie Calhoun - Oklahoma City - . 574 Pitching ( edit ) ERA : Miguel Urena - Ogden - 2.71 Wins : Justin Masterson - Oklahoma City - 11 Strikeouts : Wilmer Font - Oklahoma City - 178 Saves : Corey Copping - Tulsa - 18 WHIP : Jesus Vargas - AZL - 1.07 Mid-Season All - Stars ( edit ) All - Star Futures Game Pitcher Yadier Álvarez ( World team ) Outfielder Alex Verdugo ( World team ) Pacific Coast League All - Stars Pitcher Wilmer Font Pitcher Madison Younginer Second Baseman Willie Calhoun Outfielder Alex Verdugo Texas League All - Stars Pitcher Scott Barlow Pitcher Walker Buehler Pitcher Corey Copping Catcher Paul Hoenecke First Baseman Michael Ahmed ( starter ) First Baseman Matt Beaty Shortstop Tim Locastro Third Basmean Edwin Ríos ( starter ) Outfielder Kyle Garlick California League All - Stars Pitcher Caleb Ferguson Pitcher Dennis Santana Catcher Will Smith ( starter ) First Baseman Ibandel Isabel Outfielder D.J. Peters Outfielder Luke Raley ( starter ) Midwest League All - Stars Pitcher Dustin May Catcher Keibert Ruiz Infielder Brendon Davis Pioneer League All - Stars Pitcher James Carter Catcher Hendrik Clementina Infielder Nick Yarnall Outfielder Starling Heredia Outfielder Luis Paz Dominican Summer League All - Stars Pitcher Antonio Hernandez Pitcher Juan Morillo Catcher Marco Hernandez Post-Season All - Stars ( edit ) Pacific Coast League All - Stars Pitcher Wilmer Font ( PCL Pitcher of the Year ) Texas League All - Stars Pitcher Scott Barlow Infielder Matt Beaty ( Texas League Player of the Year ) California League All - Stars Pitcher Caleb Ferguson First Baseman Ibandel Isabel Outfielder D.J. Peters ( California League MVP ) Pioneer League All - Stars Catcher Luis Paz Notes ( edit ) Walker Buehler and Keibert Ruiz were named the Dodgers minor league pitcher and player of the year . The Rancho Cucamonga Quakes clinched a playoff spot with an 11 -- 3 win over the Lake Elsinore Storm on September 1 . The Quakes lost to the Lancaster Jethawks in three games in the first round of the playoffs . The Tulsa Drillers clinched the Texas League North Division second half title and a spot in the playoffs with a walk - off , 6 -- 5 , win over the Springfield Cardinals on September 2 . The advanced to the league championship series with a three games to two series victory over the Northwest Arkansas Naturals in the semi-finals . The Drillers lost in five games to the Midland RockHounds in the championship series . The two Dodgers affiliates in the Dominican Summer League played each other in the league championship game , with the DSL Dodgers 2 defeating the DSL Dodgers 1 by a score of 6 -- 4 to win the Dodgers first DSL championship since 2000 . The Arizona League Dodgers won their division and made the playoffs but lost in the semi-finals to the Arizona League Cubs . The Ogden Raptors clinched a spot in the Pioneer League playoffs with a 11 -- 7 win over the Grand Junction Rockies on September 6 and then swept the best of three first round playoff series against the Orem Owlz to advance to the league championship series for the first time since 1969 . The Raptors defeated the Great Falls Voyagers in three games to win their first championship since joining the Pioneer League . Major League Baseball Draft ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Major League Baseball Draft ( show ) 2017 Draft Picks Round Name Position School Signed Career span Highest level Jeren Kendall OF Vanderbilt University Yes 2017 -- present A+ Morgan Cooper RHP University of Texas Yes Connor Wong University of Houston Yes 2017 -- present A+ James Marinan RHP Park Vista Community High School Yes 2017 -- present Rookie 5 Riley Ottesen RHP University of Utah Yes 2017 -- present Rookie 6 Wills Montgomerie RHP University of Connecticut Yes 2017 -- present 7 Zachery Pop RHP University of Kentucky Yes 2017 -- present 8 Rylan Bannon 3B Xavier University Yes 2017 -- present A+ 9 Connor Strain RHP University of Evansville Yes 10 Zach Reks OF University of Kentucky Yes 2017 -- present A+ 11 Jacob Amaya SS South Hills High School Yes 2017 -- present Rookie 12 Andre Jackson RHP University of Utah Yes 13 Marshall Kasowski RHP West Texas A&M University Yes 2017 -- present 14 Josh McLain CF North Carolina State University No 15 Marcus Chiu 2B Marin Community College Yes 2017 -- present 16 Evy Ruibal RHP Notre Dame Yes 2017 -- present A+ 17 Nathan Witt RHP Michigan State University Yes 2017 -- present Rookie 18 Max Gamboa RHP Pepperdine University Yes 2017 -- preseet 19 Zach Willeman RHP Kent State University Yes 20 Donovan Casey OF Boston College Yes 2017 -- present A+ 21 Joshua Rivera SS Carlos Beltran Academy No 22 Justin Hoyt LHP Jacksonville State University Yes 2017 -- present Rookie 23 Connor Heady SS University of Kentucky Yes 2017 -- present Rookie 24 Preston Grand Pre SS University of California Yes 2017 -- present Rookie 25 Mark Washington RHP Lehigh University Yes 2017 -- present Rookie 26 Devin Hemmerich LHP Norfolk State University Yes 2017 -- present 27 Jeremy Arocho SS Old Mill Senior High School Yes 2017 -- present Rookie 28 Justin Lewis LHP Cornell University Yes 2017 -- present Rookie 29 Deacon Liput 2B University of Florida No 30 Chris Roller CF McLennan Community College Yes 2017 -- present Rookie 31 Hunter Mercado - Hood OF University of San Diego No 32 Tyler Adkison OF San Diego State University Yes 2017 -- present 33 Brett De Geus RHP Cabrillo College Yes 34 Dan Jagiello RHP LIU Post Yes 2017 -- present 35 Corey Nealy RHP Washington State University Yes 2017 -- present 36 Riley Richert RHP Howard College Yes 2017 -- present Rookie 37 Corey Merrill RHP Tulane University Yes 38 Preston White OF Birmingham -- Southern College No 39 Logan White Mountain Pointe High School No 40 Clayton Andrews LHP Cabrillo College No References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Turner , Kenley Jansen headline 9 Dodgers free agents '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Dodgers send Chin - hui Tsao outright to Triple - A '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Todd , Jeff ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 - 17 National League Non-Tenders '' . MLBTradeRumors.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Dodgers send Charlie Culberson outright to minors '' . SB Nation . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers designate Micah Johnson for assignment to make room on 40 - man roster '' . SB Nation . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers trade Micah Johnson to Braves for PTBNL or cash '' . SB Nation . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen , Eric ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers acquire Brett Eibner from A 's , DFA Carlos Frias '' . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Steve ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Indians Acquire Carlos Frias , Designate Richie Shaffer For Assignment '' . MLB Trade Rumors . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` Dodgers send Ruiz to Mariners for lefty Nuno '' . mlb.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Dodgers trade Howie Kendrick to Phillies for Darin Ruf and Darnell Sweeney '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Darin Ruf signs with Samsung Lions in Korea '' . SB Nation . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Jon ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers acquire second baseman Logan Forsythe '' . Dodgers.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers trade Nuno to O 's for Minor Leaguer '' . MLB.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Passan , Jeff ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Rich Hill agrees to $48 million deal with Dodgers '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Staff ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Turner , Dodgers finalize $64 M , 4 - year contract '' . Associated Press . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 -- via USA Today . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers finalize 5 - year contract with Kenley Jansen '' . SB Nation . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers finalize one - year contract with Sergio Romo '' . SB Nation . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers finalize 1 - year contract with Chase Utley '' . SB Nation . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( February 20 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers sign Gutierrez to one - year deal '' . mlb.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers pitchers and catchers report today '' . SB Nation . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers trade Chase De Jong to Mariners for Drew Jackson , Aneurys Zabala '' . SB Nation . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers starting rotation starting to take shape '' . SB Nation . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` McCarthy earns No. 4 spot in rotation '' . MLB.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Adrian Gonzalez , Kenley Jansen , Julio Urias headline Dodgers on World Baseball Classic rosters '' . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johns , Greg and Ken Gurnick ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Kershaw tunes up for Opening Day '' . mlb.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( April 1 , 2017 ) . `` Turner , Pederson go deep in Freeway Series '' . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCullough , Andy ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers deliver a message in opening day rout of Padres '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cassavell , AJ and Ken Gurnick ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Solarte , Richard put Padres in win column '' . mlb.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cassavell , AJ and Ken Gurnick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Puig , Hill get Dodgers back on track '' . mlb.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cassavell , AJ and Steve Dilbeck ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Puig powers Dodgers in big win vs. Padres '' . mlb.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Thomas Harding ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Freeland dazzles in debut as Rox down LA '' . mlb.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Thomas Harding ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` Rare air : Rockies hit three HRs off Kershaw '' . mlb.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Owen and Ken Gurnick ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` Maeda secures first win behind Seager 's blast '' . mlb.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Muskat , Carrie and John Jackson ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Reign kings : Cubs party , walk off on Dodgers '' . mlb.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , John ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` McCarthy silences Cubs on blustery night '' . mlb.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Muskat , Carrie and John Jackson ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Raking at Wrigley : HRs spark win vs. Dodgers '' . mlb.com . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Steve and Ken Gurnick ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Kershaw cruises as LA gets best of Greinke '' . mlb.com . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Steve and Ken Gurnick ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's to you , Mr. Robinson : Puig caps LA 's win '' . mlb.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Steve and Ken Gurnick ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` Iannetta , Walker lift D - backs over Dodgers '' . mlb.com . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Steve and Ken Gurnick ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` D - backs rally to gain series split with Dodgers '' . mlb.com . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dilbeck , Steve and Ken Gurnick ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Arenado , Story slug Rox past Ryu , Dodgers '' . mlb.com . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Kershaw , irked by delay , deals after early jam '' . mlb.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Barry M. Bloom ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` D - backs wait out Dodgers with 9 - run eighth '' . mlb.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry M. and Ken Gurnick ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers bitten by big flies in AZ '' . mlb.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry M. and Ken Gurnick ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Six - run inning backs McCarthy gem in finale win '' . mlb.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Chris Haft ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Giants hold off Dodgers to preserve Cain 's win '' . mlb.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Chris Haft ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Kershaw avenges loss to Blach with gem '' . mlb.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Chris Haft ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Arroyo , Morse HRs set up Giants ' walk - off '' . mlb.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haft , Chris and Ken Gurnick ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers erupt in 10th to earn split with Giants '' . mlb.com . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dilbeck , Steve and Todd Zolecki ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers back Maeda to freeze Phils ' streak '' . mlb.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dilbeck , Steve and Todd Zolecki ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` LAte show ! In 9th , 3 straight HRs & walk - off '' . mlb.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Todd Zolecki ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers sweep away Phils behind HRs , Ryu '' . mlb.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haft , Chris and Austin Laymance ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Giants beat Kershaw behind two homers '' . mlb.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Chris Haft ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers roar back to romp past Giants '' . mlb.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Chris Haft ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` Extra Vin - ning ! SF - LA extend celebration '' . mlb.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cassavell , AJ and Tim Powers ( May 6 , 2017 ) . `` Bellinger homers twice as Dodgers beat Padres '' . mlb.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cassavell , AJ and Ken Gurnick ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers pile on runs as Kershaw dominates '' . mlb.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` Rain postpones Dodgers - Padres finale in SD '' . mlb.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pitching Game Finder '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor 's slam keys Dodgers ' rout of Bucs '' . mlb.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Steve Dilbeck ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers edge Bucs in 10 - inning nail - biter '' . mlb.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Steve Dilbeck ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Bellinger 's HR backs Maeda as LA sweeps '' . mlb.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harding , Thomas and Owen Perkins ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Red - hot Rox back Hoffman in win over L.A. '' mlb.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harding , Thomas and Owen Perkins ( May 13 , 2017 ) . `` Kershaw keeps first - place Rox grounded '' . mlb.com . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harding , Thomas and Owen Perkins ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Eibner 's homer backs Wood 's gem at Coors '' . mlb.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Randhawa , Manny and Owen Perkins ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Valaika 's 2 homers help Rox deny Dodgers '' . mlb.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Chris Haft ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Giants rack up runs to win 4th straight '' . mlb.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Chris Haft ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Blach subdues LA in Giants ' 5th straight win '' . mlb.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haft , Chris and Ken Gurnick ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Kershaw , Dodgers quiet Giants in finale '' . mlb.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Austin Laymance ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` Puig 's long HR backs Ryu in win vs. Marlins '' . mlb.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Austin Laymance ( May 20 , 2017 ) . `` Wood puts up zeros as Dodgers mash Marlins '' . mlb.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Laymance , Austin and Will Laws ( May 21 , 2017 ) . `` Stanton , Riddle rock LA as Marlins stop slide '' . mlb.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Laymance , Austin and Will Laws ( May 21 , 2017 ) . `` A-Gon , Pederson power Dodgers past Marlins '' . mlb.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Jenifer Langosch ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` LA wins in 13th after epic Lynn - Kershaw duel '' . mlb.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Jenifer Langosch ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Leake dominates as Cards even series '' . mlb.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Landosch , Jenifer and Joshua Thornton ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Maeda a dual threat as Dodgers top Cards '' . mlb.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Muskat , Carrie and Joshua Thornton ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` Wood leads two - hit shutout of Cubs '' . mlb.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Muskat , Carrie and Joshua Thornton ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` Blanks - giving : LA carves up Cubbies again '' . mlb.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Muskat , Carrie and Joshua Thornton ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers ride 4 homers to sweep of Cubs '' . mlb.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chasen , Scott and Joe Harris ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers ride trio of HRs to 5th straight win '' . mlb.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chasen , Scott and Alaina Getzenberg ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers take 1st place with 6th straight win '' . mlb.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chasen , Scott and Joe Harris ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Fowler 's HR lifts Cards after C - Mart cools LA '' . mlb.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chasen , Scott and Alaina Getzenberg ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Cards blank Dodgers behind Waino 's arm , bat '' . mlb.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCullough , Andy ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Clayton Kershaw gets his 2,000 th strikeout , but the Dodgers need extras to beat the Brewers 2 - 1 '' . LA Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCalvy , Adam and Ken Gurnick ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor 's slam propels Dodgers past Brewers '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCalvy , Adam and Ken Gurnick ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` Thames , Santana 's HRs back Davies past LA '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Laymance , Austin and Joshua Thornton ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Ryu digs deep , but Nats pull away '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Joshua Thornton ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Scherzer K 's 14 before ' pen closes out LA '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Joshua Thornton ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Kershaw , Dodgers pass Stras test , win duel '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Joshua Thornton ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` Turner , Guti step up as LA handles Cincy '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thornton , Joshua and Austin Laymance ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers top Reds on Seager 's walk - off 2B '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thornton , Joshua ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Seager 's late slam propels Dodgers to victory '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kowileski , William and Ben Weinrib ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Kershaw tops Tribe after Bellinger bests Miller '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kowileski , William and Ben Weinrib ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers crack the code on Miller again '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kowileski , William and Ben Weinrib ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Indians ' bats erupt in rout of Dodgers '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vernon , Jeremy and Ken Gurnick ( June 17 , 2017 ) . `` LA gets clutch hits , Wood solid in win vs. Reds '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheldon , Mark and Ken Gurnick ( June 17 , 2017 ) . `` Puig hits 2 of LA 's 4 homers in win vs. Reds '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vernon , Jeremy and Ken Gurnick ( June 18 , 2017 ) . `` 6 XBHs , Enrique 's catch seal Dodgers sweep '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony and Joshua Thornton ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Bellinger , Turner power Dodgers past Mets '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony and Joshua Thornton ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` LA , LA grand : 3 Seager HRs ; Bellinger ? 22 ! '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony and Joshua Thornton ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Grandal , Puig go deep as Dodgers top Mets '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony and Ken Gurnick ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Joc 's jolt sends Dodgers to 7th straight win '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Thomas Harding ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` Wood 8 - 0 as LA rolls Rox for 8th straight W '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harding , Thomas and Joshua Thornton ( June 25 , 2017 ) . `` LA at 50 ? Dodger that ! Kershaw schools Rox '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harding , Thomas and Joshua Thornton ( June 25 , 2017 ) . `` LA plates 5 on wild pitches , wins 10th straight '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Kaelen Jones ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers fall to Angels as streak ends at 10 '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Kaelen Jones ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Joc , Kenta KO Halos , knot Freeway Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guardado , Maria and Joshua Thornton ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Angels stun Dodgers on walk - off K in wild 9th '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Kaelen Jones ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Ker - show ! Puig flip breaks tie , backs ace '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cassavell , AJ and Ken Gurnick ( July 1 , 2017 ) . `` Wood rolls to 9 - 0 as Dodgers thump Padres '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cassavell , AJ and Ken Gurnick ( July 2 , 2017 ) . `` Hill 's 11 - K gem , Dodgers ' HRs doom Padres '' . mlb.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Nathan Ruiz ( July 2 , 2017 ) . `` Chacin , Padres derail streaking Dodgers '' . mlb.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Steve and Joshua Thornton ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Kershaw K 's 11 , Turner HRs to edge D - backs '' . mlb.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Steve and Ken Gurnick ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wood you believe it ? Another gem for L.A. lefty '' . mlb.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Steve and Ken Gurnick ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor caps 4 - run 9th as LA stuns D - backs '' . mlb.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Joshua Thornton ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers cool off KC , cruise to 4th straight win '' . mlb.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thornton , Joshua and Chad Thornburg ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers hit 60 wins with walk - off BB in 10th '' . mlb.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Joshua Thornton ( July 9 , 2017 ) . `` Turner 's jacks lift Kershaw to 14th win in CG '' . mlb.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` 6 Dodgers set for ASG : Tues. , 4 : 30 PT , FOX '' . mlb.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon , Andrew and Chad Thornburg ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` All rise : Judge wins Home Run Derby '' . mlb.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pinack , Patrick and Glenn Sattell ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Puig 's 2nd HR rallies LA to 7th straight win '' . mlb.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pinack , Patrick and Glenn Sattell ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Wood remains perfect behind Bellinger 's cycle '' . mlb.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pinack , Patrick and Glenn Sattell ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` Turner homers , Hill fans 9 as streak hits 9 '' . mlb.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Fabian Ardaya ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` 10 again ! Dodgers extend streak , on 30 - 4 run '' . mlb.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Fabian Ardaya ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers run win streak to 11 , top White Sox '' . mlb.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Laymance , Austin and Joshua Thornton ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` McCarthy struggles , win streak ends at 11 '' . mlb.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Joshua Thornton ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Garcia slams the brakes on Dodgers ' Wood '' . mlb.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Joshua Thornton ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers hit 3 HRs , return to winning ways '' . mlb.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Joshua Thornton ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers get walk - off win after losing Kershaw '' . mlb.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bollinger , Rhett and Ken Gurnick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Bellinger 's blast in 8th saves the day for LA '' . mlb.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bollinger , Rhett and Ken Gurnick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor 's tear continues as LA reaches 70 wins '' . mlb.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bollinger , Rhett and Ken Gurnick ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Walk - off wonders : Dodgers rally to stun Twins '' . mlb.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haft , Chris and Joshua Thornton ( July 29 , 2017 ) . `` Seager 's 2 clouts help Dodgers beat Giants '' . mlb.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Chris Haft ( July 29 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers edge Giants for 7th straight win '' . mlb.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haft , Chris and Joshua Thornton ( July 30 , 2017 ) . `` LA wins 8th straight on Farmer 's 1st hit in 11th '' . mlb.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Dodgers Post Historic July Win Percentage '' . Bleacher Report . August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Jaylon and Aimee Sachs ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` LA takes win streak to the nines , edges Braves '' . mlb.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Mark and Jaylon Thompson ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Braves strike late , snap LA 's 9 - game win streak '' . mlb.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Mark and Jaylon Thompson ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers cruise to Taylor - made win over Atlanta '' . mlb.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Anthony DiComo ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Yu are not alone : LA pop backs star in debut '' . mlb.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony and Ken Gurnick ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Win & out : 5 guys go deep as LA fries Mets '' . mlb.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bumbaca , Chris and Ken Gurnick ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` LA sweeps Mets behind Ryu - led 1 - hit shutout '' . mlb.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Steve and Ken Gurnick ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` A Lamb slam turns tables on LA '' . mlb.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Denney , Jarrid and Ken Gurnick ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Wild Horse spurs Dodgers to 80th win '' . mlb.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Steve and Ken Gurnick ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` LA starts fast , adds on to thwart D - backs ' rally '' . mlb.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cassavell , AJ and Ken Gurnick ( August 12 , 2017 ) . `` Padres Hand - cuff Dodgers after HRs set stage '' . mlb.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cassavell , AJ and Josh Thornton ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers fastest in NL to 82 wins in 73 yearse '' . mlb.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thornton , Joshua and Nathan Ruiz ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Grandal , JT ( 2 ) HRs prolong LA 's series streak '' . mlb.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Posner , Ryan and Joshua Thornton ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers rally to 50 games over . 500 '' . mlb.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers beat White Sox 6 - 1 to move 50 games above . 500 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Posner , Ryan and Joshua Thornton ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Yas ! LA adds walk - off rally to dream season '' . mlb.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beck , Jason and Jordan Horrobin ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers ' doubles trump Tigers ' HRs in Detroit '' . mlb.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beck , Jason and Catherine Slonksnis ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers win 6th in a row , tie Interleague record '' . mlb.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beck , Jason and Catherine Slonksnis ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` Verlander spins gem as Tigers cool off Dodgers '' . mlb.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berry , Adam and Ken Gurnick ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers stop Bucs with Puig 's homer in 12th '' . mlb.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berry , Adam and Ken Gurnick ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor sets tone , bullpen picks up slack in win '' . mlb.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berry , Adam and Ken Gurnick ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Bucs ' 1st hit is 10th - inning walk - off HR off Hill '' . mlb.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berry , Adam and Ken Gurnick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` 90s pop : LA HRs back Ryu in watershed win '' . mlb.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Laymance , Austin and Joshua Thornton ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Maeken ' it happen ! Kenta and Co. 1 - hit Crew '' . mlb.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Laymance , Austin and Joshua Thornton ( August 27 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers ' bats silenced by Brewers ' Davies '' . mlb.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thornton , Joshua and Austin Laymance ( August 27 , 2017 ) . `` Brewers capture series over Dodgers in LA '' . mlb.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Steve and Ken Gurnick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` D - backs hold off Dodgers for 5th straight win '' . mlb.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Steve and Ken Gurnick ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` D - backs ride Ray 's 10 - K gem to 6th straight W '' . mlb.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Steve and Ken Gurnick ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` LA drops 5th straight , takes first sweep of year '' . mlb.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cassavell , A.J. and Ken Gurnick ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` Friday night , lights out : Kershaw back , zeroic '' . mlb.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cassavell , A.J. and Ken Gurnick ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` Padres walk off vs. Dodgers behind Solarte 's HR '' . mlb.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cassavell , A.J. and Ken Gurnick ( September 3 , 2017 ) . `` Padres ding Darvish , take twin bill vs. Dodgers '' . mlb.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cassavell , A.J. and Ken Gurnick ( September 3 , 2017 ) . `` Padres mash Wood for series win over LA '' . mlb.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Steve and Joshua Thornton ( September 4 , 2017 ) . `` J.D. mashes 4 , Ray rules LA as streak hits 11 '' . mlb.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Steve and Joshua Thornton ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` D - backs edge LA in 10 for 12th straight win '' . mlb.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thornton , Joshua and Steve Gilbert ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Maeda fans 8 , but Dodgers drop 6th in a row '' . mlb.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thornton , Joshua and Ryan Posner ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Kershaw hit hard early , Dodgers ' skid hits 7 '' . mlb.com . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thornton , Joshua and Ryan Posner ( September 9 , 2017 ) . `` Rox 's rally sends Dodgers to 8th straight loss '' . mlb.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Posmer , Ryan and Joshua Thornton ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers fall short in comeback as skid hits 9 '' . mlb.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Posmer , Ryan and Joshua Thornton ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Reynolds ' slam sends Dodgers ' skid to 10 '' . mlb.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Chris Haft ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Long night ends with 11th straight loss for LA '' . mlb.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Jonathan Hawthorne ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers clinch postseason , end losing streak '' . mlb.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Chris Haft ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Bellinger helps cut LA 's magic number to 7 '' . mlb.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collier , Jamal and Ken Gurnick ( September 16 , 2017 ) . `` Wood , Dodgers blank Nats , cut magic No. to 6 '' . mlb.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collier , Jamal and Ken Gurnick ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` LA stifles Nats again , drops magic number to 5 '' . mlb.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collier , Jamal and Ken Gurnick ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` LA denied sweep ; NL West magic number at 4 '' . mlb.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zolecki , Todd and Ken Gurnick ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers up early , but fall after slam off Kershaw '' . mlb.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Ben Harris ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers fall to Phils , but magic number is 2 '' . mlb.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Todd Zolecki ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` LA falters late in Philly to put clinch on hold '' . mlb.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Ben Harris ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers rally in Philly , cut magic number to 1 '' . mlb.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Chris Haft ( September 23 , 2017 ) . `` Bellinger 's blast clinches NL West for Dodgers '' . mlb.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haft , Chris and Joshua Thornton ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers subdued by Bumgarner in duel '' . mlb.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haft , Chris and Joshua Thornton ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` Grandal backs Kershaw in Dodgers ' 99th win '' . mlb.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cassavell , A.J. and Joshua Thornton ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Yu know who is dominant in LA 's 100th win '' . mlb.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cassavell , A.J. and Joshua Thornton ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers thump Padres , lock up NL 's top seed '' . mlb.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cassavell , A.J. and Joshua Thornton ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Hill , homers lead LA to record - tying 102nd win '' . mlb.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Thomas Harding ( September 30 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers stumble in opener vs. Rockies '' . mlb.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Thomas Harding ( October 1 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers get win over celebrating Rockies '' . mlb.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Manny Randhawa ( October 1 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers head to postseason with victory '' . mlb.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Steve Gilbert ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers start fast , hold off D - backs in Game 1 '' . mlb.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Steve Gilbert ( October 8 , 2017 ) . `` Dodger that ! 6 - 7 - 8 hitters have LA up 2 - 0 '' . mlb.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Steve and Ken Gurnick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` LA sweep ? Yu got it ! Dodgers return to NLCS '' . mlb.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( October 14 , 2017 ) . `` Injured Seager not on Dodgers ' NLCS roster '' . mlb.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Carrie Muskat ( October 15 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers ' Gm. 1 win Puig - powered , Taylor - made '' . mlb.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Muskat , Carrie and Ken Gurnick ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` LA - ' 88 show ! Turner 9th - inning HR wins G2 '' . mlb.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Carrie Muskat ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Holy ow ! Wrigley rout for LA ; sweep tonight ? '' . mlb.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Carrie Muskat ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers slug 2 HRs , miss chance at sweep '' . mlb.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Muskat , Carrie and Ken Gurnick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood & Vines : LA wins NLCS at Wrigley ! '' . mlb.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` 6 takeaways from the Dodgers ' NLCS domination of the Cubs '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://mlb.nbcsports.com/2017/10/22/world-series-game-1-will-feature-dallas-keuchel-vs-clayton-kershaw/ Jump up ^ http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/23/us/record-world-series-weather/index.html Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Taylor leads off the World Series with a home run '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Brian McTaggart ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Red hot ! Turner HR backs Kershaw Gm. 1 gem '' . mlb.com . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros Game 2 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Resilient Dodgers putting loss behind them '' . mlb.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Astros ' stars stage stunning comeback to even World Series '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Astros , Dodgers make World Series history with record 8 home runs in Game 2 '' . ESPN . October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ; McTaggart , Brian ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Astros even Series with late HRs in G2 thriller '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 : Astros rally to beat Dodgers in dramatic Game 2 -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 25 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros : Game 3 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Astros rock Darvish , power their way to 2 - 1 lead over Dodgers '' . ESPN . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian and Ken Gurnick ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Astros use 1 - 2 punch to take 2 - 1 WS lead '' . mlb.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.chron.com/sports/astros/article/Astros-Charlie-Morton-Dodgers-Alex-Wood-square-12312852.php Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Brian McTaggart ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers break Astros ' home spell , even Series '' . mlb.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Joc Pederson 's extra-base hit streak & the Dodgers ' rally '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clayton Kershaw , Dallas Keuchel face in Game 5 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros Game 5 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most Runs in a World Series Game , Combined '' . October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Astros win thrilling Game 5 in walk - off fashion to take World Series lead '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/dodgers-astros-game-5-what-to-know-about-maybe-the-best-world-series-game-ever/ Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian and Ken Gurnick ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Ca n't make this up ! Astros earn insane W '' . mlb.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs Astros Game 6 : Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ESPN Stats & Info ( @ ESPNStatsInfo ) ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` George Springer joins Gene Tenace ( 1972 ) as the only players to hit 4 game - tying or go - ahead home runs in a # WorldSeries '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 6 : Houston Astros 1 - 3 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 31 October 2017 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Brian McTaggart ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` LA solves JV ! Dodgers find O to set up WS G7 '' . mlb.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Joc Pederson ties World Series extra-base hit record '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Astros vs Dodgers Preview '' . mlb.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Astros vs. Dodgers Game 7 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Clayton Kershaw sets Dodgers postseason strikeout record '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Cody Bellinger named NL Player of the Week '' . SB Nation . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Alex Wood named NL Player of the Week '' . SB Nation . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lara - Cinesomo , Vince ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Aaron Judge , Cody Bellinger Among May 's Best '' . Baseball America . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers ' Cody Bellinger named National League Player of the Week '' . MLB.com . June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen , Eric ( July 2 , 2017 ) . `` All - Star Game rosters 2017 : Dodgers send 4 players to Miami '' . SB Nation . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kavner , Rowan ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` Bellinger , Jansen earn NL June honors '' . Dodger Insider . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` All - Star Game 2017 : Justin Turner wins Final Vote '' . SB Nation . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Alex Wood named to National League All - Star team '' . SB Nation . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kavner , Rowan ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Rich Hill is July 's NL Pitcher of the Month '' . Dodger Insider . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cassavell , AJ ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Turner , Taylor share NLCS MVP honors '' . mlb.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foster , Jason ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers ' Cody Bellinger wins Sporting News NL Rookie of the Year '' . Sporting News . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Kenley Jansen wins Trevor Hoffman Award as NL reliever of the year '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` From Afterthought To Foundation Of A Winner '' . Baseball America . October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rockies PR ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Topps All - Star Rookie Team - Rockies right - hander German Márquez honored '' . KKTV News . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Cody Bellinger named Players Choice NL Outstanding Rookie '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Corey Seager wins 2nd Silver Slugger Award at shortstop '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen , Eric ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers , Yasiel Puig win Wilson defensive honors '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Cody Bellinger the unanimous winner of NL Rookie of the Year '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Glaser , Kyle ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 MLB Organization Of The Year : Los Angeles Dodgers '' . Baseball America . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kavner , Rowan ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Kershaw wins 2017 Warren Spahn Award '' . Dodgers Insider . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ City News Service ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` Cody Bellinger Clinches LA Sports Council 's 2017 Sportsman of the Year '' . NBC Los Angeles . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers announce opening day roster , place 5 on disabled list '' . SB Nation . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCullough , Andy ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers place Rich Hill on 10 - day disabled list because of a blister on his pitching hand '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers acquire Joe Gunkel from Orioles for player to be named later or cash '' . SB Nation . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Minami , Craig ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Scott Barlow has solid start in Drillers ' win '' . SB Nation . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers place Franklin Gutierrez on DL , recall Trayce Thompson '' . SB Nation . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers activate Pedro Baez from DL , option Josh Fields to Triple - A Oklahoma City '' . SB Nation . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers option Trayce Thompson to Triple - A to make room for Rich Hill '' . SB Nation . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` Rich Hill lands back on the disabled list , Rob Segedin recalled '' . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Grant Dayton placed on DL , Dodgers recall Josh Fields from Triple - A '' . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Broken toe lands Logan Forsythe on DL , Dodgers recall Chris Taylor from Triple - A '' . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Brett Eibner recalled from Triple - A , Rob Segedin placed on DL '' . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers recall Adam Liberatore from Triple - A , option Brett Eibner to Oklahoma City '' . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers place Joc Pederson on the DL , recall Brett Eibner '' . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kavner , Rowan ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers ' top prospect Bellinger arrives '' . Dodgers Insider . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers option Adam Liberatore to make room for Julio Urias '' . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers activate Grant Dayton , option Josh Fields to Triple - A '' . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Hyun - jin Ryu lands on DL with glute strain '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers activate Franklin Gutierrez from DL , option Scott Van Slyke to Triple - A '' . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` Adrian Gonzalez placed on disabled list for first time in career '' . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers place Brandon McCarthy on DL , recall Adam Liberatore from Triple - A '' . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers claim Justin Marks off waivers from Rays '' . SB Nation . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers recall Brett Eibner , Scott Van Slyke , place Adam Liberatore on DL '' . SB Nation . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers reinstate Josh Ravin & option him to Triple - A '' . SB Nation . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Kenta Maeda is the latest Dodger to be placed on the 10 - day DL '' . SB Nation . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers option Brett Eibner to Triple - A Oklahoma City '' . SB Nation . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers option Grant Dayton to Triple - A to make room for Rich Hill '' . SB Nation . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers activate Adrian Gonzalez from the DL , option Scott Van Slyke to Triple - A '' . SB Nation . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( May 21 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers option Julio Urias to Triple - A Oklahoma City , recall Josh Ravin '' . SB Nation . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers activate Logan Forsythe from DL , option Josh Ravin to Triple - A '' . SB Nation . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Joc Pederson placed on 7 - day DL with concussion '' . SB Nation . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers place Luis Avilan on 10 - day DL , activate Adam Liberatoreussion '' . SB Nation . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Todd , Jeff ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers Claim Mike Freeman , Chris Heston '' . MLB Trade Rumors . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Minami , Craig ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers place Alex Wood on 10 - day DL , add Brandon Morrow to 25 - man roster '' . SB Nation . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chasen , Scott ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers place Liberatore on DL , recall Dayton '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Minami , Craig ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers obtain left - handed pitcher Jason Wheeler from Twins for cash considerations '' . SB Nation . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Phil ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Twins add reliever Chris Heston , release Nick Tepesch '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kavner , Rowan ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers reinstate , option RHP Brock Stewart '' . Dodgers.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kavner , Rowan ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers select contract of RHP Castillo , option him to Triple - A '' . Dodgers Insider . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers activate Justin Turner from DL '' . SB Nation . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kavner , Rowan ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Avilan reinstated after missing 14 games '' . Dodgers.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers option Brandon Morrow to make room for Alex Wood '' . SB Nation . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers place Adrian Gonzalez on DL , activate Joc Pederson '' . SB Nation . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers option Ross Stripling to Triple - A '' . SB Nation . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers recall Josh Ravin from Triple - A '' . SB Nation . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( June 18 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers recall Brock Stewart , option Josh Ravin to Triple - A '' . SB Nation . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Connor ( June 18 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers Claim Peter O'Brien , Designate Jason Wheeler '' . MLB Trade Rumors . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers activate Sergio Romo from DL , option Josh Fields to Triple - A '' . SB Nation . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers recall Brandon Morrow from Triple - A , option Brock Stewart '' . SB Nation . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers place Chris Hatcher on DL , recall Ross Stripling '' . SB Nation . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Minami , Craig ( June 25 , 2017 ) . `` Franklin Gutierrez placed on DL , Mike Freeman activated '' . SB Nation . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers recall Trayce Thompson from Triple - A Oklahoma City '' . SB Nation . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( July 1 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers recall Josh Fields , option Mike Freeman to Triple - A '' . SB Nation . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers place Hyun - jin Ryu on DL , recall Ross Stripling '' . SB Nation . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers place Grant Dayton on DL , recall Scott Van Slyke from Triple - A '' . SB Nation . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` Scott Van Slyke optioned to Triple - A Oklahoma City '' . SB Nation . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers designate Sergio Romo for assignment , activate Grant Dayton from DL '' . SB Nation . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walton , Ryan ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers make a flurry of roster moves before the opener '' . SB Nation . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kavner , Rowan ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers acquire RHP Luke Farrell from Kansas City '' . Dodgers Insider . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walton , Ryan ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Grant Dayton to DL , Kyle Farmer recalled '' . SB Nation . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Minami , Craig ( July 29 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers acquire left - handed pitcher Luis Ysla ; Adrián González moved to 60 - day DL '' . SB Nation . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Minami , Craig ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers acquire left - handed reliever Tony Watson from Pittsburgh for two minor leaguers '' . SB Nation . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Minami , Craig ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers acquire right - handed pitcher Yu Darvish from Rangers '' . SB Nation . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calcaterra , Craig ( 2017 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Reds trade Tony Cingrani to the Dodgers '' . HardballTalk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Bill ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers excited by prospects of ' best team in baseball ' getting even better '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Young , David ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Stewart and the Dodgers look to extend winning streak to ten games '' . SB Nation . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walton , Ryan ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Alex Wood returns to Atlanta looking for the series win '' . SB Nation . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Todd , Jeff ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers Claim Dylan Floro '' . MLB Trade Rumors . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Luis Avilan placed on paternity list , Brock Stewart recalled from Triple - A '' . SB Nation . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Luke Farrell claimed off waivers by Reds '' . SB Nation . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . 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Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bernreuter , Hugh ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers prospects Keibert Ruiz , Dustin May named Midwest League all - stars '' . mlive.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bernreuter , Hugh ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers prospect Brendon Davis added to Midwest League All - Star roster '' . mlive.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dykstra , Sam ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Vilade , Heredia highlight Pioneer All - Stars '' . milb.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 All - Pacific Coast League Team revealed '' . milb.com . August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pacific Coast League ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Historic season earns Font Pitcher of the Year '' . milb.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wild , Danny ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Beaty , Hudson snag top Texas League awards '' . milb.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lindskog , Mike ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Peters Wins MVP ; Quakes with Three All - Stars '' . milb.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tripodi , Chris ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Villa , Rodriguez headline Pioneer All - Stars '' . milb.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Walker Buehler , Keibert Ruiz named Dodgers minor league players of the year '' . SB Nation . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bigley , Zach ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` Quakes Clinch Playoff Berth with Win Over Storm '' . milb.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lindskog , Mike ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` JetHawks Rally for Huge Win , Eliminate Quakes '' . milb.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tulsa Drillers ( September 3 , 2017 ) . `` Walk - Off in Ninth Clinches Drillers Playoff Berth '' . milb.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tulsa Drillers ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Drillers Beat Naturals , Will Play for Texas League Title '' . milb.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tulsa Drillers ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Drillers Championship Bid Falls Short '' . milb.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DSL Dodgers obtienen octavo título veraniego local '' . dominicansummerleague.com . September 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Josh ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Gonzalez leads Rookie - level Giants to Finals '' . milb.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haynes , Andrew ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Raptors Clinch Playoff Spot '' . milb.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maun , Tyler ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Cuadrado 's big night leads Raptors to sweep '' . milb.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Battifarano , Andrew ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Raptors nab first Pioneer League championship '' . milb.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers select Vandy OF with No. 23 pick '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen , Eric ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers sign top 3 MLB draft picks on final day '' . SB Nation . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Danny ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Los Angeles Dodgers select Texas ace Morgan Cooper in MLB Draft 's second round '' . Austin American - Statesman . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gurnick , Ken ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` College ranks appealing to Dodgers in Draft '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen , Eric ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` MLB Draft 2017 : Dodgers reportedly sign 4th - round pick James Marinan '' . SB Nation . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen , Eric ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 MLB Draft : Dodgers announce signings of 21 picks '' . SB Nation . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen , Eric ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` MLB Draft 2017 : Dodgers selections 11 - 20 '' . SB Nation . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Steve ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` South Hills ' Jacob Amaya signs with Dodgers ; Karlos Morales with Brewers '' . San Gabriel Valley Tribune . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen , Eric ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers 2017 MLB draft tracker '' . SB Nation . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers Picks in the MLB June Amateur Draft '' . Baseball Reference . 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"The 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers season was the 128th for the franchise in Major League Baseball, and their 60th season in Los Angeles, California. They finished the season with the most wins in Los Angeles team history with a major league best 104 wins (2nd best in overall team history, tied with the 1942 team and behind only the 1953 Brooklyn Dodgers). They won their fifth straight National League West championship and swept the Arizona Diamondbacks in three games in the Division Series. They advanced to the National League Championship Series for the second year in a row and the third time in five seasons, where they faced the Chicago Cubs for the second year in a row. They defeated the Cubs in five games and advanced to the World Series for the first time since 1988, where they lost to the Houston Astros in seven games."
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6808331322853614623 | Star vs. the Forces of Evil | Star vs. the Forces of Evil - Wikipedia Star vs. the Forces of Evil Jump to : navigation , search Star vs. the Forces of Evil Genre Comedy Adventure Created by Daron Nefcy Developed by Jordana Arkin Dave Wasson Creative director ( s ) Dominic Bisignano Voices of Eden Sher Adam McArthur Alan Tudyk Theme music composer Brad Breeck ( opening ) Daron Nefcy & Ego Plum ( ending ; seasons 1 & 2 ) Daron Nefcy & Brian H. Kim ( ending ; season 3 ) Opening theme `` I 'm from Another Dimension '' performed by Brad Breeck Ending theme `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil End Theme '' performed by Eden Sher ( uncredited - seasons 1 - 2 ) `` Shining Star '' performed by Agnes Shin ( season 3 - present ) Composer ( s ) Brian H. Kim Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 49 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Daron Nefcy Dave Wasson ( co-executive , season 1 ) Jordana Arkin ( co-executive , season 1 ) Producer ( s ) Aaron Hammersley ( supervising ) Dominic Bisignano ( supervising ) Running time 22 minutes ( usually two 11 - minute segments ) Production company ( s ) Disney Television Animation Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network Disney XD Original release January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website Star vs. the Forces of Evil is an American animated comedy - adventure television series created by Daron Nefcy and developed by Jordana Arkin and Dave Wasson , which airs on Disney XD . The first Disney XD series created by a woman , and second overall for Disney Television Animation ( following Pepper Ann ) , it follows the adventures of Star Butterfly ( voiced by Eden Sher ) , the young turbulent heir to the royal throne in the dimension of Mewni , who is sent to Earth so she can complete her education and learn to be a worthy princess , and Marco Diaz ( Adam McArthur ) , a human teenager who becomes her roommate and best friend , as they live their daily lives , go on adventures in other dimensions , and try to prevent the evil Ludo ( Alan Tudyk ) and his minions from stealing Star 's magic wand . Star vs. the Forces of Evil typically follows a format of two 11 - minutes long independent `` segments '' per episode , with individual writing and directing credits for each , although it occasionally opts for a single , 22 - minutes long story instead . The first episode aired on January 18 , 2015 on Disney Channel as a special preview , becoming the most - watched animated series debut in Disney XD 's history ; the first season subsequently officially premiered on Disney XD on March 30 , 2015 . The third and current season started on July 15 , 2017 . On February 28 , 2017 , the series was officially renewed for a fourth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Background and production 3 Promotion and release 3.1 International 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Awards and nominations 6 Other media 7 References 8 External links Plot Main article : List of Star vs. the Forces of Evil characters Star Butterfly is a magical princess from the dimension of Mewni , and the heir to the royal throne of the Butterfly Kingdom . As per tradition , she is given her family 's family heirloom wand on her 14th birthday , but after she accidentally sets fire to the family castle , her parents decide that a safer option is to send her to Earth as a foreign exchange student , so she can continue her magic training there . She befriends Marco Diaz and lives with his family while attending Echo Creek Academy . Star and Marco must deal with everyday school life while protecting Star 's wand from falling into the hands of Ludo , a villain from Mewni who commands a group of monsters . Star and the folks from Mewni are able to travel across dimensions using `` dimensional scissors '' that can open portals . Background and production Nefcy said she originally created Star as a girl who wanted to be a magical girl like Sailor Moon , and Marco as a boy who was obsessed with Dragon Ball Z and karate ; they would be enemies instead of friends . In this earlier version , Star did not have any actual magical powers ; she instead would approach and solve problems primarily through the force of her determination alone . Nefcy began pitching the show when she was in her third year of college , when Cartoon Network was actively soliciting the creation of pilots for prospective new shows . Nefcy originally placed Star in the fourth grade , reflecting on a time in her own childhood when she held a self - described obsession with the animated series Sailor Moon . However , Nefcy later adjusted the character 's age to fourteen during the time she made her series proposition to Disney . An executive at that time made the suggestion for Star to have actual magical powers . Nefcy worked this concept into the show 's current iteration , along with the idea of different dimensions as show locations , the framing device of Star being a foreign exchange student , and the plot aspects relating to Star being a princess and the subsequent consequences of her royal birthright . Nefcy said that the overall concept has evolved over about six years . In addition to Sailor Moon and Dragon Ball Z , Nefcy has said that she had heavy influence in her youth from the animated Japanese shows Magic Knight Rayearth , Revolutionary Girl Utena and Unico , the last of which featured a pink unicorn . She also cited shows unrelated to Japanese animation such as Buffy the Vampire Slayer , and was influenced by independent comic series such as Scott Pilgrim and The Dungeon . With regards to the development of more strong female characters , Nefcy said that she `` looked at TV over the years and I have had to go to Japan when I was younger to find the cartoons that had the characters that I wanted to see . It was always a question of ' Well , why is n't that on TV in the U.S. ? ' '' One of the concepts she likes about the show is that it does n't make high school the most important experience for teenagers . She also likes that Star does her own thing instead of being concerned about fitting in . Nefcy did not want the gimmick about keeping the magic powers a secret from others as typical of magical girl shows , so she had the students already know about it and Marco 's parents as well . She also portrays Star as not really a superhero as she does not specifically go after super-villains except when they attack her , and that she does n't really save people . Nefcy said that the episodes balance comedy and drama : `` we really want our characters to feel like teenagers and have them going through the normal emotions that teenagers go through , but in this magical setting . '' Storyboarding and design are done in Los Angeles . In describing the process , Nefcy said that the show is storyboard - driven , with each episode mapped out by the storyboard artists . The storyboarders also do the writing , taking a two - page outline and turning it into a full script . A storyboard for 11 minutes would require about 2000 drawings to be done in a six - week period . After pre-production in the US , the first season animation was done at Mercury Filmworks in Ottawa , Canada . Mercury had also done Wander Over Yonder and the Mickey Mouse series . For the rest of first season , the animation was done in the Philippines . The second season was animated by Sugarcube and Rough Draft Studios , both located in South Korea . The theme song was done by Brad Breeck , who also did Gravity Falls ' opening theme ; Nefcy said : `` when we were listening to it we did n't know , because we just listened blind '' . Brian Kim was chosen among a group of about ten people as the show 's composer . Kim describes the music for each dimension as having a different sound and relating it to indie rock in Los Angeles . The show was initially scheduled to premiere on Disney Channel after being greenlighted in March 2013 , for a premiere in the Fall of 2014 , before being switched over to Disney XD . Promotion and release The show 's title sequence was promoted at Comic - Con 2014 six months prior to its scheduled broadcast premiere . As a result , the footage was uploaded by fans to YouTube who then started generating fan art and fan fiction . The first episode premiered on Disney Channel in January 2015 . The positive reaction on social media has prompted Disney XD to order a second season of the series in February 2015 , six weeks ahead of its launch of the series on Disney XD in March . Disney sitcom actors Olivia Holt and Kelli Berglund participated in promoting the series the weeks before its Disney XD premiere , with Holt dressing up as Star . The second season premiered on July 11 , 2016 , The show 's third season was ordered ahead in March 2016 . It premiered on July 15 , 2017 with a two - hour long television movie entitled `` The Battle for Mewni '' and consisted of the first four episodes . A live chat featuring Star and Marco was aired on Disney XD on July 17 . The remaining third - season episodes are scheduled to run starting November 6 , 2017 . A fourth season was also ordered ahead of the third season premiere . International Star vs. the Forces of Evil premiered in Canada on the DHX - owned Disney XD on April 6 , 2015 , and was later moved to the Corus - owned Disney XD on December 1 . The series premiered on Disney XD channels in the United Kingdom and Ireland on April 16 , 2015 , in Australia on August 3 , and in the Middle East and Africa on October 5 . It also premiered on November 8 on Disney Channel in Southeast Asia . The series premiered on March 6 , 2016 , as Star Butterfly in French on Disney La Chaîne in Canada . The show premiered on November 2 on Disney XD in Italy , and on Disney Channel on November 2 , 2016 . Episodes Main article : List of Star vs. the Forces of Evil episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 22 July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) TBA July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA Reception Star vs. the Forces of Evil has received positive reviews by critics . Kevin Johnson of The A.V. Club gave the pilot episode a B+ , saying that the show was something children could have a lot of fun with , noting how the show follows current trends in western animation `` towards large - eyed characters and quirky visual trends '' . Johnson stated that Star vs. the Forces of Evil `` excels on wild , silly , and clever set - pieces to bring the laughs and action '' , but expected that adult viewers wo n't get much out of it . Furthermore , the premiere of Star vs. the Forces of Evil became the most - watched animated series debut in Disney XD 's history . Following the end of the second season , Disney XD announced it had ordered a fourth season of the show , and that in 2016 , Star and another animated show Milo Murphy 's Law had reached over 100 million consumer views combined across its media platforms . In reviewing episodes from the first season , Marcy Cook of The Mary Sue described the show as a blend of others such as Invader Zim and a sanitized Ren & Stimpy , with great appeal to tween and teen girls as well some laugh out loud moments for adults . She said , `` ( I ) t 's really cool to see a girl who is into cuteness and rainbows also kick - ass and enjoy it '' . Cook was bothered by the short episodes that made the plot seem rushed or underdeveloped . Cook was bugged by Marco 's retconned personality from the pilot episode where he was a safety conscious kid to the series where he was a martial arts fight seeker . Caitlin Donovan of entertainment website Epicstream listed it among her top 10 animated series of 2015 . She found the first few episodes to be `` a little rough for me , like the show was trying too hard to be funny and weird '' , but that the show got better with character development and relationship building , with `` a really dramatic , high - tension finale to the first season '' . Awards and nominations The episode `` Party with a Pony '' was showcased in the Annecy International Animated Film Festival in June 2015 . Year Award Nominee Result Ref 2015 Annecy International Animated Film Festival TV Series For `` Party with a Pony '' Nominated 2016 Annie Awards Best Animated TV / Broadcast Production for Children 's Audience For `` Blood Moon Ball '' Nominated Other media A comic book series titled Deep Trouble was written by storyboarder Zach Marcus and illustrated by character designer Devin Taylor , both of whom are part of the Star crew . They have been released monthly by Joe Books starting in September 2016 . A Cinestory comic was also developed and released . The book Star and Marco 's Guide to Mastering Every Dimension , authored by Amber Benson and supervising producer Dominic Bisignano , was released on March 7 , 2017 . References ^ Jump up to : Disney XD ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star vs. The Forces of Evil ' Renewed for Second Season by Disney XD Ahead of Series Premiere '' ( Press release ) . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 -- via TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ `` Disney Tries Something New With ' Star Vs . The Forces of Evil ' : A Woman Creator '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Koontz , Robert ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Women In Animation Host ' Star vs. The Forces of Evil ' Panel '' . Disney Post . Disney . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kissell , Rick ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` Disney XD Sets Animated Ratings High with Premiere of ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' '' . Variety.com . ^ Jump up to : Nordyke , Kimberly ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Disney XD Renews Al Yankovic 's ' Milo Murphy 's Law , ' Eden Sher 's ' Star vs. The Forces of Evil ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Creator Daron Nefcy Guides Us Through Tonight 's Star - Studded Episode of Star Vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Disney Insider Blog . July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rutherford , Kristen ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Interview : Daron Nefcy of Disney 's Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Nerdist . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Get a Little Weird and Wild with Daron Nefcy 's Star Vs . The Forces Of Evil on Disney XD '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Comic - Con Helped Create Fans for Disney XD 's Star vs. The Forces of Evil Six Months Before Its First Episode Airs - Jim Hill '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Jacquelyn ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Disney animator shares best and worst parts of her job '' . Business Insider . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Daron Nefcy ( @ daronnefcy ) ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` @ chuck_kopsho nope , now it 's Sugarcube and RDK '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Nefcy , Daron ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` - Recently I got the wonderful opportunity to visit ... '' daronnefcy.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brian H. Kim '' . brianhkim.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( January 18 , 2015 ) . `` We wanted the different dimensions to have a different `` sound . '' Echo Creek is very laid - back LA indie rock . # StarVsTheForcesOfEvil '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Channel Greenlights Animated Series About Magical Princess From Young Creator '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team . `` Disney XD Orders Season 2 Of ' Star Vs . The Forces of Evil ' Ahead Of Its Launch - Deadline '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes with Olivia Holt - Star vs. the Forces of Evil - Disney Video '' . Disney Video . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Puppies - Star vs. the Forces of Evil - Disney Video '' . Disney Video . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClendon , Lamarco ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' Stars to Guest on Disney XD 's ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bryn Elise Sandberg ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Disney XD Orders Pair of Original Animated Series ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Joseph ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Star Vs . The Forces Of Evil TV Movie Coming This Summer '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daron Nefcy ( @ daronnefcy ) ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` I just want to be clear that the movie is the 1st 4 episodes of S3 played together . It will play like a movie but it is the premiere of S3 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vo0hnxp4RdI Jump up ^ This Season in Mewni ... Disney - ABC Television Group . July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Joseph ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Star vs. the Forces of Evil TV Movie Coming This Summer '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Jennifer ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Vs . The Forces Of Evil ' Debuts on April 6 '' . Animation World Network ( Press release ) . Toronto . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney XD '' . disneychannel.ca Buzz Blog . Corus Entertainment . November 1 , 2015 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ VGX / TV Holidays ( April 8 , 2015 ) . Disney XD UK Easter Continuity 2015 . YouTube . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ P , Chuck ( July 31 , 2015 ) . `` New on Foxtel in August : 200 + shows including Texas Rising , Rogue and 7 Days In Hell '' . The Green Room . Foxtel . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Germishuys , Andrew ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` Disney XD Programming Highlights For October 2015 '' . South African Movie Database . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Vs The Forces Of Evil Premiere '' . Disney Philippines . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Vs The Forces Of Evil Premiere '' . Disney Singapore . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Butterfly '' . La chaîne Disney . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marco e Star - Dal 7 Novembre '' ( in Italian ) . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kevin ( January 18 , 2015 ) . `` Star Vs . The Forces Of Evil : `` Star Comes To Earth / Party With APony '' ( sic ) `` . The A.V. Club . Jump up ^ `` You Should Give Star Vs The Forces of Evil a Try '' . themarysue.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Epicstream '' . epicstream.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ellen Wolff . `` Annecy Animation Festival hosts toon legends - Variety '' . Variety . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : CITIA . `` Annecy > Programme > Index '' . annecy.org . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Annie Award Winners - Hollywood Reporter '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Newsdesk , Laughing Place Disney ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` '' Star vs. The Forces of Evil '' Season 2 to Kick Off July 11 on Disney XD - LaughingPlace.com `` . laughingplace.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` - This is the 1st cover of the new Star original ... '' daronnefcy . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Disney ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Star vs. The Forces of Evil Cinestory Comic '' . Joe Books Inc . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ Benson , Amber ; Bisignano , Dominic ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil Star and Marco 's Guide to Mastering Every Dimension '' . Disney Press . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Disney XD Renews Al Yankovic 's ' Milo Murphy 's Law , ' Eden Sher 's ' Star vs. The Forces of Evil ' ( Exclusive ) '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . External links Official website Star vs. the Forces of Evil Disney Press website Star vs. the Forces of Evil on IMDb Star and the Forces of Evil at the Big Cartoon DataBase 2010s portal Disney portal Cartoon portal Animation portal Television portal ( hide ) Disney XD original programming Current Star Wars Rebels ( since 2014 ) Star vs. the Forces of Evil ( since 2015 ) Two More Eggs ( since 2015 ) Walk the Prank ( since 2016 ; also a Disney Channel original series ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( since 2016 ) Future - Worm ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | star vs the forces of evil wand creator | [
"Star Butterfly is a magical princess from the dimension of Mewni, and the heir to the royal throne of the Butterfly Kingdom. As per tradition, she is given her family's family heirloom wand on her 14th birthday, but after she accidentally sets fire to the family castle, her parents decide that a safer option is to send her to Earth as a foreign exchange student, so she can continue her magic training there. She befriends Marco Diaz and lives with his family while attending Echo Creek Academy. Star and Marco must deal with everyday school life while protecting Star's wand from falling into the hands of Ludo, a villain from Mewni who commands a group of monsters. Star and the folks from Mewni are able to travel across dimensions using \"dimensional scissors\" that can open portals."
] | [
"family heirloom"
] |
2007003321875355522 | Don't Stop Believin' | Do n't Stop Believin ' - wikipedia Do n't Stop Believin ' Jump to : navigation , search `` Do n't Stop Believing '' redirects here . For the Singapore TV series , see Do n't Stop Believin ' ( TV series ) . For other uses , see Do n't Stop Believing ( disambiguation ) . `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' Single by Journey from the album Escape B - side `` Natural Thing '' Released June 3 , 1981 Format 7 - inch single Recorded 1981 Studio Fantasy Studios , Berkeley , California Genre Rock Length 4 : 11 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Steve Perry , Jonathan Cain , Neal Schon Producer ( s ) Kevin Elson , Mike `` Clay '' Stone Journey singles chronology `` Who 's Crying Now '' ( 1981 ) `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' ( 1981 ) `` Open Arms '' ( 1982 ) `` Who 's Crying Now '' ( 1981 ) `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' ( 1981 ) `` Open Arms '' ( 1982 ) Audio sample `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' file help `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' is a song by American rock band Journey , originally released as the second single from their seventh album Escape ( 1981 ) . It became a number 9 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 on its original release . In the United Kingdom , the song was not a Top 40 hit on its original release ; however , it reached sixth with a 2009 re-release after it had increased its popularity from its use on television . Mike DeGagne of AllMusic has described `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' as a `` perfect rock song '' and an `` anthem '' , featuring `` one of the best opening keyboard riffs in rock . '' It has sold more digital copies than any other song originally released in the 20th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song structure and references 2 Personnel 3 In popular culture 4 Chart performance 4.1 UK chart success 4.2 Charts and certifications 4.2. 1 Weekly charts 4.2. 2 Year - end charts 4.2. 3 All - time charts 4.2. 4 Sales and certifications 4.3 Internet 5 Later versions 5.1 Northern Kings version 5.2 Petra Haden version 5.3 Alvin and the Chipmunks version 5.4 Steel Panther version 5.5 Joe McElderry version 5.6 Big Brother 2010 5.7 X Factor Indonesia version 5.8 Jumprockers version 5.9 DJ Higheffect feat . Silvia Dias version 5.10 Boondox , Bukshot and ClaAs version 5.11 Starship version 6 Glee Cast version 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Chart performance 6.3 Track listings 6.4 Other versions 6.5 Charts 6.6 Year - end charts 6.7 Live performances 6.8 Personnel 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Song structure and references ( edit ) While most popular songs have a refrain that is repeated several times throughout the song , the true chorus to `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' ( as well as first mention of its title ) is not heard until the end of the song , with only 0 : 50 left . The song 's writers designated the musically similar sections before the chorus as the `` pre-chorus . '' The song 's structure is : Introduction ( instrumental ) ( 0 : 00 -- 0 : 17 ) Verse 1 ( 0 : 17 -- 0 : 49 ) Instrumental ( 0 : 49 -- 1 : 05 ) Verse 2 ( half - length ) ( 1 : 05 -- 1 : 20 ) Pre-chorus 1 ( 1 : 20 -- 1 : 54 ) Instrumental ( 1 : 54 -- 2 : 01 ) Verse 3 ( 2 : 01 -- 2 : 33 ) Pre-chorus 2 ( 2 : 33 -- 3 : 05 ) Instrumental ( chorus ) ( 3 : 05 -- 3 : 21 ) Chorus until fade ( 3 : 21 -- 4 : 11 ) The song is played in the key of E major at a tempo of 118 beats per minute . The vocal range is E -- C# . The chord progression , played by the piano in the introduction and continued throughout most of the song , is eight chords long , following a I - V - vi - IV - I - V - iii - IV progression . The title of the song came from something keyboardist Jonathan Cain 's father frequently told him when he was a struggling musician living on Los Angeles ' Sunset Boulevard ready to give up because he was not having success in the music industry . Each time he would call home in despair , his father would tell him , `` Do n't stop believing or you 're done , dude . '' While the lyrics mention being `` born and raised in south Detroit '' , the area that would be considered south Detroit is actually the Canadian city of Windsor . Steve Perry has said , `` I tried north Detroit , I tried east and west and it did n't sing , but south Detroit sounded so beautiful . I loved the way it sounded , only to find out later it 's actually Canada . '' Personnel ( edit ) Escape version Steve Perry -- lead vocals Ross Valory -- bass guitar , background vocals Jonathan Cain -- keyboards , background vocals Neal Schon -- lead and rhythm guitars , background vocals Steve Smith -- drums and percussion Revelation live version Arnel Pineda -- lead vocals Ross Valory -- bass guitar , background vocals Jonathan Cain -- keyboards , background vocals Neal Schon -- lead and rhythm guitars , background vocals Deen Castronovo -- drums and percussion , background vocals In popular culture ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 2007 , the song gained press coverage and a sharp growth in popularity for its use in the famous final scene of HBO 's The Sopranos series finale `` Made in America . '' Steve Perry was initially hesitant to allow the song to be used in The Sopranos but later agreed . Digital downloads of the song soared following the episode 's airing and the exposure motivated the band members to overcome the struggles they were having at the time and find a replacement lead singer after Perry 's departure . The song was released as downloadable content for the music video game series Rock Band on March 31 , 2009 . The song is referred to in the chorus of the song `` This 'll Be My Year '' performed by Train on their album California 37 , in which Pat Monahan sings `` I stopped believin ' , although Journey told me ' do n't ' '' . The song has been a rallying cry for a multitude of sports teams , first by the Chicago White Sox in their successful run to the 2005 World Series , when catcher A.J. Pierzynski and teammates heard the song being sung in a bar in Baltimore . The White Sox invited former Journey lead singer Steve Perry to the team 's celebration rally , where he sang the song along with several members of the team . In 2008 , in a tight battle for first place with the Arizona Diamondbacks in the National League West , the Los Angeles Dodgers began to play `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' in the middle of the 8th inning at all of their home games . Subsequently , the song was played at Dodger home games throughout the 2009 season , much to the chagrin of Perry , a self - proclaimed San Francisco Giants fan . The song also became the unofficial anthem for the Giants ' 2010 postseason , especially after local musician Ashkon created a parody version of the song following their winning the 2010 National League West Division . The song was used during the end montage following the Fox network 's coverage of the 2010 World Series , which was won by the Giants . Perry appeared in the Giants ' subsequent victory parade , and the song was played at the start of the Giants ' victory rally . Perry has appeared at several Giants home games at AT&T Park during the 2014 postseason , leading the crowd in singing `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' during the `` 8th inning sing - along '' when the Giants are tied or behind in the score ; when the Giants are ahead the crowd sings `` Lights '' instead . The song has for years been commonly played at Detroit Red Wings hockey games ; at Red Wings home games ( especially during the last minutes of playoff victories ) , the recording is turned down during the line `` born and raised in south Detroit '' so the home fans can sing the line from the song . It is also used at numerous Detroit sporting events . Prior to the beginning of the 2014 season Mississippi State Head Football Coach Dan Mullen asked the DJ at Davis Wade Stadium to play `` Do n't Stop Believin '' between the third and fourth quarters of each Bulldog home game . MSU fans immediately took to the song and began to sway and ring the cowbells that they traditionally bring to home games in sync with the beat while singing along . `` Oh , man . I love that song , '' said MSU defensive end Preston Smith . `` When it comes on , it gets the whole stadium going . It 's a great energy , I love it . I think I was out there in the Auburn game doing a drum solo . '' Chart performance ( edit ) The song reached number eight on Billboard 's Mainstream Rock chart , and number nine on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . It sold over a million copies in vinyl . It is the No. 1 paid digital download song originally released in the 20th century , and was also the 72nd most downloaded song of 2008 , and 84th most downloaded song of 2009 in the store , over 27 years after its release . On August 31 , 2009 the song topped the 3 million mark in paid downloads . It is the best - selling digital song from a pre-digital - era , and it was also the best - selling rock song in digital history until it was over taken by Imagine Dragons ' `` Radioactive '' in January 2014 . It was placed just outside the top twenty best selling digital songs of all time in September 2010 . It has sold over 6.8 million digital units in the US as of September 2016 and is the best selling digital track recorded in the 1980s . `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' has entered other charts across the world in recent years , following a gain in popularity . In Canada the song peaked at number 2 , at number 4 in Ireland , at 25 in Sweden after many chart runs , and at number 50 in the Dutch charts . The power ballad is one of the most popular rock tracks in Ireland and continues to remain in the top ten most downloaded songs . UK Chart success ( edit ) The song was released in the United Kingdom in December 1981 and peaked only at number 62 . `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' , never re-released in the UK , retained a cult following and re-entered the UK Singles Chart in February 2009 at number 94 , due to digital downloads . On November 1 , 2009 , following a performance on The X Factor , `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' re-entered the chart at number 52 , and it rose to number 19 a week later . The song stayed in the charts for three weeks , before dropping out of the top 40 . On December 20 that year , `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' re-entered the chart at number 9 after the song was performed again on The X Factor . The song remained in the top 10 for another seven weeks in 2010 , hitting a peak of number 6 in the process . In early 2010 , it was announced that the song had been the 65th best - selling single of 2009 . `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' spent a total of 21 non-consecutive weeks in the top 40 during its November 2009 -- April 2010 run . `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' was the 25th best - selling track of 2010 , selling just over 435,000 copies . It re-entered the charts in 2011 , 2012 and 2013 and to date has spent 95 weeks in the top 100 . In September 2014 , the Official Charts Company listed the song as having sold a Million copies in the UK . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 - 2013 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 100 Canadian Singles Chart Dutch Singles Chart 50 Europe Digital Singles 19 Europe Hot 200 47 Irish Singles Chart Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 25 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 9 US Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 ) Position US Cashbox Top 100 58 Chart ( 1982 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 73 Chart ( 2009 ) Position UK Singles Chart 65 Chart ( 2010 ) Position European Hot 100 Singles 67 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 24 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 - 2013 ) Position Swedish Singles Chart 78 UK Download Chart 12 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold ( physical ) Platinum ( MT ) 6 × Platinum ( digital ) 1,000,000 ( physical ) 1,000,000 ( ringtones ) 6,800,000 ( digital ) sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Internet ( edit ) In December 2010 , The Key of Awesome had sampled the chorus of `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' , as part of their Black Eyed Peas spoof . However , in October 2011 , the members of Journey had the original video taken down due to the copyright infringements . Later versions ( edit ) Northern Kings version ( edit ) The Finnish symphonic metal band Northern Kings included the song on their album Reborn . Petra Haden version ( edit ) The 2007 album Guilt by Association Vol. 1 contains an a cappella version of `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' by Petra Haden ( member of That Dog and daughter of jazz bassist Charlie Haden ) recorded via multiple vocal overdubs . Alvin and the Chipmunks version ( edit ) Alvin and the Chipmunks recorded a version for their 2008 album Undeniable . Steel Panther version ( edit ) Glam metal band Steel Panther released a version as a non-album single in 2009 . Joe McElderry version ( edit ) In 2009 , Joe McElderry performed the song on the 6th UK series of The X Factor on week 4 , and again in the finals . This helped the original version get back in the UK charts in the second half of 2009 . The song was one of the choices to be the series ' winner single , but Journey did not like the arrangement of The X Factor version . `` The Climb '' by Miley Cyrus was eventually chosen . McElderry still frequently performs the song in his live shows , occasionally changing the lyrics , `` born and raised in South Detroit '' to `` born and raised in South Shields . '' Big Brother 2010 ( edit ) The housemates of Big Brother 2010 recorded a version of the song , coached by Andrew Stone of Pineapple Dance Studios , in July 2010 . Stone also choreographed and shot a video of the performance . According to Digital Spy , the video `` almost out - Glees Glee '' Steve and Rachel sang the lead vocals . X Factor Indonesia version ( edit ) On May 17 , 2013 singer Fatin Shidqia along with Novita Dewi performed this song during the Grand Final of X Factor Indonesia . Jumprockers version ( edit ) Hungarian band Jumprockers recorded the song in the style of jumpstyle in 2013 . This version kept the original vocals but a brand new guitar solo part was recorded . DJ Higheffect feat . Silvia Dias version ( edit ) In 2014 German DJ Higheffect released ten versions with Portuguese singer Silvia Dias as the leading voice . MP3 Seller Musicload categorized it Dancepop . Boondox , Bukshot and ClaAs version ( edit ) In the summer of 2014 American rappers Boondox , Bukshot and ClaAs recorded a hip hop version of the song , and released it in June 2014 accompanied by a music video . Starship version ( edit ) On the 2009 compilation album Rock of Ages , Starship , formed from Jefferson Starship , recorded this song . This should not be confused with the soundtrack to the film Rock of Ages . Glee Cast version ( edit ) `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' Single by Glee cast from the album Glee : The Music , Volume 1 Released May 19 , 2009 Format Digital download , CD single Recorded 2009 Genre Pop Length 3 : 50 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Steve Perry , Jonathan Cain , Neal Schon Producer ( s ) Ryan Murphy , Adam Anders Glee cast singles chronology `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' ( 2009 ) `` Rehab '' ( 2009 ) `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' ( 2009 ) `` Rehab '' ( 2009 ) `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' was recorded by the cast of American television series , Glee . It is the first single released from the soundtrack of the series , Glee : The Music , Volume 1 and was performed on the first episode of the initial season , `` Pilot '' . A portion of the song was performed again in the episode `` The Rhodes Not Taken '' . A second version was performed by the cast in the first season 's finale episode , `` Journey to Regionals '' , for the glee club 's Regionals competition ; it is included in the EP soundtrack , Glee : The Music , Journey to Regionals . A third version was performed by Lea Michele as Rachel Berry in the nineteenth episode of the fourth season of the show , `` Sweet Dreams '' ; it was released as a single April 23 , 2013 . A fourth version was performed in the 2014 episode `` New Directions '' . The Glee arrangement was adapted from Petra Haden 's version . The `` Regionals Version '' earned a nomination for Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for the 2011 ceremony . A reprise of the Pilot version is featured in the 2015 episode `` 2009 '' . Released as a digital download on June 2 , 2009 , the song performed well in the United States , Ireland , the United Kingdom and Australia , where it charted within the top five of their national charts . The cast performance of `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' was certified gold in the US in October 2009 and platinum in March 2011 , achieving over 1,000,000 digital sales , and platinum in Australia , with sales of over 70,000 . It remains the most popular recording in the show 's history , having sold 1,422,000 copies in the United States alone . `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' was put on the BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 2 playlists in the UK in January 2010 . Critical reception ( edit ) Aly Semigan of Entertainment Weekly praised the song stating `` Fox 's Glee put the ultimate earworm back in its rightful place . '' She then continued saying `` even if you are n't one for show choirs ( which , is quite frankly , shocking ) , it 's pretty damn hard to resist . '' Semigan also compared it to the original version stating `` it sounds slightly different in this Freaks and Geeks meets High School Musical pilot , but it 's a good kind of different . '' `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' Song by Glee cast from the album Glee : The Music , Journey to Regionals Released June 8 , 2010 Format Digital download Recorded Genre Pop Length 3 : 44 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Jonathan Cain , Steve Perry , Neal Schon Producer ( s ) Ryan Murphy , Adam Anders Glee : The Music , Journey to Regionals track listing `` Any Way You Want It '' ( 2 ) `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' ( 3 ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( 4 ) Chart performance ( edit ) In the United States , the song debuted at No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 on week dated June 6 , 2009 with sales of 177,000 copies in its first week , behind Black Eyed Peas 's `` Boom Boom Pow '' , Lady Gaga 's `` Poker Face '' and Jamie Foxx 's `` Blame It '' , respectively the number one , number two and number three on the chart . The song received certification Platinum by RIAA for more 1.4 million copies of digital sold which is also their best - selling song to date . Track listings ( edit ) Digital download `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' -- 3 : 50 German CD single `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' -- 3 : 52 `` Rehab '' -- 3 : 26 Other versions ( edit ) The Almighty Glee Club did their remix version including a radio edit , club mix , dub mix and instrumental . Pop - Punk band All Time Low performed a version of this during several live concerts , and was featured once in a special of their straight - to - DVD concert video . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 5 Australia Hitseekers ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 68 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 37 France ( SNEP ) 48 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 50 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 46 Japan Adult Contemporary Airplay ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 91 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 16 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 74 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Pop 100 ( Billboard ) 18 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 ) Position European Hot 100 Singles 82 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 22 Live performances ( edit ) Glee Cast performing the song during Glee Live ! In Concert ! `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' was part of the setlist of Glee Cast 's worldwide 2010 / 11 concert tour , Glee Live ! In Concert ! tour . On April 7 , 2010 , Glee Cast performed the song on The Oprah Winfrey Show . On April 13 , 2010 , Glee Cast performed the song on the 2010 White House Easter Egg Roll , along with `` National Anthem '' , `` True Colors '' , `` Somebody to Love '' , `` Over the Rainbow '' , `` Home '' and `` Sweet Caroline '' . On December 5 , 2010 , Glee Cast performed the song on the UK version of The X Factor . Personnel ( edit ) From the album Glee : The Music , Volume 1 : Lea Michele Cory Monteith From the EP Glee : The Music , Journey to Regionals : Chris Colfer Kevin McHale Lea Michele Cory Monteith Amber Riley Naya Rivera Mark Salling Jenna Ushkowitz From the Tour Glee Live ! In Concert ! & CD / DVD Glee : The 3D Concert Movie ( Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Dianna Agron Chris Colfer Ashley Fink Kevin McHale Lea Michele Cory Monteith Heather Morris Chord Overstreet Amber Riley Naya Rivera Mark Salling Harry Shum , Jr . Jenna Ushkowitz See also ( edit ) List of best - selling singles List of best - selling singles in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Strong , M.C. ( 1995 ) . The Great Rock Discography . Edinburgh : Canongate Books Ltd. p. 443 . ISBN 0 - 86241 - 385 - 0 . Jump up ^ Escape . AllMusic . Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/song/t814754 Jump up ^ `` Journey 's `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' turns 30 `` . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Flans , Robyn ( June 1 , 2007 ) . `` Classic Tracks : Journey 's `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' `` . Mix Magazine . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Journey : Do n't Stop Believin ' Sheet Music '' . sheetmusicdirect.com . Weed High Nightmare Music / Lacey Boulevard Music , USA . Jump up ^ Lynskey , Dorian ( December 16 , 2010 ) . `` Do n't Stop Believin ' : the power ballad that refused to die '' . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 -- via The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : ( ( cite However there is South West Detroit an area often referred to as Mexican Town . web url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/music/story/2009/07/20/steve-perry.html title = Journey song cements status as cultural touchstone publisher = CBC News date = July 20 , 2009 accessdate = January 14 , 2012 ) ) Jump up ^ `` Free Services for PR : : News : : Press Releases '' . pr-inside.com . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Journey song achieves digital landmark '' . theguardian.com . November 11 , 2008 . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Journey Members Reflect on Importance of ' Sopranos ' and ' Glee , ' Talk PBS Doc '' . hollywoodreporter.com . August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band Gets ' Do n't Stop Believin ' as DLC '' . Shacknews . Jump up ^ `` This'Ll Be My Year Lyrics - Train '' . Sing365.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Train - This'Ll Be My Year Lyrics '' . Directlyrics.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Henry Schulman ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` Perry 's 8th - inning Journey '' . SFGate.com . Heart Communications . Retrieved September 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Joe Eskenazi ( October 11 , 2010 ) . `` ' Do n't Stop Believing ' Finally Giants ' Anthem '' . SF Weekly . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived November 10 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Live Blog of the San Francisco Giants ' Victory Parade '' . KQED . November 3 , 2010 . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Giants victory extends Steve Perry 's concert stand for at least two more dates '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeff Z . Klein ( June 1 , 2009 ) . `` At the Joe , Detroiters Sing `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' `` . The New York Times . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rick Paulas ( September 1 , 2009 ) . `` A smell of wine and cheap perfume '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chris Willman ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` Do n't Stop Believin as pop - cultural touchstone '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Power Poll : Mississippi State , Ole Miss take over top two spots '' . CBSSports.com . Jump up ^ Andy Staples . `` Mississippi State beats Auburn 38 - 23 to continue hot start in SEC West '' . SI.com . Jump up ^ `` Jackson Jambalaya '' . kingfish1935.blogspot.com . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Stop Believin ' ( In Mississippi State ) - Campus Sports Net '' . Campus Sports Net . Jump up ^ `` Journey hit has MSU fans ' Believin ' to start every fourth quarter '' . cdispatch.com . ^ Jump up to : Paul Grein ( January 2 , 2014 ) . `` Can You Believe `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' Loses Spot as Best - Selling Rock Song ? `` . Chart Watch . Yahoo . Jump up ^ Legacy Recordings . `` Legacy '' . Sony Legacy . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Paul Grein . `` Week Ending Aug. 23 , 2009 : Over 50 And Still on Top '' . Yahoo Chart Watch . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Sjarif ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Journey returns to Honolulu '' . Honolulu Star - Advertiser . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( September 22 , 2010 ) . `` Week Ending Sept. 19 , 2010 : `` It Goes on And on And on And On '' `` . Yahoo !. Retrieved September 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Caufield , Keith ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` Rewinding the Charts : In 1981 , Journey Did n't ' Stop ' on Its Way to No. 1 '' . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 21 best power ballads '' . Jump up ^ The song was used by Waterford people to support the Waterford hurling team in a bid to win the All Ireland title in 2008. iTunes 2008 : Top Overall Songs Jump up ^ `` Journey '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Now That 's What I Call A Million tracklisting revealed ! '' . officialcharts.com . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Journey -- Do n't Stop Believin ' '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 20 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Journey : Artist Chart History '' Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived September 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Charts Plus Year end 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Charts Plus . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ European Hot 100 . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Year - end UK Singles '' . BBC ( BBC Online ) . December 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BEST OF ALL TIME - SINGLES '' . swedishcharts.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Downloads of All Time '' . BBC . January 2 , 2011 . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Journey '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Journey -- Don_t Stop Believin_ '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Enter Don_t Stop Believin_ in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Journey -- Don_t Stop Believin_ '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : Two Movie Songs In Top 5 '' . Yahoo Music . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barely Political . `` YouTube '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Key of Awesome ! : Moves Like Jagger Comments ! on YouTube Event occurs at time 3 : 55 . Jump up ^ `` Undeniable '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ STARS DON 'T STOP BELIEVIN ' IN X FACTOR CHART BOOST MUZU.TV . Jump up ^ Journey would n't allow Joe McElderry to perform ' Do n't Stop Believein ' unrealitytv.co.uk Jump up ^ `` X Factor : Simon Cowell ' may choose Joe McElderry 's Do n't Stop Believin ' as winner 's single ' - 3am & Mirror Online '' . Mirror.co.uk . November 26 , 2009 . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Eames ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Stone teaches ' Do n't Stop Believin '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Alex Fletcher ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` Video : BB11 ' Do n't Stop Believing ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Syahrial Mayus ( May 18 , 2013 ) . `` Antara Fatin atau Novita ? Pendukung Asal Sumut Mungkin akan Bingung '' ( Fatin or Novita ? Support from North Sumatra must be confused ) . jaringnews.com ( in Indonesian ) . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ mix1.de Redaktion . `` DJ Higheffect feat . Silvia Dias mit ' Do n't Stop Believin '' . mix1.de . Jump up ^ `` Musicload - Album - Do n't Stop Believin ' '' . www.musicload.de . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . horizontal tab character in title = at position 13 ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Pilot '' . 20th Century Fox . fox.com . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2013 . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Glee 's 100th Episode Song List Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Glee Cast Glee : The Music , Volume 1 Review '' . BBC . February 11 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Gold & Platinum '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2010 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . June 30 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2012 . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Glee ' Cast 's 10 Best - Selling Downloads '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . March 20 , 2015 . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Semigan , Aly ( May 21 , 2009 ) . `` ' Glee ' propels Journey 's `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' to go on and on and on and on `` . Entertainment Weekly . music-mix.ew.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Black Eyed Peas - Boom Boom Pow '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . June 6 , 2009 . Retrieved June 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Gary Trust ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Glee ' Graduates at the Head of the Class on Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Glee Cast - Do n't Stop Believin ' - Amazon.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Glee Cast - Do n't Stop Believin ' - Amazon.de '' . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Glee Cast -- Do n't Stop Believin ' '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report : Issue 1041 '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . Retrieved August 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Glee Cast -- Do n't Stop Believin ' '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Glee -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Glee . Jump up ^ `` Classement officiel des ventes de singles & titres en France du 28 mars au 03 avril 2011 '' . SNEP ( in French ) . SNEP. April 8 , 2011 . Retrieved April 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Glee Cast Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved February 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 2 , 2010 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Fimi Charts '' . FIMI ( in Italian ) . FIMI . February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Airplay '' . Billboard -- Japan . Prometheus Global Media . January 24 , 2011 . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Glee Cast -- Do n't Stop Believin ' '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Glee Cast -- Do n't Stop Believin ' '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : January 24 , 2010 '' . Scottish Singles Top 40 . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Glee Cast -- Do n't Stop Believin ' '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 31 , 2010 / Archive Chart : January 31 , 2010 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Glee -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Glee . Jump up ^ `` Glee > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` European Hot 100 '' . Billboard.com . December 31 , 2010 . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Journey Neal Schon Ross Valory Steve Smith Jonathan Cain Arnel Pineda Gregg Rolie George Tickner Aynsley Dunbar Robert Fleischman Steve Perry Randy Jackson Steve Augeri Deen Castronovo Prairie Prince Stevie `` Keys '' Roseman Larrie Londin Bob Glaub Mike Baird Jeff Scott Soto Omar Hakim Studio albums Journey Look into the Future Next Infinity Evolution Departure Escape Frontiers Raised on Radio Trial by Fire Arrival Generations Revelation Eclipse EPs Red 13 Live albums Captured Greatest Hits Live Live in Houston 1981 : The Escape Tour Soundtrack albums Dream , After Dream Compilation albums In the Beginning Greatest Hits The Ballade Time The Essential Journey Greatest Hits 2 Videos Journey 2001 Greatest Hits 1978 -- 1997 Live in Houston 1981 : The Escape Tour Revelation Live in Manila Documentaries Do n't Stop Believin ' : Everyman 's Journey Tours Departure Tour Escape Tour Frontiers Tour Raised on Radio Tour Revelation Tour Eclipse Tour Games Journey Escape Journey Related Articles Discography Bands Santana Frumious Bandersnatch Bad English The Storm Vital Information Hardline Abraxas Pool Planet Us Soul SirkUS Revolution Saints People Walter `` Herbie '' Herbert Irving Azoff Kevin Chalfant Jimmy Barnes Michael Bolton Jeremey Hunsicker Book Category Journey singles discography 1970s `` To Play Some Music '' `` Of a Lifetime '' `` In My Lonely Feeling '' `` Mystery Mountain '' 1976 `` Midnight Dreamer '' `` On a Saturday Nite '' `` I 'm Gonna Leave You '' `` She Makes Me ( Feel Alright ) '' `` Anyway '' `` You 're on Your Own '' 1977 `` Look into the Future '' `` Spaceman '' `` People '' `` Nickel and Dime '' `` I Would Find You '' 1978 `` Wheel in the Sky '' `` Feeling That Way '' / `` Anytime '' `` Lights '' 1979 `` Just the Same Way '' `` Lovin ' , Touchin ' , Squeezin ' '' `` Lovin ' You is Easy '' 1980s 1980 `` Too Late '' `` Any Way You Want It '' `` Walks Like a Lady '' `` Good Morning Girl '' / `` Stay Awhile '' 1981 `` The Party 's Over ( Hopelessly in Love ) '' `` Dixie Highway '' `` Who 's Crying Now '' `` Stone in Love '' `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' 1982 `` Open Arms '' `` Still They Ride '' `` Only Solutions '' `` Separate Ways ( Worlds Apart ) '' `` Faithfully '' `` After the Fall '' `` Send Her My Love '' `` Ask the Lonely '' 1984 `` Chain Reaction '' 1985 `` Only the Young '' 1986 `` Be Good to Yourself '' `` Suzanne '' `` Girl Ca n't Help It '' `` Raised on Radio '' `` I 'll Be Alright Without You '' `` Why Ca n't This Night Go on Forever '' 1989 `` Who 's Crying Now '' ( re-issue ) 1990s 1993 `` Lights '' ( live ) `` Natural Thing '' `` When You Love a Woman '' `` Message of Love '' `` Ca n't Tame the Lion '' `` If He Should Break Your Heart '' 2000s 2001 `` Higher Place '' `` All the Way '' `` With Your Love '' 2005 `` The Place in Your Heart '' 2008 `` After All These Years '' `` Never Walk Away '' `` Where Did I Lose Your Love '' Book Category Glee Awards and nominations Merchandise Episodes Season : 1 5 6 Characters Artie Abrams Blaine Anderson Coach Beiste Rachel Berry Mike Chang Tina Cohen - Chang Shelby Corcoran Dani Sam Evans Quinn Fabray Rory Flanagan Elliott Gilbert Holly Holliday Finn Hudson Burt Hummel Kurt Hummel Mercedes Jones Dave Karofsky Santana Lopez Ryder Lynn Brittany Pierce Emma Pillsbury Noah Puckerman Terri Schuester Will Schuester Sue Sylvester Kitty Wilde Lauren Zizes Songs Season : 1 5 6 Related `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' Do n't Stop Believing ( TV series ) `` Elementary School Musical '' ( The Simpsons ) Glee Live ! In Concert ! The Glee Project Glee : The 3D Concert Movie `` How Do You Solve a Problem Like Roberta ? '' ( The Cleveland Show ) `` Regional Holiday Music '' ( Community ) `` See the USA in Your Chevrolet '' This Ai n't Glee XXX `` Viewing Party '' ( The Office ) Glee albums discography Glee songs discography Chicago White Sox Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise History Seasons Owners and executives Managers Players Opening Day starting pitchers first - round draft picks Broadcasters Team records Award winners No - hitters Ballparks South Side Park Comiskey Park Guaranteed Rate Field Spring training : * Recreation Park Palm Springs Stadium Plant Field Al Lopez Field Payne Park Ed Smith Stadium Tucson Electric Park Camelback Ranch Culture and lore 1994 bat burglary 2008 Blackout Game Andy the Clown Armour Square / Bridgeport Black Sox Scandal Curse of the Black Sox Eight Men Out Field of Dreams Shoeless Joe ( novel ) Captain Stubby and the Buccaneers Disco Demolition Night `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' Gene Honda The Hitless Wonders `` Let 's Go , Go - Go White Sox '' `` Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye '' Nancy Faust Nicknames Only The Lonely Perfect games Charlie Robertson Mark Buehrle Philip Humber Ribbie and Roobarb The Sodfather Southpaw South Side Hitmen Sox -- 35th The Stratton Story `` Sweet Home Chicago '' `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' Turn Back the Clock Winning Ugly White Flag Trade Rivalries Chicago Cubs Key personnel Chairman : Jerry Reinsdorf Vice Chairman : Eddie Einhorn Executive Vice President : Ken Williams General Manager : Rick Hahn Special Assistant to the GM : Jim Thome Manager : Rick Renteria World Series championships ( 3 ) 1906 1917 2005 American League championships ( 6 ) 1901 1906 1917 1919 1959 2005 Division championships ( 5 ) West : 1983 1993 Central : 2000 2005 2008 Minor league affiliates Charlotte Knights ( AAA ) Birmingham Barons ( AA ) Winston - Salem Dash ( A Adv . ) Kannapolis Intimidators ( A ) Great Falls Voyagers ( Rookie Adv . ) AZL White Sox ( Rookie ) DSL White Sox ( Rookie ) Media Comcast SportsNet Chicago WGN Sports ( WGN9 / CW50 ) 89 WLS ESPN Deportes 1220 AM White Sox Radio Network Seasons ( 117 ) 1900s 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 San Francisco Giants Formerly the New York Gothams and the New York Giants Based in San Francisco , California ( Bay Area ) Franchise History in New York History in San Francisco Seasons Records No - hitters Players Managers Owners and executives Opening Day starting pitchers First - round draft picks Broadcasters Ballparks Polo Grounds Oakland Park St. George Grounds Hilltop Park Seals Stadium Candlestick Park AT&T Park Spring training Payne Park Flamingo Field LSU Varsity Baseball Field Al Lang Stadium Phoenix Municipal Stadium Scottsdale Stadium Culture and lore 1894 Temple Cup New York Brickley Giants Merkle 's Boner 1951 NL tie - breaker series `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' The Catch Curse of Coogan 's Bluff 1962 NL tie - breaker series 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake White Flag Trade The Fan McCovey Cove Willie Mac Award Game 163 ( 1998 ) Do n't Stop Believin ' `` Lights '' ( Journey song ) The Franchise ( Showtime TV series ) Matt Cain 's perfect game 2014 NL Wild Card Game 2016 NL Wild Card Game KNBR Rivalries Los Angeles Dodgers Oakland Athletics Subway Series / New York Yankees Retired numbers NY NY 11 20 24 27 30 36 44 42 Pre-World Series Champions ( 2 ) 1888 1889 Temple Cup Champions ( 1 ) 1894 World Series Champions ( 8 ) 1905 1921 1922 1933 1954 2012 2014 National League Championships ( 23 ) 1888 1889 1904 1905 1911 1912 1913 1917 1921 1922 1923 1924 1933 1936 1937 1951 1954 1962 1989 2002 2012 2014 Division titles ( 8 ) 1971 1989 1997 2000 2003 2012 Wild card ( 3 ) 2002 2014 2016 Minor league affiliates AAA Sacramento River Cats AA Richmond Flying Squirrels A Adv . San Jose Giants Augusta GreenJackets Short A Salem - Keizer Volcanoes Rookie AZL Giants DSL Giants Seasons ( 135 ) 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Stop_Believin%27&oldid=800727285 '' Categories : Journey ( band ) songs 1981 singles Pop ballads Rock ballads Songs written by Steve Perry Songs written by Jonathan Cain Songs written by Neal Schon Glee ( TV series ) songs 2009 singles 2010 singles Song recordings produced by Mike `` Clay '' Stone Steel Panther songs 1981 songs Columbia Records singles Songs about Detroit Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) CS1 errors : invisible characters CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use mdy dates from June 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Audio sample to be checked Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart called without song Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kapampangan Latviešu Nederlands Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 09 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did glee sing don't stop believing | [
"\"Don't Stop Believin'\" was recorded by the cast of American television series, Glee. It is the first single released from the soundtrack of the series, Glee: The Music, Volume 1 and was performed on the first episode of the initial season, \"Pilot\".[62] A portion of the song was performed again in the episode \"The Rhodes Not Taken\". A second version was performed by the cast in the first season's finale episode, \"Journey to Regionals\", for the glee club's Regionals competition; it is included in the EP soundtrack, Glee: The Music, Journey to Regionals. A third version was performed by Lea Michele as Rachel Berry in the nineteenth episode of the fourth season of the show, \"Sweet Dreams\"; it was released as a single April 23, 2013. A fourth version was performed in the 2014 episode \"New Directions\".[63] The Glee arrangement was adapted from Petra Haden's version.[64] The \"Regionals Version\" earned a nomination for Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for the 2011 ceremony. A reprise of the Pilot version is featured in the 2015 episode \"2009\"."
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"first episode of the initial season"
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3475065113887585160 | Ink Master (season 11) | Ink Master ( season 11 ) - wikipedia Ink Master ( season 11 ) Ink Master ( season 11 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 16 Release Original network Paramount Network Original release August 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 28 ) Additional information Host ( s ) Dave Navarro Judges Oliver Peck Chris Nunez No. of contestants 18 Season chronology ← Previous Season 10 Ink Master : Grudge Match -- Cleen vs. Christian is the eleventh season of the tattoo reality competition Ink Master that premiered on Paramount Network on August 28 , 2018 instead of its original airdate September 4 . Hosted by Dave Navarro and co-judged by Oliver Peck and Chris Nunez , Season 11 will finally see Ink Master veterans Cleen Rock One and Christian Buckingham getting the chance to settle their heated rivalry that began in Season 7 and again in Season 9 . But they wo n't be doing it alone this time as each of them will coach a new group of artists where the winner will receive $100,000 , a feature in Inked Magazine and the title of Ink Master . In addition , the winning coach will also receive $100,000 . Contents 1 Contestants 1.1 Team Cleen 1.2 Team Christian 1.3 Not Chosen 2 Contestant Progress 3 Episodes 4 References 5 External links Contestants ( edit ) The first episode featured 22 artists competing to be one of the official 18 artists that were split into two teams of 9 artists . The top 14 , who were chosen by the judges and the coaches , chose who they want to be on while the remaining 8 artists that were not selected went head to head in the knockout round that determined who gets the final spots on either Team Cleen or Team Christian . Teej Poole , Tony Medellin and Austin Rose previously competed in the second season of the spin - off Ink Master : Angels and won the Angel Face Off which guaranteed them a spot in this season of Ink Master . Team Cleen ( edit ) Contestants Hometown Tiara Gordon Lockport , New York Kyle Mackenzie Malden , Massachusetts Tony Medellin Reno , Nevada Jamie Lee Parker West Hills , California Austin Rose Portland , Oregon Stacy Smith Charlotte , North Carolina Jimmy Snaz Boston , Massachusetts Adam `` Turk '' Turk San Diego , California Tiffer Wright Dallas , Texas Team Christian ( edit ) Contestants Hometown Amanda Boone Nashville , Tennessee Jess Cavazos Corpus Christi , Texas Angel Rose Fergerstrom Los Angeles , California Kasey `` Gonzo '' Gonzalez Baltimore , Maryland Oba Jackson Wilmington , Delaware Teej Poole Charlotte , North Carolina John Paul `` JP '' Roldan Houston , Texas Chris Shockley Clementon , New Jersey Tim Stafford Austin , Texas Not Chosen ( edit ) Contestants Hometown De'Vonne Foxworth Richmond , California Jennifer Love Milwaukee , Wisconsin Desiree `` Desi '' Mattivi Denver , Colorado Matt Stebly Ocean Springs , Mississippi Contestant progress ( edit ) No . Contestant Tiara Gordon Kyle Mackenzie Tony Medellin Jamie Lee Parker Austin Rose Stacy Smith Jimmy Snaz Turk Tiffer Wright Amanda Boone Angel Rose Jess Cavazos Gonzo Oba Jackson Teej Poole JP Roldan Chris Shockley Tim Stafford The contestant won the competition and was named Ink Master . The contestant was the runner - up . The contestant finished third . The contestant won best tattoo of the day . The contestant was given an honorable mention by the judges . The contestant was considered to be among the top . The contestant was among the bottom group in the judges recall . The contestant was considered to be in the bottom . The contestant was eliminated from the competition . Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 140 `` Opening Shots '' August 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 28 ) TBD 22 artists step into the ring at Gleason 's Gym where they had six hours to create a tattoo in their choice subject while incorporating a style each coach is known for . Either Christian 's specialty black and gray or Cleen 's specialty new school . Afterwards , the judges and the coaches will judge each tattoo in a blind critique without knowing who did what . The top 14 artists will then pick who they want to be one . Team Christian got Angel , Chris , Oba , Jess , Gonzo , Tim , Teej and Amanda who were ranked first , third , eighth , ninth , eleventh , twelfth , thirteenth and fourteenth respectively . Team Clean on the other hand got second ranked artist Tiffer , followed by fourth ranked artist Tony , fifth ranked artist Tiara , sixth ranked artist Kyle , seventh ranked artist Jamie , and tenth ranked artist Turk . The remaining 8 artists face off in a head to head battle where one high ranked artist had five hours to tattoo against the artist ranked lower than them . The lower ranked artist chose the style they must tattoo in their respective face off . The winner of each face off will pick who they want to be on . Jennifer and JP tattooed a traditional Japanese koi fish . Matt and Jimmy tried to create an American traditional female head . Desi and Austin bring a color illustrated female head to life . And Stacy and DeVonne try to do the same style as Jennifer and JP . JP completed Team Christian . Because of this , the three remaining spots went to Team Cleen with Jimmy , Austin and Stacy rounding out the team . 141 `` Not on My Watch '' September 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 04 ) TBD 142 TBA September 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 11 ) TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` PARAMOUNT NETWORK INKS SEASON 11 OF INK MASTER '' . Paramount Network . April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` # InkMaster : Grudge Match is headed your way sooner than expected ! Tune in to the new season Tuesday , August 28th on @ ParamountNet '' . Twitter . July 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's happening ! ! # InkMaster : Grudge Match , @ Cleen_Rock_One vs. @ ChristiaNation_ , will premiere September 4th on @ paramountnet '' . Twitter . April 24 , 2018 . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ink Master : Grudge Match : Christian Buckingham , Cleen Rock One return '' . CarterMatt. April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ink Master Episode Guide '' , Zap2It , retrieved July 28 , 2018 External links ( edit ) Official website Ink Master on IMDb Ink Master at TV Guide Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ink_Master_(season_11)&oldid=857126081 '' Categories : Ink Master Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 18 : 45 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when does the next season of ink master come out | [
"Ink Master: Grudge Match – Cleen vs. Christian is the eleventh season of the tattoo reality competition Ink Master that premiered on Paramount Network on August 28, 2018 instead of its original airdate September 4.[3][4][2] Hosted by Dave Navarro and co-judged by Oliver Peck and Chris Nunez, Season 11 will finally see Ink Master veterans Cleen Rock One and Christian Buckingham getting the chance to settle their heated rivalry that began in Season 7 and again in Season 9. But they won't be doing it alone this time as each of them will coach a new group of artists where the winner will receive $100,000, a feature in Inked Magazine and the title of Ink Master. In addition, the winning coach will also receive $100,000.\n"
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"August 28, 2018"
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3219470493874132834 | Field goal | Field goal - wikipedia Field goal This article is about field goals in gridiron football . For field goals in rugby league and rugby union , see Field goal ( rugby ) . For field goals in basketball , see Field goal ( basketball ) . Execution of a field goal . A field goal ( FG ) is a means of scoring in American football and Canadian football . To score a field goal the team in possession of the ball must place kick , or drop kick , the ball through the goal , i.e. , between the uprights and over the crossbar . American football requires that a field goal must only come during a play from scrimmage , while Canadian football retains open field kicks and thus field goals may be scored at any time from anywhere on the field and by any player . The vast majority of field goals , in both codes , are place kicked . Drop kicked field goals were common in the early days of Gridiron football but are almost never done in modern times . In most leagues , a successful field goal awards three points ( a notable exception is in six - man football where , due to the difficulty of making a successful field goal because of the small number of players available to stop the opposing team from attempting a block , a field goal is worth four points ) . A field goal may also be scored through a fair catch kick , but this is extremely rare . Since a field goal is worth only three points , as opposed to a touchdown , which is worth six points , it is usually only attempted in specific situations ( see Strategy ) . The goal structure consists of a horizontal crossbar suspended 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) above the ground , with two vertical goalposts 18 feet 6 inches ( 5.64 m ) apart extending vertically from each end of the crossbar . In American football the goals are centered on each end line ; in Canadian football the goals are centered on each goal line . Contents 1 Strategy 2 How field goals are kicked 3 Successful field goals 4 Missed field goals 5 Blocked field goals 6 History 7 Longest field goal records 7.1 NFL 7.2 CFL 7.3 College football 7.4 U Sports 7.5 High school 7.6 Independent amateur 7.7 Independent Women 's Football League 8 Longest missed field goal return records 8.1 NFL 8.2 CFL 8.3 NCAA 8.4 U Sports 9 References 10 External links Strategy ( edit ) As a field goal is worth only three points , while a touchdown scores at least six ( which usually becomes seven with a successful conversion , and potentially 8 with a two - point conversion ) , teams will generally attempt a field goal only in the following situations : It is fourth down ( third down in Canadian rules ) , especially if the offense is more than a yard or two from a new first down , and within about 45 yards of the goal posts . In the first half , there is enough time remaining to execute only one more play . In the second half , there is enough time remaining to execute only one more play , and the team on offense needs three points to win or tie ( four points in a few leagues given special circumstances ) . Except in desperate situations , a team will generally attempt field goals only when keeping a drive alive is unlikely , and its kicker has a significant chance of success , as a missed field goal results in a turnover at the spot of the kick ( in the NFL ) or at the line of scrimmage ( in the NCAA ) . In American high school rules and Canadian football , where a missed field goal is treated the same as a punt , most teams still opt not to attempt field goals from very long range since field goal formations are not conducive to covering kick returns . Even under ideal conditions , the best professional kickers historically had difficulty making kicks longer than 50 yards consistently ( the NFL record is 64 yards and the CFL record , 62 yards ) . If a team chooses not to attempt a field goal on their last down , they can punt to the other team . A punt can not score any points in American football unless the receiving team touches the ball first and the kicking team recovers it ( though it can result in a single in Canadian football ) , but it may push the other team back toward its own end . The longest field goal kick in NFL history is 64 yards , a record set by Matt Prater on December 8 , 2013 . The previous record was 63 , originally set by Tom Dempsey and then matched by Jason Elam , Sebastian Janikowski , David Akers , and Graham Gano . High school , college and most professional football leagues offer only a three - point field goal ; however , some professional leagues have encouraged more rare kicks through four - point field goals . NFL Europe encouraged long field goals of 50 yards or more by making those worth four points instead of three ( much like Australian rules ' Super Goal or basketball 's three - point line ) , a rule since adopted by the Stars Football League . Similarly , the sport of arena football sought ( unsuccessfully ) to repopularize the drop kick by making that worth four points ; it failed , since only one kicker ( Brian Mitchell ) was able to do it with any semblance of proficiency . ( In six - man football , where there is no offensive line , all field goals are worth four points instead of the usual three . ) The overall field goal percentage during the 2010 NFL season was 82.3 . In comparison , Jan Stenerud , one of only two pure kickers in the Pro Football Hall of Fame ( along with Ray Guy ) , had a career field goal percentage of 66.8 from 1967 to 1985 . How field goals are kicked ( edit ) Play media Video of a successful field goal try . When a team decides to attempt a field goal , it will generally line up in a very tight formation , with all but two players lined up along or near the line of scrimmage : the placekicker and the holder . The holder is usually the team 's punter or backup quarterback . Instead of the regular center , a team may have a dedicated long snapper trained especially to snap the ball on placekick attempts and punts . The holder usually lines up seven to eight yards behind the line of scrimmage , with the kicker a few yards behind him . Upon receiving the snap , the holder holds the ball against the ground vertically , with the stitches away from the kicker . The kicker begins his approach during the snap , so the snapper and holder have little margin for error . A split - second mistake can disrupt the entire attempt . Texas A&M attempts a field goal against The Citadel in 2006 The measurement of a field goal 's distance is from the goalpost to the point where the ball was positioned for the kick by the holder . In American football , where the goalpost is located at the back of the end zone ( above the end line ) , the ten yards of the end zone are added to the yard line distance at the spot of the hold . Until the 1960s , placekickers approached the ball straight on , with the toe making first contact with the ball . The technique of kicking the ball `` soccer - style '' , by approaching the ball at an angle and kicking it with the instep , was introduced by Hungarian - born kicker Pete Gogolak in the 1960s . Reflecting his roots in European soccer , Gogolak observed that kicking the ball at an angle could cover more distance than kicking straight - on ; he played college football at Cornell and made his pro debut in 1964 with the Buffalo Bills of the AFL ; his younger brother Charlie was also an NFL kicker . The soccer - style kick gained popularity and was nearly universal by the late 1970s ; the last straight - on kicker in the NFL was Mark Moseley , who retired in 1986 . Successful field goals ( edit ) If there is any time left in the half , the method of resuming play after a successful field goal varies between leagues . National Football League The scored - against team receives a kickoff . National Collegiate Athletic Association The scored - against team receives a kickoff . National Federation of High Schools The scored - against team can choose to either receive a kickoff or kick off themselves . ( In practice , almost all choose to receive . ) Canadian Football League The scored - against team may elect to either kick off , receive a kickoff , or scrimmage from the 35 - yard line . The option of scrimmaging from the 35 - yard line , first instituted in 1975 , was eliminated in 2009 , but the change proved unpopular and was reinstated the following year . Football Canada The scored - against team may elect to scrimmage the ball at its own 35 - yard line , kick off from its own 35 - yard line , or require the scoring team to kick off from its 45 - yard line . Missed field goals ( edit ) A missed field goal is said to be `` no good '' if the kicked ball does not cross between the uprights and / or over the crossbar of the goal posts . If it misses to the posts ' left it may be called `` wide left '' and `` wide right '' if it misses to the posts ' right . A field goal attempt may be described as `` short '' if it does not have sufficient distance to go over the cross bar . Some commentators will only describe a field goal attempt as being short if it appears to have been aimed correctly while others will describe an attempt appearing to lack both accuracy and distance as being both wide and short . If a field goal attempt is missed and does not go out of bounds , a defensive player may catch the ball and return it , like a punt or kickoff . This type of play usually occurs during an extremely long field goal attempt due to the distance the defense must travel to reach the returner . If there is a significant likelihood of a miss and the strategic game situation warrants it , the defense places a player downfield , in or near their end zone , to catch the ball . The risk in this is that the return man may be tackled deep in his own territory , at a considerably worse position than he could have gotten by letting the ball go dead ( see below ) ; furthermore , should the returner fumble the ball , the kicking team can recover it and gain a new set of downs ( the advantage is that the kicking team is lined up very close together to stop kick blockers , and not spread across the field like a kickoff or punt team , and is therefore in poor position to defend the return ) . Thus , teams will usually return a kick only towards the end of a half ( when the kick will be the final play ) or in a particularly desperate situation . If a ball caroms off one of the goal posts or the crossbar , but lands in the field of play , the ball is considered dead and can not be returned . ( This is not the case in arena football , where large `` rebound nets '' surround the goal posts for the explicit purpose of keeping the ball in play . ) However , if the ball caroms off one of the goal posts or the crossbar and continues into the goal , the score counts . Situations where the defense does not return a missed field goal vary between leagues and levels of play : National Football League Missed field goals attempted from the defending team 's 20 - yard line or closer result in the defense taking possession at their 20 - yard line . Missed field goals attempted from behind the 20 - yard line result in the opposing team taking possession at the spot of the kick . ( From 1974 - 1993 , the opposing team would take possession at the line of scrimmage , unless the kick was attempted from inside the 20 - yard line , in which case the opposing team would take possession at the 20 - yard line . Prior to 1974 , a missed field goal was treated the same as a punt , and the kicking team could down the ball in the field of play if it did not cross the goal line ; if the unsuccessful attempt crossed the goal line , it was a touchback , unless the defense ran the ball out of the end zone . ) NCAA The opposing team takes possession at the line of scrimmage rather than at the spot of the kick . If the line of scrimmage is inside the 20 - yard line , the opposing team takes possession at the 20 . High school Under NFHS ( high school ) rules ( except in Massachusetts and Texas , which play largely by NCAA rules ) , a field goal attempt is no different from any other scrimmage kick ( punt , drop kick ) . If the field goal attempt is no good and enters the end zone it is a touchback ( NFHS rules do not allow a scrimmage kick or free kick to be advanced if it crosses the goal line ) . If the ball becomes dead on the field the defensive team will next put the ball in play from that point . If a field goal is blocked behind the line of scrimmage either team may pick it up and return it ( see below ) . Canadian football If the defense does not return a missed field goal out of the end zone , or if a missed field goal attempt goes out the back of end zone , then the kicking team scores a single point . This sometimes results in the team on defense stationing their punter behind the goal posts to punt the ball out of the end zone , in case of a missed field - goal attempt , to preserve a victory or tie . Also , a missed field goal may be played by any onside player on the kicking team , ( onside players being the kicker and anyone behind him at the time of the kick ) . It is risky to have anyone positioned behind the kicker when the ball is being kicked since those player ( s ) would be unable to help prevent the defending players from blocking the kick ; however , on occasion teams might intentionally miss a field goal in hope of recovering the ball in the end zone for a touchdown . Returning a missed field goal is much more likely in Canadian football than in American rules for a few reasons . First , since the goal posts are on the goal line in front of a 20 - yard end zone ( rather than at the back of a 10 - yard end zone ) , a missed field goal is much less likely to go out of bounds while in the air . Also , not returning the ball out of the end zone results in the defense conceding a single point , which may be crucial in a close game . Moreover , the wider field of the Canadian game makes the average return longer ( in terms of yardage ) . However , many Canadian football coaches judge that conceding a single and taking possession at the 35 - yard line is preferable to returning a missed field goal and avoiding a single at the cost of poor field position . Blocked field goals ( edit ) The San Francisco 49ers block a field goal attempt by Philadelphia Eagles kicker David Akers on October 12 , 2008 , and return it for a touchdown . The Fresno State Bulldogs block a Texas A&M field goal attempt . Occasionally , the defense will succeed in blocking a field goal . If a blocked field goal is in or behind the neutral zone , it is treated like a fumble and can be advanced by either team . Beyond the neutral zone , a blocked kick is treated like a punt and can be advanced only by the defense , unless a defensive player fumbles the ball , after which an offensive player can advance it . History ( edit ) In the early days of football , kicking was highly emphasized . In 1883 , the scoring system was devised , with field goals counting for 5 points , and touchdowns and conversions worth 4 apiece . In 1897 , the touchdown was raised to 5 points while the conversion was lowered to 1 point . Field goals were devalued to 4 points in 1904 , and then to the modern 3 points in 1909 . The touchdown was changed to 6 points in 1912 in American football ; the Canadian game followed suit in 1956 . The spot of the conversion has also changed through the years . In 1924 , NCAA rules spotted the conversion at the 3 - yard line , before moving it back to the 5 - yard line in 1925 . In 1929 , the spot was moved up to the 2 - yard line , which the NFL had done until 2014 . In 1968 , the NCAA diverged from the NFL rules in moving the spot back to the original 3 - yard line . Canadian rules originally spotted the conversion at the 5 - yard line , which remains closer than in the American code as the goalposts are at the front of the end zone . In 2015 , to make conversion kicks harder , the NFL and CFL moved the spot of the kick to the 15 and 25 - yard lines , respectively . In addition , the CFL moved the spot for a two - point conversion up to the 3 - yard line to entice more teams to go for 2 points as opposed to one . The goalposts were originally located on the goal line ; this led to many injuries and sometimes interfered with play . The NCAA moved the goal posts to the rear of the end zone in 1927 . The NFL ( still following NCAA rules at the time ) followed suit , but moved the posts back to the goal line starting in the 1932 NFL Playoff Game , a change made necessary by the size of the indoor Chicago Stadium and kept when the NFL rules stopped mirroring the NCAA rules in 1933 . The NFL kept the post at the goal line until 1974 , when they were moved back to the rear of the end zone . This was partly a result of the narrowed hashmark distance made in 1972 , which had made for easier field - goal angles . The Canadian game still has posts on the goal line . The width of the goalposts and the hashmarks have also varied throughout the years . In 1959 , the NCAA goalposts were widened to 23 feet 4 inches ( 7.11 m ) , the standard width for high school posts today . In 1991 , the college goalposts were reduced in width to 18 ft 6 in ( 5.64 m ) , matching the NFL . For the 1991 and 1992 seasons , this meant potentially severe angles for short field goal attempts , since the hashmark width remained at 53 ft 4 in ( 16.26 m ) . In 1993 , the NCAA narrowed the distance between the hashmarks to 40 ft ( 12.19 m ) , matching what was the width of hashmarks in the NFL from 1945 through 1971 ; the NFL narrowed the hashmarks in 1972 to goalpost width at 18.5 feet ( 5.64 m ) . In the CFL , the hashmarks are 51 feet ( 16 m ) , but the field is 195 feet ( 59 m ) in width , 35 feet ( 11 m ) wider than the American field . The NFL increased the height of the uprights above the crossbar to 20 feet ( 6.10 m ) in 1966 and 30 feet ( 9.14 m ) in 1974 . In 2014 , they were raised five feet to 35 feet ( 10.67 m ) after the adoption of a proposal by New England Patriots head coach Bill Belichick . The `` slingshot '' goalpost , with a single post curving to support the crossbar , was invented by Jim Trimble and Joel Rottman in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . The first were built by Alcan and displayed at Expo 67 , the World 's fair in Montreal . The NFL had standardized the goalposts in 1966 and adopted the slingshot for the 1967 season ; the NCAA later adopted the same rule , but later allowed the use of `` offset '' goalposts , with two posts rather than one ( which were the norm prior to the invention of the `` slingshot '' goalposts ) . The CFL was the first league to use the new goalposts ; they made their debut in the 2nd game of the CFL 's Eastern Conference final in 1966 ( which was played at Montreal 's Autostade as Landsdowne Park ( now TD Place Stadium ) , the home of Ottawa Rough Riders , was undergoing renovations ) , and were used in the Grey Cup the next week at Vancouver 's Empire Stadium . Three schools in Division I FBS currently use dual - support posts : Florida State , LSU , and Washington State . A special exemption was allowed by the NFL for the New Orleans Saints to use the offset goalposts during the 2005 season , when they used LSU 's stadium for home games after Hurricane Katrina . Goalposts at the professional level today are sometimes equipped with a camera mounted to the stanchion immediately behind the center of the crossbar . Since these cameras are both above and slightly behind the crossbar , a field goal attempt will be judged good if it strikes this equipment . In 1989 , the NCAA banned the kicking tee for field goals and extra points , requiring kicks from the ground . During the 2011 NFL season , a record 90 field goals of 50 yards or longer were made . In 2012 , this record was increased to 92 field goals of 50 yards or longer . Longest field goal Records ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As recorded in Guinness World Records : The record for a field goal at any level is 69 yards . It was kicked by Ove Johansson of the Abilene Christian University Wildcats in the 1976 game against East Texas State University Lions ( now Texas A&M University -- Commerce ) in Shotwell Stadium , Abilene , Texas . NFL ( edit ) The longest field goal made was 64 yards by Matt Prater of the Denver Broncos on December 8 , 2013 . The longest field goal attempt in an NFL game was 76 yards by Sebastian Janikowski on September 28 , 2008 . In the history of the NFL regular season , only 19 field goals have been made from at least 60 yards : Distance Kicker Team Result Opposition Date Notes Location Elevation Weather 64 yards Matt Prater Denver Broncos 51 -- 28 Tennessee Titans December 8 , 2013 End of 1st half Sports Authority Field at Mile High 5,280 ft ( 1,610 m ) 13 ° F ; Sunny ; Wind : S at 3 mph ; Humidity : 72 % 63 yards Tom Dempsey New Orleans Saints 19 -- 17 Detroit Lions November 8 , 1970 Born with a stub for a right foot . Game - winning kick as time expired . Detroit kicker Errol Mann had kicked a field goal with : 08 remaining to give Lions the lead . Tulane Stadium 16 ft ( 4.9 m ) 63 yards Jason Elam Denver Broncos 37 -- 24 Jacksonville Jaguars October 25 , 1998 First field goal to tie record ; soccer - style kicker Mile High Stadium 5,280 ft ( 1,610 m ) 63 yards Sebastian Janikowski Oakland Raiders 23 -- 20 Denver Broncos September 12 , 2011 Left - footed Sports Authority Field at Mile High 5,280 ft ( 1,610 m ) Light rain early 63 yards David Akers San Francisco 49ers 30 -- 22 Green Bay Packers September 9 , 2012 Left - footed ; end of first half ; ball bounced off crossbar before crossing the plane Lambeau Field 640 ft ( 200 m ) 70 ° F ; Mostly Cloudy ; Wind : N at 7 mph ; Humidity : 43 % 63 yards Graham Gano Carolina Panthers 33 -- 31 New York Giants October 7 , 2018 Game - winning field goal as time expired . Bank of America Stadium 751 ft ( 229 m ) 88 ° F ; Mostly Sunny ; Wind : E at 6 mph ; Humidity : 59 % 62 yards Matt Bryant Tampa Bay Buccaneers 23 -- 21 Philadelphia Eagles October 22 , 2006 Game - winning kick as time expired Raymond James Stadium 35 ft ( 11 m ) 62 yards Stephen Gostkowski New England Patriots 33 -- 8 Oakland Raiders November 19 , 2017 Right - footed ; kicked as time expired at the end of the first half Azteca Stadium 7,280 ft ( 2,220 m ) 63 ° F ; Mostly Cloudy 61 yards Sebastian Janikowski Oakland Raiders 9 -- 23 Cleveland Browns December 27 , 2009 Left - footed Cleveland Browns Stadium 580 ft ( 180 m ) 61 yards Jay Feely Arizona Cardinals 16 -- 19 ( OT ) Buffalo Bills October 14 , 2012 Right - footed ; longest game - tying field goal with 1 : 09 remaining in the 4th quarter , missed a 38 - yard field goal that would have won the game at the end of regulation University of Phoenix Stadium 1,150 ft ( 350 m ) Retractable roof closed 61 yards Justin Tucker Baltimore Ravens 18 -- 16 Detroit Lions December 16 , 2013 Right - footed ; game - winning field goal with 43 seconds remaining ; sixth field goal of the game Ford Field 601 ft ( 183 m ) Dome 61 yards Greg Zuerlein St. Louis Rams 18 -- 21 ( OT ) Minnesota Vikings November 8 , 2015 Right - footed TCF Bank Stadium 869 ft ( 265 m ) 58 ° F ( 14 ° C ) ; sunny 61 yards Jake Elliott Philadelphia Eagles 27 -- 24 New York Giants September 24 , 2017 Right - footed ; game winning kick as time expired . Second game of NFL career . NFL rookie record for longest made field goal . Lincoln Financial Field 39 ft ( 12 m ) 91 ° F ( 33 ° C ) ; sunny 60 yards Steve Cox Cleveland Browns 9 -- 12 Cincinnati Bengals October 21 , 1984 Straight - ahead kick ; on AstroTurf Riverfront Stadium 490 ft ( 150 m ) 60 yards Morten Andersen New Orleans Saints 17 -- 20 Chicago Bears October 27 , 1991 Left - footed ; on AstroTurf ; first 60 - yard kick done indoors Louisiana Superdome Sea level Dome 60 yards Rob Bironas Tennessee Titans 20 -- 17 Indianapolis Colts December 3 , 2006 Right - footed ; game winner with six seconds remaining LP Field 400 ft ( 120 m ) 60 yards Dan Carpenter Miami Dolphins 10 -- 13 Cleveland Browns December 5 , 2010 End of 1st half Sun Life Stadium 5 ft ( 1.5 m ) 77 ° F ( 25 ° C ) , wind SW at 14 mph ( 23 km / h ) 60 yards Greg Zuerlein St. Louis Rams 19 -- 13 Seattle Seahawks September 30 , 2012 In his rookie season ; longest field goal in third quarter ; also kicked a 58 - yard field goal in the first quarter Edward Jones Dome 466 ft ( 142 m ) Dome 60 yards Chandler Catanzaro Arizona Cardinals 18 -- 33 Buffalo Bills September 25 , 2016 Longest field goal in career New Era Field 600 ft ( 180 m ) Prior to Dempsey 's 1970 kick , the longest field goal in NFL history was a 56 - yard field goal by Bert Rechichar in 1953 . A 55 - yard field goal , achieved by a drop kick , was recorded by Paddy Driscoll in 1924 , and stood as the unofficial record until that point ; some sources indicate a 54 - yarder by Glenn Presnell in 1934 as the record , due to the inability to precisely verify Driscoll 's 55 - yarder . In a pre-season NFL game between the Denver Broncos and the Seattle Seahawks on August 29 , 2002 , Ola Kimrin kicked a 65 - yard field goal . However , because pre-season games are not counted toward official records , this accomplishment is not the official record . CFL ( edit ) 62 yards , Paul McCallum , Saskatchewan Roughriders vs. Edmonton Eskimos , October 27 , 2001 60 yards , Dave Ridgway , Saskatchewan Roughriders vs. Winnipeg Blue Bombers , September 6 , 1987 College football ( edit ) 69 yards , Ove Johansson , Abilene Christian vs. East Texas State on October 16 , 1976 . ( NAIA ) 67 yards , Tom Odle , Fort Hays State vs. Washburn , 1988 . ( NCAA ) 67 yards , Joe Williams , Wichita State vs. Southern Illinois , 1978 . ( NCAA Division I ) 67 yards , Russell Erxleben , Texas vs. Rice , 1977 . ( NCAA Division I ) 67 yards , Steve Little , Arkansas vs. Texas , 1977 . ( NCAA Division I ) 65 yards , J.T. Haxall , Princeton vs. Yale , 1882 . All of the above kicks were successful with the use of a kicking tee , which was banned by the NCAA after the 1988 season . 65 yards , Martin Gramatica , Kansas State vs. Northern Illinois , 1998 - without a tee The longest known drop - kicked field goal in college football was a 62 - yard kick from Pat O'Dea , an Australian kicker who played on the Wisconsin Badgers football team . O'Dea's kick took place in a blizzard against Northwestern on November 15 , 1898 . U Sports ( edit ) The longest field goal in U Sports football history is 59 yards , by Niko Difonte of Calgary Dinos , playing against the UBC Thunderbirds on November 11 , 2017 . The field goal was the final and winning play of the 81st Hardy Cup . High school ( edit ) 68 yards , Dirk Borgognone , Reno High School vs. Sparks High School ( Nevada ) , September 27 , 1985 67 yards , Austin Rehkow , Central Valley High School ( Spokane Valley , Washington ) vs. Shadle Park High School ( Spokane , Washington ) , October 18 , 2012 , game - tying FG with : 02 left in 4th quarter ( CV would go on to win 62 - 55 ) . ( tied with two others ) 62 yards , David Rosenbaum , Woodrow Wilson High School ( Washington , D.C. ) vs. Spingarn High School , October 3 , 2003 . While no records are kept , considered to be the longest extra point scored . Penalties due to excessive celebration , unsportsmanlike conduct , and taunting . Independent amateur ( edit ) 68 yards , Fabrizio Scaccia , Treasure Coast Bobcats ( FL ) , March 29 , 2009 ( world record for a kick without the aid of a tee , which was banned for field goal and extra point attempts in the NCAA in 1989 ) Independent women 's football League ( edit ) 44 yards , Sarah Oliver , California Quake vs. New Mexico Menace , April 26 , 2008 . Longest missed field goal return Records ( edit ) NFL ( edit ) Field goal returns are rare in the NFL , since an attempt with sufficient distance that misses the uprights will automatically be dead . Returns are possible when a field goal is short , but in that case returners will usually down the ball so as to scrimmage from the spot of the kick . Normally , a return will only be attempted when there is not enough time left in the half to run a play from scrimmage . Nevertheless , four field goals have been returned for at least 107 yards in the 21st century : Distance returned Returner Team Opposing kicker Opposing team Distance attempted Date Location 109 yards Antonio Cromartie San Diego Chargers Ryan Longwell Minnesota Vikings 58 yards November 4 , 2007 Metrodome 108 yards Devin Hester Chicago Bears Jay Feely New York Giants 52 yards November 12 , 2006 Giants Stadium 108 yards Nathan Vasher Chicago Bears Joe Nedney San Francisco 49ers 52 yards November 13 , 2005 Soldier Field 107 yards Chris McAlister Baltimore Ravens Jason Elam Denver Broncos 57 yards September 30 , 2002 Ravens Stadium CFL ( edit ) Because the goalposts in Canadian football are on the goal line , and because downing the ball in the end zone results in the kicking team scoring a single point , field goal returns are much more common . The longest missed field goal return in the CFL is 131 total yards . Against the Montreal Alouettes on August 22 , 1958 , the Toronto Argonauts ' Boyd Carter ran 15 yards , then threw a lateral to Dave Mann , who then returned it for the final 116 yards . This return , which started 21 yards behind the goal line , was during the era of 25 - yard end zones ( which made the maximum theoretical missed field return distance 134 yards in those days ) and therefore can not be met or exceeded on the modern field with 20 - yard end zones . Since the shortening of the end zones in the CFL in 1986 , a field goal has been returned for the maximum 129 yards on four occasions : by Bashir Levingston of the Toronto Argonauts on June 28 , 2007 , by Dominique Dorsey also of the Toronto Argonauts on August 2 , 2007 , by Tristan Jackson of the Saskatchewan Roughriders on July 14 , 2012 and by Trent Guy of the Montreal Alouettes on September 23 , 2012 . NCAA ( edit ) In NCAA college football , only five missed field goals returns for touchdowns have ever been returned 100 yards or more : September 17 , 1966 : Don Guest ( California Golden Bears ) , 108 - yard return for a touchdown after a failed 47 - yard field goal attempt by Washington State . September 28 , 1968 : Richie Luzzi ( Clemson Tigers ) , 108 - yard return for a touchdown after a failed 47 - yard field goal attempt by Georgia . September 7 , 2013 : Odell Beckham Jr . ( LSU Tigers ) , 109 - yard return for a touchdown after a failed 59 - yard field goal attempt by UAB . November 30 , 2013 : Chris Davis , Jr . ( Auburn Tigers ) , 109 - yard return for a touchdown after what would have been a tie - breaking 57 - yard field goal attempt by Alabama fell short as time expired , what some writers and fans call the greatest play in college football history . September 3 , 2016 : Brandon Wilson ( Houston Cougars ) , 109 - yard return for a touchdown after a failed 53 - yard field goal attempt by Oklahoma . U Sports ( edit ) In U Sports football , like in the CFL , the longest possible missed field goal return is 129 yards , and this has occurred three times . Jeremy Botelho of the Manitoba Bisons playing against the Simon Fraser Clansmen on September 11 , 2009 Jedd Gardner of the Guelph Gryphons playing against the McMaster Marauders on October 8 , 2010 Tunde Adeleke of the Carleton Ravens playing against the Ottawa Gee - Gees on October 5 , 2013 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://static.nfl.com/static/content/public/image/rulebook/pdfs/4_2012_Field.pdf ^ Jump up to : Battista , Judy ( November 6 , 2011 ) . `` Kickers Are Becoming Ca n't - Miss Performers '' . The New York Times . p . SP4 . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2011 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . 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September 4 , 1989 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Football Player Stats & Stats Leaders - Field Goals Made , 50 + Yards '' . www.teamrankings.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ See the article on Johansson . Jump up ^ `` Matt Prater breaks field - goal record with 64 - yarder '' . nfl.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris . `` Raiders attempt 76 - yard field goal '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Long field goals '' . www.profootballhof.com . November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Field '' . Sports Venue info . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Living With 63 Yards -- And Beyond '' . ESPN . November 4 , 2010 . Retrieved September 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : CFL , `` Regular Season All - Time Records '' , retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated Almanac , 2011 edition ; `` NCAA FBS ( 1 - A ) Alltime Individual Leaders '' , pg. 242 Jump up ^ http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/DI/2008/FBS%20compiled.pdf Jump up ^ Hall of Fame Inductee Search : Pat `` Kangaroo Kicker '' O'Dea Jump up ^ `` Niko DiFonte with a 59 - yard field goal to win '' . ^ Jump up to : `` CIS Football Records '' . Canadian Interuniversity Sport . Jump up ^ Santoro , Joe ( 2005 ) . For a moment in time , he was The Kid Who Made The Kick . RGJ.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 67 - yard field goal ; Vick 's flat tire ; ' Tebowing ' trademark . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jenks , Jayson. ( 2012 ) . ( 1 ) Central Valley 's Austin Rehkow kicks state - record 67 - yard field goal . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brown , Nathan . ( 2012 ) . ( 2 ) Austin Rehkow Incredible RECORD 67 - Yard Field Goal ! ! ! Jump up ^ Post , Washington ( October 4 , 2003 ) . `` Kicker Successful on Extra Point From 62 Yards '' . Retrieved September 9 , 2018 -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ `` Faces in the Crowd . '' Sports Illustrated ( April 20 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Catherine B Vivo ( 2008 - 05 - 02 ) , Quake - # 81 Sarah `` Ollie '' Oliver Field Goal Record 04 - 26 - 08 , retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 Jump up ^ `` San Diego 's Cromartie sets NFL record with 109 - yard FG return '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hester 's record return pushes Bears past sleeping Giants '' . Associated Press . ESPN . November 12 , 2006 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vasher 's 108 - yard return lifts Bears over 49ers '' . Associated Press . ESPN . November 13 , 2005 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ravens beat Broncos in every way possible '' . Associated Press . ESPN . September 30 , 2002 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 13 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Dominique Dorsey 's record tying missed field goal return for a touchdown vs. the Montreal Alouettes ( Video ) . Jump up ^ http://cfl.ca/video/index/id/76119 Jump up ^ http://cfl.ca/article/hes-the-guy-129-yard-touchdown-seals-win-for-als ^ Jump up to : `` How rare is missed field goal returned for touchdown ? '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Low , Chris ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` Yards to Glory , SEC version '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bacon , John ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Auburn - Alabama : The Greatest Play in College Football History ? '' . Here&Now . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vaccaro , Mike ( November 30 , 2013 ) . `` Auburn - Alabama is greatest ending in sports history '' . New York Post . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DeMarchi , John ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Is the 2013 Iron Bowl ( Alabama vs. Auburn ) the Most Dramatic Finish to a Football Game of All - Time ? '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lupica , Mike ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` End of Auburn vs. Alabama is one second in college football that will be talked about forever '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma vs. Houston - Play - By - Play - September 3 , 2016 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Official NFL Field Goal Records Gridiron football concepts Codes American Glossary History Early Modern Rules Canadian American -- Canadian comparison Burnside rules Glossary Arena Indoor 9 - man 8 - man 6 - man Flag Touch Street / Backyard Powderpuff Wheelchair Rules of gridiron football codes Levels of play Youth / midget Pop Warner AYF High school Varsity Junior varsity College Club Sprint Semi-pro Professional Women 's International Field Lines Yard lines Hash marks Goal line Sidelines Line of scrimmage Field goal range Spaces End zone Red zone Dead zone Neutral zone Coffin corner Flat Gap Hole Pocket Scoring Touchdown One - point conversion Two - point conversion Field goal Safety Single ( rouge ) Turnovers Fumble Interception Muffed punt Turnover on downs Downs First down Three - and - out Fourth down conversion Dead ball Play clock Timeout Kneel Spike Time warnings 3 min . 2 min . 1 min . Clock management Running out the clock Untimed play Garbage time Statistics Carry Completion Rushing yards Passing yards Passer rating Total quarterback rating Reception Receiving yards Pass deflected Sack Return yards Total offense Yards after catch Yards from scrimmage All - purpose yardage Touchdown pass Practice Two - a-days Oklahoma drill Three - cone drill Film session Officiating Official ( American , Canadian ) Chain crew Penalty Penalty flag Instant replay Miscellaneous Ball Coaching tree Concussions Equipment 12th man Letterman Overtime Practice squad Running up the score Touchdown celebration Gatorade shower Tuck rule Uniform number Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Field_goal&oldid=866088364 '' Categories : American football plays American football terminology Canadian football terminology Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Use mdy dates from April 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Articles needing additional references from May 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Српски / srpski 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 05 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who set the record for longest field goal | [
"The longest field goal kick in NFL history is 64 yards, a record set by Matt Prater on December 8, 2013. The previous record was 63, originally set by Tom Dempsey and then matched by Jason Elam, Sebastian Janikowski, David Akers, and Graham Gano. High school, college and most professional football leagues offer only a three-point field goal; however, some professional leagues have encouraged more rare kicks through four-point field goals. NFL Europe encouraged long field goals of 50 yards or more by making those worth four points instead of three (much like Australian rules' Super Goal or basketball's three-point line), a rule since adopted by the Stars Football League. Similarly, the sport of arena football sought (unsuccessfully) to repopularize the drop kick by making that worth four points; it failed, since only one kicker (Brian Mitchell) was able to do it with any semblance of proficiency. (In six-man football, where there is no offensive line, all field goals are worth four points instead of the usual three.)\n"
] | [
"Matt Prater"
] |
4019317940080498729 | From Dusk till Dawn | From Dusk Till Dawn - wikipedia From Dusk Till Dawn Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see From Dusk till Dawn ( disambiguation ) . From Dusk till Dawn Theatrical release poster Directed by Robert Rodriguez Produced by Gianni Nunnari Meir Teper Screenplay by Quentin Tarantino Story by Robert Kurtzman Starring Harvey Keitel George Clooney Quentin Tarantino Juliette Lewis Cheech Marin Fred Williamson Salma Hayek Music by Graeme Revell Cinematography Guillermo Navarro Edited by Robert Rodriguez Production company Dimension Films A Band Apart Los Hooligans Productions Distributed by Miramax Films Release date January 19 , 1996 ( 1996 - 01 - 19 ) Running time 108 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $19 million Box office $25.8 million From Dusk till Dawn is a 1996 American black comedy action horror film directed by Robert Rodriguez and written by Quentin Tarantino . It stars George Clooney , Tarantino , Harvey Keitel and Juliette Lewis . After enjoying modest success at the box office , it has since become a cult film . The film was conceived by Robert Kurtzman who hired Tarantino to write the script as his first paid writing assignment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 References to other titles 3.2 Labor issues 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Awards and nominations 6 Soundtrack 7 Video game 8 Sequels 9 Television 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Fugitive bank robbers Seth and Richie Gecko hold up and destroy a liquor store , killing the clerk and a Texas ranger . At the motel room where they are hiding out , Seth returns to find Richie has raped and murdered a bank clerk they had taken hostage . Jacob Fuller , a pastor who is experiencing a crisis of faith , is on vacation with his teenage children Scott and Kate in their RV . They stop at the motel and are kidnapped by the Geckos , who force the Fullers to smuggle them over the Mexican border . In Mexico , they arrive at the Titty Twister , a strip club in a desert , where the Geckos will be met by their contact , Carlos , at dawn . Carlos will escort them to sanctuary at `` El Rey , '' a place of safety for fugitives from justice whose admission fee is a non-negotiable 30 percent of everything you have . The bar employees transform into vampires and most of the patrons are killed . Richie is bitten by a stripper , becomes a vampire himself , and dies after Seth drives a wooden stake through his heart . Only Seth , Jacob , Kate , Scott , a biker named Sex Machine , and Frost , a Vietnam veteran , survive . The others come back to life as vampires , including Richie , forcing Seth to kill him . Sex Machine is bitten , becomes a vampire , and bites Frost and Jacob . Frost throws Sex Machine through the door , allowing an army of vampires to enter as bats . Seth and the Fullers escape to a storeroom and fashion weapons including a stake mounted on a pneumatic drill , a crossbow , a shotgun , and holy water , which requires Jacob to recover his faith to bless . Jacob , knowing he will soon become a vampire , makes Scott and Kate promise to kill him when he changes . The group make their final assault on the undead . Jacob becomes a vampire , but Scott hesitates to kill him , allowing Jacob to bite him . Scott hits Jacob with holy water and shoots him . Scott is overwhelmed by vampires who begin to devour him ; he begs for death , and Kate shoots him . As vampires surround Kate and Seth , streams of morning light enter through bullet holes in the building , making the vampires back away . Carlos 's bodyguards blast open the door , letting in the sunlight and killing the vampires . Seth chastises him for his poor choice of meeting place and negotiates a smaller tribute for his admission to El Rey . Kate asks Seth if she can go with him to El Rey , but he refuses , leaving her with some cash . Kate drives away in the RV , leaving the Titty Twister -- in fact the top of a partially buried Aztec temple -- behind . Cast ( edit ) George Clooney as Seth Gecko Quentin Tarantino as Richard `` Richie '' Gecko Harvey Keitel as Jacob Fuller Juliette Lewis as Katherine Fuller Ernest Liu as Scott Fuller Salma Hayek as Santanico Pandemonium Cheech Marin as Border Guard / Chet Pussy / Carlos Danny Trejo as Razor Charlie Tom Savini as Sex Machine Fred Williamson as Frost Michael Parks as Texas Ranger Earl McGraw Brenda Hillhouse as Hostage Gloria Hill John Saxon as FBI Agent Stanley Chase Marc Lawrence as Old Timer Motel Owner Kelly Preston as Newscaster Kelly Houge John Hawkes as Pete Bottoms ( liquor store cashier ) Tito & Tarantula as The Titty Twister House Band Production ( edit ) References to other titles ( edit ) Earl McGraw became a recurring character in Rodriguez and Tarantino 's works , later appearing in Kill Bill , Planet Terror and Death Proof . Chango Beer and Sex Machine 's codpiece gun are references to Rodriguez 's 1995 film Desperado . Seth also returns to the hotel with Big Kahuna Burgers , which were used in Pulp Fiction and mentioned in Death Proof . Seth Gecko also says the line `` All right , Ramblers . Let 's get ramblin ' ! '' , a quote from Tarantino 's Reservoir Dogs . Scott 's T - shirt decoration reads `` Precinct 13 '' , a reference to John Carpenter 's 1976 film , Assault on Precinct 13 . Labor issues ( edit ) From Dusk till Dawn employed a non-union production crew , which is unusual for a production with a budget above $15 million . Release ( edit ) From Dusk till Dawn had its world premiere on January 17 , 1996 . On its first week , the film grossed $10,240,805 in the United States making it the highest - grossing film of the week . The next week , the film fell to third highest in the box office where it grossed $4,851,921 being beaten by Mr. Holland 's Opus and Bed of Roses . From Dusk till Dawn earned a total of $25,836,616 on its theatrical release . Reception ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , reports that 64 % of 46 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review ; the average rating was 6 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads : `` A pulpy crime drama / vampire film hybrid , From Dusk Till Dawn is an uneven but often deliriously enjoyable B - movie . '' Metacritic rated it 52 / 100 based on 14 reviews . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B - '' on an A+ to F scale . Roger Ebert gave it three out of four stars and described it as `` a skillful meat - and - potatoes action extravaganza with some added neat touches '' . In her review for The New York Times , Janet Maslin wrote , `` The latter part of From Dusk till Dawn is so relentless that it 's as if a spigot has been turned on and then broken . Though some of the tricks are entertainingly staged , the film loses its clever edge when its action heats up so gruesomely and exploitatively that there 's no time for talk '' . Entertainment Weekly gave the film a `` B '' rating and Owen Gleiberman wrote , `` Rodriguez and Tarantino have taken the let - ' em - eat - trash cynicism of modern corporate moviemaking and repackaged it as junk - conscious ' attitude . ' In From Dusk till Dawn , they put on such a show of cooking up popcorn that they make pandering to the audience seem hip '' . However , in his review for the Washington Post , Desson Howe wrote , `` The movie , which treats you with contempt for even watching it , is a monument to its own lack of imagination . It 's a triumph of vile over content ; mindless nihilism posing as hipness '' . Cinefantastique magazine 's Steve Biodrowski wrote , `` Whereas one might reasonably have expected that the combo of Quentin Tarantino and Robert Rodriguez would yield a critical mass of nuclear proportions , instead of an atomic fireball 's worth of entertainment , we get a long fuse , quite a bit of fizzle , and a rather minor blast '' . In his review for the San Francisco Chronicle , Mick LaSalle called the film , `` an ugly , unpleasant criminals - on - the - lam film that midway turns into a boring and completely repellent vampire ' comedy . ' If it 's not one of the worst films of 1996 it will have been one miserable year '' . In Marc Savlov 's review for the Austin Chronicle , he wrote , `` Fans of Merchant - Ivory will do well to steer clear of Rodriguez 's newest opus , but both action and horror film fans have cause for celebration after what seems like a particularly long splatter - drought . This is horror with a wink and a nod to drive - in theatres and sweaty back seats . This is how it 's done '' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Subject Result Fangoria Chainsaw Award Best Actor George Clooney Won MTV Movie Awards Best Breakthrough Performance Won Saturn Awards Best Actor Won Best Horror Film Won Best Makeup Nominated Best Director Robert Rodriguez Nominated Best Supporting Actress Juliette Lewis Nominated Best Supporting Actor Harvey Keitel Nominated Quentin Tarantino Nominated Best Writing Nominated Razzie Awards Worst Supporting Actor Nominated Stinkers Bad Movie Awards Worst Supporting Actor Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : From Dusk Till Dawn ( soundtrack ) The soundtrack features mainly Texas blues by such artists as ZZ Top and brothers Stevie Ray and Jimmie Vaughan on separate tracks . The Chicano rock band Tito & Tarantula , who portrayed the band in the Titty Twister , appears on the soundtrack as well . The film 's score is by Graeme Revell . `` Dark Night '' by The Blasters plays over the film 's opening and closing credits . Video game ( edit ) Main article : From Dusk Till Dawn ( video game ) A video game of the same name was released in 2001 . It is based on events that transpire directly after the end of the film . Sequels ( edit ) Main articles : From Dusk Till Dawn 2 : Texas Blood Money and From Dusk Till Dawn 3 : The Hangman 's Daughter From Dusk till Dawn was followed by two direct - to - video prequels , From Dusk Till Dawn 2 : Texas Blood Money and From Dusk Till Dawn 3 : The Hangman 's Daughter . They were both received poorly by critics . Danny Trejo is the only actor to appear in all three , although Michael Parks appears in both From Dusk till Dawn and The Hangman 's Daughter . Rodriguez , Tarantino and Lawrence Bender served as producers on all three movies . In late 2010 , it was reported that a possible fourth film in the series may be produced . Television ( edit ) Main article : From Dusk till Dawn : The Series On March 17 , 2014 , a television series inspired by the films premiered on the El Rey , produced and directed by Rodriguez . The show will explore and expand on the characters and story from the film , providing a wider scope and richer Aztec mythology . See also ( edit ) Near Dark Vampire film References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` From Dusk Till Dawn ( 1996 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tobey , Matthew . `` From Dusk till Dawn '' . Allmovie . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cult Classic : From Dusk Till Dawn , by Emmet Purcell JOE.ie Jump up ^ `` ROBERT KURTZMAN INTERVIEW '' . backwoodshorror.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` From Dusk Till Dawn -- The Oft Forgotten 90s Classic '' . January 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' From Dusk Till Dawn ' '' . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` STRIKE MAY DAWN ON ' DUSK ' SHOOT '' . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Fine ( January 28 , 1996 ) . `` ' Dusk till Dawn ' : A top - notch ride through hell '' . The Daily Sentinel . p. 11 . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` From Dusk Till Dawn '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` January 26 - 28 , 1996 '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` From Dusk Till Dawn ( 1996 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` From Dusk Till Dawn '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 19 , 1996 ) . `` From Dusk Till Dawn '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( January 19 , 1996 ) . `` Enough Blood to Feed The Thirstiest Vampires '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( February 2 , 1996 ) . `` Monster Mishmash '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Howe , Desson ( January 19 , 1996 ) . `` Quentin 's Dusk : Hurry Up Dawn '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Biodrowski , Steve ( June 1996 ) . `` From Dusk Till Dawn '' . Cinefantastique . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( January 19 , 1996 ) . `` Tarantino Continues to Stumble in ' Dusk ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Savlov , Marc ( January 19 , 1996 ) . `` From Dusk Till Dawn '' . Austin Chronicle . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 RAZZIE ® Nominees & `` Winners '' - The Official RAZZIE ® Forum `` . Razzies.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 19th Hastings Bad Cinema Society Stinkers Awards '' . Stinkers Bad Movie Awards . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2007 . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Miramax From Dusk Till Dawn Series DVD Review '' . Video Vault . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Audience & Critic Reviews - From Dusk Till Dawn 2 : Texas Blood Money '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Audience & Critic Reviews - From Dusk Till Dawn 3 : The Hangman 's Daughter '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Block , Alex Ben ( December 16 , 2010 ) . `` Weinstein Co. , Miramax Ink Deal to Produce Movie Sequels '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` El Rey 's ' From Dusk Till Dawn ' Rounds Out Cast '' , by The Deadline Team Jump up ^ `` T2 's Robert Patrick & More Join ' From Dusk Till Dawn : The Series ' '' , by Craig Hunter External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : From Dusk till Dawn From Dusk till Dawn on IMDb From Dusk till Dawn at AllMovie From Dusk till Dawn at Box Office Mojo From Dusk till Dawn at Rotten Tomatoes From Dusk till Dawn at Metacritic From Dusk till Dawn at AllMovie Related topic navboxes From Dusk till Dawn Films From Dusk till Dawn soundtrack From Dusk Till Dawn 2 : Texas Blood Money From Dusk Till Dawn 3 : The Hangman 's Daughter Characters Seth Gecko Richie Gecko Santanico Pandemonium Earl and Edgar McGraw Other From Dusk till Dawn : The Series episodes Full Tilt Boogie Video game `` She 's Just Killing Me '' Quentin Tarantino Filmography Written and directed Feature films Reservoir Dogs Pulp Fiction Jackie Brown Kill Bill Volume 1 Volume 2 Death Proof Inglourious Basterds Django Unchained The Hateful Eight Short films My Best Friend 's Birthday Four Rooms ( segment `` The Man from Hollywood '' ) Written only True Romance Natural Born Killers From Dusk till Dawn Other work Past Midnight It 's Pat Crimson Tide The Rock Sin City `` Grave Danger '' Planet Terror Film soundtracks Pulp Fiction Jackie Brown Kill Bill : Volume 1 Kill Bill : Volume 2 Death Proof Inglourious Basterds Django Unchained The Hateful Eight Awards by film Inglourious Basterds Django Unchained The Hateful Eight Works of Robert Rodriguez Films directed Bedhead ( short film , 1991 ) El Mariachi ( 1992 ) Roadracers ( 1994 ) Desperado ( 1995 ) Four Rooms ( Segment : `` The Misbehavers '' , 1995 ) From Dusk till Dawn ( 1996 ) The Faculty ( 1998 ) Spy Kids ( 2001 ) Spy Kids 2 : The Island of Lost Dreams ( 2002 ) Spy Kids 3 - D : Game Over ( 2003 ) Once Upon a Time in Mexico ( 2003 ) Sin City ( 2005 ) The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3 - D ( 2005 ) Planet Terror ( 2007 ) Shorts : The Adventures of the Wishing Rock ( 2009 ) Machete ( 2010 ) Spy Kids : All the Time in the World ( 2011 ) Machete Kills ( 2013 ) Sin City : A Dame to Kill For ( 2014 ) 100 Years ( 2015 ; releasing in 2115 ) Alita : Battle Angel ( 2018 ) Films produced From Dusk Till Dawn 2 : Texas Blood Money ( 1999 ) Death Proof ( 2007 ) Predators ( 2010 ) Television From Dusk till Dawn : The Series ( 2014 -- ) The Director 's Chair ( 2014 -- ) Spy Kids : Mission Critical ( 2018 -- ) See also Chingon Mexican Spaghetti Western Mexico Trilogy Spy Kids franchise Rebel Without a Crew ( 1995 ) Grindhouse ( 2007 ) El Rey Network Troublemaker Studios Saturn Award for Best Horror Film Blacula ( 1972 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1974 / 75 ) Burnt Offerings ( 1976 ) The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane ( 1977 ) The Wicker Man ( 1978 ) Dracula ( 1979 ) The Howling ( 1980 ) An American Werewolf in London ( 1981 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) Gremlins ( 1984 ) Fright Night ( 1985 ) The Fly ( 1986 ) The Lost Boys ( 1987 ) Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) Arachnophobia ( 1989 / 90 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1992 ) Army of Darkness ( 1993 ) Interview with the Vampire ( 1994 ) From Dusk till Dawn ( 1995 ) Scream ( 1996 ) The Devil 's Advocate ( 1997 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) The Sixth Sense ( 1999 ) Final Destination ( 2000 ) The Others ( 2001 ) The Ring ( 2002 ) 28 Days Later ( 2003 ) Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) The Exorcism of Emily Rose ( 2005 ) The Descent ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Hellboy II : The Golden Army ( 2008 ) Drag Me to Hell ( 2009 ) Let Me In ( 2010 ) The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) The Cabin in the Woods ( 2012 ) The Conjuring ( 2013 ) Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) Crimson Peak ( 2015 ) Do n't Breathe ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=From_Dusk_till_Dawn&oldid=825331989 '' Categories : 1996 films English - language films 1996 horror films 1990s action thriller films 1990s black comedy films 1990s comedy horror films 1990s crime thriller films 1990s horror thriller films 1990s monster movies Action horror films American action thriller films American black comedy films American comedy horror films American crime thriller films American films American horror thriller films American monster movies Spanish - language films Vampires in film From Dusk till Dawn ( franchise ) A Band Apart films Dimension Films films Troublemaker Studios films Films about abduction Films about brothers Films about dysfunctional families Films about murderers Films about psychopaths Films about widowhood Films set in Mexico Films set in Texas Films shot in California Rape in film Screenplays by Quentin Tarantino Films scored by Graeme Revell Films directed by Robert Rodriguez Films produced by Elizabeth Avellán Films adapted into comics Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 20 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did from dusk till dawn take place | [
"Jacob Fuller, a pastor who is experiencing a crisis of faith, is on vacation with his teenage children Scott and Kate in their RV. They stop at the motel and are kidnapped by the Geckos, who force the Fullers to smuggle them over the Mexican border. In Mexico, they arrive at the Titty Twister, a strip club in a desert, where the Geckos will be met by their contact, Carlos, at dawn. Carlos will escort them to sanctuary at \"El Rey,\" a place of safety for fugitives from justice whose admission fee is a non-negotiable 30 percent of everything you have."
] | [
"Mexico"
] |
581010989567481737 | Battlement | Battlement - wikipedia Battlement Jump to : navigation , search `` Castellated '' redirects here . For the hardware item , see castellated nut . `` Embattled '' redirects here . For heraldic term , see embattled ( heraldry ) . Battlements on the Great Wall of China Drawing of battlements on a tower Battlements in Persepolis Battlements of a tower of Bam Citadel , Iran A battlement in defensive architecture , such as that of city walls or castles , comprises a parapet ( i.e. , a defensive low wall between chest - height and head - height ) , in which gaps or indentations , which are often rectangular , occur at intervals to allow for the launch of arrows or other projectiles from within the defences . These gaps are termed `` crenels '' ( also known as carnels , embrasures , or wheelers ) , and the act of adding crenels to a previously unbroken parapet is termed crenellation . Thus , a defensive building might be designed and built with battlements , or a manor house might be fortified by adding battlements , where no parapet previously existed , or cutting crenellations into its existing parapet wall . The solid widths between the crenels are called merlons ( also cops or kneelers ) . A wall with battlements is said to be crenelated or embattled . Battlements on walls have protected walkways ( chemin de ronde ) behind them . On tower or building tops , the ( often flat ) roof is used as the protected fighting platform . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Licence to crenellate 3 Machicolations 4 History 5 Development 6 Ancient Rome 7 Italy 8 Middle East and Africa 9 Decorative element 10 See also 11 Notes 12 Sources 13 Further reading 14 External links Etymology ( edit ) The term originated in about the 14th century from the Old French word batailler , `` to fortify with batailles '' ( fixed or movable turrets of defence ) . The word crenel derives from the ancient French cren ( modern French cran ) , Latin crena , meaning a notch , mortice or other gap cut out often to receive another element or fixing ; see also crenation . The modern French word for crenel is créneau , also used to describe a gap of any kind , for example a parking space at the side of the road between two cars , interval between groups of marching troops or a timeslot in a broadcast . Licence to crenellate ( edit ) Main article : Licence to crenellate In medieval England a licence to crenellate granted the holder permission to fortify their property . Such licences were granted by the king , and by the rulers of the counties palatine within their jurisdictions , e.g. by the Bishops of Durham and the Earls of Chester and after 1351 by the Dukes of Lancaster . The castles in England vastly outnumber the licences to crenellate . Royal pardons were obtainable , on the payment of an arbitrarily determined fine , by a person who had fortified without licence . The surviving records of such licences , generally issued by letters patent , provide valuable evidence for the dating of ancient buildings . A list of licences issued by the English Crown between the 12th and 16th centuries was compiled by Turner & Parker and expanded and corrected by Philip Davis and published in The Castle Studies Group Journal . There has been academic debate over the purpose of licensing . The view of military - focused historians is that licensing restricted the number of fortifications that could be used against a royal army . The modern view , proposed notably by Charles Coulson , is that battlements became an architectural status - symbol much sought after by the socially ambitious , in Coulson 's words : `` Licences to crenellate were mainly symbolic representations of lordly status : castellation was the architectural expression of noble rank '' . They indicated to the observer that the grantee had obtained `` royal recognition , acknowledgment and compliment '' . They could however provide a basic deterrent against wandering bands of thieves , and it is suggested that the function of battlements was comparable to the modern practice of householders fitting highly visible CC - TV and burglar alarms , often merely dummies . The crown usually did not charge for the granting of such licences , but occasionally charged a fee of about half a mark . Machicolations ( edit ) Battlements may be stepped out to overhang the wall below , and may have openings at their bases between the supporting corbels , through which stones or burning objects could be dropped onto attackers or besiegers ; these are known as machicolations . History ( edit ) 9th - century BC relief of an Assyrian attack on a walled town with zig - zag shaped battlements Battlements have been used for thousands of years ; the earliest known example is in the fortress at Buhen in Egypt . Battlements were used in the walls surrounding Assyrian towns , as shown on bas reliefs from Nimrud and elsewhere . Traces of them remain at Mycenae in Greece , and some ancient Greek vases suggest the existence of battlements . The Great Wall of China has battlements . Development ( edit ) Cutaway diagram of a tower of Château de Pierrefonds showing its three levels of defensive architecture In the European battlements of the Middle Ages the crenel comprised one - third of the width of the merlon : the latter , in addition , could be provided with arrow - loops of various shapes ( from simply round to cruciform ) , depending on the weapon being utilized . Late merlons permitted fire from the first firearms . From the 13th century , the merlons could be connected with wooden shutters that provided added protection when closed . The shutters were designed to be opened to allow shooters to fire against the attackers , and closed during reloading . Ancient rome ( edit ) The Romans used low wooden pinnacles for their first aggeres ( terreplains ) . In the battlements of Pompeii , additional protection derived from small internal buttresses or spur walls , against which the defender might stand so as to gain complete protection on one side . Italy ( edit ) Gradara Castle , Italy , outer walls 13th - 14th century , showing on the tower curved v - shaped notches in the merlons Loop - holes were frequent in Italian battlements , where the merlon has much greater height and a distinctive cap . Italian military architects used the so - called Ghibelline or swallowtail battlement , with V - shaped notches in the tops of the merlon , giving a horn - like effect . This would allow the defender to be protected whilst shooting standing fully upright . The normal rectangular merlons were later nicknamed Guelph . Middle east and africa ( edit ) In Muslim and African fortifications , the merlons often were rounded . The battlements of the Arabs had a more decorative and varied character , and were continued from the 13th century onwards not so much for defensive purposes as for a crowning feature to the walls . They serve a function similar to the cresting found in the Spanish Renaissance . Decorative element ( edit ) European architects persistently used battlements as a purely decorative feature throughout the Decorated and Perpendicular periods of Gothic architecture . They not only occur on parapets but on the transoms of windows and on the tie - beams of roofs and on screens , and even on Tudor chimney - pots . A further decorative treatment appears in the elaborate paneling of the merlons and that portion of the parapet walls rising above the cornice , by the introduction of quatrefoils and other conventional forms filled with foliage and shield . See also ( edit ) Merlon Embrasure Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Larousse Dictionnaire Lexis de la Langue Française , Paris , 1979 ; Collins French Dictionary Robert Jump up ^ Goodall 2011 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Davis & 2006 -- 7 Jump up ^ Coulson 1982 , p. 72 , quoted in Davis & 2006 -- 7 Jump up ^ Coulson 1982 , p. 83 , quoted in Davis & 2006 -- 7 Jump up ^ Davis & 2006 -- 7 , p. 228 Sources ( edit ) Balestracci , D. ( 1989 ) . `` I materiali da costruzione nel castello medievale '' . Archeologia Medievale ( XVI ) : 227 -- 242 . Coulson , C. ( 1982 ) . `` Hierarchism in Conventual Crenellation '' . Medieval Archaeology. 26 : 69 -- 100 . Davis , Philip ( 2006 -- 2007 ) . `` English Licences to Crenellate : 1199 - 1567 '' ( PDF ) . The Castle Studies Group Journal . 20 : 226 -- 245 . Goodall , John ( 2011 ) . The English Castle . London : Yale Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11058 - 6 . Luisi , R. ( 1996 ) . Scudi di pietra , I castelli e l'arte della guerra tra Medioevo e Rinascimento . Bari . Further reading ( edit ) This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Coulson , Charles , 1979 , `` Structural Symbolism in Medieval Castle Architecture '' Journal of the British Archaeological Association Vol. 132 , pp 73 -- 90 Coulson , Charles , 1994 , `` Freedom to Crenellate by Licence - An Historiographical Revision '' Nottingham Medieval Studies Vol. 38 , pp. 86 -- 137 Coulson , Charles , 1995 , `` Battlements and the Bourgeoisie : Municipal Status and the Apparatus of Urban Defence '' in Church , Stephen ( ed ) , Medieval Knighthood Vol. 5 ( Boydell ) , pp. 119 -- 95 Coulson , Charles , 2003 , Castles in Medieval Society , Oxford University Press . Coulson , Charles , Castles in the Medieval Polity - Crenellation , Privilege , and Defence in England , Ireland and Wales . King , D.J. Cathcart , 1983 , Castellarium Anglicanum ( Kraus ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battlement . ( hide ) Fortifications Ancient history Abatis Agger Broch Burgus Castellum Castra Castros Circular rampart City gate Crannog Ditch Defensive wall Dun Faussebraye Gatehouse Gord Hillfort Limes Oppidum Palisade Pincer gate Promontory fort Rampart Ringfort ( Rath ) Refuge castle Schwedenschanze Stockade Sudis Trou de loup Vallum Wagon fort ( Laager ) Vitrified fort Post-classical history Albarrana tower Alcazaba Alcázar Arrowslit Barbican Bartizan Bastion Battery tower Battlement Bent entrance Bergfried Bretèche Bridge castle Bridge tower Butter - churn tower Caltrop Castle Chamber gate Chartaque Chashi Chemin de ronde Chemise Cheval de frise Citadel Coercion castle Concentric castle Corner tower Counter-castle Curtain Drawbridge Enceinte Embrasure Flanking tower Fortified buildings ( church , house ) Ganerbenburg Gate tower Gabion Glacis Guard tower Gulyay - gorod Gusuku Half tower Hoarding Inner bailey Keep Kremlin ( Detinets ) Landesburg L - plan castle Machicolation Merlon Moat Motte - and - bailey Murder - hole Neck ditch Outer bailey Peel tower Portcullis Postern Reduit Ringwork Quadrangular castle Shell keep Shield wall Toll castle Tower castle Tower house Turret Wall tower Bailey ( or ward ) Watchtower Witch tower Yett Modern history 18th century and earlier Abwurfdach Bastion Blockhouse Breastwork Canal Caponier Casemate Cavalier Counterguard Counterscarp Couvreface Coupure Covertway Crownwork Device fort Entrenchment Flèche Gorge Hornwork Lunette Orillon Ostrog Outwork Place - of - arms Polygonal fort Presidio ( Spanish America ) Punji sticks Ravelin Redan Redoubt Retrenchment Sandbag Scarp Sconce Schanze Sea fort Station Star fort Tenaille 19th century Barbed wire Barbette Border outpost Bunker Coastal artillery Gun turret Land mine Martello tower Outpost Trench warfare Sangar Wire obstacles 20th century Admiralty scaffolding Air raid shelter Anti-tank trench Barbed tape Blast shelter Blast wall Border barrier Buoy Bremer wall Concertina wire Defensive fighting position British `` hedgehog '' road block Czech hedgehog Dragon 's teeth Electric fence Fallout shelter Fire support base Flak tower Hardened aircraft shelter Hesco bastion Main Line of Resistance Revetment Sentry gun Spider hole Submarine pen Tunnel warfare Underground hangar By topography Cave castle Hill castle Hill fort Hillside castle Hilltop castle Island castle Lowland castle Marsh castle Moated castle Promontory fort Ridge castle Rocca Rock castle Spur castle Water castle By role Coercion castle Counter-castle Ganerbenburg Hunting lodge Imperial castle Kaiserpfalz Landesburg Lustschloss Ordensburg Refuge castle Toll castle Urban castle By design Bridge castle Circular rampart Concentric castle L - plan castle Motte - and - bailey castle Quadrangular castle Ringfort Ringwork Tower castle See also : Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battlement&oldid=792136590 '' Categories : Castle architecture Types of wall Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Articles lacking in - text citations from July 2010 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Español Esperanto Français Gaeilge עברית 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Slovenčina Slovenščina Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 July 2017 , at 17 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are the up and down bits on a castle called | [
"A battlement in defensive architecture, such as that of city walls or castles, comprises a parapet (i.e., a defensive low wall between chest-height and head-height), in which gaps or indentations, which are often rectangular, occur at intervals to allow for the launch of arrows or other projectiles from within the defences. These gaps are termed \"crenels\" (also known as carnels, embrasures, or wheelers), and the act of adding crenels to a previously unbroken parapet is termed crenellation. Thus, a defensive building might be designed and built with battlements, or a manor house might be fortified by adding battlements, where no parapet previously existed, or cutting crenellations into its existing parapet wall. The solid widths between the crenels are called merlons (also cops or kneelers). A wall with battlements is said to be crenelated or embattled. Battlements on walls have protected walkways (chemin de ronde) behind them. On tower or building tops, the (often flat) roof is used as the protected fighting platform."
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8465708723345124248 | Jane the Virgin (season 4) | Jane the Virgin ( season 4 ) - wikipedia Jane the Virgin ( season 4 ) Jump to : navigation , search Jane the Virgin ( season 4 ) Starring Gina Rodriguez Andrea Navedo Yael Grobglas Justin Baldoni Ivonne Coll Elias Janssen Jaime Camil Country of origin United States No. of episodes 15 Release Original network The CW Original release October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 Next → Season 5 List of Jane the Virgin episodes The fourth season of Jane the Virgin premiered on The CW on October 13 , 2017 . The season will consist of 17 episodes and stars Gina Rodriguez as a young Latina university student accidentally artificially inseminated with sperm from her boss , Rafael Solano ( Justin Baldoni ) . In this season , Jane deals with her romantic feelings for Rafael while reuniting with an ex-boyfriend while Rafael loses ownership of the Marbella and gets back together with his ex-wife , Petra Solano ( Yael Grobglas ) . Also , Rogelio de la Vega ( Jaime Camil ) , Jane 's father , is expecting a baby with an ex-girlfriend and marries Jane 's mother , Xiomara Villanueva ( Andrea Navedo ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special Guest Star 1.4 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Ratings 4 References Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Gina Rodriguez as Jane Gloriana Villanueva Andrea Navedo as Xiomara `` Xo '' Gloriana de la Vega Yael Grobglas as Petra Solano / Anezka Archuletta Justin Baldoni as Rafael Solano Ivonne Coll as Alba Gloriana Villanueva Elias Janssen as Mateo Gloriano Rogelio Solano Villanueva Jaime Camil as Rogelio de la Vega Anthony Mendez as the Latin Lover Narrator ( voice over ) Recurring ( edit ) Tyler Posey as Adam Alvaro Yara Martinez as Dr. Luisa Alver Justina Machado as Darci Factor Priscilla Barnes as Magda Shelly Bhalla as Krishna Rosario Dawson as Jane `` J.R. '' Ramos Special Guest Star ( edit ) Brooke Shields as River Fields Guest ( edit ) Bridget Regan as Clara Ruvelle / Sin Rostro Francisco San Martin as Fabian Regalo del Cielo Diane Guerrero as Lina Santillan Sharon Osbourne as herself Julie Chen as herself Sara Gilbert as herself Sheryl Underwood as herself Eve as herself Melanie Mayron as Marlene Donaldson Eva Longoria as herself Adam Rodriguez as Jonathan Chavez Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Jane the Virgin episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 65 `` Chapter Sixty - Five '' Brad Silberling Jennie Snyder Urman & Paul Sciarrotta October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 0.68 Picking up immediately after where Season 3 left off , Jane is reunited with her first love , Adam , who found the love letter that Michael wrote . She is surprised , but happy , to see him . However , both Xo and Alba are less thrilled that he is back . Meanwhile , Rafael loses ownership of the hotel to his sister and as a result , he finds himself living at Jane 's house , broke and homeless . Jane and Rafael learn that the missing Petra has been found after she got away from Anezka and they rush to her side , but Anezka is nowhere to be found . When Petra returns to the hotel , Luisa thinks that Petra is Anezka . Petra goes along with the game , until the real Anezka returns . Elsewhere , Xo and Rogelio 's married life is interrupted when they confront the realization that Darci is having Rogelio 's baby and she wants full custody . 66 `` Chapter Sixty - Six '' Gina Lamar Valentina Garza & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) 0.61 Jane 's relationship with Adam helps bring out her `` fun side '' and reminds her that she is n't just a mom . However , when Adam gets a job opportunity out of state , he asks for Jane 's opinion on if he should stay or go . Meanwhile , Rogelio continues to face issues with his co-star at work and things are about to get even worse . Xo is helping to take care of Darci to prove that Rogelio is committed to being a father to the baby . Also , Petra and Rafael begin working together to try and buy back the hotel from Luisa , but they are running into trouble involving Anezka , causing tension between them . 67 `` Chapter Sixty - Seven '' Fernando Sariñana Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 0.60 Jane and Adam 's relationship seems to be moving on , and Jane thinks that it might be time for him to meet her son Mateo , but Rafael is not happy with this idea . Meanwhile , as the arrival of Darci 's baby approaches , Rogelio 's jealously of her new boyfriend increases as well . Trying to be supportive , Xo encourages Rogelio to step up and be the father he was meant to be . Elsewhere , Rafael is determined to get his hotel and life back from Luisa and will do whatever he has to do to make it happen , with or without Petra 's help . 68 `` Chapter Sixty - Eight '' Gina Lamar Deirdre Shaw & Chantelle M. Wells November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) 0.69 Jane becomes angry when she learns that Rafael introduced Mateo to his new girlfriend , Katherine , without her consent because she thinks Katherine is a negative influence on both Rafael and Mateo . Jane turns to Petra for help with the situation . Meanwhile , Rogelio and Darci struggle to choose a name for the baby . Elsewhere , Xo , who is focused on opening her own dance studio , decides to go into business with an unlikely foe . 69 5 `` Chapter Sixty - Nine '' Stuart Gillard Paul Sciarrotta November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 0.65 After Adam reveals his dating past to Jane , she becomes so unsure and insecure that it puts a strain on their relationship . Meanwhile , Lina seeks Jane 's advice about whether she should get married or not . Petra hears some important information that could help Rafael get the hotel back . Also , Xo asks Rogelio to consider having a medical procedure ( vasectomy ) done , but he is very hesitant . 70 6 `` Chapter Seventy '' Melanie Mayron Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 0.61 Jane 's book is finally being released but her plans to have a party at the local bookshop where she was inspired to be a writer hit a snag . Always wanting to help Jane , Rogelio devises a plan to save the day , but one of his arch - rivals threatens to ruin the day . Meanwhile , Rafael gets a new job , but it is not exactly what he was hoping for . Also , Petra has come up with an interesting strategy to get the Marbella Hotel back from Luisa , but Rafael wants nothing to do with the scheme . 71 7 `` Chapter Seventy - One '' Micah Schraft Valentina Garza & Deidre Shaw December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 0.65 Anezka is revealed to have faked her death to see where her loyalties lie ; initially , she trusts Petra after believing she saw her cry , but after finding out she was n't crying because of her fake death , she threatens Petra . Later , Anezka falls from Petra 's apartment to her death ... for real . Meanwhile , Xiomara and Jane set off on Jane 's book tour , when Alba decides to tag along . After they get back , Jane and Rafael share a kiss . 72 8 `` Chapter Seventy - Two '' Melanie Mayron Carolina Rivera & Paul Sciarrotta January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) 0.68 Mateo starts kindergarten and invites a friend over to Xiomara and Rogelio 's house . Jane and Rafael try to cover up that they are pretending to live in their house so they do n't get kicked out . Jane and Rafael show mixed emotions following the kiss and try again , which Mateo notices . He then proclaims : `` Does this mean you 're going to get married ? '' After Xo convinces Rogelio to attend couples therapy , they both are surprised by their emotions . Meanwhile , Petra hires a lawyer named Jane Ramos ( Rosario Dawson ) , to ensure she gets no charges pending Anezka 's death . Also , Rafael moves out of Jane 's house into his new apartment . 73 9 `` Chapter Seventy - Three '' Eric Lea Valentina Garza & Chantelle M. Wells February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) 0.67 When Jane and Rafael finally realize that the uncertain state of their relationship ( or lack of it ) is stressing out Mateo , they decide that they need to make a decision . Meanwhile , Petra is on the outs with Jane and Rafael after the Luisa fiasco , so she tries to figure out a way to get back into their good graces . Elsewhere , Rogelio and Xo are both contemplating their career choices . 74 10 `` Chapter Seventy - Four '' Gina Rodriguez Micah Schraft & Paul Sciarrotta February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) 0.80 Jane and Rafael try to be friends , which works great until Jane goes on a date . Meanwhile , Petra and Jane 's new partnership is off to a rocky start , but they both know they have to find a way to work together somehow . Rogelio is convinced he has male post-partum depression , which puts him at odds with with celebrity Post-Partum Advocate River Fields ( guest star Brooke Shields ) on The Talk . Also , Alba finally confides in Jane why she turned down the marriage proposal , leaving Jane to help Alba in the romance department when Jane takes Alba to a sex store and buys her a vibrator . Elsewhere , Jane and Rafael agree to have sex , and Petra questions her own sexual identity when she starts to have sex dreams about Jane `` J.R. '' Ramos after the lawyer begins flirting with her . 75 11 `` Chapter Seventy - Five '' Gina Lamar Merigan Mulhern March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) 0.59 Jane is ready to move on from the Marbella Hotel issues and pursue writing full time , but an unexpected development forces her to consider returning to her teaching roots . Xiomara decides to go back to school where she listens in on an art history class , while Jane teaches a seminar about writing . Here , Jane finds out Jonathan Chavez , her former advisor , is taking advantage of another student of his . While trying to warn the student , Jane accidentally grabs her breasts to avoid falling over and , as a result , does n't get the teaching job she was applying for . Meanwhile , Petra gets arrested for Anezka 's murder due to the blackmailer planting the screws in her apartment , leading Jane Ramos to tell Petra that she was framing her because she was being threatened by an unknown blackmailer . Also , Rafael and Jane continue their affair . Elsewhere , Rogelio tries to get Eva Longoria to join his Passions of Santos reboot , but instead finds out the two are distant cousins . 76 12 `` Chapter Seventy - Six '' Melanie Mayron Leah Longoria March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 0.58 Jane 's fixation on a negative review has left her with writer 's block , so Rogelio suggests she take a writing class to help . With the encouragement of Jane , Rafael is ready to dig into his past to find out who his real biological parents are . Meanwhile , Rogelio is trying to make things less about him and more about Xo , but he grows suspicious when he learns she is keeping a secret from him . But the secret Xo has been keeping is not what Rogelio suspected . Elsewhere , Petra tests the loyalty of her lawyer , Jane Ramos , by pretending to be romantically interested in her while trying to find out the identity of the blackmailer . After Petra confides in Jane R. of her feelings which are not fake , the two of them sleep together for the first time . 77 13 `` Chapter Seventy - Seven '' Gina Lamar Deirdre Shaw & Chantelle M. Wells March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) 0.59 When Jane , Rogelio and Alba learn what is going on with Xo who might have breast cancer , they all try to comfort her , but Xo insists they let her live her life . Meanwhile , Rogelio finally gets River Fields to agree to meet with him , but he learns that River has another plan in mind . Also , Rafael is on a mission to find his sister , who may have the information he has been looking for of his origins . Rafael visits Rose in prison to ask for her help , but he quickly turns her down when she makes a demand to know Luisa 's location . Also , Jane is upset with Petra after her twin girls spill a secret to Mateo about the Tooth Fairy being make believe . At the same time , Jane ' J.R. ' Ramos tells Petra after their romantic night together that she is not interested in a relationship due to the blackmailer paying a visit to Jane R. 's dementia - stricken mother in a rest home . At the end , the identity of Jane R 's blackmailer is finally revealed . 78 14 `` Chapter Seventy - Eight '' Justin Baldoni Valentina Garza & Micah Schraft March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) 0.65 Xo struggles to make an important decision on whether or not to get a full mastectomy and looks to Jane for guidance , leaving Rogelio feeling like an outsider . Alba is frustrated with Rogelio when it seems he is once again making his career a priority over Xo 's well being . Meanwhile , Petra turns to Rafael for advice on her love life after he finally learns about her new romance with J.R. 79 15 `` Chapter Seventy - Nine '' Gina Lamar Paul Sciarrotta April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 0.53 80 16 `` Chapter Eighty '' Micah Schraft Micah Schraft April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) TBD 81 17 `` Chapter Eighty - One '' Gina Lamar Jennie Snyder Urman & Paul Sciarrotta April 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) TBD Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter Sixty - Five '' October 13 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.68 0.3 0.67 0.6 1.35 `` Chapter Sixty - Six '' October 20 , 2017 0.2 / 1 0.61 0.3 0.58 0.5 1.19 `` Chapter Sixty - Seven '' October 27 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.60 TBD 0.54 TBD 1.16 `` Chapter Sixty - Eight '' November 3 , 2017 0.2 / 1 0.69 0.3 0.55 0.5 1.24 5 `` Chapter Sixty - Nine '' November 10 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.65 TBD 0.61 TBD 1.26 6 `` Chapter Seventy '' November 17 , 2017 0.2 / 1 0.61 0.3 0.55 0.5 1.16 7 `` Chapter Seventy - One '' December 8 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.65 0.3 0.61 0.6 1.25 8 `` Chapter Seventy - Two '' January 26 , 2018 0.2 / 1 0.68 0.4 0.71 0.6 1.39 9 `` Chapter Seventy - Three '' February 2 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.67 0.3 0.60 0.6 1.27 10 `` Chapter Seventy - Four '' February 9 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.80 0.3 0.59 0.6 1.39 11 `` Chapter Seventy - Five '' March 2 , 2018 0.2 / 1 0.59 0.3 0.62 0.5 1.21 12 `` Chapter Seventy - Six '' March 9 , 2018 0.2 / 1 0.58 0.3 0.53 0.5 1.12 13 `` Chapter Seventy - Seven '' March 16 , 2018 0.2 / 1 0.59 0.3 0.59 0.5 1.19 14 `` Chapter Seventy - Eight '' March 23 , 2018 0.2 / 1 0.65 0.3 N / A 0.5 N / A 15 `` Chapter Seventy - Nine '' April 6 , 2018 0.2 / 1 0.53 TBD TBD TBD TBD 16 `` Chapter Eighty '' April 13 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 17 `` Chapter Eighty - One '' April 20 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` Jane the Virgin Episode Count Revealed ( Hint : It 's the Shortest Season Yet ) '' . TV Line . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' & more remain unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' MacGyver , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' and World Series adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Once Upon a Time ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver ' and all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blindspot , ' ' Agents of SHIELD , ' all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen ' finale , ' Jane the Virgin , ' all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics opening ceremony adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods , ' ' Blindspot , ' all other unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Blue Bloods , ' ' Taken , ' ' Confronting Putin ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` NCAA Tournament adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` NCAA Tournament and ' Dynasty ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 416 ) `` Chapter Eighty '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 417 ) `` Chapter Eighty - One '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ( hide ) Jane the Virgin Seasons 5 Characters Jane Villanueva Petra Solano Other Juana la virgen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jane_the_Virgin_(season_4)&oldid=835628762 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 20 : 51 . About Wikipedia | when did season 4 of jane the virgin come out | [
"The fourth season of Jane the Virgin premiered on The CW on October 13, 2017. The season will consist of 17 episodes[1] and stars Gina Rodriguez as a young Latina university student accidentally artificially inseminated with sperm from her boss, Rafael Solano (Justin Baldoni). In this season, Jane deals with her romantic feelings for Rafael while reuniting with an ex-boyfriend while Rafael loses ownership of the Marbella and gets back together with his ex-wife, Petra Solano (Yael Grobglas). Also, Rogelio de la Vega (Jaime Camil), Jane's father, is expecting a baby with an ex-girlfriend and marries Jane's mother, Xiomara Villanueva (Andrea Navedo)."
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"October 13, 2017"
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6395917253782680469 | Evan Handler | Evan Handler - wikipedia Evan Handler Evan Handler Handler at a 2009 Golden Globe Awards party ( 1961 - 01 - 10 ) January 10 , 1961 ( age 57 ) New York City , New York , U.S. Education Juilliard School Occupation Actor Years active 1981 -- present Spouse ( s ) Elisa Atti ( m . 2003 ) Children Evan Handler ( born January 10 , 1961 ) is an American actor who is best known for playing Charlie Runkle , Hank Moody 's comically bumbling friend and agent , on Californication ( 2007 -- 2014 ) and Harry Goldenblatt , a divorce attorney and later husband of Charlotte York on Sex and the City ( 2002 -- 2004 ) . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Acting 2.2 Writing 3 Personal life 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Handler was born in New York City , to secular Jewish parents , the son of Enid Irene , a mental health administrator , and Murry Raymond Handler , an agency owner and advertising designer . He was raised in the Town of Cortlandt , New York , near Croton - on - Hudson , New York , and attended Hendrick Hudson High School in Montrose , New York . After graduating from high school a year early , he moved to New York City and worked as an intern at the Chelsea Theater Center . During that time he appeared in the Off - Broadway plays Biography : A Game and Strider : The Story of a Horse . He then attended the Juilliard School as a member of the Drama Division 's Group 12 ( 1979 -- 1983 ) , which also included Kevin Spacey , Ving Rhames , and Elizabeth McGovern . Handler left the four - year program after less than two years to accept a role in the 1981 film Taps . Career ( edit ) Acting ( edit ) Handler has appeared in television dramas and sitcoms including Six Feet Under , Friends , Law & Order , The West Wing , Miami Vice , Sex and the City , Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip ( as staff writer Ricky Tahoe ) , Ed , Lost and 24 . He was a co-star in the ABC sitcoms It 's Like , You Know ... and Hot Properties and starred in the ill - fated FOX sitcom Woops ! . He has also appeared in several major feature film roles , including Ransom , 1996 ; The Chosen , 1981 ; Sweet Lorraine , 1987 ; and Taps , 1981 . In 2000 , Handler portrayed Larry Fine in the made - for - TV biopic The Three Stooges . He played Goldman Sachs CEO Lloyd Blankfein in the HBO movie , Too Big to Fail . The movie was based on the book of the same name written by Andrew Ross Sorkin . Handler has been most recently seen on Californication where he plays Charlie Runkle , the best friend and agent to David Duchovny 's character , Hank Moody . In 2016 he had a recurring role in American Crime Story : The People v. O.J. Simpson as Alan Dershowitz , an appellate adviser for the defense in the O.J. Simpson murder case in 1995 . In 1991 , Handler famously walked off stage during the first act of a performance of the Broadway play I Hate Hamlet after co-star Nicol Williamson broke choreography during a sword - fighting scene and struck Handler on the backside . Handler responded later , stating , `` I removed myself from the production because from the first day of rehearsals I have endured the show 's producers condoning Nicol Williamson 's persistent abusiveness to other cast members . '' Handler 's understudy continued the performance , for which Gregory Peck and Elaine Stritch were in attendance . Writing ( edit ) Handler is also an author . His first book , Time On Fire : My Comedy of Terrors , tells the story of his unlikely recovery from acute myeloid leukemia in his mid-20s . His second , It 's Only Temporary ... The Good News and the Bad News of Being Alive , tells the story of his long journey toward gratitude in the years after his illness . The book was released in May 2008 . Handler has written for several nationally distributed magazines , including ELLE , O , the Oprah Magazine , and Mirabella . Handler contributes regularly to The Huffington Post . Personal life ( edit ) Evan married Elisa Atti , an Italian - born chemist , in 2003 , and they have a daughter , Sofia Clementina Handler ( born January 17 , 2007 ) . Handler has a brother Lowell and a sister Lillian . Lowell Handler , a writer and photographer , is the author of the book Twitch & Shout : A Touretter 's Tale and the star , narrator , and associate producer of the Emmy - nominated PBS television documentary Twitch & Shout , in which Evan appeared . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Silverman , Stephen M. ( 2003 - 10 - 16 ) . `` Evan Handler Leads Celeb Marrying Spree '' . People . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Andrea , Waxman ( 2008 - 10 - 29 ) . `` Evan Handler : In spite of being doomed , we might as well have a few laughs '' . The Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evan Handler Biography '' . Yahoo Movies ! . Jump up ^ `` Alumni News '' . The Juilliard School . September 2008 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Alumni News '' . The Juilliard School . April 2010 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Alumni News '' . The Juilliard School . October 2011 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Economic Crisis Unfurls in Hushed Suspense '' . Jump up ^ `` Actor was sword of volatile '' . The New York Post . January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' I Hate Hamlet ' Co-Star Walks Out '' . The New York Times . May 4 , 1991 . Jump up ^ Handler , Lowell ( 2004 ) . Twitch and Shout : A Touretter 's Tale . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . p. 256 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 4451 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lowell Handler on IMDb External links ( edit ) Official website Evan Handler on IMDb Evan Handler talks about being crass on Sex and the City , being Jewish , and his bout with leukemia Evan Handler : Living Through It WorldCat Identities ISNI : 0000 0000 3478 3016 LCCN : n95033963 SNAC : w6rw4m5t VIAF : 9090886 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evan_Handler&oldid=861712779 '' Categories : 1961 births Male actors from New York City American male film actors American male television actors Jewish American male actors Juilliard School alumni Living people People from Cortlandt , New York Leukemia survivors Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2018 , at 13 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played harry on sex and the city | [
"Evan Handler (born January 10, 1961) is an American actor who is best known for playing Charlie Runkle, Hank Moody's comically bumbling friend and agent, on Californication (2007–2014) and Harry Goldenblatt, a divorce attorney and later husband of Charlotte York on Sex and the City (2002–2004).\n"
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"Evan Handler"
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6751572429026732591 | American Idol (season 16) | American Idol ( season 16 ) - wikipedia American Idol ( season 16 ) American Idol Season 16 Broadcast from March 11 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) -- May 21 , 2018 Judges Katy Perry Luke Bryan Lionel Richie Host ( s ) Ryan Seacrest Broadcaster ABC Winner Maddie Poppe Origin Clarksville , Iowa Song `` Going Going Gone '' Genre ( s ) Pop , Folk Runner - up Caleb Lee Hutchinson Chronology ◀ 2018 ▶ The sixteenth season of American Idol premiered on March 11 , 2018 , on the ABC television network . It is the show 's first season to air on ABC . Ryan Seacrest continued his role as the show 's host , while Katy Perry , Luke Bryan , and Lionel Richie joined as judges . Maddie Poppe from Clarksville , Iowa won the season on May 21 , 2018 , while her boyfriend Caleb Lee Hutchinson was runner - up . Poppe was the first female winner since Candice Glover in season twelve . Contents 1 Background 2 Regional auditions 3 Hollywood Week 4 Showcase Round 5 Top 24 5.1 Group 1 5.2 Group 2 6 Live shows 6.1 Week 1 : Top 14 ( April 22 and 23 ) 6.2 Week 2 : Top 10 -- Disney Night ( April 29 ) 6.3 Week 3 : Top 7 -- Prince / Birth Year Night ( May 6 ) 6.4 Week 4 : Top 5 -- Carrie Underwood / Mothers ' Day Dedications ( May 13 ) 6.5 Week 5 : Finale -- Winner 's Song / Reprise Song / Hometown Dedication ( May 20 and 21 ) 7 Elimination chart 8 Reception 8.1 Ratings 8.2 Critical response 9 Contestants who appeared on other shows or previous seasons 10 Concert tour 11 References 12 External links Background In early 2017 , Variety reported that FremantleMedia was in talks to revive the show for NBC or for its original network , Fox . A dispute between Fremantle and Core Media Group derailed these plans . Then , in May 2017 , it was announced that ABC was making a bid to revive the program . Later , ABC announced that it had acquired the rights to the series , and that American Idol would return for the 2017 -- 18 television season . On November 6 , 2017 , it was announced that the revival season would premiere on March 11 , 2018 . On July 20 , 2017 , it was announced on Live with Kelly and Ryan , that Ryan Seacrest would be returning as the host for the revival season . On May 16 , 2017 , Katy Perry was the first judge to be announced by ABC . On September 24 , 2017 , Luke Bryan was the second judge to be announced for the revival season . On September 29 , 2017 , Lionel Richie was the third and final judge to be announced . On February 21 , 2018 , it was announced that iHeartRadio radio personality Bobby Bones would be the mentor for the Top 24 this season . Radio Disney is broadcasting its first season of American Idol Insider . On April 23 , 2018 , ABC announced that the April 29 , May 6 , and May 13 live shows of the season would air across all mainland U.S. time zones , a first for American Idol . Regional Auditions In June 2017 , it was announced that American Idol would begin two bus tours in 19 cities , later increased to 22 , for audition starting August 17 , 2017 . Those who passed their first audition would go in front of the producers where they would be selected to appear before the judges in different cities . Instead of focusing on a city in each aired episode as in previous seasons , this season each episode showed a compilations of auditions from different cities . Episodes City Date Venue 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 New York City October 3 -- 4 , 2017 Madison Square Garden 2 , 4 , 5 New Orleans , Louisiana October 14 , 2017 Mardi Gras World 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 Nashville , Tennessee October 19 -- 20 , 2017 Country Music Hall of Fame 2 , 3 , 5 Savannah , Georgia October 28 -- 29 , 2017 Kehoe Iron Works 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 Los Angeles , California November 16 -- 17 , 2017 Hollywood and Highland Center During the live broadcast of the 2017 American Music Awards , three contestants who did not pass the audition in front of the judges were given one more chance to allow the public to vote for them . The three candidates were Maris , Britney Holmes and Dominique Smith . The winner of the golden ticket to Hollywood was then revealed the following night on an episode of Dancing with the Stars . Lionel Richie appeared in the show announcing that the public vote was in favor of Britney Holmes , a 28 - year - old vocal coach from Texas , who is headed to Hollywood as the first declared semifinalist of the season . Hollywood week Hollywood Week aired over two episodes on March 26 and April 1 . It featured three rounds : Lines of 10 , Group Round , and Solo Round . In the first round , each contestant sang individually , and after ten sang , they gathered in a line . Those who impressed the judges and the producers advanced to the next round where the contestants performed in groups of four or five , singing a song together . The remaining auditionees who passed the group rounds performed their final solos to advance in the Showcase Round . Showcase Round The Showcase Round aired on April 2 , which featured the top 50 performing for the judges and a live audience at Exchange LA , a nightclub in Los Angeles . The following day , the judges narrowed the number of contestants down from 50 to 24 in the Final Judgement . The top 24 contestants then moved on to perform solos and celebrity duets . The following is a list of the contestants who reached the Top 24 and the song they performed at the Showcase : Color key : Male contestant Female contestant Order Contestant Age Hometown Audition city Song Layla Spring 16 Marion County , Kentucky Nashville , Tennessee `` Proud Mary '' Michael J. Woodard 20 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Los Angeles , California `` You Oughta Know '' Gabby Barrett 17 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania New York City `` Church Bells '' Michelle Sussett 22 Miami , Florida Los Angeles , California `` 24K Magic '' 5 Dominique 26 Birmingham , Alabama New Orleans , Louisiana `` Landslide '' 6 Trevor McBane 22 Savanna , Oklahoma New Orleans , Louisiana `` Wake Me Up '' 7 Maddie Poppe 20 Clarksville , Iowa New York City `` Me and Bobby McGee '' 8 Ron Bultongez 21 Plano , Texas New York City `` All I Want '' 9 Alyssa Raghu 16 Orlando , Florida Los Angeles , California `` Every Breath You Take '' 10 Catie Turner 17 Langhorne , Pennsylvania New York City `` Bad Romance '' 11 Jurnee 18 Denver , Colorado Savannah , Georgia `` Never Enough '' 12 Shannon O'Hara 17 Mooresville , North Carolina Savannah , Georgia `` Unconditionally '' 13 Kay Kay 18 Nashua , New Hampshire New York City `` Brokenhearted '' 14 Amelia Hammer Harris 26 Lexington , Kentucky Savannah , Georgia `` Paint It Black '' 15 Brandon Diaz 21 Ashburn , Virginia Los Angeles , California `` Let 's Get It On '' 16 Adam Sanders ( as Ada Vox ) 24 San Antonio , Texas Savannah , Georgia `` Creep '' 17 Jonny Brenns 18 St. Augustine , Florida Savannah , Georgia `` Lay Me Down '' 18 Mara Justine 15 Galloway Township , New Jersey New York City `` Something 's Got a Hold on Me '' 19 Caleb Lee Hutchinson 18 Dallas , Georgia Savannah , Georgia `` I Was Wrong '' 20 Garrett Jacobs 18 Bossier City , Louisiana New Orleans , Louisiana `` Knock on Wood '' 21 Cade Foehner 21 Shelbyville , Texas Savannah , Georgia `` No Good '' 22 Effie Passero 26 Modesto , California Los Angeles , California `` The Dance '' 23 Marcio Donaldson 28 Compton , California Los Angeles , California `` If You Really Love Me '' 24 Dennis Lorenzo 26 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania New York City `` A Song for You '' Top 24 The Top 24 contestants were split into two groups of twelve . Prerecorded performances at the Academy in the Heart of LA of the first group aired on April 8 and the second group on April 15 . On the following day each week , prerecorded performances of each contestant 's duet aired , as did the judges ' selection of seven contestants from each group to advance to the Top 14 . Idol contestants were paired with celebrity singers as their duet partners . The artists who duetted with the Top 24 included : Banners , Aloe Blacc , Bishop Briggs , Cam , Colbie Caillat , Luis Fonsi , Andy Grammer , Lea Michele , Patrick Monahan , Rachel Platten , Bebe Rexha , Sugarland , and Allen Stone . Color key : Contestant was chosen by the judges to move on to the live shows Contestant was eliminated Group 1 Date of airing Order Contestant Song Duet partner Result Sunday , April 8 Dominique `` Ai n't Nobody '' N / A N / A Layla Spring `` A Broken Wing '' N / A N / A Catie Turner `` Call Me '' N / A N / A Dennis Lorenzo `` Rude '' N / A N / A 5 Michelle Sussett `` If I Were a Boy '' N / A N / A 6 Michael J. Woodard `` Golden Slumbers '' N / A N / A 7 Trevor McBane `` Way Down We Go '' N / A N / A 8 Jonny Brenns `` Georgia '' N / A N / A 9 Kay Kay `` Love on the Brain '' N / A N / A 10 Brandon Diaz `` Hello '' N / A N / A 11 Gabby Barrett `` My Church '' N / A N / A 12 Cade Foehner `` All Along the Watchtower '' N / A N / A Monday , April 9 Catie Turner `` Good to Be Alive ( Hallelujah ) '' Andy Grammer Advanced Cade Foehner `` Never Tear Us Apart '' Bishop Briggs Advanced Layla Spring `` Stuck Like Glue '' Sugarland Eliminated Dominique `` Wake Me Up '' Aloe Blacc Eliminated 5 Brandon Diaz `` Despacito '' Luis Fonsi Eliminated 6 Kay Kay `` Drive By '' Patrick Monahan Eliminated 7 Trevor McBane `` River '' Bishop Briggs Eliminated 8 Michelle Sussett `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' Luis Fonsi Advanced 9 Jonny Brenns `` Back Home '' Andy Grammer Advanced 10 Dennis Lorenzo `` Unaware '' Allen Stone Advanced 11 Michael J. Woodard `` Angel in Blue Jeans '' Patrick Monahan Advanced 12 Gabby Barrett `` Stay '' Sugarland Advanced Group 2 Date of airing Order Contestant Song Duet partner Result Sunday , April 15 Amelia Hammer Harris `` Believer '' N / A N / A Garrett Jacobs `` Treat You Better '' N / A N / A Maddie Poppe `` Brand New Key '' N / A N / A Ada Vox `` Feeling Good '' N / A N / A 5 Caleb Lee Hutchinson `` Die a Happy Man '' N / A N / A 6 Effie Passero `` Barracuda '' N / A N / A 7 Alyssa Raghu `` Stay '' N / A N / A 8 Marcio Donaldson `` Inseparable '' N / A N / A 9 Mara Justine `` Run to You '' N / A N / A 10 Jurnee `` Flashlight '' N / A N / A 11 Shannon O'Hara `` All I Ask '' N / A N / A 12 Ron Bultongez `` Dancing On My Own '' N / A N / A Monday , April 16 Caleb Lee Hutchinson `` Meant to Be '' Bebe Rexha Advanced Ada Vox `` Defying Gravity '' Lea Michele Advanced Maddie Poppe `` Bubbly '' Colbie Caillat Advanced Ron Bultongez `` Someone to You '' Banners Eliminated 5 Amelia Hammer Harris `` Me , Myself & I '' Bebe Rexha Eliminated 6 Shannon O'Hara `` Burning House '' Cam Eliminated 7 Alyssa Raghu `` Yellow '' Banners Eliminated 8 Marcio Donaldson `` What 's Going On '' Allen Stone Advanced 9 Jurnee `` Run to You '' Lea Michele Advanced 10 Garrett Jacobs `` Lucky '' Colbie Caillat Advanced 11 Mara Justine `` Fight Song '' Rachel Platten Advanced 12 Effie Passero `` Diane '' Cam Eliminated Live shows Color key : Contestant was saved by America 's vote Contestant was eliminated Week 1 : Top 14 ( April 22 and 23 ) The Top 14 performances were taped on April 21 , 2018 , and aired on Sunday , April 22 , followed with the live results on Monday , April 23 . Color key : Contestant received the top six highest amount of votes and directly advanced to the Top 10 Contestant was not chosen by the public and was left to perform again for the judges Contestant was immune from elimination and performed a `` victory song '' Contestant was chosen by the judges to advanced to the Top 10 Contestant was eliminated Date of airing Order Contestant Song Result Sunday , April 22 Caleb Lee Hutchinson `` Midnight Train to Memphis '' Advanced Michelle Sussett `` Friends '' Not Chosen Marcio Donaldson `` It 's a Miracle '' Not Chosen Mara Justine `` This Is Me '' Not Chosen 5 Garrett Jacobs `` Raging Fire '' Not Chosen 6 Ada Vox `` The Show Must Go On '' Not Chosen 7 Catie Turner `` Take Me to Church '' Advanced 8 Cade Foehner `` Black Magic Woman '' Advanced 9 Dennis Lorenzo `` In My Blood '' Not Chosen 10 Maddie Poppe `` Homeward Bound '' Advanced 11 Jurnee `` Bang Bang '' Not Chosen 12 Jonny Brenns `` This Is Gospel '' Not Chosen 13 Michael J. Woodard `` Titanium '' Advanced 14 Gabby Barrett `` The Climb '' Advanced Monday , April 23 Maddie Poppe `` Walk Like an Egyptian '' Immune Michelle Sussett `` I 'm a Dreamer '' ( original song ) Judges ' choice Marcio Donaldson `` Jealous '' Eliminated Cade Foehner `` Bright Lights '' Immune 5 Garrett Jacobs `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' Eliminated 6 Gabby Barrett `` Little Red Wagon '' Immune 7 Dennis Lorenzo `` This Woman 's Work '' Judges ' choice 8 Jonny Brenns `` Demons '' Eliminated 9 Caleb Lee Hutchinson `` Gettin ' You Home '' Immune 10 Mara Justine `` Love on the Brain '' Eliminated 11 Jurnee `` Never Enough '' Judges ' choice 12 Michael J. Woodard `` Believe In Yourself '' Immune 13 Catie Turner `` Havana '' Immune 14 Ada Vox `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' Judges ' choice Week 2 : Top 10 -- Disney Night ( April 29 ) The Top 10 performed Disney songs on Sunday , April 29 , 2018 . Idina Menzel served as a guest mentor . Order Contestant Song Result Maddie Poppe `` The Bare Necessities '' Safe Jurnee `` How Far I 'll Go '' Safe Cade Foehner `` Kiss the Girl '' Safe Ada Vox `` Circle of Life '' Eliminated 5 Michelle Sussett `` Remember Me '' Eliminated 6 Gabby Barrett `` Colors of the Wind '' Safe 7 Michael J. Woodard `` Beauty and the Beast '' Safe 8 Caleb Lee Hutchinson `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' Safe 9 Catie Turner `` Once Upon a Dream '' Safe 10 Dennis Lorenzo `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Eliminated Non-competition performance Order Performers Song 15.1 Katy Perry and the Top 10 `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' Week 3 : Top 7 -- Prince / birth year Night ( May 6 ) The Top 7 performed tribute performances to the late Prince and songs from their birth years . Nick Jonas served as a guest mentor . Contestant Order Prince Song Order Birth Year Song Result Jurnee `` Kiss '' 11 `` Back at One '' Eliminated Gabby Barrett 10 `` How Come U Do n't Call Me Anymore ? '' `` I Hope You Dance '' Safe Michael J. Woodard `` I Would Die 4 U '' 8 `` My Heart Will Go On '' Safe Cade Foehner 9 `` Jungle Love '' `` Who Will Save Your Soul '' Safe Catie Turner 12 `` Manic Monday '' 5 `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' Eliminated Caleb Lee Hutchinson 14 `` When Doves Cry '' 6 `` Amazed '' Safe Maddie Poppe 7 `` Nothing Compares 2 U '' 13 `` If It Makes You Happy '' Safe Week 4 : Top 5 -- Carrie Underwood / mothers ' day dedications ( May 13 ) The Top 5 performed songs by Carrie Underwood and songs dedicated to their mothers . Underwood served as mentor for the week and performed with the contestants . Contestant Order Carrie Underwood Song Order Mother 's Day Song Result Michael J. Woodard `` Flat on the Floor '' 8 `` Still I Rise '' Eliminated Gabby Barrett `` Last Name '' 6 `` I Have Nothing '' Safe Cade Foehner `` Undo It '' 7 `` Simple Man '' Eliminated Caleb Lee Hutchinson `` So Small '' 9 `` Stars in Alabama '' Safe Maddie Poppe 5 `` I Told You So '' 10 `` God Only Knows '' Safe Non-competition performances Order Performer ( s ) Song 17.1 Carrie Underwood and the Top 5 `` See You Again '' 17.2 Carrie Underwood `` Cry Pretty '' Week 5 : finale -- winner 's song / reprise song / hometown dedication ( May 20 and 21 ) The Top 3 performed their winner 's song , a reprise of their favorite performance of the season and a song dedicated to their hometowns , which they visited . Bobby Bones returned as mentor this week . Contestant Order Winner 's Song Order Reprise Song Order Hometown Dedication Result Caleb Lee Hutchinson `` Johnny Cash Heart '' `` Do n't Close Your Eyes '' 7 `` Folsom Prison Blues '' Runner - up Gabby Barrett `` Rivers Deep '' 5 `` Little Red Wagon '' 8 `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' 3rd Place Maddie Poppe `` Going Going Gone '' 6 `` Do n't Ever Let Your Children Grow Up '' ( original song ) 9 `` Landslide '' Winner Non-competition performances Order Performer ( s ) Song 18.1 Harper Grace `` Yard Sale '' ( original song ) 18.2 Jonny Brenns `` Blue Jeans '' ( original song ) 18.3 Michelle Sussett `` I 'm a Dreamer '' ( original song ) 18.4 Catie Turner `` 21st Century Machine '' ( original song ) 19.1 Lionel Richie with the Top 10 `` All Night Long ( All Night ) '' 19.2 Nick Jonas and DJ Mustard `` Anywhere '' 19.3 Nick Jonas with Jurnee `` Jealous '' 19.4 Luke Bryan `` Sunrise , Sunburn , Sunset '' 19.5 Luke Bryan with Gabby Barrett `` Most People Are Good '' 19.6 Gary Clark Jr. with Cade Foehner & Dennis Lorenzo `` Bright Lights '' 19.7 Kermit the Frog with Maddie Poppe `` Rainbow Connection '' 19.8 Darius Rucker with Caleb Lee Hutchinson `` Wagon Wheel '' 19.9 Bebe Rexha with the Top 3 `` Meant to Be '' 19.10 Layla Spring and her sister Dyxie with LeAnn Rimes `` Blue '' 19.11 Katy Perry with Catie Turner `` Part of Me '' 19.12 Yolanda Adams with Michael J. Woodard `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' 19.13 Caleb Lee Hutchinson and Maddie Poppe `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World '' 19.14 Patti LaBelle with Ada Vox `` Lady Marmalade '' 19.15 Maddie Poppe `` Going Going Gone '' Elimination chart Color key : Females Males Top 24 Not Chosen Third place Runner - up Winner Did Not Perform Public 's vote Judge 's save Immune Eliminated Results per stage Stage : Top 24 Live shows Group 1 Group 2 Top 14 Wildcard Top 10 Top 7 Top 5 Finale Date : 4 / 9 4 / 16 4 / 22 4 / 23 4 / 29 5 / 6 5 / 13 5 / 21 Place Contestant Result Maddie Poppe Top 14 Safe Immune Safe Safe Safe Winner Caleb Lee Hutchinson Top 14 Safe Immune Safe Safe Safe Runner - up Gabby Barrett Top 14 Safe Immune Safe Safe Safe 3rd place 4 -- 5 Cade Foehner Top 14 Safe Immune Safe Safe Eliminated Michael J. Woodard Top 14 Safe Immune Safe Safe Eliminated 6 -- 7 Jurnee Top 14 Not Chosen Safe Safe Eliminated Catie Turner Top 14 Safe Immune Safe Eliminated 8 -- 10 Dennis Lorenzo Top 14 Not Chosen Safe Eliminated Michelle Sussett Top 14 Not Chosen Safe Eliminated Ada Vox Top 14 Not Chosen Safe Eliminated 11 -- 14 Jonny Brenns Top 14 Not Chosen Eliminated Marcio Donaldson Top 14 Not Chosen Eliminated Garrett Jacobs Top 14 Not Chosen Eliminated Mara Justine Top 14 Not Chosen Eliminated 15 -- 24 Ron Bultongez Eliminated Amelia Hammer Harris Eliminated Shannon O'Hara Eliminated Effie Passero Eliminated Alyssa Raghu Eliminated Kay Kay Alexis Eliminated Brandon Diaz Eliminated Trevor McBane Eliminated Dominique Posey Eliminated Layla Spring Eliminated Reception Ratings No . Title Air date Time slot ( ET ) Rating / share ( 18 - 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 - 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 - 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Auditions , Part 1 '' March 11 , 2018 Sunday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 10.48 0.4 1.35 2.7 11.84 `` Auditions , Part 2 '' March 12 , 2018 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.8 / 7 8.41 0.4 1.36 2.2 9.77 `` Auditions , Part 3 '' March 18 , 2018 Sunday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.8 / 6 7.81 0.4 1.38 2.2 9.19 `` Auditions , Part 4 '' March 19 , 2018 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 / 6 7.68 0.5 1.94 2.1 9.59 5 `` Auditions , Part 5 '' March 25 , 2018 Sunday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.7 / 6 7.51 0.5 N / A 2.2 N / A 6 `` Hollywood Week , Part 1 '' March 26 , 2018 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.7 / 6 7.80 0.3 1.33 2.0 9.14 7 `` Hollywood Week , Part 2 '' April 1 , 2018 Sunday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 / 6 7.48 0.5 1.42 2.1 8.90 8 `` Showcase Round & Final Judgment '' April 2 , 2018 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.4 / 5 7.16 0.4 1.53 1.8 8.69 9 `` Top 24 Solos , Part 1 '' April 8 , 2018 Sunday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.5 / 6 7.23 0.4 1.32 1.8 8.55 10 `` Top 24 Celebrity Duets , Part 1 '' April 9 , 2018 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 / 6 7.72 0.3 1.39 1.9 9.11 11 `` Top 24 Solos , Part 2 '' April 15 , 2018 Sunday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.3 / 5 6.35 0.4 1.28 1.7 7.63 12 `` Top 24 Celebrity Duets , Part 2 '' April 16 , 2018 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.4 / 5 6.97 0.2 1.15 1.6 8.12 13 `` Top 14 Perform '' April 22 , 2018 Sunday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.5 / 6 7.46 0.3 1.24 1.8 8.71 14 `` Top 10 Reveal '' April 23 , 2018 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.4 / 5 7.61 0.2 1.14 1.6 8.77 15 `` Top 10 Perform : Disney Night '' April 29 , 2018 Sunday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.9 / 7 8.77 0.5 1.18 2.4 9.95 16 `` Top 7 Perform '' May 6 , 2018 1.8 / 7 8.65 N / A N / A N / A N / A 17 `` Top 5 Perform '' May 13 , 2018 1.7 / 7 8.53 0.3 1.23 2.0 9.76 18 `` Performance Finals '' May 20 , 2018 1.3 / 5 7.47 N / A N / A N / A N / A 19 `` Grand Finale '' May 21 , 2018 Monday 9 : 00 p.m. 1.6 / 6 8.63 0.3 1.27 1.9 9.95 Critical response On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the premiere episode holds an approval rating of 70 % based on 20 reviews , with an average rating of 6.51 / 10 . Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the season a score of 60 out of 100 based on eight reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Contestants who appeared on other shows or previous seasons Mara Justine appeared on the ninth season of America 's Got Talent as a Top 12 finalist . Brandon Diaz , Caleb Lee Hutchinson , Maddie Poppe and Cade Foehner failed to score a chair turn on the fourth , ninth , tenth and eleventh seasons of The Voice , respectively . Michael J. Woodard won Majors & Minors in 2012 . Ada Vox auditioned as Adam Sanders on the twelfth season of American Idol . Jurnee and Marcio Donaldson auditioned on the fifteenth season of American Idol . Concert tour American Idol Live ! 2018 References Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel . `` NBC in Talk to Revive `` American Idol '' `` . Variety . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pena , Jessica . `` American Idol : Revival Reportedly Not Moving Forward '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` American Idol Reboot Eyed at ABC '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Officially Returning at ABC '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel , ' American Idol ' : ABC Confirms Plan to Revive Talent Competition Series Archived 2017 - 11 - 16 at the Wayback Machine. , Variety , May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , Variety . `` ' American Idol ' Premiere Date Revealed '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg . `` Ryan Seacrest Returns To Host ABC 's ' American Idol ' ; Keeps ' Kelly & Ryan ' Gig '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Melas , Chloe ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Katy Perry is your next American Idol judge '' . CNN . United States : Time Warner . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Bryan to Become New ' American Idol ' Judge '' . Rolling Stone . September 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Richie and Luke Bryan to join American Idol as judges '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Humbles , Andy ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Country radio host Bobby Bones to join new ' American Idol ' as mentor '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Haring , Bruce ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' First : Simulcast Will Allow Live Voting Across The US '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . 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Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` American Idol 's Disney Night Set List Revealed : See Who 's Singing What '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Prince Tribute : See Which Songs the Top 7 Will Be Singing ( Exclusive ) '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Santilli , MJ . `` American Idol 2018 Spoilers Grand Finale Songs and More '' . mjsbigblog . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( 13 March 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers ' and ' Ninja Warrior ' adjust up , ' Deception ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Archived from the original on 13 March 2018 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( 17 March 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' holds off ' This Is Us ' in broadcast Live + 3 ratings for week 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . 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Jump up ^ `` American Idol -- Season 16 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Steve ( September 9 , 2014 ) . `` Galloway 's Mara Justine to perform tonight on ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . The Press of Atlantic City . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Upadhyaya , Kayla Kumari ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Voice ' : Night 3 of Blind Auditions Delivers Strong Artists and a Wedding Proposal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ James , Bob ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` American Idol Is Maddie Poppe 's Second National TV Competition '' . KHAK . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Mark ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Meet Cade Foehner of American Idol Season 16 '' . Idol Chatter / Voice Views . 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External links Official website American Idol Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Finalists Winners Kelly Clarkson Ruben Studdard Fantasia Barrino Carrie Underwood Taylor Hicks Jordin Sparks David Cook Kris Allen Lee DeWyze Scotty McCreery Phillip Phillips Candice Glover Caleb Johnson Nick Fradiani Trent Harmon Maddie Poppe Runners - up Justin Guarini Clay Aiken Diana DeGarmo Bo Bice Katharine McPhee Blake Lewis David Archuleta Adam Lambert Crystal Bowersox Lauren Alaina Jessica Sanchez Kree Harrison Jena Irene Clark Beckham La'Porsha Renae Caleb Lee Hutchinson Winners ' singles `` A Moment Like This '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Believe '' `` Inside Your Heaven '' `` Do I Make You Proud '' `` This Is My Now '' `` The Time of My Life '' `` No Boundaries '' `` Beautiful Day '' `` I Love You This Big '' `` Home '' `` I Am Beautiful '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beautiful Life '' `` Falling '' `` Going Going Gone '' Concert tours 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 Related programming Idol ( franchise ) American Juniors Idol Christmas Idol Extra Idol Gives Back Idol Rewind World Idol Related articles Alumni album sales Alumni awards and nominations Alumni in film , television and theater Alumni single sales Compilation series Controversies Discography Finalists Hot 100 singles `` Judge Me Tender '' The American Idol Experience Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Idol_(season_16)&oldid=854396021 '' Categories : American Idol seasons 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Official website not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Gaeilge Bahasa Indonesia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 01 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when do they announce the winner of american idol | [
"The sixteenth season of American Idol premiered on March 11, 2018, on the ABC television network. It is the show's first season to air on ABC. Ryan Seacrest continued his role as the show's host, while Katy Perry, Luke Bryan, and Lionel Richie joined as judges. Maddie Poppe from Clarksville, Iowa won the season on May 21, 2018, while her boyfriend Caleb Lee Hutchinson was runner-up. Poppe was the first female winner since Candice Glover in season twelve.\n"
] | [
"on May 21, 2018"
] |
-8330380461111303822 | History of the Indian National Congress | History of the Indian National Congress - Wikipedia History of the Indian National Congress hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The flag adopted in 1931 and used by the Provisional Government of Free India during the Second World War . Nationalists on the Salt March From its foundation on 28 December 1885 by A.O Hume , a retired British officer , until the time of independence of India on 15 August 1947 , the Indian National Congress was considered to be the largest and most prominent Indian public organization , and central and defining influence of the Indian Independence Movement . After independence of India in 1947 , Mahatma Gandhi asked the leaders to dissolve Indian National Congress and form new organisation to govern the nation . Contents 1 1885 -- 1952 1.1 Policies of Indian National Congress during 1885 -- 1947 2 Economic Policy 3 Foreign Policy 3.1 Muslim Response 3.2 Rise of Indian nationalism 4 World War I : the battle for the soul 4.1 Champaran and Kheda 4.2 The Battle for the soul 5 The Gandhi era 6 Expansion and re-organization 6.1 Social development 7 Ascendance to power ( 1937 -- 1942 ) 7.1 Traditionalists 8 The final battles 8.1 Quit India 8.2 Indian National Army Trials 8.3 Royal Indian Navy Mutiny 8.4 Partition of India 9 1947 -- 1952 : Transformation 9.1 Constitution 9.2 Leadership change 10 See also 11 References 12 Congress Leaders 13 Further reading 1885 -- 1952 ( edit ) Allan Octavian Hume Retired British ICS officer Allan Octavian Hume , founded the Indian National Congress ( A political party of India ( British India to Free India ) ) to form a platform for civic and political dialogue of educated Indians . In the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the transfer of India from the East India Company to the British Empire ( the Raj ) , it was the goal of the Raj to support and justify its governance of India , with the aid of English - educated Indians , who would be familiar and friendly to British culture and political thinking . Ironically , a few of the reasons the Congress grew and survived in the era of undisputed British hegemony , was through the patronage of British authorities , Anglo - Indians , and a rising Indian , English language educated , class . Hume embarked on an endeavor to get an organization started by reaching - out to selected alumni of the University of Calcutta , writing in his 1883 letter that , `` Every nation secures precisely as good a Government as it merits . If you the picked men , the most highly educated of the nation , can not , scorning personal ease and selfish objects , make a resolute struggle to secure greater freedom for yourselves and your country , a more impartial administration , a larger share in the management of your own affairs , then we , your friends , are wrong and our adversaries right , then are Lord Ripon 's noble aspirations for your good fruitless and visionary , then , at present at any rate all hopes of progress are at an end and India truly neither desires nor deserves any better Government than she enjoys . '' In May 1885 , Hume secured the Viceroy 's approval to create an `` Indian National Union '' , which would be affiliated with the government and act as a platform to voice Indian public opinion . On 12 October 1885 , Hume and a group of educated Indians also published `` An Appeal from the People of India to the Electors of Great Britain and Ireland '' . The Appeal asked British voters in the 1885 British general election to support candidates sympathetic to the positions of Indians . These included opposition to taxing India to finance the British campaigns in Afghanistan , and support for legislative reform in India . The appeal was a failure , and was interpreted by many Indians as `` a rude shock , but a true realization that they had to fight their battles alone . '' On 28 December 1885 , the Indian National Congress was founded at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay , with 72 delegates in attendance . Hume assumed office as the General Secretary , and Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee of Calcutta was elected President . Besides Hume , two additional British members ( both Scottish civil servants ) were members of the founding group , William Wedderburn and Justice ( later , Sir ) John Jardine . The other members were mostly Hindus from the Bombay and Madras Presidencies . Policies of Indian National Congress during 1885 -- 1947 ( edit ) Economic Policy ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2018 ) Foreign policy ( edit ) Even before independence of India , the Indian National Congress had well articulated foreign policy positions . In the words of Rejaul Karim Laskar , a scholar of Indian foreign policy and an ideologue of Indian National Congress , `` Right after the establishment of the Indian National Congress , it started articulating its views on foreign affairs . In its first session in 1885 , the Indian National Congress deplored the annexation of upper Burma by British Indian Government . '' Muslim response ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many Muslim community leaders , like the prominent educationalist Syed Ahmed Khan , viewed the Congress negatively , owing to its membership being dominated by Hindus . Orthodox Hindu community and religious leaders were also averse , seeing the Congress as supportive of Western cultural invasion . The ordinary people of India were not informed of or concerned about its existence on the whole , for the Congress never attempted to address the issues of poverty , lack of health care , social oppression , and the prejudiced negligence of the people 's concerns by British authorities . The perception of bodies like the Congress was that of an elitist , then educated and wealthy people 's institution . Rise of Indian nationalism ( edit ) First session of Indian National Congress , Bombay , 28 -- 31 , December , 1885 . The first spurts of nationalistic sentiment that rose amongst Congress members were when the desire to be represented in the bodies of government , to have a say , a vote in the lawmaking and issues of administration of India . Congressmen saw themselves as loyalists , but wanted an active role in governing their own country , albeit as part of the Empire . This trend was personified by Dadabhai Naoroji , considered by many as the eldest Indian statesman . Naoroji went as far as contesting , successfully , an election to the British House of Commons , becoming its first Indian member . That he was aided in his campaign by young , aspiring Indian student activists like Muhammad Ali Jinnah , describes where the imagination of the new Indian generation lay . Bal Gangadhar Tilak was among the first Indian nationalists to embrace swaraj as the destiny of the nation . Tilak deeply opposed the British education system that ignored and defamed India 's culture , history , and values , defying and disgracing the India culture . He resented the denial of freedom of expression for nationalists , and the lack of any voice or role for ordinary Indians in the affairs of their nation . For these reasons , he considered swaraj as the natural and only solution : the abandonment of all the British things and to protect the Indian economy from the exploitation of the British , and their biased and discriminatory policies . He was backed by rising public leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai , Aurobindo Ghose , V.O. Chidambaram Pillai who held the same point of view . Under them , India 's four great states -- Madras , Maharashtra , Bengal , and Punjab region shaped the demand of the people and India 's nationalism . The moderates , led by Gopal Krishna Gokhale , Pherozeshah Mehta , and Dadabhai Naoroji , held firm to calls for negotiations and political dialogue . Gokhale criticized Tilak for encouraging acts of violence and disorder . The Congress of 1906 did not have public membership , and thus Tilak and his supporters were forced to leave the party . With Tilak 's arrest , all hopes for an Indian offensive were stalled . The Congress lost credit with the people . Muslims formed the All India Muslim League in 1906 , considering the Congress as completely unsuitable for Indian Muslims . World War I : the battle for the soul ( edit ) Annie Besant was by far the most prominently involved European in the Indian struggle When the British entered the British Indian Army into World War I , it provoked the first definitive , nationwide political debate of its kind in India . Voices calling for political independence grew in number . The divided Congress re-united in the pivotal Lucknow session in 1916 , with efforts of Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Muhammad Ali Jinnah . Tilak had considerably moderated his views , and now favoured political dialogue with the British . He , along with the young Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Mrs. Annie Besant launched the Home Rule Movement to put forth Indian demands for Home Rule -- Indian participation in the affairs of their own country -- a precursor to Swaraj . The All India Home Rule League was formed to demand dominion status within the Empire . But another Indian man with another way was destined to lead the Congress and the Indian struggle . Mohandas Gandhi was a lawyer who had successfully led the struggle of Indians in South Africa against British discriminatory laws . Returning to India in 1915 , Gandhi looked to Indian culture and history , the values and lifestyle of its people to empower a new revolution , with the concept of non-violence , civil disobedience , he coined a term , Satyagraha . Champaran and Kheda ( edit ) Main articles : Champaran Satyagraha and Kheda Satyagraha Mohandas Karmchand Gandhi , who later on became more popular as Mahatma Gandhi , had success in defeating the British in Champaran and Kheda , giving India its first victory in the struggle for freedom . Then Indian National Congress had supported that movement ; Indians gained confidence in the working of that organization that the British could be thwarted through that organization , and millions of young people from across the country flooded into Congress membership . The battle for the soul ( edit ) A whole class of political leaders disagreed with Gandhi . Bipin Chandra Pal , Muhammad Ali Jinnah , Annie Besant , Bal Gangadhar Tilak all criticized the idea of civil disobedience . But Gandhi had the backing of the people and a whole new generation of Indian nationalists as well as British Raj . In a series of sessions in 1918 , 1919 and 1920 , where the old and the new generations clashed in famous and important debates , Gandhi and his young supporters imbued the Congress rank - and - file with passion and energy to combat British rule directly . With the tragedy of the 1919 Amritsar Massacre and the riots in Punjab , Indian anger and passions were palpable and radical . With the election of Mohandas K. Gandhi to the presidency of the Indian National Congress , the battle of the party 's soul was won , and a new path to India 's destiny forged . Lokmanya Tilak , whom Gandhi had called The Father of Modern India died in 1920 , and Gopal Krishna Gokhale had died four years earlier . Motilal Nehru , Lala Lajpat Rai and some other stalwarts backed Gandhi as they were not sure that they can lead the people like Tilak and Gokhale . Thus it was now entirely up to Gandhi 's Congress to show the way for the nation . The Gandhi era ( edit ) Mohandas Gandhi gave rise to a whole new generation of nationalists , and a whole new form of revolution . See also : Mahatma Gandhi , Satyagraha , and Gandhism Expansion and re-organization ( edit ) In the years after the World War , the Congress expanded considerably , owing to public excitement after Gandhi 's success in Champaran and Kheda . A whole new generation of leaders arose from different parts of India , who were committed Gandhians Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , Rajendra Prasad , Chakravarti Rajagopalachari , Narhari Parikh , Mahadev Desai -- as well as hot - blooded nationalists aroused by Gandhi 's active leadership -- Chittaranjan Das , Subhas Chandra Bose , Srinivasa Iyengar . Gandhi transformed the Congress from an elitist party based in the cities , to an organization of the people : Membership fees were considerably reduced . Congress established a large number of state units across India -- known as Pradesh Congress Committees -- based on its own configuration of India 's states on basis of linguistic groups . PCCs emerged for Maharashtra , Karnataka , Gujarat -- states that did not yet exist and were spread over hundreds of princely states outside British India . All former practices distinguishing Congressmen on basis of caste , ethnicity , religion and sex were eliminated -- all - India unity was stressed . Native tongues were given official use and respect in Congress meetings -- especially Urdu renamed by Gandhi as Hindustani , which was adopted for use by the All India Congress Committee . Leadership posts and offices at all levels would be filled by elections , and not by appointments . This introduction of democracy was vital in rejuvenating the party , giving voice to ordinary members as well as valuable practice for Indians in democracy . Eligibility for leadership would be determined by how much social work and service a member had done , not by his wealth or social standing . Social development ( edit ) During the 1920s , M.K. Gandhi encouraged tens of thousands of Congress volunteers to embrace a wide variety of organized tasks to address major social problems across India . Under the guidance of Congress committees and Gandhi 's network of ashrams in Gujarat , Maharashtra , Uttar Pradesh , Bihar and Tamil Nadu , the Congress attacked : Untouchability and caste discrimination Alcoholism Unhygienic conditions and lack of sanitation Lack of health care and medical aid Purdah and the oppression of women Illiteracy , with the organization of national schools and colleges Poverty , with proliferating khadi cloth , cottage industries This profound work by M.K. Gandhi impressed the people of India particularly , formations of ashrams , that in later period he was mentioned as Mahatma , Great soul , by way of honor , by people of India . Ascendance to power ( 1937 -- 1942 ) ( edit ) An old building in Katni commemorating India 's freedom , with statues of Nehru , Gandhi and Subhas Chandra Bose Under the Government of India Act 1935 , the Congress first tasted political power in the provincial elections of 1937 . It performed very well , coming to power in eight of the eleven provinces where elections were held . Its internal organization bloomed in the diversity of political attitudes and ideologies . The focus would change slightly from the single - minded devotion to complete independence , to also entertaining excitement and theorizing about the future governance of the nation . However , when the Viceroy Lord Linlithgow declared India a belligerent in World War II without any consultation with the elected representatives of the people , the Congress ministries resigned . The radical followers of Subhas Chandra Bose , believers in socialism and active revolution would ascend in the hierarchy with Bose 's 1938 election to the Congress presidency . Traditionalists ( edit ) According to one approach , the traditionalist point of view , though not in a political sense , was represented in Congressmen like Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , Rajendra Prasad , C. Rajagopalachari , Purushottam Das Tandon , Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Maulana Azad , who were also associates and followers of Gandhi . Their organizational strength , achieved through leading the clashes with the government , was undisputed and proven when despite winning the 1939 election , Bose resigned the Congress presidency because of the lack of confidence he enjoyed amongst national leaders . A year earlier , in the 1938 election , however , Bose had been elected with the support of Gandhi . Differences arose in 1939 on whether Bose should have a second term . Jawaharlal Nehru , who Gandhi had always preferred to Bose , had had a second term earlier . Bose 's own differences centred on the place to be accorded to non-violent as against revolutionary methods . When he set up his Indian National Army in South - east Asia during the Second World War , he invoked Gandhi 's name and hailed him as the Father of The Nation . It would be wrong to suggest that the so - called traditionalist leaders looked merely to the ancient heritage of Indian , Asian or , in the case of Maulana Azad and Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan , Islamic civilization for inspiration . They believed , along with educationists like Zakir Husain and EW Aryanayakam , that education should be imparted in a manner that enables the learners also to be able to make things with their own hands and learn skills that would make them self - supporting . This method of education was also adopted in some areas in Egypt . ( See Reginald Reynolds , Beware of Africans ) . Zakir Husain was inspired by some European educationists and was able , with Gandhi 's support , to dovetail this approach to the one favoured by the Basic Education method introduced by the Indian freedom movement . They believed that the education system , economy and social justice model for a future nation should be designed to suit the specific local requirements . While most were open to the benefits of Western influences and the socio - economic egalitarianism of socialism , they were opposed to being defined by either model . The final battles ( edit ) The last important episodes in the Congress involved the final step to independence , and the division of the country on the basis of religions . Quit India ( edit ) See also : Quit India Movement Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari , the prominent leader from Tamil Nadu resigned from the Congress to actively advocate supporting the British war effort . it was started in 1942 . Indian National Army trials ( edit ) During the INA trials of 1946 , the Congress helped to form the INA Defence Committee , which forcefully defended the case of the soldiers of the Azad Hind government . The committee declared the formation of the Congress ' defence team for the INA and included famous lawyers of the time , including Bhulabhai Desai , Asaf Ali , and Jawaharlal Nehru . QUIT INDIA BILL passed on 8 Aug 1942 . Royal Indian Navy mutiny ( edit ) Some members of the Congress initially supported the sailors who led the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny . However , they withdrew support at the critical juncture , as the mutiny failed . Partition of India ( edit ) Within the Congress , the Partition was opposed by Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan , Saifuddin Kitchlew , Dr. Khan Sahib and Congressmen from the provinces that would inevitably become parts of Pakistan . Maulana Azad opposed partition in principle , but did not wish to impede the national leadership ; preferred to stay with Indian side . 1947 -- 1952 : transformation ( edit ) Constitution ( edit ) In the Assembly and Constitution debates , the Congress attitude was marked by inclusiveness and liberalism . The Government appointed some prominent Indians who were Raj loyalists and liberals to important offices , and did not adopt any punitive control over the Indian civil servants who had aided the Raj in its governance of India and suppression of nationalist activities . A Congress - dominated Assembly adopted B.R. Ambedkar , a fierce Congress critic as the chairman of the Constitution draft committee . Syama Prasad Mookerjee , a Hindu Mahasabha leader became the Minister for Industry . The Congress stood firm on its fundamental promises and delivered a Constitution that abolished untouchability and discrimination based on caste , religion or gender . Primary education was made a right , and Congress governments made the zamindar system illegal , created minimum wages and authorized the right to strike and form labor unions . Leadership change ( edit ) In 1947 , the Congress presidency passed upon Jivatram Kripalani , a veteran Gandhian and ally of both Nehru and Patel . India 's duumvirate expressed neutrality and full support to the elected winner of the 1947 , 1948 and 1949 presidential races . However , a tug of war began between Nehru and his socialist wing , and Patel and Congress traditionalists broke out in 1950 's race . Nehru lobbied intensely to oppose the candidacy of Purushottam Das Tandon , whom he perceived as a Hindu revivalist with `` problematic '' views on Hindu - Muslim relations . Nehru openly backed Kripalani to oppose Tandon , but neglected courtesy to Patel upon the question . With Patel 's tacit support ( especially in Patel 's home state of Gujarat , where due to Patel 's work , Kripalani received not one vote ) Tandon won a tight contest , and Nehru threatened to resign . With Patel 's convincing , Nehru did not quit . However , with Patel 's death in 1950 , the balance shifted permanently in Nehru 's favor . Kripalani , C. Rajagopalachari and Tandon were marginalized , and the Congress Party 's election fortunes began depending solely on Nehru 's leadership and popularity . With the 1952 election sweep , the Congress became India 's main political party . See also ( edit ) Indian nationalism Indian independence movement Satyagraha Gandhism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jaya produces proof on Gandhi 's intent to dissolve Congress '' . thehindubusinessline.com . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jayalalithaa-produces-proof-on-gandhis-intent-to-dissolve-congress-1818118 Jump up ^ Dhiman , O.P. ( 28 March 2018 ) . `` Betrayal of Gandhi '' . Gyan Publishing House . Retrieved 28 March 2018 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya ( 1935 ) , The History of the Indian National Congress , Working Committee of the Congress ^ Jump up to : John F. Riddick ( 2006 ) , The History of British India : a chronology , Greenwood Publishing Group , ISBN 0 - 313 - 32280 - 5 Jump up ^ Madhvi Yasin ( 1996 ) , Emergence of nationalism , Congress , and separatism , Raj Publications , ISBN 81 - 86208 - 05 - 4 Jump up ^ Laskar , Rejaul Karim ( 2013 ) . India 's Foreign Policy : An Introduction . New Delhi : Paragon International Publishers . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 93 - 83154 - 06 - 7 . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Congress Leaders ( edit ) Congress Leaders Website Further reading ( edit ) Patel : A Life Rajmohan Gandhi My Autobiography , or The Story of My Experiments with Truth , M.K. 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Doongursee College Influences Bhagavad Gita Hinduism Associates Lala Lajpat Rai Bipin Chandra Pal Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vasudev Balwant Phadke Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Vishnushastri Chiplunkar Legacy Tilak Maharashtra University Tilak Maidan Stadium Tilak Nagar metro station Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Tilak Smarak Ranga Mandir Books The Arctic Home in the Vedas The Orion ( book ) Shrimadh Bhagvad Gita Rahasya Influenced Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Mahatma Gandhi Subhash Chandra Bose Chapekar brothers Category Commons Wikiquotes Wikisource texts Mahatma Gandhi Life events and movements Indian Ambulance Corps Bardoli Satyagraha Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Indian independence movement Non-cooperation Movement Chauri Chaura incident Purna Swaraj flag Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vaikom Satyagraha Aundh Experiment Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Second Round Table Conference Padayatra Poona Pact Natal Indian Congress Quit India speech Gujarat Vidyapith University Harijan Sevak Sangh Ashrams ( Kochrab Tolstoy Farm Sabarmati Sevagram ) List of fasts Assassination Philosophy Gandhism Economics trusteeship Education Sarvodaya Satyagraha Swadeshi Swaraj Gandhi cap Publications Harijan Hind Swaraj ( Indian Home Rule ) Indian Opinion The Story of My Experiments with Truth Young India Seven Social Sins ( Gandhi Heritage Portal ) Influences A Letter to a Hindu Ahimsa nonviolence Bhagavad Gita Henry David Thoreau Civil Disobedience ( essay ) Civil disobedience Fasting Harishchandra Hinduism Khadi John Ruskin Parsee Rustomjee Leo Tolstoy The Kingdom of God Is Within You The Masque of Anarchy Muhammad Narmad Pacifism Sermon on the Mount Shravan Shrimad Rajchandra Henry Stephens Salt Tirukkuṛaḷ Unto This Last Gandhi 's translation `` Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram '' `` Ekla Chalo Re '' `` Hari Tuma Haro '' `` Vaishnava Jana To '' Vegetarianism Associates Swami Anand C.F. 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Nelson Mandela Brajkishore Prasad Rajendra Prasad Ramjee Singh Aung San Suu Kyi Lanza del Vasto Abhay Bang Sane Guruji Memorials Statues Houston Johannesburg London ( Parliament Square ) New York Patna Pietermaritzburg Washington Observances Gandhi Jayanti International Day of Non-Violence Martyrs ' Day Season for Nonviolence Other Aga Khan Palace Gandhi Bhawan Gandhi Mandapam Gandhi Market Bookstores Gandhi Promenade Gandhi Smriti Gandhi Memorial Gandhi Memorial Museum , Madurai Kaba Gandhi No Delo Kirti Mandir Mahatma Gandhi College Mohandas Gandhi High School National Gandhi Museum Raj Ghat Sabarmati Ashram Satyagraha House Gandhi Teerth Roads named after Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre , Matale Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress&oldid=856945277 '' Categories : Indian independence movement Indian National Congress History by political party Political history of India History of organisations based in India Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from September 2014 All articles needing style editing Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use Indian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from March 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2014 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2016 Articles to be expanded from April 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from April 2018 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Articles needing additional references from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 15 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who founded the indian national congress in 1885 | [
"From its foundation on 28 December 1885 by A.O Hume, a retired British officer, until the time of independence of India on 15 August 1947, the Indian National Congress was considered to be the largest and most prominent Indian public organization, and central and defining influence of the Indian Independence Movement.[citation needed]\n"
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"A.O Hume, a retired British officer"
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6741014932200188450 | Going Up the Country | Going up the Country - wikipedia Going up the Country Jump to : navigation , search `` Going Up the Country '' Single by Canned Heat from the album Living the Blues B - side `` One Kind Favor '' Released November 22 , 1968 ( 1968 - 11 - 22 ) Format 7 - inch 45 rpm record Recorded August 6 -- 7 , 1968 Studio I.D. Sound Recorders , Hollywood , California Genre Blues rock Length 2 : 50 Label Liberty Producer ( s ) Canned Heat , Skip Taylor Canned Heat singles chronology `` On the Road Again '' ( 1968 ) `` Going Up the Country '' ( 1968 ) `` Time Was '' ( 1969 ) `` Going Up the Country '' ( also Goin ' Up the Country ) is a song adapted and recorded by American blues rock band Canned Heat . Called a `` rural hippie anthem '' , it became one of the band 's biggest hits and best - known songs . As with their previous single , `` On the Road Again '' , the song was adapted from a 1920s blues song and sung in a countertenor - style by Alan Wilson . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and composition 2 Releases and charts 3 Appearances 4 References 5 External links Background and composition ( edit ) Canned Heat , who were early blues enthusiasts , based `` Going Up the Country '' on `` Bull Doze Blues '' , recorded in 1928 by Texas bluesman Henry Thomas . Thomas was from the songster tradition and had a unique sound , sometimes accompanying himself on quills , an early Afro - American wind instrument similar to panpipes . He recorded `` Bull Doze Blues '' in Chicago on June 13 , 1928 , for Vocalion Records . For `` Going Up the Country '' , Canned Heat 's Wilson used Thomas ' melody on the quills and his basic rhythm , but arranged it for a rock setting and rewrote the lyrics . In addition to the bass and drum rhythm section , Henry Vestine supplied a `` light electric rhythm guitar '' and multi-instrumentalist Jim Horn reproduced Thomas ' quill parts on the flute . Although linked to the counterculture of the 1960s ' back - to - the - land movement , Wilson 's lyrics are ambiguous : Now , baby , pack your leaving trunk , you know we 've got to leave today Just exactly where we 're going , I can not say , but we might even leave the U.S.A. ' Cause there 's a brand new game that I do n't wan na play Releases and Charts ( edit ) `` Going Up the Country '' was first released on Canned Heat 's third album , Living the Blues , in October 1968 . A month later , it was released as a single and reached number 11 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in December , making it the highest charting single of their career . In January 1969 , the song peaked at number 19 on the UK Singles Chart . The song appears on several Canned Heat compilation albums , including Canned Heat Cookbook , Let 's Work Together : The Best of Canned Heat ( 1989 ) and Uncanned ! The Best of Canned Heat ( 1994 ) . Appearances ( edit ) Canned Heat performed `` Going Up the Country '' at the Woodstock music festival in August 1969 . The song has been described as the `` unofficial anthem '' of the festival and is featured early . In the film , Woodstock , Canned Heat 's spoken introduction to their performance of the song is heard , but the movie then cuts to the studio recording played over a montage of festival attendees . The 1970 soundtrack album Woodstock : Music from the Original Soundtrack and More features the festival performance of the song , but without the spoken intro . Canned Heat 's recording has been used on several television commercials for GEICO motorcycle insurance . Several musicians have recorded renditions of `` Going Up the Country '' , including Luca Prodan , Kitty , Daisy & Lewis , Deerhoof , and the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Planer , Lindsay . Canned Heat : Living the Blues -- Review at AllMusic . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Barry Lee ( 1996 ) . `` Canned Heat '' . In Erlewine , Michael . All Music Guide to the Blues . San Francisco : Miller Freeman Books . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 424 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Greenwald , Matthew . Canned Heat : `` Going Up the Country '' -- Review at AllMusic . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shadwick , Keith ( 2007 ) . `` Henry `` Ragtime '' Thomas `` . The Encyclopedia of Jazz & Blues . London : Quantum Publishing . p. 411 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 681 - 08644 - 9 . Jump up ^ Vocalion no . 1230 Jump up ^ The flute in the album version and single version differ slightly ; in one version , the third note is held for only a moment , while in the other , it 's held for two or three seconds . Jump up ^ Russo , Greg ( 1994 ) . Uncanned ! The Best of Canned Heat ( CD set booklet ) . Canned Heat . New York City : EMI Records / Liberty Records . 7243 8 29165 2 9 . Jump up ^ `` Canned Heat -- Singles '' . Official Charts . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bennington , Vicki ( April 24 , 2008 ) . `` Canned Goods '' . The Telegraph ( Alton ) . Ohio Community Media . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Motorcycle TV Commercial , ' Parents Go MIA ' Song by Canned Heat '' iSpot.tv Jump up ^ `` GEICO Insurance TV Commercial - Where 's Gary , He 's Going Up the Country '' TV Commercial Spots Jump up ^ `` GEICO Commercial for GEICO Motorcycle ( 2017 ) : Frank Ditches Bowling Night '' Popisms.com Jump up ^ `` Going Up the Country -- Song Search Results '' . AllMusic . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Canned Heat Bob Hite Alan Wilson Henry Vestine Larry Taylor Adolfo de la Parra Harvey Mandel Studio albums Canned Heat Boogie with Canned Heat Living the Blues Hallelujah Future Blues Vintage Hooker ' n Heat Historical Figures and Ancient Heads The New Age One More River to Cross Reheated Live albums Canned Heat ' 70 Concert Live in Europe Live at Topanga Corral Compilations Let 's Work Together : The Best of Canned Heat Uncanned ! The Best of Canned Heat Singles `` Rollin ' and Tumblin ' '' `` On the Road Again '' `` Going Up the Country '' `` Let 's Work Together ( Let 's Stick Together ) '' Other songs `` Spoonful '' `` Got My Mojo Working '' `` Pretty Thing '' `` Dimples '' `` Talk to Me Baby ( I Ca n't Hold Out ) '' `` Evil Is Going On '' `` Goin ' Down Slow '' `` Catfish Blues '' `` Dust My Broom '' `` Help Me '' `` The Hunter '' `` Mean Old World '' `` Pony Blues '' `` Terraplane Blues '' `` Big Fat ( The Fat Man ) '' `` I Wish You Would '' `` It Hurts Me Too '' `` That 's All Right ( Mama ) '' `` Bring It On Home '' `` Killing Floor '' `` Meet Me in the Bottom '' `` Driftin ' Blues '' `` Boogie Chillen No. 2 '' `` That 's All Right '' `` Shake , Rattle and Roll '' `` Night Time Is the Right Time '' `` Chicken Shack Boogie '' `` Take Me to the River '' Related articles Discography Tommy Johnson Floyd Jones Jug band Boogie rock Johnny Otis John Lee Hooker List of band members Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Going_Up_the_Country&oldid=832429613 '' Categories : 1968 songs 1968 singles Canned Heat songs Liberty Records singles Hippie movement Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Song articles with missing songwriters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 23 : 45 . About Wikipedia | who played flute on going up the country | [
"For \"Going Up the Country\", Canned Heat's Wilson used Thomas' melody on the quills and his basic rhythm, but arranged it for a rock setting and rewrote the lyrics. In addition to the bass and drum rhythm section, Henry Vestine supplied a \"light electric rhythm guitar\"[3] and multi-instrumentalist Jim Horn reproduced Thomas' quill parts on the flute.[6]"
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"Jim Horn"
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-27147211077978254 | Steve Brady | Steve Brady - wikipedia Steve Brady Jump to : navigation , search For the baseball player , see Steve Brady ( baseball ) . Steve Brady First appearance The Man , The Myth , The Viagra ( episode 2.08 ) Last appearance Sex and the City 2 Portrayed by David Eigenberg Information Nickname ( s ) Steve Gender Male Occupation Bartender Family Mary Brady ( mother ) Paul Brady ( father ; deceased ) Paul Brady Sr. ( grandfather ; deceased ) Jackie Brady ( older sister ) Mr. Brady ( brother ) Mrs. Brady ( sister - in - law ) Patrick ( cousin and godfather to Brady ) Mrs. Hobbes ( mother - in - law ; deceased ) Betsy ( sister - in - law ) David ( brother - in - law ; Betsy 's husband ) Catherine ( sister - in - law ) John ( brother - in - law ; Catherine 's husband ) Unnamed niece - in - law Spouse ( s ) Miranda Hobbes ( 200 -- present ) Children Brady Hobbes ( son ) Religion Roman Catholic Nationality American Steven `` Steve '' Brady is a recurring fictional character on HBO series , Sex and The City , played by David Eigenberg . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 History 2.1 Season 2 - 3 2.2 Season 4 - 6 2.3 Sex and the City : The Movie 2.4 Sex and the City 2 3 Episodes featuring Steve Brady 4 External links 5 References Background ( edit ) Introduced in the second season , Steve is a bartender who has an unconventional on - again , off - again relationship with Miranda Hobbes throughout the remainder of the series . History ( edit ) Season 2 - 3 ( edit ) Miranda meets Steve when she spends a long time at a bar waiting for Carrie , who ultimately stands her up . Steve is the bartender and flirts with her -- the two go to Miranda 's place and have sex . She sees the encounter as a one - night stand , but Steve is smitten . Miranda reacts callously to Steve 's suggestion that they see each other in the future , with Miranda insisting that no man can be faithful and dependable . Finally Steve wins her over and she takes a leap of faith and starts dating him . Their differences in income , aspirations and status , as well as their attitudes about living together and having kids , are the catalysts for their eventual breakup , followed by several reconciliations and subsequent breakups . Over the course of the show Miranda puts Steve through a fair amount of emotional tumult . However , he looks beneath her cynical exterior and finds her softer side while at the same time choosing his battles carefully , and manages to get Miranda to relax and feel comfortable in a relationship . Season 4 - 6 ( edit ) In season four Steve opens his own bar , called Scout ( after his dog ) , with Aidan Shaw as a silent partner . He is also diagnosed with testicular cancer . Miranda finds out about it , through Aidan , and she takes charge and urges Steve to take the cancer seriously . She takes him to a doctor who is an expert . Initially Steve is uncomfortable with Miranda 's involvement ; however , he realizes that Miranda is right and changes doctors . He undergoes an operation to remove one testicle , which is all of the treatment he needs . However , he feels like less of a man with only one ball , and opts to get a faux testicle made of silicone . Miranda is against the idea , but Steve says nobody will sleep with him if he only has one ball . Miranda says she will , and the then platonic exes have sex . This encounter results in an accidental pregnancy ( despite his losing a testicle and Miranda having only one functioning ovary ) . Steve proposes to Miranda because he feels that 's what she wants . However , she laughs it off , saying it 's a bad idea and they should n't get married , and surely that 's not what he wants , either . Steve then tells Miranda that he agrees , but they decide to raise the child ( Brady Hobbes ) together . They see each other a great deal after the child is born , and Miranda concludes she loves Steve . Finally she picks up the courage to tell him , and he reciprocates . They get back together and marry in season six . Miranda hates weddings , but they agree on a small intimate wedding ceremony with Carrie , Charlotte and Samantha present , and a few close relatives and friends . At the end of season six , Steve convinces Miranda to move to a house in Brooklyn . In the final episode of the series , Steve and Miranda invite Steve 's aging mother Mary ( Anne Meara ) to stay with them , after they learn that she 's suffered a stroke , and is experiencing cognitive decline . Sex and the City : the movie ( edit ) While Steve and Miranda do have a happy marriage , they hit a bump in the road which leads him to having sex with another woman . He begs Miranda to forgive him , but she moves out . But at the end , after six months of marriage therapy , they renew their marriage . Sex and the City 2 ( edit ) Steve is n't much featured in the second film , however their relationship is as strong as ever . When Miranda is struggling with her new boss at her firm , he inadvertently convinces her to quit . He greets her with Brady when she returns from Abu Dhabi . Episodes featuring Steve Brady ( edit ) `` The Man , the Myth , the Viagra '' ( July 25 , 1999 ) `` Old Dogs , New Dicks '' ( August 1 , 1999 ) `` The Caste System '' ( August 8 , 1999 ) `` Ex and the City '' ( October 3 , 1999 ) `` Where There 's Smoke ... '' ( June 4 , 2000 ) `` Politically Erect '' ( June 11 , 2000 ) `` Boy , Girl , Boy , Girl ... '' ( June 25 , 2000 ) `` No Ifs , Ands or Butts '' ( July 9 , 2000 ) `` Are We Sluts ? '' ( July 16 , 2000 ) `` Drama Queens '' ( July 23 , 2000 ) `` The Big Time '' ( July 30 , 2000 ) `` Easy Come , Easy Go '' ( August 6 , 2000 ) `` Cock - a-Doodle - Do '' ( October 15 , 2000 ) `` Ghost Town '' ( June 24 , 2001 ) `` Baby , Talk Is Cheap '' ( July 1 , 2001 ) `` My Motherboard , My Self '' ( July 15 , 2001 ) `` Sex and the Country '' ( July 22 , 2001 ) `` Belles of the Balls '' ( July 29 , 2001 ) `` Coulda , Woulda , Shoulda '' ( August 5 , 2001 ) `` Just Say Yes '' ( August 12 , 2001 ) `` Ring a Ding Ding '' ( January 27 , 2002 ) `` I Heart NY '' ( February 10 , 2002 ) `` Anchors Away '' ( July 21 , 2002 ) `` Unoriginal Sin '' ( July 28 , 2002 ) `` Luck Be an Old Lady '' ( August 4 , 2002 ) `` Critical Condition '' ( August 25 , 2002 ) `` I Love a Charade '' ( September 8 , 2002 ) `` To Market , to Market '' ( June 22 , 2003 ) `` Great Sexpectations '' ( June 29 , 2003 ) `` The Perfect Present '' ( July 6 , 2003 ) `` Lights , Camera , Relationship '' ( July 20 , 2003 ) `` The Catch '' ( August 10 , 2003 ) `` The Domino Effect '' ( September 7 , 2003 ) `` One '' ( September 14 , 2003 ) `` Let There Be Light '' ( January 4 , 2004 ) `` The Ick Factor '' ( January 11 , 2004 ) `` Catch - 38 '' ( January 18 , 2004 ) `` Out of the Frying Pan '' ( January 25 , 2004 ) `` The Cold War '' ( February 1 , 2004 ) `` Splat ! '' ( February 8 , 2004 ) `` An American Girl in Paris : Part Deux '' ( February 22 , 2004 ) External links ( edit ) Steve Brady on IMDb References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Steve said that his father and grandfather had that name ; season 4 episode 18 Jump up ^ Mentioned by Mary Brady in season 6 episode 14 ^ Jump up to : Mentioned by Mary Brady in season 5 episode 2 ^ Jump up to : Existence mentioned in season 1 episode 10 . ^ Jump up to : Season 4 episode 8 : actress Becky Ann Baker as Betsy and Elizabeth Canavan as Catherine . Jump up ^ Mentioned in season 4 episode 17 ( hide ) Sex and the City by Candace Bushnell Episodes Season 1 5 6 ( `` To Market , to Market '' ) Characters Carrie Bradshaw Samantha Jones Charlotte York Goldenblatt Miranda Hobbes John James `` Mr. Big '' Preston Steve Brady Films Sex and the City soundtrack Sex and the City 2 Miscellaneous Book The Carrie Diaries episodes Accolades Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Brady&oldid=804477177 '' Categories : Sex and the City characters Fictional characters from New York City Fictional bartenders Fictional characters introduced in 1999 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 07 : 44 . About Wikipedia | when do miranda and steve get back together | [
"In season four Steve opens his own bar, called Scout (after his dog), with Aidan Shaw as a silent partner. He is also diagnosed with testicular cancer. Miranda finds out about it, through Aidan, and she takes charge and urges Steve to take the cancer seriously. She takes him to a doctor who is an expert. Initially Steve is uncomfortable with Miranda's involvement; however, he realizes that Miranda is right and changes doctors. He undergoes an operation to remove one testicle, which is all of the treatment he needs. However, he feels like less of a man with only one ball, and opts to get a faux testicle made of silicone. Miranda is against the idea, but Steve says nobody will sleep with him if he only has one ball. Miranda says she will, and the then platonic exes have sex. This encounter results in an accidental pregnancy (despite his losing a testicle and Miranda having only one functioning ovary). Steve proposes to Miranda because he feels that's what she wants. However, she laughs it off, saying it's a bad idea and they shouldn't get married, and surely that's not what he wants, either. Steve then tells Miranda that he agrees, but they decide to raise the child (Brady Hobbes) together. They see each other a great deal after the child is born, and Miranda concludes she loves Steve. Finally she picks up the courage to tell him, and he reciprocates. They get back together and marry in season six. Miranda hates weddings, but they agree on a small intimate wedding ceremony with Carrie, Charlotte and Samantha present, and a few close relatives and friends. At the end of season six, Steve convinces Miranda to move to a house in Brooklyn. In the final episode of the series, Steve and Miranda invite Steve's aging mother Mary (Anne Meara) to stay with them, after they learn that she's suffered a stroke, and is experiencing cognitive decline."
] | [
"season four"
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-5208179450198043277 | Fingerprint | Fingerprint - Wikipedia Fingerprint This article is about human fingerprints . For other uses , see Fingerprint ( disambiguation ) . `` Thumbprint '' redirects here . For other uses , see Thumbprint ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on Forensic science Physiological ( show ) Anthropology Biology Bloodstain pattern analysis Botany Dentistry DNA phenotyping DNA profiling Entomology Epidemiology Medicine Palynology Pathology Podiatry Toxicology Social ( show ) Psychiatry Psychology Psychotherapy Social work Criminalistics ( hide ) Accounting Body identification Chemistry Facial reconstruction Fingerprint analysis Firearm examination Footwear evidence Forensic arts Profiling Gloveprint analysis Palmprint analysis Questioned document examination Vein matching Digital forensics ( show ) Computer exams Data analysis Database study Mobile devices Network analysis Photography Video analysis Audio analysis Related disciplines ( show ) Electrical engineering Engineering Fire investigation Fire accelerant detection Fractography Linguistics Materials engineering Polymer engineering Statistics Traffic collision reconstruction Related articles ( show ) Crime scene CSI effect Perry Mason syndrome Pollen calendar Skid mark Trace evidence Use of DNA in forensic entomology Outline A fingerprint in its narrow sense is an impression left by the friction ridges of a human finger . The recovery of fingerprints from a crime scene is an important method of forensic science . Fingerprints are easily deposited on suitable surfaces ( such as glass or metal or polished stone ) by the natural secretions of sweat from the eccrine glands that are present in epidermal ridges . These are sometimes referred to as `` Chanced Impressions '' . In a wider use of the term , fingerprints are the traces of an impression from the friction ridges of any part of a human or other primate hand . A print from the sole of the foot can also leave an impression of friction ridges . Deliberate impressions of fingerprints may be formed by ink or other substances transferred from the peaks of friction ridges on the skin to a relatively smooth surface such as a fingerprint card . Fingerprint records normally contain impressions from the pad on the last joint of fingers and thumbs , although fingerprint cards also typically record portions of lower joint areas of the fingers . Human fingerprints are detailed , nearly unique , difficult to alter , and durable over the life of an individual , making them suitable as long - term markers of human identity . They may be employed by police or other authorities to identify individuals who wish to conceal their identity , or to identify people who are incapacitated or deceased and thus unable to identify themselves , as in the aftermath of a natural disaster . Fingerprint analysis , in use since the early 20th century , has led to many crimes being solved . This means that many criminals consider gloves essential . In 2015 , the identification of sex by use of a fingerprint test has been reported . Contents 1 Biology 2 Types 3 Dactyloscopy 4 Types 4.1 Exemplar 4.2 Latent 4.3 Patent 4.4 Plastic 4.5 Electronic recording 4.6 Footprints 5 Capture and detection 5.1 Live scan devices 5.2 Scanning dead or unconscious people 5.3 Latent detection 5.4 Laboratory techniques 6 Research 7 Disappearance of children 's latent prints 8 Detection of drug use 9 United States databases and compression 10 Validity 10.1 Criticism 10.1. 1 Defense 10.2 Track record 11 Professional certification 12 Errors 12.1 Brandon Mayfield and the Madrid bombing 12.2 René Ramón Sánchez 12.3 Shirley McKie 12.4 Stephan Cowans 12.5 Craig D. Harvey 13 History 13.1 Antiquity and the medieval period 13.2 Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries 13.3 Modern era 14 Privacy 14.1 Fingerprinting of children 15 Other uses 15.1 Welfare claimants 15.2 Log - in authentication and other locks 15.3 Electronic registration and library access 16 Absence or mutilation of fingerprints 17 Fingerprint recognition 17.1 Patterns 17.2 Fingerprint processing 17.3 Minutiae features 17.4 Defeats 18 Fingerprint recognition in electronic devices 19 Fingerprint sensors 19.1 Optical 19.2 Ultrasonic 19.3 Capacitance 19.3. 1 Passive capacitance 19.3. 2 Active capacitance 20 Algorithms 20.1 Pre-processing 20.2 Pattern - based ( or image - based ) algorithms 21 In other species 22 In fiction 22.1 Mark Twain 22.2 Crime fiction 22.3 Film and television 23 Other reliable identifiers 24 See also 25 References 26 Further reading 27 External links Biology A friction ridge is a raised portion of the epidermis on the digits ( fingers and toes ) , the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot , consisting of one or more connected ridge units of friction ridge skin . These are sometimes known as `` epidermal ridges '' which are caused by the underlying interface between the dermal papillae of the dermis and the interpapillary ( rete ) pegs of the epidermis . These epidermal ridges serve to amplify vibrations triggered , for example , when fingertips brush across an uneven surface , better transmitting the signals to sensory nerves involved in fine texture perception . These ridges may also assist in gripping rough surfaces and may improve surface contact in wet conditions . Types Before computerization , manual filing systems were used in large fingerprint repositories . Manual classification systems were based on the general ridge patterns of several or all fingers ( such as the presence or absence of circular patterns ) . This allowed the filing and retrieval of paper records in large collections based on friction ridge patterns alone . The most popular systems used the pattern class of each finger to form a key ( a number ) to assist lookup in a filing system . Classification systems include the Roscher system , the Juan Vucetich system , and the Henry Classification System . The Roscher system was developed in Germany and implemented in both Germany and Japan , the Vucetich system ( developed by a Croatian - born Buenos Aires Police Officer ) was developed in Argentina and implemented throughout South America , and the Henry system was developed in India and implemented in most English - speaking countries . In the Henry system of classification , there are three basic fingerprint patterns : loop , whorl , and arch , which constitute 60 -- 65 % , 30 -- 35 % , and 5 % of all fingerprints respectively . There are also more complex classification systems that break down patterns even further , into plain arches or tented arches , and into loops that may be radial or ulnar , depending on the side of the hand toward which the tail points . Ulnar loops start on the pinky - side of the finger , the side closer to the ulna , the lower arm bone . Radial loops start on the thumb - side of the finger , the side closer to the radius . Whorls may also have sub-group classifications including plain whorls , accidental whorls , double loop whorls , peacock 's eye , composite , and central pocket loop whorls . Other common fingerprint patterns include the tented arch , the plain arch , and the central pocket loop . The system used by most experts , although complex , is similar to the Henry System of Classification . It consists of five fractions , in which R stands for right , L for left , i for index finger , m for middle finger , t for thumb , r for ring finger and p ( pinky ) for little finger . The fractions are as follows : Ri / Rt + Rr / Rm + Lt / Rp + Lm / Li + Lp / Lr . The numbers assigned to each print are based on whether or not they are whorls . A whorl in the first fraction is given a 16 , the second an 8 , the third a 4 , the fourth a 2 , and 0 to the last fraction . Arches and loops are assigned values of 0 . Lastly , the numbers in the numerator and denominator are added up , using the scheme : ( Ri + Rr + Lt + Lm + Lp ) / ( Rt + Rm + Rp + Li + Lr ) and a 1 is added to both top and bottom , to exclude any possibility of division by zero . For example , if the right ring finger and the left index finger have whorls , the fractions would look like this : 0 / 0 + 8 / 0 + 0 / 0 + 0 / 2 + 0 / 0 + 1 / 1 , and the calculation : ( 0 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 ) / ( 0 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 0 + 1 ) = 9 / 3 = 3 . Using this system reduces the number of prints that the print in question needs to be compared to . For example , the above set of prints would only need to be compared to other sets of fingerprints with a value of 3 . Arch Loop ( Right Loop ) Whorl Arch ( Tented Arch ) Dactyloscopy The friction ridges on a finger Fingerprint identification , known as dactyloscopy , or hand print identification , is the process of comparing two instances of friction ridge skin impressions ( see Minutiae ) , from human fingers or toes , or even the palm of the hand or sole of the foot , to determine whether these impressions could have come from the same individual . The flexibility of friction ridge skin means that no two finger or palm prints are ever exactly alike in every detail ; even two impressions recorded immediately after each other from the same hand may be slightly different . Fingerprint identification , also referred to as individualization , involves an expert , or an expert computer system operating under threshold scoring rules , determining whether two friction ridge impressions are likely to have originated from the same finger or palm ( or toe or sole ) . An image of a fingerprint created by the friction ridge structure An intentional recording of friction ridges is usually made with black printer 's ink rolled across a contrasting white background , typically a white card . Friction ridges can also be recorded digitally , usually on a glass plate , using a technique called Live Scan . A `` latent print '' is the chance recording of friction ridges deposited on the surface of an object or a wall . Latent prints are invisible to the naked eye , whereas `` patent prints '' or `` plastic prints '' are viewable with the unaided eye . Latent prints are often fragmentary and require the use of chemical methods , powder , or alternative light sources in order to be made clear . Sometimes an ordinary bright flashlight will make a latent print visible . When friction ridges come into contact with a surface that will take a print , material that is on the friction ridges such as perspiration , oil , grease , ink or blood , will be transferred to the surface . Factors which affect the quality of friction ridge impressions are numerous . Pliability of the skin , deposition pressure , slippage , the material from which the surface is made , the roughness of the surface and the substance deposited are just some of the various factors which can cause a latent print to appear differently from any known recording of the same friction ridges . Indeed , the conditions surrounding every instance of friction ridge deposition are unique and never duplicated . For these reasons , fingerprint examiners are required to undergo extensive training . The scientific study of fingerprints is called dermatoglyphics . Types Exemplar Exemplar prints on paper using ink Exemplar prints , or known prints , is the name given to fingerprints deliberately collected from a subject , whether for purposes of enrollment in a system or when under arrest for a suspected criminal offense . During criminal arrests , a set of exemplar prints will normally include one print taken from each finger that has been rolled from one edge of the nail to the other , plain ( or slap ) impressions of each of the four fingers of each hand , and plain impressions of each thumb . Exemplar prints can be collected using live scan or by using ink on paper cards . Latent Barely visible latent prints on a knife Although the word latent means hidden or invisible , in modern usage for forensic science the term latent prints means any chance or accidental impression left by friction ridge skin on a surface , regardless of whether it is visible or invisible at the time of deposition . Electronic , chemical and physical processing techniques permit visualization of invisible latent print residues whether they are from natural sweat on the skin or from a contaminant such as motor oil , blood , ink , paint or some other form of dirt . The different types of fingerprint patterns , such as arch , loop and whorl , will be described below . Latent prints may exhibit only a small portion of the surface of a finger and this may be smudged , distorted , overlapped by other prints from the same or from different individuals , or any or all of these in combination . For this reason , latent prints usually present an `` inevitable source of error in making comparisons '' , as they generally `` contain less clarity , less content , and less undistorted information than a fingerprint taken under controlled conditions , and much , much less detail compared to the actual patterns of ridges and grooves of a finger . '' Patent Patent prints are chance friction ridge impressions which are obvious to the human eye and which have been caused by the transfer of foreign material from a finger onto a surface . Some obvious examples would be impressions from flour and wet clay . Because they are already visible and have no need of enhancement they are generally photographed rather than being lifted in the way that latent prints are . An attempt to preserve the actual print is always made for later presentation in court , and there are many techniques used to do this . Patent prints can be left on a surface by materials such as ink , dirt , or blood . Plastic A plastic print is a friction ridge impression left in a material that retains the shape of the ridge detail . Although very few criminals would be careless enough to leave their prints in a lump of wet clay , this would make a perfect plastic print . Commonly encountered examples are melted candle wax , putty removed from the perimeter of window panes and thick grease deposits on car parts . Such prints are already visible and need no enhancement , but investigators must not overlook the potential that invisible latent prints deposited by accomplices may also be on such surfaces . After photographically recording such prints , attempts should be made to develop other non-plastic impressions deposited from sweat or other contaminants . Electronic recording There has been a newspaper report of a man selling stolen watches sending images of them on a mobile phone , and those images included parts of his hands in enough detail for police to be able to identify fingerprint patterns . Recent studies found that the improving cameras with increasing resolution of smartphones might have a high impact on users ' security : The back - facing camera of a device can be used to capture an image of the user 's index finger , which on smartphones using biometric means of authentication is often used to authenticate a user against the smartphone . At the 31st Chaos Communication Congress , hardware hacker starbug presented how DSLRs with high resolution and equipped with a long focus lens can be used to capture images of hands , or more specifically , fingers in order to use them for spoofing . Footprints Main article : Footprint Friction ridge skin present on the soles of the feet and toes ( plantar surfaces ) is as unique in its ridge detail as are the fingers and palms ( palmar surfaces ) . When recovered at crime scenes or on items of evidence , sole and toe impressions can be used in the same manner as finger and palm prints to effect identifications . The footprints of infants , along with the thumb or index finger prints of mothers , are still commonly recorded in hospitals to assist in verifying the identity of infants . It is not uncommon for military records of flight personnel to include barefoot inked impressions . Friction ridge skin protected inside flight boots tends to survive the trauma of a plane crash ( and accompanying fire ) better than fingers . Capture and detection Live scan devices Fingerprint being scanned 3D fingerprint Fingerprint image acquisition is considered to be the most critical step in an automated fingerprint authentication system , as it determines the final fingerprint image quality , which has a drastic effect on the overall system performance . There are different types of fingerprint readers on the market , but the basic idea behind each is to measure the physical difference between ridges and valleys . All the proposed methods can be grouped into two major families : solid - state fingerprint readers and optical fingerprint readers . The procedure for capturing a fingerprint using a sensor consists of rolling or touching with the finger onto a sensing area , which according to the physical principle in use ( optical , ultrasonic , capacitive or thermal ) captures the difference between valleys and ridges . When a finger touches or rolls onto a surface , the elastic skin deforms . The quantity and direction of the pressure applied by the user , the skin conditions and the projection of an irregular 3D object ( the finger ) onto a 2D flat plane introduce distortions , noise and inconsistencies in the captured fingerprint image . These problems result in inconsistent and non-uniform irregularities in the image . During each acquisition , therefore , the results of the imaging are different and uncontrollable . The representation of the same fingerprint changes every time the finger is placed on the sensor plate , increasing the complexity of any attempt to match fingerprints , impairing the system performance and consequently , limiting the widespread use of this biometric technology . In order to overcome these problems , as of 2010 , non-contact or touchless 3D fingerprint scanners have been developed . Acquiring detailed 3D information , 3D fingerprint scanners take a digital approach to the analog process of pressing or rolling the finger . By modelling the distance between neighboring points , the fingerprint can be imaged at a resolution high enough to record all the necessary detail . Scanning dead or unconscious people Placing the hand of a dead or unconscious person on a scanner to gain unauthorized access has become a common plot device . However , a MythBusters episode revealed that this does n't work ( at least with the scanners available to the program ) . But Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman found a way to convert fingerprints lifted from the hand to a photographic form that the sensor would accept . For obvious reasons , they refuse to reveal the technique . Latent detection Use of fine powder and brush to reveal latent fingerprints Fingerprints dusting of a burglary scene In the 1930s criminal investigators in the United States first discovered the existence of latent fingerprints on the surfaces of fabrics , most notably on the insides of gloves discarded by perpetrators . Since the late nineteenth century , fingerprint identification methods have been used by police agencies around the world to identify suspected criminals as well as the victims of crime . The basis of the traditional fingerprinting technique is simple . The skin on the palmar surface of the hands and feet forms ridges , so - called papillary ridges , in patterns that are unique to each individual and which do not change over time . Even identical twins ( who share their DNA ) do not have identical fingerprints . The best way to render latent fingerprints visible , so that they can be photographed , can be complex and may depend , for example , on the type of surfaces on which they have been left . It is generally necessary to use a ' developer ' , usually a powder or chemical reagent , to produce a high degree of visual contrast between the ridge patterns and the surface on which a fingerprint has been deposited . Developing agents depend on the presence of organic materials or inorganic salts for their effectiveness , although the water deposited may also take a key role . Fingerprints are typically formed from the aqueous - based secretions of the eccrine glands of the fingers and palms with additional material from sebaceous glands primarily from the forehead . This latter contamination results from the common human behaviors of touching the face and hair . The resulting latent fingerprints consist usually of a substantial proportion of water with small traces of amino acids and chlorides mixed with a fatty , sebaceous component which contains a number of fatty acids and triglycerides . Detection of a small proportion of reactive organic substances such as urea and amino acids is far from easy . Fingerprints at a crime scene may be detected by simple powders , or by chemicals applied in situ . More complex techniques , usually involving chemicals , can be applied in specialist laboratories to appropriate articles removed from a crime scene . With advances in these more sophisticated techniques , some of the more advanced crime scene investigation services from around the world were , as of 2010 , reporting that 50 % or more of the fingerprints recovered from a crime scene had been identified as a result of laboratory - based techniques . A city fingerprint identification room . Laboratory techniques Although there are hundreds of reported techniques for fingerprint detection , many of these are only of academic interest and there are only around 20 really effective methods which are currently in use in the more advanced fingerprint laboratories around the world . Some of these techniques , such as ninhydrin , diazafluorenone and vacuum metal deposition , show great sensitivity and are used operationally . Some fingerprint reagents are specific , for example ninhydrin or diazafluorenone reacting with amino acids . Others such as ethyl cyanoacrylate polymerisation , work apparently by water - based catalysis and polymer growth . Vacuum metal deposition using gold and zinc has been shown to be non-specific , but can detect fat layers as thin as one molecule . More mundane methods , such as the application of fine powders , work by adhesion to sebaceous deposits and possibly aqueous deposits in the case of fresh fingerprints . The aqueous component of a fingerprint , whilst initially sometimes making up over 90 % of the weight of the fingerprint , can evaporate quite quickly and may have mostly gone after 24 hours . Following work on the use of argon ion lasers for fingerprint detection , a wide range of fluorescence techniques have been introduced , primarily for the enhancement of chemically developed fingerprints ; the inherent fluorescence of some latent fingerprints may also be detected . Fingerprints can for example be visualized in 3D and without chemicals by the use of infrared lasers . A comprehensive manual of the operational methods of fingerprint enhancement was last published by the UK Home Office Scientific Development Branch in 2013 and is used widely around the world . A technique proposed in 2007 aims to identify an individual 's ethnicity , gender , and dietary patterns . Research The International Fingerprint Research Group ( IFRG ) which meets biennially , consists of members of the leading fingerprint research groups from Europe , the US , Canada , Australia and Israel and leads the way in the development , assessment and implementation of new techniques for operational fingerprint detection . One problem for the early twenty - first century is the fact that the organic component of any deposited material is readily destroyed by heat , such as occurs when a gun is fired or a bomb is detonated , when the temperature may reach as high as 500 ° C. Encouragingly , however , the non-volatile inorganic component of eccrine secretion has been shown to remain intact even when exposed to temperatures as high as 600 ° C . A technique has been developed that enables fingerprints to be visualised on metallic and electrically conductive surfaces without the need to develop the prints first . This technique involves the use of an instrument called a scanning Kelvin probe ( SKP ) , which measures the voltage , or electrical potential , at pre-set intervals over the surface of an object on which a fingerprint may have been deposited . These measurements can then be mapped to produce an image of the fingerprint . A higher resolution image can be obtained by increasing the number of points sampled , but at the expense of the time taken for the process . A sampling frequency of 20 points per mm is high enough to visualise a fingerprint in sufficient detail for identification purposes and produces a voltage map in 2 -- 3 hours . As of 2010 , this technique had been shown to work effectively on a wide range of forensically important metal surfaces including iron , steel and aluminium . While initial experiments were performed on flat surfaces , the technique has been further developed to cope with irregular or curved surfaces , such as the warped cylindrical surface of fired cartridge cases . Research during 2010 at Swansea University has found that physically removing a fingerprint from a metal surface , for example by rubbing with a tissue , does not necessarily result in the loss of all fingerprint information from that surface . The reason for this is that the differences in potential that are the basis of the visualisation are caused by the interaction of inorganic salts in the fingerprint deposit and the metal surface and begin to occur as soon as the finger comes into contact with the metal , resulting in the formation of metal - ion complexes that can not easily be removed . Cartridge case with an applied fingerprint Scanning Kelvin probe scan of the same cartridge case with the fingerprint detected . The Kelvin probe can easily cope with the 3D curvature of the cartridge case , increasing the versatility of the technique . Another problem for the early twenty - first century is that during crime scene investigations , a decision has to be made at an early stage whether to attempt to retrieve fingerprints through the use of developers or whether to swab surfaces in an attempt to salvage material for DNA profiling . The two processes are mutually incompatible , as fingerprint developers destroy material that could potentially be used for DNA analysis , and swabbing is likely to make fingerprint identification impossible . The application of the new scanning Kelvin probe ( SKP ) fingerprinting technique , which makes no physical contact with the fingerprint and does not require the use of developers , has the potential to allow fingerprints to be recorded whilst still leaving intact material that could subsequently be subjected to DNA analysis . A forensically usable prototype was under development at Swansea University during 2010 , in research that was generating significant interest from the British Home Office and a number of different police forces across the UK , as well as internationally . The hope is that this instrument could eventually be manufactured in sufficiently large numbers to be widely used by forensic teams worldwide . Disappearance of children 's latent prints In 1995 , researchers at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory , at the instigation of Detective Art Bohanan of the Knoxville Police Department , discovered that children 's fingerprints are considerably more short - lived than adult fingerprints . The rapid disappearance of children 's fingerprints was attributed to a lack of the more waxy oils that become present at the onset of puberty . The lighter fatty acids of children 's fingerprints evaporate within a few hours . As of 2010 , researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory are investigating techniques to capture these lost fingerprints . Detection of drug use The secretions , skin oils and dead cells in a human fingerprint contain residues of various chemicals and their metabolites present in the body . These can be detected and used for forensic purposes . For example , the fingerprints of tobacco smokers contain traces of cotinine , a nicotine metabolite ; they also contain traces of nicotine itself . Caution should be used , as its presence may be caused by mere contact of the finger with a tobacco product . By treating the fingerprint with gold nanoparticles with attached cotinine antibodies , and then subsequently with a fluorescent agent attached to cotinine antibodies , the fingerprint of a smoker becomes fluorescent ; non-smokers ' fingerprints stay dark . The same approach , as of 2010 , is being tested for use in identifying heavy coffee drinkers , cannabis smokers , and users of various other drugs . In 2008 , British researchers developed methods of identifying users of marijuana , cocaine and methadone from their fingerprint residues . United States databases and compression In the United States , the FBI manages a fingerprint identification system and database called the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System ( IAFIS ) , which currently holds the fingerprints and criminal records of over 51 million criminal record subjects and over 1.5 million civil ( non-criminal ) fingerprint records . US Visit currently holds a repository of the fingerprints of over 50 million non-US citizens , primarily in the form of two - finger records . In 2008 , US Visit hoped to have changed over to a system recording FBI - standard ten - print records . Most American law enforcement agencies use Wavelet Scalar Quantization ( WSQ ) , a wavelet - based system for efficient storage of compressed fingerprint images at 500 pixels per inch ( ppi ) . WSQ was developed by the FBI , the Los Alamos National Lab , and the National Institute for Standards and Technology ( NIST ) . For fingerprints recorded at 1000 ppi spatial resolution , law enforcement ( including the FBI ) uses JPEG 2000 instead of WSQ . A city fingerprint identification office Validity The validity of forensic fingerprint evidence has been challenged by academics , judges and the media . While fingerprint identification was an improvement on earlier anthropometric systems , the subjective nature of matching , despite a very low error rate , has made this forensic practice controversial . Certain specific criticisms are now being accepted by some leaders of the forensic fingerprint community , providing an incentive to improve training and procedures . Criticism The words `` reliability '' and `` validity '' have specific meanings to the scientific community . Reliability means that successive tests bring the same results . Validity means that these results are judged to accurately reflect the external criteria being measured . Although experts are often more comfortable relying on their instincts , this reliance does not always translate into superior predictive ability . For example , in the popular Analysis , Comparison , Evaluation , and Verification ( ACE - V ) paradigm for fingerprint identification , the verification stage , in which a second examiner confirms the assessment of the original examiner , may increase the consistency of the assessments . But while the verification stage has implications for the reliability of latent print comparisons , it does not assure their validity . -- Sandy L Zabell , The few tests that have been made of the validity of forensic fingerprinting have not been supportive of the method . `` Despite the absence of objective standards , scientific validation , and adequate statistical studies , a natural question to ask is how well fingerprint examiners actually perform . Proficiency tests do not validate a procedure per se , but they can provide some insight into error rates . In 1995 , the Collaborative Testing Service ( CTS ) administered a proficiency test that , for the first time , was `` designed , assembled , and reviewed '' by the International Association for Identification ( IAI ) . The results were disappointing . Four suspect cards with prints of all ten fingers were provided together with seven latents . Of 156 people taking the test , only 68 ( 44 % ) correctly classified all seven latents . Overall , the tests contained a total of 48 incorrect identifications . David Grieve , the editor of the Journal of Forensic Identification , describes the reaction of the forensic community to the results of the CTS test as ranging from `` shock to disbelief '' , and added : ' Errors of this magnitude within a discipline singularly admired and respected for its touted absolute certainty as an identification process have produced chilling and mind - numbing realities . Thirty - four participants , an incredible 22 % of those involved , substituted presumed but false certainty for truth . By any measure , this represents a profile of practice that is unacceptable and thus demands positive action by the entire community . ' What is striking about these comments is that they do not come from a critic of the fingerprint community , but from the editor of one of its premier publications . '' -- Sandy L Zabell , Investigations have been conducted into whether experts can objectively focus on feature information in fingerprints without being misled by extraneous information , such as context . Fingerprints that have previously been examined and assessed by latent print experts to make a positive identification of suspects have then been re-presented to those same experts in a new context which makes it likely that there will be no match . Within this new context , most of the fingerprint experts made different judgments , thus contradicting their own previous identification decisions . Complaints have been made that there have been no published , peer - reviewed studies directly examining the extent to which people can correctly match fingerprints to one another . Experiments have been carried out using naïve undergraduates to match images of fingerprints . The results of these experiments demonstrate that people can identify fingerprints quite well , and that matching accuracy can vary as a function of both source finger type and image similarity . Defense Fingerprints collected at a crime scene , or on items of evidence from a crime , have been used in forensic science to identify suspects , victims and other persons who touched a surface . Fingerprint identification emerged as an important system within police agencies in the late 19th century , when it replaced anthropometric measurements as a more reliable method for identifying persons having a prior record , often under a false name , in a criminal record repository . In modern times , researchers can find traces of addictive drugs on just a fingerprint . Track record Fingerprinting has served all governments worldwide during the past 100 years or so to provide identification of criminals . Fingerprints are the fundamental tool in every police agency for the identification of people with a criminal history . They remain the most commonly gathered forensic evidence worldwide , and in most jurisdictions fingerprint examination is more common than all other forensic examination casework combined . Moreover , it continues to expand , with tens of thousands of people added to fingerprint repositories daily in America alone -- far more than other forensic databases . Professional certification Fingerprinting was the basis upon which the first forensic professional organization was formed , the International Association for Identification ( IAI ) , in 1915 . The first professional certification program for forensic scientists was established in 1977 , the IAI 's Certified Latent Print Examiner program , which issued certificates to those meeting stringent criteria and had the power to revoke certification where an individual 's performance warranted it . Other forensic disciplines have followed suit and established their own certification programs . Errors Brandon Mayfield and the Madrid bombing Brandon Mayfield is an Oregon lawyer who was identified as a participant in the 2004 Madrid train bombings based on a fingerprint match by the FBI . The FBI Latent Print Unit processed a fingerprint collected in Madrid and reported a `` 100 percent positive '' match against one of the 20 fingerprint candidates returned in a search response from their Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System . The FBI initially called it an `` absolutely incontrovertible match '' . Subsequently , however , Spanish National Police examiners suggested that the print did not match Mayfield and after two weeks , identified another man whom they claimed the fingerprint did belong to . The FBI acknowledged their error , and a judge released Mayfield , who had spent two weeks in police custody , in May 2004 . In January 2006 , a U.S. Justice Department report was released which criticized the FBI for sloppy work but exonerated them of some more serious allegations . The report found that the misidentification had been due to a misapplication of methodology by the examiners involved : Mayfield is an American - born convert to Islam and his wife is an Egyptian immigrant , but these are not factors that should have affected fingerprint search technology . On November 29 , 2006 , the FBI agreed to pay Brandon Mayfield US $2 million in compensation . The judicial settlement allowed Mayfield to continue a suit regarding certain other government practices surrounding his arrest and detention . The formal apology stated that the FBI , which erroneously linked him to the 2004 Madrid bombing through a fingerprinting mistake , had taken steps to `` ensure that what happened to Mr. Mayfield and the Mayfield family does not happen again . '' René Ramón Sánchez René Ramón Sánchez , a legal Dominican Republic immigrant to the US , was arrested on July 15 , 1995 , on a charge of driving while intoxicated . His fingerprints were mistakenly placed on a card containing the name , Social Security number and other data for one Leo Rosario , who was being processed at the same time . Leo Rosario had been arrested for selling cocaine to an undercover police officer . On October 11 , 2000 , while returning from a visit to relatives in the Dominican Republic , René was misidentified as Leo Rosario at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York and arrested . Even though he did not match the physical description of Rosario , the erroneously cataloged fingerprints were considered to be more reliable . Shirley McKie Shirley McKie was a police detective in 1997 when she was accused of leaving her thumb print inside a house in Kilmarnock , Scotland , where Marion Ross had been murdered . Although McKie denied having been inside the house , she was arrested in a dawn raid the following year and charged with perjury . The only evidence the prosecution had was this thumb print allegedly found at the murder scene . Two American experts testified on her behalf at her trial in May 1999 and she was found not guilty . The Scottish Criminal Record Office ( SCRO ) would not admit any error , although Scottish first minister Jack McConnell later said it had been an `` honest mistake '' . On February 7 , 2006 , McKie was awarded £ 750,000 in compensation from the Scottish Executive and the Scottish Criminal Record Office . Controversy continued to surround the McKie case and the Fingerprint Inquiry into the affair finished taking evidence in November 2009 . The Inquiry Report was published on 11 December 2011 . Stephan Cowans Stephan Cowans was convicted of attempted murder in 1997 after he was accused of shooting a police officer whilst fleeing a robbery in Roxbury , Massachusetts . He was implicated in the crime by the testimony of two witnesses , one of whom was the victim . There was also a fingerprint on a glass mug from which the assailant had drunk some water and experts testified that the fingerprint belonged to Cowans . He was found guilty and sent to prison for 35 years . Whilst in prison , Cowans earned money cleaning up biohazards until he could afford to have the evidence against him tested for DNA . The DNA did not match his and he was released . He had already served six years in prison when he was released on January 23 , 2004 . Cowans died on October 25 , 2007 . Craig D. Harvey In April 1993 , in the New York State Police Troop C scandal , Craig D. Harvey , a New York State Police trooper , was charged with fabricating evidence . Harvey admitted he and another trooper lifted fingerprints from items the suspect , John Spencer , touched while in Troop C headquarters during booking . He attached the fingerprints to evidence cards and later claimed that he had pulled the fingerprints from the scene of the murder . The forged evidence was presented during John Spencer 's trial and his subsequent conviction resulted in a term of 50 years to life in prison at his sentencing . Three state troopers were found guilty of fabricating fingerprint evidence and served prison sentences . History Antiquity and the medieval period Fingerprints have been found on ancient Babylonian clay tablets , seals , and pottery . They have also been found on the walls of Egyptian tombs and on Minoan , Greek , and Chinese pottery , as well as on bricks and tiles from ancient Babylon and Rome . Some of these fingerprints were deposited unintentionally by the potters and masons as a natural consequence of their work , and others were made in the process of adding decoration . However , on some pottery , fingerprints have been impressed so deeply into the clay that they were possibly intended to serve as an identifying mark by the maker . Fingerprints were used as signatures in ancient Babylon in the second millennium BCE . In order to protect against forgery , parties to a legal contract would impress their fingerprints into a clay tablet on which the contract had been written . In Ancient India some texts called Naadi were written by a Rishi called Agastya where the text is said to predict the past , present and the future lives of all humans from thumb print. the Naadi palm leaves are located based on the thumb impressions ( right for men , left for women ) . This ancient Indian system of astrology was called Nadi astrology . By 246 BCE , Chinese officials were impressing their fingerprints into the clay seals used to seal documents . With the advent of silk and paper in China , parties to a legal contract impressed their handprints on the document . Sometime before 851 CE , an Arab merchant in China , Abu Zayd Hasan , witnessed Chinese merchants using fingerprints to authenticate loans . By 702 , Japan allowed illiterate petitioners seeking a divorce to `` sign '' their petitions with a fingerprint . Although ancient peoples probably did not realize that fingerprints could uniquely identify individuals , references from the age of the Babylonian king Hammurabi ( reigned 1792 - 1750 BCE ) indicate that law officials would take the fingerprints of people who had been arrested . During China 's Qin Dynasty , records have shown that officials took hand prints , foot prints as well as finger prints as evidence from a crime scene . In China , around 300 CE , handprints were used as evidence in a trial for theft . By 650 , the Chinese historian Kia Kung - Yen remarked that fingerprints could be used as a means of authentication . In his Jami al - Tawarikh ( Universal History ) , the Persian physician Rashid - al - Din Hamadani ( also known as `` Rashideddin '' , 1247 -- 1318 ) refers to the Chinese practice of identifying people via their fingerprints , commenting : `` Experience shows that no two individuals have fingers exactly alike . '' In Persia at this time , government documents may have been authenticated with thumbprints . Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries In 1665 , the Italian physician Marcello Malpighi ( 1628 -- 1694 ) briefly mentioned , in his De externo tactus organo anatomica observatio , the existence of patterns of ridges and sweat glands on the fingertips . In 1684 , the English physician , botanist , and microscopist Nehemiah Grew ( 1641 -- 1712 ) published the first scientific paper to describe the ridge structure of the skin covering the fingers and palms . In 1685 , the Dutch physician Govard Bidloo ( 1649 -- 1713 ) published a book on anatomy which also illustrated the ridge structure of the fingers . A century later , in 1788 , the German anatomist Johann Christoph Andreas Mayer ( 1747 -- 1801 ) recognized that fingerprints are unique to each individual . Modern era Fingerprints taken by William Herschel 1859 / 60 Fingerprints used instead of signatures on an Indian legal document of 1952 . Jan Evangelista Purkyně or Purkinje ( 1787 -- 1869 ) , a Czech physiologist and professor of anatomy at the University of Breslau , published a thesis in 1823 discussing 9 fingerprint patterns , but he did not mention any possibility of using fingerprints to identify people . In 1840 , following the murder of Lord William Russell , a provincial doctor , Robert Blake Overton , wrote to Scotland Yard suggesting checking for fingerprints but the suggestion , though followed up , did not lead to their routine use by the police for another 50 years . Some years later , the German anatomist Georg von Meissner ( 1829 -- 1905 ) studied friction ridges , and five years after this , in 1858 , Sir William James Herschel initiated fingerprinting in India . In 1877 at Hooghly ( near Calcutta ) he instituted the use of fingerprints on contracts and deeds to prevent the then - rampant repudiation of signatures and he registered government pensioners ' fingerprints to prevent the collection of money by relatives after a pensioner 's death . Herschel also fingerprinted prisoners upon sentencing to prevent various frauds that were attempted in order to avoid serving a prison sentence . In 1863 , Paul - Jean Coulier ( 1824 -- 1890 ) , professor for chemistry and hygiene at the medical and pharmaceutical school of the Val - de-Grâce military hospital in Paris , discovered that iodine fumes can reveal fingerprints on paper . In 1880 , Dr. Henry Faulds , a Scottish surgeon in a Tokyo hospital , published his first paper on the subject in the scientific journal Nature , discussing the usefulness of fingerprints for identification and proposing a method to record them with printing ink . He also established their first classification and was also the first to identify fingerprints left on a vial . Returning to the UK in 1886 , he offered the concept to the Metropolitan Police in London but it was dismissed at that time . Faulds wrote to Charles Darwin with a description of his method but , too old and ill to work on it , Darwin gave the information to his cousin , Francis Galton , who was interested in anthropology . Having been thus inspired to study fingerprints for ten years , Galton published a detailed statistical model of fingerprint analysis and identification and encouraged its use in forensic science in his book Finger Prints . He had calculated that the chance of a `` false positive '' ( two different individuals having the same fingerprints ) was about 1 in 64 billion . Juan Vucetich , an Argentine chief police officer , created the first method of recording the fingerprints of individuals on file , associating these fingerprints to the anthropometric system of Alphonse Bertillon , who had created , in 1879 , a system to identify individuals by anthropometric photographs and associated quantitative descriptions . In 1892 , after studying Galton 's pattern types , Vucetich set up the world 's first fingerprint bureau . In that same year , Francisca Rojas of Necochea , was found in a house with neck injuries , whilst her two sons were found dead with their throats cut . Rojas accused a neighbour , but despite brutal interrogation , this neighbour would not confess to the crimes . Inspector Alvarez , a colleague of Vucetich , went to the scene and found a bloody thumb mark on a door . When it was compared with Rojas ' prints , it was found to be identical with her right thumb . She then confessed to the murder of her sons . Women clerical employees of the Los Angeles Police Department being fingerprinted and photographed in 1928 . A Fingerprint Bureau was established in Calcutta ( Kolkata ) , India , in 1897 , after the Council of the Governor General approved a committee report that fingerprints should be used for the classification of criminal records . Working in the Calcutta Anthropometric Bureau , before it became the first Fingerprint Bureau in the world , were Azizul Haque and Hem Chandra Bose . Haque and Bose were Indian fingerprint experts who have been credited with the primary development of a fingerprint classification system eventually named after their supervisor , Sir Edward Richard Henry . The Henry Classification System , co-devised by Haque and Bose , was accepted in England and Wales when the first United Kingdom Fingerprint Bureau was founded in Scotland Yard , the Metropolitan Police headquarters , London , in 1901 . Sir Edward Richard Henry subsequently achieved improvements in dactyloscopy . In the United States , Dr. Henry P. DeForrest used fingerprinting in the New York Civil Service in 1902 , and by 1906 , New York City Police Department Deputy Commissioner Joseph A. Faurot , an expert in the Bertillon system and a finger print advocate at Police Headquarters , introduced the fingerprinting of criminals to the United States . The Scheffer case of 1902 is the first case of the identification , arrest and conviction of a murderer based upon fingerprint evidence . Alphonse Bertillon identified the thief and murderer Scheffer , who had previously been arrested and his fingerprints filed some months before , from the fingerprints found on a fractured glass showcase , after a theft in a dentist 's apartment where the dentist 's employee was found dead . It was able to be proved in court that the fingerprints had been made after the showcase was broken . A year later , Alphonse Bertillon created a method of getting fingerprints off smooth surfaces and took a further step in the advance of dactyloscopy . Many criminals wear gloves to avoid leaving fingerprints . However , the gloves themselves can leave prints that are as unique as human fingerprints . After collecting glove prints , law enforcement can match them to gloves that they have collected as evidence or to prints collected at other crime scenes . In many jurisdictions the act of wearing gloves itself while committing a crime can be prosecuted as an inchoate offense . As many offenses are crimes of opportunity , assailants do not always possess gloves when they commit their illegal activities . Thus , assailants have been observed using pulled - down sleeves , pieces of clothing , and other fabrics to handle objects and touch surfaces while committing crimes . Privacy Fingerprinting of children Further information : Biometrics in schools Various schools have implemented fingerprint locks or made a record of children 's fingerprints . In the United Kingdom there have been fingerprint locks in Holland Park School in London , and children 's fingerprints are stored on databases . There have also been instances in Belgium , at the école Marie - José in Liège , in France and in Italy . The non-governmental organization ( NGO ) Privacy International in 2002 made the cautionary announcement that tens of thousands of UK school children were being fingerprinted by schools , often without the knowledge or consent of their parents . That same year , the supplier Micro Librarian Systems , which uses a technology similar to that used in US prisons and the German military , estimated that 350 schools throughout Britain were using such systems to replace library cards . By 2007 , it was estimated that 3,500 schools were using such systems . Under the United Kingdom Data Protection Act , schools in the UK do not have to ask parental consent to allow such practices to take place . Parents opposed to fingerprinting may only bring individual complaints against schools . In response to a complaint which they are continuing to pursue , in 2010 the European Commission expressed ' significant concerns ' over the proportionality and necessity of the practice and the lack of judicial redress , indicating that the practice may break the European Union data protection directive . In Belgium , the practice of taking fingerprints from children gave rise to a question in Parliament on February 6 , 2007 , by Michel de La Motte ( Humanist Democratic Centre ) to the Education Minister Marie Arena , who replied that it was legal provided that the school did not use them for external purposes , or to survey the private life of children . At Angers in France , Carqueiranne College in the Var won the Big Brother Award for 2005 and the Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés ( CNIL ) , the official organisation in charge of the protection of privacy in France , declared the measures it had introduced `` disproportionate . '' In March 2007 , the British government was considering fingerprinting all children aged 11 to 15 and adding the prints to a government database as part of a new passport and ID card scheme and disallowing opposition for privacy concerns . All fingerprints taken would be cross-checked against prints from 900,000 unsolved crimes . Shadow Home secretary David Davis called the plan `` sinister '' . An Early Day Motion which called on the UK Government to conduct a full and open consultation with stakeholders about the use of biometrics in schools , secured the support of 85 Members of Parliament ( Early Day Motion 686 ) . Following the establishment in the United Kingdom of a Conservative and Liberal Democratic coalition government in May 2010 , the ID card scheme was scrapped . Serious concerns about the security implications of using conventional biometric templates in schools have been raised by a number of leading IT security experts , one of whom has voiced the opinion that `` it is absolutely premature to begin using ' conventional biometrics ' in schools '' . The vendors of biometric systems claim that their products bring benefits to schools such as improved reading skills , decreased wait times in lunch lines and increased revenues . They do not cite independent research to support this view . One education specialist wrote in 2007 : `` I have not been able to find a single piece of published research which suggests that the use of biometrics in schools promotes healthy eating or improves reading skills amongst children ... There is absolutely no evidence for such claims '' . The Ottawa Police in Canada have advised parents who fear their children may be kidnapped , to fingerprint their children . Other uses Welfare claimants It has been alleged that taking the fingerprints of welfare recipients as identification serves as a social stigma that evokes cultural images associated with the processing of criminals . Log - in authentication and other locks Since 2000 , electronic fingerprint readers have been introduced for security applications such as log - in authentication for the identification of computer users . However , some less sophisticated devices have been discovered to be vulnerable to quite simple methods of deception , such as fake fingerprints cast in gels . In 2006 , fingerprint sensors gained popularity in the notebook PC market . Built - in sensors in laptops , such as ThinkPads , VAIO , HP Pavilion and EliteBook laptops , and others also double as motion detectors for document scrolling , like the scroll wheel . Following the release of the iPhone 5S model , a group of German hackers announced on September 21 , 2013 , that they had bypassed Apple 's new Touch ID fingerprint sensor by photographing a fingerprint from a glass surface and using that captured image as verification . The spokesman for the group stated : `` We hope that this finally puts to rest the illusions people have about fingerprint biometrics . It is plain stupid to use something that you ca n't change and that you leave everywhere every day as a security token . '' Electronic registration and library access Fingerprints and , to a lesser extent , iris scans can be used to validate electronic registration , cashless catering , and library access . By 2007 , this practice was particularly widespread in UK schools , and it was also starting to be adopted in some states in the US . Absence or mutilation of fingerprints A very rare medical condition , adermatoglyphia , is characterized by the absence of fingerprints . Affected persons have completely smooth fingertips , palms , toes and soles , but no other medical signs or symptoms . A 2011 study indicated that adermatoglyphia is caused by the improper expression of the protein SMARCAD1 . The condition has been called immigration delay disease by the researchers describing it , because the congenital lack of fingerprints causes delays when affected persons attempt to prove their identity while traveling . Only five families with this condition have been described as of 2011 . People with Naegeli -- Franceschetti -- Jadassohn syndrome and dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis , which are both forms of ectodermal dysplasia , also have no fingerprints . Both of these rare genetic syndromes produce other signs and symptoms as well , such as thin , brittle hair . The anti-cancer medication capecitabine may cause the loss of fingerprints . Swelling of the fingers , such as that caused by bee stings , will in some cases cause the temporary disappearance of fingerprints , though they will return when the swelling recedes . Since the elasticity of skin decreases with age , many senior citizens have fingerprints that are difficult to capture . The ridges get thicker ; the height between the top of the ridge and the bottom of the furrow gets narrow , so there is less prominence . Fingerprints can be erased permanently and this can potentially be used by criminals to reduce their chance of conviction . Erasure can be achieved in a variety of ways including simply burning the fingertips , using acids and advanced techniques such as plastic surgery . John Dillinger burned his fingers with acid , but prints taken during a previous arrest and upon death still exhibited almost complete relation to one another . Fingerprint recognition Fingerprint authentication refers to the automated method of verifying a match between two human fingerprints . Fingerprints are one of many forms of biometrics used to identify individuals and verify their identity . The analysis of fingerprints for matching purposes generally requires the comparison of several features of the print pattern . These include patterns , which are aggregate characteristics of ridges , and minutia points , which are unique features found within the patterns . It is also necessary to know the structure and properties of human skin in order to successfully employ some of the imaging technologies . Patterns The three basic patterns of fingerprint ridges are the arch , loop , and whorl : arch : The ridges enter from one side of the finger , rise in the center forming an arc , and then exit the other side of the finger . loop : The ridges enter from one side of a finger , form a curve , and then exit on that same side . whorl : Ridges form circularly around a central point on the finger . Scientists have found that family members often share the same general fingerprint patterns , leading to the belief that these patterns are inherited . Fingerprint processing Fingerprint processing has three primary functions : enrollment , searching and verification . Among these functions , enrollment which captures fingerprint image from the sensor plays an important role . A reason is that the way people put their fingerprints on a mirror to scan can affect to the result in the searching and verifying process . Regarding to verification function , there are several techniques to match fingerprints such as correlation - based matching , minutiae - based matching , ridge feature - based matching and minutiae - based algorithm . However , the most popular algorithm was minutiae based matching algorithm due to its efficiency and accuracy . Minutiae features The major minutia features of fingerprint ridges are ridge ending , bifurcation , and short ridge ( or dot ) . The ridge ending is the point at which a ridge terminates . Bifurcations are points at which a single ridge splits into two ridges . Short ridges ( or dots ) are ridges which are significantly shorter than the average ridge length on the fingerprint . Minutiae and patterns are very important in the analysis of fingerprints since no two fingers have been shown to be identical . Ridge ending . Bifurcation . Short ridge ( dot ) . Defeats In 2002 , a Japanese cryptographer demonstrated how fingerprint recognition devices can be fooled 4 out of 5 times using a combination of low cunning , cheap kitchen supplies and a digital camera . Latent fingerprints from a glass were enhanced with super-glue fumes in the form of cyanoacrylate adhesive and photographed . An image editor was then used to improve the contrast and the result printed onto a transparency sheet . The sheet was used to expose a UV sensitive printed - circuit board and etched . The copper imprint were then used for a plastic finger mold . A gelatin found in Gummy bears was molded into a fake finger . Eleven commercially available fingerprint biometric systems took the fake finger as the real thing . Noted cryptographer Bruce Schneier said `` The results are enough to scrap the systems completely , and to send the various fingerprint biometric companies packing . '' Fingerprint recognition in electronic devices Two of the first smartphone manufacturers to integrate fingerprint recognition into their phones were Motorola with the Atrix 4G in 2011 , and Apple with the iPhone 5S on 10 September 2013 . One month after , HTC launched the One Max , which also included fingerprint recognition . In April 2014 , Samsung released the Galaxy S5 , which integrated a fingerprint sensor on the home button . Since December 2015 , cheaper smartphones with fingerprint recognition have been released , such as the $100 UMI Fair . Samsung also recently introduced fingerprint sensors to its mid-range A-series smartphones . On 25 September 2015 with iPhone 6s , two years after introduction of its first fingerprint scanner in the iPhone 5S , Apple introduced a new generation fingerprint scanner claiming faster response times . In August 2016 , OPPO claimed 0 , 22s response time in its Oppo F1 's model . Hewlett Packard , Asus , Huawei , Lenovo and Apple are using fingerprint reader in their laptops . Synaptics says the SecurePad sensor is now available for OEMs to start building into their laptops . Fingerprint sensors A fingerprint sensor is an electronic device used to capture a digital image of the fingerprint pattern . The captured image is called a live scan . This live scan is digitally processed to create a biometric template ( a collection of extracted features ) which is stored and used for matching . Many technologies have been used including optical , capacitive , RF , thermal , piezoresistive , ultrasonic , piezoelectric , MEMS . This is an overview of some of the more commonly used fingerprint sensor technologies . Optical Optical fingerprint imaging involves capturing a digital image of the print using visible light . This type of sensor is , in essence , a specialized type of digital camera . The top layer of the sensor , where the finger is placed , is known as the touch surface . Beneath this layer is a light - emitting phosphor layer which illuminates the surface of the finger . The light reflected from the finger passes through the phosphor layer to an array of solid state pixels ( a charge - coupled device ) which captures a visual image of the fingerprint . A scratched or dirty touch surface can cause a bad image of the fingerprint . A disadvantage of this type of sensor is the fact that the imaging capabilities are affected by the quality of skin on the finger . For instance , a dirty or marked finger is difficult to image properly . Also , it is possible for an individual to erode the outer layer of skin on the fingertips to the point where the fingerprint is no longer visible . It can also be easily fooled by an image of a fingerprint if not coupled with a `` live finger '' detector . However , unlike capacitive sensors , this sensor technology is not susceptible to electrostatic discharge damage . Fingerprints can be read from a distance . Ultrasonic Ultrasonic sensors make use of the principles of medical ultrasonography in order to create visual images of the fingerprint . Unlike optical imaging , ultrasonic sensors use very high frequency sound waves to penetrate the epidermal layer of skin . The sound waves are generated using piezoelectric transducers and reflected energy is also measured using piezoelectric materials . Since the dermal skin layer exhibits the same characteristic pattern of the fingerprint , the reflected wave measurements can be used to form an image of the fingerprint . This eliminates the need for clean , undamaged epidermal skin and a clean sensing surface . LeEco became the first company to introduce this in Smartphone . Capacitance Capacitance sensors use principles associated with capacitance in order to form fingerprint images . In this method of imaging , the sensor array pixels each act as one plate of a parallel - plate capacitor , the dermal layer ( which is electrically conductive ) acts as the other plate , and the non-conductive epidermal layer acts as a dielectric . Apple 's Touch ID uses a capacitance fingerprint sensor . Passive capacitance A passive capacitance sensor use the principle outlined above to form an image of the fingerprint patterns on the dermal layer of skin . Each sensor pixel is used to measure the capacitance at that point of the array . The capacitance varies between the ridges and valleys of the fingerprint due to the fact that the volume between the dermal layer and sensing element in valleys contains an air gap . The dielectric constant of the epidermis and the area of the sensing element are known values . The measured capacitance values are then used to distinguish between fingerprint ridges and valleys . Active capacitance Active capacitance sensors use a charging cycle to apply a voltage to the skin before measurement takes place . The application of voltage charges the effective capacitor . The electric field between the finger and sensor follows the pattern of the ridges in the dermal skin layer . On the discharge cycle , the voltage across the dermal layer and sensing element is compared against a reference voltage in order to calculate the capacitance . The distance values are then calculated mathematically , and used to form an image of the fingerprint . Active capacitance sensors measure the ridge patterns of the dermal layer like the ultrasonic method . Again , this eliminates the need for clean , undamaged epidermal skin and a clean sensing surface . Algorithms Matching algorithms are used to compare previously stored templates of fingerprints against candidate fingerprints for authentication purposes . In order to do this either the original image must be directly compared with the candidate image or certain features must be compared . Pre-processing Pre-processing helped enhancing the quality of an image by filtering and removing unnecessary noises . The minutiae based algorithm only worked effectively in 8 - bit gray scale fingerprint image . A reason was that an 8 - bit gray fingerprint image was a fundamental base to convert the image to 1 - bit image with value 0 for ridges and value 1 for furrows . As a result , the ridges were highlighted with black color while the furrows were highlighted with white color . This process partly removed some noises in an image and helped enhance the edge detection . Furthermore , there are two more steps to improve the best quality for the input image : minutiae extraction and false minutiae removal . The minutiae extraction was carried out by applying ridge thinning algorithm which was to remove redundant pixels of ridges . As a result , the thinned ridges of the fingerprint image are marked with a unique ID so that further operation can be conducted . After the minutiae extraction step , the false minutiae removal was also necessary . The lack of the amount of ink and the cross link among the ridges could cause false minutiae that led to inaccuracy in fingerprint recognition process . Pattern - based ( or image - based ) algorithms Pattern based algorithms compare the basic fingerprint patterns ( arch , whorl , and loop ) between a previously stored template and a candidate fingerprint . This requires that the images can be aligned in the same orientation . To do this , the algorithm finds a central point in the fingerprint image and centers on that . In a pattern - based algorithm , the template contains the type , size , and orientation of patterns within the aligned fingerprint image . The candidate fingerprint image is graphically compared with the template to determine the degree to which they match . In other species Some other animals have evolved their own unique prints , especially those whose lifestyle involves climbing or grasping wet objects ; these include many primates , such as gorillas and chimpanzees , Australian koalas and aquatic mammal species such as the North American fisher . According to one study , even with an electron microscope , it can be quite difficult to distinguish between the fingerprints of a koala and a human . Koalas ' independent development of fingerprints is an example of convergent evolution . In fiction Mark Twain Mark Twain 's memoir Life on the Mississippi ( 1883 ) , notable mainly for its account of the author 's time on the river , also recounts parts of his later life , and includes tall tales and stories allegedly told to him . Among them is an involved , melodramatic account of a murder in which the killer is identified by a thumbprint . Twain 's novel Pudd'nhead Wilson , published in 1893 , includes a courtroom drama that turns on fingerprint identification . Crime fiction The use of fingerprints in crime fiction has , of course , kept pace with its use in real - life detection . Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wrote a short story about his celebrated sleuth Sherlock Holmes which features a fingerprint : `` The Norwood Builder '' is a 1903 short story set in 1894 and involves the discovery of a bloody fingerprint which helps Holmes to expose the real criminal and free his client . The British detective writer R. Austin Freeman 's first Thorndyke novel The Red Thumb - Mark was published in 1907 and features a bloody fingerprint left on a piece of paper together with a parcel of diamonds inside a safe - box . These become the center of a medico - legal investigation led by Dr. Thorndyke , who defends the accused whose fingerprint matches that on the paper , after the diamonds are stolen . Film and television On the television series Bonanza ( 1959 -- 1973 ) , the first episode with the ethnic Chinese character , Hop Sing , # 316 The Mark of Guilt was about fingerprinting and its relationship to Chinese culture . Hop Sing uses his Oriental knowledge of `` chops '' ( unique prints from fingers ) to free Little Joe from a murder charge . The movie Men in Black , a popular 1997 science fiction thriller , required Agent J , played by Will Smith , to remove his ten fingerprints by putting his hands on a metal ball , an action deemed necessary by the MIB agency to remove the identity of its agents . In a 2009 science fiction movie starring Paul Giamatti , Cold Souls , a mule who is paid to smuggle souls across borders , wears latex fingerprints to frustrate airport security terminals . She can change her identity by changing her wig , and switching latex fingerprints from the privacy of a restroom , storing extra fingerprints in a ziploc bag , so she can assume an alias that is suitable to her undertaking . Other reliable identifiers Other forms of biometric identification utilizing a physical attribute that is nearly unique to humans include iris recognition , the tongue and DNA profiling , also known as genetic fingerprinting . Forensic dentistry has also been used as an identifier , but bite mark analysis is notable for being unreliable . See also Authentication Biometrics Biometric technology in access control Eye vein verification Feature extraction Fingerprint Verification Competition Finger Vein recognition Heredity Iris recognition Medical ultrasonography Minutiae Piezoelectricity Touch ID Shirley McKie , misidentified fingerprint References ^ Jump up to : `` Peer Reviewed Glossary of the Scientific Working Group on Friction Ridge Analysis , Study and Technology ( SWGFAST ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2012 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Robert D. Sr ( 1972 ) . `` The Chemical Composition of Palmar Sweat '' . Fingerprint and Identification Magazine . 53 ( 10 ) . Jump up ^ Hueske , Edward . Firearms and Fingerprints . Facts on File / Infobase Publishing , New York . 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 5512 - 8 Jump up ^ Horace Cox , ed. ( 1905 ) . The Law Times : The Journal and Record : The Law and The Lawyers . vol . CXIX . London : The Law Times . p. 563 . Jump up ^ Hall , Angus . The Crime Busters . Book Sales , United Kingdom / United States . 1989 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55521 - 434 - 0 . Jump up ^ Bhanoo , Sindya N. ( 20 November 2015 ) . `` Science -- New Technique Can Identify Gender From a Fingerprint '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on 21 November 2015 . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Huynh , Crystal ; Brunelle , Erica ; Halámková , Lenka ; Agudelo , Juliana ; Halámek , Jan ( 13 October 2015 ) . `` Forensic Identification of Gender from Fingerprints '' . Analytical Chemistry . 87 ( 22 ) : 11531 -- 36 . doi : 10.1021 / acs. analchem. 5b03323 . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fake finger reveals the secrets of touch '' Archived 2009 - 01 - 31 at the Wayback Machine. , Nature , 29 January 2009 , doi : 10.1038 / news. 2009.68 Jump up ^ `` Fingerprint grip theory rejected '' . BBC . June 2009 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2009 . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Engert , Gerald J. ( 1964 ) . `` International Corner '' . Identification News . 14 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Henry , Edward R. , Sir ( 1900 ) . `` Classification and Uses of Finger Prints '' ( PDF ) . London : George Rutledge & Sons , Ltd . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Conklin , Barbara Gardner , Robert Gardner , and Dennis Shortelle . Encyclopedia of Forensic Science : a Compendium of Detective Fact and Fiction . Westport , Conn. : Oryx , 2002 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Ashbaugh , David R. `` Ridgeology '' ( PDF ) . Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2013 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zabell , Sandy . `` Fingerprint Evidence '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Law and Policy . Jump up ^ Johnson , P. Lee ( 1973 ) . `` Life of Latents '' . Identification News . 23 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Manchester Evening News , June 17 , 2010 , front page Jump up ^ Fiebig , Tobias ; Krissler , Jan ; Hänsch , Ronny ( August 2014 ) . Security Impact of High Resolution Smartphone Cameras . Usenix Association . Archived from the original on 9 February 2015 . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Krissler , Jan . `` '' Ich sehe , also bin ich du '' ( Talk at 31C3 conference ) '' ( in German ) . ccc - tv . Archived from the original on 9 February 2015 . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kremen , Rachel ( September 2009 ) . `` Touchless 3 - D Fingerprinting : A new system offers better speed and accuracy '' . Technology Review . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ross , A. ; Jain , A. ( 2004 ) . `` Estimating fingerprint deformation '' . Proceedings of the International Conference on Biometric Authentication ( ICBA ) . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wang , Yongchang ; Q. Hao ; A. Fatehpuria ; D.L. Lau ; L.G. Hassebrook ( 2009 ) . `` Data Acquisition and Quality Analysis of 3 - Dimensional Fingerprints '' ( PDF ) . Florida : IEEE conference on Biometrics , Identity and Security . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 16 , 2011 . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wang , Yongchang ; D.L. Lau ; L.G. Hassebrook ( 2010 ) . `` Fit - sphere unwrapping and performance analysis of 3D Fingerprints '' ( PDF ) . Applied Optics. 49 ( 4 ) : 592 -- 600 . Bibcode : 2010ApOpt ... 49 ... 592W . doi : 10.1364 / ao. 49.000592 . PMID 20119006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Wang , Yongchang ; Q. Hao ; A. Fatehpuria ; L.G. Hassebrook ; D.L. Lau ( July 2010 ) . `` Quality and Matching Performance Analysis of 3D Unraveled Fingerprints '' ( PDF ) . 49 ( 7 ) . Optical Engineering : 077202 ( 1 -- 10 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` O'Dougherty Urges All Be Fingerprinted : U.S. Attorney Describes Sciences of Crime Detection to Democrats '' . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . March 8 , 1938 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dalrymple , BE ; Duff , JM ; Menzel , ER. ( 1977 ) . `` Inherent fingerprint luminescence -- detection by laser '' . Journal of Forensic Sciences . 22 ( 1 ) : 106 -- 15 . Bibcode : 1977SPIE ... 108 ... 118D . doi : 10.1117 / 12.955491 . Jump up ^ `` Spectroscopic IR laser scanner revealed `` in Microscopy & Analysis , July 6 , 2018 , Google Patent for Patent DE102014203918B4 Archived 2017 - 02 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . concerning Methode and apparatus for detecting the surface structure and texture of a sample , `` Fingerabdruck - Scanner '' in pvt . Polizei Verkehr Technik . Fachzeitschrift für Polizei - und Verkehrsmanagement , Technik und Ausstattung 2017 , 43 , `` Digitaler Pinsel macht Forensik schneller '' in Rhein - Zeitung vom 20 . Dezember 2016 Archived 2017 - 01 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Fingerprint Source Book : manual of development techniques , published 26 March 2013 Archived 11 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine . retrieved on 9 February 2017 ; see also Max M. Houck ( Ed . ) : Forensic Fingerprints , London 2016 , p. 21 , 50 er seq . Archived 2017 - 12 - 28 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Fleming , Nic . `` Fingerprints can reveal race and sex '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Swansea University Archived 2007 - 09 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. , Materials Research Centre , Professor Neil McMurray and Dr. Geraint Williams . Jump up ^ Ward , Mark ( April 2006 ) . `` Fingerprints hide lifestyle clues '' . BBC . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2007 . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bombers Tracked By New Technique '' . SkyNews. April 2006 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Oak Ridge National Laboratory : The Case of the Vanishing Fingerprint '' . Ornl.gov. 1995 - 03 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Paul Marks ( May 18 , 2007 ) `` New fingerprint analysis identifies smokers '' Archived 2015 - 06 - 10 at the Wayback Machine. , New Scientist ( on - line version ) . Jump up ^ Tom Simonite ( April 3 , 2006 ) `` Fingerprints reveal clues to suspects ' habits '' Archived 2015 - 06 - 10 at the Wayback Machine. , New Scientist ( on - line version ) . Jump up ^ Everts , Sarah ( December 2008 ) . `` Fingerprints Reveal Drug Use '' . Chemical & Engineering News . 86 ( 51 ) : 34 . Jump up ^ `` Specter , Michael `` Do Fingerprints Lie '' The New Yorker `` . Michaelspecter.com. 2002 - 05 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Zabell , Sandy L. , Fingerprint Evidence , Journal of Law and Policy ( Brooklyn College Law School ) 143 -- 77 ( 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : Dror , I.E. , Charlton , D. and Péron , A.E. ( 2006 ) `` Contextual information renders experts vulnerable to making erroneous identifications '' , Forensic Science International , Vol. 156 , Iss. 1 , pp. 74 -- 78 . ^ Jump up to : Vokey , J.R. , Tangen , J.M. and Cole , S.A , ( 2009 ) , `` On the preliminary psychophysics of fingerprint identification '' , The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , Vol 62 , Iss 5 , pp 1023 -- 1040 . Jump up ^ Muramoto , S ; Forbes , TP ; van Asten , AC ; Gillen , G ( 2015 ) . `` Test Sample for the Spatially Resolved Quantification of Illicit Drugs on Fingerprints Using Imaging Mass Spectrometry '' . Analytical Chemistry . 87 ( 10 ) : 5444 -- 50 . doi : 10.1021 / acs. analchem. 5b01060 . PMID 25915085 . Jump up ^ `` International Association for Identification History , retrieved August 2006 '' . Theiai.org . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Bonebrake , George J ( 1978 ) . `` Report on the Latent Print Certification Program '' . Identification News . 28 ( 3 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Will Pay $2 Million to Lawyer Wrongly Jailed -- New York Times '' ( article ) , by Eric Lichtbau , New York Times , 2006 - 11 - 30 , webpage : NYT - 061130 - settle Archived 2017 - 07 - 01 at the Wayback Machine. : on Brandon Mayfield mistaken arrest . Jump up ^ New York Times ; May 31 , 2004 ; Can Prints Lie ? Yes , Man Finds To His Dismay . In front of the immigration judge , the tall , muscular man began to weep . No , he had patiently tried to explain , he was not Leo Rosario , a drug dealer and a prime candidate for deportation . He was telling the truth . He was René Ramón Sánchez , an auto - body worker and merengue singer ... Jump up ^ `` ' Relief ' over fingerprint verdict '' . BBC News . February 7 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Fingerprint Inquiry Scotland '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Archived websites '' . thefingerprintinquiryscotland.org.uk. April 29 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Abel , David ( 2007 - 10 - 26 ) . `` Man wrongly convicted in Boston police shooting found dead '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` An Officer 's Guilt Casts Shadow on Trials '' . New York Times . March 4 , 1993 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2013 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Police Investigation Supervisor Admits Faking Fingerprints '' . New York Times . July 30 , 1993 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2010 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Laufer , Berthold ( 1912 ) . `` History of the finger - print system '' . Smithsonian Institution Annual Report . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 14 . Reprinted in `` The Print ( newsletter of South California Association of Fingerprint Officers ) '' ( PDF ) . 16 ( 2 ) . March -- April 2000 : 1 -- 13 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Ashbaugh , David ( 1999 ) . Quantitative - Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis : An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Ridgeology . Boca Raton , Florida : CRC Press . pp. 11 -- 19 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 7007 - 8 . Jump up ^ Åström , Paul ( 2007 ) . `` The study of ancient fingerprints '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Ancient Fingerprints ( 1 ) : 2 -- 3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Åström , Paul ; Eriksson , Sven A. ( 1980 ) . `` Fingerprints and Archaeology '' . Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology series . Göteborg , Sweden : Paul Åströms Förlag. 28 . Jump up ^ `` Finger prints found on pottery '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 网站 地图 _ 广东 强 富裕 投资 股份 有限 公司 www.articesbase.com '' . Articesbase.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kris Dhingra ( 12 October 2007 ) . `` Nadi Astrology -- Opening The Leaf To Your Future '' . Delhi Planet , India . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Reinaud , Joseph Toussaint ( 1845 ) . `` Relation des voyages faits par les Arabes et les Persans dans l'Inde et a la Chine dans le IX Siecle '' . I. Paris : Imprimerie royale : 42 . quoted in : Laufer ( 1912 ) Jump up ^ David R. Ashbaugh , Quantitative - Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis : An introduction to basic and advanced ridgeology ( Boca Raton , Florida : CRC Press LLC , 1999 ) , p. 19 Archived 2016 - 11 - 17 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Cyril John Polson ( 1951 ) `` Finger prints and finger printing : an historical study '' , Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , 41 ( 4 ) : 495 -- 517 ; see p. 499 . Available on - line at : Northwestern University Archived 2014 - 08 - 09 at the Wayback Machine ... Conclusion : Cyril John Polson ( 1951 ) `` Finger prints and finger printing : an historical study '' , Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , 41 ( 5 ) : 690 - 704 . Available on - line at : Northwestern University Archived 2014 - 08 - 09 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Cummins , Harold ( 1941 ) . `` Ancient finger prints in clay '' . The Scientific Monthly . 52 : 389 -- 402 . Bibcode : 1941SciMo ... 52 ... 389C . Reprinted in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , volume 34 , 4 , pp. 468 -- 81 , November -- December 1941 Jump up ^ Ashbaugh ( 1999 ) , p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` 千 余 學者 摸 清 我國 民族 膚 紋 `` 家底 '' 南北 是 一家 '' ( in Chinese ) . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ See : Ashbaugh ( 1999 ) , page 17 . Laufer ( 1912 ) , pp. 642 - 643 . Archived 2016 - 06 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . E. Chavannes ( 1905 ) `` Les livres chinois avant l'invention du papier '' ( Chinese books before the invention of paper ) , Journal asiatique , 10th series , 5 : 5 - 75 ; see especially p. 56 . Archived 2015 - 10 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . From p. 56 : `` Kia Kong - yen ... ( vers 650 ) ajoute ici la glose : `` Les entailles faites sur le côté des ces fiches , c'est comme aujourd'hui les emprientes du doigt '' ... `` ( Kia Kong - yen ... ( about 650 ) adds here the gloss : `` The notches made on the sides of these sheets are like fingerprints today '' ... ) Jump up ^ Cole , Simon ( 2001 ) . Suspect Identities : A history of fingerprinting and criminal identification . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . pp. 60 -- 61 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00455 - 8 . Jump up ^ Malpighi , Marcello ( 1665 ) . De Externo Tactus Organo Anatomica Observatio ( Anatomical Observations of the External Organs of Touch ) . Naples , Italy : Aegidius Longus . p. 7 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 17 . Malpighi examined a fingertip ( `` extremum digiti '' ) with a microscope , `` ... & dum attentius inaequales illas rugas quasi in gyrum , vel in spiras ductas contemplor , ... '' ( ... and while I carefully observed those irregular wrinkles as if formed in a circle or in a spiral ... ) Jump up ^ Grew , Nehemiah ( 1684 ) . `` The description and use of the pores in the skin of the hands and feet '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society . 14 ( 155 -- 166 ) : 566 -- 67 . Bibcode : 1684RSPT ... 14 ... 566G . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1684.0028 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Bidloo , Govard ( 1685 ) . Anatomia Humani Corporis ( Anatomy of the Human Body ) . Amsterdam , Netherlands . The illustrations of the structure of the skin appear in Plate 4 ( T. 4 ) Archived 2017 - 09 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . and the illustrations are explained on the following page , Quartæ Tabulæ , in Latin . Jump up ^ Mayer , Johann Christoph Andreas ( 1788 ) . Anatomische Kupfertafeln nebst dazu gehörigen Erklärungen ( Anatomical Illustrations ( etchings ) with Accompanying Explanations , volume 4 ) . Berlin , Prussia : Georg Jacob Decker und Sohn . p. 5 . From p. 5 : `` Zweite Figur. ... Obwohl niemals bey zween Menschen die Lagen der Hautwärzgen übereinkommen , ... '' ( Second figure. ... Although the positions of the skin papillae never agree between two people , ... ) Available on - line at : University of Heidelberg . See also : illustrations of friction ridges . Archived 2017 - 12 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The History of Fingerprints '' . Onin . February 2010 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2010 . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Purkyně , Jan Evangelista ( 1823 ) . Commentatio de examine physiologico organi visus et systematis cutanei ( Commentary on the physiological examination of the visual organ and the skin system ) . Breslau , Prussia : University of Breslau Press . p. 43 . From p. 43 : `` Ego hucusque post observationes innumeras novem potissimum varietates flexurarum inveneram ad quas valleculae tactui inservientes in interna parte extremae digitorum phalangis disponuntur . '' ( So far , after innumerable observations , I have found nine main varieties of bends in which are arranged the grooves serving touch in the inward part of the fingertip . ) Purkyně then lists and characterizes each fingerprint pattern . See also : Cummins , Harold ; Wright Kennedy , Rebecca ( September -- October 1940 ) . `` Purkinje 's observations ( 1823 ) on finger prints and other skin features '' . The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 31 ( 3 ) : 343 -- 356 . doi : 10.2307 / 1137436 . Jump up ^ Alberge , Dalya ( 9 December 2012 ) . `` Vital clue ignored for 50 years '' . London : Independent . Archived from the original on 7 January 2016 . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ von Meissner , Georg ( 1853 ) . Beiträge zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Haut ( Contributions to the Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin ) . Leipzig , Saxony : Leopold Voss . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Herschel , William J ( 1916 ) . The Origin of Finger - Printing ( PDF ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 104 - 66225 - 7 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2011 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Herschel , William James ( November 25 , 1880 ) . `` Skin furrows of the hand '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 23 ( 578 ) : 76 . Bibcode : 1880Natur ... 23 ... 76H . doi : 10.1038 / 023076b0 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Coulier , Paul - Jean ( 1863 ) `` Les vapeurs d'iode employées comme moyen de reconnaitre l'altération des écritures '' Archived 2016 - 11 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . ( Iodine vapors used as a means of recognizing the alteration of writing ) , L'Année scientifique et industrielle , vol. 8 , pp. 157 -- 60 . Coulier was trying to develop means of detecting forgeries . He would expose a suspect document to iodine vapor , and the iodine would deposit on the paper , revealing otherwise invisible pen indentations . However , ... It has happened several times to Mr. Coulier that stains form in places where his fingers had touched the paper . When a finger is applied to the paper without rubbing , iodine stains reproduce with wonderful fidelity the papillae ( friction ridges ) of the skin , and as they have patterns of infinite variety , just like the lines of the hand , the result is that it is not impossible to recognize , in these traces , the individual who touched the paper . It would suffice to put the fingers of the person in question on a sheet of white paper and then , after exposing the page to iodine vapor , one could obtain in this way prints that could be compared , by means of a loupe ( lens ) or compass , to the prints that are being identified . ( Coulier ( 1863 ) , p. 159 . ) See also : Margot , Pierre and Quinche , Nicolas ( March -- April 2010 ) `` Coulier , Paul - Jean ( 1824 -- 1890 ) : A precursor in the history of fingermark detection and their potential use for identifying their source ( 1863 ) '' , Journal of Forensic Identification , vol. 60 , no . 2 , pp. 129 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Faulds , Henry ( October 28 , 1880 ) . `` On the skin - furrows of the hand '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 22 ( 574 ) : 605 . Bibcode : 1880Natur ... 22 ... 605F . doi : 10.1038 / 022605a0 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reid , Donald L. ( 2003 ) . `` Dr. Henry Faulds -- Beith Commemorative Society '' . Journal of Forensic Identification. 53 ( 2 ) . See also this on - line article on Henry Faulds : Tredoux , Gavan ( December 2003 ) . `` Henry Faulds : the Invention of a Fingerprinter '' . galton.org . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Galton , Francis ( 1892 ) . `` Finger Prints '' ( PDF ) . London : MacMillan and Co . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 10 - 12 . From p. 110 : `` The result is , that the chance of lineations , constructed by the imagination according to strictly natural forms , which shall be found to resemble those of a single finger print in all of their minutiæ , is less than 1 to 2 × 2 × 2 , or 1 to 2 , or 1 to about sixty - four thousand millions . '' Jump up ^ Tewari , RK ; Ravikumar , KV ( 2000 ) . `` History and development of forensic science in India '' . J. Postgrad Med ( 46 ) : 303 -- 08 . Jump up ^ Sodhi , J.S. ; Kaur , asjeed ( 2005 ) . `` The forgotten Indian pioneers of finger print science '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . 88 ( 1 ) : 185 -- 91 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2005 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Berlière , Jean - Marc ( October 16 , 1902 ) . `` Arrestation du premier assassin confondu par ses empreintes digitales '' . Célébrations Nationales . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sawer , Patrick ( 2008 - 12 - 13 ) . `` Police use glove prints to catch criminals '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ James W.H. McCord and Sandra L. McCord , Criminal Law and Procedure for the paralegal : a systems approach , supra , p. 127 . Jump up ^ I Hope This Is n't Another Bait Car , Man ! on YouTube Jump up ^ Caught on cam : Bait Car Thieves on YouTube Jump up ^ Empreintes digitales pour les enfants d'une école de Londres Archived 2007 - 10 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . ( in French ) Jump up ^ Leave Them Kids Alone Archived 2007 - 03 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . ( in English ) Jump up ^ Empreintes digitales pour sécuriser l'école ? Archived 2007 - 07 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . ( in French ) Jump up ^ `` Le lecteur d'empreintes dans les écoles crée la polémique '' ( in French ) . 7sur7.be . February 5 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fingerprinting of UK school kids causes outcry Archived 2017 - 08 - 10 at the Wayback Machine. , The Register , July 22 , 2002 ( in English ) ^ Jump up to : Child fingerprint plan considered Archived 2007 - 03 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , BBC , March 4 , 2007 ( in English ) Jump up ^ Schools can fingerprint children without parental consent Archived 2017 - 08 - 10 at the Wayback Machine. , The Register , September 7 , 2006 ( in English ) Jump up ^ Europe tells Britain to justify itself over fingerprinting children in schools Archived 2011 - 01 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . 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Jump up ^ Kim Cameron , architect of identity and access in the Connected Systems Division at Microsoft . blog Archived 2007 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Fingerprint Software Eliminates Privacy Concerns and Establishes Success '' . FindBiometrics . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ 2007 . Dr. Sandra Leaton Gray of Homerton College , Cambridge : professional opinion Archived 2007 - 06 - 20 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Child Print Archived 2007 - 05 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . ( Ottawa Police Service ) ( in English ) / ( in French ) Jump up ^ Murray , Harry ( March 2000 ) . `` Deniable Degradation : The Finger - Imaging of Welfare Recipients '' . Sociological Forum. 15 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 63 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1007594003722 . ISSN 0884 - 8971 . Jump up ^ Stephen Musil ( 22 September 2013 ) . `` Hackers claim to have defeated Apple 's Touch ID print sensor '' . Cnet . CBS Interactive Inc . Archived from the original on 22 September 2013 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Peers slam school fingerprinting '' . BBC News . March 19 , 2007 . Archived from the original on 29 March 2007 . Retrieved 2 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Burger , B. ; Fuchs , D. ; Sprecher , E. ; Itin , P. ( May 2011 ) . `` The immigration delay disease : adermatoglyphia - inherited absence of epidermal ridges '' . J Am Acad Dermatol. 64 ( 5 ) : 974 -- 80 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jaad. 2009.11. 013 . PMID 20619487 . Jump up ^ `` The Mystery of the Missing Fingerprints '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Nousbeck , J ; Burger , B ; Fuchs - Telem , D ; et al. ( August 2011 ) . `` A Mutation in a Skin - Specific Isoform of SMARCAD1 Causes Autosomal - Dominant Adermatoglyphia '' . American Journal of Human Genetics . 89 ( 2 ) : 302 -- 07 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ajhg. 2011.07. 004 . PMC 3155166 . PMID 21820097 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Wong M , Choo SP , Tan EH ( July 2009 ) . `` Travel warning with capecitabine '' . Annals of Oncology. 20 ( 7 ) : 1281 . doi : 10.1093 / annonc / mdp278 . PMID 19470576 . Jump up ^ Harmon , Katherine ( 2009 - 03 - 29 ) . `` Can You Lose Your Fingerprints ? '' . Scientific American . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Fingerprint Alteration Archived 2012 - 06 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Biometrics research group , Michigan State University . Jump up ^ `` Fingerprint alteration '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2012 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Fingerprint alteration '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Changing of fingerprints '' . Scafo.org . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Fingerprints , detailed information '' . Forensic-medecine.info . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Abel , David ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` To avoid ID , more ( Americans ) are mutilating fingerprints '' . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gummi bears defeat fingerprint sensors '' . 16 May 2002 . Archived from the original on 6 April 2016 . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of All Fingerprint Scanner Enabled Smartphones '' . 27 March 2017 . Archived from the original on 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oppo F1s '' . www.oppo.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` HP Spectre x360 ( 2017 ) review : The best just keeps getting better '' . PCWorld . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Asus Transformer Pro T304 is a Surface Pro clone that kills it on price '' . Digital Trends . 2017 - 07 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo ThinkPad T570 Review '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Coming soon : laptops with fingerprint sensors built into the touchpad '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Wasserman , Philip ( 26 December 2005 ) . `` Solid - State Fingerprint Scanners - A Survey of Technologies '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 January 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ A Fingerprint Scanner That Can Capture Prints From 20 Feet Away Archived 2012 - 11 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . 25 June 2012 Popular Science Jump up ^ Rajawat , Deepak ( 9 June 2016 ) . `` What 's So Especial about Ultrasonic fingerprint sensors ? '' . Archived from the original on 10 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Rajawat , Deepak ( 8 June 2016 ) . `` LeEco Le Max2 and Le 2 with USB Type '' . Archived from the original on 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About Touch ID security on iPhone and iPad '' . Archived from the original on 14 October 2015 . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Animal fingerprints '' . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2009 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Henneberg , Maciej ; Lambert , Kosette M. ; Leigh , Chris M. ( 1997 ) . `` Fingerprint homoplasy : koalas and humans '' . NaturalSCIENCE.com. 1 ( 4 ) . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Mark Twain ( Samuel Clemens ) . `` The Project Gutenberg EBook of Life On The Mississippi '' . Archived from the original on 13 October 2011 . Retrieved 24 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Evidence From Bite Marks , It Turns Out , Is Not So Elementary Archived 2011 - 04 - 10 at the Wayback Machine ... New York Times ; January 28 , 2007 Further reading Ashbaugh , David R. 1999 . Quantitative - Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis : An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Ridgeology . Boca Raton , Florida : CRC Press . Beavan , Colin. 2001 . Fingerprints : The Origins of Crime Detection and the Murder Case that Launched Forensic Science . New York : Hyperion . Cowger , James C. 1992 . Friction Ridge Skin : Comparison and Identification of Fingerprints . Boca Raton , Florida : CRC Press . Quinche , Nicolas , and Margot , Pierre . 2010 . Coulier , Paul - Jean ( 1824 -- 1890 ) : A precursor in the history of fingermark detection and their potential use for identifying their source ( 1863 ) . In Journal of Forensic Identification ( California ) , 60 ( 2 ) , March -- April 2010 , pp. 129 -- 134 . Scheibert , J , Leurent , S , Provost , A and Debregeas , G. 2009 . The role of fingerprints in the coding of tactile information probed with a biomimetic sensor . Science 323 : 1503 -- 1506 . External links Media related to Fingerprinting at Wikimedia Commons General Fingerprint Terminology Fingerprint Sourcebook Multi-organization compendium on Fingerprints The Fingerprint Society -- Society for Fingerprint Experts International Association for Identification Scientific Working Group on Friction Ridge Analysis , Study and Technology International Working Group on Fingerprints Interpol Fingerprint Research The Science of Fingerprints FBI Publication FBI Fingerprint Guide FBI Fingerprinting Video Lesson ( 4 - sec QuickTime video of rolling a single inked finger ) The History of Fingerprints Fingerprinting.com Fingerprints and Human Identification Fingerprint Processing Guide Fingerprint Articles at Crime & Clues Galton 's Finger Prints Henry , Faulds , and Herschel 's works on fingerprints Extensive bibliography So . Calif . Assn. of Fingerprint Officers . Errors and concerns Publications Critical of Fingerprint Identification Will West as fable Do Fingerprints Lie ? The New Yorker ( 2002 ) Why Experts Make Errors , Itiel E. Dror , David Charlton , Journal of Forensic Identification Surgeon jailed for removing fingerprints -- Sydney Morning Herald ( news article ) Science and statistics Fingerprint research and evaluation at the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology . Fingerprint pattern distribution statistics GND : 4257613 - 1 NDL : 00570995 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fingerprint&oldid=850203229 '' Categories : Biometrics Fingerprints Fingers Human anatomy Identification Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles with French - language external links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did fingerprints start being used by the police | [
"Juan Vucetich, an Argentine chief police officer, created the first method of recording the fingerprints of individuals on file, associating these fingerprints to the anthropometric system of Alphonse Bertillon, who had created, in 1879, a system to identify individuals by anthropometric photographs and associated quantitative descriptions. In 1892, after studying Galton's pattern types, Vucetich set up the world's first fingerprint bureau. In that same year, Francisca Rojas of Necochea, was found in a house with neck injuries, whilst her two sons were found dead with their throats cut. Rojas accused a neighbour, but despite brutal interrogation, this neighbour would not confess to the crimes. Inspector Alvarez, a colleague of Vucetich, went to the scene and found a bloody thumb mark on a door. When it was compared with Rojas' prints, it was found to be identical with her right thumb. She then confessed to the murder of her sons.\n"
] | [
"1892"
] |
2769697041591640402 | Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (TV special) | Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( TV special ) - wikipedia Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( TV special ) Jump to : navigation , search Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Promotional advertisement for the original NBC airing . Based on `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' by Johnny Marks Written by Romeo Muller Directed by Larry Roemer Kizo Nagashima ( associate director ) Narrated by Burl Ives Country of origin United States Canada Japan Original language ( s ) English Production Producer ( s ) Arthur Rankin , Jr . Jules Bass ( co-producer ) Cinematography Tadahito Mochinaga Running time 55 minutes Production company ( s ) Videocraft International Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network NBC ( 1964 -- 1971 ) CBS ( 1972 -- present ) Original release December 6 , 1964 ( 1964 - 12 - 06 ) Chronology Followed by Rudolph 's Shiny New Year External links Website Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer is a 1964 Christmas stop - motion animated television special produced by Videocraft International , Ltd. ( later known as Rankin / Bass Productions ) and currently distributed by Universal Television . It first aired Sunday , December 6 , 1964 , on the NBC television network in the United States , and was sponsored by General Electric under the umbrella title of The General Electric Fantasy Hour . The special was based on the Johnny Marks song `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' which was itself based on the poem of the same name written in 1939 by Marks ' brother - in - law , Robert L. May . Since 1972 , the special has aired on CBS , with the network unveiling a high - definition , digitally remastered version of the program in 2005 . As with A Charlie Brown Christmas and How the Grinch Stole Christmas , Rudolph no longer airs just once annually , but several times during the Christmas and holiday season on CBS . Unlike other holiday specials that also air on several cable channels ( including Freeform ) , Rudolph only airs on CBS . It has been telecast every year since 1964 , making it the longest continuously running Christmas TV special in history . 2014 marked the 50th anniversary of the television special and a series of postage stamps featuring Rudolph was issued by the United States Postal Service on November 6 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Aftermath 3.2 Production credits 4 Different versions 4.1 Original 1964 NBC broadcast edit 4.2 1965 -- 1997 telecasts 4.3 1998 -- CBS telecasts 5 Home media 6 Soundtrack 7 Merchandise 8 Reception 9 Sequels 10 In popular culture 10.1 Films by Corky Quakenbush 10.2 Uses in advertising 10.3 Other References 11 Copyright issues 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Plot ( edit ) Sam the Snowman welcomes the viewers to Christmastown at the North Pole and introduces Santa and Mrs. Claus who live in a castle located north of the Christmas Tree Forest . Mrs. Claus fusses over Santa as she wants him to fatten up by Christmas Eve . Sam then recalls the year Christmas was almost cancelled due to a snowstorm and tells the story of how a very special reindeer saved the day . Donner , Santa 's lead reindeer , and his wife have given birth to their new baby fawn , Rudolph . Upon admiring him , they are surprised to see that Rudolph has been born with a glowing red nose . When Santa arrives , he warns Donner that Rudolph will not make the sleigh team because of his nose . Donner then decides to hide the nose by covering it with mud to allow Rudolph to fit in with all the other reindeer . Over Rudolph 's first year of life , Donner trains him in the basics of being a reindeer , including hiding from the Abominable Snow Monster of the North . Rudolph enters the reindeer games , competing against his fellow fawns . During flight practice , Rudolph meets a doe named Clarice who tells him he is cute , and kisses him , which causes an elated Rudolph to fly higher and faster than everyone else . However , while celebrating with the other bucks , Rudolph 's nose cover pops off , and the others react with fear , then scorn and finally rejection as Rudolph is kicked out of the Reindeer Games . Walking away , Rudolph walks with Clarice , who supports him , until her father firmly tells her to never have any more contacts with a red - nosed reindeer . Then , Rudolph meets up with Hermey , an elf who ran away from Santa 's workshop because he wanted to be a dentist instead of making toys , and they decide to run away together . The pair then meet a prospector named Yukon Cornelius , who has fruitlessly searched his whole life for silver and gold . After escaping the snow monster on an ice floe , the trio crash land on the Island of Misfit Toys where unloved or unwanted toys live with their ruler , a winged lion named King Moonracer . The king allows the group to stay one night on the island in exchange for returning to Christmastown to ask Santa to find homes for the unwanted toys . However , Rudolph leaves the island in the middle of the night on his own , fearing that his nose , which attracts the snow monster , will endanger his friends . Time goes by and Rudolph grows into adulthood ; he tries and fails to find a place to settle where he will be accepted despite his nose . Returning home , he finds that his parents and Clarice have been looking for him for months . He sets out once again to find them , only to discover that the snow monster has captured them . Rudolph tries to save Clarice from being eaten , but the monster hits him in the head with a stalactite , dazing him . Hermey and Yukon return to Christmastown and go to save Rudolph . Hermey , posing as a pig , lures the monster out of his cave and Yukon drops rocks on his head to knock him out . Hermey then pulls out all the monster 's teeth . Realizing Yukon drives the toothless ( and now terrified ) monster back , only to follow it over the cliff with all his pack dogs . Mourning Yukon 's presumed death , Rudolph , Hermey , Clarice , and the Donners return home where everyone apologizes to them . After hearing their story , Santa welcomes the group back to Christmastown , promises that he will find homes for the Misfit Toys , Hermey opens his own dentist 's office , and Clarice 's father apologizes for being so hard on Rudolph . Yukon then returns with a reformed snow monster ( Yukon notes that they bounce ) and demonstrates the beast 's ability to trim a Christmas tree . While everybody 's celebrating , Santa interrupts , grimly informing everyone that because of the storm , he is forced to cancel the Christmas trip . Santa is soon distracted by Rudolph 's red nose and realizes that its light could cut through the storm . He asks Rudolph to lead the sleigh and Rudolph agrees . The team then flies off to the island and pick up the toys . The special ends with Santa wishing the viewers a merry Christmas as he and Rudolph fly off into the night . Cast ( edit ) Hermey and Rudolph Billie Mae Richards voices Rudolph , a reindeer with strong mental ( he learns to speak shortly after birth ) and physical strength who is shunned for his nonconforming red nose , but later saves Christmas . Stan Francis voices : Santa Claus , portrayed in the special as a moody , nervous and `` skinny Santa '' whose fears are only allayed when he conjures the idea of using Rudolph 's nose to lead the sleigh . King Moonracer , a winged lion who rules the entire Island of Misfit Toys . King Moonracer 's voice uses a reverb effect to distinguish it from Santa Claus . Paul Kligman voices : Donner , Rudolph 's father and Santa 's most prized reindeer . While he loves and accepts Rudolph , he shows great concern that society will reject him for his nose and tries to protect him by creating a nose cover . Comet , head coach of the Reindeer Games . Clarice 's unnamed father , who forbids Clarice from shaming the family by associating with a red - nosed reindeer . Burl Ives voices Sam the Snowman , the narrator . Paul Soles voices Hermey , an elf who dreams of pursuing a career in dentistry and `` feels different '' from the other elves . He eventually is forced out and runs off with Rudolph . Janis Orenstein voices Clarice , a female reindeer who is the only one of Rudolph 's age to not reject him . She later joins Rudolph 's parents in the search party . Larry D. Mann voices Yukon Cornelius , the `` greatest prospector of the North '' who joins Rudolph and Hermey on their journey but never finds the silver and gold he seeks . Peg Dixon voices : Mrs. Claus , a pushy wife who mocks her husband 's lack of appetite . Mrs. Donner , a loving and mostly submissive wife . Carl Banas voices : The Head Elf . For the Head Elf 's voice , Banas uses a meek Bill Thompson - like voice when speaking in front of Santa Claus , but turns into a ruthless boss with a voice similar to Mel Blanc 's Yosemite Sam or Cosmo Spacely when Santa is not around . Various Misfit Toys , including a Spotted Elephant , King Moonracer 's footman ; a bird that swims , a cowboy who rides an ostrich , a train with square wheels on his caboose , two teddy bears ( one on a bicycle and one with wings ) , a boat that does n't float , a set of clown nesting dolls with a wind - up mouse as the last one , a water pistol that shoots jelly , a plane that ca n't fly , a toy car that only drives in reverse , and a scooter with two wheels in front and one in back . Alfie Scopp voices : Fireball , who introduces Rudolph to the opposite sex , but later snubs Rudolph when his red nose is revealed . Charlie - In - The - Box , the island 's sentry . Corinne Conley voices Dolly , a seemingly normal girl rag doll on the Island of Misfit Toys . Her misfit problem is never explained on the special ; many decades later , on NPR 's Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! news quiz show ( broadcast December 8 , 2007 ) , Rudolph 's producer , Arthur Rankin Jr. , noted that Dolly 's problem was psychological , caused by being abandoned by her owner ( named as Sue in the special ) and suffering depression from feeling uncared - for . Production ( edit ) The TV special , with the teleplay by Romeo Muller , introduced several new characters inspired by the song 's lyrics . Muller told an interviewer shortly before his death that he would have preferred to base the teleplay on May 's original book , but could not find a copy . Other than Burl Ives , all characters were portrayed by Canadian actors recorded at RCA studios in Toronto under the supervision of Bernard Cowan . After the script , concept designs and storyboards for Rudolph were done by Arthur Rankin , Jr. and his staff of artists at Rankin / Bass in New York City . The company 's trademark stop motion animation process , known as `` Animagic '' , was filmed at MOM Productions in Tokyo with supervision by Tadahito Mochinaga and associate direction by Kizo Nagashima . Besides Rudolph , Mochinaga and the rest of the Japanese puppet animation staff are also known for their partnership with Rankin / Bass on their other Animagic productions almost throughout the 1960s , from The New Adventures of Pinocchio , to Willy McBean and his Magic Machine , to The Daydreamer and Mad Monster Party ? . Aftermath ( edit ) Since those involved with the production had no idea of the future value of the stop - motion puppet figures used in the production , many were not preserved . Rankin claimed in 2007 to be in possession of an original Rudolph figure . Nine other puppets -- including Santa and young Rudolph -- were given to a secretary , who gave them to family members . Eventually seven were discarded . In 2005 , the remaining two puppets of Rudolph and Santa were appraised on Antiques Roadshow ; the episode aired in 2006 on PBS . At that time , their appraised value was between $8,000 and $10,000 . The puppets had been damaged through years of rough handling by children and storage in an attic . Toy aficionado Kevin Kriess bought Santa and Rudolph in 2005 ; in 2007 , he had both puppets restored by Screen Novelties , a Los Angeles - based collective of film directors specializing in stop motion animation with puppet fabricator Robin Walsh leading the project . The figures have been shown at conventions since then . Production credits ( edit ) Directed by Larry Roemer Produced by Arthur Rankin , Jr . Co-Producer : Jules Bass Written by Romeo Muller Adapted from the Story by Robert L. May Adapted from the Song by Johnny Marks Music and Lyrics by Johnny Marks Music Conducted and Arranged by Maury Laws Associate Director : Kizo Nagashima Recording Engineers : Bill Giles , Alan Mirchin , Ralph Friedman Sound Effects : Walter Gustafson Recording Supervisor : Bernard Cowan `` Animagic '' Supervisor : Tadahito Mochinaga ( aka Tad Mochinaga ) Continuity Design : Anthony Peters Different versions ( edit ) Original 1964 NBC broadcast edit ( edit ) This version has the NBC `` living color '' peacock at the introduction . It includes the original end credits , where an elf drops presents that list all the technical credits . It also includes commercials that were exclusively for GE small appliances with some of the same animated elves from the main program introducing each of the products , and closing NBC network bumpers , including promos for the following week 's episodes of GE College Bowl and Meet the Press , which were presumably pre-empted that Sunday for the inaugural 5 : 30 PM ( EST ) telecast . The College Bowl quiz show was also sponsored by GE . The original does not include Santa traveling to the Island of Misfit Toys , but does include a scene near the end of the special in which Yukon Cornelius discovers a peppermint mine near Santa 's workshop . He can be seen throughout the special tossing his pickax into the air , sniffing , then licking the end that contacts the snow or ice . Deletion of the peppermint segment in 1965 , to make room for Santa traveling to the Island of Misfit Toys , leaves audience to assume that Cornelius was attempting to find either silver or gold by taste alone . 1965 -- 1997 telecasts ( edit ) The 1965 broadcast also included a new duet between Rudolph and Hermey called `` Fame and Fortune '' , which replaced a scene in which the same characters sang `` We 're a Couple of Misfits '' . Viewers of the 1964 special complained that Santa was not shown fulfilling his promise to the Misfit Toys ( to include them in his annual toy delivery ) . In reaction , a new scene for subsequent rebroadcasts was produced with Santa making his first stop at the Island to pick up the toys . This is the ending that has been shown on all telecasts and video releases ever since . Until sometime in the 1970s the special aired without additional cuts , but eventually more commercial time was required by the network . In 1978 , several sequences were deleted to make room for more advertising : the instrumental bridge from `` We Are Santa 's Elves '' featuring the elf orchestra , additional dialogue by Burl Ives , and the `` Peppermint Mine '' scene resolving the fate of Yukon Cornelius . The special 's 1993 restoration saw `` Misfits '' returned to its original film context , and the 2004 DVD release showcases `` Fame and Fortune '' as a separate musical number . 1998 -- CBS telecasts ( edit ) Most of the 1965 deletions were restored in 1998 , and `` Fame and Fortune '' was replaced with the original `` We 're a Couple of Misfits '' reprise . A short slide reading `` Rankin / Bass Presents '' was inserted at the beginning of the special to reflect the company 's name change . The `` Peppermint Mine '' scene was not restored ; it has not aired on CBS since the mid 70s . Starting in 2005 , CBS aired the video of the `` Fame and Fortune '' scene with the soundtrack replaced by an edited version of `` We 're a Couple of Misfits '' . The special has been edited to make more time for commercial advertising by shortening some musical numbers . Home Media ( edit ) When Rudolph was first issued on VHS , Betamax , and LaserDisc by Family Home Entertainment and Broadway Video from 1989 to 1997 under the Christmas Classics Series label , the 1965 rebroadcast print described above was used . All current video prints of Rudolph by Classic Media are a compendium of the two previous telecast versions of the special . All the footage in the current versions follow the original NBC airing ( without the original GE commercials ) up until the `` Peppermint Mine '' scene , followed by the final act of the 1965 edit ( with the Island of Misfit Toys finale and the 1965 alternate credits in place of the original end credit sequence ) . In 1998 , the special was released by Sony Wonder on VHS . In 2000 , it was released on DVD , and on Blu - ray Disc in 2010 ( although the Blu - ray does not contain the bonus features from the previous DVD release . ) This edit has been made available in original color form by former rights holders Classic Media , ( which in 2012 became the DreamWorks Classics division of DreamWorks Animation , and finally in 2016 , part of Universal Pictures ) As previously mentioned , this is also the version currently airing on CBS , albeit in edited form to accommodate more commercial time . In November 2014 , Classic Media released a 50th anniversary edition of the special on Blu - ray . Walmart released an exclusive 50th anniversary Blu - ray edition with a storybook . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( soundtrack ) The songs and incidental music were all written by Johnny Marks , with Maury Laws supervising . In addition to the songs previously mentioned , the score also includes the film 's love theme `` There 's Always Tomorrow '' , sung by Clarice after Rudolph is kicked out of the reindeer games . Marks ' holiday standard `` Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree '' appears as instrumental background music when Rudolph first arrives at the Reindeer Games . Also included in the soundtrack is an instrumental version of Marks ' setting of the Christmas hymn `` I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day . '' In 1964 , an LP record of the soundtrack was released on Decca Records . It contained all the original songs performed as they are in the special , with the exception of Burl Ives ' material , which has been re-recorded . MCA Special Products released the soundtrack on CD in June 1995 . It is an exact duplication of the original LP released in 1964 . Tracks 1 - 9 are the original soundtrack selections while tracks 10 - 19 are the same songs performed by the Decca Concert Orchestra . The song `` Fame and Fortune '' is not contained on either release . On November 30 , 2004 the soundtrack was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for selling over 500,000 copies . Ives re-recorded `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' and `` A Holly Jolly Christmas '' , with different arrangements , for his own album Have a Holly Jolly Christmas in 1965 . Merchandise ( edit ) Books and other items related to the show have in some cases misspelled `` Hermey '' as `` Herbie '' . Rich Goldschmidt , who wrote Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Making of the Rankin / Bass Holiday Classic , says the scripts by Romeo Muller show the spelling to be `` Hermey '' . A Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer video game was released on November 9 , 2010 . The adaptation was published by Red Wagon Games for the Wii and Nintendo DS , and was developed by High Voltage Software and Glyphic Entertainment respectively . The Wii version was received poorly , and garnered extremely negative reviews from sites such as IGN giving it a 1.5 / 10 . Reception ( edit ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer received an approval rating of 92 % on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , based on thirteen reviews . Sequels ( edit ) The Rankin / Bass special , which currently airs on CBS , inspired numerous television sequels made by the same studio : Rudolph 's Shiny New Year ( 1976 ) , a special that first aired on ABC and is still aired annually on both ABC and Freeform . Rudolph and Frosty 's Christmas in July ( 1979 ) , a feature - length special that paired Rudolph with the song - inspired character Frosty the Snowman . Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys ( 2001 ) , a direct - to - video computer - animated film that is considered an unofficial sequel to the 1964 film . `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer - 4D Attraction '' ( 2016 ) , A faithful , 10 - minute stop motion story adaptation in the form of a 4D film for SimEx - Iwerks ; produced by Bent Image Lab and directed by Chel White . In popular culture ( edit ) The television special 's familiarity to American audiences through its annual rebroadcasts , along with its primitive stop - motion animation that is easy to recreate with modern technology and the special 's ambiguous copyright status , has lent itself to numerous parodies and homages over the years . Films by Corky Quakenbush ( edit ) Animator Corky Quakenbush has produced parodies of Rudolph for several American television shows : In its December 16 , 1995 episode , the Fox Network 's comedy series MADtv aired `` Raging Rudolph '' , which also parodied Martin Scorsese 's films . In it , Sam The Snowman narrates in a Joe Pesci - like voice how Rudolph and Hermey got violent Mafia - style revenge on their tormentors . This was followed by two sequels : `` The Reinfather '' , spoofing The Godfather trilogy and `` A Pack of Gifts Now '' , spoofing Apocalypse Now . A 2001 episode of That ' 70s Show , titled `` An Eric Forman Christmas '' , featured a subplot where Kelso was taunted by his friends for still watching `` kiddie shows '' like Rudolph even though he was in high school . A dream sequence produced and directed by Quakenbush , Kelso himself appears in stop - motion form with Rudolph and Santa who encourage him to continue watching their show . In December 2005 , the George Lopez Show featured an animated segment in which Lopez sees a stop - motion version of himself on television in a Rudolph - style special mirroring the theme of the holiday episode . In the stop - motion animated film The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) , Jack looks through a book version of Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer to find a logical answer to explain Christmas to the other citizens of Halloween Town . Later , Zero , the ghost dog , has a magnificently glowing pumpkin nose , which is bright enough to break through the fog that Sally has conjured up . Jack lets Zero go to the head of his skeleton reindeer team and light the way for him . Chel White , of Bent Image Lab , directed two parodies that played on Saturday Night Live ' , on Robert Smigel 's TV Funhouse : In a 2001 TV Funhouse episode , Sam the Snowman refuses to narrate the story because of the September 11 , 2001 attacks . He then takes two children to Ground Zero at New York City , but Santa Claus convinces him to narrate the story , because people need comforting stories like Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer . Sam decided to narrate the tale , but was immediately interrupted by a special news report . In 2004 , TV Funhouse referenced the Red state - blue state divide . In the segment , Santa hangs out with liberal celebrities Natalie Merchant , Margaret Cho , Al Franken , and Moby while skipping over the Red states ( `` screw the red states , voting for that dumbass president just because of that moral values crap . I do n't want any part of them ! '' ) . Rudolph 's red nose turns blue . In 2004 , for Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer 's 40th anniversary , CBS produced stop motion promos for their programming line - up , done in the style of Rankin / Bass animation . Appearing as elves in the CBS promos were puppet versions of CBS stars Jeff Probst from Survivor , Ray Romano and Doris Roberts from Everybody Loves Raymond , William Petersen and Marg Helgenberger from CSI , Charlie Sheen from Two and a Half Men , Phil Simms and Greg Gumbel from The NFL on CBS , and late - night talk show host David Letterman . A new stop - motion animation featuring Rudolph and Santa meeting even more CBS network stars was also aired in 2005 . Mystery Science Theater 3000 made numerous references to the special in their movie hecklings , such as Rudolph 's line `` I 'm cute ! ! I 'm cuute ! ! She said I 'm cuuuuuutte ! ! ! ! '' . In episode 321 , which screened Santa Claus Conquers the Martians , the MST3K cast had their own ideas for potential residents on the Island of Misfit Toys including Toaster Dolls , Patrick Swayze 's Roadhouse board game , the EZ Bake Foundry , and Mr. Mashed Potato Head . In 2010 , the comedy website CollegeHumor made a short parody video called `` Rudolph The Regular Reindeer '' , depicting what the special would 've been like if Rudolph had a normal nose . Uses in advertising ( edit ) In 1964 , Rankin & Bass produced several commercials for the General Electric - sponsored broadcast . In November 2007 , the Aflac insurance company released a commercial that featured Rudolph , who has a cold but does not want to miss work . All his friends say he will be unable to pay for his expenses . Santa then tells them about Aflac . Charlie wonders what will happen if Rudolph is not better by Christmas , but Rudolph thinks the Aflac duck can do the work . Rudolph gets better in a week , but Blitzen is sick , so the Aflac duck fills in for him . In 2009 , Verizon began showing a commercial of the Misfit Toys with an AT&T phone . The characters wonder why it is there with all of its features but soon discover why , when the phone shows a map of where it has 3G coverage . ( Verizon 's ad campaign touts its much wider 3G coverage compared to AT&T 's . ) The toy airplane replies : `` You 're gon na fit right in here ! '' and falls on the ground laughing . Starting in 2011 , there have been several Bing.com commercials , filmed to look like the same stop - motion style as the special , which feature several characters including Rudolph , Yukon Cornelius , Hermey , the Bumble , and the Misfit Toys . A 2012 commercial for Windows phone features Bumble the Abominable Snowman ( with his full set of teeth ) , speed - dating and getting advice from friends through Live Tiles . A follow - up features Bumble at Santa 's North Pole pool party , and Santa using Live Tiles on his new Windows Phone to help him give his elves the holiday - season toy production directives . A 2013 commercial for Nissan shows a woman in a dealership briefly entering a fantasy , wherein Santa 's Elves , including Boss Elf and Hermey , have expanded their manufacturing line to include Nissan cars . Furthermore , the Bumble makes an appearance test driving one to his obvious approval . CBS celebrated the special 's 50th anniversary in 2014 with Rudolph and Sam the Snowman celebrating with cast members from The Big Bang Theory and NCIS while passing by their studio lots . In 2014 , the United States Postal Service used four characters ( Rudolph , Hermey , Yukon Cornelius , and Bumble ) for the year 's `` Contemporary Christmas '' stamp issue . In 2015 , the Rudolph characters began appearing in commercials for AT&T with a stop - motion version of spokes - character Lily Adams . Other references ( edit ) In the sci - fi / comedy series The Orville , in the episode `` About a Girl '' , characters watch Rudolph to make the character Bortus consider his plans to arrange gender reassignment surgery for his newborn daughter ( Bortus 's species , the Moclans , are a single - gender species who statistically produce only one female every seventy - five years , with females thus having no clear place in their society ) by demonstrating how unconventional people can accomplish great things , although Bortus humorously misinterprets the film to suggest that Rudolph 's father might have considered euthanizing his child as an anomaly . Copyright issues ( edit ) The copyright of the Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer special lies in an area of uncertainty in regard to American federal copyright law . When the recording was originally published , the date of copyright ( published in Roman numerals ) was accidentally listed as 1164 ( MCLXIV ) , omitting an M that should have been present ( 1964 in Roman numerals is MCMLXIV ) ; this mistake was not corrected with subsequent edits and remains on televised prints to this day . The songs were validly and separately copyrighted , and the original character on which the special was based also remains under copyright and trademark protection , extending some indirect copyright protection to the special as a derivative work . ( A number of films , such as It 's a Wonderful Life and His Girl Friday , fall under similar circumstances : a public domain film loosely based on a copyrighted work . ) Assuming the error in the copyright is considered substantial enough to invalidate it ( U.S. copyright law before 1988 required works to have a valid date on a copyright notice , while providing some leeway in regard to non-substantial errors ) , the error puts large portions of the special not directly tied to the songs or original story into the public domain . ( Some of the characters , particularly Santa Claus and the adult reindeer , relied on material that was already public domain anyway ; all of the characters except Rudolph , most of the images , and large portions of the spoken soundtrack would thus be public domain in this interpretation . ) Because of the indirect copyright protections and uncertainty over their extent , permission is still required to show the program as a whole . The extensive derivative works seen in popular culture are likely a byproduct of this uncertain copyright status . See also ( edit ) List of animated feature films List of Christmas television specials List of stop - motion films Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( video game ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer celebrates 50th anniversary '' . CBS News . December 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rudolph all red - nosed over stamp of approval '' . United States Postal Service . November 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer , the nation 's longest - running and highest - rated Christmas television special ' went down in history ' to receive its stamp of approval today . The set of four Limited Edition Forever stamps depicting Rudolph , Hermey , Santa and Bumble were created from still television frames from the special which premiered 50 years ago in 1964 . Jump up ^ Young , John ( September 14 , 2010 ) . `` Billie Mae Richards , voice of Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer , dies at 88 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ford , Don ( November 19 , 2010 ) . `` ' Rudolph ' remembered '' . My View . Halton , Ontario : InsideHalton.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Not My Job '' . Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! . NPR. 2007 - 12 - 08 . Arthur Rankin , Jr . ^ Jump up to : 7 Facts About Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( YouTube ) . ChannelFrederator . December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Braithwaite , Dennis , `` Canadian voices '' , The Globe and Mail , December 8 , 1964 , p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Togneri , Chris ( December 12 , 2007 ) . `` '' Zelienople man saves Santa , Rudolph `` '' . triblive.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rudolph & Santa Characters from ' Rudolph , the Red - Nosed Reindeer ' '' . Antiques Roadshow . PBS . May 15 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Brenda ( 2006 - 12 - 23 ) . `` Rudolph and Santa , as Good as New '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Chris Welch ( December 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ' figurines ' new life '' . CNN . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Original Rankin / Bass Rudolph The Red - Nosed Reindeer GE Commercials ( 1964 ) ( YouTube ) . MiserBrosPress. 9 August 2011 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer : Behind The Scenes '' . Tvparty.com . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( July 23 , 2012 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Agrees To Pay $155 M For Classic Media '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : 50th Anniversary Collector 's Edition Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . August 19 , 2014 . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Torreano , Bradley . `` Have a Holly Jolly Christmas - Burl Ives '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ask SAM : ' It 's a Wonderful Life ' pre-empted by ' Sound of Music Live ' '' . Winston - Salem Journal . 20 December 2013 . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Steimer , Kristine ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1017962_rudolph_the_rednosed_reindeer ? Jump up ^ `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer 4D Attraction '' . IMDb.com. 25 November 2016 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SimEx - Iwerks - Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer coming in 4 - D '' . Simex-iwerks.com . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Raging Rudolph ( YouTube ) . 30 November 2006 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ The Reinfather . May 7 , 2007 . Archived from the original ( YouTube ) on December 17 , 2011 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ A Pack of Gifts Now ( YouTube ) . 24 December 2007 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Aflac - Rudolph ( YouTube ) . 11 November 2007 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' . United States Postal Service . November 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2014 . Art director Greg Breeding designed the stamps . The Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer stamps are being issued as Forever ® stamps . Jump up ^ Heldenfels , Rich ( 19 December 2013 ) . `` Mailbag : ' Rudolph ' numerals wrong in opening credits '' . Akron Beacon - Journal . access - date = requires url = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( TV special ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer on IMDb Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer at The Big Cartoon DataBase Character Arts ' official licensee site for Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer licensing Rankin / Bass Productions Television specials Return to Oz Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer The Edgar Bergen & Charlie McCarthy Show The Ballad of Smokey the Bear Cricket on the Hearth Mouse on the Mayflower The Little Drummer Boy Frosty the Snowman The Mad , Mad , Mad Comedians Santa Claus Is Comin ' To Town Here Comes Peter Cottontail The Enchanted World of Danny Kaye : The Emperor 's New Clothes Mad Mad Mad Monsters Willie Mays and the Say - Hey Kid Red Baron That Girl in Wonderland ' Twas the Night Before Christmas The Year Without a Santa Claus The First Christmas : The Story of the First Christmas Snow The First Easter Rabbit Frosty 's Winter Wonderland Rudolph 's Shiny New Year The Little Drummer Boy , Book II The Easter Bunny Is Comin ' to Town The Hobbit Nestor , the Long - Eared Christmas Donkey The Stingiest Man in Town Jack Frost Rudolph and Frosty 's Christmas in July The Return of the King Pinocchio 's Christmas The Leprechaun 's Christmas Gold The Flight of Dragons The Coneheads The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus The Wind in the Willows Santa Baby ! Feature films Willy McBean and his Magic Machine The Daydreamer The Wacky World of Mother Goose Mad Monster Party ? King Kong Escapes Marco The Last Dinosaur The Bermuda Depths The Bushido Blade The Ivory Ape The Last Unicorn The Sins of Dorian Gray The King and I Television series The New Adventures of Pinocchio Tales of the Wizard of Oz The King Kong Show The Smokey Bear Show The Tomfoolery Show The Reluctant Dragon and Mr. Toad Show The Jackson 5ive Show The Osmonds Kid Power Festival of Family Classics ThunderCats SilverHawks TigerSharks Karate Kat The Comic Strip Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Lord of Misrule Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Music `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer `` Run Rudolph Run '' Film and television adaptations Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( 1948 film short ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( 1964 TV special ) Rudolph 's Shiny New Year ( 1976 TV special ) Rudolph and Frosty 's Christmas in July ( 1979 TV film ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie ( 1998 film ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys ( 2001 made - for - video film ) Related Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( video game ) Santa Claus 's reindeer Robert L. May Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer_(TV_special)&oldid=826752028 '' Categories : 1964 films 1964 animated films 1964 in American television 1964 television specials 1960s American television specials 1960s fantasy films American children 's animated fantasy films American musical fantasy films Animated television specials CBS television specials Christmas television specials Elves in popular culture Films scored by Johnny Marks General Electric sponsorships NBC television specials Rankin / Bass Productions television specials Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Santa Claus in film Santa Claus in television Sentient toys in fiction Stop - motion animated short films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Magyar Norsk Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 20 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did rudolph the red-nosed reindeer come on tv | [
"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is a 1964 Christmas stop-motion animated television special produced by Videocraft International, Ltd. (later known as Rankin/Bass Productions) and currently distributed by Universal Television. It first aired Sunday, December 6, 1964, on the NBC television network in the United States, and was sponsored by General Electric under the umbrella title of The General Electric Fantasy Hour. The special was based on the Johnny Marks song \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" which was itself based on the poem of the same name written in 1939 by Marks' brother-in-law, Robert L. May. Since 1972, the special has aired on CBS, with the network unveiling a high-definition, digitally remastered version of the program in 2005. As with A Charlie Brown Christmas and How the Grinch Stole Christmas, Rudolph no longer airs just once annually, but several times during the Christmas and holiday season on CBS. Unlike other holiday specials that also air on several cable channels (including Freeform), Rudolph only airs on CBS. It has been telecast every year since 1964, making it the longest continuously running Christmas TV special in history. 2014 marked the 50th anniversary of the television special[1] and a series of postage stamps featuring Rudolph was issued by the United States Postal Service on November 6, 2014.[2]"
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