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1859274101197951733 | Hull House | Hull House - wikipedia Hull House 19th and 20th - century settlement house in the United States For other uses , see Hull House ( disambiguation ) . Hull House U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark Chicago Landmark Hull House in the early 20th century Location 800 S. Halsted , Chicago , Illinois Coordinates 41 ° 52 ′ 18 '' N 87 ° 38 ′ 51 '' W / 41.87167 ° N 87.64750 ° W / 41.87167 ; - 87.64750 Coordinates : 41 ° 52 ′ 18 '' N 87 ° 38 ′ 51 '' W / 41.87167 ° N 87.64750 ° W / 41.87167 ; - 87.64750 Area 1 acre ( 0.40 ha ) Built building built in 1856 , institution founded September 18 , 1889 Architect Pond and Pond Architectural style Italianate NRHP reference # 66000315 Significant dates Added to NRHP October 15 , 1966 Designated NHL June 23 , 1965 Designated CL June 12 , 1976 Hull House was a settlement house in the United States that was co-founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr . Located on the Near West Side of Chicago , Illinois , Hull House ( named after the original house 's first owner Charles Jerald Hull ) opened to recently arrived European immigrants . By 1911 , Hull House had grown to 13 buildings . In 1912 the Hull House complex was completed with the addition of a summer camp , the Bowen Country Club . With its innovative social , educational , and artistic programs , Hull House became the standard bearer for the movement that had grown , by 1920 , to almost 500 settlement houses nationally . Most of the Hull House buildings were demolished for the construction of the University of Illinois - Chicago in the mid-1960s . The Hull mansion and several subsequent acquisitions were continuously renovated to accommodate the changing demands of the association . The original building and one additional building ( which has been moved 200 yards ( 182.9 m ) ) survive today . On June 12 , 1974 , the Hull House building was designated a Chicago Landmark . On June 23 , 1965 , it was designated as a U.S. National Historic Landmark . On October 15 , 1966 , the day that the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 was enacted , it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Hull House was one of the four original members to be listed on both the Chicago Registered Historic Places and the National Register of Historic Places list ( along with Chicago Pile - 1 , Robie House & Lorado Taft Midway Studios ) . The Hull House Association ceased operations in January 2012 , but the Hull mansion and a related dining hall remain open as a museum . Contents 1 Mission 2 The Hull House neighborhood 2.1 Accomplishments 2.2 Teachings 3 The building and museum 3.1 The haunting of Hull House 4 Theater 5 1930s to 2012 5.1 Hull House Association Closure 6 Selected notable residents 7 Selected notable alumni 8 See also 9 Notes 10 External links Mission ( edit ) Addams followed the example of Toynbee Hall , which was founded in 1884 in the East End of London as a center for social reform . She described Toynbee Hall as `` a community of university men '' who , while living there , held their recreational clubs and social gatherings at the settlement house among the poor people and in the same style they would in their own circle . Addams and Starr established Hull House as a settlement house on September 18 , 1889 . In the 19th century a women 's movement began to promote education , autonomy , and break into traditionally male dominated occupations for women . Organizations led by women , bonded by sisterhood , were formed for social reform , including settlement houses in working class and poor neighborhoods , like Hull House . To develop `` new roles for women , the first generation of New Women wove the traditional ways of their mothers into the heart of their brave new world . The social activists , often single , were led by educated New Women . Hull House became , at its inception in 1889 , `` a community of university women '' whose main purpose was to provide social and educational opportunities for working class people ( many of them recent European immigrants ) in the surrounding neighborhood . The `` residents '' ( volunteers at Hull were given this title ) held classes in literature , history , art , domestic activities ( such as sewing ) , and many other subjects . Hull House also held concerts that were free to everyone , offered free lectures on current issues , and operated clubs for both children and adults . In 1892 , Addams published her thoughts on what has been described as `` the three R 's '' of the settlement house movement : residence , research , and reform . These involved `` close cooperation with the neighborhood people , scientific study of the causes of poverty and dependence , communication of these facts to the public , and persistent pressure for ( legislative and social ) reform ... '' Hull House conducted careful studies of the Near West Side , Chicago community , which became known as `` The Hull House Neighborhood '' . These studies enabled the Hull House residents to confront the establishment , eventually partnering with them in the design and implementation of programs intended to enhance and improve the opportunities for success by the largely immigrant population . According to Christie and Gauvreau ( 2001 ) , while the Christian settlement houses sought to Christianize , Jane Addams , `` had come to epitomize the force of secular humanism . '' Her image was , however , `` reinvented '' by the Christian churches . According to the Jane Addams Hull - House Museum , `` Some social settlements were linked to religious institutions . Others , like Hull - House ( co-founded by Addams ) , were secular . '' The Hull House neighborhood ( edit ) One of the first newspaper articles ever written about Hull House quotes the following invitation sent to the residents of the Hull House neighborhood . It begins with : `` Mio Carissimo Amico '' ... and is signed , Le Signorine , Jane Addams and Ellen Starr . That invitation to the community , written during the first year of Hull House 's existence , suggests that the inner core of what Addams labeled `` The Hull House Neighborhood '' was overwhelmingly Italian at that time . `` 10,000 Italians lived between the river and Halsted Street . '' Hull House community workshop poster , 1938 By all accounts , the greater Hull House neighborhood ( Chicago 's Near West Side ) was a mix of various ethnic groups that had immigrated to Chicago . There was no discrimination of race , language , creed , or tradition for those who entered the doors of the Hull House . Every person was treated with respect . The Bethlehem - Howard Neighborhood Center records substantiate that , `` Germans and Jews resided south of that inner core ( south of twelfth street ) ... The Greek delta formed by Harrison , Halsted and Blue Island Streets served as a buffer to the Irish residing to the south and the Canadian -- French to the northwest . From the river on the east end , on out to the western ends of what came to be known as `` Little Italy '' , from Roosevelt Road on the south to the Harrison Street delta on the north , became the port - of - call for Italians who continued to immigrate to Chicago from the shores of southern Italy until a quota system was implemented in 1924 for most southern Europeans . The Greektown and Maxwell Street residents , along with the remnants of other immigrant groups living on the outer fringes of the Hull House Neighborhood , disappeared long before the physical demise of Hull House . The exodus of most ethnic groups began shortly after the turn of the twentieth century . Their businesses , e.g. Greektown and Maxwell Street , however , remained . Italian Americans were the only immigrant group that endured as a vibrant on - going community . That community came to be known as `` Little Italy '' . Taylor Street 's Little Italy , the inner core of Addams ' `` Hull House Neighborhood '' , remained as the laboratory upon which the social and philanthropic groups of Hull House elitists had tested their theories and formulated their challenges to the establishment . The synergy between Taylor Street 's Little Italy and the Hull House complex ; i.e. , the settlement house and its summer camp , the Bowen Country Club , is well documented . Alice Hamilton , medical professional and early member of that elite Hull House hierarchy , wrote in her autobiography , `` Those Italian women knew what a baby needed , far better than my Ann Arbor professors did . '' The ancillary literature between , among and about members of Hull House 's inner sanctum of sociologists and philanthropists is littered with such comments , reinforcing the relationship that existed between Taylor Street 's Little Italy and Hull House . A review of the ethnic composition of those who registered for and utilized the services provided by the Hull House complex , during its 74 years as a tenant of the near - west side , suggests an ethnic bias . Of the 257 known WWII veterans who were alumni of the Bowen Country Club , `` virtually all had a vowel at the end of their names ... denoting their Italian heritage . '' A historic picture , `` Meet the Hull House Kids , '' was taken on a summer day in 1924 by Wallace K. Kirkland Sr. , Hull House Director . He later became a top photographer with Life . The twenty Hull House Kids were erroneously described as young boys , of Irish ancestry , posing in the Dante School yard on Forquer Street ( now Arthington Street ) . It circulated the world as a `` poster child '' of sorts for the Hull House social experiment . On April 5 , 1987 , over a half century later , the Chicago Sun - Times refuted the contention that the Hull House Boys were of Irish ancestry . In doing so , the Sun - Times article listed the names of each of the young boys . All twenty boys were first - generation Italian - Americans , all with vowels at the end of their names . `` They grew up to be lawyers and mechanics , sewer workers and dump truck drivers , a candy shop owner , a boxer and a mob boss . '' Because of the immigrants ' loneliness for their homeland , Addams started hosting ethnic evenings at Hull House . This would include ethnic food , dancing , music , and maybe a short lecture on a topic of interest . Some of the themed evenings were Italian , Greek , German , Polish , etc . Ellen Gates Starr described one Italian evening as having the room packed full with people . One of the ladies who attended `` recited a patriotic poem with great spirit '' and everyone was moved by it . Accomplishments ( edit ) Hull House in 2006 Throughout the first two decades , along with thousands of immigrants from the surrounding area , Hull House attracted many female residents who later became prominent and influential reformers at various levels . At the beginning , Addams and Starr volunteered as on - call doctors when the real doctors either did n't show up or were n't available . They acted as midwives , saved babies from neglect , prepared the dead for burial , nursed the sick , and sheltered domestic violence victims . For example , one Italian bride had lost her wedding ring and in turn was beaten by her husband for a week . She sought shelter at the settlement and it was granted to her . Also , a baby born with a cleft palate was unwanted by his mother so he was kept at the Hull House for six weeks after an operation . In another case , a woman was about to give birth to an illegitimate baby , so none of the Irish matrons would touch it . Addams and Starr stepped in and delivered this helpless little one . Finally , a female Italian immigrant was so thrilled about fresh roses at one of the Hull House receptions that she insisted they had come from Italy . She had never seen anything as beautiful in America despite the fact that she lived within ten blocks of a florist shop . Her limited view of America came from the untidy street she lived on and the long struggle to adapt to American ways . The settlement was also gradually drawn into advocating for legislative reforms at the municipal , state and federal levels , addressing issues such as child labor , women 's suffrage , healthcare reform and immigration policy . Some claim that the work of the Hull House marked the beginning of what we know today as `` Social Welfare '' . At the neighborhood level , Hull House established the city 's first public playground , bathhouse , and public gymnasium ( in 1893 ) , pursued educational and political reform , and investigated housing , working , and sanitation issues . The playground opened on May Day in 1893 , located on Polk Street . Families dressed in party attire and came to join the celebration that day . Addams had studied child behavior and painfully concluded that `` children robbed of childhood were likely to become dull , sullen men and women working mindless jobs , or criminals for whom the adventure of crime became the only way to break out of the bleakness of their lives '' Addams ' thinking regarding the importance of childhood play opportunities contributed to a national conversation about the need for playgrounds and a movement that started the Playground Association of America Also , one volunteer , Jenny Dow , started a kindergarten class for children left at the settlement while their mothers worked in the sweatshops . Within three weeks , Dow had 24 registered kindergartners and 70 on a waiting list . At the municipal level , their pursuit of legal reforms led to the first juvenile court in the United States , and their work influenced urban planning and the transition to a branch library system . At the state level Hull House influenced legislation on child labor laws , occupational safety and health provisions , compulsory education , immigrant rights , and pension laws . These experiences translated to success at the federal level , working with the settlement house network to champion national child labor laws , women 's suffrage , a children 's bureau , unemployment compensation , workers ' compensation , and other elements of the Progressive agenda during the first two decades of the twentieth century . Teachings ( edit ) Hull House Smith Hall along Halsted St. , 1910 Women 's Club building , 1905 Children in line on a retaining wall at Hull House , 1908 Later , the settlement branched out and offered services to ameliorate some of the effects of poverty . A public dispensary provided nutritious food for the sick as well as a daycare center and public baths . Among the courses Hull House offered was a bookbinding course , which was timely -- given the employment opportunities in the growing printing trade . Hull House was well known for its success in aiding American assimilation , especially with immigrant youth . Hull House became the center of the movement to promote hand workmanship as a moral regenerative force . Under the direction of Laura Dainty Pelham their theater group performed the Chicago premiers of several plays by John Galsworthy , Henrik Ibsen , and George Bernard Shaw , and was given credit for founding the American Little Theatre Movement . The success of Hull House led Paul Kellogg to refer to the group as the `` Great Ladies of Halsted Street '' . The objective of Hull House , as stated in its charter , was : `` To provide a center for a higher civic and social life ; to institute and maintain educational and philanthropic enterprises , and to investigate and improve the conditions in the industrial districts of Chicago . '' The building and Museum ( edit ) Starr , 1914 Addams , 1915 Hull House was located in Chicago , Illinois , and took its name from the Italianate mansion built by real estate magnate Charles Jerald Hull ( 1820 -- 1889 ) at 800 South Halsted Street in 1856 . The building was located in what had once been a fashionable part of town , but by 1889 , when Addams was searching for a location for her experiment , it had descended into squalor . This was partly due to the rapid and overwhelming influx of immigrants into the Near West Side neighborhood . Charles Hull granted his former home to his niece Helen Culver , who in turn granted it to Addams on a 25 - year rent - free lease . By 1907 , Addams had acquired 13 buildings surrounding Hull 's mansion . Between 1889 and 1935 , Addams and Ellen Gates Starr continuously redeveloped the building . In 1912 , the Bowen Country Club summer camp was added to complete the Hull House complex . The facility remained at the original location until it was purchased in 1963 by what was then called the University of Illinois - Circle Campus . The development of University of Illinois - Circle Campus required the demolition of most of the Hull House buildings and the 1967 restoration to the original building by Frazier , Raftery , Orr and Fairbank removed Addams 's third floor addition . In addition to the mansion , of the dozen additional buildings only the craftsman style dining hall ( built in 1905 and designed by Pond & Pond ) survives and it was moved 200 yards ( 182.9 m ) from its original site to be next to the mansion . The haunting of Hull House ( edit ) Addams noted upon moving in that the building had a `` half skeptical reputation for a haunted attic . '' Over the years , numerous stories of ghosts and hauntings have surrounded Hull House , making it a stop on many of the `` ghosts in Chicago '' tours . Charles Hull 's wife had died in the house in 1860 , and is sometimes thought to haunt it . Other candidates for resident ghosts include the many people who died there of natural causes in the 1870s when it was used as a home for the aged by the Little Sisters of the Poor . In 1913 , another Hull House ghost story began circulating . According to this legend , after a man claimed that he would rather have the Devil in his house than a picture of The Virgin Mary , his child was born with pointed ears , horns , scale - covered skin , and a tail . The mother was said to have taken the baby to Hull House , where Addams was said to have attempted to have it baptized and wound up locking it in the attic . While initially annoyed about the story , which had no basis in fact , Addams became fascinated by the effect the episode had on old women in the neighborhood and used the episode as a basis for her book , The Long Road of Woman 's Memory . While a great many erroneous stories have circulated about the building , Addams is known to have spoken to several friends about one of the front bedrooms on the second floor being haunted -- she and a friend once thought they saw a `` woman in white '' ghost there , and the same ghost was later seen by a group of girls when the room was used as a dressing room for the adjacent theater . Though Addams called it `` haunted , '' she seems to have been more amused than frightened by it . Theater ( edit ) Addams felt that the community benefits from theater plays and thus established an amateur theater in the Hull House in 1899 . `` The neighborhood Greeks performed the classic plays of antiquity in their own language and the children of European immigrants produced Shakespeare '' as well as others . Early one December , the Greeks performed Odysseus in Chicago . The auditorium was filled with a multi-ethnic crowd and packed too close for comfort . The audience was very eager and gave the performers `` rapt attention . '' They watched neighbors and co-workers execute this primitive play , but it was very powerful , plausible , and personal . The actors seemed to pay `` tribute to a noble ancestry '' and plea for the respect of the audience . Indeed , they did gain this respect because it was said that not even trained college students could give the same play with as much zeal and patriotism . Chicago 's noted improvisational theatre scene has roots in Hull House , as Viola Spolin , noted improvisational techniques instructor , taught classes at Hull House . In 1963 , when road tours of Broadway productions became common , the Hull House Theater in the Jane Addams Center at 3212 North Broadway fostered the development of Chicago Theater companies for the rest of the century . Founder Robert Sickinger created an environment to nourish young talent with professionalism . 1930s to 2012 ( edit ) Addams was head resident until her death in 1935 . Hull House continued to serve the community surrounding the Halsted location until it was displaced by the urban branch campus of the University of Illinois in the 1960s . Until 2012 , the social service center role was performed throughout the city at various locations under an umbrella organization , the Jane Addams Hull House Association . The original Hull House building itself is a museum , part of the College of Architecture and the Arts at the University of Illinois at Chicago , and is open to the public . The Jane Addams Hull House Association was one of Chicago 's largest nonprofit social welfare organizations . Its mission was to improve social conditions for underserved people and communities by providing creative , innovative programs and by advocating for related public policy reforms . The Association had more than 50 programs at over 40 sites throughout Chicago and served approximately 60,000 individuals , families , and community members every year . The Jane Addams Hull - House Museum is part of the College of Architecture and the Arts at the University of Illinois at Chicago and serves as a memorial to Addams and other resident social reformers , whose work influenced the lives of their immigrant neighbors , as well as national and international public policy . The museum and its programs connect the work of Hull House residents to important contemporary social issues . The Museum 's collection includes over 1,100 artifacts related to Hull House history and over 100 oral interviews conducted with people who have shared their stories about Hull House and the surrounding neighborhood . Hull House Association closure ( edit ) Because of its heavy reliance on public support - as much as 85 percent of its revenue came from such sources - had essentially become an arm of government , unlike anything Ms. Addams might recognize today . When Clarence Wood , then the head of Chicago 's Human Relations Commission , took over in 2000 , he promised to move toward more private fundraising . But that effort appears to have failed to bring in more than a few million dollars in any given year , accounting for less than 10 percent of the agency 's funding in most of the last decade , according to financial statements filed with the IRS and the Illinois attorney general 's office . On January 19 , 2012 , it was announced that Jane Addams Hull House Association would close in the spring of 2012 and file for bankruptcy due to financial difficulties , after almost 122 years . On Friday , January 27 , 2012 , Hull House closed unexpectedly and all employees received their final paychecks . Employees learned at time of closing that they would not receive severance pay or earned vacation pay or healthcare coverage . Union officials said that the agency closed while owing employees more than $27,000 in unpaid expense reimbursement claims . The University of Illinois at Chicago 's Jane Addams Hull - House Museum ( unaffiliated with the agency ) , however , remains open . Selected notable residents ( edit ) This list of `` famous '' or `` notable '' persons has no clear inclusion or exclusion criteria . Please help to define clear inclusion criteria and edit the list to contain only subjects that fit those criteria . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Edith Abbott Grace Abbott Jane Addams Ethel Percy Andrus Viola Spolin Neva Boyd Charlotte Perkins Gilman Sophonisba Breckinridge Edward L Burchard , the first male resident Dorothy Detzer Pauline Gibling Schindler Henry Standing Bear Alice Hamilton Florence Kelley Mary Kenney O'Sullivan Julia Lathrop Mary McDowell Ernest Carroll Moore , founder and first provost of UCLA . Frances Perkins Gerard Swope , General Electric Company ( 1922 -- 1939 ) Alzina Stevens Cornelia De Bey Eleanor Clarke Slagle , founder of occupational therapy Victor Yarros and Rachelle Yarros Enella Benedict Emily Edwards ( de Cantabrana ) Willard Motley , author : Knock on Any Door . Resident writer at Hull House , Willard Motley used the Hull House Neighborhood , Taylor Street 's Little Italy , and its people for the setting of his 1949 best seller . Taylor Street Archives Selected notable alumni ( edit ) This list of `` famous '' or `` notable '' persons has no clear inclusion or exclusion criteria . Please help to define clear inclusion criteria and edit the list to contain only subjects that fit those criteria . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Benny Goodman See also ( edit ) Jane Addams Burial Site John H. Addams John H. Addams Homestead History of social work Hull House Music School Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Park Service ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` Hull House '' . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2007 . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` HOME - Taylorstreetarchives '' . Taylor Street Archives . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hull House Museum Jump up ^ Jane Addams , Twenty Years at Hull House ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Mary Ann ( 2004 ) . Grossman , James R. , Keating , Ann Durkin , and Reiff , Janice L. , eds . `` Hull House '' . The Encyclopedia of Chicago . Chicago Historical Society . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Schulte , Franz and Kevin Harrington , Chicago 's Famous Buildings , fifth edition , University of Chicago Press , 2004 , pp. 212 -- 3 , ISBN 0 - 226 - 74066 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Addams ' Hull House '' . City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development , Landmarks Division . 2003 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2001 . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hull House '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2007 . Retrieved March 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Polikoff , Barbara Garland . With One Bold Act : The Story of Jane Addams , p. 55 , New York : Boswell Books , 1999 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Mary Ann . `` Hull House '' . Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago . Chicago Historical Society . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carroll Smith - Rosenberg . Disorderly Conduct : Visions of Gender in Victorian America . Oxford University Press ; 1986 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 504039 - 5 . p. 255 . Jump up ^ Wade . Louise C. ( Winter 1967 ) . `` The Heritage from Chicago 's Early Settlement Houses '' . Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society . 60 ( 4 ) : 411 -- 441 , 414 . JSTOR 40190170 . Jump up ^ `` Hull - House Maps Its Neighborhood '' . The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago . Chicago Historical Society . 2005 . Retrieved March 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Christie , C. , Gauvreau , M. ( 2001 ) . A Full - Orbed Christianity : The Protestant Churches and Social Welfare in Canada , 1900 -- 1940 McGill - Queen 's Press -- MQUP , January 19 , 2001 pg 107 Jump up ^ `` landing page '' . Jane Addams Hull - House Museum . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune , May 19 , 1890 . Jump up ^ Jane Addams , Images of Hull House , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Alice ( 1943 ) . Exploring the Dangerous Trades -- The Autobiography of Alice Hamilton , M.D . Boston , MA : Little , Brown and Company . p. 69 . Jump up ^ Michael Cordts , `` Meet the ' Hull House Kids ' '' , Chicago Sun - Times , Sunday , April 5 , 1987 , page 6 . Jump up ^ Polikoff , Barbara Garland . With One Bold Act : The Story of Jane Addams , p. 76 , New York : Boswell Books , 1999 . Jump up ^ Addams , Jane , and Ruth W. Messinger . Twenty Years at Hull - House , p. 72 - 73 , New York : Signet Classics , 1999 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Shannon . `` Theorizing : ' The Scaffolding ' . '' Lines of Activity Performance , Historiography , Hull House Domesticity . Ann Arbor : the University of Michigan Press , 2001 as cited at http://louisville.edu/a-s/english/haymarket/stanton/bibpage.html on March 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Polikoff , Barbara Garland . With One Bold Act : The Story of Jane Addams , p. 124 - 126 , New York : Boswell Books , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Playground Association of America : Early Days - Social Welfare History Project '' . vcu.edu . August 21 , 2012 . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Polikoff , Barbara Garland . With One Bold Act : The Story of Jane Addams , p. 74 , New York : Boswell Books , 1999 . Jump up ^ Gehl , Paul F. ( 2004 ) . Grossman , James R. ; Keating , Ann Durkin ; Reiff , Janice L. , eds . `` Book Arts '' . The Encyclopedia of Chicago . Chicago Historical Society . Jump up ^ Gems , Gerald R. ( 2004 ) . Grossman , James R. ; Keating , Ann Durkin ; Reiff , Janice L. , eds . `` Clubs : Youth Clubs '' . The Encyclopedia of Chicago . Chicago Historical Society . Jump up ^ Darling , Sharon S. ( 2004 ) . Grossman , James R. ; Keating , Ann Durkin ; Reiff , Janice L. , eds . `` Arts and Crafts Movement '' . The Encyclopedia of Chicago . Chicago Historical Society . Jump up ^ Peggy Glowacki and Julia Hendry , Images of America : Hull - House , Arcadia Publishing , Chicago , Illinois , 2004 p. 34 , ISBN 0 - 7385 - 3351 - 3 Jump up ^ McMillen , Wayne ( 2007 ) . `` SSA Tour : Edith Abbott '' . The University of Chicago School of Social Service Administration . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2006 . Retrieved January 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ All ACUA Staff ( 2007 ) . `` Hull House Settlement House Questionnaire , 1893 '' . The Catholic University Of America . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2006 . Retrieved March 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Addams ' Hull House '' . City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development , Landmarks Division . 2003 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2007 . Retrieved January 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sinkevitch , Alice , AIA Guide To Chicago , second edition , A Harcourt Original , 2004 , pp. 301 -- 2 , ISBN 0 - 15 - 222900 - 0 . Jump up ^ J. Addams , Twenty Years at Hull House , ( New York : MacMillan & Co. , 1910 ) , ch. 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ghosts of Hull House : Mysteries and Myths . New ebook and podcast ! '' . The Chicago Unbelievable Blog . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ J. Addams , `` The Long Road of Woman 's Memory , '' NewYork , MacMillan & Co. , 1917 , ch. 1 Jump up ^ `` Weird Chicago Blog : The Devil Baby of Hull House '' . Adam Selzer. 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Christiansen , Richard ( 2004 ) . Grossman , James R. ; Keating , Ann Durkin ; Reiff , Janice L. , eds . `` Theater Companies '' . The Encyclopedia of Chicago . Chicago Historical Society . Jump up ^ Haldeman - Julius , Marcet . Jane Addams As I Knew Her ( Grand Rapids : Kessinger , LLC , 1999 ( 1934 ) ) , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hull - House Retrospect '' , Hull - House Bulletin IV , no . 1 ( 1900 ) , n.p. Urban Experience In Chicago : Hull - House and Its Neighborhoods. 25 Apr. 2006 . University of Illinois at Chicago . Fall 2008 < http://www.uic.edu/jaddams/hull/urbanexp/contents.htm > . Jump up ^ Richard Sisson ; Christian K. Zacher ; Andrew Robert Lee Cayton ( 2006 - 11 - 08 ) . The American Midwest . ISBN 0253003490 . Jump up ^ Telli , Andrea ; Richard Pettengill ( 2004 ) . Grossman , James R. ; Keating , Ann Durkin ; Reiff , Janice L. , eds . `` Acting , Ensemble '' . The Encyclopedia of Chicago . Chicago Historical Society . Jump up ^ `` Who We Serve '' . Jane Addams Hull House Association . 2008 . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Addams Hull House Museum '' . University of Illinois at Chicago . Retrieved October 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ West , Maureen . `` What Would Founder Jane Addams Think of Hull House Demise ? '' The Chronicle of Philanthropy , 2 Feb. 2012 . Expanded Academic ASAP , http://link.galegroup.com.ezproxy.mnsu.edu/apps/doc/A286087442/EAIM?u=mnamsumank&sid=EAIM&xid=0fadab34 . Accessed 25 Apr. 2018 . Jump up ^ Ford , L. , & Thayer , K. ( 2012 , January 21 ) . Reliance on shrinking government funds doomed Hull House : Longtime social service agency no longer able to balance its books . Chicago Tribune . http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-01-21/news/ct-met-hull-house-closes-20120121_1_hull-house-state-funding-jane-addams Jump up ^ Thayer , Kate ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` Jane Addams Hull House to close '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hull House closes after more than 120 years '' . Fort Wayne News - Sentinel . January 28 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2015 . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Addams Hull House closing doors '' . ABC News Chicago website . January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hull House closing Friday '' . Chicago Tribune website . January 25 , 2012 . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Webber , Tammy ( January 27 , 2012 ) . `` Hull House Closes Doors After More Than 120 Years '' . ABC News . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mary Hill Swope Papers , University of Illinois Chicago -- Richard J. Daley Library Special Collections and University Archives http://www.uic.edu/depts/lib/specialcoll/services/rjd/findingaids/MSwopef.html . Jump up ^ `` Biographies : Benny Goodman '' . PBS . Retrieved August 27 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hull House ( Chicago ) . In the Vicinity of Maxwell Halsted Streets 1890 - 1930 Jane Addams Hull - House Museum Jane Addams Hull House Association Twenty Years at Hull House , by Jane Addams , New York : The MacMillan Company , 1912 ( c. 1910 ) at A Celebration of Women Writers Twenty Years at Hull House , by Jane Addams , MacMillan & Co , 1910 , at Project Gutenberg Twenty Years at Hull House public domain audiobook at LibriVox The Pots of Promise Exhibit Urban Experience In Chicago : Hull - House and Its Neighborhoods , 1889 -- 1963 Hull House Jubilee Article Taylor Street Archives : UIC : Flawed History Bowen Country Club -- digital images from the UIC Library collections Hull - House Yearbook -- digital images from the UIC Library collections Closing of Hull House Staff Interview on Closing of Hull House University of Illinois at Chicago Academic life Electronic Visualization Laboratory First Monday Gallery 400 GEOLibrary Institute for Juvenile Research National Center for Data Mining National Center on Physical Activity and Disability UIC College Prep Athletics UIC Flames Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Horizon League UIC Pavilion Campus and nearby Greektown Hull House Illinois Medical District Little Italy UIC -- Halsted CTA station UIC Pavilion UIC Police Station UIC Skyspace University Hall University of Illinois Hospital & Health Sciences System University Village Colleges Applied Health Sciences Architecture and Arts Business Administration Dentistry Education Engineering Graduate College Graduate School of Business Liberal Arts and Sciences Medicine Nursing Pharmacy Public Health Social Work Urban Planning and Public Affairs History Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary Maxwell Street Navy Pier Campus University of Illinois at Chicago Circle Walter Netsch Students Alumni Honors College U.S. National Register of Historic Places Topics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by states Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia Morocco Portal Chicago articles By topic Architecture Beaches Climate Colleges and universities Community areas Crime Culture Demographics Economy companies Expressways Flag Geography Government Harbor History Politics Timeline Landmarks Literature Media Museums Neighborhoods Parks People Performing arts music theater Public schools list Skyscrapers Sports Tourism Transportation Visual arts Portal Commons Portal Chicago Landmark houses National Historic Landmark , National Register of Historic Places , Chicago Landmark Charnley Gerber Glessner Heller Hull Robie Wells - 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Wells ' Ann Veronica ( 1909 ) See also : 19th - century women artists 19th - century women writers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hull_House&oldid=862065541 '' Categories : Museums in Chicago Biographical museums in Illinois Historic house museums in Illinois University museums in Illinois Women 's museums in the United States West Side , Chicago History of Chicago Houses completed in 1856 Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Chicago Landmarks in Chicago National Historic Landmarks in Chicago Progressive Era in the United States Reportedly haunted locations in Chicago 1889 establishments in Illinois Settlement houses Socialism in the United States University of Illinois at Chicago Tourist attractions in Chicago Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Articles with short description Use mdy dates from August 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Unverifiable lists of persons from September 2017 Articles with LibriVox links Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Polski Português Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2018 , at 23 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the founder of chicago hull house | [
"Hull House was a settlement house in the United States that was co-founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr. Located on the Near West Side of Chicago, Illinois, Hull House (named after the original house's first owner Charles Jerald Hull) opened to recently arrived European immigrants. By 1911, Hull House had grown to 13 buildings. In 1912 the Hull House complex was completed with the addition of a summer camp, the Bowen Country Club.[3][4][5] With its innovative social, educational, and artistic programs, Hull House became the standard bearer for the movement that had grown, by 1920, to almost 500 settlement houses nationally.[6]\n",
"Hull House was a settlement house in the United States that was co-founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr. Located on the Near West Side of Chicago, Illinois, Hull House (named after the original house's first owner Charles Jerald Hull) opened to recently arrived European immigrants. By 1911, Hull House had grown to 13 buildings. In 1912 the Hull House complex was completed with the addition of a summer camp, the Bowen Country Club.[3][4][5] With its innovative social, educational, and artistic programs, Hull House became the standard bearer for the movement that had grown, by 1920, to almost 500 settlement houses nationally.[6]\n"
] | [
"Jane Addams",
"Ellen Gates Starr"
] |
7165785900330117526 | The Country Wife | The Country Wife - wikipedia The Country Wife Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Restoration comedy by Wycherley . For the TV episode , see The Country Wife ( The Green Green Grass ) . The Country Wife The first edition of The Country Wife Written by William Wycherley Characters Mr. Horner Mr. Harcourt Mr. Pinchwife Mrs. Margery Pinchwife Mrs. Alithea more ... Date premiered January 1675 Place premiered Theatre Royal , Drury Lane Original language English Genre Restoration comedy Setting London The Country Wife is a Restoration comedy written in 1675 by William Wycherley . A product of the tolerant early Restoration period , the play reflects an aristocratic and anti-Puritan ideology , and was controversial for its sexual explicitness even in its own time . The title itself contains a lewd pun . It is based on several plays by Molière , with added features that 1670s London audiences demanded : colloquial prose dialogue in place of Molière 's verse , a complicated , fast - paced plot tangle , and many sex jokes . It turns on two indelicate plot devices : a rake 's trick of pretending impotence to safely have clandestine affairs with married women , and the arrival in London of an inexperienced young `` country wife '' , with her discovery of the joys of town life , especially the fascinating London men . The scandalous trick and the frank language have for much of the play 's history kept it off the stage and out of print . Between 1753 and 1924 , The Country Wife was considered too outrageous to be performed at all and was replaced on the stage by David Garrick 's cleaned - up and bland version The Country Girl , now a forgotten curiosity . The original play is again a stage favourite today , and is also acclaimed by academic critics , who praise its linguistic energy , sharp social satire , and openness to different interpretations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Plots 3 Key scenes 4 Themes and analysis 4.1 The dynamics of marriage 4.2 Horner 's position of power 4.3 Horner 's true intentions towards women 5 First performance 6 Stage history 7 Critical reception 8 Modern criticism 9 References 9.1 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Background ( edit ) William Wycherley in 1675 After the 18 - year Puritan stage ban was lifted at the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 , the theatrical life of London recreated itself quickly and abundantly . During the reign of Charles II ( 1660 -- 1685 ) , playwrights such as John Dryden , George Etherege , Aphra Behn , and William Wycherley wrote comedies that triumphantly reassert aristocratic dominance and prestige after the years of middle class power during Oliver Cromwell 's Commonwealth . Reflecting the atmosphere of the Court , these plays celebrate a lifestyle of sensual intrigue and conquest , especially conquest that served to humiliate the husbands of the London middle classes and to avenge , in the sensual arena , the marginalisation and exile suffered by royalists under Cromwell . Charles ' personal interest in the stage nourished Restoration drama , and his most favoured courtiers were poets , playwrights , and men of wit , such as John Wilmot , Earl of Rochester , Charles Sackville , Earl of Dorset , and William Wycherley . Wycherley had no title or wealth , but had by 1675 already recommended himself by two well - received comedies and had been admitted to the inner circle , sharing the conversation and sometimes the mistresses of Charles , who `` was extremely fond of him upon account of his wit '' . In 1675 , at age 35 , he created a sensation with The Country Wife , greeted as the bawdiest and wittiest play yet seen on the English stage . Like Charles II , Wycherley had spent some Commonwealth years in France and become interested in French drama , and throughout his short playwriting career ( 1671 -- 1676 ) he would borrow plotlines and techniques from French plays , particularly Molière . However , in contrast to the French , English audiences of the 1670s had no enthusiasm for structurally simple comedies or for the neoclassical unities of time , place , and action , but demanded fast pace , many complications , and above all `` variety '' . To achieve the much denser texture and more complex plotting that pleased in London , Wycherley would combine several source plays to produce bustling action and clashing moods , ranging from farce through paradox to satire . A Restoration novelty of which Wycherley took advantage was the readiness of public opinion to accept women on stage , for the first time in British history . Audiences were fascinated to see real women reverse the cross-dressing of the Elizabethan boy actors and appear in tight - fitting male outfits in the popular breeches roles , and to hear them match or even outdo the rake heroes in repartee and double entendre . Charles ' choice of actresses as mistresses , notably Nell Gwyn , helped keep the interest fresh , and Wycherley plays on this interest in The Country Wife by having Mr. Pinchwife disguise his wife ( the eponymous ' country wife ' ) in a boy 's outfit . It has also been suggested that he uses the allure of women on display to emphasise in an almost voyeuristic way Margery 's provocative innocence , as well as the immodest knowingness of `` town '' wives like Lady Fidget . Plots ( edit ) The Country Wife is more neatly constructed than most Restoration comedies , but is typical of its time and place in having three sources and three plots . The separate plots are interlinked but distinct , each projecting a sharply different mood . They may be schematised as Horner 's impotence trick , the married life of Pinchwife and Margery , and the courtship of Harcourt and Alithea . 1 . Horner 's impotence trick provides the play 's organising principle and the turning - points of the action . The trick , to pretend impotence to be allowed where no complete man may go , is ( distantly ) based on the classic Roman comedy Eunuchus by Terence . The upper - class town rake Harry Horner begins a campaign for seducing as many respectable ladies as possible and thus cuckolding or `` putting horns on '' their husbands : Horner 's name serves to alert the audience to what is going on . He spreads a false rumour of his own impotence , to convince married men that he can safely be allowed to socialise with their wives . The rumour is also meant to assist his mass seduction campaign by helping him identify women who are secretly eager for extramarital sex , because those women will react to a supposedly impotent man with tell - tale horror and disgust . This diagnostic trick , which invariably works perfectly , is one of The Country Wife 's many running jokes at the expense of hypocritical upper - class women who are rakes at heart . Horner 's ruse of impotence is a great success , and he has sex with many ladies of virtuous reputation , mostly the wives and daughters of citizens or `` cits '' , i.e. upwardly mobile businessmen and entrepreneurs of the City of London , as opposed to the Town , the aristocratic quarters where Horner and his friends live . Three such ladies appear on stage , usually together : Lady Fidget , her sister - in - law Mrs Dainty Fidget , and her tag - along friend Mrs Squeamish -- names that convey both a delicate sensitivity about the jewel of reputation , and a certain fidgety physical unease or tickle -- and the dialogue gives an indefinite impression of many more . The play is structured as a farce , driven by Horner 's secret and by a succession of near - discoveries of the truth , from which he extricates himself by aplomb and good luck . A final hair - raising threat of exposure comes in the last scene , through the well - meaning frankness of the young country wife Margery Pinchwife . Margery is indignant at the accusations of impotence directed at `` poor dear Mr. Horner '' , which she knows from personal experience to be untrue , and is intent on saying so at the traditional end - of - the - play public gathering of the entire cast . In a final trickster masterpiece , Horner averts the danger , joining forces with his more sophisticated lovers to persuade the jealous Pinchwife to at least pretend to believe Horner impotent and his own wife still innocent . Horner never becomes a reformed character but is assumed to go on reaping the fruits of his planted misinformation , past the last act and beyond . 2 . The married life of Pinchwife and Margery is based on Molière 's School For Husbands ( 1661 ) and School For Wives ( 1662 ) . Pinchwife is a middle - aged man who has married a naive country girl in the hope that she will not know to cuckold him . However , Horner teaches her , and Margery cuts a swath through the complexities of London upper - class marriage and seduction without even noticing them . Restoration comedies often contrast town and country for humorous effect , and this is one example of it . Both Molière in the School For Wives and Wycherley in The Country Wife get much comic business out of the meeting between , on the one hand , innocent but inquisitive young girls and , on the other hand , the sophisticated 17th - century culture of sexual relations which they encounter . The difference , which would later make Molière acceptable and Wycherley atrocious to 19th - century critics and theatre producers , is that Molière 's Agnes is naturally pure and virtuous , while Margery is just the opposite : enthusiastic about the virile handsomeness of town gallants , rakes , and especially theatre actors , she keeps Pinchwife in a state of continual horror with her plain - spokenness and her interest in sex . A running joke is the way Pinchwife 's pathological jealousy always leads him into supplying Margery with the very type of information he wishes her not to have . 3 . The courtship of Harcourt and Alithea is a conventional love story without any direct source . By means of persistence and true love , the witty Harcourt , Horner 's friend , wins the hand of Pinchwife 's sister Alithea , who is , when the play opens , engaged to the shallow fop Sparkish . The delay mechanism of this story is that the upright Alithea holds fast virtuously to her engagement to Sparkish , even while his stupid and cynical character unfolds to her . It is only after Alithea has been caught in a misleadingly compromising situation with Horner , and Sparkish has doubted her virtue while Harcourt has not , that she finally admits her love for Harcourt . Key scenes ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Country Wife Notorious scenes in the play include `` the china scene '' , a sustained double entendre dialogue mostly heard from off stage , where Horner is purportedly discussing his china collection with two of his lady friends . The husband of Lady Fidget and the grandmother of Mrs. Squeamish are listening front stage and nodding in approval , failing to pick up the double meaning which is obvious to the audience . Lady Fidget has already explained to her husband that Horner `` knows china very well , and has himself very good , but will not let me see it lest I should beg some . But I will find it out , and have what I came for yet '' ( IV. iii. 110 ) . Dialogue such as this made `` china '' a dirty word in common conversation , Wycherley later claimed . In another famous scene Lady Fidget 's self - styled `` virtuous gang '' meet up at Horner 's lodging to carouse , throw off their public virtue , and behave exactly like male rakes , singing riotous songs and drinking defiant toasts . Finally each of the ladies triumphantly declares that Horner himself is the very lover they have been toasting , and a mayhem of jealousy breaks out as they realise that their friends have also been receiving Horner 's favours . But they quickly realise they have no choice but to keep the scandalous secret : `` Well then , there 's no remedy , sister sharers , let us not fall out , but have a care of our honour '' ( V. iv. 169 ) . A scene of the Pinchwife plot that combines farce and nightmare is Pinchwife 's attempt to force Mrs Pinchwife to write a haughty farewell letter to Horner , using the Freudian threat to `` write whore with this penknife in your face '' ( IV. ii. 95 ) . Like all Pinchwife 's efforts it misfires , giving Mrs Pinchwife instead an opportunity to send Horner a fan letter . Themes and analysis ( edit ) The dynamics of marriage ( edit ) People marry for the sake of outward appearances , for example Alithea feels that she has no choice but to marry Sparkish because her status in society expects her to . Wives are treated as property as made evident by Pinchwife who locks Margery in her room and forbids her from speaking to men . Sir Jasper 's marriage to Lady Fidget is beneficial to his business ; therefore he treats her as his asset . He constantly asks Horner to `` watch '' her so that she will have no opportunity to make a cuckold out of him . Furthermore , there is a struggle for dominance between men and women . As Pinchwife says , ' '' If we do not cheat women , they 'll cheat us '' is the very basis for the chief plot of the play , `` which centers upon the exchange of positions of dominance within his own family . '' Pinchwife decides to marry a country woman in the hopes that she will not be clever enough to know how to cheat , but his extremes in preventing her exposure to men leads to his downfall . Only the women are expected to remain faithful to their husbands . As a result , Lady Fidget `` uses sex as a means of revenge against their husbands and achieve a kind of moral victory over them by making them what they most fear to be -- cuckolds . '' Horner 's position of power ( edit ) Initially , Horner is confident that he can seek out the married women who are willing to have affairs because they are the ones who do not care about their honor . Horner seems to believe he is in a position of power over the women because their extramarital affair is with him , but his power wanes during the duration of the play . In Act 5 , Scene 4 , Lady Fidget , Dainty Fidget , and Mistress Squeamish barge into Horner 's lodgings despite his protest , conveying `` his lower position that alludes to his disguise : a lowly eunuch . '' They talk about him as if he was not present , referring to him as a ' beast , ' ' toad , ' and eunuch. Cohen says , `` As the ladies grow in aggressive self - confidence , Lady Fidget also ' claps him on the back ' thereby revealing the altered socio - sexual roles that are now presented . '' While Horner thinks he is manipulating the women , he has `` exhausted his sexual resources and has , in reality , become that impotent and useless object with the world publicly recognizes him to be . '' Horner 's true power is not in relationship to the women , but to the men . He shows his dominance over the men he cuckolds . Horner 's true intentions towards women ( edit ) Andrew Kaufman claims that although Horner may seem to pretend to despise women because of his pretended state as a eunuch , his hatred towards women is real . When asked whether he enjoys the company of women , `` Horner 's language in a constant barrage of hostile wit , discharging hostility which can not , at the moment , be directly expressed . His characteristic action , verbally , is to ' unmask ' women . '' First performance ( edit ) The cast of The Country Wife 's original performance The Country Wife was first performed in January 1675 , by the King 's Company , at the Theatre Royal , Drury Lane . This luxurious playhouse , designed by Christopher Wren and with room for 2,000 spectators , had opened only the year before . It was of compact design , retaining in spite of its large seating capacity much of the intimate actor / audience contact of the Elizabethan theatre , still with an almost Elizabethan - size forestage or apron stage , on which actors would come forward for maximum audience contact . The original cast was listed in the first edition of The Country Wife , as was standard practice , and modern scholars have suggested that this information throws light on Wycherley 's intentions . Wycherley wrote with the original actors in mind , tailoring the roles to their strengths . Also , since the audience consisted mostly of habitual playgoers , authors and directors could use the associations of an actor 's previous repertoire to enrich or undercut a character , effects familiar on television and in the cinema today . Several of the actors were specialised comedians , notably Joseph Haines who played the false - wit character Sparkish , Alithea 's original fiancé . At the outset of his high - profile career as comedian and song - and - dance man , young Haines already had a reputation for eccentricity and dominant stage presence , suggesting that Sparkish is not merely a comic butt for the truewits Horner , Harcourt , and Dorilant to mock , but also a real threat to the romance of Harcourt and Alithea . Harcourt : Edward Kynaston played female roles in the 1660s . Pinchwife was played by the elderly Michael Mohun , who was best known for playing menacing villains , such as Volpone and Iago . Mrs. Pinchwife was Elizabeth Boutell or Bowtel , a young actress who had `` a childish look . Her voice was weak , tho ' very mellow ; she generally acted the young innocent lady whom all the heroes are mad in love with '' . Boutell 's previous recorded roles had in fact all been unmarried as well as innocent girls , and Margery was her first married role . Matching Boutell and Mohun as a couple would emphasise `` her youth and innocence against Mohun 's age and violence '' . The other husband to be cuckolded by Horner , Sir Jaspar Fidget , was played by another elderly actor , William Cartwright , best known for comic parts such as Falstaff . This casting suggests that Sir Jaspar was played as a straightforwardly comic part , while Pinchwife would be `` alarming as well as funny '' . The male leads Horner and Harcourt were played by the contrasted actors Charles Hart and Edward Kynaston ( or Kenaston ) . The forcefully masculine 45 - year - old Hart `` was celebrated for superman roles , notably the arrogant , bloodthirsty Almanzor in John Dryden 's Conquest of Granada '' , and also for playing rakish comedy heroes with nonchalance and charisma . Many critics credit the personalities and skills of Hart and Nell Gwyn with creating , as much as any playwright did , the famous flirting / bantering Restoration comedy couple . The beautiful androgynous Kynaston , probably in his early thirties , was a different kind of hero . He had started his career in 1660 as the outstanding Restoration female impersonator -- `` the prettiest woman in the whole house '' -- before real women entered the profession in the fall of 1660 . ( The 2004 movie Stage Beauty is loosely based on Kynaston 's career . ) John Harold Wilson argues that the famously virile stage presence of Hart as Horner must be taken into account when interpreting the play . As personified by Hart , Horner will have won women not so much through clever trickery as `` the old - fashioned way '' , by being `` dangerously attractive '' , and it is only fools like Sir Jaspar Fidget who really believe him harmless . Harcourt / Kynaston , although by 1675 a well - regarded and skilful actor of male roles , would clearly have been overshadowed by Horner / Hart . The actresses associated with each hero must also have tended to make the Horner plot more striking on the stage than the true - love plot . Horner 's primary mistress Lady Fidget , spokeswoman for `` the virtuous gang '' of secretly sex - hungry town wives , was played by the dynamic Elizabeth Knepp , who Samuel Pepys declared `` the most excellent , mad - humoured thing , and sings the noblest I 've ever heard '' , talents that the famous drinking scene in Horner 's lodging seems designed to do justice to . By contrast , the choice of the bit - part actress Elizabeth James as Alithea would have de-emphasised the Harcourt - Alithea plot . Such historical considerations have made modern critics sceptical of Norman Holland 's classic 1959 `` right way / wrong way '' interpretation of the play , which positions the true - love plot as the most important one . Stage history ( edit ) The play had a good initial run , although Horner 's trick and the notorious china scene immediately raised offence . Wycherley laughed off such criticisms in his next play , The Plain Dealer ( 1676 ) , where he has the hypocritical Olivia exclaim that the china scene in The Country Wife `` has quite taken away the reputation of poor china itself , and sullied the most innocent and pretty furniture of a lady 's chamber '' . Olivia 's sensible cousin Eliza insists that she 'll go see The Country Wife anyway : `` All this will not put me out of conceit with china , nor the play , which is acted today , or another of the same beastly author 's , as you call him , which I 'll go see . '' Writing himself into The Plain Dealer as the `` beastly author '' of the china scene , Wycherley seems more amused than repentant . The Country Wife did in fact survive the complaints to become a dependable repertory play from 1675 till the mid-1740s , but by then public taste had changed too much to put up with the sex jokes any longer . Its last eighteenth century performance in 1753 was followed by a hiatus of 171 years , until the successful Phoenix Society production in 1924 at the Regent Theatre in London . The first - ever American performance of Wycherley 's original Country Wife took place in 1931 . During its long banishment from the stage , The Country Wife continued a shadowy existence in the form of David Garrick 's cleaned - up version The Country Girl ( 1766 ) , where Margery is a virgin and Horner her romantic lover . This play was very popular , going through at least twenty editions , reaching the New York stage in 1794 , and surviving in both London and New York into the twentieth century . The few modern critics who have read Garrick 's version typically dismiss it as `` sentimental and boring , where The Country Wife is astringent and provocative '' . Wycherley 's original is now again a stage classic , with countless professional and amateur performances , an actors ' favourite because of the high number of good parts it offers . The movie Shampoo ( 1975 ) , with Warren Beatty as the Horner character , is a somewhat distant version of The Country Wife after exactly 300 years , reportedly inspired by the Chichester Festival production of 1969 . There was a BBC Play of the Month production of The Country Wife , in 1977 , in which Anthony Andrews plays Horner and Helen Mirren plays Margery . The Country Wife was also restaged as a musical -- Lust . Written by the Heather Brothers , it was first performed at the Queens Theatre in Hornchurch in the London Borough of Havering in 1992 . It later transferred to the Theatre Royal Haymarket in London 's West End , starring Denis Lawson as Horner . The production & Lawson then moved to the John Houseman Theatre in New York in 1995 . Critical reception ( edit ) Thomas Macaulay abhorred Wycherley . From its creation until the mid-20th century , The Country Wife was subject to both aesthetic praise and moral outrage . Many critics through the centuries have acknowledged its linguistic energy and wit , including even Victorians such as Leigh Hunt , who praised its literary quality in a selection of Restoration plays that he published in 1840 ( itself a daring undertaking , for reputedly `` obscene '' plays that had been long out of print ) . However , in an influential review of Hunt 's edition , Thomas Babington Macaulay swept aside questions of literary merit , claiming with indignation that `` Wycherley 's indecency is protected against the critics as a skunk is protected against the hunters . It is safe , because it is too filthy to handle and too noisome even to approach . '' Margery Pinchwife , regarded in Wycherley 's own time as a purely comic character , was denounced by Macaulay as a scarlet woman who threw herself into `` a licentious intrigue of the lowest and least sentimental kind '' . Leigh Hunt admired Wycherley . It was Macaulay , not Hunt , who set the keynote for the 19th century . The play was impossible equally to stage and to discuss , forgotten and obscure . Academic critics of the first half of the 20th century continued to approach The Country Wife gingerly , with frequent warnings about its `` heartlessness '' , even as they praised its keen social observation . At this time nobody found it funny , and positive criticism tried to rescue it as satire and social criticism rather than as comedy . Macaulay 's `` licentious '' Mrs. Pinchwife becomes in the 20th century a focus for moral concern : to critics such as Bonamy Dobrée , she is a tragic character , destined to have her naiveté cruelly taken advantage of by the `` grim , nightmare figure '' of Horner . Modern criticism ( edit ) The past fifty years have seen a major change , and academic critics have acknowledged the play as a powerful and original work . Norman Holland 's widely influential proposal in 1959 of a `` right way / wrong way '' reading took Wycherley 's morality with innovative seriousness and interpreted the play as presenting two bad kinds of masculinity -- Horner 's libertinism and Pinchwife 's possessiveness -- and recommending the golden mean of Harcourt , the true lover , the representative of mutual trust in marriage . A competing milestone approach of the same generation is that of Rose Zimbardo ( 1965 ) , who discusses the play in generic and historical terms as a fierce social satire . Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick Both these types of reading have now fallen out of favour ; there is little consensus about the meaning of The Country Wife , but its `` notorious resistance to interpretation '' is having an invigorating rather than damping effect on academic interest . The play 's ideological dimension has been emphasised recently . It was written by a courtier for a courtly and aristocratic audience , and Douglas Canfield has pointed to an unusual complication for a courtly play . Horner 's acts of cuckolding aggression are directed not only at disrupting middle - class families of `` the City '' , in the usual way of the aristocratic Restoration rake , but also at his own , upper , class , the inhabitants of `` the Town '' -- the new and fashionable quarters ( the future West End ) that had sprung up west of the medieval City walls after the Great Fire of London in 1666 . The courtier code proposed by Wycherley is of a sexual game . Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick argued in Between Men that the game is played not between men and women , but between men by means of women , who are merely the `` conduits '' of homosocial desire between men . The hierarchy of wits meant that the wittiest and most virile man would win at the game . Thus Horner , as Canfield puts it , `` represents not just class superiority , but that subset of class represented by the Town wits , a privileged minority that ... is the jet set identified with the Town and the Court as the loci of real power in the kingdom . '' The aggressive attack mounted in the china scene against the class and the generation by which Wycherley was patronised with the expectation that he would defend it ( against Sir Jaspar Fidget and Lady Fidget ) , suggests Canfield , would only let an audience of that class laugh comfortably if Horner were punished by actual impotence in the end , which he is not . `` When the play concludes with no poetical justice that makes Horner really impotent '' , writes Canfield , `` leaving him instead potent and still on the make , the audience laughs at its own expense : the women of quality nervously because they have been misogynistically slandered ; the men of quality nervously because at some level they recognize that class solidarity is just a pleasing fiction . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ogden , xxxiii . Jump up ^ Richardson Pack , Memoirs of Mr. Wycherley 's Life ( 1728 ) , 8 ; quoted by Ogden , 4 . Jump up ^ Howe , 64 . Jump up ^ Vieth , David M. `` Wycherley 's The Country Wife : An Anatomy of Masculinity . '' Papers on Language and Literature 2 , no . 4 ( fall 1966 ) : 335 -- 50 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Derrick . `` The Revengers ' Comedy : A Reading of The Country Wife . '' Durham University Journal . 76 ( 1983 ) : 33 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Anthony ( Winter 1975 ) . `` Wycherley 's The Country Wife and the Don Juan Character '' . Eighteenth - Century Studies . 9 ( 2 ) : 216 -- 31 . Jump up ^ See Ogden , xxix -- xxx , and Wilson . Jump up ^ Thomas Betterton 's description of Boutell , quoted by Ogden , xxx . Jump up ^ Howe , 181 ; note however that the records for this time are extremely incomplete . ^ Jump up to : Ogden , xxx . Jump up ^ Dixon , 430 . Jump up ^ Howe , 20 . Jump up ^ Pepys , quoted by Ogden , xxix . Jump up ^ Wilson . Jump up ^ The Plain Dealer , II. i. 431 -- 33 , 442 -- 44 , quoted from Dixon ( ed . ) , The Country Wife and Other Plays . Jump up ^ Ogden , xxxiv . Jump up ^ Dobrée , 94 . Jump up ^ Burke , 239 . Jump up ^ Canfield , 129 . Bibliography ( edit ) Burke , Helen M. ( 1988 ) . `` Wycherley 's ' Tendentious Joke ' : The Discourse of Alterity in The Country Wife , '' Eighteenth - Century Studies , 29 , 3 ( Fall 1988 ) : 227 -- 41 . Canfield , Douglas ( 1997 ) . Tricksters and Estates : On the Ideology of Restoration Comedy . Lexington , Kentucky : The University Press of Kentucky . Dixon , Peter ( 1996 ) . William Wycherley : The Country Wife and Other Plays . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Dobrée , Bonamy ( 1924 ) . Restoration Comedy 1660 -- 1720 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Holland , Norman N. ( 1959 ) . The First Modern Comedies : The Significance of Etherege , Wycherley and Congreve . Cambridge , Massachusetts . Howe , Elizabeth ( 1992 ) . The First English Actresses : Women and Drama 1660 -- 1700 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Hunt , Leigh ( ed . ) ( 1840 ) . The Dramatic Works of Wycherley , Congreve , Vanbrugh and Farquhar . Kosofsky Sedgwick , Eve ( 1985 ) . `` The Country Wife : Anatomies of male homosocial desire '' . In Between Men : English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire , pp. 49 -- 66 . New York : Columbia University Press . Macaulay , Thomas Babington ( 1841 ) . Review of Leigh Hunt , ed . The Dramatic Works of Wycherley , Congreve , Vanbrugh , and Farquhar , in Critical and Historical Essays , Vol. 2 . Retrieved 6 February 2005 . Ogden , James ( ed. , 2003 . ) William Wycherley : The Country Wife . London : A&C Black . Pepys , Samuel ( ed . Henry Benjamin Wheatley , 1880 ) . The Diary of Samuel Pepys . Retrieved 14 March 2005 . Wilson , John Harold ( 1969 ) . Six Restoration Plays . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . Zimbardo , Rose A. ( 1965 ) . Wycherley 's Drama : A Link in the Development in English Satire . Yale . Further reading ( edit ) Hughes , Derek ( 1996 ) . English Drama , 1660 -- 1700 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 811974 - 6 . Wycherly , William ( 1675 ) . The Country Wife . London : Nick Hern Books , 2001 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85459 - 225 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Country Wife Full E-text of The Country Wife Another full E-text of The Country Wife Photos from Garrick 's The Country Girl The Country Wife at the Internet Broadway Database The Country Wife at the Internet off - Broadway Database The Country Wife at Theatricalia.com ( hide ) Restoration comedy Playwrights Aphra Behn Susanna Centlivre Colley Cibber William Congreve John Dryden George Etherege George Farquhar Edward Howard James Howard Robert Howard Thomas Otway Charles Sedley Thomas Shadwell Thomas Southerne Richard Steele John Vanbrugh George Villiers William Wycherley Notable Plays The Indian Emperour ( 1665 ) The Committee ; Or , The Faithful Irishman ( 1665 ) The Mulberry - Garden ( 1668 ) Tarugo 's Wiles : or , The Coffee - house ( 1668 ) The Rehearsal ( 1671 ) Marriage à la mode ( 1672 ) The Country Wife ( 1675 ) Aureng - zebe ( 1675 ) The Plain - Dealer ( 1676 ) The Man of Mode ( 1676 ) Venice Preserv 'd ( 1682 ) Bellamira ( 1687 ) Love for Love ( 1700 ) Love 's Last Shift ( 1696 ) The Relapse ( 1696 ) The Way of the World ( 1700 ) The Recruiting Officer ( 1706 ) The Beaux ' Stratagem ( 1707 ) Characters Beau Fop Spark Rake Related People Charles II Jeremy Collier Thomas Hobbes Marquis de Sade Molière James II Georg Monck John Wilmot , 2nd Earl of Rochester Related articles Bedlam Chocolate houses Comedy of manners Court Drury Lane Fleet Prison Hedonism The Libertine ( 1994 ) The Libertine ( film ) Libertinism Lincoln 's Inn Fields Mode Restoration of Charles II Second Anglo - Dutch War Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage Wit Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Country_Wife&oldid=789153002 '' Categories : Adultery in plays Restoration comedy 1675 plays Plays by William Wycherley Plays set in the 17th century Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2017 Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 5 July 2017 , at 17 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the main character in wycherley's the country wife | [
"The male leads Horner and Harcourt were played by the contrasted actors Charles Hart and Edward Kynaston (or Kenaston). The forcefully masculine 45-year-old Hart \"was celebrated for superman roles, notably the arrogant, bloodthirsty Almanzor in John Dryden's Conquest of Granada\", and also for playing rakish comedy heroes with nonchalance and charisma.[11] Many critics credit the personalities and skills of Hart and Nell Gwyn with creating, as much as any playwright did, the famous flirting/bantering Restoration comedy couple. The beautiful androgynous Kynaston, probably in his early thirties, was a different kind of hero. He had started his career in 1660 as the outstanding Restoration female impersonator[12] – \"the prettiest woman in the whole house\"[13] – before real women entered the profession in the fall of 1660. (The 2004 movie Stage Beauty is loosely based on Kynaston's career.)",
"The male leads Horner and Harcourt were played by the contrasted actors Charles Hart and Edward Kynaston (or Kenaston). The forcefully masculine 45-year-old Hart \"was celebrated for superman roles, notably the arrogant, bloodthirsty Almanzor in John Dryden's Conquest of Granada\", and also for playing rakish comedy heroes with nonchalance and charisma.[11] Many critics credit the personalities and skills of Hart and Nell Gwyn with creating, as much as any playwright did, the famous flirting/bantering Restoration comedy couple. The beautiful androgynous Kynaston, probably in his early thirties, was a different kind of hero. He had started his career in 1660 as the outstanding Restoration female impersonator[12] – \"the prettiest woman in the whole house\"[13] – before real women entered the profession in the fall of 1660. (The 2004 movie Stage Beauty is loosely based on Kynaston's career.)"
] | [
"Horner",
"Harcourt"
] |
2403539739622541523 | Grey's Anatomy (season 14) | Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) - wikipedia Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) Promotional poster Starring Ellen Pompeo Justin Chambers Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Kevin McKidd Jessica Capshaw Sarah Drew Jesse Williams Caterina Scorsone Camilla Luddington Kelly McCreary Jason George Martin Henderson Giacomo Gianniotti Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network ABC Original release September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) -- May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 13 Next → Season 15 List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy was ordered on February 10 , 2017 , by American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , and premiered on September 28 , 2017 with a special two - hour premiere . The season consists of 24 episodes , with the season 's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall . The season is produced by ABC Studios , in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company ; the showrunners being Krista Vernoff and William Harper . The fourteenth season is the first not to feature Jerrika Hinton as Dr. Stephanie Edwards since her introduction in the ninth season , following her departure at the conclusion of the previous season . The season marks the last appearance of Martin Henderson , Jason George , Jessica Capshaw , and Sarah Drew as series regulars , as well as the first appearance of Jaina Lee Ortiz as Andy Herrera , the lead character of Grey 's Anatomy 's second spin - off series , Station 19 . On April 20 , 2018 , ABC officially renewed Grey 's Anatomy for a network primetime drama record - setting fifteenth season . Contents 1 Plots 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest cast 2.4 Casting 3 Production 3.1 Development 4 Episodes 5 Ratings 5.1 Live + SD ratings 5.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 6 DVD release 7 References Plots ( edit ) The season follows the story of surgical residents , fellows , and attendings as they experience the difficulties of the competitive careers they have chosen . It is set in the surgical wing of the fictional Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , located in Seattle , Washington . After the explosion at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , Chief Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) finds it the perfect time to give the place a much needed upgrade in look and functionality . During the construction , Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) struggles with the shocking reunion with his sister , Megan ( Abigail Spencer ) , who was recently found in a hostage camp overseas . The discovery also welcomes back Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) , the former chief cardiothoracic surgery and Owen 's best friend , which leads to awkward moments with Amelia Shepherd ( Caterina Scorsone ) . Of course , Nathan Riggs ( Martin Henderson ) , who was once in love with Megan , is torn between his love for her and his most recent interest in Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) . Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) learns what `` ghosting '' is after Eliza Minnick ( Marika Dominczyk ) vanishes without a trace , but she quickly finds company in an Italian girl she met at the bar , Carina DeLuca ( Stefania Spampinato ) , sister to Andrew DeLuca ( Giacomo Gianniotti ) . Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ) struggles to patch her relationship with Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) , but when her attempts fail , she finds herself sleeping with one of the new interns . When Carina finds that Amelia has a brain tumor , she brings her former mentor / professor Dr Tom Koracek ( Greg Germann ) to create a treatment plan . But when he points out how the tumor has affected her judgment , she fears that it might have ruined her patient 's lives or put them in more danger -- specifically Dr Nicole Herman ( Geena Davis ) , who despite saving her life , was left blind . After the tumor is removed , Amelia and Owen reflect on their marriage and decide that everything up to that point has been misguided ; the tumor made Amelia someone she was not , and they ultimately decide to get a divorce . With all the changes happening at Grey Sloan , Harper Avery ( Chelcie Ross ) shows up to discuss everything with Bailey and then ends up firing her . Shortly after , he immediately dies from cardiac arrest . Before they have to find another chief , Catherine ( Debbie Allen ) and Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) reinstate Bailey to her position . At a family dinner hosted by Catherine and Richard Weber ( James Pickens Jr . ) , Maggie Pierce ( Kelly McCreary ) and Jackson learn that he 'll be receiving his grandfather 's inheritance , a quarter billion dollars , which he 'll eventually use to fund a medical research contest . Now that Megan is healthy again , Meredith and Nathan work together to bring her son over to the United States . Upon arrival , Nathan , Megan , and Farouk all move to California to start a life together , which officially ends Nathan 's relationship with Meredith . Despite the breakup , Meredith has more exciting news on the horizon when she learns at the intern mixer that a ground breaking surgery has earned her a nomination for the highly - esteemed Harper Avery Foundation Award , which she goes on to win . While the joyous news spreads around the hospital , Bailey learns that Ben Warren ( Jason George ) wants to leave surgery to join the Seattle Fire Department . With Jo and Alex now living together again , she realizes how much control her estranged husband , Dr Paul Stadler ( Matthew Morrison ) , has over her . Now in the running for chief resident , Jo decides to file for divorce . With her mind on her secret relationship with Paul , she 's surprised to find him in the hospital . Jo attempts to steer clear of him , but at the same time also believes she has a duty to inform Paul 's fiancé of what type of man he really is . As Paul keeps trying to find Jo , Meredith pretends to call security to have him removed , but he leaves before they can get there . However , he winds up back in the ER as a victim of a hit and run accident . With everyone running around the ER , April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) sees a familiar face in Matthew ( Justin Bruening ) , the paramedic she left at the altar for Jackson . He 's there with his wife who is now pregnant . After Jo talks to Jenny ( Bethany Joy Lenz ) , Paul 's fiancé , they venture to Paul 's room to tell him they 're taking him to court . Upon receiving the news , he tries to attack them in a bout of rage ; however , he falls out of bed and hits his head knocking him unconscious , rendering him brain dead . Still legally his wife , Jo decides to have them remove all life - sustaining support . April struggles with the idea that the man she left to pursue her own happiness is now married and expecting a child , while she 's alone and a single mother . As she begins to question her faith , she acts out and sleeps with an intern . With all the stress and work that comes with being Chief of Surgery , Bailey begins to show signs of a heart attack . She winds up at Seattle Presbyterian Hospital , where the doctors take her concerns less than seriously . They see in her chart a history of OCD and believe that is the underlying issue , since the tests they are running are coming back negative . Bailey calls on Maggie to save her , and after she does , Bailey decides to support Ben 's decision to become a firefighter , as she realizes life is too short to do anything than what makes you happy . With the medical research contest , funded by Jackson 's money , getting underway , the doctors begin to team up and brainstorm ideas that will help them win the top prize of a grant that will fund their research even further . Meredith learns that for her project , she 'll need to acquire a patent that is owned by Marie Cerone ... a former friend of her mother 's . When Marie denies access to the patent , Meredith is forced to investigate further into the reason why . According to Richard , there was a falling out of some sort , but he never knew what happened between the two women . At a dinner party hosted by Amelia , Maggie brings her new boyfriend around to meet her friends . However , it 's soon revealed that her boyfriend is a married man . Quick to call it off , Jackson sees his opportunity to invest in his love interest with Maggie . In Meredith 's search for answers , she learns that Ellis Grey left Marie 's name off the surgical method they created together . If she is to acquire the patent , she must publicly announce a change the method 's name to the Grey - Cerone Method . Meredith denies the ultimatum . While Maggie and Jackson try to get past the quirks of their relationship and the fact that their step - siblings , Jo shockingly asks Alex to marry him . He quickly accepts . With the research projects humming along , Owen and Amelia continue to take advantage of their `` friends with benefits '' relationship , that is until Amelia learns how close Owen is with Teddy . She advises him to go after her if she 's the love of his life . The advice sends him to Germany where he surprises Teddy . The two talk all night and make plans to stay together , but when she learns that Amelia had just told him the night before to pursue her , she refuses to be his backup plan and kicks him out . Bailey is surprised to learn that one of her interns , Sam Bello ( Jeanine Mason ) , is a `` Dreamer '' protected by ( DACA ) . Meredith designs a plan to keep from being deported . Despite pleas from Andrew ( Sam 's boyfriend ) , Meredith sends to work under Dr Cristina Yang in Switzerland . While the research contest reaches the next milestone , presentation day , Catherine confronts Jackson about a major secret concerning his grandfather . The man had 13 cases of sexual harassment filed against him , and she herself paid the women major settlements to keep it all covered up . Meredith learns of this truth and also that Marie Cerone was one of the 13 . Disgusted with the whole situation , Meredith decides to return her and her mother 's Harper Avery awards and Bailey shuts down the research contest . In the meantime , Catherine tries with all her might to save the face of the foundation since the news has spread . While in surgery , Jackson and Meredith come up with their own plan , which is to rename the foundation in honor of Catherine ( née Fox ) to the Catherine Fox Foundation . When Alex learns that his mom has n't been cashing the checks he 's been sending , he and Jo take off to Iowa to check on her . He surprisingly finds that she is doing well and even works her old job at the library . The two extend an invitation to the wedding , but she declines stating it would be too much for her . While Owen and Amelia struggle with adjusting to being foster parents -- Owen to a baby and Amelia to the baby 's teenaged mother on drugs , Arizona continues to battle with Sofia who wants to move back to New York to be with her other mom , Callie . After calling Callie to tell her they 're moving to the east coast to be closer to her , Arizona announced her impeding departure to Bailey . However , an unexpected visit from Nicole Herman changes those plans just slightly . Nicole has been following Arizona 's work and she would like to partner with her in creating the Robbins - Herman Center for Women 's Health . Knowing that she 's headed to New York , Arizona asks that it be there , and Nicole obliges . Matthew winds up in the ER again , but this time for himself , after he rolled his car . Trying to get information from him about what happened , he mentions April 's name , which sends the doctors into a frenzy trying to make sure she 's safe . Owen finds her unconscious at the site of the accident , down in a ravine nearby . After he rushes her back to the hospital , the team rallies to save her , and after extreme measures have been taken to bring her back to life , she wakes up , fully functional . Alex and Jo 's wedding day has arrived , and though most details have come together , April ( who has been planning the wedding ) panics when multiple guests go to the wrong ceremony . While trying to escape , the mother of the bride faints , keeping Ben and Bailey behind . Once at the hospital , Bailey struggles to find an available cardio surgeon until Teddy unexpectedly arrives looking for a job . Jo learns she 's been accepted into Mass Gen 's fellowship program , but fearful of losing Alex , Meredith offers Jo the general surgery attending position . The wedding is delayed when the wedding planner goes into anaphylactic shock and an emergency tracheotomy is performed to save her . After the guests leave thinking there 'll be no wedding , the pastor finally arrives in time to marry April and Matthew after a surprise re-engagement . On a ferry back to the main land , Maggie has the idea to have Meredith ordained online to officiate the wedding right there on the ferry . Bailey , wanting to take a break from being chief to focus on her passions , offers Teddy the chance to be interim chief . Watching the wedding happening at the hospital on a tablet , in the ICU with the bride 's mother , Teddy reveals she 's pregnant . Arizona says her sad goodbyes before heading to New York , but is giddy to be closer to Callie who is recently single . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey 's Anatomy characters Main cast ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery Caterina Scorsone as Dr. Amelia Shepherd Camilla Luddington as Dr. Jo Wilson Kelly McCreary as Dr. Maggie Pierce Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren Martin Henderson as Dr. Nathan Riggs Giacomo Gianniotti as Dr. Andrew DeLuca Recurring cast ( edit ) Debbie Allen as Dr. Catherine Avery / Catherine Fox Kim Raver as Dr. Teddy Altman Abigail Spencer as Dr. Megan Hunt Greg Germann as Dr. Tom Koracick Matthew Morrison as Dr. Paul Stadler Stefania Spampinato as Dr. Carina DeLuca Jake Borelli as Dr. Levi Schmitt Jeanine Mason as Dr. Sam Bello Alex Blue Davis as Dr. Casey Parker Rushi Kota as Dr. Vikram Roy Jaicy Elliot as Dr. Taryn Helm Sophia Ali as Dr. Dahlia Qadri Blake Hood as Clive Johnson Bethany Joy Lenz as Jenny Justin Bruening as Paramedic Matthew Taylor Nayah Damasen as Kimmie Park Peyton Kennedy as Betty Candis Cayne as Dr. Michelle Velez Rachel Ticotin as Dr. Marie Cerone Guest cast ( edit ) Debra Mooney as Evelyn Hunt Bill Smitrovich as Dr. Walter Carr Chelcie Ross as Dr. Harper Avery Kate Burton as Dr. Ellis Grey Mark Moses as Dr. Larry Maxwell Jaina Lee Ortiz as Andrea ' Andy ' Herrera Scott Speedman as Dr. Nick Marsh Mary Kay Place as Olive Warner Sarah Utterback as Nurse Olivia Harper Lindsay Wagner as Helen Karev Geena Davis as Dr. Nicole Herman Casting ( edit ) Series regular Jerrika Hinton does not appear for the first time since her introduction at the start of the 9th season , after it was announced she landed a starring role in Alan Ball 's new HBO drama series Here and Now . Hinton had previously been in talks of leaving the show at the end of the 12th season when she was cast in the Shondaland comedy pilot Toast , but ABC passed on the project . Renewing her contract for another three seasons as Dr. Arizona Robbins after the eleventh season , Jessica Capshaw returned for the 14th season . On June 20 , 2017 , it was announced that Kim Raver would reprise her role as Dr. Teddy Altman for a guest arc . In August 2017 , it was announced that Abigail Spencer would replace Bridget Regan as Megan Hunt for a multi-episode arc this season . After recurring in the previous season as the controversial character , Eliza Minnick , it was announced in August 2017 that Marika Dominczyk would not return to the show . On September 13 , 2017 , another guest star was announced in Greg Germann ( Ally McBeal ) , and later it was revealed that his character would be Tom Koracick , Amelia 's neurosurgery mentor . On October 9 , 2017 , the new group of interns to join the cast in the fourth episode `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head '' was announced to include Jeanine Mason ( So You Think You Can Dance ) as Sam , Alex Blue Davis as Casey , Rushi Kota as Vik , Jaicy Elliot as Taryn , Sophia Ali as Dahlia , and Jake Borelli as Levi . On October 26 , 2017 , it was announced that Martin Henderson 's appearance in the fifth episode titled `` Danger Zone '' would be his last . On January 31 , 2018 , it was announced that Candis Cayne would be joining the show as Dr. Michelle Velez for a multi-episode arc revolving around a transgender character receiving a ground breaking surgery . On March 8 , 2018 , it was announced that both Jessica Capshaw and Sarah Drew would leave the series following the conclusion of the season . It was released on April 4 , 2018 that a familiar character would be returning to the set later on in the season as Sarah Utterback 's Nurse Olivia Harper would be revisiting Grey Sloan , not as a nurse but as mom of a patient . Details of her storyline or duration of arc have yet to be released . On April 20 , 2018 , it was released that Geena Davis would return for the episode `` Cold as Ice '' as Dr. Herman to present a new opportunity for Arizona . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a 14th season on February 10 , 2017 . It premiered on September 28 , 2017 , with a two - hour premiere . Ellen Pompeo announced that she would be directing several episodes in the 14th season . On April 28 , 2017 , veteran writer Krista Vernoff announced that she would return to the show as a writer after leaving the show after the seventh season . On January 11 , 2018 , ABC released a six - episode web series following the new surgical interns at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . The web series was written by Barbara Kaye Friend and directed by series regular Sarah Drew . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The number in the `` No. overall '' column refers to the episode 's number within the overall series , whereas the number in the `` No. in season '' column refers to the episode 's number within this particular season . `` U.S. viewers in millions '' refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 294 `` Break Down the House '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 In a whirlwind of reunions and a Grey Sloan `` major uplift '' , Meredith finds herself in a complicated love triangle between Nathan and Megan , Owen 's sister who was recently revealed to still be alive after a ten year absence in a hostage camp overseas . With Megan 's reappearance , Teddy Altman comes back to Seattle to support Owen and his mom , which leads to awkward interactions with Amelia . With Stephanie now in Texas at a burn unit , Jo eagerly tries to make Ben her new person . After being `` ghosted '' by Eliza , Arizona hits it off with an Italian girl in a bar whom she takes home with her . When DeLuca comes home , he finds his sister half - naked on his couch with Arizona . 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' Kevin McKidd Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 Carina , DeLuca 's sister , asks to be introduced to Bailey in order to get approval to study the controversial topic of female masturbation and orgasms at her hospital ; Bailey obliges due to society 's double standard . Meredith works to get everyone to agree that an abdominal wall transplant is the best tactic to treat Megan 's wounds ; she even gets Teddy to scrub in to erase any doubts of Meredith 's intentions of being Megan 's surgeon . Jo tries to mend her relationship with Alex . Later , it is revealed that Jo slept with one of the new sub-interns . Owen gets called out on his marital status with Amelia , who seems to be avoiding him and his family . Even without the support of Jackson , Amelia fights to remove a patient 's mastoid tumor . She later takes part in Carina 's study which leads to her finding a huge tumor in her own brain . 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' Chandra Wilson Meg Marinis October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 8.06 Amelia brings in one of her former professors and current head of Neurology at Johns Hopkins , Dr. Tom Koracik to help her come up with a treatment plan for her tumor . Much to her chagrin , Dr Koracik brings to light how impaired her judgment has been over the last ten years ; Richard makes sure to let Amelia know that her judgment has not been all that bad and encourages her to come clean to those with whom she is closest . Bailey is confronted by Harper Avery about all the changes that have been made to the hospital and threatens to withdraw all funding from the foundation ; when Bailey stands up to him , Avery fires her . In the end of the episode Avery passes away with a sudden cardiac arrest and then Jackson and Catherine Avery reinstate Bailey back as the chief . Ben and Arizona resort to advice delivered by Carina when one of their patients gets stuck in labor . Meredith turns to her former psychiatrist , who winds up as a patient , to sort out her mood towards everyone instigated by the love triangle involving Nathan and Megan . Jo asks Alex to move back home . 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' Geary McLeod Marlana Hope October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 8.08 Amelia has her brain tumor removed , but in the days following , she experiences some complications , such as speaking only French , and memory loss . Richard unexpectedly brings Maggie to attend a family dinner hosted by Catherine , which turns awkward when Catherine discloses to Jackson his inheritance from Harper 's passing , a quarter billion dollars . Bailey and Richard host interviews with prospective new interns but fail to find a decent candidate . Using her research to justify his entry into the country , Meredith and Nathan team up to bring Megan 's adopted son to America . Amelia and Owen face their fear that their marriage is based on a version of Amelia created by her illness . Arizona learns that Sofia wants to move home . Jo confesses that she hates how much control her ex-husband has over her . 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' Cecilie Mosli Jalysa Conway October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 7.67 As Owen helps Megan make the trip to California where she will start her new life with Nathan and her son , Farouk , they reminisce on their time spent in Fallujah , Iraq . During their time overseas , Nathan proposed to Megan by recycling a necklace that was not initially intended for her . Teddy quickly recognized the necklace and the fact that Nathan cheated and pushed him to come clean . Despite the good news of the engagement , Megan dealt with heartbreak of not making strat , which is later revealed to her as Owen 's own doing . Distraught over her brother 's betrayal , she gets on a helicopter with one of the shooters who attacked their troops , leading to her disappearance . While Nathan awaits the arrival of Megan and Owen , he bonds with Farouk , who is having trouble acclimating to the free world . He also officially ends his relationship with Meredith , as does Owen with Amelia when he comes to terms with the notion that neither of them are truly happy . 299 6 `` Come on Down to My Boat , Baby '' Lisa Leone Kiley Donovan November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 7.38 As the new surgeon on the cover page of the medical journal , JSA , Meredith performs a rare surgical procedure to try and save a judge from his progressive cancer diagnosis . The men of Grey Sloan take a `` sick day '' and hang out on a Jackson 's newly purchased boat , whereas the women swipe for dates on Tinder . Arizona has broken up with Carina in preparation of Sofia moving back home . Amelia heads back to surgery but struggles with her confidence , recruiting the help of Dr. Koracik and seeking the encouragement of Richard . While Arizona and April repair a woman 's injuries caused by an accidental firing of a gun that was hidden inside her vagina , Bailey and Maggie take care of a hypochondriac who was a victim of the accidental shooting . At the surgeon - intern mixer , Meredith learns that she has been nominated for the annual Harper Avery award ; however , the news is overshadowed by the loss of her patient . Jackson gives half of his inheritance to Bailey to fund a research competition . Jo learns she is in the running for chief resident and decides to file for divorce from Paul after confiding her situation to the judge . DeLuca recognizes one of the new interns from his past , while Owen and Carina are caught kissing . 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 8.13 When a roller coaster car derails off its tracks , Meredith 's plans to attend the Harper Avery award ceremony are put on hold . Three patients visiting the ER look like former doctors of the hospital : Drs . Cristina Yang , George O'Malley , and Izzie Stevens . Amelia and Owen learn to co-exist in the OR , after Amelia orders a surprise CT which shows a large hematoma that she is able to repair . As Arizona performs surgery on Liza , Izzie 's look - a-like , she reflects on her relationship with Callie and Mark in preparation for Sofia 's return to Seattle . Jo probes Alex to call Izzie and see how she is , to which Alex says he knows how she is : a happily married surgeon with three children . As they wait on Meredith to leave for Boston , Maggie bonds with Zola as they rehearse medical knowledge and talk about Derek . Bailey and Ben fight over his announcement to join the fire department , due to Bailey 's fear that he has commitment issues . Unable to fly out to Boston , in an OR -- in front of her friends and colleagues -- Meredith is announced the winner of the 2017 Harper Avery award . 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' Kevin McKidd William Harper November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 7.52 As the interns struggle to find their stride as surgeons , Jo begins her reign as chief resident . Things take a turn for the worse when the computer system gets hacked at Grey Sloan Memorial , as all of the patients ' records get held hostage for $20 million . Unable to understand why the ransom is so large and unprecedented , Bailey realizes it is due to the recently announced competition funded by Jackson 's inheritance . Without the use of the technological advancements to which the doctors have become accustomed , they must rely on their instincts to treat their patients ; Richard teaches his younger colleagues about how they worked in the `` Stone Age '' . One patient is transported to another hospital by a helicopter which encounters bad turbulence , causing a line to loosen and squirt blood everywhere . Jo gets the scariest surprise of her life when she runs into her abusive husband , Paul , on her way to stop Alex from inadvertently killing their patient . 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' Bill D'Elia Andy Reaser January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 8.27 While the staff of the hospital fawns over Dr. Paul Stadler and his legendary work as a surgeon , Jo tries to steer clear of him . Alex and Meredith team up to do their best to protect Jo during the process of filing for divorce . Drenched in blood , Jackson and Maggie save their patient 's life and then bond in the locker room after showers ; April and Owen use their trauma skills to work on patients in less than ideal and extremely hot conditions , very similar to when they were overseas . Bailey works with an exceptionally computer - savvy intern to take back the power against those who hacked the hospital ; this intern later outs himself as `` a proud trans man '' . After Paul 's fiancée , Jenny , tells him about her secret exchange with Jo , Meredith pretends to call in security to remove Paul from the hospital . However , he soon winds back up in the ER as a victim of a hit - and - run . This episode was followed by a PSA of Camilla Luddington reminding viewers that psychological abuse is a form of domestic violence and providing the number of the National Domestic Violence Hotline : 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 , the episode 's title . 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' Kevin Sullivan Zoanne Clack January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 8.62 With Paul recovering from surgery , Meredith questions Alex and Jo 's alibi . Believing that it is his fiancée , Jenny , who ran him over , Jo feels the need to consult her . April 's patient turns out to be the pregnant wife of her ex-fiancé , Matthew , proving to be more than an awkward situation , as she helps deliver their baby , and then watches him deal with his wife 's unexpected death . Jackson , Bailey , and April are confronted with racial profiling when police show up with a handcuffed 12 - year - old boy whom they shot when he was seen trying to enter his own home through a window . Police officers continue to treat him like a criminal in the ER , prompting Bailey and Ben to give Tucker `` the talk '' . When Jo and Jenny go to Paul 's room to announce they are taking him to court , he gets in a bout of rage , falls out of his bed , and knocks himself out becoming brain dead . Still legally his wife , Jo decides to take him off life support and have his organs donated . April ends up in the shower with Vikram , an intern , after she finds herself questioning her faith . 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) the Reaper '' Nicole Rubio Elisabeth R. Finch February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 8.93 With her intuition and the more subtle signs of a heart attack , Bailey winds up in the ER at Seattle Presbyterian ; however , after her doctors treat her condescendingly , assuming she is imagining the heart attack and really just suffering from her OCD , she calls on Maggie to come save her . When Maggie arrives , she runs into Richard who found his way there based on Bailey 's record of attendance . With her life flashing before her eyes , Bailey reflects on her upbringing and her past as a surgeon with all the stressful fights and struggles she has gone through to get to this point in her life . Right before she goes under for emergency surgery to save her life , Bailey asks Maggie to call Ben who is able to get there before she wakes up . Ben announces that he has quit being a firefighter , but Bailey demands that he go back and never do anything other than what he truly loves . 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' Jeannot Szwarc Kiley Donovan February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 7.32 As the contest draws near , a competitive edge and tension arise between the doctors and their selected interns vying for millions of dollars . In preparation to surprise Catherine on her birthday , Richard takes salsa dancing lessons with Maggie , who is struggling with the one year anniversary of her mother 's death . Amelia and Alex tag team a pediatric case , in order to save their patient 's ability to sing , as well as retain all mental capabilities . Meredith gets a visit from an old splenectomy patient , who is back with multiple miniature spleens , which guides Meredith to her idea for the competition , and Jackson gets pulled into his mother 's gender confirmation proposal , despite his wishes . 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' Nzingha Stewart Stacy McKee March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) 7.52 A house fire brings two young boys , who were rescued by the Seattle Grace fire department -- Station 19 , to the ER . Meredith meets Andy Herrera , a firefighter , who has her hand inside the patient , clamping his abdominal aorta . While Andy gets a front row seat to view the action inside the OR , Ben struggles with idea of not being a surgeon anymore . Dr. Tom Koracik , Amelia 's former professor , shows up to help her with her research project , but quickly shoots down her ideas . However , when they confront each other about their difference in opinion , they come up with an idea to save her patient . Richard watches Bailey very closely , as it is her first day back after recovering from her heart attack . Jackson begins to worry about April and the fact that the interns have nicknamed her `` the Party '' . 307 14 `` Games People Play '' Chandra Wilson Jason Ganzel & Julie Wong March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 7.07 As Maggie 's budding romance with Clive gets more serious , Amelia suggests hosting a game night so they can secretly judge him . Meredith prepares to meet the owner of the patent she is pursuing ; however , she is surprised to find out that it is an old `` friend '' of Ellis ' . When Marie turns down the opportunity to hand over the patent , Meredith resorts to showing her the device has already been implemented and works . The legal team is brought in after April forgets to file a report when she accidentally severs a patient 's ear , which falls to the floor and causes Deluca to slip and fall , resulting in a concussion . Alex requests permission to use medicinal marijuana on his underage patient , but when her grandma learns of his treatment plan , she temporarily fires him . The game night takes a turn when April has an inebriated breakdown and an unexpected guest shows up -- Clive 's wife . Calling off the relationship , Jackson sees his opportunity and makes his move on Maggie . Richard reveals to Meredith that Marie and Ellis had a falling out , which leads Meredith to the conclusion that she has been played . 308 15 `` Old Scars , Future Hearts '' Ellen Pompeo Tameson Duffy March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 7.18 Alex , Jo , and Maggie reflect on their first loves as they prepare their teenaged patient for heart surgery ; however , when a heart transplant becomes available , he denies it until his boyfriend breaks up with him . Marie tells Meredith that her friendship with Ellis ended when Ellis left her name off her Harper Avery award winning research . Marie gives Meredith the ultimatum that for her to get the patent , she must make a statement that the Grey Method is now the Grey - Cerone Method . After a night spent together , April confesses to Tom that her deviant behavior is a result of her failing faith and hatred of God . Maggie and Jackson learn to move past their quirks and baggage . Alex fears that Jo 's fellowship applications indicate that she 's willing to leave him behind in Seattle ; however , in a twist of events , Jo asks Alex to marry her and he quickly accepts . 309 16 `` Caught Somewhere in Time '' Nicole Rubio Jalysa Conway March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) 7.61 Bailey 's patient turns out to be one of her childhood heroes , a female astronaut who is in the process of building a time machine . Meredith throws in the towel on her research , since she is no longer receiving the patent . Richard and Catherine learn of Jackson and Maggie 's relationship , which causes some awkward tension as Jackson , Catherine , and Richard work together on the vaginoplasty case . April hijacks the trauma certification drill , and leaves the interns in tears and doubt . After Bailey loses her patient , she finds the inspiration needed to name her research project `` The Trailblazer '' , and Jo reignites Meredith 's will to continue on with her project . Amelia and Owen continue to pursue their `` friends with benefits '' relationship until she finds out how close Owen and Teddy are , and Arizona helps Sofia get accustomed to her new life away from New York . 310 17 `` One Day Like This '' Kevin McKidd Elisabeth R. Finch March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) 7.15 April crosses Bailey when she disagrees on Bailey 's treatment plan for a rabbi who came in three times for diverticulitis and only gave him antibiotics , and who is now suffering from toxic epidermal necrolysis as a side effect . As April treats the rabbi , he gives her a lesson on faith which allows her to reflect on her recent struggles . Meredith buddies up with a new transplant surgeon from the Mayo Clinic , Dr Nick Marsh , who is recovering from a recent kidney transplant of his own . After his lab results come back , Meredith rushes him to surgery to remove a blood clot and successfully saves his kidney . After calling it quits with Amelia , Owen reconnects with Teddy , who now lives in Germany . However , after the short , happy reunion , Teddy learns that just a short while ago he was still sleeping with Amelia and refuses to be his second choice . 311 18 `` Hold Back the River '' Geary McLeod Alex Manugian April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 6.84 Richard is surprised to see his AA sponsor , Ollie , arrive at Grey Sloan in an ambulance . After she denies him the ability to save her life once more , he enlists the help of Maggie and Meredith . Now that Owen is back in the States , he has to face the disdain of Arizona and Amelia 's failure to fix things with Teddy . In between the personal conversations , Arizona and Owen look further into a fraudulent oncologist . In their pursuit , they coincidentally learn that Arizona has breast cancer -- at least until it was proven that the image produced was a fake . Alex , Amelia , and Tom resect Noah 's brain tumor , despite never performing the procedure before . Though successful , Amelia and Tom decide that it is too risky to do the same for Kimmy , which infuriates Alex. April strives to make amends with her colleagues , and Jackson , claiming that she has found Jesus again . Meredith and Jo learn that their research can be successful without the polymer , and that they can help patients grow livers and save lives . 312 19 `` Beautiful Dreamer '' Jeannot Szwarc Meg Marinis April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 6.97 Bailey gets caught off guard when an agent from ICE ( Immigration and Customs Enforcement ) shows up looking for one of her surgical interns , Sam Bello . Unaware of the situation , Sam explains that she is a `` dreamer '' protected by DACA . While Meredith and Andrew scheme up ideas to keep Sam from being deported back to El Salvador , Bailey distracts Agent Fields with concerns about his own health . As Arizona and Carina move forward in their research by learning from their previous patient 's death , April is surprised to see Matthew back at Grey Sloan with his baby who is failing to thrive . When Alex refuses to give up on Kimmy , Jo realizes Kimmy 's dream and signs off on discharge papers . Catherine comes back to support Richard who has stayed with Ollie right through her final breath . Meredith sends Sam to Zurich to study under Cristina ; Owen signs up to become a foster parent , and Jackson confronts Maggie about her tendency to resist their relationship . Jackson directs the Harper Avery Foundation to release a researcher from an agreement so she can collaborate with Amelia ; Catherine tells Richard that the hospital is now doomed . 313 20 `` Judgment Day '' Sydney Freeland Julie Wong April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) 6.93 As the next stage of the research contest begins , the Top 25 proposals are presented by their respective owners who have gathered to present in front of a panel and audience . Arizona shares cookies , provided by a grateful patient , with her colleagues ; however , she later learns they were laced with cannabis . Due to the mishap , the presentations are postponed , and the interns are summoned to replace the stoned attendings . Meredith walks Jo through surgery after Bailey is forced to scrub out and accidentally injures Meredith 's hand . Jo makes effective use of Richard 's project . Catherine tells Jackson of the 13 cases of sexual harassment that were filed against his grandfather and the major settlements used to cover them up . April overhears and then shares the secret with Bailey , who has a secret of her own -- she is partnering with a sex toy company to make her `` Trailblazer '' device . Owen gets a call about his first foster child , which makes him nervous until Amelia saves him . Meredith learns about the dark past of Harper Avery and , in addition , that Marie Cerone was one of the 13 women . Richard fires intern , Dr Vikram Roy , who was found practicing under the influence . 314 21 `` Bad Reputation '' Kevin McKidd Mark Driscoll April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) 6.54 With word spreading about Harper Avery , Meredith decides to return her and Ellis ' awards to the foundation . Catherine hires a crisis management specialist , who brings in a patient for Jackson and Meredith to heal as PR stunt. Bailey shuts down the innovation contest for fear of word getting out that an Avery funded it , so April volunteers her time to plan Alex and Jo 's wedding . Alex and Jo get awkward when , Olivia , the former `` Syph nurse , '' returns to the hospital with her son -- who swallowed a whistle -- and begins planting seeds of doubt . Owen takes Leo in for his check up with his birth mom in tow , who ends up talking to Amelia . Thinking she can sponsor her with her drug addiction , Amelia takes her in as a foster child of her own . Meredith and Jackson think up a way to save the foundation by changing its name to the Catherine Fox Foundation dedicated to all the women victimized by the previous regime . Alex learns that his bank account balance is awfully high due to his mom not cashing the checks he 's been sending her , and Vikram plans to sue the hospital for wrongful termination . 315 22 `` Fight for Your Mind '' Jesse Williams Andy Reaser May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) 6.66 Alex and Jo drive to Iowa to locate his mom , only to find that she no longer exhibits schizophrenic behavior and that she 's even returned to her old job . Richard and Bailey battle to keep the hospital from being sued by Vikram ; although Bailey stands by the initial firing , Richard empathizes as he reflects on the times he operated while inebriated . As Amelia helps Betty detox , Arizona struggles to accept that Sofia stole money . Meredith kills time before her presentation throwing darts with a guy she eventually learns is a surgeon who 's there to see her . Their conversation leads Meredith to decide that the `` Grey Method '' should be renamed the `` Grey - Cerone Method . '' After Alex works things out with his mom , Jo extends a declined invitation to their wedding . Bailey allows Vikram to return under strict probationary rules ; Amelia visits an AA group after Betty makes an escape , and Arizona calls Callie to say that she thinks it 's time for her and Sofia to move to New York . 316 23 `` Cold as Ice '' Bill D'Elia William Harper May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) 7.35 After Arizona tells Bailey of her upcoming departure , she and Amelia consult with a familiar patient , Dr Nicole Herman . Her arrival presents an opportunity that changes Arizona 's future plans - the chance to partner with her and create the Robbins - Herman Center for Women 's Health . When Matthew winds up in the ER after rolling his car and mentions being with April , the doctors fear the worst . Frantically trying to locate her , Owen finds her unconscious in a nearby ravine . Unknowing of the latest events , Alex and Jo work to finalize the details of their impending wedding . Maggie thinks she detects a subtle rhythm on April 's monitor , but she has to repeatedly shock her to strengthen it . While waiting for her to wake up , Arizona breaks the news that Matthew and April have been seeing each other for months and that they were in love . Thinking that the end has come , Jackson finally prays to God and begs Him to save her in exchange for his belief . However , April awakens fully functional despite the disbelief of all her coworkers . 317 24 `` All of Me '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) 7.60 Alex and Jo 's wedding day has arrived , and though most details have come together , April ( who quit the hospital and is now doing medical work with the homeless ) panics when multiple guests go to the wrong ceremony . While trying to escape , the mother of the bride faints , keeping Ben and Bailey behind . Once at the hospital , Bailey struggles to find an available cardio surgeon until Teddy unexpectedly arrives looking for a job . Jo learns she 's been accepted into Mass Gen 's fellowship program , but fearful of losing Alex , Meredith offers Jo the general surgery attending position . As guests arrive , Alex and Jo accidentally lock themselves in a shed after engaging in one last fling before tying the knot . The wedding is delayed when the wedding planner goes into anaphylactic shock and an emergency tracheotomy is performed to save her . After the guests leave thinking there 'll be no wedding , the pastor finally arrives in time to marry April and Matthew after a surprise re-engagement . On a ferry back to the main land , Maggie has the idea to have Meredith ordained online to officiate the wedding right there on the ferry . Bailey , wanting to take a break from being chief to focus on her passions , offers Teddy the chance to be interim chief . Watching the wedding happening at the hospital on a tablet , in the ICU with the bride 's mother , Teddy reveals she 's pregnant . Arizona says her sad goodbyes before heading to New York , but is giddy to be closer to Callie who is recently single . Ratings ( edit ) Live + sd ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rank Viewership rank Drama rank 294 `` Break Down the House '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 8.07 12 24 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 8.07 12 24 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 / 8 8.06 11 21 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 2.1 / 8 8.08 10 17 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1.8 / 7 7.67 14 22 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1.8 / 7 7.38 13 21 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.9 / 7 8.13 11 19 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1.8 / 7 7.52 13 21 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 2.3 / 9 8.27 7 14 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 2.3 / 9 8.62 7 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) the Reaper '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 2.3 / 9 8.93 5 8 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 2.0 / 8 7.32 6 13 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) 2.0 / 8 7.52 9 17 307 14 `` Games People Play '' March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 1.7 / 7 7.07 9 19 308 15 `` Old Scars , Future Hearts '' March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 1.8 / 7 7.18 5 15 309 16 `` Caught Somewhere in Time '' March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) 1.9 / 8 7.61 7 12 310 17 `` One Day Like This '' March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) 1.8 / 7 7.15 8 19 311 18 `` Hold Back the River '' April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 1.7 / 7 6.84 8 20 312 19 `` Beautiful Dreamer '' April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 1.7 / 7 6.97 8 16 313 20 `` Judgment Day '' April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) 1.7 / 7 6.93 6 18 314 21 `` Bad Reputation '' April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) 1.5 / 6 6.54 7 16 315 22 `` Fight for Your Mind '' May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) 1.6 / 7 6.66 8 18 316 23 `` Cold as Ice '' May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) 1.9 / 8 7.35 16 317 24 `` All of Me '' May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) 1.9 / 8 7.60 10 Live + 7 day ( DVR ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref 294 `` Break Down the House '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.91 3.9 11.99 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.91 3.9 11.99 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.83 3.7 11.89 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 1.4 3.51 3.5 11.59 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1.5 3.54 3.3 11.22 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1.5 3.45 3.2 10.84 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.5 3.53 3.4 11.67 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1.5 3.54 3.3 11.07 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 1.3 3.30 3.6 11.58 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 1.3 3.35 3.6 11.98 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 1.4 3.41 3.7 12.35 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 1.5 3.72 3.5 11.05 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) 1.6 3.90 3.6 11.43 307 14 `` Games People Play '' March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 1.5 3.57 3.2 10.65 308 15 `` Old Scars , Future Hearts '' March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 1.5 3.64 3.3 10.82 309 16 `` Caught Somewhere in Time '' March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) 1.4 3.25 3.3 10.87 310 17 `` One Day Like This '' March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) 1.4 3.50 3.2 10.66 311 18 `` Hold Back the River '' April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 1.4 3.58 3.1 10.43 312 19 `` Beautiful Dreamer '' April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 1.4 3.44 3.1 10.42 313 20 `` Judgment Day '' April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) 1.3 3.40 3.0 10.35 314 21 `` Bad Reputation '' April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) 1.3 3.31 2.8 9.93 315 22 `` Fight for Your Mind '' May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) 1.4 3.44 3.0 10.10 316 23 `` Cold as Ice '' May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) 1.4 3.38 3.3 10.71 317 24 `` All of Me '' May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) 1.3 3.09 3.3 11.01 DVD release ( edit ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Fall Premiere Dates : XL Grey 's Return , Scandal 's Swan Song and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV shows renewed for 2017 -- 18 and beyond '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy TV show on ABC : season 14 renewal '' . canceled TV shows -- TV Series Finale. 2017 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : ( Spoiler ) Poised to Exit '' . TV Line . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Martin Henderson exit Riggs '' . EW . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Jessica Capshaw , Sarah Drew to Exit After Season 14 , '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Renewed for Season 15 at ABC '' . Variety . 2018 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Kim Raver To Make A Return In Season 14 '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( 4 August 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Abigail Spencer Set To Recur In Recasting '' . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 14 Admits Greg Germann for Guest - Star Role '' . E !. Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Morrison will return to Grey 's Anatomy in 14th season '' . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Adds a Controversial New Doctor for Season 14 '' . 8 August 2017 . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Meet Grey 's Anatomy 's New Season 14 Interns '' . E !. Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Niles , Billy ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Admits Candis Cayne for `` Groundbreaking '' Season 14 Transgender Storyline `` . eonline.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2018/02/scott-speedman-cast-greys-anatomy-guest-star-animal-kingdom-exit-tnt-1202279529/ ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Is Welcoming Back Another Familiar Face in Season 14 '' . E !. Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Lindsay Wagner To Play Alex 's Mom On ABC Medical Drama Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy ' : Geena Davis Returns To Reprise Dr. Herman Role '' . Deadline. April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Ball HBO Series Casts Sosie Bacon , Daniel Zovatto , Raymond Lee & Jerrika Hinton '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Jerrika Hinton Nabs Lead in Shondaland Comedy Pilot '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 28 , 2015 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Jessica Capshaw Signs Major Contract Extension -- Find Out How Long Arizona 's Sticking Around '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy spoiler ! Look who else is leaving Grey Sloan '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Another cast member exits '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Admits Candis Cayne for `` Groundbreaking '' Season 14 Transgender Storyline `` . E ! Online . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Why Ellen Pompeo Could n't Say No to Directing Grey 's Anatomy '' . E ! Online . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vernoff , Krista ( @ KristaVernoff ) ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Friday afternoon seems as good a time as any to announce this tidbit : I 'm returning to # GreysAnatomy for Season 14 ! # NeverSayNever '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Corinthios , Aurelie ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Web Series Follows Latest Batch of Newbie Doctors : Meet the B - Team '' . People.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Superstore , ' ' Good Place , ' ' Gotham ' adjust up ; ' How to Get Away ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Four ' adjust up , ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superstore , ' ' SWAT , ' ' Scandal ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon , ' ' SWAT , ' all NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` AP Bio ' adjusts up , NCAA Tournament adjusts down but ahead of 2017 : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' AP Bio ' adjusts up , NCAA Sweet 16 ahead of last year : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Fire ' adjust up , ' SWAT ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjust up , ' Mom , ' ' Supernatural , ' ' Arrow ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Superstore ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' SWAT , ' ' Supernatural ' & ' Arrow ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Young Sheldon ' and ' Supernatural ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' and ' Station 19 ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Supernatural ' & ' Arrow ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' SWAT ' and ' Arrow ' finales adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Sunday Night Football ' score in week 1 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` NFL times 2 dominates the week 2 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` NFL , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' NCIS ' lead week 3 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series makes FOX No. 1 in week 5 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` World Series , ' Big Bang Theory ' lead week 6 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` NFL and ' This Is Us ' carry NBC to victory in week 7 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` NFL carries NBC to victory again : Week 8 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` FOX dominates , ABC gets a boost in week 17 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Grammys and ' NCIS ' carry CBS to victory : Week 18 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl LII ( obviously ) dominates week 19 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics push NBC to No. 1 for the season : Week 20 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Low Oscars still carries ABC to No. 1 : Week 23 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' helps ABC lead the week 24 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' NCAA carry CBS to No. 1 : Week 25 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` March Madness and ' 60 Minutes ' carry CBS : Week 26 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' carries ABC to No. 1 in week 27 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ABC and CBS share lead in week 28 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' is still No. 1 , but CBS wins week 29 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' stays in front , networks soft : Week 30 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' helps ABC lead the week 31 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' Idol ' and LeBron help ABC top week 32 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' finale overtakes ' Roseanne ' : Week 33 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` NBC and CBS will split season victory : Week 34 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` Delayed Viewing Ratings : ' Roseanne ' Returns on Top '' . Variety . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' wins the Windy City battle in week 33 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings - 2016 / 2017 Season * Updated 8th June 2017 * '' . Spoiler TV . June 8 , 2018 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle with a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' `` Personal Jesus '' `` All of Me '' Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Callie Torres Mark Sloan Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_14)&oldid=853308211 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Grey 's Anatomy seasons Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 20 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does season 14 of greys anatomy come out | [
"The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy was ordered on February 10, 2017, by American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and premiered on September 28, 2017 with a special two-hour premiere.[1] The season consists of 24 episodes,[2][3] with the season's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall. The season is produced by ABC Studios, in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunners being Krista Vernoff and William Harper. \n"
] | [
"September 28, 2017"
] |
2841705823940593102 | Photosystem II | Photosystem II - wikipedia Photosystem II Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the protein complex . For the Indonesian political party , see Indonesian Islamic Union Party . Cyanobacteria photosystem II , Dimer , PDB 2AXT Photosystem II ( or water - plastoquinone oxidoreductase ) is the first protein complex in the light - dependent reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis . It is located in the thylakoid membrane of plants , algae , and cyanobacteria . Within the photosystem , enzymes capture photons of light to energize electrons that are then transferred through a variety of coenzymes and cofactors to reduce plastoquinone to plastoquinol . The energized electrons are replaced by oxidizing water to form hydrogen ions and molecular oxygen . By replenishing lost electrons with electrons from the splitting of water , photosystem II provides the electrons for all of photosynthesis to occur . The hydrogen ions ( protons ) generated by the oxidation of water help to create a proton gradient that is used by ATP synthase to generate ATP . The energized electrons transferred to plastoquinone are ultimately used to reduce NADP to NADPH or are used in cyclic photophosphorylation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Oxygen - evolving complex ( OEC ) 3 Water splitting 4 See also 5 References Structure ( edit ) Cyanobacterial photosystem II , Monomer , PDB 2AXT . The core of PSII consists of a pseudo-symmetric heterodimer of two homologous proteins D1 and D2 . Unlike the reaction centers of all other photosystems which have a special pair of closely spaced chlorophyll molecules , the pigment that undergoes the initial photoinduced charge separation in PSII is a chlorophyll monomer . Because the positive charge is not shared across two molecules , the ionised pigment is highly oxidizing and can take part in the splitting of water . Photosystem II ( of cyanobacteria and green plants ) is composed of around 20 subunits ( depending on the organism ) as well as other accessory , light - harvesting proteins . Each photosystem II contains at least 99 cofactors : 35 chlorophyll a , 12 beta - carotene , two pheophytin , two plastoquinone , two heme , one bicarbonate , 20 lipid molecules , the Mn CaO cluster ( including two chloride ions ) , one non heme Fe and two putative Ca ions per monomer . There are several crystal structures of photosystem II . The PDB accession codes for this protein are 3WU2 , 3BZ1 , 3BZ2 ( 3BZ1 and 3BZ2 are monomeric structures of the Photosystem II dimer ) , 2AXT , 1S5L , 1W5C , 1ILX , 1FE1 , 1IZL . Photosystem II Light Harvesting complex protein Identifiers Symbol PSII Pfam PF00421 InterPro IPR000932 TCDB 3. E. 2 OPM superfamily OPM protein 3arc ( show ) Available protein structures : Pfam structures PDB RCSB PDB ; PDBe ; PDBj PDBsum structure summary Protein Subunits ( only with known function ) Subunit Function D1 Reaction center Protein , binds Chlorophyll P680 , pheophytin , beta - carotene , quinone and manganese center D2 Reaction center Protein CP43 Binds manganese center CP47 PsbO Manganese Stabilizing Protein Coenzymes / Cofactors Molecule Function Chlorophyll Absorbs light energy and converts it to chemical energy Beta - carotene quench excess photoexcitation energy Heme b559 also Protoporphyrin IX containing iron Pheophytin Primary electron acceptor Plastoquinone Mobile intra-thylakoid membrane electron carrier Manganese center also known as the oxygen evolving center , or OEC Photosystem II Identifiers EC number 1.10. 3.9 Databases IntEnz IntEnz view BRENDA BRENDA entry ExPASy NiceZyme view KEGG KEGG entry MetaCyc metabolic pathway PRIAM profile PDB structures RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum ( show ) Search PMC articles PubMed articles NCBI proteins Oxygen - evolving complex ( OEC ) ( edit ) Proposed structure of Manganese Center Main article : oxygen - evolving complex The oxygen - evolving complex is the site of water oxidation . It is a metallo - oxo cluster comprising four manganese ions ( in oxidation states ranging from + 2 to + 4 ) and one divalent calcium ion . When it oxidizes water , producing oxygen gas and protons , it sequentially delivers the four electrons from water to a tyrosine ( D1 - Y161 ) sidechain and then to P680 itself . The first structural model of the oxygen - evolving complex are solved by X-ray crystallography from frozen protein crystals with a resolution of 3.8 Å in 2001 . Over the next years the resolution of the model is gradually increased to 2.9 Å . While obtaining these structures , in itself was a great feat , they do not show the oxygen - evolving complex in full detail . In 2011 the OEC of PSII was resolved to a level of 1.9 Å revealing five oxygen atoms serving as oxo bridges linking the five metal atoms and four water molecules bound to the Mn4CaO5 cluster ; more than 1,300 water molecules were found in each photosystem II monomer , some forming extensive hydrogen - bonding networks that may serve as channels for protons , water or oxygen molecules . At this stage , it is suggested that the structures obtained by X-ray crystallography are biased , since there is evidence that the manganese atoms are reduced by the high - intensity X-rays used , altering the observed OEC structure . This incentivized researchers to take their crystals to a different X-ray facilities , called X-ray Free Electron Lasers , such as SLAC in the USA . In 2014 the structure observed in 2011 was confirmed . Knowing the structure of Photosystem II did not suffice to reveal how it works exactly . So now the race has started to solve the structure of Photosystem II at different stages in the mechanistic cycle ( discussed below ) . Currently structures of the S1 state and the S3 state 's have been published almost simultaneously from two different groups , showing the addition of an oxygen molecule designated O6 between Mn1 and Mn4 , suggesting that this may be the site on the oxygen evolving complex , where oxygen is produced . Water splitting ( edit ) Water - splitting process : Electron transport and regulation . The first level ( A ) shows the original Kok model of the S - states cycling , the second level ( B ) shows the link between the electron transport ( S - states advancement ) and the relaxation process of the intermediate S - states ( ( YzSn ) , n = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 ) formation Photosynthetic water splitting ( or oxygen evolution ) is one of the most important reactions on the planet , since it is the source of nearly all the atmosphere 's oxygen . Moreover , artificial photosynthetic water - splitting may contribute to the effective use of sunlight as an alternative energy - source . The mechanism of water oxidation is still not fully elucidated , but we know many details about this process . The oxidation of water to molecular oxygen requires extraction of four electrons and four protons from two molecules of water . The experimental evidence that oxygen is released through cyclic reaction of oxygen evolving complex ( OEC ) within one PSII was provided by Pierre Joliot et al. They have shown that , if dark - adapted photosynthetic material ( higher plants , algae , and cyanobacteria ) is exposed to a series of single turnover flashes , oxygen evolution is detected with typical period - four damped oscillation with maxima on the third and the seventh flash and with minima on the first and the fifth flash ( for review , see ) . Based on this experiment , Bessel Kok and co-workers introduced a cycle of five flash - induced transitions of the so - called S - states , describing the four redox states of OEC : When four oxidizing equivalents have been stored ( at the S - state ) , OEC returns to its basic S - state . In the absence of light , the OEC will `` relax '' to the S state ; the S state is often described as being `` dark - stable '' . The S state is largely considered to consist of manganese ions with oxidation states of Mn , Mn , Mn , Mn . Finally , the intermediate S - states were proposed by Jablonsky and Lazar as a regulatory mechanism and link between S - states and tyrosine Z . In 2012 , Renger expressed the idea of internal changes of water molecules into typical oxides in different S - states during water splitting . In 2017 , Dolai showed almost complete concept of water splitting by the way of structural analysis of S - states and developed oxides from the water molecules . Dolai 's Diagram of S - states : Dolai 's diagrams are perfect pictures of different S - states in water - splitting during photosynthesis . These diagrams can express complete figures of intermediate S - states as well as the development of typical oxides ( monoxide ( 2H2O ) , hydroxide ( OH. H O ) , peroxide ( H O ) , super oxide ( HO ) and di - oxygen ( O ) ) ; which are formed due to interchange of water molecules in S - states . The arrangement of hydrogen bonding is main criteria of the diagrams . The effect of photon ( hv ) , emission of electron ( e ) and production of hydrogen ion ( H+ ) from water molecules can be shown by the diagrams in a more specific way of experimental detection . The diagrams almost completely analyze the pathway of water - splitting in photosynthesis . See also ( edit ) Biology portal Oxygen evolution P680 Photosynthesis Photosystem Photosystem I Photosystem II light - harvesting protein Reaction Centre Photoinhibition References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Loll B , Kern J , Saenger W , Zouni A , Biesiadka J ( December 2005 ) . `` Towards complete cofactor arrangement in the 3.0 A resolution structure of photosystem II '' . Nature . 438 ( 7070 ) : 1040 -- 4 . doi : 10.1038 / nature04224 . PMID 16355230 . ^ Jump up to : Rutherford AW , Faller P ( January 2003 ) . `` Photosystem II : evolutionary perspectives '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . Series B , Biological Sciences . 358 ( 1429 ) : 245 -- 53 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2002.1186 . PMC 1693113 . PMID 12594932 . ^ Jump up to : Guskov A , Kern J , Gabdulkhakov A , Broser M , Zouni A , Saenger W ( March 2009 ) . `` Cyanobacterial photosystem II at 2.9 - A resolution and the role of quinones , lipids , channels and chloride '' . Nature Structural & Molecular Biology . 16 ( 3 ) : 334 -- 42 . doi : 10.1038 / nsmb. 1559 . PMID 19219048 . Jump up ^ Yano , Junko ; Kern , Jan ; Yachandra , Vittal K. ; Nilsson , Håkan ; Koroidov , Sergey ; Messinger , Johannes ( 2015 ) . `` Chapter 2 , Section 3 X-Ray Diffraction and Spectroscopy of Photosystem II at Room Temperature Using Femtosecond X-Ray Pulses '' . In Peter M.H. Kroneck and Martha E. Sosa Torres . Sustaining Life on Planet Earth : Metalloenzymes Mastering Dioxygen and Other Chewy Gases . Metal Ions in Life Sciences . 15 . Springer . p. 24 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 12415 - 5_2 . ^ Jump up to : Kuntzleman T , Yocum CF ( February 2005 ) . `` Reduction - induced inhibition and Mn ( II ) release from the photosystem II oxygen - evolving complex by hydroquinone or NH2OH are consistent with a Mn ( III ) / Mn ( III ) / Mn ( IV ) / Mn ( IV ) oxidation state for the dark - adapted enzyme '' . Biochemistry . 44 ( 6 ) : 2129 -- 42 . doi : 10.1021 / bi048460i . PMID 15697239 . Jump up ^ Zouni A , Witt HT , Kern J , Fromme P , Krauss N , Saenger W , Orth P ( February 2001 ) . `` Crystal structure of photosystem II from Synechococcus elongatus at 3.8 A resolution '' . Nature . 409 ( 6821 ) : 739 -- 43 . doi : 10.1038 / 35055589 . PMID 11217865 . Jump up ^ Kamiya N , Shen JR ( January 2003 ) . `` Crystal structure of oxygen - evolving photosystem II from Thermosynechococcus vulcanus at 3.7 - A resolution '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 100 ( 1 ) : 98 -- 103 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0135651100 . PMC 140893 . PMID 12518057 . Jump up ^ Ferreira KN , Iverson TM , Maghlaoui K , Barber J , Iwata S ( March 2004 ) . `` Architecture of the photosynthetic oxygen - evolving center '' . Science . 303 ( 5665 ) : 1831 -- 8 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1093087 . PMID 14764885 . Jump up ^ Guskov A , Kern J , Gabdulkhakov A , Broser M , Zouni A , Saenger W ( March 2009 ) . `` Cyanobacterial photosystem II at 2.9 - A resolution and the role of quinones , lipids , channels and chloride '' . Nature Structural & Molecular Biology . 16 ( 3 ) : 334 -- 42 . doi : 10.1038 / nsmb. 1559 . PMID 19219048 . Jump up ^ Umena Y , Kawakami K , Shen JR , Kamiya N ( May 2011 ) . `` Crystal structure of oxygen - evolving photosystem II at a resolution of 1.9 Å '' . Nature . 473 ( 7345 ) : 55 -- 60 . doi : 10.1038 / nature09913 . PMID 21499260 . Jump up ^ Suga M , Akita F , Hirata K , Ueno G , Murakami H , Nakajima Y , Shimizu T , Yamashita K , Yamamoto M , Ago H , Shen JR ( January 2015 ) . `` Native structure of photosystem II at 1.95 Å resolution viewed by femtosecond X-ray pulses '' . Nature . 517 ( 7532 ) : 99 -- 103 . doi : 10.1038 / nature13991 . PMID 25470056 . Jump up ^ Young ID , Ibrahim M , Chatterjee R , Gul S , Fuller F , Koroidov S , et al. ( December 2016 ) . `` Structure of photosystem II and substrate binding at room temperature '' . Nature . 540 ( 7633 ) : 453 -- 457 . doi : 10.1038 / nature20161 . PMC 5201176 . PMID 27871088 . Jump up ^ Suga M , Akita F , Sugahara M , Kubo M , Nakajima Y , Nakane T , et al. ( March 2017 ) . `` Light - induced structural changes and the site of O =O bond formation in PSII caught by XFEL '' . Nature . 543 ( 7643 ) : 131 -- 135 . doi : 10.1038 / nature21400 . PMID 28219079 . Jump up ^ Joliot P. ; Barbieri G. ; Chabaud R. ( 1969 ) . `` Un nouveau modele des centres photochimiques du systeme II '' . Photochemistry and Photobiology. 10 ( 5 ) : 309 -- 329 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1751 - 1097.1969. tb05696. x . Jump up ^ Joliot P ( 2003 ) . `` Period - four oscillations of the flash - induced oxygen formation in photosynthesis '' . Photosynthesis Research . 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 65 -- 72 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1024946610564 . PMID 16228566 . Jump up ^ Kok B , Forbush B , McGloin M ( June 1970 ) . `` Cooperation of charges in photosynthetic O2 evolution - I. A linear four step mechanism '' . Photochemistry and Photobiology. 11 ( 6 ) : 457 -- 75 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1751 - 1097.1970. tb06017. x . PMID 5456273 . Jump up ^ Jablonsky J , Lazar D ( April 2008 ) . `` Evidence for intermediate S - states as initial phase in the process of oxygen - evolving complex oxidation '' . Biophysical Journal . 94 ( 7 ) : 2725 -- 36 . Bibcode : 2008BpJ ... 94.2725 J . doi : 10.1529 / biophysj. 107.122861 . PMC 2267143 . PMID 18178650 . Jump up ^ Renger G ( August 2012 ) . `` Mechanism of light induced water splitting in Photosystem II of oxygen evolving photosynthetic organisms '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1817 ( 8 ) : 1164 -- 76 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbabio. 2012.02. 005 . PMID 22353626 . Jump up ^ Dolai , U ( 2017 ) . `` Chemical Scheme of Water - Splitting Process during Photosynthesis by the way of Experimental Analysis '' . IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences . 12 ( 6 ) : 65 -- 67 . doi : 10.9790 / 3008 - 1206026567 . ISSN 2319 - 7676 . Oxidoreductases : diphenol family ( EC 1.10 ) 1.10. 1 Trans - acenaphthene - 1 , 2 - diol dehydrogenase 1.10. 2 Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase 1.10. 3 Catechol oxidase Laccase 1.10. 99 Cytochrome b6f complex Other Alternative oxidase Enzymes Activity Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Catalytically perfect enzyme Coenzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Regulation Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator Classification EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Eadie -- Hofstee diagram Hanes -- Woolf plot Lineweaver -- Burk plot Michaelis -- Menten kinetics Types EC1 Oxidoreductases ( list ) EC2 Transferases ( list ) EC3 Hydrolases ( list ) EC4 Lyases ( list ) EC5 Isomerases ( list ) EC6 Ligases ( list ) Molecular and Cellular Biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photosystem_II&oldid=843336082 '' Categories : Photosynthesis Light reactions Manganese enzymes EC 1.10. 3 Hidden categories : Protein pages needing a picture Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Eesti Français Italiano Polski Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 13 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where do the electrons needed by photosystem two originate | [
"By replenishing lost electrons with electrons from the splitting of water, photosystem II provides the electrons for all of photosynthesis to occur. The hydrogen ions (protons) generated by the oxidation of water help to create a proton gradient that is used by ATP synthase to generate ATP. The energized electrons transferred to plastoquinone are ultimately used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH or are used in cyclic photophosphorylation.[1]"
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"from the splitting of water"
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185096201942970441 | Western Region (Ghana) | Western Region ( Ghana ) - wikipedia Western Region ( Ghana ) Jump to : navigation , search Region Western Region Region Région Occidentale Flag Location of Western Region in Ghana Country Ghana Capital Sekondi - Takoradi Districts 22 Government Regional Minister Dr. Kwaku Afriyie Area Total 23,921 km ( 9,236 sq mi ) Area rank Ranked 4th Population ( 2010 Census ) Total 2,376,021 Rank Ranked 4th Density 99 / km ( 260 / sq mi ) GDP ( PPP ) Year 2013 Per capita $5,150 GDP ( Nominal ) Year 2013 Per capita $2,500 Time zone GMT Area code ( s ) 031 ISO 3166 code GH - WP The Western Region is located in south Ghana , spreads from the Ivory Coast border in the west to the Central region in the east , includes the capital and large twin city of Sekondi - Takoradi on the coast , coastal Axim , and a hilly inland area including Elubo . It includes Ghana 's southernmost location , Cape Three Points , where crude oil was discovered in commercial quantities in June 2007 . The Western Region enjoys a long coastline that stretches from South Ghana 's border with Ivory Coast to the Western region 's boundary with the Central Region on the east . The Western Region has the highest rainfall in Ghana , lush green hills , and fertile soils . There are numerous small and large - scale gold mines along with offshore oil platforms dominate the Western Region economy . The culture is dominated by the Akans ; the main languages are Akan , French and English . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tourism 2 Education 3 Districts 4 Famous native citizens 5 References 5.1 Sources Tourism ( edit ) The largest rivers are the Ankobra River , the Bia River , and the Pra River in the east , with the Tano River partly forming the western national border . The area is known for the UNESCO World Heritage Site and village of Nzulezo , built entirely on stilts and platforms over water , and the Ankasa Protected Area . There is a series of imposing Portuguese , Dutch , British , and Brandenburgian forts along the coast , built from 1512 on . Education ( edit ) The Western region has many post-secondary schools , including teachers ' and nursing colleges , and two universities one at Tarkwa , UMaT and Takoradi Technical University formerly known as Takoradi Polythecnic . Districts ( edit ) Districts of the Western Region The Western Region of Ghana contains 22 districts made up of 1 metropolitan , 2 municipal and 19 ordinary districts as follows : Districts in Western region # District Capital Population Ahanta West Agona Nkwanta Aowin Enchi Bia East Adabokrom Bia West Essam 5 Bodi Bodi 6 Ellembelle Nkroful 7 Jomoro Half Assini 8 Juabeso Juaboso 9 Mpohor Mpohor 10 Nzema East Axim 11 Prestea - Huni Valley Prestea 12 Sefwi Akontombra Sefwi Akontombra 13 Sefwi Bibiani - Anhwiaso - Bekwai District Bibiani 14 Sefwi - Wiawso Wiawso 15 Sekondi - Takoradi Metropolitan Sekondi 16 Shama Shama 17 Suaman Dadieso 18 Tarkwa - Nsuaem Municipal Tarkwa 19 Wassa Amenfi Central Manso Amenfi 20 Wassa Amenfi East Wassa - Akropong 21 Wassa Amenfi West Asankragua 22 Wassa East Daboase Total Famous native citizens ( edit ) Famous native citizens of Western region # Citizen Settlement Samuel Inkoom Sekondi - Takoradi Nadia Buari Sekondi - Takoradi Boris Kodjoe Sekondi - Takoradi John Atta Mills Tarkwa 5 Kwame Nkrumah Nkroful 6 Anton Wilhelm Amo Axim 7 Joseph Boahen Aidoo Wassa Afransie References ( edit ) Western region ( Ghana ) portal Jump up ^ http://ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/regional-ministers Jump up ^ `` Western '' . GhanaDistricts.com . Archived from the original on 18 January 2013 . Retrieved 15 January 2013 . Sources ( edit ) Latest list of Regional Ministers in 2008 Places adjacent to Western Region ( Ghana ) Ivory Coast Brong - Ahafo Brong - Ahafo Ivory Coast Western Ashanti Central Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Gulf of Guinea Regions of Ghana Ashanti Brong - Ahafo Central Eastern Greater Accra Northern Upper East Upper West Volta Western Coordinates : 5 ° 30 ′ N 2 ° 30 ′ W / 5.500 ° N 2.500 ° W / 5.500 ; - 2.500 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Region_(Ghana)&oldid=832525259 '' Categories : Western Region ( Ghana ) Regions of Ghana Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Polski Português Română Svenska Türkçe اردو 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 14 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the capital town of western region | [
"The Western Region is located in south Ghana, spreads from the Ivory Coast border in the west to the Central region in the east, includes the capital and large twin city of Sekondi-Takoradi on the coast, coastal Axim, and a hilly inland area including Elubo. It includes Ghana's southernmost location, Cape Three Points, where crude oil was discovered in commercial quantities in June 2007. The Western Region enjoys a long coastline that stretches from South Ghana's border with Ivory Coast to the Western region's boundary with the Central Region on the east."
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"Sekondi-Takoradi"
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-2854930244536736021 | The Kissing Booth | The Kissing Booth - wikipedia The Kissing Booth This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Kissing Booth Film release poster Directed by Vince Marcello Produced by Ed Glauser Andrew Cole - Bulgin Vince Marcello Michele Weisler Screenplay by Vince Marcello Based on The Kissing Booth by Beth Reekles Starring Joey King Jacob Elordi Joel Courtney Molly Ringwald Music by Patrick Kirst Edited by Paul Millspaugh Production company Komixx Entertainment Netflix Distributed by Netflix Release date May 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 11 ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English The Kissing Booth is a 2018 American romantic comedy film directed by Vince Marcello , based on the novel of the same name by Beth Reekles . It stars Molly Ringwald , Joey King , Jacob Elordi and Joel Courtney . The film was released on May 11 , 2018 on Netflix . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 6 The Kissing Booth on Wattpad 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Born on the same day and time in the same hospital , Elle Evans ( Joey King ) and Lee Flynn ( Joel Courtney ) have been best friends all their lives . To protect their special relationship , the pair created a set of friendship rules they are sworn to follow including # 9 : relatives totally off limits , especially Lee 's bad boy older brother Noah ( Jacob Elordi ) . On the first day of school Elle 's pants rip forcing her to go to school wearing a skirt that is too small . Tuppen , another student , touches her which almost gets Lee into a fight but Noah intervenes . Elle , having violated the dress code , has to serve detention with Noah and Tuppen . Tuppen later apologizes to Elle . She later agrees to go out with him however she is stood up . He goes to see her later that night to let her know that he was threatened by Noah not to go out with her . Elle and Lee have to create a booth for the school carnival and decide on a kissing booth . The two have difficulty finding people to participate but get a group of popular girls called the OMG 's ( Olivia , Mia , and Gwyneth ) to participate by lying to them saying that Noah likes one of them and will go if they go . That night , the kissing booth is a success . However , girls including the OMG 's become angry when they discover that Noah is not actually working the kissing booth . For payback , the girls send Elle up to the booth to kiss a nerdy kid while blindfolded . The boy switches with Noah having him next in line to kiss Elle . When Elle wo n't stop talking Noah kisses her , not knowing who it is she takes off her blindfold and Noah goes in for a second kiss . After cleaning up Elle sees Noah flirting with another girl so she runs home while Noah looks at her . While on her way home it starts to rain and Noah offers her a ride on his motorcycle . However , the rain gets too heavy and they have to stop . They shelter in a nearby glass ' bandstand ' in a park . Elle kisses Noah again and he pulls away . After staring at each other Noah goes in for another kiss . Elle ends up pulling away , telling him she ca n't be another one of his conquests . He looks hurt but tells Elle why he likes her . They kiss again but are interrupted by a security guard who recognizes Noah and tells him to stop bringing girls there . Elle gets upset that Noah brought her to the place where he brings his other girlfriends and leaves . The next day while at a party Elle is harassed by another student and Noah almost starts a fight with him . This causes her to storm off but Noah requests her to get in his car . Instead of going home he takes her to the Hollywood Sign and they talk about their relationship . They both admit to liking each other and decide to come up with rules for their relationship , one being that Lee never finds out . The two kiss and end up having sex . Elle and Noah start to see each other secretly and are careful that Lee or anyone else do n't find out . While in Noah 's room his mom almost walks in on them and Elle has to hide . While hiding she overhears her say that he had been accepted to an Ivy League school . Soon after he reveals to her that he is going to Harvard and she starts to realize that he wo n't be around next year . One day while hanging out with Noah , Lee walks in on him tending to a cut on her face . He become suspicious and asks Elle if it was Noah who hurt her . This infuriates Noah and they are about to get involved in a fight , but Elle stops them and takes Lee away . Lee asks her is there is something going on between the two of them , to which she denies . She ends up feeling guilty about lying to Lee and goes back to Noah and tells him that they need to come clean that night and when Noah agrees he says that way he can take her to prom . They kiss but Lee ends up seeing it . Hurt , Lee attempts to leave his house but Elle tries to get him to talk before Noah intervenes and eventually get into a fight . After backing off , Lee leaves and Elle tells Noah to leave her alone . Lee starts giving Elle the silent treatment and Noah goes missing . While at the arcade one day Lee invites Elle over to play a game and they make up and make plans for their upcoming birthday party . Before prom , Noah finally returns but to talk to Elle 's dad who says he does not approve but it is her decision . Elle goes to prom with Lee and his girlfriend Rachel and has a good time until a replica of their kissing booth is revealed . Noah comes out from behind the curtains to tell Elle that he loves her but she responds by saying that she can not keep on hurting the people she loves because of him and that no one wants them to be together . Noah agrees to this but then asks her what does she want . To this Elle does not seem to have an answer and she runs away sobbing . Rachel chases after her but she gets away before they can say anything . The next day at their costume themed birthday party , Elle begins missing Noah and decides to leave . Lee stops her and Elle tells him that she loves him but she also loves Noah and if he ca n't accept that then maybe they should n't be friends . Lee , finally accepts that Noah makes her happy and agrees to help Elle find him . Elle and Lee get in the car and leave for the airport . She starts sharing her true feelings for Noah to Lee and then it is revealed that all this time in the car it was Noah in Lee 's costume . Elle is surprised to see Noah and admits to him that she loves him . They embrace and kiss . During the next few weeks , Elle and Noah spend every day together before he has to leave for college . When it is time to go Elle goes with him to the airport and he leaves . After watching him leave , she drives off on Noah 's motorcycle saying that she does not know if they will be together forever but she knows that a part of her heart will always belong to Noah Flynn . The story ends with Elle stating that everything happened just because of the Kissing Booth . Cast ( edit ) Joey King as Shelley `` Elle '' Evans Joel Courtney as Lee Flynn Jacob Elordi as Noah Flynn Molly Ringwald as Mrs. Flynn Production ( edit ) In June 2014 , Vince Marcello was hired to write the film adaptation of teenage author Beth Reekles ' young adult novel The Kissing Booth , which was originally published on Wattpad . In November 2016 , it was announced that Netflix had purchased rights to the film , with Marcello now set to helm his screenplay . In January 2017 , Joey King and Molly Ringwald signed on to star in the film . The filming took place in Los Angeles , California , and in Cape Town , South Africa between January and April 2017 . Release ( edit ) The film was released on 11 May 2018 on Netflix . According to Netflix , one in three viewers of the film have re-watched it , `` which is 30 percent higher than the average movie re-watch rate on the ( streaming service ) . '' Deeming the film a huge success for the service , CCO Ted Sarandos called the film `` one of the most - watched movies in the country , and maybe in the world . '' Reception ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 13 % , based on 8 reviews , and an average rating of 3.7 / 10 . The Kissing Booth was panned by critics . IndieWire 's Kate Erbland gave the film a `` D '' grade , adding that `` Unfortunately , the high school - set rom - com is a sexist and regressive look at relationships that highlights the worst impulses of the genre . '' Ani Bundel of NBCNews criticized the film 's `` problematic stereotyping of masculinity and relationships '' and lack of original ideas . `` It feels like it was written by someone who simply digested everything she was told ' romance ' was supposed to be by the patriarchy , and vomited back at us . Nearly every cliché in the film feels cribbed from another movie , like a song made completely of samples from better - known hits . '' Despite being deemed `` sexist '' and `` objectively bad '' by several critics , The Kissing Booth was widely consumed among audiences . Netflix 's Ted Sarandos , CCO affirmed the film 's success as a `` hugely popular original movie '' for the streaming service . The Kissing Booth on Wattpad ( edit ) The Kissing Booth was written in 2011 by author Beth Reekles . It originated as a story on Wattpad where it won a Watty Award for `` Most Popular Teen Fiction '' in Wattpad 's annual writing contest . By 2012 it had amassed over 19 million reads and , in 2013 , was published by Penguin Random House . In an interview with Forbes , Reekles explains what drew her to Wattpad : `` I loved the feeling of community on the site , and when I began to share , I liked the anonymity of it because I was so self - conscious about my writing and had n't shared it with anyone before . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kemp , Stuart ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Zombie Prom ' Scribe Hired To Pen Teenage Publishing Sensation Beth Reekles ' ' The Kissing Booth ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Orders ' The Kissing Booth ' ; YA Adaptation To Be Produced By Komixx '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : N'Duka , Amanda ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` Joey King & Molly Ringwald To Pucker Up In ' The Kissing Booth ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Hemmert , Kylie ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` The Kissing Booth Official Trailer Released '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline Media . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Set It Up ' and the Rise of the Non-Studio Rom - Com '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( June 10 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix Binge Factory '' . Vulture . New York Media . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Kissing Booth ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bundel , Ani ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix 's ' The Kissing Booth ' is a runaway teen phenomenon that critics hate and adults have never heard of '' . NBCNews . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erbland , Kate ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Kissing Booth ' : Netflix 's Teen Comedy Sensation Is Sexist and Outdated -- Review '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cagle , Tess ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix celebrates the male gaze with puzzlingly sexist teen flick , ' The Kissing Booth ' '' . The Daily Dot . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rowles , Dustin ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Why Is The Objectively Bad Netflix Movie ' The Kissing Booth ' So Insanely Popular ? '' . Uproxx . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Foreman , Alison ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Kissing Booth ' is the problematic , lazy dumpster fire dominating Netflix '' . Mashable . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2013/04/beth-reekles-kissing-booth/316454/ Jump up ^ https://techcrunch.com/2018/06/14/netflixs-latest-hit-the-kissing-booth-is-a-wattpad-success-story/ Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/adamrowe1/2018/06/26/why-beth-reekles-is-the-wattpad-success-story-behind-netflix-hit-the-kissing-booth/#46dd974e28d5/ External links ( edit ) The Kissing Booth on Netflix The Kissing Booth on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Kissing_Booth&oldid=857000612 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s coming - of - age films 2010s romantic comedy films 2010s teen comedy films 2010s teen romance films British coming - of - age films British films British romantic comedy films British teen comedy films British teen romance films Coming - of - age comedy films Coming - of - age romance films Films based on British novels Films based on young adult literature Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in South Africa Netflix original films Hidden categories : EngvarB from May 2018 Use dmy dates from May 2018 Articles needing additional references from May 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Dansk Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 22 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the movie the kissing booth come out | [
"The Kissing Booth is a 2018 American romantic comedy film directed by Vince Marcello, based on the novel of the same name by Beth Reekles. It stars Molly Ringwald, Joey King, Jacob Elordi and Joel Courtney. The film was released on May 11, 2018 on Netflix.\n"
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"May 11, 2018"
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5989239954126436639 | Apollo 8 | Apollo 8 - Wikipedia Apollo 8 Apollo 8 Earthrise , taken from Apollo 8 by William Anders on December 24 , 1968 . Mission type Crewed Lunar orbiter Operator NASA COSPAR ID 1968 - 118A SATCAT no . 3626 Mission duration 6 days , 3 hours , 42 seconds Spacecraft properties Spacecraft Apollo CSM - 103 Apollo LTA - B Manufacturer North American Rockwell Launch mass CSM : 28,870 kilograms ( 63,650 lb ) CM : 5,621 kilograms ( 12,392 lb ) SM : 23,250 kilograms ( 51,258 lb ) LTA : 9,000 kilograms ( 19,900 lb ) Landing mass 4,979 kilograms ( 10,977 lb ) Crew Crew size Members Frank F. Borman , II James A. Lovell , Jr . William A. Anders Callsign Apollo 8 Start of mission Launch date December 21 , 1968 , 12 : 51 : 00 ( 1968 - 12 - 21UTC12 : 51Z ) UTC Rocket Saturn V SA - 503 Launch site Kennedy LC - 39A End of mission Recovered by USS Yorktown Landing date December 27 , 1968 , 15 : 51 : 42 ( 1968 - 12 - 27UTC15 : 51 : 43Z ) UTC Landing site North Pacific Ocean 8 ° 8 ′ N 165 ° 1 ′ W / 8.133 ° N 165.017 ° W / 8.133 ; - 165.017 ( Apollo 8 landing ) Orbital parameters Perigee 184.40 kilometers ( 99.57 nmi ) Apogee 185.18 kilometers ( 99.99 nmi ) Inclination 32.15 degrees Period 88.19 minutes Epoch December 21 , 1968 , ~ 13 : 02 UTC Revolution no . Lunar orbiter Spacecraft component CSM Orbital insertion December 24 , 1968 , 9 : 59 : 20 UTC Orbital departure December 25 , 1968 , 6 : 10 : 17 UTC Orbits 10 Orbit parameters Periselene 110.6 kilometers ( 59.7 nmi ) Aposelene 112.4 kilometers ( 60.7 nmi ) Inclination 12 degrees Left to right : Lovell , Anders , Borman Apollo program ← Apollo 7 Apollo 9 → Apollo 8 , the second manned spaceflight mission in the United States Apollo space program , was launched on December 21 , 1968 , and became the first manned spacecraft to leave Earth orbit , reach the Earth 's Moon , orbit it and return safely to Earth . The three - astronaut crew -- Commander Frank Borman , Command Module Pilot James Lovell , and Lunar Module Pilot William Anders -- became the first humans to : travel beyond low Earth orbit ; see Earth as a whole planet ; enter the gravity well of another celestial body ( Earth 's moon ) ; orbit another celestial body ( Earth 's moon ) ; directly see the far side of the Moon with their own eyes ; witness an Earthrise ; escape the gravity of another celestial body ( Earth 's moon ) ; and re-enter the gravitational well of Earth . The 1968 mission , the third flight of the Saturn V rocket and that rocket 's first crewed launch , was also the first human spaceflight launch from the Kennedy Space Center , Florida , located adjacent to Cape Canaveral Air Force Station . Originally planned as a second Lunar Module / Command Module test in an elliptical medium Earth orbit in early 1969 , the mission profile was changed in August 1968 to a more ambitious Command Module - only lunar orbital flight to be flown in December , because the Lunar Module was not yet ready to make its first flight . This meant Borman 's crew was scheduled to fly two to three months sooner than originally planned , leaving them a shorter time for training and preparation , thus placing more demands than usual on their time and discipline . Apollo 8 took 68 hours ( 2.8 days ) to travel the distance to the Moon . It orbited ten times over the course of 20 hours , during which the crew made a Christmas Eve television broadcast where they read the first 10 verses from the Book of Genesis . At the time , the broadcast was the most watched TV program ever . Apollo 8 's successful mission paved the way for Apollo 11 to fulfill U.S. President John F. Kennedy 's goal of landing a man on the Moon before the end of the 1960s . The Apollo 8 astronauts returned to Earth on December 27 , 1968 , when their spacecraft splashed down in the Northern Pacific Ocean . The crew members were named Time magazine 's `` Men of the Year '' for 1968 upon their return . Contents 1 Crew 1.1 Backup crew 1.2 Mission control 1.3 Mission insignia 2 Planning 3 Saturn V 4 Mission 4.1 Parameter summary 4.2 Launch and trans - lunar injection 4.3 Lunar trajectory 4.4 Lunar sphere of influence 4.5 Lunar orbit 4.5. 1 Earthrise 4.6 Unplanned manual re-alignment 4.7 Cruise back to Earth and re-entry 5 Historical importance 6 Spacecraft location 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Crew ( edit ) Position Astronaut Commander Frank F. Borman , II Second and last spaceflight Command Module Pilot James A. `` Jim '' Lovell , Jr . Third spaceflight Lunar Module Pilot William A. Anders Only spaceflight Lunar Module Pilot was the official title used for the third pilot position in Block II missions , regardless of whether the LM spacecraft was present or not . Lovell was originally the CMP on the back - up crew , with Michael Collins as the prime crew 's CMP . However , Collins was replaced in July 1968 , after suffering a cervical disc herniation that required surgery to repair . This crew was unique among pre-shuttle era missions in that the commander was not the most experienced member of the crew , as Lovell had flown twice before , on Gemini VII and Gemini XII . This was also the first case of the rarity of an astronaut who had commanded a spaceflight mission subsequently flying as a non-commander , as Lovell had previously commanded Gemini XII . Backup crew ( edit ) Position Astronaut Commander Neil A. Armstrong Command Module Pilot Edwin E. Aldrin , Jr . Lunar Module Pilot Fred W. Haise , Jr . On a lunar mission , the Command Module Pilot ( CMP ) was assigned the role of navigator , while the Lunar Module Pilot ( LMP ) was assigned the role of flight engineer , responsible for monitoring all spacecraft systems , even if the flight did n't include a Lunar Module . Edwin `` Buzz '' Aldrin was originally the backup LMP . When Lovell was rotated to the prime crew , no one with experience on CSM - 103 ( the specific spacecraft used for the mission ) was available , so Aldrin was moved to CMP and Fred Haise brought in as backup LMP . Neil Armstrong went on to command Apollo 11 , where Aldrin was returned to the LMP position and Collins was assigned as CMP . Haise was rotated out of the crew and onto the backup crew of Apollo 11 as LMP . Mission Control ( edit ) The Earth - based mission control teams for Apollo 8 consisted of astronauts assigned to the support crew , as well as non-astronaut flight directors and their staffs . The support crew members were not trained to fly the mission , but were able to stand in for astronauts in meetings and be involved in the minutiae of mission planning , while the prime and backup crews trained . They also served as CAPCOMs during the mission . For Apollo 8 , these crew members included astronauts Michael Collins , John S. Bull , Vance D. Brand , Gerald P. Carr , and Ken Mattingly . The mission control teams on Earth rotated in three shifts , each led by a flight director . The directors for Apollo 8 included Clifford E. Charlesworth ( Green team ) , Glynn Lunney ( Black team ) , and Milton Windler ( Maroon team ) . Mission insignia ( edit ) Apollo 8 space - flown silver Robbins medallion The triangular shape of the insignia symbolizes the shape of the Apollo Command Module ( CM ) . It shows a red figure - 8 looping around the Earth and Moon representing the mission number as well as the circumlunar nature of the mission . On the red number 8 are the names of the three astronauts . The initial design of the insignia was developed by Jim Lovell . Lovell reportedly sketched the initial design while riding in the backseat of a T - 38 flight from California to Houston , shortly after learning of the re-designation of the flight to become a lunar - orbital mission . The graphic design of the insignia was done by Houston artist and animator William Bradley . Planning ( edit ) Main article : List of Apollo mission types Apollo 4 and Apollo 6 had been `` A '' missions , unmanned tests of the Saturn V launch vehicle using an unmanned Block I production model of the Apollo Command and Service Module in Earth orbit . Apollo 7 , scheduled for October 1968 , would be a manned Earth - orbit flight of the CSM , completing the objectives for Mission `` C '' . Apollo CSM diagram Further missions depended on the readiness of the Lunar Module . Apollo 8 was planned as the `` D '' mission , to test the LM in a low Earth orbit in December 1968 by James McDivitt , David Scott and Russell Schweickart , while Borman 's crew would fly the `` E '' mission , a more rigorous LM test in an elliptical medium Earth orbit as Apollo 9 , in early 1969 . But production of the LM fell behind schedule , and when Apollo 8 's LM arrived at the Kennedy Space Center in June 1968 , significant defects were discovered , leading Grumman , the lead contractor for the LM , to predict that the first mission - ready LM would not be ready until at least February 1969 . This would mean delaying the `` D '' and subsequent missions , endangering the program 's goal of a lunar landing before the end of 1969 . George Low , the Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office , proposed a solution in August to keep the program on track despite the LM delay . Since the Command / Service Module ( CSM ) would be ready three months before the Lunar Module , a CSM - only mission could be flown in December 1968 . Instead of just repeating the `` C '' mission flight of Apollo 7 , this CSM could be sent all the way to the Moon , with the possibility of entering a lunar orbit . The new mission would also allow NASA to test lunar landing procedures that would otherwise have to wait until Apollo 10 , the scheduled `` F '' mission . This also meant that the medium Earth orbit `` E '' mission could be dispensed with . The net result was that only the `` D '' mission had to be delayed . The first stage of AS - 503 being erected in the Vertical Assembly Building ( VAB ) on February 1 , 1968 Almost every senior manager at NASA agreed with this new mission , citing both confidence in the hardware and personnel , and the potential for a significant morale boost provided by a circumlunar flight . The only person who needed some convincing was James E. Webb , the NASA administrator . With the rest of his agency in support of the new mission , Webb eventually approved the mission change . The mission was officially changed from a `` D '' mission to a `` C - Prime '' lunar - orbit mission , but was still referred to in press releases as an Earth - orbit mission at Webb 's direction . No public announcement was made about the change in mission until November 12 , three weeks after Apollo 7 's successful Earth - orbit mission and less than 40 days before launch . With the change in mission for Apollo 8 , Director of Flight Crew Operations Deke Slayton decided to swap the crews of the D and E missions . This swap also meant a swap of spacecraft , requiring Borman 's crew to use CSM - 103 , while McDivitt 's crew would use CSM - 104 . On September 9 , the crew entered the simulators to begin their preparation for the flight . By the time the mission flew , the crew had spent seven hours training for every actual hour of flight . Although all crew members were trained in all aspects of the mission , it was necessary to specialize . Borman , as commander , was given training on controlling the spacecraft during the re-entry . Lovell was trained on navigating the spacecraft in case communication was lost with the Earth . Anders was placed in charge of checking that the spacecraft was in working order . Added pressure on the Apollo program to make its 1969 landing goal was provided by the Soviet Union 's flight of some living creatures , including Russian tortoises , in a cislunar loop around the Moon on Zond 5 and return to Earth on September 21 . There was speculation within NASA and the press that they might be preparing to launch cosmonauts on a similar circumlunar mission before the end of 1968 . The Apollo 8 crew , now living in the crew quarters at Kennedy Space Center , received a visit from Charles Lindbergh and his wife , Anne Morrow Lindbergh , the night before the launch . They talked about how , before his 1927 flight , Lindbergh had used a piece of string to measure the distance from New York City to Paris on a globe and from that calculated the fuel needed for the flight . The total was a tenth of the amount that the Saturn V would burn every second . The next day , the Lindberghs watched the launch of Apollo 8 from a nearby dune . Saturn V ( edit ) Main article : Saturn V The Apollo 8 Saturn V being rolled out to Pad 39A The Saturn V rocket used by Apollo 8 was designated SA - 503 , or the `` 03rd '' model of the Saturn V ( `` 5 '' ) Rocket to be used in the Saturn - Apollo ( `` SA '' ) program . When it was erected in the Vertical Assembly Building on December 20 , 1967 , it was thought that the rocket would be used for an unmanned Earth - orbit test flight carrying a boilerplate Command / Service Module . Apollo 6 had suffered several major problems during its April 1968 flight , including severe pogo oscillation during its first stage , two second stage engine failures , and a third stage that failed to reignite in orbit . Without assurances that these problems had been rectified , NASA administrators could not justify risking a manned mission until additional unmanned test flights proved that the Saturn V was ready . Teams from the Marshall Space Flight Center ( MSFC ) went to work on the problems . Of primary concern was the pogo oscillation , which would not only hamper engine performance , but could exert significant g - forces on a crew . A task force of contractors , NASA agency representatives , and MSFC researchers concluded that the engines vibrated at a frequency similar to the frequency at which the spacecraft itself vibrated , causing a resonance effect that induced oscillations in the rocket . A system using helium gas to absorb some of these vibrations was installed . Of equal importance was the failure of three engines during flight . Researchers quickly determined that a leaking hydrogen fuel line ruptured when exposed to vacuum , causing a loss of fuel pressure in engine two . When an automatic shutoff attempted to close the liquid hydrogen valve and shut down engine two , it accidentally shut down engine three 's liquid oxygen due to a miswired connection . As a result , engine three failed within one second of engine two 's shutdown . Further investigation revealed the same problem for the third - stage engine -- a faulty igniter line . The team modified the igniter lines and fuel conduits , hoping to avoid similar problems on future launches . The teams tested their solutions in August 1968 at the Marshall Space Flight Center . A Saturn stage IC was equipped with shock absorbing devices to demonstrate the team 's solution to the problem of pogo oscillation , while a Saturn Stage II was retrofitted with modified fuel lines to demonstrate their resistance to leaks and ruptures in vacuum conditions . Once NASA administrators were convinced that the problems were solved , they gave their approval for a manned mission using SA - 503 . The Apollo 8 spacecraft was placed on top of the rocket on September 21 and the rocket made the slow 3 - mile ( 5 km ) journey to the launch pad on October 9 . Testing continued all through December until the day before launch , including various levels of readiness testing from December 5 through 11 . Final testing of modifications to address the problems of pogo oscillation , ruptured fuel lines , and bad igniter lines took place on December 18 , a mere three days before the scheduled launch . Mission ( edit ) Parameter summary ( edit ) Dec 21 , 1968 , 12 : 51 ( UTC ) : Launch -- 15 : 47 ( 2h56m ) : Translunar injection Dec 24 , 09 : 59 ( 2d21h08m ) : Lunar orbit insertion ( 10 orbits ) Dec 25 , 06 : 10 ( 3d17h19m ) : Transearth injection Dec 27 , 15 : 37 ( 6d02h46m ) : Reentry -- 15 : 51 ( 6d03h00m ) : Splashdown . As the first manned spacecraft to orbit more than one celestial body , Apollo 8 's profile had two different sets of orbital parameters , separated by a translunar injection maneuver . Apollo lunar missions would begin with a nominal 100 - nautical - mile ( 185.2 km ) circular Earth parking orbit . Apollo 8 was launched into an initial orbit with an apogee of 99.99 nautical miles ( 185.18 km ) and a perigee of 99.57 nautical miles ( 184.40 km ) , with an inclination of 32.51 ° to the Equator , and an orbital period of 88.19 minutes . Propellant venting increased the apogee by 6.4 nautical miles ( 11.9 km ) over the 2 hours , 44 minutes and 30 seconds spent in the parking orbit . This was followed by a Trans - Lunar Injection ( TLI ) burn of the S - IVB third stage for 318 seconds , accelerating the 63,650 lb ( 28,870 kg ) Command / Service Module and 19,900 lb ( 9,000 kg ) LM test article from an orbital velocity of 25,567 feet per second ( 7,793 m / s ) to the injection velocity of 35,505 ft / s ( 10,822 m / s ) , which set a record for the highest speed , relative to Earth , that humans had ever traveled . This speed was slightly less than the Earth 's escape velocity of 36,747 feet per second ( 11,200 m / s ) , but put Apollo 8 into an elongated elliptical Earth orbit , to a point where the Moon 's gravity would capture it . The standard lunar orbit for Apollo missions was planned as a nominal 60 - nautical - mile ( 110 km ) circular orbit above the Moon 's surface . Initial lunar orbit insertion was an ellipse with a perilune of 60.0 nautical miles ( 111.1 km ) and an apolune of 168.5 nautical miles ( 312.1 km ) , at an inclination of 12 ° from the lunar equator . This was then circularized at 60.7 nautical miles ( 112.4 km ) by 59.7 nautical miles ( 110.6 km ) , with an orbital period of 128.7 minutes . The effect of lunar mass concentrations ( `` masscons '' ) on the orbit was found to be greater than initially predicted ; over the course of the ten lunar orbits lasting twenty hours , the orbital distance was perturbated to 63.6 nautical miles ( 117.8 km ) by 58.6 nautical miles ( 108.5 km ) . Apollo 8 achieved a maximum distance from Earth of 203,752 nautical miles ( 234,474 statute miles ; 377,349 kilometers ) . Launch and Trans - lunar Injection ( edit ) Apollo 8 during launch , with a double exposure of the Moon , which was not visible at the time Apollo 8 launched at 7 : 51 : 00 a.m. Eastern Standard Time on December 21 , 1968 , using the Saturn V 's three stages to achieve Earth orbit . The S - IC first stage impacted the Atlantic Ocean at 30 ° 12 ′ N 74 ° 7 ′ W / 30.200 ° N 74.117 ° W / 30.200 ; - 74.117 ( Apollo 8 S - IC impact ) and the S - II second stage at 31 ° 50 ′ N 37 ° 17 ′ W / 31.833 ° N 37.283 ° W / 31.833 ; - 37.283 ( Apollo 8 S - II impact ) . The S - IVB third stage injected the craft into Earth orbit , but remained attached to later perform the trans - lunar injection ( TLI ) burn that put the spacecraft on a trajectory to the Moon . Once the vehicle reached Earth orbit , both the crew and Houston flight controllers spent the next 2 hours and 38 minutes checking that the spacecraft was in proper working order and ready for TLI . The proper operation of the S - IVB third stage of the rocket was crucial : in the last unmanned test , it had failed to re-ignite for TLI . During the flight , three fellow astronauts served on the ground as Capsule Communicators ( usually referred to as `` CAPCOMs '' ) on a rotating schedule . The CAPCOMs were the only people who regularly communicated with the crew . Michael Collins was the first CAPCOM on duty and at 2 hours , 27 minutes and 22 seconds after launch radioed , `` Apollo 8 . You are Go for TLI . '' This communication signified that Mission Control had given official permission for Apollo 8 to go to the Moon . Over the next 12 minutes before the TLI burn , the Apollo 8 crew continued to monitor the spacecraft and the S - IVB . The engine ignited on time and performed the TLI burn perfectly . After the S - IVB had performed its required tasks , it was jettisoned . The crew then rotated the spacecraft to take some photographs of the spent stage and then practiced flying in formation with it . As the crew rotated the spacecraft , they had their first views of the Earth as they moved away from it . This marked the first time humans could view the whole Earth at once . Borman became worried that the S - IVB was staying too close to the Command / Service Module and suggested to Mission Control that the crew perform a separation maneuver . Mission Control first suggested pointing the spacecraft towards Earth and using the Reaction Control System ( RCS ) thrusters on the Service Module ( SM ) to add 3 ft / s ( 0.91 m / s ) away from the Earth , but Borman did not want to lose sight of the S - IVB . After discussion , the crew and Mission Control decided to burn in this direction , but at 9 ft / s ( 2.7 m / s ) instead . These discussions put the crew an hour behind their flight plan . Apollo 8 S - IVB rocket stage , shortly after separation Five hours after launch , Mission Control sent a command to the S - IVB booster to vent its remaining fuel through its engine bell to change the booster 's trajectory . This S - IVB would then pass the Moon and enter into a solar orbit , posing no further hazard to Apollo 8 . The S - IVB subsequently went into a 0.99 - by - 0.92 - astronomical - unit ( 148 by 138 Gm ) solar orbit with an inclination of 23.47 ° from the plane of the ecliptic , and an orbital period of 340.80 days . After the insertion into trans - Lunar orbit , the Saturn IVB third stage became a derelict object . It will continue to orbit the Sun for many years . The Apollo 8 crew were the first humans to pass through the Van Allen radiation belts , which extend up to 15,000 miles ( 24,000 km ) from Earth . Scientists predicted that passing through the belts quickly at the spacecraft 's high speed would cause a radiation dosage of no more than a chest X-ray , or 1 milligray ( during a year , the average human receives a dose of 2 to 3 mGy ) . To record the actual radiation dosages , each crew member wore a Personal Radiation Dosimeter that transmitted data to Earth as well as three passive film dosimeters that showed the cumulative radiation experienced by the crew . By the end of the mission , the crew experienced an average radiation dose of 1.6 mGy . Lunar trajectory ( edit ) The first image ever taken by humans of the whole Earth , probably photographed by William Anders ; South is up with South America in the middle Jim Lovell 's main job as Command Module Pilot was as navigator . Although Mission Control performed all the actual navigation calculations , it was necessary to have a crew member serving as navigator so that the crew could return to Earth in case of loss of communication with Mission Control . Lovell navigated by star sightings using a sextant built into the spacecraft , measuring the angle between a star and the Earth 's ( or the Moon 's ) horizon . This task was difficult , because a large cloud of debris around the spacecraft , formed by the venting S - IVB , made it hard to distinguish the stars . By seven hours into the mission , the crew was about one hour and 40 minutes behind flight plan , because of the problems in moving away from the S - IVB and Lovell 's obscured star sightings . The crew now placed the spacecraft into Passive Thermal Control ( PTC ) , also called `` barbecue roll '' , in which the spacecraft rotated about once per hour around its long axis to ensure even heat distribution across the surface of the spacecraft . In direct sunlight , the spacecraft could be heated to over 200 ° C ( 392 ° F ) while the parts in shadow would be − 100 ° C ( − 148 ° F ) . These temperatures could cause the heat shield to crack and propellant lines to burst . Because it was impossible to get a perfect roll , the spacecraft swept out a cone as it rotated . The crew had to make minor adjustments every half hour as the cone pattern got larger and larger . The first mid-course correction came 11 hours into the flight . Testing on the ground had shown that the Service Propulsion System ( SPS ) engine had a small chance of exploding when burned for long periods unless its combustion chamber was `` coated '' first . Burning the engine for a short period would accomplish coating . This first correction burn was only 2.4 seconds and added about 20.4 ft / s ( 6.2 m / s ) velocity prograde ( in the direction of travel ) . This change was less than the planned 24.8 ft / s ( 7.6 m / s ) , because of a bubble of helium in the oxidizer lines , which caused unexpectedly low propellant pressure . The crew had to use the small RCS thrusters to make up the shortfall . Two later planned mid-course corrections were canceled because the Apollo 8 trajectory was found to be perfect . Eleven hours into the flight , the crew had been awake for more than 16 hours . Before launch , NASA had decided that at least one crew member should be awake at all times to deal with problems that might arise . Borman started the first sleep shift , but found sleeping difficult because of the constant radio chatter and mechanical noises . About an hour after starting his sleep shift , Borman obtained permission from ground control to take a Seconal sleeping pill . The pill had little effect . Borman eventually fell asleep , and then awoke feeling ill . He vomited twice and had a bout of diarrhea ; this left the spacecraft full of small globules of vomit and feces , which the crew cleaned up as well as they could . Borman initially did not want everyone to know about his medical problems , but Lovell and Anders wanted to inform Mission Control . The crew decided to use the Data Storage Equipment ( DSE ) , which could tape voice recordings and telemetry and dump them to Mission Control at high speed . After recording a description of Borman 's illness they asked Mission Control to check the recording , stating that they `` would like an evaluation of the voice comments '' . The Apollo 8 crew and Mission Control medical personnel held a conference using an unoccupied second - floor control room ( there were two identical control rooms in Houston , on the second and third floors , only one of which was used during a mission ) . The conference participants concluded that there was little to worry about and that Borman 's illness was either a 24 - hour flu , as Borman thought , or a reaction to the sleeping pill . Researchers now believe that he was suffering from space - adaptation syndrome , which affects about a third of astronauts during their first day in space as their vestibular system adapts to weightlessness . Space - adaptation syndrome had not occurred on previous spacecraft ( Mercury and Gemini ) , because those astronauts could n't move freely in the small cabins of those spacecraft . The increased cabin space in the Apollo Command Module afforded astronauts greater freedom of movement , contributing to symptoms of space sickness for Borman and , later , astronaut Russell Schweickart during Apollo 9 . Film of the crew taken while they were in orbit around the Moon ; Frank Borman is in the center The cruise phase was a relatively uneventful part of the flight , except for the crew checking that the spacecraft was in working order and that they were on course . During this time , NASA scheduled a television broadcast at 31 hours after launch . The Apollo 8 crew used a 2 kg camera that broadcast in black - and - white only , using a Vidicon tube . The camera had two lenses , a very wide - angle ( 160 ° ) lens , and a telephoto ( 9 ° ) lens . During this first broadcast , the crew gave a tour of the spacecraft and attempted to show how the Earth appeared from space . However , difficulties aiming the narrow - angle lens without the aid of a monitor to show what it was looking at made showing the Earth impossible . Additionally , the Earth image became saturated by any bright source without proper filters . In the end , all the crew could show the people watching back on Earth was a bright blob . After broadcasting for 17 minutes , the rotation of the spacecraft took the high - gain antenna out of view of the receiving stations on Earth and they ended the transmission with Lovell wishing his mother a happy birthday . By this time , the crew had completely abandoned the planned sleep shifts . Lovell went to sleep 321⁄2 hours into the flight -- 31⁄2 hours before he had planned to . A short while later , Anders also went to sleep after taking a sleeping pill . The crew was unable to see the Moon for much of the outward cruise . Two factors made the Moon almost impossible to see from inside the spacecraft : three of the five windows fogging up due to out - gassed oils from the silicone sealant , and the attitude required for the PTC . It was not until the crew had gone behind the Moon that they would be able to see it for the first time . Apollo 8 made a second television broadcast at 55 hours into the flight . This time , the crew rigged up filters meant for the still cameras so they could acquire images of the Earth through the telephoto lens . Although difficult to aim , as they had to maneuver the entire spacecraft , the crew was able to broadcast back to Earth the first television pictures of the Earth . The crew spent the transmission describing the Earth and what was visible and the colors they could see . The transmission lasted 23 minutes . Lunar sphere of influence ( edit ) At about 55 hours and 40 minutes into the flight , the crew of Apollo 8 became the first humans to enter the gravitational sphere of influence of another celestial body . In other words , the effect of the Moon 's gravitational force on Apollo 8 became stronger than that of the Earth . At the time it happened , Apollo 8 was 38,759 miles ( 62,377 km ) from the Moon and had a speed of 3,990 ft / s ( 1,220 m / s ) relative to the Moon . This historic moment was of little interest to the crew since they were still calculating their trajectory with respect to the launch pad at Kennedy Space Center . They would continue to do so until they performed their last mid-course correction , switching to a reference frame based on ideal orientation for the second engine burn they would make in lunar orbit . It was only 13 hours until they would be in lunar orbit . The last major event before Lunar Orbit Insertion ( LOI ) was a second mid-course correction . It was in retrograde ( against direction of travel ) and slowed the spacecraft down by 2.0 ft / s ( 0.61 m / s ) , effectively lowering the closest distance that the spacecraft would pass the moon . At exactly 61 hours after launch , about 24,200 miles ( 38,900 km ) from the Moon , the crew burned the RCS for 11 seconds . They would now pass 71.7 miles ( 115.4 km ) from the lunar surface . At 64 hours into the flight , the crew began to prepare for Lunar Orbit Insertion - 1 ( LOI - 1 ) . This maneuver had to be performed perfectly , and due to orbital mechanics had to be on the far side of the Moon , out of contact with the Earth . After Mission Control was polled for a `` go / no go '' decision , the crew was told at 68 hours , they were Go and `` riding the best bird we can find '' . Lovell replied , `` We 'll see you on the other side '' , and for the first time in history , humans travelled behind the Moon and out of radio contact with the Earth . With 10 minutes before the LOI - 1 , the crew began one last check of the spacecraft systems and made sure that every switch was in the correct place . At that time , they finally got their first glimpses of the Moon . They had been flying over the unlit side , and it was Lovell who saw the first shafts of sunlight obliquely illuminating the lunar surface . The LOI burn was only two minutes away , so the crew had little time to appreciate the view . Lunar orbit ( edit ) The SPS ignited at 69 hours , 8 minutes , and 16 seconds after launch and burned for 4 minutes and 7 seconds , placing the Apollo 8 spacecraft in orbit around the Moon . The crew described the burn as being the longest four minutes of their lives . If the burn had not lasted exactly the correct amount of time , the spacecraft could have ended up in a highly elliptical lunar orbit or even flung off into space . If it lasted too long they could have struck the Moon . After making sure the spacecraft was working , they finally had a chance to look at the Moon , which they would orbit for the next 20 hours . On Earth , Mission Control continued to wait . If the crew had not burned the engine or the burn had not lasted the planned length of time , the crew would appear early from behind the Moon . However , this time came and went without Apollo 8 reappearing . Exactly at the calculated moment , the signal was received from the spacecraft , indicating it was in a 193.3 - by - 69.5 - mile ( 311.1 by 111.8 km ) orbit about the Moon . After reporting on the status of the spacecraft , Lovell gave the first description of what the lunar surface looked like : The Moon is essentially grey , no color ; looks like plaster of Paris or sort of a grayish beach sand . We can see quite a bit of detail . The Sea of Fertility does n't stand out as well here as it does back on Earth . There 's not as much contrast between that and the surrounding craters . The craters are all rounded off . There 's quite a few of them , some of them are newer . Many of them look like -- especially the round ones -- look like hit by meteorites or projectiles of some sort . Langrenus is quite a huge crater ; it 's got a central cone to it . The walls of the crater are terraced , about six or seven different terraces on the way down . A portion of the lunar far side as seen from Apollo 8 Lovell continued to describe the terrain they were passing over . One of the crew 's major tasks was reconnaissance of planned future landing sites on the Moon , especially one in Mare Tranquillitatis that would be the Apollo 11 landing site . The launch time of Apollo 8 had been chosen to give the best lighting conditions for examining the site . A film camera had been set up in one of the spacecraft windows to record a frame every second of the Moon below . Bill Anders spent much of the next 20 hours taking as many photographs as possible of targets of interest . By the end of the mission the crew had taken 700 photographs of the Moon and 150 of the Earth . Throughout the hour that the spacecraft was in contact with Earth , Borman kept asking how the data for the SPS looked . He wanted to make sure that the engine was working and could be used to return early to the Earth if necessary . He also asked that they receive a `` go / no go '' decision before they passed behind the Moon on each orbit . As they reappeared for their second pass in front of the Moon , the crew set up the equipment to broadcast a view of the lunar surface . Anders described the craters that they were passing over . At the end of this second orbit they performed the 11 - second LOI - 2 burn of the SPS to circularize the orbit to 70.0 by 71.3 miles ( 112.7 by 114.7 km ) . Through the next two orbits , the crew continued to keep check of the spacecraft and to observe and photograph the Moon . During the third pass , Borman read a small prayer for his church . He had been scheduled to participate in a service at St. Christopher 's Episcopal Church near Seabrook , Texas , but due to the Apollo 8 flight he was unable to . A fellow parishioner and engineer at Mission Control , Rod Rose , suggested that Borman read the prayer which could be recorded and then replayed during the service . Earthrise ( edit ) Main article : Earthrise When the spacecraft came out from behind the Moon for its fourth pass across the front , the crew witnessed `` Earthrise '' for the first time in human history ( NASA 's Lunar Orbiter 1 took the very first picture of an Earthrise from the vicinity of the Moon , on August 23 , 1966 ) . Anders saw the Earth emerging from behind the lunar horizon , and then called in excitement to the others , taking a black - and - white photograph as he did so . Anders asked Lovell for a color film and then took Earthrise , a more famous color photo , later picked by Life magazine as one of its hundred photos of the century . Due to the synchronous rotation of the Moon about the Earth , Earthrise is not generally visible from the lunar surface . Earthrise is generally only visible when orbiting the Moon , other than at selected places near the Moon 's limb , where libration carries the Earth slightly above and below the lunar horizon . Anders continued to take photographs while Lovell assumed control of the spacecraft so Borman could rest . Despite the difficulty resting in the cramped and noisy spacecraft , Borman was able to sleep for two orbits , awakening periodically to ask questions about their status . Borman awoke fully , however , when he started to hear his fellow crew members make mistakes . They were beginning to not understand questions and would have to ask for the answers to be repeated . Borman realized that everyone was extremely tired from not having a good night 's sleep in over three days . He ordered Anders and Lovell to get some sleep and that the rest of the flight plan regarding observing the Moon be scrubbed . At first Anders protested saying that he was fine , but Borman would not be swayed . At last Anders agreed as long as Borman would set up the camera to continue to take automatic shots of the Moon . Borman also remembered that there was a second television broadcast planned , and with so many people expected to be watching he wanted the crew to be alert . For the next two orbits Anders and Lovell slept while Borman sat at the helm . On subsequent Apollo missions , crews would avoid this situation by sleeping on the same schedule . The Apollo 8 Genesis reading . As they rounded the Moon for the ninth time , the second television transmission began . Borman introduced the crew , followed by each man giving his impression of the lunar surface and what it was like to be orbiting the Moon . Borman described it as being `` a vast , lonely , forbidding expanse of nothing '' . Then , after talking about what they were flying over , Anders said that the crew had a message for all those on Earth . Each man on board read a section from the Biblical creation story from the Book of Genesis . Borman finished the broadcast by wishing a Merry Christmas to everyone on Earth . His message appeared to sum up the feelings that all three crewmen had from their vantage point in lunar orbit . Borman said , `` And from the crew of Apollo 8 , we close with good night , good luck , a Merry Christmas and God bless all of you -- all of you on the good Earth . '' The only task left for the crew at this point was to perform the Trans - Earth Injection ( TEI ) , which was scheduled for 21⁄2 hours after the end of the television transmission . The TEI was the most critical burn of the flight , as any failure of the SPS to ignite would strand the crew in lunar orbit , with little hope of escape . As with the previous burn , the crew had to perform the maneuver above the far side of the Moon , out of contact with Earth . The burn occurred exactly on time . The spacecraft telemetry was reacquired as it re-emerged from behind the Moon at 89 hours , 28 minutes , and 39 seconds , the exact time calculated . When voice contact was regained , Lovell announced , `` Please be informed , there is a Santa Claus '' , to which Ken Mattingly , the current CAPCOM , replied , `` That 's affirmative , you are the best ones to know . '' The spacecraft began its journey back to Earth on December 25 , Christmas Day . Unplanned manual re-alignment ( edit ) Later , Lovell used some otherwise idle time to do some navigational sightings , maneuvering the module to view various stars by using the computer keyboard . However , he accidentally erased some of the computer 's memory , which caused the Inertial Measurement Unit ( IMU ) to think the module was in the same relative position it had been in before lift - off and fire the thrusters to `` correct '' the module 's attitude . Once the crew realized why the computer had changed the module 's attitude , they realized they would have to re-enter data that would tell the computer its real position . It took Lovell ten minutes to figure out the right numbers , using the thrusters to get the stars Rigel and Sirius aligned , and another 15 minutes to enter the corrected data into the computer . Sixteen months later , Lovell would once again have to perform a similar manual re-alignment , under more critical conditions , during the Apollo 13 mission , after that module 's IMU had to be turned off to conserve energy . In his 1994 book , Lost Moon : The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13 , Lovell wrote , `` My training ( on Apollo 8 ) came in handy ! '' In that book he dismissed the incident as a `` planned experiment '' , requested by the ground crew . In subsequent interviews Lovell has acknowledged that the incident was an accident , caused by his mistake . Cruise back to Earth and re-entry ( edit ) Reentry , December 27 , 1968 , photographed from a KC - 135 at 40,000 feet The cruise back to Earth was mostly a time for the crew to relax and monitor the spacecraft . As long as the trajectory specialists had calculated everything correctly , the spacecraft would re-enter two - and - half days after TEI and splash down in the Pacific . On Christmas afternoon , the crew made their fifth television broadcast . This time they gave a tour of the spacecraft , showing how an astronaut lived in space . When they finished broadcasting they found a small present from Deke Slayton in the food locker : a real turkey dinner with stuffing , in the same kind of pack that the troops in Vietnam received . Another Slayton surprise was a gift of three miniature bottles of brandy , that Borman ordered the crew to leave alone until after they landed . They remained unopened , even years after the flight . There were also small presents to the crew from their wives . The next day , at about 124 hours into the mission , the sixth and final TV transmission showed the mission 's best video images of the earth , in a four - minute broadcast . Command Module on the deck of USS Yorktown After two uneventful days the crew prepared for re-entry . The computer would control the re-entry and all the crew had to do was put the spacecraft in the correct attitude , blunt end forward . If the computer broke down , Borman would take over . Once the Command Module was separated from the Service Module , the astronauts were committed to re-entry . Six minutes before they hit the top of the atmosphere , the crew saw the Moon rising above the Earth 's horizon , just as had been predicted by the trajectory specialists . As they hit the thin outer atmosphere they noticed it was becoming hazy outside as glowing plasma formed around the spacecraft . The spacecraft started slowing down and the deceleration peaked at 6 g ( 59 m / s ) . With the computer controlling the descent by changing the attitude of the spacecraft , Apollo 8 rose briefly like a skipping stone before descending to the ocean . At 30,000 feet ( 9.1 km ) the drogue parachute stabilized the spacecraft and was followed at 10,000 feet ( 3.0 km ) by the three main parachutes . The spacecraft splashdown position was officially reported as 8 ° 8 ′ N 165 ° 1 ′ W / 8.133 ° N 165.017 ° W / 8.133 ; - 165.017 ( Apollo 8 estimated splashdown ) in the North Pacific Ocean south of Hawaii . When it hit the water , the parachutes dragged the spacecraft over and left it upside down , in what was termed Stable 2 position . About six minutes later the Command Module was righted into its normal apex - up splashdown orientation by the inflatable bag uprighting system . As they were buffeted by a 10 - foot ( 3.0 m ) swell , Borman was sick , waiting for the three flotation balloons to right the spacecraft . It was 43 minutes after splashdown before the first frogman from USS Yorktown arrived , as the spacecraft had landed before sunrise . Forty - five minutes later , the crew was safe on the deck of the aircraft carrier . Historical importance ( edit ) Apollo 8 came at the end of 1968 , a year that had seen much upheaval in the United States and most of the world . Even though the year saw political assassinations , political unrest in the streets of Europe and America , and the Prague Spring , Time magazine chose the crew of Apollo 8 as its Men of the Year for 1968 , recognizing them as the people who most influenced events in the preceding year . They had been the first people ever to leave the gravitational influence of the Earth and orbit another celestial body . They had survived a mission that even the crew themselves had rated as only having a fifty - fifty chance of fully succeeding . The effect of Apollo 8 can be summed up by a telegram from a stranger , received by Borman after the mission , that simply stated , `` Thank you Apollo 8 . You saved 1968 . '' External video Q&A interview with Robert Kurson on Rocket Men : The Daring Odyssey of Apollo 8 and the Astronauts Who Made Man 's First Journey to the Moon , May 6 , 2018 , C - SPAN One of the most famous aspects of the flight was the Earthrise picture that was taken as they came around for their fourth orbit of the Moon . This was the first time that humans had taken such a picture while actually behind the camera , and it has been credited with a role in inspiring the first Earth Day in 1970 . It was selected as the first of Life magazine 's 100 Photographs That Changed the World . Apollo 11 astronaut Michael Collins said , `` Eight 's momentous historic significance was foremost '' ; while space historian Robert K. Poole saw Apollo 8 as the most historically significant of all the Apollo missions . The mission was the most widely covered by the media since the first American orbital flight , Mercury - Atlas 6 by John Glenn in 1962 . There were 1200 journalists covering the mission , with the BBC coverage being broadcast in 54 countries in 15 different languages . The Soviet newspaper Pravda featured a quote from Boris Nikolaevich Petrov , Chairman of the Soviet Interkosmos program , who described the flight as an `` outstanding achievement of American space sciences and technology '' . It is estimated that a quarter of the people alive at the time saw -- either live or delayed -- the Christmas Eve transmission during the ninth orbit of the Moon . The Apollo 8 broadcasts won an Emmy Award , the highest honor given by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Apollo 8 commemorative stamp Madalyn Murray O'Hair , an atheist , later caused controversy by bringing a lawsuit against NASA over the reading from Genesis . O'Hair wished the courts to ban American astronauts -- who were all government employees -- from public prayer in space . Though the case was rejected by the Supreme Court of the United States for lack of jurisdiction , it caused NASA to be skittish about the issue of religion throughout the rest of the Apollo program . Buzz Aldrin , on Apollo 11 , self - communicated Presbyterian Communion on the surface of the Moon after landing ; he refrained from mentioning this publicly for several years , and only obliquely referred to it at the time . In 1969 , the United States Postal Service issued a postage stamp ( Scott catalogue # 1371 ) commemorating the Apollo 8 flight around the Moon . The stamp featured a detail of the famous photograph of the Earthrise over the Moon taken by Anders on Christmas Eve , and the words , `` In the beginning God ... '' Just 18 days after the crew 's return to Earth , they were featured during the 1969 Super Bowl pre-game show reciting the Pledge of Allegiance prior to the national anthem being performed by Anita Bryant . Spacecraft location ( edit ) In January 1970 , the spacecraft was delivered to Osaka , Japan , for display in the U.S. pavilion at Expo ' 70 . It is now displayed at the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry , along with a collection of personal items from the flight donated by Lovell and the space suit worn by Frank Borman . Jim Lovell 's Apollo 8 space suit is on public display in the Visitor Center at NASA 's Glenn Research Center . Bill Anders 's space suit is on display at the Science Museum in London , United Kingdom . In popular culture ( edit ) Apollo 8 's historic mission has been shown and referred to in several forms , both documentary and fiction . The various television transmissions and 16 mm footage shot by the crew of Apollo 8 was compiled and released by NASA in the 1969 documentary , Debrief : Apollo 8 , which was hosted by Burgess Meredith . In addition , Spacecraft Films released , in 2003 , a three - disc DVD set containing all of NASA 's TV and 16 mm film footage related to the mission including all TV transmissions from space , training and launch footage , and motion pictures taken in flight . Portions of the Apollo 8 mission can be seen in the 1989 documentary For All Mankind , which won the Grand Jury Prize Documentary at the Sundance Film Festival . The television series American Experience aired a documentary , `` Race to the Moon '' , in 2005 during season 18 . The Apollo 8 mission was well covered in the 2007 British documentary In the Shadow of the Moon . Portions of the mission are dramatized in the 1998 miniseries From the Earth to the Moon episode `` 1968 '' . The S - IVB stage of Apollo 8 was also portrayed as the location of an alien device in the 1970 UFO episode `` Conflict '' . Apollo 8 's Lunar Orbit Insertion One was chronicled with actual recordings in the song `` The Other Side '' on the album The Race for Space by the band Public Service Broadcasting . See also ( edit ) List of Apollo astronauts Space Race Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ SPS is the rocket engine of the SM . RCS are the small thrusters on its side . References ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Jump up ^ Orloff , Richard W. ( September 2004 ) ( First published 2000 ) . `` Table of Contents '' . Apollo by the Numbers : A Statistical Reference . NASA History Division , Office of Policy and Plans . NASA History Series . Washington , D.C. : NASA . ISBN 0 - 16 - 050631 - X . LCCN 00061677 . NASA SP - 2000 - 4029 . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apollo 8 Press Kit '' ( PDF ) ( Press kit ) . NASA . December 15 , 1968 . pp. 33 -- 34 . Release No. 68 - 208 . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . -- The spacecraft mass at launch includes the CM and SM , but excludes the 4,000 kilograms ( 8,900 lb ) Launch Escape System ( LES ) , which was discarded before reaching Earth orbit . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 8 Mission Report '' ( PDF ) . NASA . February 1969 . p . A-14 . MSC - PA - R - 69 - 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 2 , 2013 . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . -- The mass for LTA - B was less than that of a flying LM , because it was essentially a boilerplate descent stage . A fully loaded , flight - ready LM , like the Eagle from Apollo 11 , had a mass of 15,095 kilograms ( 33,278 lb ) , including propellants . ^ Jump up to : `` Apollo 8 Mission Report '' ( PDF ) . NASA . February 1969 . p. 3 - 2 . MSC - PA - R - 69 - 1 . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 8 Mission Report '' ( PDF ) . NASA . February 1969 . p. 3 - 1 . MSC - PA - R - 69 - 1 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . 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( 1969 -- 1978 ) . `` Part 2 ( N ) : Recovery , Spacecraft Redefinition , and First Manned Apollo Flight : August through September 1968 '' . The Apollo Spacecraft : A Chronology . IV . Washington , D.C. : NASA . LCCN 69060008 . OCLC 23818 . NASA SP - 4009 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2008 . Retrieved January 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Courtney G. ; Grimwood , James M. ; Swenson , Loyd S. , Jr. ( 1979 ) . `` The Apollo 8 Decision '' . Chariots for Apollo : A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft . NASA History Series . Foreword by Samuel C. Phillips . Washington , D.C. : Scientific and Technical Information Branch , NASA . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 46756 - 6 . OCLC 4664449 . NASA SP - 4205 . Retrieved January 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Courtney G. ; Grimwood , James M. ; Swenson , Loyd S. , Jr. ( 1979 ) . `` Proposal for a Lunar Orbit Mission '' . Chariots for Apollo : A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft . NASA History Series . Foreword by Samuel C. Phillips . Washington , D.C. : Scientific and Technical Information Branch , NASA . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 46756 - 6 . OCLC 4664449 . NASA SP - 4205 . Retrieved January 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Courtney G. ; Grimwood , James M. ; Swenson , Loyd S. , Jr. ( 1979 ) . `` Selecting and Training Crews '' . Chariots for Apollo : A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft . NASA History Series . Foreword by Samuel C. Phillips . Washington , D.C. : Scientific and Technical Information Branch , NASA . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 46756 - 6 . OCLC 4664449 . NASA SP - 4205 . Retrieved January 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chaikin 1994 , p. 76 Jump up ^ `` Poised for the Leap '' . Time . New York . December 6 , 1968 . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Benke , Richard ( December 21 , 1998 ) . `` Astronauts look back 30 years after historic lunar launch '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Augusta , GA : Morris Communications . Associated Press . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Zimmerman 1998 ^ Jump up to : Bilstein 1996 , pp. 360 -- 370 Jump up ^ Brooks , Courtney G. ; Grimwood , James M. ; Swenson , Loyd S. , Jr. ( 1979 ) . `` Apollo 6 : Saturn V 's Shaky Dress Rehearsal '' . Chariots for Apollo : A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft . NASA History Series . Foreword by Samuel C. Phillips . Washington , D.C. : Scientific and Technical Information Branch , NASA . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 46756 - 6 . OCLC 4664449 . NASA SP - 4205 . Retrieved February 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Orloff , Richard W. ( September 2004 ) ( First published 2000 ) . `` Apollo 8 - The Second Mission : Testing the CSM in Lunar Orbit '' . Apollo by the Numbers : A Statistical Reference . NASA History Division , Office of Policy and Plans . NASA History Series . Washington , D.C. : NASA . ISBN 0 - 16 - 050631 - X . LCCN 00061677 . NASA SP - 2000 - 4029 . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Akens , David S. ( 1971 ) . `` Appendix H - Saturn at the Cape '' . Saturn Illustrated Chronology . Huntsville , AL : Marshall Space Flight Center . MSFC MHR - 5 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2008 . Retrieved February 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Orloff , Richard W. ( September 2004 ) ( First published 2000 ) . `` Apollo 8 Timeline '' . Apollo by the Numbers : A Statistical Reference . NASA History Division , Office of Policy and Plans . NASA History Series . Washington , D.C. : NASA . ISBN 0 - 16 - 050631 - X . LCCN 00061677 . NASA SP - 2000 - 4029 . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Courtney G. ; Grimwood , James M. ; Swenson , Loyd S. , Jr. ( 1979 ) . `` Apollo 8 : The First Lunar Voyage '' . Chariots for Apollo : A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft . NASA History Series . Foreword by Samuel C. Phillips . Washington , D.C. : Scientific and Technical Information Branch , NASA . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 46756 - 6 . OCLC 4664449 . NASA SP - 4205 . Retrieved January 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Woods 2008 , pp. 108 -- 109 Jump up ^ Woods , W. David ; O'Brien , Frank ( April 22 , 2006 ) . `` Day 1 : Earth Orbit and Translunar Injection '' . Apollo 8 Flight Journal . NASA . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2008 . Retrieved February 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn S - IVB - 503N - Satellite Information '' . Satellite database . Heavens - Above . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bailey , J. Vernon ( 1975 ) . `` Radiation Protection and Instrumentation '' . Biomedical Results of Apollo . Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center . NASA SP - 368 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2008 . Retrieved January 28 , 2008 . Sec. 2 , Ch. 3 . Jump up ^ Woods , W. David ; O'Brien , Frank ( 2006 ) . `` Day 1 : The Green Team and Separation '' . Apollo 8 Flight Journal . NASA . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2008 . Retrieved October 29 , 2008 . TIMETAG 003 : 42 : 55 . ^ Jump up to : Woods , W. David ; O'Brien , Frank ( April 22 , 2006 ) . `` Day 1 : Maroon Team '' . Apollo 8 Flight Journal . NASA . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2008 . Retrieved February 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Woods , W. David ; O'Brien , Frank ( April 22 , 2006 ) . `` Day 2 : Green Team '' . Apollo 8 Flight Journal . NASA . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2008 . Retrieved January 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Collins 2001 , p. 306 Jump up ^ Quine , Tony ( April 2007 ) . `` Addicted to space : An appreciation of Anousheh Ansari , Part II '' . Spaceflight . British Interplanetary Society . 49 ( 4 ) : 144 . ISSN 0038 - 6340 . Jump up ^ Kozlovskaya , Inessa B ; Bloomberg , Jacob J. ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` The Effects of Long - Duration Space Flight on Eye , Head , and Trunk Coordination During Locomotion '' . Life Sciences Data Archive . Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center . LSDA Exp ID : 9307191 . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lovell & Kluger 1994 ^ Jump up to : Woods , W. David ; O'Brien , Frank ( April 22 , 2006 ) . `` Day 3 : The Black Team - Approaching the Moon '' . Apollo 8 Flight Journal . NASA . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2008 . Retrieved February 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo Expeditions to the Moon : Chapter 9 '' . history.nasa.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Apollo 8 '' . National Space Science Data Center . NASA . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Woods , W. David ; O'Brien , Frank ( April 22 , 2006 ) . `` Day 4 : Lunar Orbits 1 , 2 and 3 '' . Apollo 8 Flight Journal . NASA . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2007 . Retrieved September 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Poole 2008 ^ Jump up to : Woods , W. David ; O'Brien , Frank ( April 22 , 2006 ) . `` Day 4 : Lunar Orbits 4 , 5 and 6 '' . Apollo 8 Flight Journal . NASA . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2007 . Retrieved September 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ De Groot 2006 , p. 229 Jump up ^ Benson , Charles D. ; Faherty , William Barnaby ( 1978 ) . `` Apollo 8 - A Christmas Gift '' . Moonport : A History of Apollo Launch Facilities and Operations . NASA . NASA SP - 4204 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2008 . Retrieved February 7 , 2008 . Ch. 20 - 9 . Jump up ^ Woods , W. David ; O'Brien , Frank ( April 22 , 2006 ) . `` Day 4 : Final Orbit and Trans - Earth Injection '' . Apollo 8 Flight Journal . NASA . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2008 . Retrieved February 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Apollo 8 : Leaving the Cradle ( DVD ) . Spacecraft Films / 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . 2003 . Event occurs at Chapter 5 , Disk 2 . Jump up ^ Wilford 1973 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Schefter 1999 , p. 275 Jump up ^ Apollo 8 : Leaving the Cradle ( DVD ) . Spacecraft Films / 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . 2003 . Event occurs at Chapter 6 , Disk 2 . ^ Jump up to : Chaikin 1998 , pp. 127 -- 128 ^ Jump up to : Woods , W. David ; O'Brien , Frank ( April 22 , 2006 ) . `` Day 6 : The Maroon Team - Splashdown '' . Apollo 8 Flight Journal . NASA . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2008 . Retrieved February 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nation : Men of the Year '' . Time . New York . January 3 , 1969 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2008 . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 8 Firsts '' . American Experience : Race to the Moon . Boston : PBS . September 22 , 2005 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2011 . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chaikin 1994 , p. 134 ^ Jump up to : Poole 2008 , pp. 8 , 32 Jump up ^ Peggy , Wilhide ( July -- August 2000 ) . `` New Views for A New Century '' . Technology Innovation . NASA Innovative Partnerships Program . 8 ( 4 ) . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Robert , ed. ( 2003 ) . 100 Photographs That Changed the World . New York : Time , Inc . Home Entertainment . ISBN 1 - 931933 - 84 - 7 . LCCN 2003104204 . Jump up ^ Murray & Cox 1990 , p. 333 Jump up ^ Petrov , Boris Nikolaevich ( December 30 , 1968 ) . `` O polete Apollona - 8 '' ( On the flight of Apollo - 8 ) . Pravda ( in Russian ) . Moscow , USSR : Communist Party of the Soviet Union . Jump up ^ Chaikin 1994 , 120 Jump up ^ `` Telecasts from Apollo 8 '' . American Experience : Race to the Moon . Boston : PBS . September 22 , 2005 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2011 . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chaikin 1994 , p. 623 Jump up ^ `` O'Hair v. Paine , 397 U.S. 531 '' . FindLaw. 1970 . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Chaikin 1994 , pp. 204 , 623 Jump up ^ `` 1969 U.S. Postage Stamp Issues '' . 1847usa . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2012 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Entertainment '' . National Football League . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Winter , Tim , ed. ( 2012 ) . Shanghai Expo : An International Forum on the Future of Cities . Routledge . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 52462 - 9 . OCLC 778424843 . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tareen , Sophia ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` Apollo 8 astronaut marks 1968 Christmastime broadcast to Earth ( 12 photos ) '' . Deseret News . Associated Press . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Apollo 8 Command Module '' . Museum of Science and Industry . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2007 . Retrieved February 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Glenn Visitor Center '' . Cuyahoga County Public Library . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2007 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keith , Sallie A. ( February 20 , 2004 ) . `` Heroes in Space Honored at NASA '' ( Press release ) . Cleveland , OH : NASA Glenn Research Center . Retrieved February 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wood , W. David ( 2011 ) . How Apollo Flew to the Moon . Springer . p. 203 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4419 - 7179 - 1 . OCLC 747105616 . Jump up ^ When We Left Earth : The NASA Missions ( DVD ) . Silver Spring , MD : Discovery , Inc. 2008 . OCLC 232161899 . Debrief : Apollo 8 was released as a bonus feature for the Discovery Channel 's miniseries DVD release . Jump up ^ Apollo 8 : Leaving the Cradle ( DVD ) . Spacecraft Films / 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . 2003 . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2010 . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` American Experience Race to the Moon '' . PBS . October 31 , 2005 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` In the Shadow of the Moon '' . Sundance Institute . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ron Howard , Brian Grazer , Tom Hanks , and Michael Bostick -- Producers ( April 1998 ) . `` 1968 '' . From the Earth to the Moon . HBO . Jump up ^ `` Conflict '' . UFO . Episode 1 - 05 . October 7 , 1970 . ITV . Jump up ^ Katzif , Mike ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` Review : Public Service Broadcasting , ' The Race For Space ' '' . NPR . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Bibliography ( edit ) Baker , David ( 1981 ) . The History of Manned Space Flight ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Crown Publishers . ISBN 0 - 517 - 54377 - X . LCCN 81003101 . Bilstein , Roger E. ( 1996 ) ( First published 1980 ) . Stages to Saturn : A Technological History of the Apollo / Saturn Launch Vehicles . The NASA History Series . Washington , D.C. : NASA . ISBN 0 - 16 - 048909 - 1 . LCCN 97149850 . NASA SP - 4206 . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Chaikin , Andrew ( 1994 ) . A Man on the Moon : The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts . New York : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 81446 - 6 . LCCN 93048680 . Chaikin , Andrew ( 1998 ) ( First published 1994 ) . A Man on the Moon . Foreword by Tom Hanks . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 027201 - 7 . Clarke , Arthur C. ( 2000 ) ( Originally published 1999 ; New York : New American Library . First edition published 1968 . ) . 2001 : A Space Odyssey . New introduction by author . New York : Roc Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 451 - 45799 - 8 . Collins , Michael ( 2001 ) ( Originally published 1974 ; New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux ) . Carrying the Fire : An Astronaut 's Journeys . Foreword by Charles Lindbergh . New York : Cooper Square Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8154 - 1028 - 7 . LCCN 2001017080 . De Groot , Gerard J. ( 2006 ) . Dark Side of the Moon : The Magnificent Madness of the American Lunar Quest . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 1995 - 4 . LCCN 2006016116 . Kluger , Jeffrey ( 2017 ) . Apollo 8 : The Thrilling Story of the First Mission to the Moon . Henry Holt . ISBN 9781627798327 . Lattimer , Dick ( 1985 ) . All We Did Was Fly to the Moon . History - alive series . 1 . Foreword by James A. Michener ( 1st ed . ) . Alachua , FL : Whispering Eagle Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9611228 - 0 - 5 . LCCN 85222271 . Lovell , Jim ; Kluger , Jeffery ( 1994 ) . Lost Moon : The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 395 - 67029 - 2 . LCCN 94028052 . Murray , Charles ; Cox , Catherine Bly ( 1990 ) . Apollo : The Race to the Moon . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 70625 - 8 . Poole , Robert K. ( 2008 ) . Earthrise : How Man First Saw the Earth . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 13766 - 8 . LCCN 2008026764 . Schefter , James ( 1999 ) . The Race : The Uncensored Story of How America Beat Russia to the Moon . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 49253 - 9 . LCCN 98054430 . Wilford , John Noble ( 1973 ) . We Reach the Moon . Putnam Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 448 - 26152 - 2 . Woods , W. David ( 2008 ) . How Apollo Flew to the Moon . Brelin ; New York : Springer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 71675 - 6 . LCCN 2007932412 . Zimmerman , Robert ( 1998 ) . Genesis : The Story of Apollo 8 : The First Manned Flight to Another World . New York : Four Walls Eight Windows . ISBN 1 - 56858 - 118 - 1 . LCCN 98029963 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apollo 8 . `` Apollo 8 '' at Encyclopedia Astronautica Jackson , Albert A. ( Winter 2008 -- 2009 ) . `` The Essence of the Human Spirit : Apollo 8 '' ( PDF ) . Horizons ( Newsletter , AIAA Houston Section ) . Reston , VA : American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics ( AIAA ) . 34 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 28 . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . -- Article about the 40th Anniversary of Apollo 8 NASA reports Apollo 8 Press Kit ( PDF ) , NASA , Release No. 68 - 208 , December 15 , 1968 `` Apollo 8 Mission Report '' ( PDF ) , NASA , MSC - PA - R - 69 - 1 , February 1969 Multimedia Apollo 8 : Go for TLI -- 1969 NASA film at the Internet Archive `` The Apollo 8 Christmas Eve Broadcast '' -- NASA audio of Christmas Genesis transmission Debrief : Apollo 8 -- 1969 NASA film at the Internet Archive Apollo Atmospheric Entry Phase , 1968 , NASA Mission Planning and Analysis Division , Project Apollo . video ( 25 : 14 ) . `` APOLLO 07 and 08 16MM ONBOARD FILM ( 1968 ) '' -- raw footage taken from Apollos 7 and 8 at the Internet Archive Apollo launch and mission videos at ApolloTV.net `` Earth Viewed by Apollo 8 '' at NASA Recovery - 23min video Missions and tests of the Apollo program Rocket tests SA - 1 SA - 2 SA - 3 SA - 4 SA - 5 AS - 203 Abort tests QTV Pad Abort Test - 1 A-001 A-002 A-003 Pad Abort Test - 2 A-004 Boilerplate tests AS - 101 AS - 102 AS - 103 AS - 104 AS - 105 Unmanned missions AS - 201 AS - 202 Apollo 4 Apollo 5 Apollo 6 Skylab 1 Low Earth orbit missions Apollo 7 Apollo 9 Skylab 2 Skylab 3 Skylab 4 Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project Lunar orbit missions Apollo 8 Apollo 10 Lunar landing missions Apollo 11 Apollo 12 Apollo 14 Apollo 15 Apollo 16 Apollo 17 Failed missions Apollo 1 ( AS - 204 ) Apollo 13 List of missions Mission types Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 Canceled missions Spacecraft missions to the Moon Programs American Apollo Commercial Lunar Payload Services Lunar Orbiter Lunar Precursor Pioneer Ranger Surveyor Chinese ( CLEP ) Indian ( Chandrayaan ) Japanese Russian Luna - Glob Soviet Crewed Luna Zond Lunokhod Current Orbiters ARTEMIS Chang'e 5 - T1 ( Service Module ) Longjiang - 2 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Past Orbiters Apollo 8 10 Apollo 15 Subsatellite ( PFS - 1 ) Apollo 16 Subsatellite ( PFS - 2 ) Chandrayaan - 1 Chang'e 1 Chang'e 2 Clementine Explorer 35 Explorer 49 GRAIL ( Ebb & Flow ) Hiten LADEE Luna 10 11 12 14 19 22 Lunar Orbiter 1 5 Lunar Prospector SELENE ( Kaguya , Okina & Ouna ) SMART - 1 Flybys 4M Apollo 13 AsiaSat - 3 Cassini -- Huygens Chang'e 5 - T1 ( Xiaofei ) Galileo Geotail ICE Longjiang - 1 Luna 1 Luna 3 Mariner 10 Nozomi Pioneer 4 Pioneer 10 Ranger 5 STEREO TESS WIND WMAP Zond 3 5 6 7 8 Impactors LCROSS Luna 2 MIP Ranger 4 6 7 8 9 Landers Apollo Lunar Module x6 ALSEP ( x5 ) and EASEP ( x1 ) Chang'e 3 Luna 9 13 17 21 Surveyor 1 5 6 7 Rovers Apollo 15 16 17 Lunokhod 1 Yutu Sample return Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 Luna 16 20 24 Human landing Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 Planned EM - 1 ( 2020 ) Orion ArgoMoon BioSentinel Cislunar Explorers CuSP CU - E EQUULEUS LunaH - Map Lunar Flashlight Lunar IceCube NEA Scout OMOTENASHI SkyFire Team Miles Luna - Glob Luna 25 ( 2021 ) Luna 26 ( 2022 ) Luna 27 ( 2023 ) Luna 28 Luna 29 Others Chang'e 4 ( 2018 ) Sparrow ( 2018 ) Chandrayaan - 2 ( 2019 ) Chang'e 5 ( 2019 ) MX - 1E ( 2019 ) PTScientists ( 2019 ) Astrobotic / Hakuto / AngelicvM ( 2020 ) Chang'e 6 ( 2020 ) SLIM ( 2021 ) DESTINY ( 2022 ) EM - 2 ( 2023 ) EM - 3 ( 2023 + ) Proposed Baden - Württemberg 1 Blue Origin Blue Moon DSE - Alpha International Lunar Network Lunar Lander Lunar Mission One Lunar Orbital Platform - Gateway Lunar Orbital Station MoonLITE OpenLuna SELENE - R Synergy Moon TeamIndus Cancelled Altair European Lunar Explorer LEO LK Lunar - A Lunar Observer Lunokhod 3 MoonRise Prospector Resource Prospector SpaceX lunar tourism mission Ukrselena See also Colonization of the Moon Exploration of the Moon Google Lunar X Prize List of Apollo astronauts List of lunar probes List of artificial objects on the Moon List of missions to the Moon Lunar rover Moon landing Conspiracy theories Crewed missions in italics . ← 1967 Orbital launches in 1968 1969 → Surveyor 7 Explorer 36 Kosmos 199 OPS 1965 OPS 5028 Kosmos 200 Apollo 5 OPS 2243 OPS 6236 Kosmos 201 E-6LS No. 112 Kosmos 202 Kosmos 203 OPS 7034 Zond 4 OGO - 5 Kosmos 204 Kosmos 205 Explorer 37 DS - U1 - Ya No. 1 OPS 5057 Kosmos 206 OPS 4849 OPS 7076 Kosmos 207 Kosmos 208 Kosmos 209 Kosmos 210 Apollo 6 OV1 - 13 OV1 - 14 Luna 14 Kosmos 211 Kosmos 212 Kosmos 213 OPS 5165 Kosmos 214 Kosmos 215 Kosmos 216 Molniya - 1 No. 10 7K - L1 No. 7L Kosmos 217 Kosmos 218 Kosmos 219 OPS 1419 Kosmos 220 ESRO - 2B Nimbus B SECOR 10 OPS 7869 Kosmos 221 Kosmos 222 Kosmos 223 Kosmos 224 Sfera No. 12L OPS 5138 Kosmos 225 Kosmos 226 OPS 9341 OPS 9342 OPS 9343 OPS 9344 OPS 9345 OPS 9346 OPS 9347 OPS 9348 Strela - 2 No. 3 Kosmos 227 OPS 5343 OPS 5259 Kosmos 228 Kosmos 229 Explorer 38 Kosmos 230 Molniya - 1 No. 13 Kosmos 231 OV1 - 15 OV1 - 16 Kosmos 232 Kosmos 233 Kosmos 234 OPS 2222 OPS 5187 OPS 5955 Explorer 39 Explorer 40 Kosmos 235 ATS - 4 ESSA - 7 Orbiscal 1 OV5 - 8 Gridsphere 1 Gridsphere 2 Gridsphere B Gridsphere R LCS - 3 LIDOS SECOR 11 SECOR 12 Radcat P68 - 1 Kosmos 236 Kosmos 237 Kosmos 238 Kosmos 239 OPS 5247 Kosmos 240 Zond 5 Kosmos 241 OPS 0165 OPS 8595 Intelsat III F - 1 Kosmos 242 Kosmos 243 LES - 6 OV2 - 5 ERS - 21 ERS - 28 Kosmos 244 Kosmos 245 ESRO - 1A Molniya - 1 No. 14 OPS 0964 Kosmos 246 Kosmos 247 Apollo 7 Kosmos 248 Kosmos 249 OPS 4078 Soyuz 2 Soyuz 3 Kosmos 250 Kosmos 251 Kosmos 252 OPS 1315 OPS 5296 Pioneer 9 ERS - 31 Zond 6 Kosmos 253 Proton 4 Kosmos 254 Kosmos 255 STV - 1 Kosmos 256 Kosmos 257 OPS 6518 HEOS - 1 OAO - 2 Kosmos 258 OPS 4740 OPS 7684 Kosmos 259 ESSA - 8 Kosmos 260 Intelsat III F - 2 Kosmos 261 Apollo 8 Kosmos 262 Payloads are separated by bullets ( ) , launches by pipes ( ) . Manned flights are indicated in bold text . Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics . Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in brackets . NASA Policy and history History NACA ( 1915 ) National Aeronautics and Space Act ( 1958 ) Space Task Group ( 1958 ) Paine ( 1986 ) Rogers ( 1986 ) Ride ( 1987 ) Space Exploration Initiative ( 1989 ) Augustine ( 1990 ) U.S. National Space Policy ( 1996 ) CFUSAI ( 2002 ) CAIB ( 2003 ) Vision for Space Exploration ( 2004 ) Aldridge ( 2004 ) Augustine ( 2009 ) General Space Race Administrator and Deputy Administrator Chief Scientist Astronaut Corps Budget Spin - off technologies NASA TV NASA Social Launch Services Program Apollo 15 postage stamp incident Kennedy Space Center Vehicle Assembly Building Launch Complex 39 Launch Control Center Johnson Space Center Mission Control Lunar Sample Laboratory Robotic programs Past Hitchhiker Mariner Mariner Mark II MESUR Mars Surveyor ' 98 New Millennium Lunar Orbiter Pioneer Planetary Observer Ranger Surveyor Viking Project Prometheus Mars Scout Current Living With a Star Lunar Precursor Robotic Program Earth Observing System Great Observatories program Explorer Small explorer Voyager Discovery New Frontiers Mars Exploration Rover Human spaceflight programs Past X-15 ( suborbital ) Mercury Gemini Apollo Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project ( with the Soviet space program ) Skylab Space Shuttle Shuttle -- Mir ( with Roscosmos State Corporation ) Constellation Current International Space Station Commercial Orbital Transportation Services ( COTS ) Commercial Crew Development ( CCDev ) Orion Individual featured missions ( human and robotic ) Past COBE Apollo 11 Mercury 3 Mercury - Atlas 6 Magellan Pioneer 10 Pioneer 11 Galileo GALEX GRAIL WMAP Space Shuttle Sojourner rover Spirit rover LADEE MESSENGER Aquarius Cassini Currently operating MRO 2001 Mars Odyssey Dawn New Horizons Kepler International Space Station Hubble Space Telescope Spitzer RHESSI Swift THEMIS Mars Exploration Rover Curiosity rover timeline Opportunity rover observed GOES 14 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter GOES 15 Van Allen Probes SDO Juno Mars Science Laboratory timeline NuSTAR Voyager 1 / 2 WISE MAVEN MMS OSIRIS - REx Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite Future JPSS James Webb Space Telescope WFIRST InSight Mars 2020 NISAR Europa Clipper Communications and navigation Canberra Deep Space Atomic Clock Deep Space Network ( Goldstone Madrid Near Earth Network Space Flight Operations Facility ) Space Network NASA lists Astronauts by name by year Apollo astronauts List of NASA aircraft List of NASA missions unmanned missions List of NASA contractors List of United States rockets List of NASA cancellations List of Space Shuttle missions crews NASA images and artwork Earthrise The Blue Marble Family Portrait Pale Blue Dot Pillars of Creation Mystic Mountain Solar System Family Portrait The Day the Earth Smiled Fallen Astronaut Lunar plaques Pioneer plaques Voyager Golden Record NASA insignia Gemini and Apollo medallions Mission patches Time Persons of the Year 1927 -- 1950 Charles Lindbergh ( 1927 ) Walter Chrysler ( 1928 ) Owen D. Young ( 1929 ) Mohandas Gandhi ( 1930 ) Pierre Laval ( 1931 ) Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1932 ) Hugh S. Johnson ( 1933 ) Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1934 ) Haile Selassie ( 1935 ) Wallis Simpson ( 1936 ) Chiang Kai - shek / Soong Mei - ling ( 1937 ) Adolf Hitler ( 1938 ) Joseph Stalin ( 1939 ) Winston Churchill ( 1940 ) Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1941 ) Joseph Stalin ( 1942 ) George Marshall ( 1943 ) Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1944 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945 ) James F. Byrnes ( 1946 ) George Marshall ( 1947 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1948 ) Winston Churchill ( 1949 ) The American Fighting - Man ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 Mohammed Mosaddeq ( 1951 ) Elizabeth II ( 1952 ) Konrad Adenauer ( 1953 ) John Foster Dulles ( 1954 ) Harlow Curtice ( 1955 ) Hungarian Freedom Fighters ( 1956 ) Nikita Khrushchev ( 1957 ) Charles de Gaulle ( 1958 ) Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1959 ) U.S. Scientists : George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald A. Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward ( 1960 ) John F. Kennedy ( 1961 ) Pope John XXIII ( 1962 ) Martin Luther King Jr. ( 1963 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1964 ) William Westmoreland ( 1965 ) The Generation Twenty - Five and Under ( 1966 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1967 ) The Apollo 8 Astronauts : William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell ( 1968 ) The Middle Americans ( 1969 ) Willy Brandt ( 1970 ) Richard Nixon ( 1971 ) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon ( 1972 ) John Sirica ( 1973 ) King Faisal ( 1974 ) American Women : Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Jimmy Carter ( 1976 ) Anwar Sadat ( 1977 ) Deng Xiaoping ( 1978 ) Ayatollah Khomeini ( 1979 ) Ronald Reagan ( 1980 ) Lech Wałęsa ( 1981 ) The Computer ( 1982 ) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov ( 1983 ) Peter Ueberroth ( 1984 ) Deng Xiaoping ( 1985 ) Corazon Aquino ( 1986 ) Mikhail Gorbachev ( 1987 ) The Endangered Earth ( 1988 ) Mikhail Gorbachev ( 1989 ) George H.W. Bush ( 1990 ) Ted Turner ( 1991 ) Bill Clinton ( 1992 ) The Peacemakers : Yasser Arafat / F.W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin ( 1993 ) Pope John Paul II ( 1994 ) Newt Gingrich ( 1995 ) David Ho ( 1996 ) Andrew Grove ( 1997 ) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr ( 1998 ) Jeffrey P. Bezos ( 1999 ) George W. Bush ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Rudolph Giuliani ( 2001 ) The Whistleblowers : Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins ( 2002 ) The American Soldier ( 2003 ) George W. Bush ( 2004 ) The Good Samaritans : Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates ( 2005 ) You ( 2006 ) Vladimir Putin ( 2007 ) Barack Obama ( 2008 ) Ben Bernanke ( 2009 ) Mark Zuckerberg ( 2010 ) The Protester ( 2011 ) Barack Obama ( 2012 ) Pope Francis ( 2013 ) Ebola Fighters : Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson - Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah ( 2014 ) Angela Merkel ( 2015 ) Donald Trump ( 2016 ) The Silence Breakers ( 2017 ) Book This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration . GND : 4776869 - 1 LCCN : no2004052875 SNAC : w6vn7kmw Moon portal Space portal Spaceflight portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo_8&oldid=855374261 '' Categories : Apollo 8 Apollo program missions Manned missions to the Moon Spacecraft launched in 1968 1968 in the United States Spacecraft which reentered in 1968 December 1968 events Events at Christmas Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from June 2013 Pages using div col with small parameter Wikipedia articles incorporating text from NASA Featured articles Use American English from January 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 46 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2018 , at 20 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how long did it take apollo 8 to orbit the moon | [
"Apollo 8\nEarthrise, taken from Apollo 8 by William Anders on December 24, 1968.\nMission type\nCrewed Lunar orbiterOperator\nNASA[1]COSPAR ID\n1968-118ASATCAT no.\n3626Mission duration\n6 days, 3 hours, 42 seconds\n\nSpacecraft propertiesSpacecraft\nApollo CSM-103Apollo LTA-BManufacturer\nNorth American RockwellLaunch mass\nCSM: 28,870 kilograms (63,650 lb)[2]CM:5,621 kilograms (12,392 lb)SM:23,250 kilograms (51,258 lb)LTA: 9,000 kilograms (19,900 lb)[3]Landing mass\n4,979 kilograms (10,977 lb)\n\nCrewCrew size\n3Members\nFrank F. Borman, IIJames A. Lovell, Jr.William A. AndersCallsign\nApollo 8\n\nStart of missionLaunch date\nDecember 21, 1968, 12:51:00 (1968-12-21UTC12:51Z) UTCRocket\nSaturn V SA-503Launch site\nKennedy LC-39A\n\nEnd of missionRecovered by\nUSS YorktownLanding date\nDecember 27, 1968, 15:51:42 (1968-12-27UTC15:51:43Z) UTC[4]Landing site\nNorth Pacific Ocean8°8′N 165°1′W / 8.133°N 165.017°W / 8.133; -165.017 (Apollo 8 landing)[4]\n\nOrbital parametersPerigee\n184.40 kilometers (99.57 nmi)Apogee\n185.18 kilometers (99.99 nmi)Inclination\n32.15 degreesPeriod\n88.19 minutesEpoch\nDecember 21, 1968, ~13:02 UTCRevolution no.\n2\n\nLunar orbiterSpacecraft component\nCSMOrbital insertion\nDecember 24, 1968, 9:59:20 UTC[5]Orbital departure\nDecember 25, 1968, 6:10:17 UTC[4]Orbits\n10Orbit parametersPeriselene\n110.6 kilometers (59.7 nmi)Aposelene\n112.4 kilometers (60.7 nmi)Inclination\n12 degrees\n\n\n\nLeft to right: Lovell, Anders, BormanApollo program← Apollo 7Apollo 9 →"
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"88.19 minutes"
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4846682575268626897 | Battle of the Bulge | Battle of the Bulge - Wikipedia Battle of the Bulge This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 11 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Battle of the Bulge ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with the 1940 German Army Group A Ardennes offensive in the Battle of France . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Battle of the Bulge Part of the Western Front of World War II American soldiers of the 117th Infantry Regiment , Tennessee National Guard , part of the 30th Infantry Division , move past a destroyed American M5A1 `` Stuart '' tank on their march to recapture the town of St. Vith during the Battle of the Bulge , January 1945 . Date 16 December 1944 -- 25 January 1945 Location The Ardennes : Belgium , Luxembourg Result Allied victory Western Allied offensive plans delayed by five or six weeks Disastrous offensive in the Ardennes exhausted the resources of Germany on the Western Front . The German collapse opened the way for the Allies ultimately to break the Siegfried Line Soviet offensive in Poland launched on 12 January 1945 , eight days earlier than originally intended . Belligerents United States United Kingdom France Canada Belgium Luxembourg Nazi Germany Commanders and leaders Dwight D. Eisenhower ( Supreme Allied Commander ) Bernard Montgomery ( 21st Army Group , First U.S. Army , Ninth U.S. Army ) Omar Bradley ( 12th U.S. Army Group ) Courtney Hodges ( First U.S. Army ) George S. Patton ( Third U.S. Army ) Adolf Hitler ( Leader and Chancellor ) Walter Model ( Army Group B) Gerd von Rundstedt ( OB West ) Hasso von Manteuffel ( 5th Panzer Army ) Sepp Dietrich ( 6th Panzer Army ) Erich Brandenberger ( 7th Army ) Strength 16 December 6 infantry divisions 2 armored divisions Initial 228,741 men 483 tanks 499 tank destroyers and assault guns 1,921 other tracked AFVs 971 anti-tank and artillery pieces 24 December 15 infantry divisions 6 armored divisions 1 armored brigade With reinforcement ~ 541,000 men 1,616 tanks 1,713 tank destroyers and assault guns 5,352 other tracked AFVs 2,408 anti-tank and artillery pieces 16 January 22 infantry divisions 8 armored divisions 2 armored brigades With reinforcement 700,520 men 4,155 artillery pieces 2,428 tanks 1,912 tank destroyers and assault guns 7,079 other tracked AFVs 3,181 anti-tank and artillery pieces 6,000 aircraft 16 December 13 infantry divisions 7 armored divisions 1 brigade Initial ~ 300,000 men 557 tanks 667 tank destroyers and assault guns 1,261 other tracked AFVs 4,224 anti-tank and artillery pieces 24 December 16 infantry divisions 8 armored divisions 1 armored brigade 2 infantry brigades With reinforcement ~ 449,000 men 423 tanks 608 tank destroyers and assault guns 1,496 other tracked AFVs 4,131 anti-tank and artillery pieces 16 January 16 infantry divisions 8 armored divisions 2 infantry brigades With reinforcement 383,016 men 216 tanks 414 tank destroyers and assault guns 907 other tracked AFVs 3,256 anti-tank and artillery pieces Casualties and losses American 105,102 casualties . 19,000 killed , 62,500 wounded , 23,500 captured or missing 700 -- 800 + tanks , tank destroyers , and assault guns destroyed ~ 1000 aircraft lost , over 647 in December and 353 during Unternehmen Bodenplatte British 1,408 ( 200 killed , 969 wounded , and 239 missing ) 67,459 -- 125,000 casualties ( includes killed , wounded , missing , captured ) 600 -- 800 + tanks and assault guns destroyed ~ 800 aircraft lost , over 500 in December and 280 during Unternehmen Bodenplatte Approximately 3,000 civilians killed Battle of the Bulge Prelude Vianden Kesternich Wehlerscheid Initial German assault Losheim Gap Clervaux Lanzerath Ridge Malmedy Greif Allied defense and counteroffensive Elsenborn Ridge St. Vith Bastogne Bure German counterattack Bodenplatte Nordwind Background German forces Order of battle West European Campaign ( 1944 -- 45 ) Overlord Dragoon Paris Paris to the Rhine Channel Coast Market Garden Aachen Hürtgen Forest Scheldt Queen Bulge Nordwind Blackcock Colmar Pocket Reichswald Invasion of Germany End of World War II in Europe Western Front of World War II prelude 1939 Phoney War Saar The Heligoland Bight 1940 Luxembourg The Netherlands The Hague Rotterdam Zeeland Rotterdam Blitz Belgium Fort Eben - Emael Hannut Gembloux La Lys France Sedan Montcornet Arras Lille Boulogne Calais Abbeville Paula Dunkirk Dunkirk evacuation Italian Invasion of France Saumur Britain Kanalkampf Adlertag The Hardest Day Battle of Britain Day Sea Lion 1942 -- 1943 Cerberus and Donnerkeil St Nazaire Raid Dieppe Raid 1944 -- 1945 Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Arnhem Hürtgen Forest Aachen Queen Scheldt Bulge Nordwind Bodenplatte Colmar Pocket Atlantic Pockets Invasion of Germany strategic campaigns The Blitz Defence of the Reich Raids on the Atlantic Wall Battle of Atlantic Map showing the swelling of `` the Bulge '' as the German offensive progressed creating the nose - like salient during 16 -- 25 December 1944 . Front line , 16 December Front line , 20 December Front line , 25 December Allied movements German movements The Battle of the Bulge ( 16 December 1944 -- 25 January 1945 ) was the last major German offensive campaign on the Western Front during World War II . It was launched through the densely forested Ardennes region of Wallonia in eastern Belgium , northeast France , and Luxembourg , towards the end of World War II . The surprise attack caught the Allied forces completely off guard . American forces bore the brunt of the attack and incurred their highest casualties of any operation during the war . The battle also severely depleted Germany 's armored forces , and they were largely unable to replace them . German personnel and , later , Luftwaffe aircraft ( in the concluding stages of the engagement ) also sustained heavy losses . The Germans officially referred to the offensive as Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein ( `` Operation Watch on the Rhine '' ) , while the Allies designated it the Ardennes Counteroffensive . The phrase `` Battle of the Bulge '' was coined by contemporary press to describe the bulge in German front lines on wartime news maps , and it became the most widely used name for the battle . The German offensive was intended to stop Allied use of the Belgian port of Antwerp and to split the Allied lines , allowing the Germans to encircle and destroy four Allied armies and force the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis powers ' favor . Once that was accomplished , the German dictator Adolf Hitler believed he could fully concentrate on the Soviets on the Eastern Front . The offensive was planned by the German forces with utmost secrecy , with minimal radio traffic and movements of troops and equipment under cover of darkness . Intercepted German communications indicating a substantial German offensive preparation were not acted upon by the Allies . The Germans achieved total surprise on the morning of 16 December 1944 , due to a combination of Allied overconfidence , preoccupation with Allied offensive plans , and poor aerial reconnaissance . The Germans attacked a weakly defended section of the Allied line , taking advantage of heavily overcast weather conditions that grounded the Allies ' overwhelmingly superior air forces . Fierce resistance on the northern shoulder of the offensive , around Elsenborn Ridge , and in the south , around Bastogne , blocked German access to key roads to the northwest and west that they counted on for success . Columns of armor and infantry that were supposed to advance along parallel routes found themselves on the same roads . This , and terrain that favored the defenders , threw the German advance behind schedule and allowed the Allies to reinforce the thinly placed troops . Improved weather conditions permitted air attacks on German forces and supply lines , which sealed the failure of the offensive . In the wake of the defeat , many experienced German units were left severely depleted of men and equipment , as survivors retreated to the defenses of the Siegfried Line . The Germans ' initial attack involved 406,000 men ; 1,214 tanks , tank destroyers , and assault guns ; and 4,224 artillery pieces . These were reinforced a couple of weeks later , bringing the offensive 's total strength to around 450,000 troops , and 1,500 tanks and assault guns . Between 67,200 and 125,000 of their men were killed , missing , or wounded in action . For the Americans , out of 610,000 troops involved in the battle , 89,000 were casualties . While some sources report that up to 19,000 were killed , Eisenhower 's personnel chief put the number at about 8,600 . British historian Antony Beevor reports the number killed as 8,407 . It was the largest and bloodiest battle fought by the United States in World War II . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Allied supply issues 1.2 German plans 1.3 Drafting the offensive 1.4 Operation names 1.5 Planning 2 Initial German assault 3 Attack on the northern shoulder 3.1 Best German divisions assigned 3.2 German forces held up 3.3 Malmedy massacre 3.4 Kampfgruppe Peiper deflected southeast 3.5 Wereth 11 3.6 Germans advance west 3.7 German advance halted 3.8 Outcome 3.9 Operation Stösser 3.10 Chenogne massacre 4 Attack in the center 4.1 Battle for St. Vith 4.2 Meuse River bridges 4.3 Operation Greif and Operation Währung 5 Attack in the south 5.1 Siege of Bastogne 6 Allied counteroffensive 7 German counterattack 7.1 Allies prevail 8 Force comparisons by date 9 Strategy and leadership 9.1 Hitler 's chosen few 9.2 Allied high - command controversy 9.3 Montgomery 's actions 10 Casualties 11 Result 12 Media attention 13 Battle credit 14 In popular culture 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 Bibliography 19 Further reading 20 External links Background ( edit ) After the breakout from Normandy at the end of July 1944 and the Allied landings in southern France on 15 August 1944 , the Allies advanced toward Germany more quickly than anticipated . The Allies were faced with several military logistics issues : troops were fatigued by weeks of continuous combat supply lines were stretched extremely thin supplies were dangerously depleted . General Dwight D. Eisenhower ( the Supreme Allied Commander on the Western Front ) and his staff chose to hold the Ardennes region which was occupied by the U.S. First Army . The Allies chose to defend the Ardennes with as few troops as possible due to the favorable terrain ( a densely wooded highland with deep river valleys and a rather thin road network ) and limited Allied operational objectives in the area . They also had intelligence that the Wehrmacht was using the area across the German border as a rest - and - refit area for its troops . Allied supply issues ( edit ) The speed of the Allied advance coupled with an initial lack of deep - water ports presented the Allies with enormous supply problems . Over-the - beach supply operations using the Normandy landing areas and direct landing LSTs on the beaches were unable to meet operational needs . The only deep - water port the Allies had captured was Cherbourg on the northern shore of the Cotentin peninsula and west of the original invasion beaches , but the Germans had thoroughly wrecked and mined the harbor before it could be taken . It took many months to rebuild its cargo - handling capability . The Allies captured the port of Antwerp intact in the first days of September , but it was not operational until 28 November . The estuary of the Schelde river ( also called Scheldt ) that controlled access to the port had to be cleared of both German troops and naval mines . The limitations led to differences between General Eisenhower and Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery , commander of the Anglo - Canadian 21st Army Group , over whether Montgomery or Lieutenant General Omar Bradley , commanding the U.S. 12th Army Group , in the south would get priority access to supplies . German forces remained in control of several major ports on the English Channel coast until May 1945 . The Allies ' efforts to destroy the French railway system prior to D - Day , successful in hampering German response to the invasion , proved equally restrictive to the Allies . It took time to repair the rail network 's tracks and bridges . A trucking system nicknamed the Red Ball Express brought supplies to front - line troops , but used up five times as much fuel to reach the front line near the Belgian border as was delivered . By early October , the Allies had suspended major offensives to improve their supply lines and availability . Montgomery and Bradley both pressed for priority delivery of supplies to their respective armies so they could continue their individual lines of advance and maintain pressure on the Germans . Eisenhower , however , preferred a broad - front strategy . He gave some priority to Montgomery 's northern forces . This had the short - term goal of opening the urgently needed port of Antwerp and the long - term goal of capturing the Ruhr area , the biggest industrial area of Germany . With the Allies stalled , German Generalfeldmarschall ( Field Marshal ) Gerd von Rundstedt was able to reorganize the disrupted German armies into a coherent defence . Field Marshal Montgomery 's Operation Market Garden achieved only some of its objectives , while its territorial gains left the Allied supply situation stretched further than before . In October , the First Canadian Army fought the Battle of the Scheldt , opening the port of Antwerp to shipping . As a result , by the end of October the supply situation had eased somewhat . German plans ( edit ) Despite a lull along the front after the Scheldt battles , the German situation remained dire . While operations continued in the autumn , notably the Lorraine Campaign , the Battle of Aachen and fighting in the Hürtgen Forest , the strategic situation in the west had changed little . The Allies were slowly pushing towards Germany , but no decisive breakthrough was achieved . The Western Allies already had 96 divisions at or near the front , with an estimated ten more divisions en route from the United Kingdom . Additional Allied airborne units remained in England . The Germans could field a total of 55 understrength divisions . Adolf Hitler first officially outlined his surprise counter-offensive to his astonished generals on September 16 , 1944 . The assault 's ambitious goal was to pierce the thinly held lines of the U.S. First Army between Monschau and Wasserbillig with Army Group B ( Model ) by the end of the first day , get the armor through the Ardennes by the end of the second day , reach the Meuse between Liège and Dinant by the third day , and seize Antwerp and the western bank of the Scheldt estuary by the fourth day . Hitler initially promised his generals a total of 18 infantry and 12 armored or mechanized divisions `` for planning purposes . '' The plan was to pull 13 infantry divisions , two parachute divisions and six panzer - type divisions from the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht strategic reserve . On the Eastern Front , the Soviets ' Operation Bagration during the summer had destroyed much of Germany 's Army Group Center ( Heeresgruppe Mitte ) . The extremely swift operation ended only when the advancing Soviet Red Army forces outran their supplies . By November , it was clear that Soviet forces were preparing for a winter offensive . Meanwhile , the Allied air offensive of early 1944 had effectively grounded the Luftwaffe , leaving the German Army with little battlefield intelligence and no way to interdict Allied supplies . The converse was equally damaging ; daytime movement of German forces was almost instantly noticed , and interdiction of supplies combined with the bombing of the Romanian oil fields starved Germany of oil and gasoline . One of the few advantages held by the German forces in November 1944 was that they were no longer defending all of Western Europe . Their front lines in the west had been considerably shortened by the Allied offensive and were much closer to the German heartland . This drastically reduced their supply problems despite Allied control of the air . Additionally , their extensive telephone and telegraph network meant that radios were no longer necessary for communications , which lessened the effectiveness of Allied Ultra intercepts . Nevertheless , some 40 -- 50 messages per day were decrypted by Ultra . They recorded the quadrupling of German fighter forces and a term used in an intercepted Luftwaffe message -- Jägeraufmarsch ( literally `` Hunter Deployment '' ) -- implied preparation for an offensive operation . Ultra also picked up communiqués regarding extensive rail and road movements in the region , as well as orders that movements should be made on time . Drafting the offensive ( edit ) Hitler felt that his mobile reserves allowed him to mount one major offensive . Although he realized nothing significant could be accomplished in the Eastern Front , he still believed an offensive against the Western Allies , whom he considered militarily inferior to the Red Army , would have some chances of success . Hitler believed he could split the Allied forces and compel the Americans and British to settle for a separate peace , independent of the Soviet Union . Success in the west would give the Germans time to design and produce more advanced weapons ( such as jet aircraft , new U-boat designs and super-heavy tanks ) and permit the concentration of forces in the east . After the war ended , this assessment was generally viewed as unrealistic , given Allied air superiority throughout Europe and their ability to continually disrupt German offensive operations . Given the reduced manpower of their land forces at the time , the Germans believed the best way to seize the initiative would be to attack in the West against the smaller Allied forces rather than against the vast Soviet armies . Even the encirclement and destruction of multiple Soviet armies , as in 1941 , would still have left the Soviets with a numerical superiority . Hitler 's plan called for a classic Blitzkrieg attack through the weakly defended Ardennes , mirroring the successful German offensive there during the Battle of France in 1940 -- aimed at splitting the armies along the U.S. -- British lines and capturing Antwerp . The plan banked on unfavorable weather , including heavy fog and low - lying clouds , which would minimize the Allied air advantage . Hitler originally set the offensive for late November , before the anticipated start of the Russian winter offensive . The disputes between Montgomery and Bradley were well known , and Hitler hoped he could exploit this disunity . If the attack were to succeed in capturing Antwerp , four complete armies would be trapped without supplies behind German lines . Several senior German military officers , including Generalfeldmarschall Walter Model and Gerd von Rundstedt , expressed concern as to whether the goals of the offensive could be realized . Model and von Rundstedt both believed aiming for Antwerp was too ambitious , given Germany 's scarce resources in late 1944 . At the same time , they felt that maintaining a purely defensive posture ( as had been the case since Normandy ) would only delay defeat , not avert it . They thus developed alternative , less ambitious plans that did not aim to cross the Meuse River ( in German and Dutch : Maas ) ; Model 's being Unternehmen Herbstnebel ( Operation Autumn Mist ) and von Rundstedt 's Fall Martin ( `` Plan Martin '' ) . The two field marshals combined their plans to present a joint `` small solution '' to Hitler . When they offered their alternative plans , Hitler would not listen . Rundstedt later testified that while he recognized the merit of Hitler 's operational plan , he saw from the very first that `` all , absolutely all conditions for the possible success of such an offensive were lacking . '' Model , commander of German Army Group B ( Heeresgruppe B ) , and von Rundstedt , overall commander of the German Army Command in the West ( OB West ) , were put in charge of carrying out the operation . In the west supply problems began significantly to impede Allied operations , even though the opening of the port of Antwerp in late November improved the situation somewhat . The positions of the Allied armies stretched from southern France all the way north to the Netherlands . German planning for the counteroffensive rested on the premise that a successful strike against thinly manned stretches of the line would halt Allied advances on the entire Western Front . Operation names ( edit ) The Wehrmacht 's code name for the offensive was Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein ( `` Operation Watch on the Rhine '' ) , after the German patriotic hymn Die Wacht am Rhein , a name that deceptively implied the Germans would be adopting a defensive posture along the Western Front . The Germans also referred to it as `` Ardennenoffensive '' ( Ardennes Offensive ) and Rundstedt - Offensive , both names being generally used nowadays in modern Germany . The French ( and Belgian ) name for the operation is Bataille des Ardennes ( Battle of the Ardennes ) . The battle was militarily defined by the Allies as the Ardennes Counteroffensive , which included the German drive and the American effort to contain and later defeat it . The phrase Battle of the Bulge was coined by contemporary press to describe the way the Allied front line bulged inward on wartime news maps . While the Ardennes Counteroffensive is the correct term in Allied military language , the official Ardennes - Alsace campaign reached beyond the Ardennes battle region , and the most popular description in English speaking countries remains simply the Battle of the Bulge . Planning ( edit ) Main article : Wehrmacht forces for the Ardennes Offensive See also : Battle of the Bulge order of battle Wikisource has original text related to this article : Planning the Counteroffensive Wikisource has original text related to this article : Troops and Terrain Wikisource has original text related to this article : Preparations The German plan . The OKW decided by mid-September , at Hitler 's insistence , that the offensive would be mounted in the Ardennes , as was done in 1940 . In 1940 German forces had passed through the Ardennes in three days before engaging the enemy , but the 1944 plan called for battle in the forest itself . The main forces were to advance westward to the Meuse River , then turn northwest for Antwerp and Brussels . The close terrain of the Ardennes would make rapid movement difficult , though open ground beyond the Meuse offered the prospect of a successful dash to the coast . Four armies were selected for the operation . Adolf Hitler personally selected for the counter-offensive on the northern shoulder of the western front the best troops available and officers he trusted . The lead role in the attack was given to 6th Panzer Army , commanded by SS - Oberstgruppenführer Sepp Dietrich . It included the most experienced formation of the Waffen - SS : the 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler . It also contained the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend . They were given priority for supply and equipment and assigned the shortest route to the primary objective of the offensive , Antwerp , starting from the northernmost point on the intended battlefront , nearest the important road network hub of Monschau . The Fifth Panzer Army under General Hasso von Manteuffel was assigned to the middle sector with the objective of capturing Brussels . The Seventh Army , under General Erich Brandenberger , was assigned to the southernmost sector , near the Luxembourgish city of Echternach , with the task of protecting the flank . This Army was made up of only four infantry divisions , with no large - scale armored formations to use as a spearhead unit . As a result , they made little progress throughout the battle . Also participating in a secondary role was the Fifteenth Army , under General Gustav - Adolf von Zangen . Recently brought back up to strength and re-equipped after heavy fighting during Operation Market Garden , it was located on the far north of the Ardennes battlefield and tasked with holding U.S. forces in place , with the possibility of launching its own attack given favorable conditions . For the offensive to be successful , four criteria were deemed critical : the attack had to be a complete surprise ; the weather conditions had to be poor to neutralize Allied air superiority and the damage it could inflict on the German offensive and its supply lines ; the progress had to be rapid -- the Meuse River , halfway to Antwerp , had to be reached by day 4 ; and Allied fuel supplies would have to be captured intact along the way because the combined Wehrmacht forces were short on fuel . The General Staff estimated they only had enough fuel to cover one - third to one - half of the ground to Antwerp in heavy combat conditions . The plan originally called for just under 45 divisions , including a dozen panzer and panzergrenadier divisions forming the armored spearhead and various infantry units to form a defensive line as the battle unfolded . By this time , however , the German Army suffered from an acute manpower shortage , and the force had been reduced to around 30 divisions . Although it retained most of its armor , there were not enough infantry units because of the defensive needs in the East . These 30 newly rebuilt divisions used some of the last reserves of the German Army . Among them were Volksgrenadier ( `` People 's Grenadier '' ) units formed from a mix of battle - hardened veterans and recruits formerly regarded as too young , too old or too frail to fight . Training time , equipment and supplies were inadequate during the preparations . German fuel supplies were precarious -- those materials and supplies that could not be directly transported by rail had to be horse - drawn to conserve fuel , and the mechanized and panzer divisions would depend heavily on captured fuel . As a result , the start of the offensive was delayed from 27 November to 16 December . Before the offensive the Allies were virtually blind to German troop movement . During the liberation of France , the extensive network of the French resistance had provided valuable intelligence about German dispositions . Once they reached the German border , this source dried up . In France , orders had been relayed within the German army using radio messages enciphered by the Enigma machine , and these could be picked up and decrypted by Allied code - breakers headquartered at Bletchley Park , to give the intelligence known as Ultra . In Germany such orders were typically transmitted using telephone and teleprinter , and a special radio silence order was imposed on all matters concerning the upcoming offensive . The major crackdown in the Wehrmacht after the 20 July plot to assassinate Hitler resulted in much tighter security and fewer leaks . The foggy autumn weather also prevented Allied reconnaissance aircraft from correctly assessing the ground situation . German units assembling in the area were even issued charcoal instead of wood for cooking fires to cut down on smoke and reduce chances of Allied observers deducing a troop buildup was underway . For these reasons Allied High Command considered the Ardennes a quiet sector , relying on assessments from their intelligence services that the Germans were unable to launch any major offensive operations this late in the war . What little intelligence they had led the Allies to believe precisely what the Germans wanted them to believe - -- that preparations were being carried out only for defensive , not offensive , operations . The Allies relied too much on Ultra , not human reconnaissance . In fact , because of the Germans ' efforts , the Allies were led to believe that a new defensive army was being formed around Düsseldorf in the northern Rhineland , possibly to defend against British attack . This was done by increasing the number of flak ( Flugabwehrkanonen , i.e. , anti-aircraft cannons ) in the area and the artificial multiplication of radio transmissions in the area . The Allies at this point thought the information was of no importance . All of this meant that the attack , when it came , completely surprised the Allied forces . Remarkably , the U.S. Third Army intelligence chief , Colonel Oscar Koch , the U.S. First Army intelligence chief and the SHAEF intelligence officer Brigadier General Kenneth Strong all correctly predicted the German offensive capability and intention to strike the U.S. VIII Corps area . These predictions were largely dismissed by the U.S. 12th Army Group . Strong had informed Bedell Smith in December of his suspicions . Bedell Smith sent Strong to warn Lieutenant General Omar Bradley , the commander of the 12th Army Group , of the danger . Bradley 's response was succinct : `` Let them come . '' Historian Patrick K. O'Donnell writes that on 8 December 1944 U.S. Rangers at great cost took Hill 400 during the Battle of the Hürtgen Forest . The next day GIs who relieved the Rangers reported a considerable movement of German troops inside the Ardennes in the enemy 's rear , but that no one in the chain of command connected the dots . Because the Ardennes was considered a quiet sector , considerations of economy of force led it to be used as a training ground for new units and a rest area for units that had seen hard fighting . The U.S. units deployed in the Ardennes thus were a mixture of inexperienced troops ( such as the raw U.S. 99th and 106th `` Golden Lions '' Divisions ) , and battle - hardened troops sent to that sector to recuperate ( the 28th Infantry Division ) . Two major special operations were planned for the offensive . By October it was decided that Otto Skorzeny , the German SS - commando who had rescued the former Italian dictator Benito Mussolini , was to lead a task force of English - speaking German soldiers in `` Operation Greif '' . These soldiers were to be dressed in American and British uniforms and wear dog tags taken from corpses and prisoners of war . Their job was to go behind American lines and change signposts , misdirect traffic , generally cause disruption and seize bridges across the Meuse River . By late November another ambitious special operation was added : Col. Friedrich August von der Heydte was to lead a Fallschirmjäger - Kampfgruppe ( paratrooper combat group ) in Operation Stösser , a night - time paratroop drop behind the Allied lines aimed at capturing a vital road junction near Malmedy . German intelligence had set 20 December as the expected date for the start of the upcoming Soviet offensive , aimed at crushing what was left of German resistance on the Eastern Front and thereby opening the way to Berlin . It was hoped that Soviet leader Stalin would delay the start of the operation once the German assault in the Ardennes had begun and wait for the outcome before continuing . After the 20 July attempt on Hitler 's life , and the close advance of the Red Army which would seize the site on 27 January 1945 , Hitler and his staff had been forced to abandon the Wolfsschanze headquarters in East Prussia , in which they had coordinated much of the fighting on the Eastern Front . After a brief visit to Berlin , Hitler travelled on his Führersonderzug ( `` Special Train of the Führer '' ( Leader ) ) to Giessen on 11 December , taking up residence in the Adlerhorst ( eyrie ) command complex , co-located with OB West 's base at Kransberg Castle . Believing in omens and the successes of his early war campaigns that had been planned at Kransberg , Hitler had chosen the site from which he had overseen the successful 1940 campaign against France and the Low Countries . Von Rundstedt set up his operational headquarters near Limburg , close enough for the generals and Panzer Corps commanders who were to lead the attack to visit Adlerhorst on 11 December , travelling there in an SS - operated bus convoy . With the castle acting as overflow accommodation , the main party was settled into the Adlerhorst 's Haus 2 command bunker , including Gen. Alfred Jodl , Gen. Wilhelm Keitel , Gen. Blumentritt , von Manteuffel and SS Gen. Joseph ( `` Sepp '' ) Dietrich . In a personal conversation on 13 December between Walter Model and Friedrich von der Heydte , who was put in charge of Operation Stösser , von der Heydte gave Operation Stösser less than a 10 % chance of succeeding . Model told him it was necessary to make the attempt : `` It must be done because this offensive is the last chance to conclude the war favorably . '' Initial German assault ( edit ) Situation on the Western Front as of 15 December 1944 On 16 December 1944 at 05 : 30 , the Germans began the assault with a massive , 90 - minute artillery barrage using 1,600 artillery pieces across a 130 - kilometre ( 80 mi ) front on the Allied troops facing the 6th Panzer Army . The Americans ' initial impression was that this was the anticipated , localized counterattack resulting from the Allies ' recent attack in the Wahlerscheid sector to the north , where the 2nd Division had knocked a sizable dent in the Siegfried Line . Heavy snowstorms engulfed parts of the Ardennes area . While having the effect of keeping the Allied aircraft grounded , the weather also proved troublesome for the Germans because poor road conditions hampered their advance . Poor traffic control led to massive traffic jams and fuel shortages in forward units . In the center , von Manteuffel 's Fifth Panzer Army attacked towards Bastogne and St. Vith , both road junctions of great strategic importance . In the south , Brandenberger 's Seventh Army pushed towards Luxembourg in its efforts to secure the flank from Allied attacks . Only one month before 250 members of the Waffen - SS had unsuccessfully tried to recapture the town of Vianden with its castle from the Luxembourgish resistance during the Battle of Vianden . Attack on the northern shoulder ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Sixth Panzer Army Attack Main article : Battle of Elsenborn Ridge While the Siege of Bastogne is often credited as the central point where the German offensive was stopped , the battle for Elsenborn Ridge was actually the decisive component of the Battle of the Bulge , stopping the advance of the best equipped armored units of the German army and forcing them to reroute their troops to unfavorable alternative routes that considerably slowed their advance . Best German divisions assigned ( edit ) The attack on Monschau , Höfen , Krinkelt - Rocherath , and then Elsenborn Ridge was led by the units personally selected by Adolf Hitler . The 6th Panzer Army was given priority for supply and equipment and were assigned the shortest route to the ultimate objective of the offensive , Antwerp . The 6th Panzer Army included the elite of the Waffen - SS , including four Panzer divisions and five infantry divisions in three corps . SS Obersturmbannführer Joachim Peiper led Kampfgruppe Peiper , consisting of 4,800 men and 600 vehicles , which was charged with leading the main effort . However , its newest and most powerful tank , the Tiger II heavy tank , consumed 3.8 litres ( 1 gal ) of fuel to go 800 m (. 5 mi ) , and the Germans had less than half the fuel they needed to reach Antwerp . German forces held up ( edit ) Sepp Dietrich led the Sixth Panzer Army in the northernmost attack route . The attacks by the Sixth Panzer Army 's infantry units in the north fared badly because of unexpectedly fierce resistance by the U.S. 2nd and 99th Infantry Divisions . Kampfgruppe Peiper , at the head of the Sepp Dietrich 's Sixth Panzer Army , had been designated to take the Losheim - Losheimergraben road , a key route through the Losheim Gap , but it was closed by two collapsed overpasses that German engineers failed to repair during the first day . Peiper 's forces were rerouted through Lanzerath . To preserve the quantity of armor available , the infantry of the 9th Fallschirmjaeger Regiment , 3rd Fallschirmjaeger Division , had been ordered to clear the village first . A single 18 - man Intelligence and Reconnaissance Platoon from the 99th Infantry Division along with four Forward Air Controllers held up the battalion of about 500 German paratroopers until sunset , about 16 : 00 , causing 92 casualties among the Germans . This created a bottleneck in the German advance . Kampfgruppe Peiper did not begin his advance until nearly 16 : 00 , more than 16 hours behind schedule and did n't reach Bucholz Station until the early morning of 17 December . Their intention was to control the twin villages of Rocherath - Krinkelt which would clear a path to the high ground of Elsenborn Ridge . Occupation of this dominating terrain would allow control of the roads to the south and west and ensure supply to Kampfgruppe Peiper 's armored task force . German troops advancing past abandoned American equipment Malmedy massacre ( edit ) Main article : Malmedy massacre Scene of the Malmedy massacre At 12 : 30 on 17 December , Kampfgruppe Peiper was near the hamlet of Baugnez , on the height halfway between the town of Malmedy and Ligneuville , when they encountered elements of the 285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion , U.S. 7th Armored Division . After a brief battle the lightly armed Americans surrendered . They were disarmed and , with some other Americans captured earlier ( approximately 150 men ) , sent to stand in a field near the crossroads under light guard . About fifteen minutes after Peiper 's advance guard passed through , the main body under the command of SS Sturmbannführer Werner Pötschke arrived . Allegedly , the SS troopers suddenly opened fire on the prisoners . As soon as the firing began , the prisoners panicked . Most were shot where they stood , though some managed to flee . Accounts of the killing vary , but at least 84 of the POWs were murdered . A few survived , and news of the killings of prisoners of war raced through Allied lines . Following the end of the war , soldiers and officers of Kampfgruppe Peiper , including Joachim Peiper and SS general Sepp Dietrich , were tried for the incident at the Malmedy massacre trial . Kampfgruppe Peiper deflected southeast ( edit ) Driving to the south - east of Elsenborn , Kampfgruppe Peiper entered Honsfeld , where they encountered one of the 99th Division 's rest centers , clogged with confused American troops . They quickly captured portions of the 3rd Battalion of the 394th Infantry Regiment . They destroyed a number of American armored units and vehicles , and took several dozen prisoners who were subsequently murdered . Peiper also captured 50,000 US gallons ( 190,000 l ; 42,000 imp gal ) of fuel for his vehicles . Peiper then advanced north - west towards Büllingen , keeping to the plan to move west , unaware that if he had turned north he had an opportunity to flank and trap the entire 2nd and 99th Divisions . Instead , intent on driving west , Peiper turned south to detour around Hünningen , choosing a route designated Rollbahn D as he had been given latitude to choose the best route west . To the north , the 277th Volksgrenadier Division attempted to break through the defending line of the U.S. 99th and the 2nd Infantry Divisions . The 12th SS Panzer Division , reinforced by additional infantry ( Panzergrenadier and Volksgrenadier ) divisions , took the key road junction at Losheimergraben just north of Lanzerath and attacked the twin villages of Rocherath and Krinkelt . Wereth 11 ( edit ) Main article : 333rd Artillery Battalion ( United States ) Another , smaller massacre was committed in Wereth , Belgium , approximately 6.5 miles ( 10.5 km ) northeast of Saint - Vith on 17 December 1944 . Eleven black American soldiers were tortured after surrendering and then shot by men of the 1st SS Panzer Division belonging to Schnellgruppe Knittel . The perpetrators were never punished for this crime and recent research indicates that men from Third Company of the Reconnaissance Battalion were responsible . Germans advance west ( edit ) American soldiers of the 3rd Battalion 119th Infantry Regiment are taken prisoner by members of Kampfgruppe Peiper in Stoumont , Belgium on 19 December 1944 . By the evening the spearhead had pushed north to engage the U.S. 99th Infantry Division and Kampfgruppe Peiper arrived in front of Stavelot . Peiper 's forces were already behind his timetable because of the stiff American resistance and because when the Americans fell back , their engineers blew up bridges and emptied fuel dumps . Peiper 's unit was delayed and his vehicles denied critically needed fuel . They took 36 hours to advance from the Eifel region to Stavelot , while the same advance had taken just nine hours in 1940 . Kampfgruppe Peiper attacked Stavelot on 18 December but was unable to capture the town before the Americans evacuated a large fuel depot . Three tanks attempted to take the bridge , but the lead vehicle was disabled by a mine . Following this , 60 grenadiers advanced forward but were stopped by concentrated American defensive fire . After a fierce tank battle the next day , the Germans finally entered the town when U.S. engineers failed to blow the bridge . An American soldier escorts a German crewman from his wrecked Panther tank during the Battle of Elsenborn Ridge Capitalizing on his success and not wanting to lose more time , Peiper rushed an advance group toward the vital bridge at Trois - Ponts , leaving the bulk of his strength in Stavelot . When they reached it at 11 : 30 on 18 December , retreating U.S. engineers blew it up . Peiper detoured north towards the villages of La Gleize and Cheneux . At Cheneux , the advance guard was attacked by American fighter - bombers , destroying two tanks and five halftracks , blocking the narrow road . The group got moving again at dusk at 16 : 00 and was able to return to its original route at around 18 : 00 . Of the two bridges now remaining between Kampfgruppe Peiper and the Meuse , the bridge over the Lienne was blown by the Americans as the Germans approached . Peiper turned north and halted his forces in the woods between La Gleize and Stoumont . He learned that Stoumont was strongly held and that the Americans were bringing up strong reinforcements from Spa . To Peiper 's south , the advance of Kampfgruppe Hansen had stalled . SS Oberführer Mohnke ordered Schnellgruppe Knittel , which had been designated to follow Hansen , to instead move forward to support Peiper . SS Sturmbannführer Knittel crossed the bridge at Stavelot around 19 : 00 against American forces trying to retake the town . Knittel pressed forward towards La Gleize , and shortly afterward the Americans recaptured Stavelot . Peiper and Knittel both faced the prospect of being cut off . German advance halted ( edit ) M3 90mm gun - armed American M36 tank destroyers of the 703rd TD , attached to the 82nd Airborne Division , move forward during heavy fog to stem German spearhead near Werbomont , Belgium , 20 December 1944 . At dawn on 19 December , Peiper surprised the American defenders of Stoumont by sending infantry from the 2nd SS Panzergrenadier Regiment in an attack and a company of Fallschirmjäger to infiltrate their lines . He followed this with a Panzer attack , gaining the eastern edge of the town . An American tank battalion arrived but , after a two - hour tank battle , Peiper finally captured Stoumont at 10 : 30 . Knittel joined up with Peiper and reported the Americans had recaptured Stavelot to their east . Peiper ordered Knittel to retake Stavelot . Assessing his own situation , he determined that his Kampfgruppe did not have sufficient fuel to cross the bridge west of Stoumont and continue his advance . He maintained his lines west of Stoumont for a while , until the evening of 19 December when he withdrew them to the village edge . On the same evening the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division under Maj. Gen. James Gavin arrived and deployed at La Gleize and along Peiper 's planned route of advance . German efforts to reinforce Peiper were unsuccessful . Kampfgruppe Hansen was still struggling against bad road conditions and stiff American resistance on the southern route . Schnellgruppe Knittel was forced to disengage from the heights around Stavelot . Kampfgruppe Sandig , which had been ordered to take Stavelot , launched another attack without success . Sixth Panzer Army commander Sepp Dietrich ordered Hermann Prieß , commanding officer of the I SS Panzer Corps , to increase its efforts to back Peiper 's Kampfgruppe , but Prieß was unable to break through . Froidcourt castle near Stoumont in 2011 Small units of the U.S. 2nd Battalion , 119th Infantry Regiment , 30th Infantry Division , attacked the dispersed units of Kampfgruppe Peiper on the morning of 21 December . They failed and were forced to withdraw , and a number were captured , including battalion commander Maj . Hal McCown . Peiper learned that his reinforcements had been directed to gather in La Gleize to his east , and he withdrew , leaving wounded Americans and Germans in the Froidcourt Castle ( fr ) . As he withdrew from Cheneux , American paratroopers from the 82nd Airborne Division engaged the Germans in fierce house - to - house fighting . The Americans shelled Kampfgruppe Peiper on 22 December , and although the Germans had run out of food and had virtually no fuel , they continued to fight . A Luftwaffe resupply mission went badly when SS - Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke insisted the grid coordinates supplied by Peiper were wrong , parachuting supplies into American hands in Stoumont . In La Gleize , Peiper set up defenses waiting for German relief . When the relief force was unable to penetrate the Allied lines , he decided to break through the Allied lines and return to the German lines on 23 December . The men of the Kampfgruppe were forced to abandon their vehicles and heavy equipment , although most of the 800 remaining troops were able to escape . Outcome ( edit ) The 99th Infantry Division as a whole , outnumbered five to one , inflicted casualties in the ratio of 18 to one . The division lost about 20 % of its effective strength , including 465 killed and 2,524 evacuated due to wounds , injuries , fatigue , or trench foot . German losses were much higher . In the northern sector opposite the 99th , this included more than 4,000 deaths and the destruction of 60 tanks and big guns . Historian John S.D. Eisenhower wrote , `` ... the action of the 2nd and 99th Divisions on the northern shoulder could be considered the most decisive of the Ardennes campaign . '' The stiff American defense prevented the Germans from reaching the vast array of supplies near the Belgian cities of Liège and Spa and the road network west of the Elsenborn Ridge leading to the Meuse River . After more than 10 days of intense battle , they pushed the Americans out of the villages , but were unable to dislodge them from the ridge , where elements of the V Corps of the First U.S. Army prevented the German forces from reaching the road network to their west . Operation Stösser ( edit ) Main article : Operation Stösser Operation Stösser was a paratroop drop into the American rear in the High Fens ( French : Hautes Fagnes ; German : Hohes Venn ; Dutch : Hoge Venen ) area . The objective was the `` Baraque Michel '' crossroads . It was led by Oberst Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte , considered by Germans to be a hero of the Battle of Crete . It was the German paratroopers ' only night time drop during World War II . Von der Heydte was given only eight days to prepare prior to the assault . He was not allowed to use his own regiment because their movement might alert the Allies to the impending counterattack . Instead , he was provided with a Kampfgruppe of 800 men . The II Parachute Corps was tasked with contributing 100 men from each of its regiments . In loyalty to their commander , 150 men from von der Heydte 's own unit , the 6th Parachute Regiment , went against orders and joined him . They had little time to establish any unit cohesion or train together . The parachute drop was a complete failure . Von der Heydte ended up with a total of around 300 troops . Too small and too weak to counter the Allies , they abandoned plans to take the crossroads and instead converted his mission to reconnaissance . With only enough ammunition for a single fight , they withdrew towards Germany and attacked the rear of the American lines . Only about 100 of his weary men finally reached the German rear . Chenogne massacre ( edit ) Main article : Chenogne massacre Following the Malmedy massacre , on New Year 's Day 1945 , after having previously received orders to take no prisoners , American soldiers allegedly shot approximately sixty German prisoners of war near the Belgian village of Chenogne ( 8 km from Bastogne ) . Attack in the center ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : St. Vith is lost Hasso von Manteuffel led Fifth Panzer Army in the middle attack route The Germans fared better in the center ( the 32 km ( 20 mi ) Schnee Eifel sector ) as the Fifth Panzer Army attacked positions held by the U.S. 28th and 106th Infantry Divisions . The Germans lacked the overwhelming strength that had been deployed in the north , but still possessed a marked numerical and material superiority over the very thinly spread 28th and 106th divisions . They succeeded in surrounding two largely intact regiments ( 422nd and 423rd ) of the 106th Division in a pincer movement and forced their surrender , a tribute to the way Manteuffel 's new tactics had been applied . One of those wounded and captured was Lieutenant Donald Prell of the Anti-Tank Company of the 422nd Infantry , 106th Division . The official U.S. Army history states : `` At least seven thousand ( men ) were lost here and the figure probably is closer to eight or nine thousand . The amount lost in arms and equipment , of course , was very substantial . The Schnee Eifel battle , therefore , represents the most serious reverse suffered by American arms during the operations of 1944 -- 45 in the European theater . '' Battle for St. Vith ( edit ) Main article : Battle of St. Vith In the center the town of St. Vith , a vital road junction , presented the main challenge for both von Manteuffel 's and Dietrich 's forces . The defenders , led by the 7th Armored Division , included the remaining regiment of the 106th U.S. Infantry Division , with elements of the 9th Armored Division and 28th U.S. Infantry Division . These units , which operated under the command of Generals Robert W. Hasbrouck ( 7th Armored ) and Alan W. Jones ( 106th Infantry ) , successfully resisted the German attacks , significantly slowing the German advance . At Montgomery 's orders , St. Vith was evacuated on 21 December ; U.S. troops fell back to entrenched positions in the area , presenting an imposing obstacle to a successful German advance . By 23 December , as the Germans shattered their flanks , the defenders ' position became untenable and U.S. troops were ordered to retreat west of the Salm River . Since the German plan called for the capture of St. Vith by 18 : 00 on 17 December , the prolonged action in and around it dealt a major setback to their timetable . Meuse River bridges ( edit ) British Sherman `` Firefly '' tank in Namur on the Meuse River , December 1944 To protect the river crossings on the Meuse at Givet , Dinant and Namur , Montgomery ordered those few units available to hold the bridges on 19 December . This led to a hastily assembled force including rear - echelon troops , military police and Army Air Force personnel . The British 29th Armoured Brigade of British 11th Armoured Division , which had turned in its tanks for re-equipping , was told to take back their tanks and head to the area . British XXX Corps was significantly reinforced for this effort . Units of the corps which fought in the Ardennes were the 51st ( Highland ) and 53rd ( Welsh ) Infantry Divisions , the British 6th Airborne Division , the 29th and 33rd Armoured Brigades , and the 34th Tank Brigade . Unlike the German forces on the northern and southern shoulders who were experiencing great difficulties , the German advance in the center gained considerable ground . The Fifth Panzer Army was spearheaded by the 2nd Panzer Division while the Panzer Lehr Division ( Armored Training Division ) came up from the south , leaving Bastogne to other units . The Ourthe River was passed at Ourtheville on 21 December . Lack of fuel held up the advance for one day , but on 23 December the offensive was resumed towards the two small towns of Hargimont and Marche - en - Famenne . Hargimont was captured the same day , but Marche - en - Famenne was strongly defended by the American 84th Division . Gen. von Lüttwitz , commander of the XXXXVII Panzer - Korps , ordered the Division to turn westwards towards Dinant and the Meuse , leaving only a blocking force at Marche - en - Famenne . Although advancing only in a narrow corridor , 2nd Panzer Division was still making rapid headway , leading to jubilation in Berlin . Headquarters now freed up the 9th Panzer Division for Fifth Panzer Army , which was deployed at Marche . On 22 / 23 December German forces reached the woods of Foy - Nôtre - Dame , only a few kilometers ahead of Dinant . However , the narrow corridor caused considerable difficulties , as constant flanking attacks threatened the division . On 24 December , German forces made their furthest penetration west . The Panzer Lehr Division took the town of Celles , while a bit farther north , parts of 2nd Panzer Division were in sight of the Meuse near Dinant at Foy - Nôtre - Dame . A hastily assembled Allied blocking force on the east side of the river , however , prevented the German probing forces from approaching the Dinant bridge . By late Christmas Eve the advance in this sector was stopped , as Allied forces threatened the narrow corridor held by the 2nd Panzer Division . Operation Greif and Operation Währung ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The 1st SS Panzer Division 's Dash Westward , and Operation Greif Main article : Operation Greif For Operation Greif ( `` Griffin '' ) , Otto Skorzeny successfully infiltrated a small part of his battalion of English - speaking Germans disguised in American uniforms behind the Allied lines . Although they failed to take the vital bridges over the Meuse , their presence caused confusion out of all proportion to their military activities , and rumors spread quickly . Even General George Patton was alarmed and , on 17 December , described the situation to General Dwight Eisenhower as `` Krauts ... speaking perfect English ... raising hell , cutting wires , turning road signs around , spooking whole divisions , and shoving a bulge into our defenses . '' Checkpoints were set up all over the Allied rear , greatly slowing the movement of soldiers and equipment . American MPs at these checkpoints grilled troops on things that every American was expected to know , like the identity of Mickey Mouse 's girlfriend , baseball scores , or the capital of a particular U.S. state -- though many could not remember or did not know . General Omar Bradley was briefly detained when he correctly identified Springfield as the capital of Illinois because the American MP who questioned him mistakenly believed the capital was Chicago . The tightened security nonetheless made things very hard for the German infiltrators , and a number of them were captured . Even during interrogation , they continued their goal of spreading disinformation ; when asked about their mission , some of them claimed they had been told to go to Paris to either kill or capture General Dwight Eisenhower . Security around the general was greatly increased , and Eisenhower was confined to his headquarters . Because Skorzeny 's men were captured in American uniforms , they were executed as spies . This was the standard practice of every army at the time , as many belligerents considered it necessary to protect their territory against the grave dangers of enemy spying . Skorzeny said that he was told by German legal experts that as long he did not order his men to fight in combat while wearing American uniforms , such a tactic was a legitimate ruse of war . Skorzeny and his men were fully aware of their likely fate , and most wore their German uniforms underneath their American ones in case of capture . Skorzeny was tried by an American military tribunal in 1947 at the Dachau Trials for allegedly violating the laws of war stemming from his leadership of Operation Greif , but was acquitted . He later moved to Spain and South America . Operation Währung was carried out by a small number of German agents who infiltrated Allied lines in American uniforms . These agents were tasked with using an existing Nazi intelligence network to bribe rail and port workers to disrupt Allied supply operations . The operation was a failure . Attack in the south ( edit ) Erich Brandenberger led Seventh Army in the southernmost attack route Further south on Manteuffel 's front , the main thrust was delivered by all attacking divisions crossing the River Our , then increasing the pressure on the key road centers of St. Vith and Bastogne . The more experienced 28th Infantry Division put up a much more dogged defense than the inexperienced soldiers of the 106th Infantry Division . The 112th Infantry Regiment ( the most northerly of the 28th Division 's regiments ) , holding a continuous front east of the Our , kept German troops from seizing and using the Our River bridges around Ouren for two days , before withdrawing progressively westwards . Belgian civilians killed by German units during the offensive The 109th and 110th Regiments of the 28th Division , however , fared worse , as they were spread so thinly that their positions were easily bypassed . Both offered stubborn resistance in the face of superior forces and threw the German schedule off by several days . The 110th 's situation was by far the worst , as it was responsible for an 18 - kilometre ( 11 mi ) front while its 2nd Battalion was withheld as the divisional reserve . Panzer columns took the outlying villages and widely separated strong points in bitter fighting , and advanced to points near Bastogne within four days . The struggle for the villages and American strong points , plus transport confusion on the German side , slowed the attack sufficiently to allow the 101st Airborne Division ( reinforced by elements from the 9th and 10th Armored Divisions ) to reach Bastogne by truck on the morning of 19 December . The fierce defense of Bastogne , in which American paratroopers particularly distinguished themselves , made it impossible for the Germans to take the town with its important road junctions . The panzer columns swung past on either side , cutting off Bastogne on 20 December but failing to secure the vital crossroads . In the extreme south , Brandenberger 's three infantry divisions were checked by divisions of the U.S. VIII Corps after an advance of 6.4 km ( 4 mi ) ; that front was then firmly held . Only the 5th Parachute Division of Brandenberger 's command was able to thrust forward 19 km ( 12 mi ) on the inner flank to partially fulfill its assigned role . Eisenhower and his principal commanders realized by 17 December that the fighting in the Ardennes was a major offensive and not a local counterattack , and they ordered vast reinforcements to the area . Within a week 250,000 troops had been sent . General Gavin of the 82nd Airborne Division arrived on the scene first and ordered the 101st to hold Bastogne while the 82nd would take the more difficult task of facing the SS Panzer Divisions ; it was also thrown into the battle north of the bulge , near Elsenborn Ridge . Siege of Bastogne ( edit ) U.S. POWs on 22 December 1944 Letter to 101st soldiers , containing Gen. McAullife 's `` Nuts ! '' response to the Germans Main article : Siege of Bastogne By the time the senior Allied commanders met in a bunker in Verdun on 19 December , the town of Bastogne and its network of 11 hard - topped roads leading through the widely forested mountainous terrain with deep river valleys and boggy mud of the Ardennes region were to have been in German hands for several days . By the time of that meeting , two separate westbound German columns that were to have bypassed the town to the south and north , the 2nd Panzer Division and Panzer - Lehr - Division of XLVII Panzer Corps , as well as the Corps ' infantry ( 26th Volksgrenadier Division ) , coming due west had been engaged and much slowed and frustrated in outlying battles at defensive positions up to sixteen kilometres ( 10 mi ) from the town proper -- and were gradually being forced back onto and into the hasty defenses built within the municipality . Moreover , the sole corridor that was open ( to the southeast ) was threatened and it had been sporadically closed as the front shifted , and there was expectation that it would be completely closed sooner than later , given the strong likelihood that the town would soon be surrounded . A German machine gunner marching through the Ardennes in December 1944 . Gen. Eisenhower , realizing that the Allies could destroy German forces much more easily when they were out in the open and on the offensive than if they were on the defensive , told his generals , `` The present situation is to be regarded as one of opportunity for us and not of disaster . There will be only cheerful faces at this table . '' Patton , realizing what Eisenhower implied , responded , `` Hell , let 's have the guts to let the bastards go all the way to Paris . Then , we 'll really cut ' em off and chew ' em up . '' Eisenhower , after saying he was not that optimistic , asked Patton how long it would take to turn his Third Army , located in northeastern France , north to counterattack . To the disbelief of the other generals present , Patton replied that he could attack with two divisions within 48 hours . Unknown to the other officers present , before he left Patton had ordered his staff to prepare three contingency plans for a northward turn in at least corps strength . By the time Eisenhower asked him how long it would take , the movement was already underway . On 20 December , Eisenhower removed the First and Ninth U.S. Armies from Gen. Bradley 's 12th Army Group and placed them under Montgomery 's 21st Army Group . By 21 December the Germans had surrounded Bastogne , which was defended by the 101st Airborne Division , the all African American 969th Artillery Battalion , and Combat Command B of the 10th Armored Division . Conditions inside the perimeter were tough -- most of the medical supplies and medical personnel had been captured . Food was scarce , and by 22 December artillery ammunition was restricted to 10 rounds per gun per day . The weather cleared the next day , however , and supplies ( primarily ammunition ) were dropped over four of the next five days . Despite determined German attacks , however , the perimeter held . The German commander , Generalleutnant ( Lt. Gen . ) Heinrich Freiherr von Lüttwitz , requested Bastogne 's surrender . When Brig. Gen. Anthony McAuliffe , acting commander of the 101st , was told of the Nazi demand to surrender , in frustration he responded , `` Nuts ! '' After turning to other pressing issues , his staff reminded him that they should reply to the German demand . One officer , Lt. Col. Harry Kinnard , noted that McAuliffe 's initial reply would be `` tough to beat . '' Thus McAuliffe wrote on the paper , which was typed up and delivered to the Germans , the line he made famous and a morale booster to his troops : `` NUTS ! '' That reply had to be explained , both to the Germans and to non-American Allies . Both 2nd Panzer and Panzer - Lehrdivision moved forward from Bastogne after 21 December , leaving only Panzer - Lehrdivision 's 901st Regiment to assist the 26th Volksgrenadier - Division in attempting to capture the crossroads . The 26th VG received one Panzergrenadier Regiment from the 15th Panzergrenadier Division on Christmas Eve for its main assault the next day . Because it lacked sufficient troops and those of the 26th VG Division were near exhaustion , the XLVII Panzerkorps concentrated its assault on several individual locations on the west side of the perimeter in sequence rather than launching one simultaneous attack on all sides . The assault , despite initial success by its tanks in penetrating the American line , was defeated and all the tanks destroyed . The next day , 26 December , the spearhead of Gen. Patton 's 4th Armored Division , supplemented by the 26th ( Yankee ) Infantry Division , broke through and opened a corridor to Bastogne . Allied Counteroffensive ( edit ) The original objectives are outlined in red dashed lines . The orange line indicates their furthest advance . On 23 December the weather conditions started improving , allowing the Allied air forces to attack . They launched devastating bombing raids on the German supply points in their rear , and P - 47 Thunderbolts started attacking the German troops on the roads . Allied air forces also helped the defenders of Bastogne , dropping much - needed supplies -- medicine , food , blankets , and ammunition . A team of volunteer surgeons flew in by military glider and began operating in a tool room . By 24 December the German advance was effectively stalled short of the Meuse . Units of the British XXX Corps were holding the bridges at Dinant , Givet , and Namur and U.S. units were about to take over . The Germans had outrun their supply lines , and shortages of fuel and ammunition were becoming critical . Up to this point the German losses had been light , notably in armor , which was almost untouched with the exception of Peiper 's losses . On the evening of 24 December , General Hasso von Manteuffel recommended to Hitler 's Military Adjutant a halt to all offensive operations and a withdrawal back to the Westwall ( literally Western Rampart ) . Hitler rejected this . However , disagreement and confusion at the Allied command prevented a strong response , throwing away the opportunity for a decisive action . In the center , on Christmas Eve , the 2nd Armored Division attempted to attack and cut off the spearheads of the 2nd Panzer Division at the Meuse , while the units from the 4th Cavalry Group kept the 9th Panzer Division at Marche busy . As result , parts of the 2nd Panzer Division were cut off . The Panzer - Lehr division tried to relieve them , but was only partially successful , as the perimeter held . For the next two days the perimeter was strengthened . On 26 and 27 December the trapped units of 2nd Panzer Division made two break - out attempts , again only with partial success , as major quantities of equipment fell into Allied hands . Further Allied pressure out of Marche finally led the German command to the conclusion that no further offensive action towards the Meuse was possible . In the south , Patton 's Third Army was battling to relieve Bastogne . At 16 : 50 on 26 December , the lead element , Company D , 37th Tank Battalion of the 4th Armored Division , reached Bastogne , ending the siege . German counterattack ( edit ) Main articles : Operation Bodenplatte and Operation Nordwind Destroyed P - 47s at Y - 34 Metz - Frescaty airfield , destroyed during Operation Bodenplatte On 1 January , in an attempt to keep the offensive going , the Germans launched two new operations . At 09 : 15 , the Luftwaffe launched Unternehmen Bodenplatte ( Operation Baseplate ) , a major campaign against Allied airfields in the Low Countries , which are nowadays called the Benelux States . Hundreds of planes attacked Allied airfields , destroying or severely damaging some 465 aircraft . However , the Luftwaffe lost 277 planes , 62 to Allied fighters and 172 mostly because of an unexpectedly high number of Allied flak guns , set up to protect against German V - 1 flying bomb / missile attacks and using proximity fused shells , but also by friendly fire from the German flak guns that were uninformed of the pending large - scale German air operation . The Germans suffered heavy losses at an airfield named Y - 29 , losing 40 of their own planes while damaging only four American planes . While the Allies recovered from their losses in just days , the operation left the Luftwaffe weak and ineffective for the remainder of the war . On the same day , German Army Group G ( Heeresgruppe G ) and Army Group Upper Rhine ( Heeresgruppe Oberrhein ) launched a major offensive against the thinly - stretched , 110 kilometres ( 70 mi ) line of the Seventh U.S. Army . This offensive , known as Unternehmen Nordwind ( Operation North Wind ) , was the last major German offensive of the war on the Western Front . The weakened Seventh Army had , at Eisenhower 's orders , sent troops , equipment , and supplies north to reinforce the American armies in the Ardennes , and the offensive left it in dire straits . By 15 January Seventh Army 's VI Corps was fighting on three sides in Alsace . With casualties mounting , and running short on replacements , tanks , ammunition , and supplies , Seventh Army was forced to withdraw to defensive positions on the south bank of the Moder River on 21 January . The German offensive drew to a close on 25 January . In the bitter , desperate fighting of Operation Nordwind , VI Corps , which had borne the brunt of the fighting , suffered a total of 14,716 casualties . The total for Seventh Army for January was 11,609 . Total casualties included at least 9,000 wounded . First , Third and Seventh Armies suffered a total of 17,000 hospitalized from the cold . Allies prevail ( edit ) Infantrymen fire at German troops in the advance to relieve the surrounded paratroopers in Bastogne . Erasing the Bulge -- The Allied counterattack , 26 December -- 25 January Americans of the 101st Engineers near Wiltz , Luxembourg , January 1945 . U.S. 6th Armored Division tanks moving near Wardin , Belgium , January 1945 . While the German offensive had ground to a halt , they still controlled a dangerous salient in the Allied line . Patton 's Third Army in the south , centered around Bastogne , would attack north , Montgomery 's forces in the north would strike south , and the two forces planned to meet at Houffalize . The temperature during January 1945 was extremely low . Weapons had to be maintained and truck engines run every half - hour to prevent their oil from congealing . The offensive went forward regardless . Eisenhower wanted Montgomery to go on the counter offensive on 1 January , with the aim of meeting up with Patton 's advancing Third Army and cutting off most of the attacking Germans , trapping them in a pocket . However , Montgomery , refusing to risk underprepared infantry in a snowstorm for a strategically unimportant area , did not launch the attack until 3 January , by which time substantial numbers of German troops had already managed to fall back successfully , but at the cost of losing most of their heavy equipment . At the start of the offensive , the First and Third U.S. Armies were separated by about 40 km ( 25 mi ) . American progress in the south was also restricted to about a kilometer a day . The majority of the German force executed a successful fighting withdrawal and escaped the battle area , although the fuel situation had become so dire that most of the German armor had to be abandoned . On 7 January 1945 Hitler agreed to withdraw all forces from the Ardennes , including the SS - Panzerdivisionen , thus ending all offensive operations . However , considerable fighting went on for another 3 weeks ; St. Vith was recaptured by the Americans on 23 January , and the last German units participating in the offensive did not return to their start line until 25 January . Winston Churchill , addressing the House of Commons following the Battle of the Bulge said , `` This is undoubtedly the greatest American battle of the war and will , I believe , be regarded as an ever - famous American victory . '' Force comparisons by date ( edit ) Force Allied Axis Month December January December January Date 16th 24th 2nd 16th 16th 24th 2nd 16th Men 228,741 ~ 541,000 ~ 705,000 700,520 406,342 ~ 449,000 ~ 401,000 383,016 Tanks 483 1,616 2,409 2,428 557 423 287 216 Tank destroyers and assault guns 499 1,713 1,970 1,912 667 608 462 414 Other AFVs 1,921 5,352 7,769 7,079 1,261 1,496 1,090 907 Anti-tank and artillery pieces 971 2,408 3,305 3,181 4,224 4,131 3,396 3,256 Armored divisions 6 8 8 7 8 8 8 Armored brigades Infantry divisions 6 15 22 22 13 16 15 16 Infantry brigades Strategy and leadership ( edit ) Hitler 's chosen few ( edit ) The plan and timing for the Ardennes attack sprang purely from the mind of Adolf Hitler . He believed a critical fault line existed between the British and American military commands , and that a heavy blow on the Western Front would shatter this alliance . Planning for the `` Watch on the Rhine '' offensive emphasized secrecy and the commitment of overwhelming force . Due to the use of landline communications within Germany , motorized runners carrying orders , and draconian threats from Hitler , the timing and mass of the attack was not detected by ULTRA codebreakers and achieved complete surprise . Hitler had always resented the blue - blood Prussian leadership of the German army . So , when selecting leadership for the attack , he felt that the implementation of this decisive blow should be entrusted to his own Nazi party army , the Waffen - SS . Ever since German regular Army officers attempted to assassinate him , he had increasingly trusted only the SS and its heavily armed branch , the Waffen - SS . After the invasion of Normandy , the SS armored units had suffered significant leadership casualties . These losses included SS - Gruppenführer ( Major General ) Kurt Meyer , commander of the 12th SS Panzer ( Armor ) Division , captured by Belgian partisans on 6 September 1944 . The tactical efficiency of these units were somewhat reduced . The strong right flank of the assault was therefore composed mostly of SS Divisions under the command of `` Sepp '' ( Joseph ) Dietrich , a fanatical political disciple of Hitler , and a loyal follower from the early days of the rise of National Socialism in Germany . The leadership composition of the Sixth Panzer Division had a distinctly political nature . German field commanders plan the advance . None of the German field commanders entrusted with planning and executing the offensive believed it was possible to capture Antwerp . Even Sepp Dietrich , commanding the strongest arm of the attack , felt that the Ardennes was a poor area for armored warfare , and that the inexperienced and badly equipped Volksgrenadier units would clog the roads that the tanks would need for their rapid advance . In this Dietrich was proved correct . The horse drawn artillery and rocket units were a significant obstacle to the tanks . Other than making futile objections to Hitler in private , he generally stayed out of the planning for the offensive . Model and Manteuffel , the technical experts from the eastern front , took the view that a limited offensive with the goal of surrounding and crushing the American 1st Army would be the best the offensive could hope for . These revisions shared the same fate as Dietrich 's objections . In the end , the headlong drive on Elsenborn Ridge would not benefit from support from German units that had already bypassed the ridge . The decision to stop the attacks on the twin villages and change the axis of the attacks southward to the hamlet of Domäne Bütgenbach , was also made by Dietrich . This decision played into American hands , as Robertson had already decided to abandon the villages . However , the staff planning and organization of the attack was well done ; most of the units committed to the offensive reached their jump off points undetected and were well organized and supplied for the attack . Allied high - command controversy ( edit ) Field Marshal Montgomery General Eisenhower , the Supreme Allied Commander General Bradley , pictured after the war . One of the fault lines between the British and American high commands was General Dwight D. Eisenhower 's commitment to a broad front advance . This view was opposed by the British Chief of the Imperial General Staff , Field Marshal Alan Brooke , who promoted a rapid advance on a narrow front , with the other allied armies in reserve . Montgomery 's actions ( edit ) British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery had differing views of how to approach the German attack with the U.S. command . His ensuing public pronouncements of opinion caused tension in the American high command . Major General Freddie de Guingand , Chief of Staff of Montgomery 's 21st Army Group , rose to the occasion , and personally smoothed over the disagreements on 30 December . As the Ardennes crisis developed , at 10 : 30 a.m. on 20 December , Eisenhower telephoned Montgomery and ordered him to assume command of the American First ( Hodges ) and Ninth Army ( Simpson ) -- which , until then , were under Bradley 's overall command . This change in command was ordered because the northern armies had not only lost all communications with Bradley , who was based in Luxembourg City , and the US command structure , but with adjacent units . Describing the situation as he found it on 20 December , Montgomery wrote ; The First Army was fighting desperately . Having given orders to Dempsey and Crerar , who arrived for a conference at 11 am , I left at noon for the H.Q. of the First Army , where I had instructed Simpson to meet me . I found the northern flank of the bulge was very disorganized . Ninth Army had two corps and three divisions ; First Army had three corps and fifteen divisions . Neither Army Commander had seen Bradley or any senior member of his staff since the battle began , and they had no directive on which to work . The first thing to do was to see the battle on the northern flank as one whole , to ensure the vital areas were held securely , and to create reserves for counter-attack . I embarked on these measures : I put British troops under command of the Ninth Army to fight alongside American soldiers , and made that Army take over some of the First Army Front . I positioned British troops as reserves behind the First and Ninth Armies until such time as American reserves could be created . Slowly but surely the situation was held , and then finally restored . Similar action was taken on the southern flank of the bulge by Bradley , with the Third Army . Due to the news blackout imposed on the 16th , the change of leadership to Montgomery did not become known to the outside world until eventually SHAEF made a public announcement making clear that the change in command was `` absolutely nothing to do with failure on the part of the three American generals '' . This resulted in headlines in British newspapers . The story was also covered in Stars and Stripes and for the first time British contribution to the fighting was mentioned . Montgomery asked Churchill if he could give a conference to the press to explain the situation . Though some of his staff were concerned at the image it would give , the conference had been cleared by Alan Brooke , the CIGS , who was possibly the only person to whom Monty would listen . On the same day as Hitler 's withdrawal order , 7 January , Montgomery held his press conference at Zonhoven . Montgomery started with giving credit to the `` courage and good fighting quality '' of the American troops , characterizing a typical American as a `` very brave fighting man who has that tenacity in battle which makes a great soldier '' , and went on to talk about the necessity of Allied teamwork , and praised Eisenhower , stating , `` Teamwork wins battles and battle victories win wars . On our team , the captain is General Ike . '' Then Montgomery described the course of the battle for a half - hour . Coming to the end of his speech he said he had `` employed the whole available power of the British Group of Armies ; this power was brought into play very gradually ... Finally it was put into battle with a bang ... you thus have the picture of British troops fighting on both sides of the Americans who have suffered a hard blow . '' He stated that he ( i.e. , the German ) was `` headed off ... seen off ... and ... written off '' . `` The battle has been the most interesting , I think possibly one of the most interesting and tricky battles I have ever handled . '' . Despite his positive remarks about American soldiers , the overall impression given by Montgomery , at least in the ears of the American military leadership , was that he had taken the lion 's share of credit for the success of the campaign , and had been responsible for rescuing the besieged Americans . His comments were interpreted as self - promoting , particularly his claiming that when the situation `` began to deteriorate , '' Eisenhower had placed him in command in the north . Patton and Eisenhower both felt this was a misrepresentation of the relative share of the fighting played by the British and Americans in the Ardennes ( for every British soldier there were thirty to forty Americans in the fight ) , and that it belittled the part played by Bradley , Patton and other American commanders . In the context of Patton 's and Montgomery 's well - known antipathy , Montgomery 's failure to mention the contribution of any American general beside Eisenhower was seen as insulting . Indeed , General Bradley and his American commanders were already starting their counterattack by the time Montgomery was given command of 1st and 9th U.S. Armies . Focusing exclusively on his own generalship , Montgomery continued to say he thought the counteroffensive had gone very well but did not explain the reason for his delayed attack on 3 January . He later attributed this to needing more time for preparation on the northern front . According to Winston Churchill , the attack from the south under Patton was steady but slow and involved heavy losses , and Montgomery was trying to avoid this situation . Many American officers had already grown to dislike Montgomery , who was seen by them as an overly cautious commander , arrogant , and all too willing to say uncharitable things about the Americans . The British Prime Minister Winston Churchill found it necessary in a speech to Parliament to explicitly state that the Battle of the Bulge was purely an American victory . Montgomery subsequently recognized his error and later wrote : `` Not only was it probably a mistake to have held this conference at all in the sensitive state of feeling at the time , but what I said was skilfully distorted by the enemy . Chester Wilmot explained that his dispatch to the BBC about it was intercepted by the German wireless , re-written to give it an anti-American bias , and then broadcast by Arnhem Radio , which was then in Goebbels ' hands . Monitored at Bradley 's HQ , this broadcast was mistaken for a BBC transmission and it was this twisted text that started the uproar . '' Montgomery later said , `` Distorted or not , I think now that I should never have held that press conference . So great were the feelings against me on the part of the American generals that whatever I said was bound to be wrong . I should therefore have said nothing . '' Eisenhower commented in his own memoirs : `` I doubt if Montgomery ever came to realize how resentful some American commanders were . They believed he had belittled them -- and they were not slow to voice reciprocal scorn and contempt . '' Bradley and Patton both threatened to resign unless Montgomery 's command was changed . Eisenhower , encouraged by his British deputy Arthur Tedder , had decided to sack Montgomery . However , intervention by Montgomery 's and Eisenhower 's Chiefs of Staff , Maj. Gen. Freddie de Guingand , and Lt. Gen. Walter Bedell Smith , moved Eisenhower to reconsider and allowed Montgomery to apologize . The German commander of the 5th Panzer Army , Hasso von Manteuffel said of Montgomery 's leadership : The operations of the American 1st Army had developed into a series of individual holding actions . Montgomery 's contribution to restoring the situation was that he turned a series of isolated actions into a coherent battle fought according to a clear and definite plan . It was his refusal to engage in premature and piecemeal counter-attacks which enabled the Americans to gather their reserves and frustrate the German attempts to extend their breakthrough . Casualties ( edit ) The Mardasson Memorial near Bastogne , Belgium Casualty estimates for the battle vary widely . According to the U.S. Department of Defense , American forces suffered 89,500 casualties including 19,000 killed , 47,500 wounded and 23,000 missing . An official report by the United States Department of the Army lists 105,102 casualties , including 19,246 killed , 62,489 wounded , and 26,612 captured or missing . A preliminary Army report restricted to the First and Third U.S. Armies listed 75,000 casualties ( 8,400 killed , 46,000 wounded and 21,000 missing ) . The Battle of the Bulge was the bloodiest battle for U.S. forces in World War II . British casualties totaled 1,400 with 200 deaths . The German Armed Forces High Command 's official figure for all German losses on the Western Front during the period 16 December 1944 -- 25 January 1945 was 81,834 German casualties , and other estimates range between 60,000 and 125,000 . German historian Hermann Jung lists 67,675 casualties from 16 December 1944 to late January 1945 for the three German armies that participated in the offensive . The United States Army Center of Military History 's official numbers are 75,000 American casualties and 100,000 German casualties . Result ( edit ) Although the Germans managed to begin their offensive with complete surprise and enjoyed some initial successes , they were not able to seize the initiative on the Western front . While the German command did not reach its goals , the Ardennes operation inflicted heavy losses and set back the Allied invasion of Germany by several weeks . The High Command of the Allied forces had planned to resume the offensive by early January 1945 , after the wet season rains and severe frosts , but those plans had to be postponed until 29 January 1945 in connection with the unexpected changes in the front . The Allies pressed their advantage following the battle . By the beginning of February 1945 , the lines were roughly where they had been in December 1944 . In early February , the Allies launched an attack all along the Western front : in the north under Montgomery toward Aachen ; in the center , under Courtney Hodges ; and in the south , under Patton . Montgomery 's behavior during the months of December and January , including the press conference on 7 January where he appeared to downplay the contribution of the American generals , further soured his relationship with his American counterparts through to the end of the war . The German losses in the battle were especially critical : their last reserves were now gone , the Luftwaffe had been shattered , and remaining forces throughout the West were being pushed back to defend the Siegfried Line . In response to the early success of the offensive , on 6 January Churchill contacted Stalin to request that the Soviets put pressure on the Germans on the Eastern Front . On 12 January , the Soviets began the massive Vistula -- Oder Offensive , originally planned for 20 January . However it had been brought forward from 20 January to 12 January because meteorological reports warned of a thaw later in the month , and the tanks needed hard ground for the offensive ( and the advance of the Red Army was assisted by two Panzer Armies ( 5th & 6th ) being redeployed for the Ardennes attack ) . During World War II , most U.S. black soldiers still served only in maintenance or service positions , or in segregated units . Because of troop shortages during the Battle of the Bulge , Eisenhower decided to integrate the service for the first time . This was an important step toward a desegregated United States military . More than 2,000 black soldiers had volunteered to go to the front . A total of 708 black Americans were killed in combat during World War II . Media attention ( edit ) The Battle of the Bulge diorama at the Audie Murphy American Cotton Museum The battle around Bastogne received a great deal of media attention because in early December 1944 it was a rest and recreation area for many war correspondents . The rapid advance by the German forces who surrounded the town , the spectacular resupply operations via parachute and glider , along with the fast action of General Patton 's Third U.S. Army , all were featured in newspaper articles and on radio and captured the public 's imagination ; but there were no correspondents in the area of Saint - Vith , Elsenborn , or Monschau - Höfen . The static , stubborn resistance of troops in the north , who refused to yield their ground in the cold snow and freezing rain despite the heavy German attacks , did not get a casual observer excited . The images of supply troops trying to bring ammunition and cold food , crawling through mud and snow , to front - line troops dug into frozen foxholes around Montjoie , Elseborn and Butgenbach were not exciting news . Battle credit ( edit ) After the war ended , the U.S. Army issued battle credit in the form of the Ardennes - Alsace campaign citation to units and individuals that took part in operations in northwest Europe . The citation covered troops in the Ardennes sector where the main battle took place , as well as units further south in the Alsace sector , including those in the northern Alsace which filled in the vacuum created by the U.S. Third Army racing north , engaged in the concurrent Operation Nordwind diversion in central and southern Alsace launched to weaken Allied response in the Ardennes , and which provided reinforcements to units fighting in the Ardennes . In popular culture ( edit ) The battle has been depicted in numerous works of art , entertainment , and media , including : Films , e.g. , Battleground ( 1949 ) , Attack ( 1956 ) , Battle of the Bulge ( 1965 ) , and A Midnight Clear ( 1992 ) Games : Over 70 board wargames have been created about the battle , the earliest in 1965 . Also , As of 2014 , the battle has been the scene for about 30 video games , mostly strategy games , beginning with Tigers in the Snow ( 1981 ) . Literature : In Kurt Vonnegut 's postmodern novel Slaughterhouse - Five , or The Children 's Crusade : A Duty - Dance with Death ( 1969 ) , the protagonist Billy Pilgrim is captured by the advancing German army during the Battle of the Bulge . Television : The battle was the subject of the PBS American Experience episode , `` The Battle of the Bulge '' . The battle was prominently featured in two episodes of the miniseries Band of Brothers ( 2001 ) . Additionally , the Military / American Heroes TV series Greatest Tank Battles featured an episode on the Battle of the Bulge as `` The Battle of the Bulge : S.S. Panzers Attack ! '' See also ( edit ) Battle of Garfagnana German occupation of Luxembourg in World War II Operation Spring Awakening Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Includes two parachute divisions . Jump up ^ 10,749 dead ; 34,225 wounded ; 22,487 captured Jump up ^ Eggenberger 1985 cites the official name as Ardennes - Alsace campaign ; David Eggenberger describes this battle as the `` Second Battle of the Ardennes '' . Jump up ^ Operation Overlord planned for an advance to the line of the Seine by D + 90 ( i.e. , the 90th day following D - Day ) and an advance to the German frontier sometime after D + 120 . Jump up ^ The Ardennenoffensive was also named Rundstedt - Offensive , but von Rundstedt strongly objected `` to the fact that this stupid operation in the Ardennes is sometimes called the ' Rundstedt - Offensive ' . This is a complete misnomer . I had nothing to do with it . It came to me as an order complete to the last detail . Hitler had even written on the plan in his own handwriting ' not to be altered ' '' . ( Jablonsky , David ( 1994 ) , Churchill and Hitler : Essays on the Political - Military Direction of Total War , Taylor & Francis , p. 194 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 4119 - 5 ) . Jump up ^ Wacht am Rhein was renamed Herbstnebel after the operation was given the go - ahead in early December , although its original name remains much better known ( Parker 1991 , pp. 95 -- 100 ; Mitcham 2006 , p. 38 ; Newton 2006 , pp. 329 -- 334 ) . Jump up ^ Nuts can mean several things in American English slang . In this case it signified rejection , and was explained to the Germans as meaning `` Go to Hell ! '' Jump up ^ A footnote to the U.S. Army 's official history volume `` Riviera to the Rhine '' makes the following note on U.S. Seventh Army casualties : `` As elsewhere , casualty figures are only rough estimates , and the figures presented are based on the postwar ' Seventh Army Operational Report , Alsace Campaign and Battle Participation , 1 June 1945 ' ( copy CMH ) , which notes 11,609 Seventh Army battle casualties for the period , plus 2,836 cases of trench foot and 380 cases of frostbite , and estimates about 17,000 Germans killed or wounded with 5,985 processed prisoners of war . But the VI Corps AAR for January 1945 puts its total losses at 14,716 ( 773 killed , 4,838 wounded , 3,657 missing , and 5,448 nonbattle casualties ) ; and Albert E. Cowdrey and Graham A. Cosmas , The Medical Department : The War Against Germany , draft CMH MS ( 1988 ) , pp. 54 -- 55 , a forthcoming volume in the United States Army in World War II series , reports Seventh Army hospitals processing about 9,000 wounded and 17,000 ' sick and injured ' during the period . Many of these , however , may have been returned to their units , and others may have come from American units operating in the Colmar area but still supported by Seventh Army medical services . '' Jump up ^ `` U.S. infantrymen fire at German troops in the advance to relieve the surrounded paratroopers in Bastogne . In foreground a platoon leader indicates the target to a rifleman by actually firing on the target . In Bastogne the defenders were badly in need of relief , they were attacked nightly by German aircraft , supplies were critically low in spite of the airdrops , and the wounded could not be given proper attention because of the shortage of medical supplies . After an advance which had been slow , U.S. relief troops entered Bastogne at 1645 on 26 December 1944 . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bergström 2014 , p. 428 . Jump up ^ Bergström 2014 , p. 358 . ^ Jump up to : Dupuy , Trevor ( 1994 ) . Hitler 's Last Gamble . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 016627 - 4 . Appendices E and F ^ Jump up to : Dupuy , Trevor ( 1994 ) . Hitler 's Last Gamble . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 016627 - 4 . Page 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths in World War II '' . Combined Arms Research Library , Department of the Army . 25 June 1953 . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Shaw 2000 , p. 168 . ^ Jump up to : Vogel 2001 , p. 632 . Jump up ^ Parker 1991 , pp. 339 Jump up ^ Ellis 2009 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Cirillo 2003 ^ Jump up to : Astor , Gerald ( 1992 ) . A Blood Dimmed Tide , The Battle of the Bulge by the Men Who Fought It . Donald I. Fine , Inc . ISBN 1 - 55611 - 281 - 5 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 1095 . Jump up ^ Parker 1991 , pp. 338 Jump up ^ Parker 1991 , pp. 339 Jump up ^ Schrijvers 2005 , p. xiv . ^ Jump up to : Cirillo 2003 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Stanton 2006 , p. . Jump up ^ Calvocoressi , Peter ( 1980 ) . Top Secret Ultra . London : Cassell . p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 304 - 30546 - 4 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Asa ( 2011 ) . Secret Days : Code - breaking in Bletchley Park . London : Frontline Books . pp. 122 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84832 - 615 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Cirillo 2003 , p. 53 . ^ Jump up to : Miles 2004 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 1998 , p. 618 . Jump up ^ Dark December : The Full Account of the Battle of the Bulge ( 1st ed . ) . Westholme Publishing . 2011 . Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony ( 2015 ) . Ardennes 1944 . Viking . p. 367 . Jump up ^ McCullough , David ( 2005 ) . American Experience -- The Battle of the Bulge ( Videotape ) . ^ Jump up to : Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 1997 ) , Americans at War , University Press of Mississippi , p. 52 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57806 - 026 - 9 Jump up ^ Miller , Donald L. ( 2002 ) , The Story of World War II , Simon & Schuster , p. 358 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 1198 - 7 Jump up ^ Fabianich , Maj . Keith P. ( 1947 ) . `` The Operations of the 3rd Battalion , 395th Infantry ( 99th Infantry Division ) Prior to and During the German Counter-Offensive , 10 November -- 24 December 1944 ( Ardennes Campaign ) ( Personal Experience of a Company Commander and Battalion Operations Officer ) '' ( PDF ) . Advanced Infantry Officers Course , 1947 -- 1948 . General Subjects Section , Academic Department , the Infantry School , Fort Benning , Georgia . p. 3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 March 2009 . Retrieved 24 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Shirer 1990 , pp. 1088 -- 1089 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 1086 . Jump up ^ Ryan 1995 , p. 68 . ^ Jump up to : Cole , Hugh M. ( 1964 ) , The Ardennes : Battle of the Bulge ( PDF ) , Office of the Chief of Military History Department of the Army , LCCN 65060001 ^ Jump up to : Cole , Hugh M. ( 1964 ) , `` The German Northern Shoulder Is Jammed '' , The Ardennes : Battle of the Bulge ( PDF ) , Office of the Chief of Military History Department of the Army Jump up ^ von Luttchau , Charles V.P. `` The German Counteroffensive in the Ardennes '' . U.S. Army Center for Military History . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 1085 . Jump up ^ Parker 1994 , pp. 122 -- 123 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 1964 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 1091 . ^ Jump up to : Shirer 1990 , p. 1092 . ^ Jump up to : Cole , Hugh M. ( 1965 ) . `` Chapter V : The Sixth Panzer Army Attack '' . The Ardennes . United States Army in World War II , The European Theater of Operations . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Chief of Military History . ^ Jump up to : Shirer 1990 , p. 1090 . Jump up ^ Stanton 2006 , p. . Jump up ^ Cole , Hugh M. ( 1965 ) . THE ARDENNES : BATTLE OF THE BULGE ( LC : 65 - 60001 ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF MILITARY HISTORY DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY . p. 86 . Jump up ^ Parker 1994 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1984 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ & Cole 1964 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Kevin ( 2002 ) , `` Oscar Koch : An Unsung Hero Behind Patton 's Victories '' ( PDF ) , Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin April -- June 2002 , 28 ( 1 ) : 64 -- 66 . ^ Jump up to : Pogue , Forrest C. ( 1954 ) . The Supreme Command ( PDF ) . United States Army in World War II European Theater of Operations . p. 607 . Jump up ^ O'Donnell Patrick K. , Dog Company : The Boys of Pointe du Hoc -- the Rangers Who Accomplished D - Day 's Toughest Mission and Led the Way across Europe , Da Capo Press , 2012 . Jump up ^ & MacDonald 1984 , pp. 86 -- 89 . Jump up ^ & Toland 1999 , p. 16 , 19 . Jump up ^ Parker 2004 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Quarrie 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Explaining the silence surrounding Elsenborn Ridge battle '' . 99th Infantry Division Association . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1984 , p. 410 . ^ Jump up to : Cole 1964 , pp. 1 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Cavanagh 2004 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Parker 2004 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ & Cole 1964 , p. 83 . ^ Jump up to : Cole 1964 , pp. 75 -- 106 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1984 , p. . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1984 , p. . Jump up ^ Toland 1999 , p. 382 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1984 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Review and Recommendation of the Deputy Judge Advocate for War Crimes , 20 October 1947 , pp. 4 -- 22 Jump up ^ Hersko , Ralph E. , Jr . ( November 1998 ) . `` Battle of the Bulge : U.S. Troops Fight at Elsenborn Ridge '' . HistoryNet.com . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Quarrie 1999 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Quarrie 1999 , p. . Jump up ^ `` Remembering the invisible soldiers of the Battle of the Bulge '' . U.S. Wereth Memorial website . 29 June 1944 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Hoover , Steven . `` Wereth 11 Remembered in Ceremony '' . Defense.gov . Retrieved 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Axis History Forum : SS unit at Stoumont , Belgium ? '' . Forum.axishistory.com. 18 January 2010 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Bouwmeester 2004 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Bouwmeester 2004 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Toland 1999 , p. 103 , 104 . ^ Jump up to : Bouwmeester 2004 , p. 108 . ^ Jump up to : Bouwmeester 2004 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Bouwmeester 2004 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Bouwmeester 2004 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1984 , p. 461 , 463 . Jump up ^ Dean , Rob . `` Why the Bulge Did n't Break : Green Troops Grew Up Fast to Become Heroes of Hofen '' . American Forces in World War II . Military History Online . Archived from the original on 25 February 2009 . Retrieved 17 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Eisenhower 1969 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of the Ardennes '' ( PDF ) . Office de Promotion du Tourisme de Wallonie et de Bruxelles. 2009 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ & Cole 1964 , pp. 259 -- 260 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Dillon & Wenger 1994 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Parker 2004 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Parker 2004 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Schrijvers 2005 , p. 303f . Jump up ^ Sorge 1986 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Liddell Hart 1970 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Blockmans , Guy ( 6 May 2002 ) . `` The British in the Battle of the Ardennes '' . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Zaloga 2004 , pp. 76 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Jonathon Riley ( 11 August 2010 ) . Decisive Battles : From Yorktown to Operation Desert Storm . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 171 . Jump up ^ Michael Reynolds ( 1 February 2006 ) . Men of Steel : I SS Panzer Corps : The Ardennes and Eastern Front , 1944 -- 45 . Casemate Publishers . p. 58 . ISBN 1 - 932033 - 51 - 3 . Jump up ^ Gabrielle McDonald , ed. ( 1 May 2000 ) . Substantive and Procedural Aspects of International Criminal Law : The Experience of International and National Courts . Springer . p. 1951 . ISBN 90 - 411 - 1135 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gary D. Solis ( 15 February 2010 ) . The Law of Armed Conflict : International Humanitarian Law in War . Cambridge University Press . p. 432 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 87088 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Operation Währung '' . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1998 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1984 , p. 422 . ^ Jump up to : Marshall , S.L.A. ( 1946 ) . `` The Relief '' . Bastogne : The First Eight Days . Infantry Journal Press . Jump up ^ Marshall 1988 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ `` NUTS ! Revisited '' . The Drop Zone . Archived from the original on 14 March 2010 . Retrieved 23 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1992 , c . `` Bastogne '' . Jump up ^ `` World War II : Pathfinders Resupply 101st Airborne Division Troops in Bastogne Via Daring Parachute Drop '' . World War II Magazine . Historynet.com. 12 June 2006 . Retrieved 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 2004 , pp. 84 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 1995 , p. 769 . Jump up ^ Clarke & Smith 1993 , p. 527 . Jump up ^ `` The War against Germany : Europe and Adjacent Areas '' ( PDF ) ( CMH Pub 12 -- 3 ed . ) . U.S. Center for Military History . 1951 . p. 275 . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Overview -- Battle of the Bulge '' . United States Army . 16 December 1944 . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1985 , pp. 77 -- 79 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1985 , pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Mitcham , Samuel W. ( 2006 ) . Panzers in Winter , Hitler 's Army and the Battle of the Bulge . Praeger Security International . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97115 - 5 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Kurt ( 2005 ) . Grenadiers , The Story of Waffen - SS General Kurt `` Panzer '' Meyer . Stackpole Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 3197 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Eisenhower , John S.D. ( 1969 ) . The Bitter Woods ( First ed . ) . G.P. Putnam 's Sons , New York . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80652 - 5 . Jump up ^ Larrabee , Eric ( 1987 ) . Commander in Chief , Franklin Delano Roosevelt , His Lieutenants , and Their War . Simon & Schuster Inc . ISBN 0 - 671 - 66382 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : The Memoirs of Field - Marshall Montgomery -- 1958 , P. 308 Jump up ^ Urban 2005 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Whiting , Charles ( 9 October 2007 ) . Battle Of Hurtgen Forest . Da Capo Press . p. 312 . Jump up ^ Gallagher 1945 . Jump up ^ Bradley 1951 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Ryan 1995 , pp. 204 -- 205 . ^ Jump up to : The Memoirs of Field - Marshall Montgomery -- 1958 , p. 311 -- 314 Jump up ^ `` This Day in History : Monty holds a press conference '' . History.com . Retrieved 21 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Bradley 1983 , pp. 382 -- 385 . Jump up ^ The Struggle for Europe , p. 611 Jump up ^ Montgomery , Brian , A Field Marshal in the Family , Pen and Sword , 2010 , p. 296 . Jump up ^ Delaforce 2004 , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Bergström 2014 , p. 425 . Jump up ^ Bergström 2014 , p. 424 . Jump up ^ `` American Military History , Volume 2 '' . US Army Center of Military History . Washington DC . Page 157 . Jump up ^ Sandler 2002 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ de Senarclens , Pierre ( 1988 ) , Yalta , Transaction , ISBN 0 - 88738 - 152 - 9 Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony ( 2015 ) . Ardennes 1944 : Hitler 's last gamble . New York : Viking . p. 331 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02531 - 2 . Jump up ^ Blumenson , Martin ( 1972 ) . Eisenhower . New York : Ballantine Books . Jump up ^ Young , William H. ; Young , Nancy K. , eds. ( 2010 ) , World War II and the Postwar Years in America : A Historical and Cultural Encyclopedia , Volume 1 , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 0 - 313 - 35652 - 1 Jump up ^ Clodfelter , Micheal ( 2002 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed . ) . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nyssen , Léon ( 15 July 2007 ) . `` The Battle of Elsenborn December 1944 ( Part V ) '' . Centre de Recherches et d'Informations sur la Bataille des Ardennes . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Explaining the silence surrounding Elsenborn Ridge battle '' . Checkboard. 22 December 2011 . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Units Entitled to Battle Credit Archived 16 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Battleground on IMDb Jump up ^ Attack on IMDb Jump up ^ Battle of the Bulge on IMDb Jump up ^ A Midnight Clear on IMDb . Jump up ^ Boardgamegeek Jump up ^ Stone , Tim ( 26 December 2014 ) . `` The Flare Path : Bulges '' . Rock , Paper , Shotgun . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Vonnegut , Jr. , Kurt ( 1969 ) . Slaughterhouse - Five , or The Children 's Crusade : A Duty - Dance with Death . New York City : Delacorte Press . ISBN 0 - 385 - 31208 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` American Experience -- The Battle of the Bulge -- PBS Documentary '' on YouTube Jump up ^ Band of Brothers on IMDb Bibliography ( edit ) Ambrose , Stephen ( 1992 ) , Band of Brothers , New York : Simon & Schuster , ISBN 0 - 671 - 76922 - 7 Ambrose , Stephen ( 1998 ) , Citizen Soldiers , Simon & Schuster , ISBN 0 - 684 - 84801 - 5 Bergström , Christer ( 2014 ) , The Ardennes : Hitler 's Winter Offensive 1944 -- 1945 , Havertown : Casemate Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 61200 - 277 - 4 Blumenson , Martin ( 1972 ) , Eisenhower , New York : Ballantine Books Bouwmeester , Maj . Han ( 2004 ) , Beginning of the End : The Leadership of SS Obersturmbannführer Jochen Peiper ( PDF ) , Fort Leavenworth , Kansas : Royal Netherlands Army , Free University of Amsterdam , The Netherlands , retrieved 7 June 2012 Bradley , Omar N. ( 30 April 1951 ) , `` The War America Fought : Sweep to Victory '' , Life , 30 ( 18 ) Bradley , Omar ( 1983 ) , A General 's Life : An Autobiography , The University of Michigan , ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 41023 - 0 Burriss , T. Moffat ( 2001 ) , Strike and Hold : A Memoir of the 82nd Airborne in World War II , Brassey 's , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 348 - 0 Carter , William R. ( 1989 ) , Air Power in the Battle of the Bulge , Airpower Journal , retrieved 9 February 2012 Cirillo , Roger ( 2003 ) , Ardennes - Alsace , Office of the Chief of Military History Department of the Army , archived from the original on 6 December 2008 , retrieved 6 December 2008 Clarke , Jeffrey J. ; Smith , Robert Ross ( 1993 ) , Riviera to the Rhine : The European Theater of Operations , Center of Military History , United States Army , ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 034746 - 7 Cole , Hugh M. ( 1964 ) , The Ardennes : Battle of the Bulge , Office of the Chief of Military History Department of the Army , LCCN 65060001 Collins , Michael ; King , Martin ( 2013 ) . The Tigers of Bastogne : Voices of the 10th Armored Division in the Battle of the Bulge . Casemate . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61200 - 181 - 4 . Delaforce , Patrick ( 2004 ) , The Battle of the Bulge : Hitler 's Final Gamble , Pearson Higher Education , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4058 - 4062 - 0 `` Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths in World War II '' . Combined Arms Research Library , Department of the Army . 25 June 1953 . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . de Senarclens , Pierre ( 1988 ) , Yalta , Transaction , ISBN 0 - 88738 - 152 - 9 Dupuy , Trever N ; Bongard , David L. ; Anderson Jr. , Richard C. ( 1994 ) , Hitler 's Last Gamble : The Battle of the Bulge , December 1944 -- January 1945 , HarperCollins , ISBN 0 - 06 - 016627 - 4 Eggenberger , David ( 1985 ) , An Encyclopedia of Battles : Accounts of Over 1560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present , Dover Publications , ISBN 0 - 486 - 24913 - 1 Eisenhower , John S.D. ( 1969 ) , The Bitter Woods ( First ed . ) , New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , ISBN 0 - 306 - 80652 - 5 Ellis , Lionel F. ( 2009 ) ( 1968 ) . Victory in the West . 2 - The Defeat of Germany . with A.E. Warhurst . Naval and Military Press . ISBN 978 - 184574059 - 7 . Elstob , Peter ( 1971 ) , Hitler 's Last Offensive , MacMillan Publishers Ltd. , ISBN 9780436142512 Gallagher , Wes ( 8 January 1945 ) , `` Montgomery Says Doughboy Courage , Fighting Ability Halted Nazi Drive '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , retrieved 12 June 2012 Goldstein , Donald M. ; Dillon , Katherine V. ; Wenger , J. Michael ( 1994 ) , Nuts ! : The Battle of the Bulge : The Story and Photographs , Potomac Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 881069 - 0 Jordan , Jonathan W ( 2011 ) , Brothers Rivals Victors : Eisenhower , Patton , Bradley , and the Partnership That Drove the Allied Conquest in Europe , NAL , ISBN 978 - 0 - 451 - 23212 - 0 Kershaw , Alex ( 2004 ) , The Longest Winter , Da Capo Press , ISBN 0 - 306 - 81304 - 1 Liddell Hart , Basil Henry ( 1970 ) , History of the Second World War , G.P. Putnam 's Sons. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80912 - 5 MacDonald , Charles B. ( 1984 ) , A Time For Trumpets : The Untold Story of the Battle of the Bulge , Bantam Books , ISBN 0 - 553 - 34226 - 6 MacDonald , Charles B. ( 1999 ) , Company Commander , Burford Books , ISBN 1 - 58080 - 038 - 6 MacDonald , Charles B. ( 1998 ) , The Battle of the Bulge , Phoenix , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85799 - 128 - 4 MacDonald , Charles B. ( 1994 ) , The Last Offensive , Alpine Fine Arts Collection , ISBN 1 - 56852 - 001 - 8 Marshall , S.L.A. ( 1988 ) ( 1946 ) , Bastogne : The First Eight Days , U.S. Army in Action Series , United States Army Center of Military History , CMH Pub 22 - 2 , archived from the original on 4 December 2008 , retrieved 6 December 2008 Miles , Donna ( 14 December 2004 ) , Battle of the Bulge Remembered 60 Years Later , United States Department of Defense , retrieved 12 June 2012 Mitcham , Samuel W. ( 2006 ) , Panzers in Winter : Hitler 's Army and the Battle of the Bulge , Westport , CT : Praeger , ISBN 0 - 275 - 97115 - 5 Newton , Steven H. ( 2006 ) , Hitler 's Commander : Field Marshal Walter Model -- Hitler 's Favorite General , Cambridge , MA : Da Capo , ISBN 0 - 306 - 81399 - 8 Parker , Danny S. ( 1991 ) , Battle of the Bulge : Hitler 's Ardennes Offensive , 1944 -- 1945 , Combined Books , ISBN 0 - 938289 - 04 - 7 Parker , Danny S. ( 1994 ) , To Win the Winter Sky : The Air War over the Ardennes 1944 -- 1945 , Combined Books , ISBN 0 - 938289 - 35 - 7 Parker , Danny S. ( 1999 ) , The Battle of the Bulge , The German View : Perspectives from Hitler 's High Command , London : Greenhill , ISBN 1 - 85367 - 354 - 4 Parker , Danny S. ( 2004 ) , Battle of the Bulge : Hitler 's Ardennes Offensive , 1944 -- 1945 , Da Capo Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81391 - 7 Quarrie , Bruce ( 1999 ) , The Ardennes Offensive VI Panzer Armee , Osprey , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 853 - 2 Quarrie , Bruce ( 2000 ) , The Ardennes Offensive V Panzer Armee , Osprey , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 857 - 0 Quarrie , Bruce ( 2001 ) , The Ardennes Offensive I Armee & VII Armee , Osprey , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 913 - 3 Ryan , Cornelius ( 1995 ) ( 1974 ) , A Bridge Too Far , New York : Simon & Schuster , ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80330 - 2 Ryan , Cornelius ( 1995 ) , The Last Battle : The Classic History of the Battle for Berlin , Simon & Schuster , ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80329 - 6 Sandler , Stanley ( 2002 ) , Ground Warfare : An International Encyclopedia , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 1 - 57607 - 344 - 0 Schrijvers , Peter ( 2005 ) , The Unknown Dead : Civilians in the Battle of the Bulge , University Press of Kentucky , ISBN 0 - 8131 - 2352 - 6 Shaw , Antony ( 2000 ) , World War II Day by Day , Osceola : MBI Pub. Co , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 0939 - 1 Shirer , William L. ( 1990 ) , The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany , Simon and Schuster , ISBN 0 - 671 - 72868 - 7 Skorzeny , Otto ( 1997 ) , Skorzeny 's Special Missions : The Memoirs of `` The Most Dangerous Man in Europe '' , Greenhill Books , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85367 - 291 - 0 Sorge , Martin K. ( 1986 ) , The Other Price of Hitler 's War : German Military and Civilian Losses Resulting From World War II , Greenwood Press , ISBN 0 - 313 - 25293 - 9 Stanton , Shelby ( 2006 ) , World War II Order of Battle : An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division , 1939 -- 1946 , Stackpole Books Toland , John ( 1999 ) , Battle : The Story of the Bulge , Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , ISBN 0 - 8032 - 9437 - 9 Urban , Mark ( 2005 ) , Generals : Ten British Commanders who Shaped the World , Faber and Faber , ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 22485 - 2 Boog , Horst ; Vogel , Detlef ; Krebs , Gerhard ( 2001 ) , Das Deutsche Reich und die Zweite Weltkrieg Vol. 7 , Deutsche Verlags - Anstalt , ISBN 978 - 3 - 421 - 05507 - 1 Weinberg , Gerhard L. ( 1995 ) , A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 55879 - 2 Weinberg , Gerhard L. ( 1964 ) , `` Hitler 's Image of the United States '' , The American Historical Review , 69 ( 4 ) : 1006 -- 1021 , JSTOR 1842933 , doi : 10.2307 / 1842933 Wilmes , David ( 1999 ) , The Long Road : From Oran to Pilsen : the Oral Histories of Veterans of World War II , European Theater of Operations , SVC Northern Appalachian Studies , ISBN 978 - 1 - 885851 - 13 - 0 Wissolik , Richard David ( 2005 ) , They Say There Was a War , SVC Northern Appalachian Studies , ISBN 978 - 1 - 885851 - 51 - 2 Wissolik , Richard David ( 2007 ) , An Honor to Serve : Oral Histories United States Veterans World War II , SVC Northern Appalachian Studies , ISBN 978 - 1 - 885851 - 20 - 8 Young , William H. ; Young , Nancy K. , eds. ( 2010 ) , World War II and the Postwar Years in America : A Historical and Cultural Encyclopedia , Volume 1 , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 0 - 313 - 35652 - 1 Zaloga , Steven ( 2004 ) , Battle of the Bulge 1944 , Oxford : Osprey , ISBN 1 - 84176 - 810 - 3 Zaloga , Steven ( 2008 ) , Panther vs. Sherman : Battle of the Bulge 1944 , Oxford : Osprey , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 292 - 9 Further reading ( edit ) Beevor , Antony ( 2015 ) . Ardennes 1944 : Hitler 's Last Gamble . London : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 91864 - 5 . Caddick - Adams , Peter . Snow and Steel : The Battle of the Bulge , 1944 -- 45 ( Oxford University Press ; 2015 ) 872 pages Elstob , Peter ( 2003 ) , Hitler 's Last Offensive , Barnsley : Pen & Sword Military Classics , ISBN 0 - 85052 - 984 - 0 von Luttichau , Charles V. ( 2000 ) , `` Chapter 20 : The German Counteroffensive in the Ardennes '' , in Kent Roberts Greenfield , Command Decisions , United States Army Center of Military History , CMH Pub 70 - 7 ( reissue from 1960 ) External links ( edit ) Battle of the Bulge -- Official webpage of the United States Army . The Battle of the Bulge : Battlebook U.S. Army Europe Battle of the Bulge Museums -- a list of Battle of the Bulge museums near the previous battlefield . 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1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the liberation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Bibliography Portal Major tank battles WWI Battle of Cambrai ( 1917 ) WWII Battle of Brody ( 1941 ) Battle of Stalingrad Second Battle of El Alamein Battle of Prokhorovka Battle of Kursk Battle of Arracourt Battle of the Bulge Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 Battle of Chawinda Gulf War Battle of 73 Easting GND : 4122058 - 4 Portals Access related topics Military of Germany portal Military of the United States portal World War II portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Bulge&oldid=804782456 '' Categories : Conflicts in 1944 Conflicts in 1945 1944 in Belgium 1945 in Belgium 1944 in Luxembourg 1945 in Luxembourg Battle of the Bulge Land battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom Battles of World War II involving the United States Tank battles involving the United States Battles of World War II involving Canada Military history of Canada during World War II Battles of World War II involving France History of Wallonia December 1944 events January 1945 events Battles involving Luxembourg Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2014 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2010 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Use American English from September 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use dmy dates from September 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing French - language text Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Use dmy dates from April 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 03 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the outcome of the battle of bulge | [
"\n\n\n\nBattle of the Bulge\n\n\nPart of the Western Front of World War II\n\n\n\nAmerican soldiers of the 117th Infantry Regiment, Tennessee National Guard, part of the 30th Infantry Division, move past a destroyed American M5A1 \"Stuart\" tank on their march to recapture the town of St. Vith during the Battle of the Bulge, January 1945.\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945\n\n\nLocation\nThe Ardennes: Belgium, Luxembourg\n\n\nResult\n\nAllied victory\n\nWestern Allied offensive plans delayed by five or six weeks[1]\nDisastrous offensive in the Ardennes exhausted the resources of Germany on the Western Front. The German collapse opened the way for the Allies ultimately to break the Siegfried Line\nSoviet offensive in Poland launched on 12 January 1945, eight days earlier than originally intended.[2]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n\n\n\n United States\n United Kingdom\n France\n Canada\n Belgium\n Luxembourg\n\n\n\n Nazi Germany\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n\n\n\n Dwight D. Eisenhower\n(Supreme Allied Commander)\n Bernard Montgomery\n(21st Army Group, First U.S. Army, Ninth U.S. Army)\n\nOmar Bradley\n(12th U.S. Army Group)\nCourtney Hodges\n(First U.S. Army)\nGeorge S. Patton\n(Third U.S. Army)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAdolf Hitler\n(Leader and Chancellor)\nWalter Model\n(Army Group B)\nGerd von Rundstedt\n(OB West)\nHasso von Manteuffel\n(5th Panzer Army)\nSepp Dietrich\n(6th Panzer Army)\nErich Brandenberger\n(7th Army)\n\n\n\n\n\nStrength\n\n\n\n\n\n16 December\n6 infantry divisions\n2 armored divisions\nInitial\n228,741 men\n483 tanks\n499 tank destroyers and assault guns\n1,921 other tracked AFVs\n971 anti-tank and artillery pieces\n24 December\n15 infantry divisions\n6 armored divisions\n1 armored brigade\nWith reinforcement\n~541,000 men\n1,616 tanks\n1,713 tank destroyers and assault guns\n5,352 other tracked AFVs\n2,408 anti-tank and artillery pieces\n16 January\n22 infantry divisions\n8 armored divisions\n2 armored brigades[3]\nWith reinforcement\n700,520 men\n4,155 artillery pieces\n2,428 tanks\n1,912 tank destroyers and assault guns\n7,079 other tracked AFVs\n3,181 anti-tank and artillery pieces\n6,000 aircraft\n\n\n\n\n\n\n16 December\n13 infantry divisions[a]\n7 armored divisions\n1 brigade[4]\nInitial\n~300,000 men\n557 tanks\n667 tank destroyers and assault guns\n1,261 other tracked AFVs\n4,224 anti-tank and artillery pieces\n24 December\n16 infantry divisions\n8 armored divisions\n1 armored brigade\n2 infantry brigades\nWith reinforcement\n~449,000 men\n423 tanks\n608 tank destroyers and assault guns\n1,496 other tracked AFVs\n4,131 anti-tank and artillery pieces\n16 January\n16 infantry divisions\n8 armored divisions\n2 infantry brigades[3]\n\n\n\nWith reinforcement\n383,016 men\n216 tanks\n414 tank destroyers and assault guns\n907 other tracked AFVs\n3,256 anti-tank and artillery pieces\n\n\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n\n\n\n American\n105,102 casualties.[5]:92\n19,000 killed,\n62,500 wounded,\n23,500 captured or missing\n700–800+ tanks, tank destroyers, and assault guns destroyed[6]\n~1000 aircraft lost, over 647 in December[7] and 353 during\nUnternehmen Bodenplatte[8]\n British\n1,408 (200 killed, 969 wounded, and 239 missing)[9]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n67,459[b] – 125,000 casualties[10][11]\n(includes killed, wounded, missing, captured)\n600–800+ tanks and assault guns destroyed[6][12][13]\n~800 aircraft lost, over 500 in December and 280 during\nUnternehmen Bodenplatte[14]\n\n\n\n\n\nApproximately 3,000 civilians killed[15]\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Allied victory"
] |
-8025746457259020110 | List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Hindi | List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Hindi - wikipedia List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Hindi Jump to : navigation , search Sahitya Akademi Award is given each year , since 1955 , by Sahitya Akademi ( India 's National Academy of Letters ) , to writers and their works , for their outstanding contribution to the upliftment of Indian literature and Hindi literature in particular . No Award was conferred in 1962 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recipients 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Recipients ( edit ) Year Author Work Type of Work 1955 Makhanlal Chaturvedi Him Tarangini Poetry 1956 Vasudeva Saran Agrawal Padmavat Sanjivani Vyakhya Commentary 1957 Acharya Narendra Devi Bauddha Dharma Darshan Philosophy 1958 Rahul Sankrityayan Madhya Asia Ka Itihas History 1959 Ramdhari Singh ' Dinkar ' Sanskriti Ke Char Adhyayay A survey of Indian culture 1960 Sumitranandan Pant Kala aur Burha Chand Poetry 1961 Bhagwati Charan Verma Bhoole Bisre Chitra Novel 1962 No Award 1963 Amrit Rai Premchand : Kalam Ka Sipahi Biography 1964 S.H. Vatsyayan ' Agyeya ' Aangan Ke Par Dvar Poetry 1965 Nagendra Rasa Siddhanta Treatise on poetics 1966 Jainendra Kumar Muktibodh Novelette 1967 Amritlal Nagar Amrit Aur Vish Novel 1968 Harivansh Rai Bachchan Do Chattanen Poetry 1969 Shrilal Shukla Raag Darbari Novel 1970 Ram Vilas Sharma Nirala Ki Sahitya Sadhana Biography 1971 Namwar Singh Kavita Ke Naye Pratiman Literary criticism 1972 Bhawani Prasad Mishra Buni Huyi Rassi Poetry 1973 Hazari Prasad Dwivedi Alok Parva Essays Shivmangal Singh ' Suman ' Mitti Ki Baraat Poetry Bhisham Sahni Tamas Novel 1976 Yashpal Meri Teri Uski Baat Novel 1977 Shamsher Bahadur Singh Chuka Bhi Hun Nahin Main Poetry 1978 Bharat Bhushan Agarwal Utna Vah Suraj Hai Poetry 1979 Sudama Pandey Kal Sunana Mujhe Poetry 1980 Krishna Sobti Zindaginama - Zinda Rukh Novel 1981 Trilochan Tap Ke Taye Hue Din Novel 1982 Harishankar Parsai Viklang Shraddha Ka Daur Satire Sarveshwar Dayal Saxena Khutiyon Par Tange Log Poetry 1984 Raghuvir Sahay Log Bhool Gaye Hain Poetry 1985 Nirmal Verma Kavve Aur Kala Pani Short stories 1986 Kedarnath Agarwal Apurva Poetry Shrikant Verma Magadh Poetry Naresh Mehta Aranya Poetry Kedarnath Singh Akaal Mein Saras Poetry Shiv Prasad Singh Neela Chand Novel 1991 Girija Kumar Mathur Main Vaqt Ke Hun Samne Poetry Giriraj Kishore Dhai Ghar Novel Vishnu Prabhakar Ardhanarishwar Novel Ashok Vajpeyi Kahin Nahin Wahin Poetry 1995 Kunwar Narayan Koi Doosra Nahin Poetry Surendra Verma Mujhe Chand Chahiye Novel Leeladhar Jagoori Anubhav Ke Aakash Mein Chand Poetry 1998 Arun Kamal Naye Ilake Mein Poetry 1999 Vinod Kumar Shukla Deewar Main Ek Khirkee Rahathi Thi Novel 2000 Manglesh Dabral Hum Jo Dekhte Hain Poetry Alka Saraogi Via Bypass 2002 Rajesh Joshi Do Panktiyon Ke Beech Poetry 2003 Kamleshwar Kitne Pakistan Novel Viren Dangwal Dushchakra Mein Srista Poetry 2005 Manohar Shyam Joshi Kyap Novel 2006 Gyanendrapati Sanshyatma Poetry 2007 Amar Kant Inhin Hathiyaron Se Novel 2008 Govind Mishra Kohre Mein Kaid Rang Novel 2009 Kailash Vajpeyi Hawa mein Hastakshar Poetry Uday Prakash Mohan Das Short stories 2011 Kashinath Singh Rehan Par Ragghu 2012 Chandrakant Devtale Patthar fenk Raha Hoon Poetry 2013 Mridula Garg Miljul Man Novel 2014 Ramesh Chandra Shah Vinayak Novel 2015 Ramdarash Mishra Aag Ki Hansi Poetry 2016 Nasira Sharma Parijat Novel 2017 Ramesh Kuntal `` Vishw Mithak Sarit Sagar '' See also ( edit ) List of Hindi language poets Sahitya Akademi References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Akademi Awards ( 1955 - 2015 ) '' . Sahitya Akademi . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sahitya Akademi awards for 7 novelists '' . The Hindu . 2008 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Poet Kailash Vajpeyi honoured with Sahitya Akademi award '' . The Times of India . 24 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sahitya Akademi awards announced '' . The Hindu . 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Uday Prakash , MP Veerendra Kumar among Sahitya Akademi Award winners '' . Net Indian . 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Varanasi novelist gets Sahitya Akademi award '' . Indian Express . 2011 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Poets dominate Sahitya Akademi Awards 2012 '' . Sahitya Akademi. 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 18 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Poets dominate Sahitya Akademi Awards 2013 '' . Sahitya Akademi. 18 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Poets dominate Sahitya Akademi Awards 2013 '' . Sahitya Akademi. 18 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 December 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official listing of Sahitya Akademi Awards in Hindi - language Sahitya Akademi Award recipients Assamese Bengali Bodo Dogri English Gujarati Hindi Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Maithili Malayalam Manipuri Marathi Nepali Odia Punjabi Rajasthani Sanskrit Santhali Sindhi Tamil Telugu Urdu Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_winners_for_Hindi&oldid=818391187 '' Categories : Hindi - language literature Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi Lists of Sahitya Akademi Award winners Hindi language - related lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी नेपाल भाषा Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 07 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won 2017 sahitya academy award in hindi language | [
"\n\nYear\nAuthor\nWork\nType of Work\n\n\n1955\nMakhanlal Chaturvedi\nHim Tarangini\nPoetry\n\n\n1956\nVasudeva Saran Agrawal\nPadmavat Sanjivani Vyakhya\nCommentary\n\n\n1957\nAcharya Narendra Devi\nBauddha Dharma Darshan\nPhilosophy\n\n\n1958\nRahul Sankrityayan\nMadhya Asia Ka Itihas\nHistory\n\n\n1959\nRamdhari Singh 'Dinkar'\nSanskriti Ke Char Adhyayay\nA survey of Indian culture\n\n\n1960\nSumitranandan Pant\nKala aur Burha Chand\nPoetry\n\n\n1961\nBhagwati Charan Verma\nBhoole Bisre Chitra\nNovel\n\n\n1962\nNo Award\n\n\n\n\n1963\nAmrit Rai\nPremchand: Kalam Ka Sipahi\nBiography\n\n\n1964\nS.H. Vatsyayan 'Agyeya'\nAangan Ke Par Dvar\nPoetry\n\n\n1965\nNagendra\nRasa Siddhanta\nTreatise on poetics\n\n\n1966\nJainendra Kumar\nMuktibodh\nNovelette\n\n\n1967\nAmritlal Nagar\nAmrit Aur Vish\nNovel\n\n\n1968\nHarivansh Rai Bachchan\nDo Chattanen\nPoetry\n\n\n1969\nShrilal Shukla\nRaag Darbari\nNovel\n\n\n1970\nRam Vilas Sharma\nNirala Ki Sahitya Sadhana\nBiography\n\n\n1971\nNamwar Singh\nKavita Ke Naye Pratiman\nLiterary criticism\n\n\n1972\nBhawani Prasad Mishra\nBuni Huyi Rassi\nPoetry\n\n\n1973\nHazari Prasad Dwivedi\nAlok Parva\nEssays\n\n\n1974\nShivmangal Singh 'Suman'\nMitti Ki Baraat\nPoetry\n\n\n1975\nBhisham Sahni\nTamas\nNovel\n\n\n1976\nYashpal\nMeri Teri Uski Baat\nNovel\n\n\n1977\nShamsher Bahadur Singh\nChuka Bhi Hun Nahin Main\nPoetry\n\n\n1978\nBharat Bhushan Agarwal\nUtna Vah Suraj Hai\nPoetry\n\n\n1979\nSudama Pandey\nKal Sunana Mujhe\nPoetry\n\n\n1980\nKrishna Sobti\nZindaginama - Zinda Rukh\nNovel\n\n\n1981\nTrilochan\nTap Ke Taye Hue Din\nNovel\n\n\n1982\nHarishankar Parsai\nViklang Shraddha Ka Daur\nSatire\n\n\n1983\nSarveshwar Dayal Saxena\nKhutiyon Par Tange Log\nPoetry\n\n\n1984\nRaghuvir Sahay\nLog Bhool Gaye Hain\nPoetry\n\n\n1985\nNirmal Verma\nKavve Aur Kala Pani\nShort stories\n\n\n1986\nKedarnath Agarwal\nApurva\nPoetry\n\n\n1987\nShrikant Verma\nMagadh\nPoetry\n\n\n1988\nNaresh Mehta\nAranya\nPoetry\n\n\n1989\nKedarnath Singh\nAkaal Mein Saras\nPoetry\n\n\n1990\nShiv Prasad Singh\nNeela Chand\nNovel\n\n\n1991\nGirija Kumar Mathur\nMain Vaqt Ke Hun Samne\nPoetry\n\n\n1992\nGiriraj Kishore\nDhai Ghar\nNovel\n\n\n1993\nVishnu Prabhakar\nArdhanarishwar\nNovel\n\n\n1994\nAshok Vajpeyi\nKahin Nahin Wahin\nPoetry\n\n\n1995\nKunwar Narayan\nKoi Doosra Nahin\nPoetry\n\n\n1996\nSurendra Verma\nMujhe Chand Chahiye\nNovel\n\n\n1997\nLeeladhar Jagoori\nAnubhav Ke Aakash Mein Chand\nPoetry\n\n\n1998\nArun Kamal\nNaye Ilake Mein\nPoetry\n\n\n1999\nVinod Kumar Shukla\nDeewar Main Ek Khirkee Rahathi Thi\nNovel\n\n\n2000\nManglesh Dabral\nHum Jo Dekhte Hain\nPoetry\n\n\n2001\nAlka Saraogi\nVia Bypass\n\n\n\n2002\nRajesh Joshi\nDo Panktiyon Ke Beech\nPoetry\n\n\n2003\nKamleshwar\nKitne Pakistan\nNovel\n\n\n2004\nViren Dangwal\nDushchakra Mein Srista\nPoetry\n\n\n2005\nManohar Shyam Joshi\nKyap\nNovel\n\n\n2006\nGyanendrapati\nSanshyatma\nPoetry\n\n\n2007\nAmar Kant\nInhin Hathiyaron Se\nNovel\n\n\n2008\nGovind Mishra[2]\nKohre Mein Kaid Rang\nNovel\n\n\n2009\nKailash Vajpeyi [3]\nHawa mein Hastakshar\nPoetry\n\n\n2010\nUday Prakash [4]\nMohan Das[5]\nShort stories\n\n\n2011\nKashinath Singh[6]\nRehan Par Ragghu\n\n\n\n2012\nChandrakant Devtale[7]\nPatthar fenk Raha Hoon\nPoetry\n\n\n2013\nMridula Garg[8]\nMiljul Man\nNovel\n\n\n2014\nRamesh Chandra Shah[9]\nVinayak\nNovel\n\n\n2015\nRamdarash Mishra\nAag Ki Hansi\nPoetry\n\n\n2016\nNasira Sharma\nParijat\nNovel\n\n\n2017\nRamesh Kuntal\n\"Vishw Mithak Sarit Sagar\"\n\n"
] | [
"Ramesh Kuntal"
] |
6091799807493770140 | Shirley Temple (beverage) | Shirley Temple ( beverage ) - wikipedia Shirley Temple ( beverage ) Jump to : navigation , search Shirley Temple Cocktail Shirley Temple ( left ) and a Cosmopolitan ( right ) Type Mixed drink Standard garnish Maraschino cherry A Shirley Temple is a non-alcoholic mixed drink traditionally made with ginger ale and a splash of grenadine , garnished with a maraschino cherry . Modern Shirley Temple recipes may substitute lemon - lime soda or lemonade and sometimes orange juice in part , or in whole . Shirley Temples are often served to children dining with adults in lieu of real cocktails , as is the similar Roy Rogers . The cocktail may have been invented by a bartender at Chasen 's , a restaurant in West Hollywood , California , to serve then - child actress Shirley Temple . However , other claims to its origin have been made . Temple herself was not a fan of the drink , as she told Scott Simon in an NPR interview in 1986 : `` The saccharine sweet , icky drink ? Yes , well ... those were created in the probably middle 1930s by the Brown Derby Restaurant in Hollywood and I had nothing to do with it . But , all over the world , I am served that . People think it 's funny . I hate them . Too sweet ! '' Adding an ounce and a half of vodka or rum produces a `` Dirty Shirley '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Drinks Mixer ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Shirley Temple recipe '' . drinkmixers.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Recipe Tips ( 2012 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Shirley Temple - Traditional Recipe '' . recipetips.com . Jump up ^ Food Network ( 2012 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Shirley Temple Recipe '' . foodnetwork.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ CD Kitchen ( 1995 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Shirley Temple Recipe from CD Kitchen '' . cdkitchen.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Colleen Graham , About.com Guide ( 2010 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Shelly Temple ( Non-Alcoholic ) '' . Cocktails.about.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Refreshing summer mocktails for kids '' . sheknows.com. 2012 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Honolulu Advertiser '' . The Honolulu Advertiser . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Black , Shirley Temple ( 2014 - 02 - 11 ) . `` nprchives '' ( Interview ) . Interview with Simon , Scott . tumblr.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Shirley Temple '' . Liquor.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Shirley Temple Filmography Songs `` On the Good Ship Lollipop '' `` Animal Crackers in My Soup '' `` Goodnight My Love '' Related John Agar ( first husband ) Charles Alden Black ( second husband ) Lori Black ( daughter ) Shirley Temple , The Youngest , Most Sacred Monster of the Cinema in Her Time Shirley Temple 's Storybook Shirley Temple ( beverage ) Baby Burlesks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Temple_(beverage)&oldid=843427941 '' Categories : Non-alcoholic mixed drinks American drinks Hawaiian cuisine Eponymous food Shirley Temple Hidden categories : Articles with hRecipes Talk About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Simple English Svenska 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 02 : 53 . About Wikipedia | what are the ingredients of a shirley temple | [
"A Shirley Temple is a non-alcoholic mixed drink traditionally made with ginger ale and a splash of grenadine, garnished with a maraschino cherry.[1][2][3][4] Modern Shirley Temple recipes may substitute lemon-lime soda or lemonade and sometimes orange juice in part, or in whole.[5][6]",
"A Shirley Temple is a non-alcoholic mixed drink traditionally made with ginger ale and a splash of grenadine, garnished with a maraschino cherry.[1][2][3][4] Modern Shirley Temple recipes may substitute lemon-lime soda or lemonade and sometimes orange juice in part, or in whole.[5][6]",
"A Shirley Temple is a non-alcoholic mixed drink traditionally made with ginger ale and a splash of grenadine, garnished with a maraschino cherry.[1][2][3][4] Modern Shirley Temple recipes may substitute lemon-lime soda or lemonade and sometimes orange juice in part, or in whole.[5][6]"
] | [
"ginger ale",
"grenadine",
"maraschino cherry"
] |
2427962417098908646 | America's Next Top Model (cycle 17) | America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 17 ) - wikipedia America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 17 ) Jump to : navigation , search America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 17 ) Cycle 17 cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network The CW Original release September 14 ( 2011 - 09 - 14 ) -- December 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 07 ) Additional information Judges Tyra Banks Nigel Barker André Leon Talley No. of contestants 14 Winner Lisa D'Amato Cycle chronology ← Previous Cycle 16 Next → Cycle 18 List of America 's Next Top Model episodes The seventeenth cycle of America 's Next Top Model ( subtitled as America 's Next Top Model : All Stars and stylized as America 's Next Top Model ALL STARS ) premiered on September 14 , 2011 on The CW . It featured fourteen returning models from previous seasons . The judging panel , unchanged since cycle 14 , once again consisted of Tyra Banks , Nigel Barker and André Leon Talley . The first judging was conducted in front of a live audience . The international destination for this cycle was the Greek island of Crete . The promotional song for this cycle was `` You Make Me Feel ... '' by Cobra Starship ft . Sabi . This was the final season filmed and broadcast in standard definition . The winner of the competition was 30 - year - old Lisa D'Amato from Los Angeles , California , who originally placed sixth in cycle 5 . Angelea Preston , who originally placed third on cycle 14 , and was disqualified from the competition in the final episode of the cycle , said that she had originally won the competition but was stripped of her title after producers learned that she had once worked as an escort . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Prizes 3 Contestants 4 Episodes 4.1 Nicki Minaj 4.2 Ashlee Simpson 4.3 Kristin Cavallari 4.4 Anthony Zuiker 4.5 La Toya Jackson 4.6 Coco Rocha 4.7 Kathy Griffin 4.8 Game 4.9 Nikos Papadopoulos 4.10 Exploring Greece 4.11 Highlights 4.12 Tyson Beckford 4.13 All - Star Finale 5 Summaries 5.1 Call - out order 5.2 Photo shoot guide 6 Angelea 's disqualification controversy 7 Cast members 7.1 Additional cast 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Casting See also : List of America 's Next Top Model contestants This season has been subtitled `` All - Stars , '' featuring fourteen returning non-winning contestants representing twelve of the series ' sixteen cycles ( cycles 3 , 6 , 7 and 8 are not represented ) for a second chance to win the title . Cycles 5 and 11 were each represented by two contestants . cycle 14 contestant Angelea Preston appeared for the third time in this cycle since she was also a semi-finalist on cycle 12 . Most notably , Jade Cole , second runner - up of cycle 6 , was offered ( but rejected ) the chance to appear in this cycle , claiming her contract was `` bogus and one - sided . '' Prizes The prizes for this cycle were : A fashion spread in Vogue Italia , a cover and a spread in Beauty in Vogue , a blog on Vogue.it , and a US $ 100,000 contract with CoverGirl cosmetics In addition in these regular prizes , the new prizes were : A fashion campaign in Express , a guest correspondent placement for Extra , as revealed in episode 7 , the chance to be the face of an ANTM - perfume to be launched and sold nationally . The contract with IMG Models ( present in the last 2 cycles ) has been removed . Contestants ( ages stated are at start of contest ) Contestant Age Hometown Previous cycle Previous place Finish Place Brittany Brower 29 Tallahassee , Florida Episode 1 14 Sheena Sakai 24 Harlem , New York 11 6 Episode 2 13 Isis King 25 Prince George 's County , Maryland 11 10 Episode 3 12 Camille McDonald 33 Bronx , New York 5 Episode 4 11 Bre Scullark 26 Harlem , New York 5 Episode 6 10 Kayla Ferrel 20 Rockford , Illinois 15 4 -- 3 Episode 7 9 -- 8 Bianca Golden 22 Queens , New York 9 Alexandria Everett 22 Newport Beach , California 16 Episode 8 7 Shannon Stewart 26 Franklin , Ohio Episode 9 6 Dominique Reighard 26 Columbus , Ohio 10 Episode 10 5 Laura Kirkpatrick 21 Stanford , Kentucky 13 Episode 12 Angelea Preston 24 Buffalo , New York 14 4 -- 3 Episode 13 3 ( DQ ) Allison Harvard 23 New Orleans , Louisiana 12 Lisa D'Amato 30 Los Angeles , California 5 6 Episodes Nicki Minaj First aired September 14 , 2011 Featured photographer : Celeste Canino Special guest : Nicki Minaj , Michael Kanyon , The GAME , Phu Styles Ashlee Simpson First aired September 21 , 2011 Featured photographer : Ricky Middlesworth Special guests : Ashlee Simpson , Martin Lindstrom , Loretta Nero , Yoshi Hagiwara , Jada Fitzgerald , Craig Beaglehole Kristin Cavallari First aired September 28 , 2011 Featured photographer : Sarah Silver Special guests : Kristin Cavallari , Mario Lopez , Michael Kanyon , Trey Knight Anthony Zuiker First aired October 5 , 2011 Featured photographer : Alvaro Goveia Special guests : Anthony Zuiker , Robert David Hall , Lisa Gavales , Michael Kanyon La Toya Jackson First aired October 12 , 2011 Featured photographer : Tim Petersen Special guests : La Toya Jackson , Kim Kardashian , Kourtney Kardashian , Khloé Kardashian , Kris Jenner , Caitlyn Jenner ( then Bruce ) , Rushka Bergman , Fiona Stiles Coco Rocha First aired October 19 , 2011 Featured photographer : Douglas Friedman Special guests : Coco Rocha , Brittny Gastineau , Julie Henderson , Julian Edelman , Jahvid Best , Kareem Jackson , Dante Hughes , John Ruggiero , Anita Patrickson , Molly Stern Kathy Griffin First aired October 26 , 2011 Featured photographer : Mike Rosenthal Special guests : Kathy Griffin , Eva Marcille , Ben Bennett , Glenn Nutley Game First aired November 2 , 2011 Featured director : Gretchen Warthen Special guests : Keenan Cahill , Madison Hohrine , Tom Polce , Anita Patrickson , Adam ( Lisa 's Fiancé ) , Game Nikos Papadopoulos First aired November 9 , 2011 Featured photographer : Nikos Papadopoulos Special guests : Vicky Kaya , Maria Kafetzaki , Dimitris Kounenakis , Lina Fanouraki , Michael Cinco , Georgina Wilson Exploring Greece First airing November 16 , 2011 Featured photographer : Nigel Barker Special guests : Twylem Pyper , Maria Cristina Petrone , Michael Kanyon Highlights First airing November 23 , 2011 Tyson Beckford First airing November 30 , 2011 Featured director : Tony Croll Special guests : Franca Sozzani , Tyson Beckford , Michael Kanyon , Michael Cinco All - Star Finale First airing December 7 , 2011 Featured photographers : Nikos Papadopoulos , Dusan Reljin Special guests : Paige Cali , Michael Kanyon , Valentina Serra , Michael Cinco Summaries Call - out order Order Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 Isis Lisa Allison Angelea Laura Dominique Lisa Allison Dominique Laura Lisa Lisa Allison Bianca Bianca Dominique Shannon Lisa Angelea Lisa Allison Allison Angelea Allison Camille Alexandria Shannon Allison Dominique Bianca Laura Dominique Angelea Lisa Allison Angelea Lisa Laura Bre Laura Allison Angelea Alexandria Laura Lisa Angelea Laura 5 Angelea Angelea Kayla Kayla Alexandria Allison Allison Shannon Laura Dominique 6 Laura Dominique Camille Shannon Kayla Kayla Dominique Angelea Shannon 7 Bre Shannon Alexandria Bre Bre Shannon Shannon Alexandria 8 Bianca Allison Lisa Bianca Bianca Laura Bianca Kayla 9 Shannon Isis Laura Alexandria Angelea Lisa Alexandria 10 Dominique Bre Dominique Lisa Bre 11 Sheena Camille Angelea Camille 12 Kayla Kayla Isis 13 Alexandria Sheena 14 Brittany The contestant was eliminated The contestant was immune from elimination The contestant was disqualified from the competition The contestant was part of a non-elimination bottom two The contestant won the competition In episode 3 , the team of Allison , Bianca , Shannon , Bre , Kayla & Camille were immune from elimination after their team won the reward challenge . At panel , the six immune girls were judged separately from the non-immune group . In episode 5 , the call - out order was decided entirely by guest judge La Toya Jackson . No - one was eliminated . In episode 7 , Lisa won immunity from elimination as her prize for winning the reward challenge ; however , this did not influence her place in the call - out . Also , Bianca , Kayla and Shannon landed in the bottom three with both Bianca and Kayla being eliminated . In episode 9 , Shannon did not participate in the photo shoot . Episode 11 was the recap episode . In episode 13 , Angelea was disqualified prior to the final judging . Photo shoot guide Episode 1 photo shoot : All - Star personality Episode 2 photo shoot : Pink 's Hot Dogs Episode 3 photo shoot : Modeling on stilts in Pairs Episode 4 photo shoot : Express campaign with male models Episode 5 photo shoot : Michael Jackson tribute Episode 6 photo shoot : Catfights in a bar with Coco Rocha Episode 7 photo shoot : Reality stars on a motorbike Episode 8 music video : Pot Ledom viral videos Episode 9 photo shoot : Bench body underwear on a salad bowl Episode 10 photo shoot : Ancient Olympic athletes Episode 12 motion editorial : Tyra Banks ' Modelland with Tyson Beckford Episode 13 photo shoot and commercial : CoverGirl Intense Shadow Blast print ad and Commercial , and Beauty in Vogue spread Angelea 's disqualification controversy Following the finale , reports began to speculate regarding the disqualification of Angelea Preston . Due to the bizarre circumstances surrounding the event , including the re-shooting of the final panel / winner reveal , many people began to speculate that Preston had been originally named the winner prior to her disqualification . Multiple theories circulated on social media during the months following the finale . In January 2013 , Angelea confirmed that she had indeed won the competition prior to being stripped of the title , but it was not because she had revealed details of her win before it aired on television , as was most suspected . Tyra Banks did not comment on the situation . In September 2014 , Angelea revealed that the reason she was stripped of the title was because she had been working as an escort prior to participating in America 's Next Top Model . She said the producers had been made aware of this before the filming of cycle 17 , but decided to disqualify her only after she had already won the title . She is now filing a lawsuit against the producers , the network , and the studios due to breach of contract for $3,000,000 in damages . Other allegations in the lawsuit included that the show violated fair labor practices by forcing her and other contestants to work 16 - hour days , sometimes without a meal break , keeping the contestants in isolation for five to six hours at a time , without food or water . Additionally , she alleged that she was n't paid a legal hourly wage for her work , nor overtime wages . She also claimed that show staff failed to provide her with proper medical attention when she suffered a panic attack during filming . Cast members Additional cast J. Alexander -- runway coach Jay Manuel -- photo shoot director Notes Jump up ^ Jenner changed her name due to gender transition in 2015 . References Jump up ^ `` THE CW NETWORK ANNOUNCES FALL 2011 PREMIERE DATES '' . The CW . June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` An All - Star Cast of Fan Favorites From Past Cycles Return to Compete in ' America 's Next Top Model ' on Wednesday , September 14 -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . August 4 , 2011 . Retrieved September 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Judges Are Judged On America 's Next Top Model '' . rumorfix.com . June 1 , 2011 . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Spoiler : What 's the International Destination for the Cycle 17 All - Stars ? '' . Wetpaint.com . June 21 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2011 . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eric Rezsnyak ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` '' America 's Next Top `` All - Stars : The Cast Revealed ! '' . City Newspaper . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ sasha ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` Tyra Banks Reveals ' America 's Next Top Model ' All - Star Cast '' . Stylebistro.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Next Top Model Cast Bios Shannon '' . August 24 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2011 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Tyra Banks ( October 14 , 2011 ) , America 's Next Top Model Cycle 17 ( All - Stars ) -- A Second Chance -- Sheena , retrieved April 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ Tyra Banks ( October 14 , 2011 ) , America 's Next Top Model Cycle 17 ( All - Stars ) -- A Second Chance -- Isis , retrieved April 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ Tyra Banks ( October 21 , 2011 ) , America 's Next Top Model Cycle 17 ( All - Stars ) -- A Second Chance -- Bre , retrieved April 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ Tyra Banks ( October 27 , 2011 ) , America 's Next Top Model Cycle 17 ( All - Stars ) -- A Second Chance -- Kayla , retrieved April 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ Tyra Banks ( October 21 , 2011 ) , America 's Next Top Model Cycle 17 ( All - Stars ) -- A Second Chance -- Bianca , retrieved April 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ Tyra Banks ( October 27 , 2011 ) , America 's Next Top Model Cycle 17 ( All - Stars ) - A Second Chance -- Alexandria , retrieved April 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ Tyra Banks ( November 2 , 2011 ) , America 's Next Top Model Cycle 17 ( All - Stars ) -- A Second Chance -- Shannon , retrieved April 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ Tyra Banks ( November 2 , 2011 ) , America 's Next Top Model Cycle 17 ( All - Stars ) -- A Second Chance - Dominique , retrieved April 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ Tyra Banks ( December 6 , 2011 ) , America 's Next Top Model Cycle 17 ( All - Stars ) -- A Second Chance -- Laura , retrieved April 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ Tyra Banks ( December 8 , 2011 ) , America 's Next Top Model Cycle 17 ( All - Stars ) -- A Second Chance -- Allison , retrieved April 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ Tyra Banks ( December 8 , 2011 ) , America 's Next Top Model Cycle 17 ( All - Stars ) -- A Second Chance -- Lisa , retrieved April 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ Gallo , Marissa ( September 14 , 2011 ) . `` '' America 's Next Top Model '' all - stars `` . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gallo , Marissa ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` America 's Next Top Model All - Stars makeovers '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gallo , Marissa ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` America 's Next Top Model All - Stars Extra interviews '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gallo , Marissa ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` America 's Next Top Model All - Stars CSI audition and Express photo shoot '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gallo , Marissa ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` America 's Next Top Model All - Stars pay homage to Michael Jackson '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Leibovitz , Annie ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` Introducing Caitlyn Jenner '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gallo , Marissa ( October 26 , 2011 ) . `` '' America 's Next Top Model '' create fragrances , pose as reality TV stars `` . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gallo , Marissa ( March 23 , 2011 ) . `` America 's Next Top Model All - Stars music videos with Game '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kattalia , Kathryn ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` ' America 's Next Top Model All - Stars ' Episode 7 recap : Final six travel to Greece where they pose in an enormous bowl of salad '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Yi , David ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` ' America 's Next Top Model : All Stars ' episode 10 recap : The fangs come out and Dominique is sent home '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bonner , Mehera ( November 23 , 2011 ) . `` ' America 's Next Top Model : All Stars ' episode 11 : Highlights '' . WetPaint . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gallo , Marissa ( November 30 , 2011 ) . `` ANTM All - Stars recap : Episode 11 , I Am Tookie '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gallo , Marissa ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` ANTM All - Stars recap : Episode 12 , ' And America 's next top model all - star is ... ' '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` In Depth : Angelea Preston of ' America 's Next Top Model ' Reveals All ~ Sire Says '' . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model All - Star -- They Took My Crown Because I Was an Escort '' . Jump up ^ Kernes , Mark . `` Former Escort Sues Over ' America 's Next Top Model ' Top Pick '' . AVN.com . Adult Video News . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PDF of filed complaint '' . AVN.com . Adult Video News . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . External links Official website ( hide ) America 's Next Top Model Cycles 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 All - Stars ( 17 ) British Invasion ( 18 ) College Edition ( 19 ) Guys & Girls 20 21 22 23 24 Contestants Winners Adrianne Curry Yoanna House Eva Pigford Naima Mora Nicole Linkletter Danielle Evans CariDee English Jaslene Gonzalez Saleisha Stowers Whitney Thompson McKey Sullivan Teyona Anderson Nicole Fox Krista White Ann Ward Brittani Kline Lisa D'Amato Sophie Sumner Laura James Jourdan Miller Keith Carlos Nyle DiMarco India Gants Finalists Elyse Sewell Mercedes Scelba - Shorte Yaya DaCosta Bre Scullark Jade Cole Melrose Bickerstaff Eugena Washington Renee DeWitt Chantal Jones Anya Kop Fatima Siad Analeigh Tipton Allison Harvard Laura Kirkpatrick Leila Goldkuhl Other alumni Toccara Jones Kim Stolz Cassandra Whitehead Anchal Joseph Heather Kuzmich Lisa Jackson Dominique Reighard Isis King Celia Ammerman Natalie Pack Jane Randall Esther Petrack AzMarie Livingston Jasmia Robinson Chantelle Young Related series Modelville ( 2008 ) Stylista ( 2008 ) True Beauty ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Next_Top_Model_(cycle_17)&oldid=825825738 '' Categories : 2011 American television seasons America 's Next Top Model ETC ( TV channel ) shows Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2013 CS1 maint : Unfit url Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from August 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Русский Simple English ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 17 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won season 17 of america's next top model | [
"The winner of the competition was 30-year-old Lisa D'Amato from Los Angeles, California, who originally placed sixth in cycle 5."
] | [
"30-year-old Lisa D'Amato"
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-3904153107227785612 | Atlanto-occipital joint | Atlanto - occipital joint - wikipedia Atlanto - occipital joint Jump to : navigation , search Atlanto - occipital joint Anterior atlantoöccipital membrane and atlantoaxial ligament . Posterior atlantoöccipital membrane and atlantoaxial ligament . Details Identifiers Latin Articulatio atlantooccipitalis MeSH A02. 835.583. 101 Dorlands / Elsevier a_64 / 12160970 TA A03. 1.08. 001 FMA 24939 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The atlanto - occipital joint ( articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone ) consists of a pair of condyloid joints . The atlanto - occipital joint is a synovial joint . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ligaments 2 Motions 3 Additional images 4 References Ligaments ( edit ) The ligaments connecting the bones are : Two articular capsules Posterior atlanto - occipital membrane Anterior atlanto - occipital membrane Motions ( edit ) The movements permitted in this joint are : ( a ) flexion and extension around the mediolateral axis , which give rise to the ordinary forward and backward nodding of the head . ( b ) slight lateral motion , lateroflexion , to one or other side around the anteroposterior axis . Flexion is produced mainly by the action of the longi capitis and recti capitis anteriores ; extension by the recti capitis posteriores major and minor , the obliquus capitis superior , the semispinalis capitis , splenius capitis , sternocleidomastoideus , and upper fibers of the trapezius . The recti laterales are concerned in the lateral movement , assisted by the trapezius , splenius capitis , semispinalis capitis , and the sternocleidomastoideus of the same side , all acting together . Additional images ( edit ) Occipital bone . Outer surface . References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) ( hide ) Joints and ligaments of the head and neck Temporomandibular Capsule Articular disk Lateral Temporomandibular ligament Medial Sphenomandibular ligament Stylomandibular ligament Atlanto - occipital capsule membranes ( anterior atlantoöccipital membrane posterior atlantoöccipital membrane ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlanto-occipital_joint&oldid=754956832 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Joints Joints of the head and neck Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Galego Italiano Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2016 , at 12 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what type of joint is the atlanto occipital | [
"The atlanto-occipital joint (articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone) consists of a pair of condyloid joints. The atlanto-occipital joint is a synovial joint."
] | [
"synovial joint"
] |
3223078186396671473 | Loyola Ramblers men's basketball | Loyola Ramblers men 's basketball - wikipedia Loyola Ramblers men 's basketball Jump to : navigation , search Loyola Ramblers 2017 -- 18 Loyola Ramblers men 's basketball team University Loyola University Chicago First season 1914 All - time record 1,317 -- 1,151 (. 534 ) Athletic director Steve Watson Head coach Porter Moser ( 7th season ) Conference Missouri Valley Location Chicago , Illinois Arena Joseph J. Gentile Arena ( Capacity : 4,486 ) Nickname Ramblers Student section The Pack Colors Maroon and Gold Uniforms Home Away NCAA Tournament champions 1963 NCAA Tournament Final Four 1963 , 2018 NCAA Tournament Elite Eight 1963 , 2018 NCAA Tournament Sweet Sixteen 1963 , 1964 , 1985 , 2018 NCAA Tournament Round of 32 1985 , 2018 NCAA Tournament appearances 1963 , 1964 , 1966 , 1968 , 1985 , 2018 Conference tournament champions 1985 , 2018 Conference regular season champions 1980 , 1983 , 1985 , 1987 , 2018 The Loyola Ramblers men 's basketball team represents Loyola University Chicago in Chicago , Illinois . The Ramblers joined the Missouri Valley Conference on July 1 , 2013 , ending a 34 - season tenure as charter members of the Horizon League . In 1963 , Loyola won the 1963 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament ( then the `` NCAA University Division '' ) men 's basketball national championship under the leadership of All - American Jerry Harkness , defeating two - time defending champion Cincinnati 60 -- 58 in overtime in the title game . All five starters for the Ramblers played the entire championship game without substitution . Surviving team members were honored on July 11 , 2013 , at the White House to commemorate the 50th anniversary of their victory . The entire team was inducted in November of that year in the College Basketball Hall of Fame . As of 2018 , Loyola remains the only school from the state of Illinois to win a men 's Division I basketball NCAA tournament . Loyola 's first - round regional victory over Tennessee Tech on March 11 , 1963 , remains a record for margin of victory ( 69 points ) for any NCAA men 's basketball tournament game . Contents ( hide ) 1 Racial integration 2 Postseason 2.1 NCAA Tournament results 2.2 NIT results 2.3 CBI results 3 Yearly records 4 Awards 5 Ramblers in the NBA Draft 6 Ramblers players in the NBA / ABA 7 Associations 7.1 Members 8 References 9 External links Racial Integration ( edit ) The Loyola University Chicago teams of the early 1960s , coached by George Ireland , are thought to be responsible for ushering in a new era of racial equality in the sport by shattering all remaining color barriers in NCAA men 's basketball . Beginning in 1961 , Loyola broke the longstanding gentlemen 's agreement ( not to play more than three black players at any given time ) , putting as many as four black players on the court at every game . For the 1962 -- 63 season , Ireland played four black Loyola starters in every game . That season , Loyola also became the first team in NCAA Division I history to play an all - black lineup , doing so in a game against Wyoming on December 29 , 1962 . In that season 's NCAA tournament , Loyola defeated the all - white team of then - segregated Mississippi State by a score of 61 -- 51 , a game especially notable because the Bulldogs defied a state court order prohibiting them from playing against a school with black players . In 1963 , Loyola shocked the nation and changed college basketball forever by starting four black players in the NCAA Championship game . Loyola 's stunning upset of two - time defending NCAA champion Cincinnati , in overtime by a score of 60 -- 58 , was the crowning achievement in the school 's nearly decade long struggle with racial inequality in men 's college basketball , highlighted by the tumultuous events of that year 's NCAA Tournament . Loyola 's 1963 NCAA title was historic not only for the racial makeup of Loyola 's team , but also due to the fact that Cincinnati had started three black players , making seven of the 10 starters in the 1963 NCAA Championship game black . Postseason ( edit ) NCAA tournament results ( edit ) The Ramblers have appeared in six NCAA Tournaments . Their combined record is 13 -- 5 . They were National Champions in 1963 . On March 24 , 2018 , the Ramblers defeated Kansas State 78 -- 62 to advance to play in their second Final Four in school history . Year Seed Round Opponent Result 1963 -- Round of 25 Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Tennessee Tech Mississippi State Illinois Duke Cincinnati W 111 -- 42 W 61 -- 51 W 79 -- 64 W 94 -- 75 W 60 -- 58 1964 -- Round of 25 Sweet Sixteen Regional 3rd Place Game Murray State Michigan Kentucky W 101 -- 91 L 84 -- 80 W 100 -- 91 1966 -- Round of 22 Western Kentucky L 105 -- 86 1968 -- Round of 23 Houston L 94 -- 76 1985 # 4 Round of 64 Round of 32 Sweet Sixteen # 13 Iona # 5 SMU # 1 Georgetown W 59 -- 58 W 70 -- 57 L 65 -- 53 2018 # 11 Round of 64 Round of 32 Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four # 6 Miami ( FL ) # 3 Tennessee # 7 Nevada # 9 Kansas State # 3 Michigan W 64 -- 62 W 63 -- 62 W 69 -- 68 W 78 -- 62 L 69 -- 57 Nit results ( edit ) The Ramblers have appeared in four National Invitation Tournaments . Their combined record is 6 -- 4 . Year Round Opponent Result 1939 Semifinals Championship Game St. John 's Long Island W 51 -- 46 L 32 -- 44 1949 First Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Championship Game CCNY Kentucky Bradley San Francisco W 62 -- 47 W 61 -- 56 W 55 -- 50 L 47 -- 48 1962 Quarterfinals Semifinals Third Place Temple Dayton Duquesne W 75 -- 64 L 82 -- 98 W 95 - 84 1980 First Round Illinois L 87 -- 105 CBI results ( edit ) The Ramblers have appeared in the College Basketball Invitational ( CBI ) once , winning it in 2015 . Their record is 5 -- 0 . Year Round Opponent Result 2015 First Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals Game 1 Finals Game 2 Rider Oral Roberts Seattle Louisiana -- Monroe Louisiana -- Monroe W 62 -- 59 W 86 -- 78 W 63 -- 48 W 65 -- 58 W 63 -- 62 Yearly records ( edit ) Season Coach Overall Conference Standing Postseason Unknown ( 1913 -- 1915 ) 1913 -- 14 Unknown 0 -- 2 -- 1914 -- 15 Unknown 8 -- 3 -- Unknown : 8 -- 5 (. 615 ) Percy Moore ( 1915 -- 1916 ) 1915 -- 16 Percy Moore 10 -- 3 -- Percy Moore : 10 -- 3 (. 769 ) Unknown ( 1916 -- 1917 ) 1916 -- 17 Unknown 1 -- 3 -- Unknown : 1 -- 3 (. 250 ) Bill Feeney ( 1920 -- 1921 ) 1920 -- 21 Bill Feeney 7 -- 4 -- Bill Feeney : 7 -- 4 (. 636 ) Harry Rhodes ( 1921 -- 1922 ) 1921 -- 22 Harry Rhodes 0 -- 6 -- Harry Rhodes : 0 -- 6 (. 000 ) Jack Tierney ( 1922 -- 1923 ) 1922 -- 23 Jack Tierney 5 -- 7 -- Jack Tierney : 5 -- 7 (. 417 ) Lenny Sachs ( 1923 -- 1942 ) 1923 -- 24 Lenny Sachs 8 -- 11 -- 1924 -- 25 Lenny Sachs 4 -- 11 -- 1925 -- 26 Lenny Sachs 13 -- 8 -- 1926 -- 27 Lenny Sachs 13 -- 4 -- 1927 -- 28 Lenny Sachs 16 -- 4 -- 1928 -- 29 Lenny Sachs 16 -- 0 -- 1929 -- 30 Lenny Sachs 13 -- 5 -- 1930 -- 31 Lenny Sachs 8 -- 7 -- 1931 -- 32 Lenny Sachs 15 -- 2 -- 1932 -- 33 Lenny Sachs 14 -- 7 -- 1933 -- 34 Lenny Sachs 7 -- 8 -- 1934 -- 35 Lenny Sachs 5 -- 14 -- 1935 -- 36 Lenny Sachs 8 -- 8 -- 1936 -- 37 Lenny Sachs 16 -- 3 -- 1937 -- 38 Lenny Sachs 12 -- 8 -- 1938 -- 39 Lenny Sachs 21 -- 1 -- NIT Runner - Up 1939 -- 40 Lenny Sachs 5 -- 14 -- 1940 -- 41 Lenny Sachs 13 -- 8 -- 1941 -- 42 Lenny Sachs 17 -- 6 -- Lenny Sachs : 224 -- 129 (. 635 ) John Connelly ( 1942 -- 1943 ) 1942 -- 43 John Connelly 12 -- 10 -- John Connelly : 12 -- 10 (. 545 ) Tom Haggerty ( 1945 -- 1950 ) 1945 -- 46 Tom Haggerty 23 -- 4 -- 1946 -- 47 Tom Haggerty 20 -- 9 -- 1947 -- 48 Tom Haggerty 26 -- 9 -- 1948 -- 49 Tom Haggerty 25 -- 6 -- NIT Runner - Up 1949 -- 50 Tom Haggerty 17 -- 13 -- Tom Haggerty : 111 -- 41 (. 730 ) John Jordan ( 1950 -- 1951 ) 1950 -- 51 John Jordan 15 -- 14 -- John Jordan : 15 -- 14 (. 517 ) George Ireland ( 1951 -- 1975 ) 1951 -- 52 George Ireland 17 -- 8 -- 1952 -- 53 George Ireland 8 -- 15 -- 1953 -- 54 George Ireland 8 -- 15 -- 1954 -- 55 George Ireland 13 -- 11 -- 1955 -- 56 George Ireland 10 -- 14 -- 1956 -- 57 George Ireland 14 -- 10 -- 1957 -- 58 George Ireland 16 -- 8 -- 1958 -- 59 George Ireland 11 -- 13 -- 1959 -- 60 George Ireland 10 -- 12 -- 1960 -- 61 George Ireland 15 -- 8 -- 1961 -- 62 George Ireland 23 -- 4 -- NIT Semifinals 1962 -- 63 George Ireland 29 -- 2 -- NCAA Champions 1963 -- 64 George Ireland 22 -- 6 -- NCAA Second Round 1964 -- 65 George Ireland 11 -- 14 -- 1965 -- 66 George Ireland 22 -- 3 -- NCAA First Round 1966 -- 67 George Ireland 14 -- 9 -- 1967 -- 68 George Ireland 16 -- 9 -- NCAA First Round 1968 -- 69 George Ireland 9 -- 14 -- 1969 -- 70 George Ireland 13 -- 11 -- 1970 -- 71 George Ireland 4 -- 20 -- 1971 -- 72 George Ireland 8 -- 14 -- 1972 -- 73 George Ireland 8 -- 15 -- 1973 -- 74 George Ireland 12 -- 14 -- George Ireland : 321 -- 255 (. 557 ) Jerry Lyne ( 1974 -- 1980 ) 1974 -- 75 George Ireland Jerry Lyne 8 -- 6 2 -- 9 -- 1975 -- 76 Jerry Lyne 10 -- 16 -- 1976 -- 77 Jerry Lyne 13 -- 13 -- 1977 -- 78 Jerry Lyne 16 -- 11 -- 1978 -- 79 Jerry Lyne 12 -- 15 -- Midwestern City / Horizon League ( 1980 -- 2013 ) 1979 -- 80 Jerry Lyne 19 -- 10 5 -- 0 1st NIT First Round Jerry Lyne : 72 -- 74 (. 493 ) 5 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) Gene Sullivan ( 1980 -- 1989 ) 1980 -- 81 Gene Sullivan 13 -- 15 7 -- 4 T -- 2nd 1981 -- 82 Gene Sullivan 17 -- 12 8 -- 4 T -- 2nd 1982 -- 83 Gene Sullivan 19 -- 10 12 -- 2 1st 1983 -- 84 Gene Sullivan 20 -- 9 10 -- 4 2nd 1984 -- 85 Gene Sullivan 27 -- 6 13 -- 1 1st NCAA Sweet Sixteen 1985 -- 86 Gene Sullivan 13 -- 16 7 -- 5 T -- 3rd 1986 -- 87 Gene Sullivan 16 -- 13 8 -- 4 T -- 1st 1987 -- 88 Gene Sullivan 13 -- 16 3 -- 7 5th 1988 -- 89 Gene Sullivan 11 -- 17 4 -- 8 T -- 5th Gene Sullivan : 149 -- 114 (. 567 ) 72 -- 39 (. 649 ) Will Rey ( Horizon League ) ( 1989 -- 1994 ) 1989 -- 90 Will Rey 7 -- 22 3 -- 11 T -- 6th 1990 -- 91 Will Rey 10 -- 19 3 -- 11 7th 1991 -- 92 Will Rey 13 -- 16 2 -- 8 5th 1992 -- 93 Will Rey 7 -- 20 3 -- 11 T -- 7th 1993 -- 94 Will Rey 8 -- 19 1 -- 9 6th Will Rey : 45 -- 96 (. 319 ) 12 -- 50 (. 194 ) Ken Burmeister ( Horizon League ) ( 1994 -- 1998 ) 1994 -- 95 Ken Burmeister 5 -- 22 2 -- 13 11th 1995 -- 96 Ken Burmeister 8 -- 19 5 -- 11 T -- 6th 1996 -- 97 Ken Burmeister 12 -- 15 7 -- 9 5th 1997 -- 98 Ken Burmeister 15 -- 15 6 -- 8 T -- 5th Ken Burmeister : 40 -- 71 (. 360 ) 20 -- 41 (. 328 ) Larry Farmer ( Horizon League ) ( 1998 -- 2004 ) 1998 -- 99 Larry Farmer 9 -- 18 7 -- 7 4th 1999 - 00 Larry Farmer 14 -- 14 4 -- 10 8th 2000 -- 01 Larry Farmer 7 -- 21 2 -- 12 8th 2001 -- 02 Larry Farmer 17 -- 13 9 -- 7 T -- 4th 2002 -- 03 Larry Farmer 15 -- 16 9 -- 7 T -- 4th 2003 -- 04 Larry Farmer 9 -- 20 4 -- 12 T -- 7th Larry Farmer : 71 -- 102 (. 410 ) 35 -- 55 (. 389 ) Jim Whitesell ( Horizon League ) ( 2004 -- 2011 ) 2004 -- 2005 Jim Whitesell 13 -- 17 8 -- 8 T - 4th 2005 -- 2006 Jim Whitesell 19 -- 11 8 -- 8 T - 3rd 2006 -- 2007 Jim Whitesell 21 -- 11 10 -- 6 3rd 2007 -- 2008 Jim Whitesell 12 -- 19 6 -- 12 7th 2008 -- 2009 Jim Whitesell 14 -- 18 6 -- 12 8th 2009 -- 2010 Jim Whitesell 14 -- 16 5 -- 13 8th 2010 -- 2011 Jim Whitesell 16 -- 15 7 -- 11 8th Jim Whitesell : 109 -- 107 (. 505 ) 50 -- 70 (. 417 ) Porter Moser ( Horizon League ) ( 2011 -- 2013 ) 2011 -- 2012 Porter Moser 7 -- 23 1 -- 17 10th 2012 -- 2013 Porter Moser 15 -- 16 5 -- 11 7th Porter Moser ( Missouri Valley Conference ) ( 2013 -- present ) 2013 -- 2014 Porter Moser 10 -- 22 4 -- 14 10th 2014 -- 2015 Porter Moser 24 -- 13 8 -- 10 6th CBI Champions 2015 -- 2016 Porter Moser 15 -- 17 7 -- 11 8th 2016 -- 2017 Porter Moser 18 -- 14 8 -- 10 5th 2017 -- 2018 Porter Moser 32 -- 6 15 - 3 1st NCAA Final Four Porter Moser : 121 -- 111 (. 522 ) 48 -- 76 (. 387 ) Total : 1321 -- 1152 (. 534 ) National champion Postseason invitational champion Conference regular season champion Conference regular season and conference tournament champion Division regular season champion Division regular season and conference tournament champion Conference tournament champion Awards ( edit ) All - Americans 1929 , 1930 -- Charlie `` Feed '' Murphy 1937 -- Marv Colen 1938 , 1939 -- Mike Novak 1938 , 1939 -- Wibs Kautz 1948 -- Jack Kerris 1952 -- Nick Kladis 1962 , 1963 -- Jerry Harkness 1967 -- Jim Tillman 1970 , 1972 -- LaRue Martin 1982 -- Wayne Sappleton 1985 -- Alfredrick Hughes 2006 -- Blake Schilb ( Honorable Mention ) 2018 -- Clayton Custer ( Honorable Mention ) Academic All - Americans 2013 -- Ben Averkamp ( Second Team ) MCC / Missouri Valley Coach of the Year 1985 -- Gene Sullivan 2018 -- Porter Moser MCC / Horizon League / Missouri Valley Player of the Year 1981 -- Darius Clemons 1982 -- Wayne Sappleton 1983 , 1984 , 1985 -- Alfredrick Hughes 1987 -- Andre Moore 2018 -- Clayton Custer MCC / Horizon League / Missouri Valley First Team 1981 -- Darius Clemons 1981 , 1982 -- Wayne Sappleton 1983 , 1984 , 1985 -- Alfredrick Hughes 1984 , 1986 -- Carl Golston 1985 -- Andre Battle 1986 , 1987 -- Andre Moore 1987 -- Bernard Jackson 1988 -- Gerald Hayward 1990 , 1991 -- Keith Gailes 1992 -- Keir Rogers 1998 , 1999 -- Javan Goodman 2001 , 2002 -- David Bailey 2004 -- Paul McMillan 2005 , 2006 , 2007 -- Blake Schilb 2017 -- Milton Doyle 2018 -- Clayton Custer MCC / Horizon League / Missouri Valley Second Team 1980 , 1982 -- Darius Clemons 1983 -- Andre Battle 1985 -- Carl Golston 1985 -- Andre Moore 1988 -- Kenny Miller 1989 -- Keith Gailes 1994 -- Vernell Brent 1996 , 1997 -- Derek Molis 2000 -- Earl Brown 2003 -- David Bailey 2012 , 2013 -- Ben Averkamp 2018 -- Donte Ingram Missouri Valley Conference Third Team 2017 -- Donte Ingram 2018 -- Cameron Krutwig MCC / Horizon League / Missouri Valley All - Defensive Team 1998 , 2000 -- Earl Brown 2004 -- Demetrius Williams 2006 , 2007 -- Majak Kou 2018 -- Ben Richardson MCC / Horizon League / Missouri Valley Newcomer of the Year 1984 -- Carl Golston 1986 -- Bernard Jackson 1988 -- Kenny Miller 1989 -- Keith Gailes 2003 -- Paul McMillan 2014 -- Milton Doyle MCC / Horizon League / Missouri Valley All - Newcomer Team 1988 -- Kenny Miller 1993 -- Vernell Brent 1996 -- Derek Molis 1999 -- Chris Williams 2003 -- Paul McMillan 2003 -- Demetrius Williams 2006 -- Leon Young 2014 -- Milton Doyle 2017 -- Aundre Jackson 2018 -- Cameron Krutwig Missouri Valley Freshman of the Year 2014 -- Milton Doyle 2018 -- Cameron Krutwig Missouri Valley All - Freshman Team 2014 -- Milton Doyle 2018 -- Cameron Krutwig 2018 -- Lucas Williamson Missouri Valley Sixth Man of the Year 2017 -- Aundre Jackson Missouri Valley Defensive MVP 2018 -- Ben Richardson MCC / Horizon League / Missouri Valley Tournament MVP 1983 , 1985 -- Alfredrick Hughes 2018 -- Donte Ingram MCC / Horizon League / Missouri Valley All - Tournament Team 1980 , 1982 -- Darius Clemons 1982 -- Wayne Sappleton 1983 , 1985 -- Alfredrick Hughes 1984 , 1985 -- Carl Golston 1985 -- Andre Battle 1986 -- Carl Golston 1987 -- Bernard Jackson 1987 -- Andre Moore 1989 , 1990 , 1991 -- Keith Gailes 1992 -- Keir Rogers 2002 -- David Bailey 2002 -- Ryan Blankson 2005 , 2007 -- Blake Schilb 2018 -- Donte Ingram , Ben Richardson , Marques Townes Ramblers in the NBA Draft ( edit ) Year Player Team Round 1949 Jack Kerris Chicago Second 1952 Nick Kladis Philadelphia Third 1962 Jerry Harkness Syracuse Eighth 1963 Jerry Harkness New York Second 1964 Les Hunter Detroit Second 1964 Vic Rouse Cincinnati Seventh 1964 Ron Miller Baltimore Seventh 1966 Billy Smith Cincinnati Ninth 1968 Jim Tillman Chicago Fifth 1968 Corky Bell Chicago Ninth 1970 Wade Fuller Cincinnati Fourth 1970 Walter Robertson Cleveland Eighth 1972 LaRue Martin Portland First 1976 Ralph Vallot Washington Seventh 1978 Andre Wakefield Phoenix Fifth 1979 Larry Knight Utah First 1980 LeRoy Stampley Phoenix Fourth 1981 Kevin Sprewer Utah Sixth 1982 Wayne Sappleton Golden State Second 1982 Darius Clemons San Diego Fourth 1985 Alfredrick Hughes San Antonio First 1985 Andre Battle Boston Third Andre Moore Denver Second Bernard Jackson Portland Sixth Ramblers players in the NBA / ABA ( edit ) Jack Dwan ( 1949 ) Ed Earle ( 1954 ) Don Hanrahan ( 1953 ) Jerry Harkness ( 1964 -- 1969 ) Alfredrick Hughes ( 1986 ) Les Hunter ( 1965 -- 1973 ) Wilbert Kautz ( 1947 ) Jack Kerris ( 1950 -- 1953 ) LaRue Martin ( 1973 -- 1976 ) Andre Moore ( 1988 ) Jerry Nagel ( 1950 ) Mike Novak ( 1949 -- 1950 ) Mickey Rottner ( 1947 -- 1948 ) Wayne Sappleton ( 1985 ) Andre Wakefield ( 1979 -- 1980 ) Milton Doyle ( 2017 - present ) Associations ( edit ) Ramblers 4 - NBA 2k18 `` Pro-am '' basketball team Members ( edit ) GM : Nick Bonfiglio Alex Adams Connor Blair Andrew Heyman Owen Heyman Mason Huntermark Paul Martin Michael Nearhood Reese Wamer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Loyola Unveils New Logo As Program Enters New Era '' . Loyola University Chicago . January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Loyola Joins Missouri Valley Conference Loyola University Chicago Official Athletic Site '' . Loyolaramblers.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Horizon League Men 's Basketball Record Book '' ( PDF ) . amazonaws.com . Amazon sports Record books . Horizon League . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Loyola to celebrate 50th anniversary of title '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Glory Road , Sports Movie Awards '' . MichaelPeters.blogspot.com . February 21 , 2006 . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ John C. Thomas . `` Loyola Basketball History '' . ramblermania.com . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Khan , Sam ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Loyola - Chicago recalls 1963 champions as it pulls off buzzer - beater win '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ESPNU , ESPN Classic Airs 25 Most Defining Moments in NCAA History '' . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2008 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tom Graham ; Rachel Graham Cody ( 2006 ) . Getting Open : The Unknown Story of Bill Garrett and the Integration of College Basketball . Atria Books . ISBN 9780743479035 . Jump up ^ Hermann , Adam ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` Loyola Chicago clinched its first Final Four berth in 55 years with array of memorable moments '' . NCAA.com . National Collegiate Athletic Association . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Buzzer - beater lifts Loyola - Chicago over Miami in NCAA return '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Prayer answered again : Loyola tops Tennessee on late jumper '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Blake Schilb Named Honorable Mention All - America '' . Loyola University Chicago . March 28 , 2006 . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LOYOLA 'S PORTER MOSER EARNS MVC COACH OF THE YEAR HONOR '' . Missouri Valley Conference . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Shannon ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` Loyola 's Porter Moser named coach of the year in the Missouri Valley Conference '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Horizon League Player of the Year Winners '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Shannon ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Loyola 's Clayton Custer named MVC player of the year '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA2K '' . www.nba2k.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Official website Loyola Ramblers men 's basketball Venues Alumni Gym ( 1924 -- 1996 ) Joseph J. Gentile Arena ( 1996 -- present ) Culture & lore Racial integration leader Wolf Rambler Rowdies Sister Jean People Head coaches NBA draftees Seasons 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1915 -- 16 1916 -- 17 1917 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 NCAA national championships in bold ; NCAA Final Four appearances in italics Loyola University Chicago Academics Business Law Medicine Saint Joseph College Seminary Facilities Alumni Gym Beazley Institute for Health Law and Policy Chicago Dental Infirmary The Clare Institute for Consumer Antitrust Studies John Felice Rome Center Joseph J. Gentile Arena Loyola Press Loyola University Medical Center Loyola University Museum of Art Madonna Della Strada Chapel Mundelein College Athletics Men 's basketball Men 's soccer Women 's basketball Organizations Alpha Delta Gamma Media Loyola Consumer Law Review Loyola Phoenix WLUW Related Chicago 's Jesuit University CTA station List of Loyola University Chicago people Missouri Valley Conference men 's basketball Teams Bradley Braves Drake Bulldogs Evansville Purple Aces Illinois State Redbirds Indiana State Sycamores Loyola Ramblers Missouri State Bears Northern Iowa Panthers Southern Illinois Salukis Valparaiso Crusaders Tournament & awards MVC Basketball Tournament Coach of the Year Player of the Year Seasons 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loyola_Ramblers_men%27s_basketball&oldid=841390471 '' Categories : Loyola Ramblers men 's basketball Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 15 : 22 . About Wikipedia | when was the last time loyola made march madness | [
"\n\nYear\nSeed\nRound\nOpponent\nResult\n\n\n1963\n–\nRound of 25\nSweet Sixteen\nElite Eight\nFinal Four\nNational Championship\nTennessee Tech\nMississippi State\nIllinois\nDuke\nCincinnati\nW 111–42\nW 61–51\nW 79–64\nW 94–75\nW 60–58\n\n\n1964\n–\nRound of 25\nSweet Sixteen\nRegional 3rd Place Game\nMurray State\nMichigan\nKentucky\nW 101–91\nL 84–80\nW 100–91\n\n\n1966\n–\nRound of 22\nWestern Kentucky\nL 105–86\n\n\n1968\n–\nRound of 23\nHouston\nL 94–76\n\n\n1985\n#4\nRound of 64\nRound of 32\nSweet Sixteen\n#13 Iona\n#5 SMU\n#1 Georgetown\nW 59–58\nW 70–57\nL 65–53\n\n\n2018\n#11\nRound of 64\nRound of 32\nSweet Sixteen\nElite Eight\nFinal Four\n#6 Miami (FL)\n#3 Tennessee\n#7 Nevada\n#9 Kansas State\n#3 Michigan\nW 64–62[11]\nW 63–62[12]\nW 69–68\nW 78–62\nL 69–57\n\n"
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"2018"
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2115631104355080783 | We Bought a Zoo | We Bought a zoo - wikipedia We Bought a zoo This is the current revision of this page , as edited by Rusted AutoParts ( talk contribs ) at 03 : 01 , 13 August 2017 ( Per billing block ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 03 : 01 , 13 August 2017 by Rusted AutoParts ( talk contribs ) ( Per billing block ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2011 film . For the book by the same name , see We Bought a Zoo ( book ) . We Bought a Zoo Theatrical release poster Directed by Cameron Crowe Produced by Julie Yorn Cameron Crowe Marc Gordon Screenplay by Aline Brosh McKenna Cameron Crowe Based on We Bought a Zoo by Benjamin Mee Starring Matt Damon Scarlett Johansson Thomas Haden Church Patrick Fugit Elle Fanning John Michael Higgins Music by Jónsi Cinematography Rodrigo Prieto Edited by Mark Livolsi Production company Vinyl Films LBI Entertainment Dune Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 23 ) Running time 124 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $50 million Box office $120.1 million We Bought a Zoo is a 2011 American family comedy - drama film loosely based on the 2008 memoir of the same name by Benjamin Mee . It was written and directed by Cameron Crowe and stars Matt Damon as widowed father Benjamin Mee , who purchases a dilapidated zoo with his family and takes on the challenge of preparing the zoo for its reopening to the public . The film also stars Scarlett Johansson , Maggie Elizabeth Jones , Thomas Haden Church , Patrick Fugit , Elle Fanning , Colin Ford , and John Michael Higgins . The film was released in the United States on December 23 , 2011 by 20th Century Fox . The film earned $120.1 million on a $50 million budget . We Bought a Zoo was released on DVD and Blu - ray on April 3 , 2012 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Dartmoor Zoological Park ( originally Dartmoor Wildlife Park ) , on which the film is based , is a 33 - acre zoological garden located near the village of Sparkwell , Devon , England . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 4.2 Film tracks not on album 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Home media 5.4 Accolades 6 The real zoo 7 Legacy 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Benjamin Mee is still grieving the loss of his wife and dealing with the expulsion of his 14 - year - old son , Dylan , from school , and decides to make a restart by buying a new house . He tours many houses with his 7 - year - old daughter , Rosie , and his realtor , Mr. Stevens , but finds none he likes until his daughter finds a listing with what seems like the perfect house . They drive to an old large house and Benjamin inspects the property , telling his realtor it is perfect . When they hear a lion roar , Stevens explains that the house comes with a zoo in the back , which closed several years before ; if they want the house , they must buy the zoo . Although reluctant at first , Mee decides to buy the zoo when he sees Rosie happily playing with the peacocks . Dylan , however , hates the idea of moving away from his friends and retreats into his artwork which has grown more macabre since the death of his mother . Benjamin 's brother , Duncan , tries to dissuade him from the purchase , but Benjamin buys it anyway . The zoo staff , led by the 28 - year - old head keeper , Kelly Foster , help to start renovating the zoo with the intent to reopen it to the public . When Kelly confronts Benjamin about why he bought a zoo , knowing nothing about running one , Benjamin simply responds `` Why not ? '' . Dylan befriends Kelly 's 13 - year - old homeschooled cousin , Lily Miska , who develops a romantic interest that Dylan is oblivious to . A strict USDA inspector , Walter Ferris , arrives for a surprise inspection and makes a list of repairs that would cost around $100,000 , which Benjamin does not have . Rhonda Blair , the zoo 's accountant , gossips that Benjamin will probably sell the zoo . The workers ' morale sinks , fearing the property will be sold to a buyer that will close it down . When Lily tells Dylan that she heard his family might be leaving , he is overjoyed , which hurts her feelings . Benjamin discovers that his wife bequeathed him an investment account , with instructions to use the money wisely while listening to his heart . Duncan advises him to walk away and start over with the money , but Benjamin decides to use the money to repair the zoo . While this lifts the zoo workers ' morale , Dylan is unhappy about having to stay ; he confronts his father , and a heated argument ensues . They reconcile the next morning and Dylan admits he misses Lily . Benjamin gives his son advice using his favorite principle , that you only need 20 seconds of courage to achieve great things . Benjamin realizes that instead of trying to start over by forgetting his wife , he should accept that she will always be a part of him . Prior to the grand opening of the zoo , the facility passes a very stringent inspection from Ferris , who grudgingly wishes them good luck . Dylan , following his father 's advice , confesses to Lily that he loves her and she forgives him . The week prior to the opening , the worst rainstorm in 100 years is predicted to wash it out . The weather clears in time , but in the morning they are disappointed when no visitors arrive . They discover that a fallen tree has blocked the access road , with a large crowd of waiting visitors behind it . The staff help them to climb over the tree . There are so many people that they run out of tickets , forcing Benjamin and Kelly to look for more . They end up face to face in a shed , where Kelly admits to Benjamin that she is romantically interested in him and since she `` ca n't get a handle on it '' , she kisses him , telling him that maybe they can do it again on New Year 's Eve ; Benjamin kisses her back , and tells her that he is looking forward to it . Benjamin takes his children to the restaurant where he met their mother , explaining that it was the point where their existence became a possibility . He takes them through that day 's encounter , where Benjamin worked up the nerve to talk to his future wife with `` 20 seconds of insane courage '' , and walks up to the table she was at . He visualizes her sitting there , and asks her why such an amazing woman would talk to someone like him . She responds , `` Why not ? '' . Cast ( edit ) Matt Damon as Benjamin Mee , the father of Dylan and Rosie Mee and the owner of the zoo , who is trying to restart his life after his wife dies . Scarlett Johansson as Kelly Foster , the 28 - year - old lead zookeeper and long - time employee at Rosemoor Animal Park . Thomas Haden Church as Duncan Mee , Ben 's older brother and an accountant . Colin Ford as Dylan Mee , Ben 's 14 - year - old son , who is initially drawn to Lily and eventually develops feelings for her and has a rough relationship with his father . Maggie Elizabeth Jones as Rosie Mee , Ben 's 7 - year - old daughter , who is very curious about all of the animals in the zoo and thinks living at a zoo is a grand adventure . Angus Macfadyen as Peter MacCreedy , the carpenter of the zoo who had made many innovative enclosures for the zoo , and he claims that his ideas were `` stolen '' by Walter Ferris . Because of this , he has a huge and violent grudge against Walter . Elle Fanning as Lily Miska , the 13 - year old home - schooled cousin of Kelly and worker at the zoo 's restaurant who lives within the zoo . Although she is too young to legally work , she is paid `` under the table '' out of her cousin 's salary . She likes Dylan ( who is at first unaware of this fact ) , but later gives up on her pursuit of a relationship with him after Dylan does n't listen to her and unintentionally hurts her feelings . After he subsequently apologizes and tells her of his own feelings for her , she forgives him and they resume their friendship and start their relationship . Patrick Fugit as Robin Jones ; the zoo 's craftsman and Crystal the Monkey 's owner . John Michael Higgins as Walter `` Walt '' Ferris , a strict zoo inspector who earns the dislike of many people , especially Peter MacCreedy . Carla Gallo as Rhonda Blair , the secretary and bookkeeper of the zoo . J.B. Smoove as Mr. Stevens , the Mee family 's real estate agent . Stéphanie Szostak as Katherine Mee , the deceased wife of Benjamin Mee . Desi Lydic as Shea Seger , a woman with an obvious crush on Benjamin who always brings him lasagna . Peter Riegert as Delbert McGinty , Benjamin 's boss before he ' starts over ' . Michael Panes as the principal of Dylan and Rosie 's school . Kym Whitley as Eve the Home Depot Clerk . Crystal the Monkey as Herself . Bart / Tank the Bear as Buster , the grizzly bear . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In May 2010 , Cameron Crowe agreed to direct the 20th Century Fox adaptation of Benjamin Mee 's memoir We Bought a Zoo . He then began rewriting the film 's script , which was originally written by Aline Brosh McKenna . This was the first film that was directed by Crowe since the 2005 film Elizabethtown . The film was released on December 23 , 2011 . Casting ( edit ) Crowe traveled to the set of the film True Grit to persuade actor Matt Damon to take on the role of the lead character in the film . Crowe also presented a script of the film , a CD of songs that Crowe composed himself , and a copy of the 1983 film Local Hero , with instructions `` to not just read the script and make a decision '' . Damon was persuaded to play the role after he was moved by Crowe 's music and found that Local Hero was a `` masterpiece '' . As for Crowe himself , he had already decided on Damon halfway through their meeting , though the distributor Fox still had a shortlist of candidates to play this role . Soundtrack ( edit ) We Bought a Zoo Soundtrack album by Jónsi Released December 9 , 2011 Recorded 2011 Genre Ambient , alternative rock , soundtrack , post-rock Length 51 : 12 Label Columbia Records Producer Alex Somers , Jón Þór Birgisson In August 2011 , it was announced that Icelandic musician Jón Þór `` Jónsi '' Birgisson , the lead singer of the band Sigur Rós , would be composing the music scores for We Bought a Zoo . Director Crowe described the choice as `` only natural '' , since `` Jónsi has been a part of the making of We Bought A Zoo from the very beginning '' . The song Gathering Stories was on the shortlist of 39 songs that have a chance of being nominated for Best Original Song Oscar at the 84th Academy Awards . This song was co-written by Jonsi Birgisson and Cameron Crowe . While the official CD release of the movie soundtrack only includes music by Jón Þór `` Jónsi '' Birgisson and Sigur Rós , the complete soundtrack of the film included a variety of artists . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Why Not ? '' Jónsi 4 : 49 2 . `` Ævin Endar '' Jónsi 3 : 32 3 . `` Boy Lilikoi '' Jónsi 4 : 29 4 . `` Sun '' Jónsi 1 : 50 5 . `` Brambles '' Jónsi 2 : 24 6 . `` Sinking Friendships '' Jónsi 4 : 42 7 . `` We Bought a Zoo '' Jónsi 4 : 21 8 . `` Hoppípolla '' Sigur Rós 4 : 30 9 . `` Snærisendar '' Jónsi 2 : 43 10 . `` Sink Ships '' Jónsi 2 : 21 11 . `` Go Do '' Jónsi 4 : 41 12 . `` Whole Made of Pieces '' Jónsi 2 : 47 13 . `` Humming '' Jónsi 2 : 33 14 . `` First Day '' Jónsi 1 : 40 15 . `` Gathering Stories '' Jónsi 3 : 56 Film tracks not on album ( edit ) `` Do n't Come Around Here No More '' -- Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers `` Do It Clean '' -- Echo & the Bunnymen `` Airline to Heaven '' -- Wilco `` Do n't Be Shy '' -- Cat Stevens `` Living with the Law '' -- Chris Whitley `` Last Medicine Dance '' -- Mike McCready `` Buckets of Rain '' -- Bob Dylan `` I 'm Open '' -- Eddie Vedder `` No Soy Del Valle '' -- Quantic Presenta Flowering Inferno `` Like I Told You '' -- Acetone `` Ashley Collective '' -- Mike McCready `` For a Few Dollars More '' -- The Upsetters `` Hunger Strike '' -- Temple Of The Dog `` Mariachi El Bronx '' -- Mariachi El Bronx `` Haleakala Sunset '' -- CKsquared `` Cinnamon Girl '' ( Live ) -- Neil Young `` Holocene '' -- Bon Iver `` Throwing Arrows '' -- Mike McCready `` Work to Do '' -- The Isley Brothers `` All Your Love ( I Miss Loving ) '' -- Otis Rush `` I Think It 's Going to Rain Today '' -- Randy Newman Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) We Bought a Zoo grossed a total of $2,984,875 on its opening day in the U.S. box office , making it the sixth highest - grossing film that weekend . It subsequently earned $14,604,645 in its first four days of screening . Overall , the film grossed $75,624,550 in North America and $37,764,426 internationally for a worldwide total of $113,388,976 . It is one of only twelve feature films to be released in over 3,000 theaters and still improve on its box office performance in its second weekend , increasing 41.4 % from $9,360,434 to $13,238,241 . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 66 % based on 155 reviews , with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` We Bought a Zoo is a transparently cloying effort by director Cameron Crowe , but Matt Damon makes for a sympathetic central character . '' On Metacritic the film has a score of 58 out of 100 , based on 40 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Roger Ebert , reviewing for the Chicago Sun - Times , awarded the film 2.5 stars out of 4 , describing the film as `` too much formula and not enough human interest . '' He added that the film 's `` pieces go together too easily , the plot is too inevitable , and we feel little real energy between the players . '' However , he did praise Damon , whom he says `` makes a sturdy and likable Benjamin Mee '' . The New York Times reviewer Manohla Dargis criticized Crowe 's direction , writing that it `` makes the escalating tension between Benjamin and Dylan the story 's soft center , '' while keeping `` the brutality of illness and death '' `` safely off - screen '' . She also noted that the film uses `` classic movie logic '' , specifically pointing out the way that Benjamin quits his job and that he `` does n't agonize about how he 'll keep his children housed , fed and clothed '' . On the other hand , Dargis wrote that `` you may not buy his ( Cameron 's ) happy endings , but it 's a seductive ideal when all of God 's creatures , great and small , buxom and blond , exist in such harmony . '' The Hollywood Reporter commented that the `` uplifting tale ( the film ) has heart , humanity and a warmly empathetic central performance from Matt Damon '' , although it `` does n't dodge the potholes of earnest sentimentality and at times overplays the whimsy '' . The reviewer also praised the cast , describing them as `` solid '' , and in particular praised Damon 's character , whose struggle he says `` gives the movie a soulful pull , even at its most predictable '' . Overall , this reviewer summarized his review by saying that `` Cameron Crowe 's film has some rough edges , but it ultimately delivers thanks to Matt Damon 's moving performance . '' Home media ( edit ) 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released We Bought a Zoo on DVD and Blu - ray on April 3 , 2012 . Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref 2011 Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards Best Live Action Family Film We Bought a Zoo Nominated Satellite Award Best Original Song Jónsi , Cameron Crowe -- `` Gathering Stories '' Nominated 2012 BMI Award Film Music Award Jónsi Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Drama We Bought a Zoo Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Drama Matt Damon Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Drama Scarlett Johansson Nominated Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actor Colin Ford Nominated Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Actress Ten and Under Maggie Elizabeth Jones Nominated The real zoo ( edit ) The movie 's plot and actual events differ . The real Benjamin Mee is British . The story was adapted for an American audience and Mee approved the changes . The actual zoo Mee bought is Dartmoor Zoological Park , located in Devon , England . The fictional zoo in the film is called Rosemoor Wildlife Park and is located in California . In real life , Benjamin 's wife , Katherine , died after they had already bought the zoo and moved in . In the film , Benjamin bought the zoo after her death . In real life , Benjamin 's father had died and his mother needed to move ; the farm cost the same price as his parents ' house , and his mother came too . Benjamin and his family made a specific and informed decision to buy a zoo . In the film , it occurred as a result of finding a house they liked . Instead of an escaping bear , as portrayed by the film , it was a jaguar called Sovereign that had escaped . Benjamin 's children were also younger ( aged four and six respectively ) than the children in the film . In the film , the zoo was much easier to buy . In real life , it took almost two years to buy . Benjamin 's first offer to buy the zoo was rejected due to his lack of experience in the zoological world . Finally , the real zoo opened on Saturday July 7 , 2007 . The movie moved that event up to the same date in 2010 . This later date fell on a Wednesday , but was identified in the script as the original Saturday . Legacy ( edit ) The longtime gag - feud between Matt Damon and Oscars host Jimmy Kimmel continued at the 89th Academy Awards ceremony , where Kimmel jokingly mocked Damon 's performance in the movie . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Masters , Kim ( 2011 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Cameron Crowe Returns With ' We Bought a Zoo ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2001 - 11 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` We Bought a Zoo '' . Box Office Mojo. 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( 2010 - 05 - 17 ) . `` Cameron Crowe Commits To We Bought A Zoo For Late 2011 Release '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Harris , Scott ( 2010 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Matt Damon May Lead Cameron Crowe 's ' We Bought a Zoo ' '' . Moviefone . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Haden Church Joins ' Killer Joevbvb ' & ' We Bought A Zoo ' '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Rawden , Mack ( 2010 - 10 - 20 ) . `` Colin Ford Cast As Matt Damon 's Son In We Bought A Zoo '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( 2010 - 11 - 09 ) . `` Cameron Crowe Taps His ' Almost Famous ' Alter Ego For ' Zoo , ' And Elle Fanning , Too '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( 2010 - 05 - 17 ) . `` Cameron Crowe to direct ' Zoo ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Mariotti , Greg ( 2011 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Sigur Rós Frontman Jónsi Scoring We Bought A Zoo '' . The Uncool . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( 2011 - 12 - 19 ) . `` 39 Songs Contend for Best Original Song Oscar ; Nominees Include THE MUPPETS and CAPTAIN AMERICA : THE FIRST AVENGER '' . collider.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` We Bought A Zoo Soundtrack '' . 2011 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` We Bought A Zoo -- Complete Soundtrack '' . 2011 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Smallest Second Weekend Drops '' . boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` We Bought a Zoo ( 2011 ) on Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` We Bought a Zoo on Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( 2011 - 12 - 21 ) . `` We Bought a Zoo review '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Dargis , Manohla ( 2011 - 12 - 22 ) . `` A Modern - Day Ark , With Children , Animals and Even Romance '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Rooney , David . `` We Bought a Zoo : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Knegt , Peter ( December 14 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Artist ' Tops Phoenix Film Critics Awards '' . Indiewire . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Knegt , Peter ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` ' Descendants , ' ' Drive ' Lead Satellite Award Winners '' . Indiewire . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rolling in the Deep ' Rolls Away With Song of the Year at 2012 BMI London Awards '' . BMI.com . October 9 , 2012 . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2012 : Complete Winners List '' . MTV . July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 33rd Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations / Special Awards '' . YoungArtistAwards.org . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ben sees Dartmoor Zoo rebuilt in Californian hills '' . This is Plymouth . 2011 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mee , Benjamin ( 2007 - 06 - 23 ) . `` My Family & Other Animals '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Salter , Jessica ( 3 Mar 2012 ) . `` We Bought a Zoo : the true story behind the film '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 30 Nov 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars host Jimmy Kimmel slams Matt Damon 's ' We Bought a Zoo ' '' . External links ( edit ) Official website Dartmoor Zoological Park official website We Bought a Zoo on IMDb We Bought a Zoo at Rotten Tomatoes We Bought a Zoo at Box Office Mojo ( hide ) Cameron Crowe filmography Director Say Anything ... ( 1989 ) Singles ( 1992 ) Jerry Maguire ( 1996 ) Almost Famous ( 2000 ) Vanilla Sky ( 2001 ) Elizabethtown ( 2005 ) Pearl Jam Twenty ( 2011 ) The Union ( 2011 ) We Bought a Zoo ( 2011 ) Aloha ( 2015 ) Writer only Fast Times at Ridgemont High ( 1982 ) The Wild Life ( 1984 ) Television Roadies ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Bought_a_Zoo&oldid=795263872 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2010s comedy - drama films 20th Century Fox films American comedy - drama films Comedy films based on actual events Drama films based on actual events Dune Entertainment films Films about animal rights Films about animals Films about dysfunctional families Films about grieving Films about widowhood Films based on biographies Films directed by Cameron Crowe Films produced by Cameron Crowe Films set in California Films set in zoos Films shot in California Films shot in Los Angeles Screenplays by Cameron Crowe Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Acèh العربية Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Татарча / tatarça Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2017 , at 03 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is we bought a zoo based on | [
"We Bought a Zoo is a 2011 American family comedy-drama film loosely based on the 2008 memoir of the same name by Benjamin Mee. It was written and directed by Cameron Crowe and stars Matt Damon as widowed father Benjamin Mee, who purchases a dilapidated zoo with his family and takes on the challenge of preparing the zoo for its reopening to the public. The film also stars Scarlett Johansson, Maggie Elizabeth Jones, Thomas Haden Church, Patrick Fugit, Elle Fanning, Colin Ford, and John Michael Higgins. The film was released in the United States on December 23, 2011 by 20th Century Fox.[3] The film earned $120.1 million on a $50 million budget. We Bought a Zoo was released on DVD and Blu-ray on April 3, 2012 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. Dartmoor Zoological Park (originally Dartmoor Wildlife Park), on which the film is based, is a 33-acre zoological garden located near the village of Sparkwell, Devon, England."
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-3238535147717376429 | List of tallest people | List of tallest people - wikipedia List of tallest people Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that List of humans with gigantism be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since March 2018 . This article is about the tallest verified individuals . For a list of tallest ethnic groups , see Human height § Average height around the world . `` Tall men '' redirects here . For other uses , see The Tall Men . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article contains one or more incomplete lists which may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it / them with entries that are reliably sourced . This article contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined , unverified or indiscriminate . Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . Where appropriate , incorporate items into the main body of the article . ( June 2015 ) Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of the tallest people to be measured and verified , living and dead , See also List of humans with gigantism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Men 2 Women 3 Disputed and unverified claims 4 Tallest in varied fields or endeavors 4.1 Tallest in various sports 4.2 Tallest actors 5 Tallest people currently living in varied nations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Men ( edit ) Living Deceased Height disputed Country Metric Imperial Name Note Lifespan ( age at death ) United States 272 cm 8 ft 11.1 in Robert Wadlow Tallest human in recorded history confirmed by Guinness World Records . 1918 -- 1940 ( 22 ) United States 267 cm 8 ft 9 in John Rogan Second tallest male in recorded history . Weighed only 92.5 kg ( 204 lb ) . Unable to stand due to ankylosis . 1868 -- 1905 ( 37 ) United States 263.5 cm 8 ft 73⁄4in John F. Carroll 244 cm ( 8 ft 0 in ) standing height , 264 cm ( 8 ft 73⁄4 in ) assuming normal spinal curvature . 1932 -- 1969 ( 37 ) Ukraine 257 cm 8 ft 5 in Leonid Stadnyk Not officially recognized by Guinness World Records because he refused to be measured according to their standards . 1970 -- 2014 ( 44 ) Finland 251.4 cm 8 ft 3 in Väinö Myllyrinne Recognized as the tallest living person from 1940 to his death in 1963 . Measured 251.4 cm tall at his peak . 1909 -- 1963 ( 54 ) Canada 251 cm 8 ft 3 in Édouard Beaupré Tallest strongman as well as tallest wrestler in history . His death certificate described him as being 8 ft 3 in ( 2.51 m ) tall and still growing . 1881 -- 1904 ( 23 ) Turkey 251 cm 8 ft 2.8 in Sultan Kösen The tallest living person since September 17 , 2009 , as determined by Guinness World Records . He has 36.5 - cm - long ( 1 ft 2 in ) feet -- the second - largest feet on a living person and 27.5 cm ( 11.2 in ) hands -- the longest on a living person . 1982 -- India 249 cm 8 ft 2 in Vikas Uppal Was not officially measured by Guinness . 1986 -- 2007 ( 21 ) United States 249 cm 8 ft 2 in Don Koehler Tallest in world for most of the 1970s . 1925 -- 1981 ( 56 ) United States 249 cm 8 ft 2 in Bernard Coyne Coyne 's World War I draft registration card , dated 29 August his height as 8 feet , although he had reached a height of 8 feet 2 inches ( 249 cm ) by the time of his death . Possibly reached up to 8 ft 4 in ( 254 cm ) . 1897 -- 1921 ( 24 ) Ireland 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Patrick Cotter O'Brien Tallest person recorded at the time and the first in medical history to stand at a verified height of eight feet ( 244 cm ) . Remains examined in 1972 and height verified . 1760 -- 1806 ( 46 ) Morocco 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Brahim Takioullah Possesses the world 's largest feet at 1 ft 3 in ( 38 cm ) . 1982 -- Iran 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Morteza Mehrzad Tallest man in Iran . Gold medalist of Iran sitting volleyball national team in Summer Paralympic games Rio 2016 1987 -- Germany 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Julius Koch Probably never the world 's tallest person due to his life coinciding with that of John Rogan . Skeleton preserved in the Museum of Natural History in Mons , Belgium . 1872 -- 1902 ( 30 ) Mozambique 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Gabriel Estêvão Monjane Guinness World Records listed him as tallest man from 1988 to 1990 . 1944 -- 1990 ( 46 ) India 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Dharmendra Pratap Singh Tallest living Indian . 1983 -- Libya 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Suleiman Ali Nashnush Libyan who was the tallest basketball player in the world . 1943 -- 1991 ( 47 ) France 245 cm 8 ft 1⁄2 in Jean - Joseph Brice Le Géant des Vosges Ramonchamp - France -- Height controversy 1835 -- ? Germany 244 cm 8 ft 0 in Anton de Franckenpoint ( Langer Anton ) Lived during Thirty Years ' War ; skeleton later measured at 8 ft 0 in ( 244 cm ) . Unknown China 242 cm 7 ft 111⁄4 in Zhang Juncai Tallest living Chinese person . 1966 -- Indonesia 242 cm 7 ft 111⁄4 in Suparwono Tallest Indonesian claimed to be 8 ft 10.5 in . Officially measured ( lying down and in the standing position ) by the Indonesian Record Museum ( MURI ) in December 2009 . 1985 -- 2012 ( 26 ) Netherlands 242 cm 7 ft 111⁄4 in Albert Johan Kramer Probably the tallest man in The Netherlands ever ; His brother - in - law was suffering from dwarfism and did not exceed 69 cm ( 27.16 in ) . Together they formed a variety act , with performances around the world . 1897 -- 1976 ( 79 ) Puerto Rico 241 cm 7 ft 11 in Felipe Birriel Tallest Puerto Rican recorded . 1916 -- 1994 ( 78 ) India 241 cm 7 ft 11 in Asadulla Khan Tallest man in India . 1988 -- Soviet Union 240 cm 7 ft 10 in Alexander Sizonenko Soviet Union basketball player . 1959 -- 2012 ( 53 ) Egypt 240 cm 7 ft 10 in Sa'id Muhammad Ghazi He was billed as 10 ft in his life . 1909 -- 1941 ( 32 ) Belarus 239 cm 7 ft 10 in Feodor Machnow Billed as 9 ft 3 in his life . 1878 -- 1912 ( 34 ) Austria - Hungary 238 cm 7 ft 10 in Grgo Kusić Tallest Croat recorded . Tallest citizen of Austria - Hungary of his time . 1892 -- 1918 ( 26 ) Pakistan 238 cm 7 ft 10 in Naseer Soomro Tallest confirmed man living in Pakistan . 1975 -- Netherlands 238 cm 7 ft 10 in Rigardus Rijnhout Second tallest man in The Netherlands ever ; he was known as the giant of Rotterdam . Early June 2011 , a life - size statue of Rijnhout was unveiled in the Oude Westen district in Rotterdam . 1922 -- 1959 ( 36 ) Japan 237 cm 7 ft 9.3 in Yoshimitsu Matsuzaka Tallest man in Japan ; no color images of him exist even though he died in the 1960s . 1930 -- 1962 ( 32 ) Mongolia 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Öndör Gongor Very tall man in early - 20th - century Mongolia . Some other sources even give 245 cm ( 8 feet ) 1880 / 85 -- 1925 / 30 United States 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Louis Moilanen Tallest person in Michigan history and one of the tallest men in the world during his lifetime . He may have been 8 ft 1 in tall . 1885 -- 1913 ( 28 ) United Kingdom 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Angus MacAskill Tallest `` true '' giant ( not due to a pathological condition ) . Tallest Scottish or British man recorded . 1825 -- 1863 ( 38 ) United Kingdom 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Frederick Kempster Tall Englishman , height disputed between 7 ft 8.5 in and 8 ft 4.5 in 1889 -- 1918 ( 29 ) United States 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Martin Van Buren Bates Known as the Kentucky Giant or The Giant of the Hills . He and Anna Haining Bates were the tallest married couple ever . 1837 -- 1919 China 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Bao Xishun Considered the tallest living person by Guinness World Records until September 2009 when he was replaced by Sultan Kösen . 1951 -- China 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Sun Mingming Chinese basketball player . Formerly second - tallest living person . 1983 -- Tunisia 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Radhouane Charbib Listed by Guinness World Records as tallest man until January 15 , 2005 , before Bao Xishun and Sun Mingming . 1968 -- Germany 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Walter Straub Tallest man in Germany while he was alive . 1925 -- 1986 ( 61 ) Algeria 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Rachid Bara Tallest man in Algeria while he was alive . 1974 -- 2009 ( 35 ) Brazil 235 cm 7 ft 81⁄2 in Rafael França do Nascimento Tallest man in Brazil . 1987 -- Russia 235 cm 7 ft 81⁄2 in Nikolai Pankratov Tallest man in Russia . 1990 -- North Korea 235 cm 7 ft 81⁄2 in Ri Myung Hun Former basketball player with the North Korean national team . 1967 -- United States Ukraine 235 cm 7 ft 81⁄3 in Igor Vovkovinskiy Currently the tallest person living in the United States . Originally from Ukraine , moved to Rochester , Minnesota to be treated at the Mayo Clinic . Most recently has been acting in commercials and movies . Became well known by wearing a T - shirt that read `` Obama 's Biggest Supporter '' . Took part in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmö , Sweden , as one of the performers on the stage representing Ukraine . 1982 -- United States 235 cm 7 ft 8 in Broc Brown Former tallest teenager in the United States . 1998 - United States 235 cm 7 ft 8 in Cecil Boling Was 7'8 '' but shrank to 7'0 '' since his legs were replaced with artificial legs 8.5 '' shorter . 1920 -- 2000 ( 79 ) United States 235 cm 7 ft 8 in Brenden Adams Former tallest teenager in the world . 1995 -- India 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Polipaka Gattaiah Tallest Indian . 1975 -- 2015 Ivory Coast 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Abdramane Dembele Tallest man in Ivory Coast . 1985 -- United States 234 cm 7 ft 8 in George Bell Former Tallest living American . 1957 -- Fiji 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Kaliova Seleiwau Tallest living Fijian . 1981 -- Austria 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Adam Rainer Only person known to have been both a dwarf and giant . He was 118 cm ( 3 ft 10 in ) tall at age 21 and peaked at 234 cm ( 7 ft 8 in ) when he died , having doubled his height as an adult . 1899 -- 1950 ( 51 ) Pakistan 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Alam Channa Pakistani , considered to be the tallest living man when he died in 1998 . 1953 -- 1998 ( 46 ) Iceland 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Jóhann K. Pétursson Was the tallest person in Iceland . 1913 -- 1984 ( 71 ) Japan 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Yasutaka Okayama Tallest living Japanese . Tallest basketball player drafted in NBA history . 1954 -- United States 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Bob Wegner Tallest basketball player plays for the Lake Michigan Admirals . 1993 -- Austria - Hungary 233.7 cm 7 ft 8 in Franz Winkelmeier One of the tallest people in his time . 1860 -- 1887 Spain 233.5 cm 7 ft 8 in Miguel Joaquín de Eleicegui Tallest man recorded in Spain . 1818 -- 1861 ( 43 ) Spain 233 cm 7 ft 7.7 in Jaime Clemente Izquierdo Spain 's tallest man in his lifetime . 1961 -- 2005 ( 44 ) Spain 233 cm 7 ft 71⁄2 in Agustín Luengo Capilla Circus performer . Tallest man in Spain at the time of his death . 1849 -- 1875 ( 26 ) United States 232 cm 7 ft 71⁄2 in Jack Earle Jacob Rheuben Ehrlich . American silent film actor and sideshow performer . 1906 -- 1952 ( 46 ) Somalia 233 cm 7 ft 7.4 in Hussain Bisad Somalia , considered to be one of the tallest living men . 1975 -- United Kingdom 233 cm 7 ft 7.4 in Neil Fingleton Tallest division 1 basketball player . Known for his role Mag the Mighty in the HBO TV series Game of Thrones 1980 -- 2017 ( 36 ) China 233 cm 7 ft 7 in Wang Feng - Jun Asia 's tallest man in 2004 . 1976 -- 2015 ( 39 ) Argentina 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Jorge González Tallest wrestler in WWE history . 1966 -- 2010 ( 44 ) United Kingdom 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Paul Sturgess Tied for the tallest player ever to play college basketball in the U.S. 1987 -- United States 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Kenny George Second - tallest Division I basketball player ( Neil Fingleton ) . 1987 -- United States 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Lock Martin He played the robot in the movie The Day the Earth Stood Still . 1916 -- 1959 Ireland 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Charles Byrne Skeleton now resides in the Hunterian Museum . 1761 -- 1783 ( 22 ) United States 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Max Palmer Actor and pro wrestler . Listed by Guinness World Records at 7 ft 7 in , claimed 8 ft 1 in . Film Bio - Killer Apes , Invaders From Mars . 1927 -- 1984 ( 57 ) Romania 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Gheorghe Mureșan Tied for tallest in NBA history . 1971 -- Sudan 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Manute Bol Tied for tallest in NBA history . 1962 -- 2010 ( 48 ) Belgium 230 cm 7 ft 6.75 in Alain Delaunois Tallest living Belgian . 1971 -- Azerbaijan 230 cm 7 ft 7 in Aleksandar Rindin Tallest man in Azerbaijan . 1985 -- Armenia 230 cm 7 ft 7 in Arshavir Grigoryan Tallest man in Armenia . 1990 -- Brazil 230 cm 7 ft 6.6 in Joélisson Fernandes da Silva Tallest living Brazilian . 1991 -- Montenegro 230 cm 7 ft 6.5 in Slavko Vraneš Tallest Montenegrin basketball player in the national basketball team , former player in the NBA 1983 -- Romania 230 cm 7 ft 6.55 in Robert Bobroczky Romanian basketball player that was 2.30 m ( 7 ft 7 in ) in late 2014 , aged 14 . 2000 -- Vietnam 229 cm 7 ft 6.25 in Trần Thành Phố Was the tallest man in Southeast Asia when he died in 2010 1947 -- 2010 ( 63 ) Senegal 229 cm 7 ft 6.25 in Malik Sidibe Tallest basketball player in Senegal . 1985 -- United Kingdom 229 cm 7 ft 61⁄4 in Christopher Greener Formerly Britain 's tallest man 1943 -- 2015 ( 71 ) Algeria 229 cm 7 ft 61⁄5 in Saad Kaiche Former basketball player of Club Baloncesto Breogán of Lugo . 1985 -- United States 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Ralph Madsen Billed as 7 ft 6 in . 1897 -- 1948 China 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Yao Ming Was the tallest player in the NBA during his playing years until his retirement in 2011 . 1980 -- United States Germany 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Shawn Bradley Former player in the NBA , 1993 -- 2005 , tallest living German ( holding dual citizenship ) . 1972 -- Senegal 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Moussa Seck Tallest basketball player in Senegal . 1986 -- United States 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Matthew McGrory Was the world 's tallest actor when he died in 2005 . 1973 -- 2005 Senegal 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Mamadou N'Diaye Was the tallest in high school and college basketball while playing in the US . 1993 -- United States 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Conrad Furrows He was listed in the Bernard L. Kobel Catalogue of Human Oddities of Circus Sideshows . 1922 -- 1967 Senegal 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Tacko Fall Is the tallest high school basketball player in the US as of 2014 . 1995 -- Russia 229 cm 7 ft 5.8 in Sergey Ilin Tallest basketball player in Russia . 1988 -- Spain 229 cm 7 ft 5.8 in ( ? ) Fermín Arrudi Urieta Tallest man in Spain at the time of his death . 1870 -- 1913 ( 42 ) DR Congo 228 cm 7 ft 52⁄3 in Bienvenu Letuni Tallest basketball player in DRC 1994 -- Poland 228 cm 7 ft 52⁄3 in Eugeniusz Taraciński Tallest man in Poland while he was alive . 1928 -- 1978 ( 50 ) Colombia 228 cm 7 ft 52⁄3 in Asdrúbal Herrera Mora Tallest living Colombian . Tied for tallest South American man with Margarito Machacuay 1986 -- Slovakia 228 cm 7 ft 52⁄3 in Martin Miklosik Tallest basketball player in the Slovak Republic . 1986 -- Peru 228 cm 7 ft 52⁄3 in Margarito Machacuay Tied for the tallest South American person with Asdrúbal Herrera and is the fifth - tallest in the Americas . 1965 -- Women ( edit ) Country Metric Imperial Name Note Lifespan ( age at death ) China 248 cm 8 ft 1 3⁄4 in Zeng Jinlian Confirmed by Guinness World Records as tallest female ever . Suffered from spine curvature and could not stand at full height . Tallest recorded Chinese person and world 's tallest person shortly before her death . She is the only woman verified to have reached 8ft tall . 1964 -- 1982 ( 17 ) Canada 243 cm 7 ft 11 in Anna Haining Bates Second tallest woman and tallest woman in her lifetime . She and Martin Van Buren Bates were the tallest married couple ever . 1846 -- 1888 ( 41 ) United Kingdom 241 cm 7 ft 11 in Jane Bunford Tallest recorded English person and possibly the world 's tallest person at the time of her death . Given height is adjusted for spinal curvature ; peak standing height was 7 ft 10 in ( 239 cm ) . 1895 -- 1922 ( 27 ) China 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Yao Defen Listed as tallest living female by Guinness World Records , until her death on November 13 , 2012 . 1972 -- 2012 ( 40 ) United States 231.78 cm 7 ft 7 1⁄4 in Sandy Allen Listed as tallest living female by Guinness World Records , and the tallest American woman ever , until her death on August 13 , 2008 . 1955 -- 2008 ( 53 ) Greece 229.87 cm 7 ft 6.5 in Wassiliki Calliandji Tallest woman in Greece . 1882 -- 1904 ( 22 ) China 221 cm 7 ft 3 in Sun Fang Tallest living woman . 1987 - Poland 218 cm 7 ft 2 in Margo Dydek Tallest professional women 's basketball player . 1974 - 2011 ( 37 ) Turkey 213.6 cm 7 ft 0.09 in Rumeysa Gelgi Tallest living woman in Turkey , and she was the highest female teenager in the world . 1997 - Disputed and unverified claims ( edit ) Country Metric Imperial Name Note Lifespan ( age at death ) France 350 cm 11 ft 6 in Giant of Castelnau Height estimate based on bone fragments found at the Neolithic cemetery of Castelnau - le - Lez , excavated in 1890 by Georges Vacher de Lapouge and published in the journal La Nature , Vol. 18 , 1890 . Unknown - Neolithic France Russia / Belarus 283 cm 9 ft 3 in Feodor Machnow Height not confirmed . 1878 -- 1912 ( 34 ) England 282 cm 9 ft 3 in John Middleton The Childe of Hale Written on his grave is Here lyeth the bodie of John Middleton , the Childe of Hale , nine feet three . Height not officially confirmed . 1578 -- 1623 ( 45 ) United States 274 cm 8 ft 11.5 in John Aasen American silent film actor , height is not officially confirmed . His skeleton was measured at 7 ft 2.4 in 1890 -- 1938 ( 48 ) Thailand 269 cm 8 ft 10 in Pornchai Sawsri Claimed to measure 269 cm ( 8'10 ) at age 26 in September 2015 . He was measured at 257 cm ( 8'5 `` ) by Thai authorities for his ID card renewal in October 2013 . 1990 ? -- 2015 Egypt 269 cm 8 ft 10 in Sa'id Muhammad Ghazi Claimed 8'10 `` , but was later measured at 7'11 '' ( 242 cm ) . 1909 -- 1941 ( 32 ) Ireland 269 cm 8 ft 10 in Patrick Murphy Claimed 8'10 `` , but was later measured at 7'3.4 '' ( 222 cm ) . Height is not officially confirmed . 1834 -- 1862 ( 28 ) Italy 259 cm 8 ft 6 in Maximinus Thrax Emperor of Rome , first ever recorded person with gigantism . 173 -- 238 Iran 259 cm 8 ft 5.9 in Siah Khan Ibn Kashmir Khan When he was admitted to hospital in 1933 he turned out to be ' only ' 7'2.6 '' ( 220 cm ) tall . 1912 -- 1938 Ukraine 257 cm 8 ft 5.5 in Leonid Stadnyk Refused to undergo independent testing under Guinness World Records rules , so his claim is not recognized by Guinness World Records . 1970 -- 2014 ( 44 ) Pakistan 254 cm 8 ft 4 in Ajaz Ahmed Claims actually to be 8 feet 4 inches , but this is unverified by Guinness World Records . He claims that he is still growing . 1976 -- Netherlands 254 cm 8 ft 4 in Trijntje Keever Tallest recorded woman . Not confirmed by Guinness World Records . 1616 -- 1633 ( 17 ) United States 254 cm 8 ft 4 in Ella Ewing Claims 8 feet 4 inches , however measured at 7 feet 4.5 inches . Her mother describes her full height at 8 feet 4 inches . 1872 -- 1913 ( 41 ) Bangladesh 251 cm 8 ft 3 in Parimal Barman Claims of being 8 feet 3 inches , not confirmed . 1962 -- 1991 ( 29 ) United States 248 cm 8 ft 2 in Henry Hite Claims of being 8 feet 2 inches , not confirmed . 1915 -- 1978 ( 63 ) India 248 cm 8 ft 2 in Jitendra Singh Claims of being 8 feet 2 inches , but was later measured at 7'7 '' ( 231 cm ) 1971 -- Finland 247 cm 8 ft 1.4 in Daniel Cajanus Height not officially confirmed . He was only 7 ft 8 in ( 234 cm ) according to the London Annual Register . 1703 -- 1749 ( 46 ) People 's Republic of China 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Zhao Liang Height not officially confirmed . A circus performer . 1982 -- Finland 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Louis Moilanen Big Louie Height not officially confirmed . 1886 -- 1913 ( 27 ) China 244 cm 8 ft 0 in Zhan Shichai Height not officially confirmed . 1841 -- 1893 ( 52 ) Turkey 244.4 cm 8 ft 0 in Barth 's Giant Skeleton of reputed Giant `` Hayduk '' , Turkish soldier displayed at Vienna 's Anatomical museum in 1904 . Height estimated from Femur and Tibia at 235.2 to 244.4 cm tall . c. 1683 Algeria 244 cm 8 ft 0 in Mounir Fourar Height not officially confirmed . 1972 -- 2012 ( 40 ) Indonesia 242 cm 7 ft 11 in Musutaman Height not officially confirmed . 1962 -- ? Sweden 242 cm 7 ft 11 in Gustaf Edman Height not officially confirmed . 1882 -- 1912 ( 30 ) Mongolia 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Öndör Gongor Tall Gongor Was measured by Roy Chapman Andrews , but some other sources even give 245 cm ( 8 feet ) 1879 -- 1931 ( 52 ) United Kingdom 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Frederick Kempster Claimed to be 8 ft 4.5 in . Height not officially confirmed . 1889 -- 1918 ( 29 ) Ireland 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Cornelius McGrath Measurement according to the London Annual Register . 1737 -- 1759 ( 22 ) Spain 222 -- 234 cm 7 ft 3 in - 7 ft 7 in Sancho VII of Navarre Height estimated by Luis del Campo in 1952 , from a measurement of his femur recorded in 1622 . 1170 - 1234 ( 64 ) Tallest in varied fields or endeavors ( edit ) Tallest in various Sports ( edit ) See also : List of tallest players in National Basketball Association history Country Height Name Note Lifespan Photo Libya 246 cm ( 8 ft 1 in ) Suleiman Ali Nashnush Tallest basketball player . 1943 -- 1991 Iran 246 cm ( 8 ft 1 in ) Morteza Mehrzad Tallest Paralympian and tallest volleyball player . 1987 -- Romania 242 cm ( 7 ft 11 in ) Gogea Mitu Tallest professional boxer . 1914 -- 1936 People 's Republic of China 236 cm ( 7 ft 9 in ) Sun Mingming Tallest active professional basketball player . 1983 -- Canada 233 cm ( 7 ft 8 in ) Édouard Beaupré Tallest strongman and tallest wrestler . 1881 -- 1904 Romania 231 cm ( 7 ft 7 in ) Gheorghe Mureșan Retired professional basketball player . Tied as tallest player in National Basketball Association ( NBA ) history . 1971 -- Sudan 231 cm ( 7 ft 7 in ) Manute Bol Retired professional basketball player . Tied as tallest player in National Basketball Association ( NBA ) history . 1962 -- 2010 Argentina 231 cm ( 7 ft 7 in ) Jorge González Tallest wrestler in WWE history 1966 -- 2010 Latvia 221 cm ( 7 ft 3 in ) Kristaps Porziņģis Tied for tallest active NBA player . 1995 -- Serbia 221 cm ( 7 ft 3 in ) Boban Marjanović Tied for tallest active NBA player . 1988 -- Brazil 218 cm ( 7 ft 2 in ) Giant Silva Tallest kickboxer and mixed martial artist . 1963 -- Poland 218 cm ( 7 ft 2 in ) Małgorzata `` Margo '' Dydek Tallest female player in WNBA history . 1974 -- 2011 Russia 218 cm ( 7 ft 2 in ) Dmitriy Muserskiy Tallest volleyball player . Member of Russia national team 1988 -- Brazil 217 cm ( 7 ft 1 in ) Renan Zanatta Buiatti Tallest volleyball player . 1990 -- India 216 cm ( 7 ft 1 in ) Dalip Singh Rana Tallest active wrestler . 1972 -- Pakistan 216 cm ( 7 ft 1 in ) Mohammad Irfan Tallest international cricketer 1982 -- Philippines 216 cm ( 7 ft 1 in ) E.J. Feihl Tallest basketball player in PBA history . ( tied with Greg Slaughter ) 1970 -- Philippines 216 cm ( 7 ft 1 in ) Greg Slaughter Tallest basketball player in PBA history . ( tied with E.J. Feihl ) 1988 -- Netherlands 215 cm ( 7 ft 1 in ) Kay van Dijk Tallest Volleyball player . Member of Netherlands national team 1984 -- Netherlands 215 cm ( 7 ft 1 in ) Loek van Mil Tallest baseball player . 1984 -- Brazil 214 cm ( 7 ft 0 in ) Leandro Vissotto Tallest Volleyball player . Member of Brazil national team 1983 -- United Kingdom 213 cm ( 7 ft 0 in ) Richard Metcalfe Tallest rugby union player . 1973 -- Netherlands 213 cm ( 7 ft 0 in ) Ted van der Parre Tallest World 's Strongest Man . 1955 -- United States 213 cm ( 7 ft 0 in ) Richard Sligh Tallest American football player in NFL history . 1944 -- 2008 Russia 213 cm ( 7 ft 0 in ) Nikolai Valuev Tallest boxing world champion . 1973 -- Netherlands 212 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Semmy Schilt Tallest kickboxing world champion . 1973 -- Netherlands 212 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Stefan Struve Tallest fighter in the UFC . 1988 -- Australia 212 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Thomas Edgar Tallest volleyball player . Member of Australia national team 1989 -- United States 211 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Jon Rauch Tallest baseball player in Major League Baseball history . 1978 -- Australia 211 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Aaron Sandilands Tied as tallest player in Australian Football League history . 1982 -- Australia 211 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Peter Street Tied as tallest player in Australian Football League history . 1980 -- America 211 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Mason Cox Tied as tallest player in Australian Football League history . 1991 -- United States 211 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Reilly Opelka Tied as tallest tennis player on the ATP Tour . 1997 -- Croatia 211 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Ivo Karlović Tied as tallest tennis player on the ATP Tour . 1979 -- United Kingdom 211 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Will Carrick - Smith Tallest active professional rugby union player . 1992 -- Lithuania 209 cm ( 6 ft 10 in ) Rolandas Gimbutis Tallest Olympic swimmer . 1981 -- Belgium 208 cm ( 6 ft 10 in ) Kristof Van Hout Tallest association football player . 1987 -- United States 208 cm ( 6 ft 10 in ) Matt Anderson Tallest volleyball player . Member of United States national team 1987 -- Slovakia 206 cm ( 6 ft 9 in ) Zdeno Chára Tallest player in National Hockey League history . 1977 -- United States 206 cm ( 6 ft 9 in ) Jared Gaither Tallest active American football player in the NFL 1986 -- Russia 204 cm ( 6 ft 8 in ) Nelly Alisheva Tallest female volleyball player . 1983 -- Bulgaria 203 cm ( 6 ft 8 in ) Kotooshu Katsunori sumo wrestler . 1983 -- Germany 201 cm ( 6 ft 7 in ) Ingo Schultz Tallest sprinter . 1975 -- Bulgaria 201 cm ( 6 ft 7 in ) Velichko Cholakov Tallest Olympic weightlifter . 1982 -- 2017 United States 201 cm ( 6 ft 7 in ) Phil Blackmar Tallest golfer on the PGA Tour . 1957 -- Switzerland 200 cm ( 6 ft 7 in ) Ramon Zenhäusern Tallest World Cup competitor in alpine skiing . 1992 -- Tallest actors ( edit ) Country Height Name Note Lifespan United Kingdom 7 ft 71⁄2 in ( 233 cm ) Neil Fingleton Tallest actor at 233 cm ( 7 ft 71⁄2 in ) . 1980 -- 2017 United States 7 ft 6 in ( 229 cm ) Matthew McGrory World 's tallest actor at time of death . 1973 -- 2005 France 7 ft 4 in ( 224 cm ) Andre The Giant Tallest French actor and professional wrestler . Tallest wrestler during the 1980s . 1946 - 1993 United States 7 ft 4 in ( 224 cm ) George McArthur Actor and variety artist . 1969 - Canada 6 ft 9 in ( 206 cm ) John De Santis Tallest Canadian actor at 206 cm ( 6 ft 9 in ) . 1977 -- United States 6 ft 8 1 / 2 in ( 204 cm ) Brad Garrett Tallest Emmy Award winning actor at 204 cm ( 6 ft 8 1 / 2 in ) . 1960 -- United States 6 ft 8.25 in ( 203.84 cm ) Lindsay Kay Hayward Tallest actress in a leading role 1987 -- United Kingdom 6 ft 7 in ( 201 cm ) Stephen Merchant Tallest British Academy Film Awards winner 1974 - United States 6 ft 7 in ( 201 cm ) James Cromwell Tallest Academy Award nominated actor at 201 cm ( 6 ft 7 in ) . 1940 -- United States 6 ft 5 in ( 195 cm ) Tim Robbins Tallest Academy Award - winning actor at 195 cm ( 6 ft 5 in ) . 1958 -- Tallest people currently living in varied nations ( edit ) Turkey 8 ft 3 in ( 251 cm ) Sultan Kösen Tallest Turkish at 251 cm ( 8 ft 3 in ) . 1982 -- Morocco 8 ft 1 in ( 247 cm ) Brahim Takioullah Tallest Moroccan at 246 cm and second tallest person ( 8 ft 1 in ) . 1982 -- Iran 8 ft 1 in ( 246 cm ) Morteza Mehrzad Tallest live in Iran at 246 cm ( 8 ft 1 in ) . 1987 -- People 's Republic of China 7 ft 11 in ( 242 cm ) Zhang Juncai Tallest living Chinese at 242 cm ( 7 ft 11 in ) . 1983 -- Tunisia 7 ft 8.5 in ( 235 cm ) Radhouane Charbib Tallest Tunisian and the tallest living person in Africa 1968 -- Somalia 7 ft 81⁄2 in ( 236 cm ) Hussain Bisad Tallest Somali at 236 cm ( 7 ft 8.5 in ) . 1975 -- North Korea 7 ft 8.5 in ( 235 cm ) Ri Myung Hun Tallest North Korean at 235 cm ( 7 ft 8.5 in ) . 1967 -- United Kingdom 7 ft 81⁄3 in ( 235 cm ) Paul Sturgess Tallest British at 235 cm ( 7 ft 81⁄3 in ) . 1987 -- United States 7 ft 81⁄3 in ( 235 cm ) Igor Vovkovinskiy Tallest American at 235 cm ( 7 ft 81⁄3 in ) . 1982 -- Myanmar 7 ft 7.5 in ( 233 cm ) Win Zaw Oo Also known as ' Big Zaw ' , who is currently seeking medical treatment from 2013 in Singapore . Tallest man in Burma 1977 - Romania 7 ft 7 in ( 231 cm ) Gheorghe Mureșan Tallest Romanian at 231 cm ( 7 ft 7 in ) . 1971 -- Brazil 7 ft 6.6 in ( 230 cm ) Joelisson Fernandes da Silva Tallest Brazilian at 230 cm ( 7 ft 6.6 in ) 1991 -- Montenegro 7 ft 6 in ( 230 cm ) Slavko Vranes Tallest basketball player in Montenegro 1983 -- Malta 7 ft 6 in ( 230 cm ) Samuel Deguara Tallest basketball player in Malta 1991 -- Japan 7 ft 6 in ( 228 cm ) Yasutaka Okayama Tallest Japanese to be drafted into the NBA at 228 cm ( 7 ft 6 in ) . 1954 -- Canada 7 ft 6 in ( 228 cm ) Jerry Sokoloski Tallest Canadian at 228 cm ( 7 ft 6 in ) . 1983 -- New Zealand 7 ft 4.5 in ( 225 cm ) Jonty Butterfield Tallest New Zealander at 229 cm ( 7 ft 6.15 in ) . 1994 -- Ireland 7 ft 4.5 in ( 225 cm ) Shaun Aisbitt Tallest Man in Ireland 1962 -- Puerto Rico 7 ft 3.5 in ( 222 cm ) Peter John Ramos Tallest Puerto Rican at 222 cm ( 7 ft 3.5 in ) . 1985 -- Hungary 7 ft 3.5 in ( 222 cm ) Laszlo Dobos Tallest basketball player in Hungary at 222 cm ( 7 ft 3.5 in ) . 1993 -- Australia 7 ft 3 in ( 221 cm ) Sam Harris Tallest Australian at 221 cm ( 7 ft 3 in ) . 1984 -- Philippines 7 ft 3 in ( 221 cm ) Raul Dillo Said to be the tallest Filipino at 221 cm ( 7 ft 4 in ) when he was measured at age 17 . 1991 -- Spain 7 ft 3 in ( 221 cm ) Roberto Dueñas Hernández Tallest Spanish basketball player ever ( now retired ) . Currently the tallest man alive in Spain . 1975 -- See also ( edit ) Giant ( mythology ) Gigantism Goliath Human height List of the heaviest people List of humans with gigantism List of shortest people List of tallest players in National Basketball Association history References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Robert Wadlow '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ New rules make China 's Bao world 's tallest again . Reuters . August 20 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest man - living '' . guinnessworldrecords.com . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tallest man - living '' . Guinnessworldrecords.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Glenday , Craig ( 2010 ) . Guinness World Records 2011 . ISBN 9781904994572 . Jump up ^ `` Confirmed : Brahim Takioullah sets world record for largest feet '' . Guinness World Records News . 12 October 2011 . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Confirmed : Brahim Takioullah sets world record for largest feet - October 2011 - - Latest news '' . Guinness World Records . 2011 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Morteza Mehrzad The tallest man claimed to be 8ft 2.4 inches assuming normal spine curvature . Iran '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` At 8ft 1in tall , Dharmendra is half a foot loftier than beanpole footballer Peter Crouch - but he fears his height is making it `` impossible '' for him to find a girlfriend `` . mirror.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Jean - Joseph Brice height controversy '' . Jump up ^ `` Anton de Franchepoinct The tallest man Germany '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ de : Der lange Anton Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20091206031648/http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/SEAsia/Story/STIStory_461611.html . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2009 . Retrieved March 8 , 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Albert Johan Kramer - 7 feet 111⁄4 inches ( 242 cm ) '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Senapati , Ashis ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Tallest ' man fails to find a bride '' . Times of India . Jump up ^ So lebt der längste Mensch der Welt , Jens Hartmann ( in German ) Jump up ^ `` Sa'id Muhammad Ghazi - The tallest man Egypt '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ ( in French ) Le saviez - vous ? Archived 2009 - 04 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . http://www.afrv.ch/ Les gullivers de Dalmatie Jump up ^ `` The Tall Guys of Pakistan : ALL THINGS PAKISTAN '' . Pakistaniat.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Naseer Soomro - The tallest man Pakistan '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Rigardus Rijnhout - 7 feet 10 inches ( 238 cm ) '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yoshimitsu Matsuzaka - 7 feet 9.3 inches ( 237 cm ) '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Louis Moilanen - The tallest man Michigan Finland '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Frederick Kempster - the ' English Giant ' ? 2011 / 04 / 28 BBC Jump up ^ name = `` The Giant of the Hills : Martin Van Buren Bates '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Anna Haining Swan - The tallest woman '' . The Tallest Man . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ World 's tallest man gets married 2007 / 03 / 28 BBC ^ Jump up to : Lukatsky , Efrem ( April 17 , 2004 ) . `` Tiny village possibly holds the world 's tallest man '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Riese Walter Straube - The tallest man Germany '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Rachid Bara - The tallest man of Algeria '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Rafael França do Nascimento - The tallest man of Brazil '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Nikolai Pankratov - The tallest man of Russia '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` IMDB - Igor Vovkovinskiy '' . IMDb . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Broc Brown , World 's Tallest Teenager : 5 Fast Facts You Need To Know '' . Jump up ^ `` Cecil Boling - The tallest man '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Polipaka Gattaiah - The tallest man in India dies '' . www.newindianexpress.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Abdramane Dembele - The tallest man of Ivory Coast '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` -- 7 - foot - 8 deputy nation 's tallest man '' . MSNBC. 2007 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's the tallest person in the World ? '' . isitpossibletogettaller . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World 's tallest man dies '' . BBC News . July 3 , 1998 . Retrieved May 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kim , Randy ( June 19 , 2003 ) . `` Draft Oddities '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chibi Not A Chibi '' . Reading Eagle . Reading , Pennsylvania : Reading Eagle Company . June 11 , 1981 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 7 - foot 7 and a judo expert too '' . Tri-City Herald . Kennewick , Washington : The McClatchy Company . October 29 , 1983 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Former NBA player , humanitarian Manute Bol dies at age 47 '' . NY Daily News . Daily News , L.P. June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Is this the world 's tallest professional athlete ? Basketball player ' Big Bob ' Wegner is 7ft 8in and has size 23 foot '' . dailymail.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Franz Winkelmeyer - The tallest man Lengau Austria '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Miguel Joaquin de Eleicegui - 7 feet 8 inches ( 233.5 cm ) '' . The Tallest Man.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20150912095144/http://www.thetallestman.com/jaimeclemente.htm . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Agustin Luengo Capilla - 7 feet 7.75 inches ( 233 cm ) '' . The Tallest Man.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Sun Online - News : 7ft 7in Neil 's tallest in Britain '' . archive.org. 22 April 2007 . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Toland ( February 16 , 2007 ) . `` A high honor : Former Crusader is tallest man in U.K. '' Telegram . Jump up ^ `` Wang Feng - Jun - The tallest man China '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records day '' . The Telegraph . London . November 17 , 2011 . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ANNA KATHERINE CLEMMONS ( January 9 , 2008 ) . `` 7 Feet 7 and 360 Pounds , With Bigger Feet Than Shaq 's '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Lock Martin - The tallest man '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Reference Below GBWR ' 72 - ' 73 etc . Jump up ^ `` Alain Delaunois - The tallest man Belgium Belgie '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Aleksandar Rindin - The tallest man of Azerbaijan '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` '' Մեծ '' մարդու մեծ երազանքը . ՀՀ ամենաբարձրահասակ մարդը `` . hottv.am . Archived from the original on 23 November 2013 . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jovem paraibano de 21 anos tem 2 , 3 m de altura '' . Noticias.terra.com.br . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` ACB Liga Endesa : El Barcelona sigue al niño más alto del mundo , Robert Bobroczky , de 14 años y 2 , 30 - MARCA.com '' . MARCA.com. 16 October 2014 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tran Thanh Pho - The tallest man Vietnam '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Malik Sidibe - 7 feet 6.25 inches ( 229.2 cm ) '' . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saad Kaiche y sus 229 centímetros , a prueba en Lugo '' ( in Spanish ) . Solobasket.com. 2007 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Tallest Man , Saad Kaiche '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ralph Madsen - 7ft 6in . '' ( 228 cm ) `` . Retrieved 31 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Summer League Rosters : Dallas Mavericks '' . 10 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 30 January 2012 . http://www.shamsports.com/2010/07/2010-summer-league-rosters-dallas.html Jump up ^ `` Matthew McGrory official site '' . Jump up ^ Joey Kaufman ( 2014 - 02 - 13 ) . `` The Burden of 7 - 6 '' . Sportsonearth.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Conrad Furrows - The tallest man '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tacko Fall Basketball Player Profile , High School , News , stats , Career , Games Logs , Bests , Awards - usbasket.com '' . www.eurobasket.com . Jump up ^ `` Sergey Ilin - 7'5.8 '' ( 228 cm ) `` . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bienvenu Letuni = 2015 - 03 - 12 '' . Jump up ^ `` Wielkolud z Bystrzycy '' . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . http://www.gazeta-olawa.pl/reportaz/reportaze/6538-wielkolud-z-bystrzycy/ Jump up ^ `` Asdrúbal Herrera Mora - 7 feet 5.8 inches ( 228 cm ) '' . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Miklosik - 7'5.4 '' ( 227 cm ) `` . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Margarito Machacuay - UPN '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Birmingham.gov Archived October 19 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ World 's Tallest Woman Dies at Age 53 , 2008 - 08 - 13 Jump up ^ `` Wassiliki Calliandji - The tallest woman of Greece '' . The Tallest Man . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sun Fang The tallest woman China '' . The Tallest Man . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Margo Dydek Obituary '' . Legacy . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey 's Rumeysa Gelgi is awarded the title of tallest teenager ( female ) in the world '' . guinnessworldrecords.com. 10 July 2014 . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rumeysa Gelgi '' . sites.google.com . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ de Lapouge , G. ( 1890 ) . `` Le Gėant Fossile de Castelnau '' . La Nature . 888 : 11 -- 12 . Retrieved 27 December 2010 . Le sujet aurait une taille probable de 3m , 50 ( 11 ft 5.8 in ) . Jump up ^ `` World 's tallest - known man bedridden in Surin '' . Bangkok Post . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Tall Tale : Towering Thai the world 's tallest ? '' . Coconuts Bangkok . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest man in Thailand , dies at 26 '' . The Herald . 2015 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sa'id Muhammad Ghazi - The tallest man Egypt '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Siah Khan '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Nederlands Algemeen Rijksarchief , Verslagen omtrent ' s rijks oude Archieven , vol. 11 , 1890 , p. 153 , fragment via Google Books , digitized May 4 , 2007 at the New York Public Library Jump up ^ Koninklijke Nederlandsche Maatschappij tot Bevordering der Geneeskunst , Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde , vol. 99 , March 26 , 1955 , p. 964 , fragment via Google Books , digitized Nov 26 , 2008 at the University of California Jump up ^ `` Jitendra Singh The tallest man India '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Bondeson , Jan : The Two - Headed Boy and Other Medical Marvels . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : `` Account of the Irish Giant '' . London Annual Register : 79 -- 80 . January 1 , 1760 . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boston - Demmon '' . ghosttowns.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese - Australian Historical Images - Chang Woo Gow '' . Chia.chinesemuseum.com.au . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Die pathologischen Beckenformen , Volume 1 , by Carl Breus . Deuticke. 1904 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Körper - Rekord : Weltlängster Lulatsch misst 2 , 44 Meter - SPIEGEL ONLINE '' . Spiegel.de. 2002 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Musutaman - The tallest man Indonesia '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Gustaf Edman The tallest man in Sweden '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Emma ( 2012 - 04 - 03 ) . `` BBC News - Frederick Kempster - the ' English Giant ' ? '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Campo , Luis del ( 7 May 2018 ) . `` La estatura de Sancho el Fuerte '' . Príncipe de Viana. 13 ( 48 ) . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . More than one of website = and journal = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Morteza Mehrzad - 8 feet 1 inch ( 246.4 cm ) '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Eastaugh , Sophie ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Meet Iran 's sitting volleyball ace , the tallest Paralympian in history '' . cnn.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` FIVB '' . Federation Internationale De Volleyball . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mohammad Irfan Cricket Players and Officials '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Fingleton '' . IMDb . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John De Santis '' . IMDb . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Austin Chronicle ' ' '' . Austinchronicle.com. 2014 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest actress in a leading role '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lindsay Kay Hayward - The Official Website '' . Lindsay Kay Hayward . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Tait , Morgan ( September 28 , 2013 ) . `` High life has decent share of low moments '' . The New Zealand Herald . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Kyran ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Meet Ireland 's Tallest Man '' . The Irish Independent . Jump up ^ `` 222 centiméter magas , 22 éves center érkezik Szombathelyre '' . FRISSS.hu . July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lock Martin '' . The tallest man . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest Filipino meets world 's smallest man '' . ABS - CBN News . 2012 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Tall people at Wikimedia Commons Records World record Category : World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records Unique World Records Asia Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Tallest Shortest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics : World records progressions Olympic records National records In Australia : List of NRL records List of AFL records In the US : NBA Regular season Post-season NFL individual team NHL individual team MLB MLS Track and field In India : ISL records National records Japan Palestinian territories Philippines Motion records Speed Air Transcontinental Land speed record Railed Production car Motorcycle land - speed record Production motorcycle Wheel - driven British Water speed record Underwater Sailing Sound barrier Speed of light Distance Flight distance record Flight altitude record Ocean depth record Flight endurance record Boundary of space Other Spaceflight records FAI records Man - made objects Tallest structures Category on tallest structures Physical phenomena Solar System Extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest - living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_tallest_people&oldid=843634912 '' Categories : Biological records Human height Lists of people by physical attribute Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles with German - language external links Articles with French - language external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages with citations having redundant parameters Articles to be merged from March 2018 All articles to be merged Dynamic lists Articles needing cleanup from June 2015 All pages needing cleanup Wikipedia list cleanup from June 2015 Articles lacking reliable references from December 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands Српски / srpski Svenska 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 12 : 34 . 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"\n\nCountry\nMetric\nImperial\nName\nNote\nLifespan\n(age at death)\n\n\n United States\n272 cm\n8 ft 11.1 in\nRobert Wadlow\nTallest human in recorded history confirmed by Guinness World Records.[1]\n1918–1940 (22)\n\n\n United States\n267 cm\n8 ft 9 in\nJohn Rogan\nSecond tallest male in recorded history. Weighed only 92.5 kg (204 lb). Unable to stand due to ankylosis.\n1868–1905 (37)\n\n\n United States\n263.5 cm\n8 ft 7¾in\nJohn F. Carroll\n244 cm (8 ft 0 in) standing height, 264 cm (8 ft 7¾ in) assuming normal spinal curvature.\n1932–1969 (37)\n\n\n Ukraine\n257 cm\n8 ft 5 in\nLeonid Stadnyk\nNot officially recognized by Guinness World Records because he refused to be measured according to their standards.[2]\n1970–2014 (44)\n\n\n Finland\n251.4 cm\n8 ft 3 in\nVäinö Myllyrinne\nRecognized as the tallest living person from 1940 to his death in 1963. Measured 251.4 cm tall at his peak.\n1909–1963 (54)\n\n\n Canada\n251 cm\n8 ft 3 in\nÉdouard Beaupré\nTallest strongman as well as tallest wrestler in history. His death certificate described him as being 8 ft 3 in (2.51 m) tall and still growing.\n1881–1904 (23)\n\n\n Turkey\n251 cm\n8 ft 2.8 in[3]\nSultan Kösen\nThe tallest living person since September 17, 2009, as determined by Guinness World Records.[4] He has 36.5-cm-long (1 ft 2 in) feet—the second-largest feet on a living person and 27.5 cm (11.2 in) hands—the longest on a living person.[5]\n1982–\n\n\n India\n249 cm\n8 ft 2 in\nVikas Uppal\nWas not officially measured by Guinness.\n1986–2007 (21)\n\n\n United States\n249 cm\n8 ft 2 in\nDon Koehler\nTallest in world for most of the 1970s.\n1925–1981 (56)\n\n\n United States\n249 cm\n8 ft 2 in\nBernard Coyne\nCoyne's World War I draft registration card, dated 29 August his height as 8 feet, although he had reached a height of 8 feet 2 inches (249 cm) by the time of his death. Possibly reached up to 8 ft 4 in (254 cm).\n1897–1921 (24)\n\n\n Ireland\n246 cm\n8 ft 1 in\nPatrick Cotter O'Brien\nTallest person recorded at the time and the first in medical history to stand at a verified height of eight feet (244 cm). Remains examined in 1972 and height verified.\n1760–1806 (46)\n\n\n Morocco\n246 cm\n8 ft 1 in[6]\nBrahim Takioullah\nPossesses the world's largest feet at 1 ft 3 in (38 cm).[7]\n1982–\n\n\n Iran\n246 cm\n8 ft 1 in\nMorteza Mehrzad\nTallest man in Iran.[8] Gold medalist of Iran sitting volleyball national team in Summer Paralympic games Rio 2016\n1987–\n\n\n Germany\n246 cm\n8 ft 1 in\nJulius Koch\nProbably never the world's tallest person due to his life coinciding with that of John Rogan. Skeleton preserved in the Museum of Natural History in Mons, Belgium.\n1872–1902 (30)\n\n\n Mozambique\n246 cm\n8 ft 1 in\nGabriel Estêvão Monjane\nGuinness World Records listed him as tallest man from 1988 to 1990.\n1944–1990 (46)\n\n\n India\n246 cm\n8 ft 1 in\nDharmendra Pratap Singh\nTallest living Indian.[9]\n1983–\n\n\n Libya\n246 cm\n8 ft 1 in\nSuleiman Ali Nashnush\nLibyan who was the tallest basketball player in the world.[citation needed]\n1943–1991 (47)\n\n\n France\n245 cm\n8 ft ½ in\nJean-Joseph Brice\nLe Géant des Vosges Ramonchamp - France—Height controversy[10]\n1835–?\n\n\n Germany\n244 cm\n8 ft 0 in\nAnton de Franckenpoint (Langer Anton)\nLived during Thirty Years' War; skeleton later measured at 8 ft 0 in (244 cm).[11][12]\nUnknown\n\n\n China\n242 cm\n7 ft 11¼ in\nZhang Juncai\nTallest living Chinese person.\n1966–\n\n\n Indonesia\n242 cm\n7 ft 11¼ in\nSuparwono\nTallest Indonesian claimed to be 8 ft 10.5 in. Officially measured (lying down and in the standing position) by the Indonesian Record Museum (MURI) in December 2009.[13]\n1985–2012 (26)\n\n\n Netherlands\n242 cm\n7 ft 11¼ in\nAlbert Johan Kramer\nProbably the tallest man in The Netherlands ever; His brother-in-law was suffering from dwarfism and did not exceed 69 cm (27.16 in). Together they formed a variety act, with performances around the world.[14]\n1897–1976 (79)\n\n\n Puerto Rico\n241 cm\n7 ft 11 in\nFelipe Birriel\nTallest Puerto Rican recorded.\n1916–1994 (78)\n\n\n India\n241 cm\n7 ft 11 in\nAsadulla Khan\nTallest man in India.[15]\n1988–\n\n\n Soviet Union\n240 cm\n7 ft 10 in\nAlexander Sizonenko\nSoviet Union basketball player.[16]\n1959–2012 (53)\n\n\n Egypt\n240 cm\n7 ft 10 in\nSa'id Muhammad Ghazi\nHe was billed as 10 ft in his life.[17]\n1909–1941 (32)\n\n\n Belarus\n239 cm\n7 ft 10 in\nFeodor Machnow\nBilled as 9 ft 3 in his life.\n1878–1912 (34)\n\n\n Austria-Hungary\n238 cm\n7 ft 10 in\nGrgo Kusić\nTallest Croat recorded. Tallest citizen of Austria-Hungary of his time.[18]\n1892–1918 (26)\n\n\n Pakistan\n238 cm\n7 ft 10 in\nNaseer Soomro\nTallest confirmed man living in Pakistan.[19][20]\n1975–\n\n\n Netherlands\n238 cm\n7 ft 10 in\nRigardus Rijnhout\nSecond tallest man in The Netherlands ever; he was known as the giant of Rotterdam. Early June 2011, a life-size statue of Rijnhout was unveiled in the Oude Westen district in Rotterdam.[21]\n1922–1959 (36)\n\n\n Japan\n237 cm\n7 ft 9.3 in\nYoshimitsu Matsuzaka\nTallest man in Japan; no color images of him exist even though he died in the 1960s.[22]\n1930–1962 (32)\n\n\n Mongolia\n236 cm\n7 ft 9 in\nÖndör Gongor\nVery tall man in early-20th-century Mongolia. Some other sources even give 245 cm (8 feet)\n1880/85 – 1925/30\n\n\n United States\n236 cm\n7 ft 9 in\nLouis Moilanen\nTallest person in Michigan history and one of the tallest men in the world during his lifetime. He may have been 8 ft 1 in tall.[23]\n1885–1913 (28)\n\n\n United Kingdom\n236 cm\n7 ft 9 in\nAngus MacAskill\nTallest \"true\" giant (not due to a pathological condition). Tallest Scottish or British man recorded.\n1825–1863 (38)\n\n\n United Kingdom\n236 cm\n7 ft 9 in\nFrederick Kempster\nTall Englishman, height disputed between 7 ft 8.5in and 8 ft 4.5in[24]\n1889–1918 (29)\n\n\n United States\n236 cm\n7 ft 9 in\nMartin Van Buren Bates\nKnown as the Kentucky Giant or The Giant of the Hills.[25] He and Anna Haining Bates were the tallest married couple ever.[26]\n1837–1919\n\n\n China\n236 cm\n7 ft 9 in\nBao Xishun\nConsidered the tallest living person by Guinness World Records until September 2009 when he was replaced by Sultan Kösen.[27]\n1951–\n\n\n China\n236 cm\n7 ft 9 in\nSun Mingming\nChinese basketball player. Formerly second-tallest living person.\n1983–\n\n\n Tunisia\n236 cm\n7 ft 9 in\nRadhouane Charbib\nListed by Guinness World Records as tallest man until January 15, 2005, before Bao Xishun and Sun Mingming.[28]\n1968–\n\n\n Germany\n236 cm\n7 ft 9 in\nWalter Straub\nTallest man in Germany while he was alive.[29]\n1925–1986 (61)\n\n\n Algeria\n236 cm\n7 ft 9 in\nRachid Bara\nTallest man in Algeria while he was alive.[30]\n1974–2009 (35)\n\n\n Brazil\n235 cm\n7 ft 8½ in\nRafael França do Nascimento\nTallest man in Brazil.[31]\n1987–\n\n\n Russia\n235 cm\n7 ft 8½ in\nNikolai Pankratov\nTallest man in Russia.[32]\n1990–\n\n\n North Korea\n235 cm\n7 ft 8½ in\nRi Myung Hun\nFormer basketball player with the North Korean national team.\n1967–\n\n\n United States\n Ukraine\n235 cm\n7 ft 8⅓ in\nIgor Vovkovinskiy\nCurrently the tallest person living in the United States. Originally from Ukraine, moved to Rochester, Minnesota to be treated at the Mayo Clinic. Most recently has been acting in commercials and movies.[33] Became well known by wearing a T-shirt that read \"Obama's Biggest Supporter\". Took part in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmö, Sweden, as one of the performers on the stage representing Ukraine.\n1982–\n\n\n United States\n235 cm\n7 ft 8 in\nBroc Brown\nFormer tallest teenager in the United States.[34]\n1998-\n\n\n United States\n235 cm\n7 ft 8 in\nCecil Boling\nWas 7'8\" but shrank to 7'0\" since his legs were replaced with artificial legs 8.5\" shorter.[35]\n1920–2000 (79)\n\n\n United States\n235 cm\n7 ft 8 in\nBrenden Adams\nFormer tallest teenager in the world.\n1995–\n\n\n India\n234 cm\n7 ft 8 in\nPolipaka Gattaiah\nTallest Indian.[36]\n1975–2015\n\n\n Ivory Coast\n234 cm\n7 ft 8 in\nAbdramane Dembele\nTallest man in Ivory Coast.[37]\n1985–\n\n\n United States\n234 cm\n7 ft 8 in\nGeorge Bell\nFormer Tallest living American.[38]\n1957–\n\n\n Fiji\n234 cm\n7 ft 8 in\nKaliova Seleiwau\nTallest living Fijian.[39]\n1981–\n\n\n Austria\n234 cm\n7 ft 8 in\nAdam Rainer\nOnly person known to have been both a dwarf and giant. He was 118 cm (3 ft 10 in) tall at age 21 and peaked at 234 cm (7 ft 8 in) when he died, having doubled his height as an adult.\n1899–1950 (51)\n\n\n Pakistan\n234 cm\n7 ft 8 in\nAlam Channa\nPakistani, considered to be the tallest living man when he died in 1998.[40]\n1953–1998 (46)\n\n\n Iceland\n234 cm\n7 ft 8 in\nJóhann K. Pétursson\nWas the tallest person in Iceland.\n1913–1984 (71)\n\n\n Japan\n234 cm\n7 ft 8 in\nYasutaka Okayama\nTallest living Japanese. Tallest basketball player drafted in NBA history.[41][42][43][44]\n1954–\n\n\n United States\n234 cm\n7 ft 8 in\nBob Wegner\nTallest basketball player plays for the Lake Michigan Admirals.[45]\n1993–\n\n\n Austria-Hungary\n233.7 cm\n7 ft 8 in\nFranz Winkelmeier\nOne of the tallest people in his time.[46]\n1860–1887\n\n\n Spain\n233.5 cm\n7 ft 8 in\nMiguel Joaquín de Eleicegui\nTallest man recorded in Spain.[47]\n1818–1861 (43)\n\n\n Spain\n233 cm\n7 ft 7.7 in\nJaime Clemente Izquierdo\nSpain's tallest man in his lifetime.[48]\n1961–2005 (44)\n\n\n Spain\n233 cm\n7 ft 7½ in\nAgustín Luengo Capilla\nCircus performer. Tallest man in Spain at the time of his death.[49]\n1849–1875 (26)\n\n\n United States\n232 cm\n7 ft 7½ in\nJack Earle\nJacob Rheuben Ehrlich. American silent film actor and sideshow performer.\n1906–1952 (46)\n\n\n Somalia\n233 cm\n7 ft 7.4 in\nHussain Bisad\nSomalia, considered to be one of the tallest living men.\n1975–\n\n\n United Kingdom\n233 cm\n7 ft 7.4 in\nNeil Fingleton\nTallest division 1 basketball player. Known for his role Mag the Mighty in the HBO TV series Game of Thrones [50][51]\n1980–2017 (36)\n\n\n China\n233 cm\n7 ft 7 in\nWang Feng-Jun\nAsia's tallest man in 2004.[52]\n1976–2015 (39)\n\n\n Argentina\n231 cm\n7 ft 7 in\nJorge González\nTallest wrestler in WWE history.\n1966–2010 (44)\n\n\n United Kingdom\n231 cm\n7 ft 7 in\nPaul Sturgess\nTied for the tallest player ever to play college basketball in the U.S.[53]\n1987–\n\n\n United States\n231 cm\n7 ft 7 in\nKenny George\nSecond-tallest Division I basketball player (Neil Fingleton).[54]\n1987–\n\n\n United States\n231 cm\n7 ft 7 in\nLock Martin\nHe played the robot in the movie The Day the Earth Stood Still.[55]\n1916–1959\n\n\n Ireland\n231 cm\n7 ft 7 in\nCharles Byrne\nSkeleton now resides in the Hunterian Museum.\n1761–1783 (22)\n\n\n United States\n231 cm\n7 ft 7 in\nMax Palmer\nActor and pro wrestler. Listed by Guinness World Records at 7 ft 7 in, claimed 8 ft 1 in. Film Bio - Killer Apes, Invaders From Mars.[56]\n1927–1984 (57)\n\n\n Romania\n231 cm\n7 ft 7 in\nGheorghe Mureșan\nTied for tallest in NBA history.\n1971–\n\n\n Sudan\n231 cm\n7 ft 7 in\nManute Bol\nTied for tallest in NBA history.\n1962–2010 (48)\n\n\n Belgium\n230 cm\n7 ft 6.75 in\nAlain Delaunois\nTallest living Belgian.[57]\n1971–\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n230 cm\n7 ft 7 in\nAleksandar Rindin\nTallest man in Azerbaijan.[58]\n1985–\n\n\n Armenia\n230 cm\n7 ft 7 in\nArshavir Grigoryan\nTallest man in Armenia.[59]\n1990–\n\n\n Brazil\n230 cm\n7 ft 6.6 in\nJoélisson Fernandes da Silva\nTallest living Brazilian.[60]\n1991–\n\n\n Montenegro\n230 cm\n7 ft 6.5 in\nSlavko Vraneš\nTallest Montenegrin basketball player in the national basketball team, former player in the NBA\n1983–\n\n\n Romania\n230 cm\n7 ft 6.55 in\nRobert Bobroczky\nRomanian basketball player that was 2.30 m (7 ft 7 in) in late 2014, aged 14.[61]\n2000–\n\n\n Vietnam\n229 cm\n7 ft 6.25 in\nTrần Thành Phố\nWas the tallest man in Southeast Asia when he died in 2010[62]\n1947–2010 (63)\n\n\n Senegal\n229 cm\n7 ft 6.25 in\nMalik Sidibe\nTallest basketball player in Senegal.[63]\n1985–\n\n\n United Kingdom\n229 cm\n7 ft 6¼ in\nChristopher Greener\nFormerly Britain's tallest man\n1943–2015 (71)\n\n\n Algeria\n229 cm\n7 ft 6⅕ in\nSaad Kaiche\nFormer basketball player of Club Baloncesto Breogán of Lugo.[64][65]\n1985–\n\n\n United States\n229 cm\n7 ft 6 in\nRalph Madsen\nBilled as 7 ft 6 in.[66]\n1897–1948\n\n\n China\n229 cm\n7 ft 6 in\nYao Ming\nWas the tallest player in the NBA during his playing years until his retirement in 2011.\n1980–\n\n\n United States\n Germany\n229 cm\n7 ft 6 in\nShawn Bradley\nFormer player in the NBA, 1993–2005, tallest living German (holding dual citizenship).\n1972–\n\n\n Senegal\n229 cm\n7 ft 6 in\nMoussa Seck\nTallest basketball player in Senegal.[67]\n1986–\n\n\n United States\n229 cm\n7 ft 6 in\nMatthew McGrory\nWas the world's tallest actor when he died in 2005.[68]\n1973–2005\n\n\n Senegal\n229 cm\n7 ft 6 in\nMamadou N'Diaye\nWas the tallest in high school and college basketball while playing in the US.[69]\n1993–\n\n\n United States\n229 cm\n7 ft 6 in\nConrad Furrows\nHe was listed in the Bernard L. Kobel Catalogue of Human Oddities of Circus Sideshows.[70]\n1922–1967\n\n\n Senegal\n229 cm\n7 ft 6 in\nTacko Fall\nIs the tallest high school basketball player in the US as of 2014.[71]\n1995–\n\n\n Russia\n229 cm\n7 ft 5.8 in\nSergey Ilin\nTallest basketball player in Russia.[72]\n1988–\n\n\n Spain\n229 cm\n7 ft 5.8 in(?)\nFermín Arrudi Urieta\nTallest man in Spain at the time of his death.\n1870–1913 (42)\n\n\n DR Congo\n228 cm\n7 ft 5⅔ in\nBienvenu Letuni\nTallest basketball player in DRC[73]\n1994–\n\n\n Poland\n228 cm\n7 ft 5⅔ in\nEugeniusz Taraciński\nTallest man in Poland while he was alive.[74]\n1928–1978 (50)\n\n\n Colombia\n228 cm\n7 ft 5⅔ in\nAsdrúbal Herrera Mora\nTallest living Colombian. Tied for tallest South American man with Margarito Machacuay[75]\n1986–\n\n\n Slovakia\n228 cm\n7 ft 5⅔ in\nMartin Miklosik\nTallest basketball player in the Slovak Republic.[76]\n1986–\n\n\n Peru\n228 cm\n7 ft 5⅔ in\nMargarito Machacuay\nTied for the tallest South American person with Asdrúbal Herrera and is the fifth-tallest in the Americas.[77]\n1965–\n\n"
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"Sultan Kösen"
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7160404586236515715 | Khris Davis | Khris Davis - wikipedia Khris Davis Not to be confused with Chris Davis . Khris Davis Davis with the Oakland Athletics in 2017 Oakland Athletics -- No. 2 Left fielder / Designated hitter Born : ( 1987 - 12 - 21 ) December 21 , 1987 ( age 30 ) Lakewood , California Bats : Right Throws : Right MLB debut April 1 , 2013 , for the Milwaukee Brewers MLB statistics ( through August 21 , 2018 ) Batting average . 251 Home runs 183 Runs batted in 476 Teams Milwaukee Brewers ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Oakland Athletics ( 2016 -- present ) Khristopher Adrian Davis ( born December 21 , 1987 ) is an American professional baseball left fielder and designated hitter for the Oakland Athletics of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He previously played for the Milwaukee Brewers . Contents 1 Background 2 Professional career 2.1 Draft 2.2 Minor leagues 2.3 Milwaukee Brewers 2.4 Oakland Athletics 2.4. 1 Most consistent hitter 2.5 Mexico national team 3 Personal life 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) Davis was born in Lakewood , California . He played baseball at Deer Valley High School in Glendale , Arizona , where he was twice named an All - State player . During his senior season at Deer Valley , Davis hit . 592 with ten home runs and 50 RBIs to lead the team to a state title . Davis attended California State University , Fullerton , where he played college baseball for the Cal State Fullerton Titans . Davis excelled for Cal State as an outfielder , designated hitter , and pinch hitter . In his junior season , Davis hit . 328 with 16 home runs and 58 RBIs . Professional career ( edit ) Draft ( edit ) In 2006 , Davis was first drafted by the Washington Nationals in the 29th round ; he did not sign with the team but opted to play college baseball . He later was drafted by the Milwaukee Brewers in the seventh round of the 2009 Major League Baseball Draft . Minor Leagues ( edit ) Davis began his minor league career in 2009 . He played in one game for the Helena Brewers Rookie League club and ten games for the Arizona League Brewers ; Davis combined for 2 home runs and a . 237 batting average . He spent the entire 2010 season playing for the Wisconsin Timber Rattlers in mid Single A level ball . He played in 128 games with 22 home runs and a . 280 batting average . To start the 2011 season , Davis was promoted to the advanced level Single A Brevard County Manatees . After 90 games , he was sent to the AA level with the Huntsville Stars ; Davis played 35 games with the team . In 125 games that year , he batted . 280 with 84 RBI and 17 home runs . In 2012 , Davis returned to the Arizona League Brewers and the Hunstville Stars for six and 44 games respectively . The Milwaukee Brewers promoted Davis to their top level below the Major Leagues with the AAA Nashville Sounds of the Pacific Coast League . He played in 32 games for the Sounds with a . 310 batting average . Davis playing for the Milwaukee Brewers in 2014 Milwaukee Brewers ( edit ) The Brewers added Davis to their 40 - man roster during the 2012 -- 13 offseason . After a productive spring training , Davis made the final roster cut and made his major league debut on opening day , grounding out in a pinch - hit appearance . Five days later , Davis made his first major league start in left field and recorded his first major league hit , a double off Patrick Corbin of the Arizona Diamondbacks . After a poor start that saw him bat just . 188 , Davis was optioned to Nashville . Davis was recalled in mid-July , and after Ryan Braun 's suspension due to performance - enhancing drug use , became the Brewers ' starting left fielder down the stretch . He hit his first major league home run at Miller Park on July 23 off Colt Hynes of the San Diego Padres . Davis ended the year with 11 home runs in 136 at - bats , with a slugging percentage of . 596 . Davis ' rookie performance was enough to encourage Brewers management to trade right fielder Norichika Aoki to Kansas City and move Ryan Braun from left to right field , opening up an everyday role for Davis . After a slow start , batting . 219 with an on - base percentage of . 250 and a slugging percentage of. 388 through May 20 , Davis hit four home runs in six games . At the All - Star Break , Davis led the Brewers with 15 home runs . In 144 games for the Brewers , Davis hit . 244 with 22 home runs and 69 RBI . Davis was once again named the starting left fielder for the Brewers during the 2015 season and batted . 247 with 27 home runs and 66 RBI in 121 games . Oakland Athletics ( edit ) On February 12 , 2016 , the Brewers traded Davis to the Oakland Athletics for Jacob Nottingham and Bubba Derby . On May 17 in a game against the Texas Rangers , Davis hit 3 home runs , including a walk - off grand slam for the third . This was only the second time this has happened in MLB history . On August 14 , 2016 , Davis hit his 30th home run of the season , a two - run homer against the Seattle Mariners . On September 18 , 2016 , Davis hit his 39th and 40th home runs of the season in a game against the Rangers . He added two more home runs to conclude the season . He also contributed 102 RBI for the season , becoming the first player in the franchise to hit 100 or more RBIs since the 2006 season , when Frank Thomas had 114 RBIs for the Athletics . The following season , in 2017 , Davis hit 43 home runs and contributed 110 RBI , being the first Athletics player to have back - to - back 40 home run seasons . Most consistent hitter ( edit ) Davis ( outfielder / hitter ) has been called `` the most consistent hitter in baseball history '' with his 2014 - 18 season averages of . 244 , . 247 , . 247 , . 247 , and . 248 . Mexico national team ( edit ) Davis was invited by Bobby Magallanes to play for the Mexican team . He planned to represent the country of his mother 's birth in the 2017 edition of the World Baseball Classic , but he did not play in the tournament . Personal life ( edit ) Davis ' father , Rodney , played in the Los Angeles Dodgers organization and has served as a scout for the Dodgers and Arizona Diamondbacks . His mother , Sonia Davis ( née Alarcón ) , was born in Culiacan , Sinaloa , but grew up in Ensenada . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Khris Davis '' . MiLB.com . Minor League Baseball . April 6 , 2013 . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` BIO Preview for / sports / m - basebl / mtt / davis_khris00. html '' . Cal State Fullerton Athletics . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Khris Davis Baseball Statistics ( 2007 - 2017 ) '' . www.thebaseballcube.com . Jump up ^ Tom Haudricourt . `` Brewers add five to 40 - man roster '' . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2016 . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Haudricourt , Tom ( March 16 , 2013 ) . `` Brewers thinking about keeping Khris Davis '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brewers trade Norichika Aoki , likely means Braun to RF '' . USA Today . Associated Press . December 5 , 2013 . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Khris Davis Statistics and History - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Khris Davis 2015 Batting Game Logs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Haudricourt , Tom ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Brewers trade Khris Davis to Athletics for catching prospect , pitcher '' . Milwaukee Wisconsin , Journal Sentinel . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Alex ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` The 5 best things about Khris Davis ' walk - off grand slam '' . SB Nation . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Mariners at Oakland Athletics Box Score , August 14 , 2016 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Athletics at Texas Rangers Box Score , September 18 , 2016 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Khris Davis 2016 Batting Game Logs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` A 's notes : For Davis , going yard is part of the job description '' . NBCS Bay Area . 2016 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Khris Davis 2017 Batting Game Logs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ The Most Consistent Hitter In Baseball History -- Oakland 's Khris Davis ca n't stop hitting . 247. , Michael Salfino and Neil Paine , FiveThirtyEight , 2018 - 07 - 20 Jump up ^ Bambino Sedano ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` Khris Davis , jonronero mexicano de Atléticos '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Brewers : Rookie Khris Davis ' ride ' surreal ' for his dad '' . madison.com. April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A 's outfielder Khris Davis to play for Mexico in World Baseball Classic '' . December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Khris Davis jugará con el Tri de beisbol '' . Vanguardia . September 9 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Khris Davis . Biography portal Career statistics and player information from MLB , or ESPN , or Baseball - Reference , or Fangraphs , or The Baseball Cube , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) Oakland Athletics current roster Active roster 2 Khris Davis 8 Jed Lowrie 10 Marcus Semien 15 Emilio Pagan 18 Chad Pinder 19 Josh Phegley 20 Mark Canha 21 Jonathan Lucroy 22 Ramón Laureano 25 Stephen Piscotty 26 Matt Chapman 28 Matt Olson 31 Shawn Kelley 32 Jeurys Familia 33 Daniel Mengden 36 Yusmeiro Petit 37 Edwin Jackson 38 Nick Martini 39 Blake Treinen 50 Mike Fiers 52 Ryan Buchter 53 Trevor Cahill 56 Fernando Rodney 62 Lou Trivino 66 Ryan Dull Inactive roster 1 Franklin Barreto 3 Boog Powell 11 Dustin Fowler 13 Bruce Maxwell 35 Danny Coulombe 40 Chris Bassitt 47 Frankie Montas 49 Kendall Graveman 54 Josh Lucas 57 Jorge Mateo 57 J.B. Wendelken Disabled list 5 Jake Smolinski 23 Matt Joyce 30 Brett Anderson 45 Jharel Cotton 48 Daniel Gossett 55 Sean Manaea 58 Paul Blackburn 60 Andrew Triggs Coaching staff Manager 6 Bob Melvin Bench 29 Ryan Christenson First base 41 Al Pedrique Third base 4 Matt Williams Hitting 51 Darren Bush Pitching 14 Scott Emerson Bullpen 59 Marcus Jensen Assistant hitting 17 Mike Aldrete Quality control 7 Mark Kotsay Bullpen catcher 88 Philip Pohl Bullpen catcher 90 Jeremy Dowdy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khris_Davis&oldid=856058449 '' Categories : 1987 births Living people African - American baseball players American baseball players of Mexican descent Arizona League Brewers players Baseball players from Arizona Brevard County Manatees players Cal State Fullerton Titans baseball players Helena Brewers players Huntsville Stars players Major League Baseball designated hitters Major League Baseball left fielders Milwaukee Brewers players Nashville Sounds players Oakland Athletics players Phoenix Desert Dogs players Sportspeople from Glendale , Arizona Wisconsin Timber Rattlers players Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 15 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did the brewers get for khris davis | [
"On February 12, 2016, the Brewers traded Davis to the Oakland Athletics for Jacob Nottingham and Bubba Derby.[9] On May 17 in a game against the Texas Rangers, Davis hit 3 home runs, including a walk-off grand slam for the third. This was only the second time this has happened in MLB history.[10] On August 14, 2016, Davis hit his 30th home run of the season, a two-run homer against the Seattle Mariners.[11] On September 18, 2016, Davis hit his 39th and 40th home runs of the season in a game against the Rangers.[12] He added two more home runs to conclude the season. He also contributed 102 RBI for the season, becoming the first player in the franchise to hit 100 or more RBIs since the 2006 season, when Frank Thomas had 114 RBIs for the Athletics.[13][14]\n",
"On February 12, 2016, the Brewers traded Davis to the Oakland Athletics for Jacob Nottingham and Bubba Derby.[9] On May 17 in a game against the Texas Rangers, Davis hit 3 home runs, including a walk-off grand slam for the third. This was only the second time this has happened in MLB history.[10] On August 14, 2016, Davis hit his 30th home run of the season, a two-run homer against the Seattle Mariners.[11] On September 18, 2016, Davis hit his 39th and 40th home runs of the season in a game against the Rangers.[12] He added two more home runs to conclude the season. He also contributed 102 RBI for the season, becoming the first player in the franchise to hit 100 or more RBIs since the 2006 season, when Frank Thomas had 114 RBIs for the Athletics.[13][14]\n"
] | [
"Jacob Nottingham",
"Bubba Derby"
] |
-2402487944614980123 | 2018 FIFA World Cup Final | 2018 FIFA World Cup final - wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup final 2018 FIFA World Cup Final The France team holds the World Cup trophy Event 2018 FIFA World Cup France Croatia Date 15 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) Venue Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Man of the Match Antoine Griezmann ( France ) Referee Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Attendance 78,011 Weather Partly cloudy 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) 51 % humidity ← 2014 2022 → The 2018 FIFA World Cup Final was a football match that took place on 15 July 2018 to determine the winners of the 2018 FIFA World Cup . It was the final of the 21st FIFA World Cup , a quadrennial tournament contested by the men 's national teams of the member associations of FIFA . The match was contested by France and Croatia , and held at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , Russia . Before 2018 , France 's only World Cup victory was in 1998 -- though they had also reached the final in 2006 -- while Croatia were playing in their first World Cup final . Both teams had defeated former World Cup champions on their way to the final : France defeated 1930 and 1950 winners Uruguay , Croatia defeated 1966 winners England and both teams defeated 1978 and 1986 winners Argentina . Croatia became the third Eastern European nation to reach the World Cup final , and the first since Czechoslovakia lost the final in 1962 to Brazil . France won the match 4 -- 2 , having taken a 2 -- 1 lead during the first half on an own goal and penalty awarded by the video assistant referee ( VAR ) , both firsts in a World Cup final . France also became the second team in the 32 - team World Cup to win all their knockout matches without any extra time or penalty shoot - out after Brazil in 2002 . As winners , France qualified for the 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup . Contents 1 Venue 2 Background 3 Route to the final 3.1 France 3.2 Croatia 4 Pre-match 4.1 Match ball 4.2 Officials 4.3 Closing ceremony 5 Match 5.1 Summary 5.2 Details 5.3 Statistics 6 Post-match 7 Viewership 7.1 Europe 7.2 Rest of the world 7.3 Advertising 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Venue Further information : Luzhniki Stadium The final was played at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , located in the Khamovniki District of the Central Administrative Okrug . An expanded version of the stadium was named as the provisional final venue in Russia 's World Cup bid , which was selected by FIFA on 2 December 2010 . Luzhniki Stadium was confirmed as the final venue on 14 December 2012 , following a meeting of the now - erswthile FIFA Executive Committee held in Tokyo , Japan . The stadium also hosted six other matches , including the opening match on 14 June , three group stage matches , a round of 16 match , and the second semi-final match . The exterior of the Luzhniki Stadium at night with Moscow State University in the background . The Luzhniki Stadium , previously known as the Grand Arena of the Central Lenin Stadium until 1992 , originally opened in 1956 as part of the Luzhniki Olympic Complex to host the USSR Summer Spartakiade . The stadium has served as the national stadium of the country , hosting many matches for the Russia national team and its predecessor , the Soviet Union national team . In the past , the stadium has been used as the home ground at various times for CSKA Moscow , Torpedo Moscow , and Spartak Moscow . However , there are currently no clubs based at the stadium . The stadium has hosted numerous international sporting events . The stadium was the main venue for the 1980 Summer Olympics , hosting the opening and closing ceremonies , athletics , football ( four matches , including the gold medal match ) , and the Individual Jumping Grand Prix . The stadium hosted the 1999 UEFA Cup Final , as well as the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final . Other events staged include the Spartakiad , the final game of the 1957 Ice Hockey World Championships , the 1973 Summer Universiade , the Friendship Games in 1984 , the 1986 Goodwill Games , and the 1998 World Youth Games . In 2013 , the Rugby World Cup Sevens and World Athletics Championships were held at the ground in front of sparse crowds . The stadium has also served as a venue for many concerts , including Western artists after the fall of the Soviet Union , as well as political rallies . Rated as a category 4 stadium by UEFA , the Luzhniki Stadium is the largest in Russia and at the 2018 World Cup ; it usually has a maximum capacity of 81,006 , but was reduced to 78,011 for the World Cup . This also makes the stadium the largest in Eastern Europe , and among the largest in Europe . To prepare for the World Cup , the stadium was closed for extensive renovations in August 2013 . The spectator stands were moved closer to the pitch , which was converted from artificial turf to natural grass , after the removal of the athletic track . The historic facade of the stadium was preserved due to its architectural value , while the roof was upgraded using a new polycarbonate skin with exterior lighting . The Luzhniki did not host any matches at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup due to the ongoing project . The renovation project cost € 341 million , and the stadium officially reopened with an international friendly between Russia and Argentina on 11 November 2017 . Background After Uruguay and Brazil were eliminated in the quarter - finals , a European side was ensured to win the World Cup for a fourth consecutive tournament . The match was also the ninth all - European World Cup final , which most recently occurred in 2006 and 2010 . The match was the third World Cup final for France , first appearing in the 1998 final as hosts , winning 3 -- 0 against reigning champions Brazil . France also contested the 2006 final , where they lost to Italy in a penalty shoot - out following a 1 -- 1 draw . Only Germany ( eight ) and Italy ( six ) have reached more finals among European nations . Didier Deschamps became the fourth person to reach a World Cup final as both a player and as a manager , after Franz Beckenbauer , Rudi Völler , and Mário Zagallo . The match was the first World Cup final for Croatia in their fifth World Cup appearance . They are the 10th European country and 13th overall to reach a World Cup final , and the first new finalist since Spain in 2010 . With a population of 4.17 million , Croatia is the second least - populated country to play in a World Cup final , behind Uruguay ( victors in 1930 and 1950 ) . Croatia 's previous best performance was as World Cup debutants in 1998 , when they finished in third place , losing 2 -- 1 to hosts France in the semi-finals before beating the Netherlands 2 -- 1 in the third place play - off . The final was the sixth meeting between France and Croatia , with France undefeated in the previous fixtures with three wins and two draws . The two sides first met in the 1998 World Cup semi-final , with hosts France winning 2 -- 1 . Their only other competitive meeting was during the group stage of Euro 2004 , which finished as a 2 -- 2 draw . Their next , and most recent , meeting was in a March 2011 friendly match , which finished as a 0 -- 0 draw . Route to the final Further information : 2018 FIFA World Cup France Round Croatia Opponents Result Group stage Opponents Result Australia 2 -- 1 Match 1 Nigeria 2 -- 0 Peru 1 -- 0 Match 2 Argentina 3 -- 0 Denmark 0 -- 0 Match 3 Iceland 2 -- 1 Group C winners Pos Team Pld Pts France 7 Denmark 5 Peru Australia Source : FIFA Final standings Group D winners Pos Team Pld Pts Croatia 9 Argentina Nigeria Iceland Source : FIFA Opponents Result Knockout stage Opponents Result Argentina 4 -- 3 Round of 16 Denmark 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 2 p ) Uruguay 2 -- 0 Quarter - finals Russia 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) ( 4 -- 3 p ) Belgium 1 -- 0 Semi-finals England 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) France France entered the 2018 World Cup as one of the favourites to win the tournament , particularly for their strong squad featuring several youth talents . The team finished as runners - up to Portugal at Euro 2016 , which the country hosted . The team qualified for the World Cup finals after finishing first in their qualification group , ahead of Sweden and the Netherlands . At the World Cup , France were drawn into Group C alongside Australia , Denmark , and Peru . The team defeated Australia 2 -- 1 in its opening match in Kazan , with a penalty called by the video assistant referee and scored by Antoine Griezmann followed by an own goal deflected by Australian defender Aziz Behich . In its second match , France won 1 -- 0 over Peru on a goal scored by 19 - year - old Kylian Mbappé , who became France 's youngest goalscorer at a major tournament . The victory over Peru qualified France for the knockout stage , allowing manager Didier Deschamps to rest several starting players for the final group stage match against Denmark . The match at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow finished in a scoreless draw marked by misplaced passes and goalkeeping mistakes . The team 's group stage performance was characterised as lacking cohesion and failing to use its star players effectively . Finishing as winners of Group C , France were matched in the round of 16 with Group D runners - up Argentina . France won 4 -- 3 on two goals scored by Mbappé , who also won a penalty in the opening minutes . Defender Benjamin Pavard also scored in the match , with his strike later voted as goal of the tournament . Mbappé 's performance drew comparisons to Brazilian stars Ronaldo and Pelé , who in 1958 was the most recent teenager to score twice in a World Cup match . In the quarter - finals , France defeated Uruguay 2 -- 0 on a goal and assist by Griezmann . The team advanced to a semi-final match against Belgium in St. Petersburg , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win for the French with a corner kick headed into the goal by defender Samuel Umtiti . The French team , particularly Mbappé , were criticised for timewasting and other unsportsmanlike conduct in the semi-finals after taking the lead in the second half . Croatia The 2017 -- 18 Croatia national squad , dubbed the `` Second Golden Generation '' , posing with Vladimir Putin and Kolinda Grabar - Kitarović after the final against France . Croatia entered the 2018 World Cup as dark horses , with their golden generation led by forward Mario Mandžukić and midfielders Marcelo Brozović , Mateo Kovačić , Luka Modrić , Ivan Perišić , and Ivan Rakitić . The team had been eliminated in the group stage at the 2014 tournament , but reached the round of 16 at Euro 2016 . In their qualification group , Croatia scored 15 goals and finished second to Iceland after appointing manager Zlatko Dalić amid a series of poor away results . However , Croatia managed to advance past Greece in the qualifying play - offs , winning the first leg 4 -- 1 and drawing 0 -- 0 in the second . Croatia were drawn into Group D with Argentina , Iceland , and Nigeria , considered a difficult draw due to Argentina 's talent and Nigeria 's historic performances . In their opening match , the team earned a 2 -- 0 victory over Nigeria , with an own goal by Oghenekaro Etebo caused by Mandžukić and a penalty scored by Modrić . Striker Nikola Kalinić refused to enter the match as a substitute , citing back pain as his reason for not playing , and was expelled from the team by Dalić , leaving Croatia with only 22 players for the remainder of the tournament . Croatia went on to upset Argentina with a 3 -- 0 win , thanks to an effective game plan that used the `` height and strength of their players to dominate the game in aerial duels '' , playing a `` pressing game , counter-attacking , and more direct play in possession '' to counter Lionel Messi , scoring all their goals in the second half . Croatia finished atop the group with a 2 -- 1 win over Iceland , resting several starting players in the final group match . In the round of 16 , Croatia played Denmark and earned a 1 -- 1 draw after the two teams exchanged goals in the opening five minutes and a missed penalty from Modrić in extra time . Croatia won the subsequent penalty shootout 3 -- 2 , with three saves by goalkeeper Danijel Subašić and two saves by Danish goalkeeper Kasper Schmeichel . The team advanced to a quarter - final fixture with hosts Russia , who had defeated Spain in the round of 16 , in Sochi . The Russians scored their first in the 31st minute , but Andrej Kramarić equalised for Croatia eight minutes later and kept the score at 1 -- 1 through the end of regular time . Croatia took a 2 -- 1 lead in extra time with a header by Domagoj Vida , but Russian defender Mário Fernandes equalised in stoppage time to trigger a penalty shootout . The shootout was won 4 -- 3 by Croatia after two misses by Russia and a shot by Modrić that rebounded off the post and into the goal . Croatia became the second team in World Cup to win two shootouts in a tournament , after Argentina in 1990 . After the match , a video of Vida saying `` Glory to Ukraine '' prompted controversy among Russians and a warning from FIFA 's disciplinary committee , which enforces a ban on political slogans . Croatia 's semi-final match against England at the Luzhniki began as they conceded a free kick goal by English defender Kieran Trippier in the fifth minute . Croatia resisted several attempts by England to score a second goal in the first half . Croatia managed an equalising goal of their own through a shot by Perišić in the 68th minute . The match was won 2 -- 1 by Croatia after a 109th - minute goal by Mandžukić . This made Croatia the first team to earn three come - from - behind victories in the FIFA World Cup , all three matches also going into extra time . Pre-match Match ball The official match ball for the final was the Telstar Mechta ( Russian : Мечта ; lit . dream or ambition ) , a red - coloured variant of the Adidas Telstar 18 introduced for the knockout stage . The Telstar family , a homage to the original 1970 Telstar , was designed similarly to 2014 's Brazuca , but with longer seams and additional panels . Officials Néstor Pitana officiated the final . Argentine referee Néstor Pitana was selected to lead the officiating team for the final , which was announced on 12 July 2018 by the FIFA Referees Committee . The final is Pitana 's fifth match as referee during the tournament , becoming only the second referee to officiate the opening match and the final . Pitana officiated an additional group stage match , along with two knockout stage matches in the round of 16 and quarter - finals . Pitana has been a FIFA referee since 2010 , and officiated four matches at the 2014 FIFA World Cup . His compatriots Hernán Maidana and Juan Pablo Belatti were chosen as assistant referees . Björn Kuipers of the Netherlands was chosen as the fourth official , with his fellow countryman Erwin Zeinstra as the reserve assistant . Italian Massimiliano Irrati was named the video assistant referee , presiding over the first use of the technology at a World Cup final . Argentine Mauro Vigliano was chosen as the assistant video assistant referee , while Carlos Astroza of Chile was appointed as the second assistant and Danny Makkelie of the Netherlands as the third assistant . Closing ceremony The tournament 's closing ceremony was held prior to the start of the match , featuring a performance of `` Live It Up '' , the official song of the tournament , by Will Smith , Nicky Jam , and Era Istrefi . Jam also performed `` X ( Equis ) '' , wearing a shirt honouring J Balvin . Opera singer Aida Garifullina sang the Russian folk song `` Kalinka '' , accompanied by a children 's choir and percussion section that featured a cameo by Brazilian star Ronaldinho . Match Summary Teams lined up prior to kick - off Croatia kicked off the final at 18 : 00 local time ( 15 : 00 UTC ) , with the ground temperature reported at 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) . The match was played through a minor thunderstorm , which produced several visible lightning strikes . An audience of 78,011 spectators at the Luzhniki Stadium watched the match , including ten heads of state , among them Russian president Vladimir Putin , French president Emmanuel Macron , and Croatian president Kolinda Grabar - Kitarović . The starting line - ups for both teams were identical to those fielded in the semi-finals . Antoine Griezmann , named the man of the match after scoring one goal and assisting another Croatia had the majority of possession and chances early in the first half , with the ball staying mostly in France 's half . An attack by French midfielder Antoine Griezmann was stopped by a challenge from Marcelo Brozović , which was called as a foul despite claims that Griezmann dived . Griezmann took the ensuing 30 - yard ( 27 m ) free kick , which was diverted by the head of Mario Mandžukić into the left corner of his own net to give France the lead in the 18th minute . It was the first own goal to be scored in a World Cup final and the 12th of the tournament , the most of any World Cup . Ten minutes later , Croatia equalised with a left - footed strike by Ivan Perišić to the right corner of the net , assisted by Domagoj Vida after a free kick by Luka Modrić on the right . In the 34th minute , a penalty was awarded against Croatia after Perišić 's handball in the box from a corner on the right was reviewed by the video assistant referee . Griezmann scored the penalty in the 38th minute with a low finish to the left , giving France a 2 -- 1 lead at half - time ; the first half 's three goals were the most of any World Cup final since 1974 . France led at half - time despite having only one shot on goal and with only 34 % of possession . A Croatian counter-attack was stopped early in the second half after several pitch invaders were chased onto the field by security officers ; Russian feminist rock band and protest group Pussy Riot claimed responsibility for the interruption . In the 59th minute , France extended their lead to 3 -- 1 with a left - foot strike to the left of the net from the edge of the penalty area by Paul Pogba after his initial shot had been blocked . Six minutes later , Kylian Mbappé scored France 's fourth goal , with a low right - foot shot from outside the box to the left of the net ; Mbappé became the first teenager to score in a World Cup final since Pelé in 1958 . Croatia scored their second goal in the 69th minute , as from a back - pass , France goalkeeper Hugo Lloris failed to dribble around Mandžukić , who poked the loose ball into the unguarded net with his right leg . Despite a late push by Croatia , the match finished as a 4 -- 2 victory for France and the highest - scoring World Cup final since 1966 . Details 15 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 4 -- 2 Croatia Mandžukić 18 ' ( o.g. ) Griezmann 38 ' ( pen . ) Pogba 59 ' Mbappé 65 ' Report Perišić 28 ' Mandžukić 69 ' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) France Croatia GK Hugo Lloris ( c ) RB Benjamin Pavard CB Raphaël Varane CB 5 Samuel Umtiti LB 21 Lucas Hernández 41 ' CM 6 Paul Pogba CM 13 N'Golo Kanté 27 ' 55 ' RW 10 Kylian Mbappé AM 7 Antoine Griezmann LW 14 Blaise Matuidi 73 ' CF 9 Olivier Giroud 81 ' Substitutions : MF 15 Steven Nzonzi 55 ' MF 12 Corentin Tolisso 73 ' FW 18 Nabil Fekir 81 ' Manager : Didier Deschamps GK 23 Danijel Subašić RB Šime Vrsaljko 90 + 2 ' CB 6 Dejan Lovren CB 21 Domagoj Vida LB Ivan Strinić 81 ' CM 7 Ivan Rakitić CM 11 Marcelo Brozović RW 18 Ante Rebić 71 ' AM 10 Luka Modrić ( c ) LW Ivan Perišić CF 17 Mario Mandžukić Substitutions : FW 9 Andrej Kramarić 71 ' FW 20 Marko Pjaca 81 ' Manager : Zlatko Dalić Man of the Match : Antoine Griezmann ( France ) Assistant referees : Hernán Maidana ( Argentina ) Juan Pablo Belatti ( Argentina ) Fourth official : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) Reserve assistant referee : Erwin Zeinstra ( Netherlands ) Video assistant referee : Massimiliano Irrati ( Italy ) Assistant video assistant referees : Mauro Vigliano ( Argentina ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Match rules 90 minutes 30 minutes of extra time if necessary Penalty shoot - out if scores still level Maximum of twelve named substitutes Maximum of three substitutions , with a fourth allowed in extra time Statistics First half Statistic France Croatia Goals scored Total shots 7 Shots on target Saves 0 0 Ball possession 39 % 61 % Corner kicks Fouls committed 8 7 Offsides 0 Yellow cards 0 Red cards 0 0 Second half Statistic France Croatia Goals scored Total shots 7 8 Shots on target 5 Saves Ball possession 39 % 61 % Corner kicks Fouls committed 6 6 Offsides 0 Yellow cards 0 Red cards 0 0 Overall Statistic France Croatia Goals scored Total shots 8 15 Shots on target 6 Saves Ball possession 39 % 61 % Corner kicks 6 Fouls committed 14 13 Offsides Yellow cards Red cards 0 0 Post-match Fan celebrations on the streets of Paris ( left ) and at the Arc de Triomphe ( right ) after the match . France became the sixth country to win the World Cup more than once and qualified for the 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup with their win . Didier Deschamps became the third person to have won the World Cup as both a player and manager , after Mário Zagallo and Franz Beckenbauer . The final was the highest scoring since 1966 , and the highest score in regular time since 1958 . The winner 's medals were presented on the pitch to the French team by presidents Putin , Macron , and Grabar - Kitarović amid a heavy rainstorm . FIFA president Gianni Infantino handed the trophy to French captain Hugo Lloris . Croatian captain Luka Modrić won the Golden Ball as best player of the tournament . France 's Antoine Griezmann , the final 's man of the match , also won the Bronze Ball and the Silver Boot award with four goals and two assists . Kylian Mbappé won the Best Young Player award for the tournament . Large crowds , including 90,000 people at the Eiffel Tower fanzone and an estimated million on the Champs - Élysées , celebrated the victory in Paris . The celebrations were marred by instances of rioting that were broken up by police , as well as the deaths of at least two people during celebrations elsewhere in the country , one man died after diving into a shallow canal and another died after crashing his car into a tree , RATP , the operator of the Paris Métro system , temporarily renamed several stations in honour of the team and its World Cup victory . On 16 July , more than 550,000 fans welcomed the Croatian team home in the capital city of Zagreb , in the single largest public gathering in Croatia 's history , where a six - hour - long bus tour brought them from Zagreb Airport to Ban Jelačić Square . Viewership Europe In France , the final was televised on TF1 and BeIN Sports and drew an average of 26.1 million viewers , making it the most watched event ever in French television history . In England , the final had an average viewership of 10.5 million and a peak viewership of 13.8 million , split between free - to - air broadcasters BBC One and ITV , almost half that of the viewership of England -- Croatia semi-final . In Germany , the match drew a viewership of 21.3 million , which was around 76 % of the market share , on state - owned ZDF . In Spain , the match had a 57.3 % share , with 8.2 million viewers on Mediaset España Comunicación 's Telecinco . In Croatia , the match drew around 1.538 million viewers -- more than 38 % of the population -- on national broadcaster HTV2 for a 89.3 % market share . In Italy , it drew 11.7 million viewers on Canale 5 . In the Netherlands , the match had a viewership of 3.1 million on NPO1 . In the host nation of Russia , the final was the third-most watched match of the 2018 World Cup and accounted for around 50 % of the nation 's population . In total , the final drew more than 160 million viewers in 20 European territories , including Russia , the United Kingdom and Germany . Rest of the World In the United States of America , the match was broadcast on NBCUniversal - owned Telemundo and 21st Century Fox - owned Fox and Fox Sports , the match averaged 16.6 million viewers combined , with Telemundo reaching a total of 57 % of the country 's Latino population . In India , 70 million viewers streamed the match online , through Sony Picture Networks India 's ( SPN ) Sony Liv application , which was a record for a football match ; an additional 22.4 million viewers watched the match on Sony Ten 2 , Sony Ten 3 and Sony ESPN . In China , the match drew a combined of 56 million viewers on state - broadcasters CCTV - 1 and CCTV - 5 , the most - watched sporting event in China since 2008 Beijing Olympics ; an additional 24 million viewers streamed the match through Youku , a video - service and an Alibaba Group subsidiary . In Australia , the final was watched by an average of 2.2 million viewers -- with a peak of 3.4 million viewers -- on national public broadcaster SBS . Whereas , in Canada , the final was watched by an average of 3.9 million viewers , with a peak of 5.4 million viewers on CTV , TSN and RDS . Advertising In the United States , Fox received between US $ 399,000 and $750,000 for a 30 - second advertisement spot during the World Cup final ; whereas in France , TF1 got up to $300,000 for a 30 - second ad - spot . See also 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup References ^ Jump up to : `` France v Croatia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . 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Jump up ^ `` Luzhniki Stadium 's renovation completed '' . Dawn . Agence France - Presse. 31 August 2017 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina beats Russia 1 -- 0 in friendly at renovated Luzhniki Stadium '' . EFE. 11 November 2017 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Dunbar , Graham ( 6 July 2018 ) . `` Europe assured of extending World Cup winning streak to 4 '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Magic moments in all - European Finals '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 12 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 5 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup 1930 -- 2018 '' . rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Steve ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Vive la France : Les Bleus advance to World Cup final '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Reineking , Jim ( 25 May 2018 ) . `` Every FIFA World Cup champion : Brazil , Germany , Italy historically dominate tournament '' . USA Today . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Hafez , Shamoon ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` France 1 Belgium 0 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sen , Debayan ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` By the numbers -- Can Deschamps join Zagallo and Beckenbauer ? '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stats of the day -- 12 July 2018 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 12 July 2018 . p. 1 . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Mitch ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Mandzukic sends irrepressible Croatia into first World Cup final '' . Reuters . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup final 2018 : France v Croatia -- your guide to Sunday 's match '' . BBC Sport. 14 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Preview : France v Croatia '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McAleavy , Emma L. ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia 's 2018 World Cup Pursuit Inspired by the Past '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia at the 1998 World Cup -- a look back at their last semi-final run '' . The Irish Independent . Press Association . 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ West , Jenna ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` France vs. Croatia History : All - Time Head - to - Head Results '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The last time France and Croatia met on the world stage '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Kit for the FIFA World Cup '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 12 July 2018 . p. 13 . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Loaded , Deep France Enters World Cup as One of Favorites to Win it All '' . Sports Illustrated . 1 June 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Sutcliffe , Steve ( 18 June 2018 ) . `` France 2 -- 1 Australia '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Clarey , Cristopher ( 21 June 2018 ) . `` 36 Years and No World Cup Goals : Peru Eliminated by France '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Amy ( 21 June 2018 ) . `` France seal last - 16 spot as Kylian Mbappé earns victory over Peru '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Dunbar , Graham ( 26 June 2018 ) . `` Denmark advances at World Cup in drab 0 -- 0 draw with France '' . Chicago Tribune . Associated Press . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Adam ( 22 June 2018 ) . `` France under Deschamps look a lot like England under Eriksson '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jonathan ( 30 June 2018 ) . `` Kylian Mbappé doubles up in France 's rollercoaster victory over Argentina '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pavard 's stunner voted Hyundai Goal of the Tournament '' . FIFA. 25 July 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` King Kylian ! Is France superstar Mbappe the heir to the Brazilian Ronaldo 's throne ? '' . Goal.com. 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mbappe on Pele comparison : ' flattering , but he 's in another category ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Agence France - Presse. 30 June 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 6 July 2018 ) . `` Uruguay 0 -- 2 France '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Samuel Umtiti header puts France in World Cup final with win over Belgium '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Das , Andrew ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` France Rides to World Cup Final on Defense 's Back '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Yokhin , Michael ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Croatia quartet of star midfielders provides hope of escaping group '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Janieck , Karel ( 27 May 2018 ) . `` World Cup Countdown : Talented Croatia arrives with unfulfilled potential '' . Chicago Tribune . Associated Press . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 1 -- 3 Mexico '' . BBC Sport. 23 June 2014 . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Holiga , Aleksandar ( 6 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia 's World Cup run divides nation where football is never just sport '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Modric , Rakitic Key Croatia 's Star - Laden Squad in Difficult World Cup Group '' . Sports Illustrated . 2 June 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Clegg , Jonathan ( 6 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia : The World Cup 's Russian Nesting Dolls '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Croatia secure World Cup 2018 place with victory over Greece '' . BBC Sport. 12 November 2017 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia out to match success of 1998 World Cup generation '' . Reuters. 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Bogage , Jacob ( 16 June 2018 ) . `` Croatia vs. Nigeria 2018 World Cup : Modric 's penalty kick seals 2 -- 0 Croatia victory '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ MacInnes , Paul ( 18 June 2018 ) . `` Croatia send reluctant substitute Nikola Kalinic home from World Cup '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Osmanbasic , Adin ( 23 June 2018 ) . `` How did Croatia beat Argentina 3 : 0 ? '' . Spielverlagerung . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Jennings , Patrick ( 21 June 2018 ) . `` Argentina 0 -- 3 Croatia '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Mather , Victor ( 26 June 2018 ) . `` Croatia Crushes Iceland 's World Cup Dream '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia take Group D with 2 -- 1 win against Iceland '' . EFE. 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jeremy ; Eccleshare , Charlie ( 2 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia through to World Cup quarter - finals after dramatic penalty shoot - out victory over Denmark '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Subasic the hero as Croatia claim shootout win '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Martin ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` Russia 's underdog World Cup run comes to an end with PK loss to Croatia '' . USA Today . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Hytner , David ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia book World Cup semi-final with England after penalty shootout win '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Debayan ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` By the numbers : Back - to - back shootout wins for Croatia , record penalty saves for Subasic '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Petrosyan , Artur ( 8 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia defender Domagoj Vida warned by FIFA over pro-Ukraine comments '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Das , Andrew ; Mather , Victor ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia Turns England 's World Cup Destiny Into Despair '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Martin ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia tops England in extra time to reach World Cup final '' . USA Today . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Wright , Chris ( 26 June 2018 ) . `` World Cup 2018 match ball released -- yep , that 's right , another one '' . ESPN . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` adidas Football Reveals Official Match Ball for the Knockout Stage of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' . FIFA.com ( Press release ) . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Sabin , Dyani ( 18 June 2018 ) . `` How the new World Cup ball was designed to not influence the games '' . Popular Science . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pitana : It 's an indescribable feeling '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 13 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Gantman , Marcelo ( 12 July 2018 ) . `` Los atributos que le vio la FIFA a Néstor Pitana para designarlo para la final del Mundial Rusia 2018 : `` la roca '' que marcó el estilo arbitral '' ( The attributes that saw FIFA designate Néstor Pitana for the 2018 World Cup Final : `` the rock '' that marked the refereeing style ) . La Nación ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Will Smith , Nicky Jam y Era Istrefi calientan la final '' ( Will Smith , Nicky Jam and Era Istrefi warm up the final ) . La Jornada ( in Spanish ) . Notimex. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood star Will Smith brings down curtain on Russia World Cup '' . Reuters. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Das , Andrew ; Mather , Victor ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` France vs. Croatia : World Cup Final Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goff , Steven ; Fortier , Sam ; Wilson , Scott ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` France blazes past Croatia to win World Cup title for the second time '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Austin , Jack ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup final : France and Croatia name unchanged line - ups as Kylian Mbappe starts '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Glendenning , Barry ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup 2018 final : France v Croatia -- live ! '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ogden , Mark ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Mbappe powers France to World Cup glory , Croatia reeling after VAR controversy '' . ESPN . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Potts , Michael . `` Antoine Griezmann : Did France star dive vs Croatia in World Cup final ? '' . The Daily Express . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Doré , Louis . `` Griezmann dive and Perisic penalty : Two big decisions go against Croatia in World Cup final '' . i . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Griezmann dive fools Pitana and leads to opening goal for France '' . Diario AS . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Daniel ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` France seal second World Cup triumph with 4 -- 2 win over brave Croatia '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bull , JJ ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup final 2018 , France vs Croatia : live score and latest updates '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` France lift second World Cup after winning classic final 4 -- 2 '' . Reuters. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pussy Riot claim responsibility for World Cup Final pitch invasion '' . Evening Standard . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tactical Line - up -- Final -- France v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations -- 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Match report : Half - time -- Final -- France v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Prince - Wright , Joe ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` France win World Cup after classic final '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Soaked but smiling , Croatian president wins admirers at World Cup final '' . Reuters. 16 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Young , Joyful France Beats Croatia 4 -- 2 to Win 2nd World Cup '' . USA Today . Associated Press . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 27 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden consolation for magical Modric '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Formidable France secure second title '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modric wins World Cup Golden Ball ; Mbappe and Courtois also honoured '' . ESPN . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Felix , Bate ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Paris fanzone fills with 90,000 willing ' Les Bleus ' to World Cup victory '' . Reuters . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Chrisafis , Angelique ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Paris celebrates World Cup win as one million fans fill Champs - Élysées '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Samuel , Henry ; Chandler - Wilde , Helen ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` Two dead amid World Cup final victory celebrations in France '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Paris police arrest 102 people after World Cup celebrations turn violent '' . ESPN . 16 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : Paris renames stations for France heroes ' welcome '' . BBC Sport. 16 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ilic , Igor ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia takes to streets to toast soccer team 's historic run '' . Reuters . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 26 , 1 millions de télespectateurs au total devant la finale de la Coupe du Monde '' . L'Équipe. 25 July 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Peter ; Tartaglione , Nancy ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup Final Scores 22.3 M Peak In France As TF1 Secures Best Ratings Since 2016 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Keslassy , Elsa ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` Global Broadcasters Score Big With Live World Cup Final Ratings '' . Variety . Leo Barraclough , Stewart Clarke , John Hopewell , Vivarelli and Joseph Otterson . London , Madrid , Rome , Los Angeles : Michelle Sobrino - Stearns . ISSN 0042 - 2738 . OCLC 810134503 . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Doherty , Christian ( 17 July 2018 ) . `` Eurodata : World Cup Final reached 163 m viewers in Europe '' . Digital TV Europe . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Briel , Robert ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup Final attracted 163 m viewers in 20 territories '' . Broadband TV News . London . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` More Croats watched World Cup semi with England than historic first - ever final -- FIFA '' . RT International . 18 July 2018 . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Final third most popular match among Russian viewers '' . FourFourTwo Australia . Sputnik News . 18 July 2018 . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Briel , Robert ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup Final attracted 163m viewers in 20 territories '' . Broadband TV News . London . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Doherty , Christian ( 17 July 2018 ) . `` Eurodata : World Cup Final reached 163m viewers in Europe '' . Digital TV Europe . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Keslassy , Elsa ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` Global Broadcasters Score Big With Live World Cup Final Ratings '' . Variety . Leo Barraclough , Stewart Clarke , John Hopewell , Vivarelli and Joseph Otterson . London , Madrid , Rome , Los Angeles : Michelle Sobrino - Stearns . ISSN 0042 - 2738 . OCLC 810134503 . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Nicolaou , Anna ( 17 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup final ratings flop for Fox '' . Financial Times . New York City . ISSN 0307 - 1766 . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` TV Ratings : World Cup Final Drops 32 Percent From 2014 , Posts Fox Best '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Lynne Segall . ISSN 0018 - 3660 . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Harris , Christopher ( 17 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup Final delivers 17 million viewers across FOX and Telemundo combined '' . World Soccer Talk . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Basu , Rith ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup over but surfeit of sport to beat hangover '' . The Telegraph . Kolkata . OCLC 271717941 . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Laghate , Gaurav ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` Record 70 million viewers watched FIFA World Cup on SonyLIV '' . The Economic Times . Mumbai : The Times Group . OCLC 61311680 . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Bhaskar , Rohith ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` SonyLiv 's stream of the FIFA world cup shows that soccer is gaining on cricket in popularity '' . PCMag India . ISSN 2373 - 2830 . OCLC 34196174 . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Tao , Li ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` Online streamers score after a surge in Chinese viewers during the 2018 World Cup football tournament '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Yining , Ding ( 20 July 2018 ) . `` Suning Sports raises US $600 m '' . SHINE . Shanghai Daily . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McDonnell , Josh ( 19 July 2018 ) . `` SBS scores big with World Cup coverage reaching 9.1 m viewers '' . Ad News . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup TV Ratings : SBS scores with 9.1 million viewers across 57 matches '' . Mediaweek . Mediaweek. 19 July 2018 . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 25.8 Million Canadians Make the FIFA WORLD CUP TM on CTV , TSN , and RDS a Resounding Success '' ( Press release ) . Toronto : TSN. 17 July 2018 . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Preliminary overnight data from Numeris confirms that an average audience of 3.9 million viewers watched the FIFA WORLD CUP TM Final on Sunday . Audiences peaked at 5.4 million viewers at 12 : 53 p.m. ET as France secured their second - ever FIFA WORLD CUP TM victory . Jump up ^ Lynch , Jason ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Fox Sports Says Its World Cup Has Been an Ad Revenue Success , Even Without the U.S. Team '' . Adweek . ISSN 0199 - 2864 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Gray , Sarah ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Fox Sports Says the World Cup Brought in Plenty of Ad Dollars -- Despite a Rocky Ratings Start '' . Fortune . ISSN 0015 - 8259 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lafayette , Jon ( 12 July 2018 ) . `` Fox Nears Sellout for World Cup Final Match '' . Broadcasting & Cable . ISSN 1068 - 6827 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2018 FIFA World Cup Final . Official website Official documents and match documents 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Squads Statistics Official symbols Adidas Telstar 18 ( ball ) `` Live It Up '' ( song ) Zabivaka ( mascot ) FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Portal Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . France national football team matches FIFA World Cup Finals 1998 2006 2018 FIFA Confederations Cup Finals 2003 UEFA European Championship Finals 1984 2000 2016 Other matches Belgium 3 -- 3 France ( 1904 ) West Germany 3 -- 3 ( a.e.t. , 5 -- 4 pen . ) France ( 1982 ) Ireland 1 -- 2 ( agg . ) France ( 2009 ) France 2 -- 0 Germany ( 2015 ) Croatia national football team General Croatian Football Federation World Cup record European Championship record Statistics Hat - tricks Results 1940 -- 99 2000 -- 09 2010 -- 19 Players 20 + caps Notable matches SR Croatia 5 -- 2 Indonesia ( 1956 ) Croatia 2 -- 1 United States ( 1990 ) 2018 FIFA World Cup Final Other teams Men 's Under - 21 Under - 20 Under - 19 Under - 17 Women 's Under - 19 Under - 17 Association football portal Russia portal Moscow portal 2010s portal France portal Croatia portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup_Final&oldid=865314751 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup finals 2017 -- 18 in Russian football Sports competitions in Moscow Football in Moscow 2018 in Moscow France national football team matches Croatia national football team matches Croatia -- France relations France at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Croatia at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages with login required references or sources Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2018 EngvarB from July 2018 Articles containing Russian - language text Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Chi - Chewa Dansk Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 03 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won fifa football world cup in 2018 | [
"France won the match 4–2, having taken a 2–1 lead during the first half on an own goal and penalty awarded by the video assistant referee (VAR), both firsts in a World Cup final. France also became the second team in the 32-team World Cup to win all their knockout matches without any extra time or penalty shoot-out after Brazil in 2002. As winners, France qualified for the 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup.\n"
] | [
"France"
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2123824162557810563 | Peter Bergman | Peter Bergman - wikipedia Peter Bergman For other uses , see Peter Bergman ( disambiguation ) . Peter Bergman Peter Michael Bergman ( 1953 - 06 - 11 ) June 11 , 1953 ( age 65 ) Guantánamo Bay , Cuba Occupation Actor Spouse ( s ) Christine Ebersole ( 1976 -- 81 ; divorced ) Mariellen Bergman ( 1985 -- present ; 2 children ) Peter Michael Bergman ( born June 11 , 1953 ) is an American actor best known for his portrayals as Dr. Cliff Warner on All My Children ( 1979 -- 89 ) as well as Jack Abbott on The Young and the Restless ( 1989 -- present ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 Awards and nominations 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Biography ( edit ) The son of Walter Bergman , a United States Navy officer , he was born in Guantanamo Bay , Cuba . He later graduated from Crossland Senior High School in Camp Springs , Maryland . Bergman was married to actress Christine Ebersole from 1976 to 1981 . In 1985 , he married Mariellen , with whom he has two children . Career ( edit ) Bergman originally auditioned for the All My Children role of Dr. Jeff Martin . His first notable role was his portrayal of Dr. Cliff Warner on All My Children , which he played from 1979 to 1987 and again from 1988 - 89 . His character , Cliff , married Nina ( Taylor Miller ) four times ( 1980 , 1982 , 1986 , and 1989 ) and divorced her three times . When the characters left the serial , their fourth marriage was intact . In a Vicks Formula 44 cough syrup advertising campaign in 1986 , Bergman told the viewing audience , `` I 'm not a doctor , but I play one on TV . '' Chris Robinson , who played Dr. Rick Webber on ABC 's General Hospital , was the original spokesperson in the ad campaign , which started in 1984 . Bergman replaced Robinson after the latter experienced some legal difficulties . The writer of the commercial used this opening line as a disclaimer , because the then - existing `` white coat rule '' prohibited people from portraying doctors in commercials without some sort of clarification / disclaimer . The original commercial with Chris Robinson became the most - recalled TV commercial in the history of the Vicks brand . Since 1989 , Bergman has played the role of Jack Abbott on The Young and the Restless . In 1997 , Bergman portrayed Jack Abbott in an episode `` The Heather Biblow story '' on The Nanny , where he shared an on - screen kiss with Pamela Anderson . In 2001 , he guest starred as Jack on The King of Queens in an episode of Season 3 . Filmography ( edit ) Television Year Title Role Notes 1979 -- 87 , 1988 -- 89 All My Children Dr. Cliff Warner Contract role Nominated -- Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series 1982 Fantasies Larry Television film Money , Power , Murder Brant Television film 1989 -- present The Young and the Restless Jack Abbott Contract role Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series ( 1991 -- 92 , 2002 ) Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Lead Actor ( 1993 ) Nominated -- Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series ( 1990 , 1993 -- 2001 , 2007 -- 08 , 2010 , 2013 ) Nominated -- Daytime Emmy Award for Irresistible Combination ( shared with Michelle Stafford ) Nominated -- Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Lead Actor ( 1994 ) 1991 Danielle Steel 's Palamino Warren Taylor Television film 1997 The Nanny Jack Abbott Episode : `` The Heather Biblow Story '' 1998 The Bold and the Beautiful Jack Abbott 2 episodes 2001 The King of Queens Jack Abbott Episode : `` Inner Tube '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result Ref Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series All My Children Nominated Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series The Young and the Restless Nominated 1991 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Won Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Won 1993 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 1993 Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Lead Actor Won 1994 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 1994 Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Lead Actor Nominated 1995 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 1997 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 1998 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 1999 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2000 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2001 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2002 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Won 2005 Daytime Emmy Award for Irresistible Combination ( shared with Michelle Stafford ) Nominated 2007 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2008 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2013 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2014 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2017 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Nominated See also ( edit ) Cliff Warner and Nina Cortlandt Supercouple Eric Braeden References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.cbs.com/shows/the_young_and_the_restless/cast/61666/ Jump up ^ Goudas , John N. ( June 4 , 1983 ) . `` The best on daytime TV wo n't be seen on daytime TV '' . The Miami News . Miami , Florida : Cox Enterprises . p. 47 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goudas , John N. ( May 26 , 1990 ) . `` Emmy nominees announced '' . TimesDaily . Florence , Alabama : Tennessee Valley Printing Co. p. 70 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sharbutt , Jay ( June 28 , 1991 ) . `` Daytime winners listed '' . The Bulletin . Bend , Oregon : Western Communications . Associated Press . p. 17 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Takes Home Most Daytime Emmys '' . Los Angeles Times . New York City , New York : Tribune Company . Associated Press . June 25 , 1992 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lucci gets another Emmy bid '' . Toledo Blade . New York City , New York : Block Communications . Associated Press . April 2 , 1993 . p. 15 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( February 27 , 1993 ) . `` ' Days of Our Lives ' named favorite soap opera '' . Point Pleasant Register . Retrieved February 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lucci fails to land Emmy nomination '' . Portsmouth Daily Times . Scioto County , Ohio : Heartland Publications . Associated Press . April 12 , 1994 . p. 6 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` This may be the year Lucci wins an Emmy '' . The Free Lance -- Star . Fredericksburg , Virginia : The Free Lance -- Star Publishing Company . April 8 , 1995 . p. 27 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Richmond , Ray ( April 5 , 1996 ) . `` ' Y&R ' leads Emmy nominations '' . Observer -- Reporter . Washington , Pennsylvania : Observer Publishing Company . p. 11 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . Soap Opera Digest . New York City , New York : American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2004 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( March 11 , 1998 ) . `` ABC tops Emmy noms '' . Variety . Los Angeles , California : Penske Business Media . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmy Nominees List 1 '' . Variety . Los Angeles , California : Penske Business Media . March 11 , 1999 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Havens , Candace ( May 12 , 2000 ) . `` Lead actress Emmy race too close to call '' . The Union Democrat . Sonora : Western Communications . p. 55 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Regis tracks two Emmys '' . Variety . Los Angeles : Penske Business Media . March 13 , 2001 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 29th Annual Daytime Emmy Awards Presented In 18 Categories '' . PR Newswire . New York : prnewswire.com . May 18 , 2002 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bonawitz , Amy ( February 11 , 2009 ) . `` 34th Annual Daytime Emmy Winners '' . New York City : CBS News . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 35th Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations '' . National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . New York : emmyonline.org. April 30 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 37th Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations '' . New York : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . May 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 40th Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations '' . New York : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . May 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 41st Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations '' . New York : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . May 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 44th Annual Daytime Emmy Award Nominations '' ( PDF ) . New York City : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Peter Bergman on IMDb CBS : Y&R hide Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Macdonald Carey ( 1974 ) Macdonald Carey ( 1975 ) Larry Haines ( 1976 ) Val Dufour ( 1977 ) James Pritchett ( 1978 ) Al Freeman Jr. ( 1979 ) Douglass Watson ( 1980 ) Douglass Watson ( 1981 ) Anthony Geary ( 1982 ) Robert S. Woods ( 1983 ) Larry Bryggman ( 1984 ) Darnell Williams ( 1985 ) David Canary ( 1986 ) Larry Bryggman ( 1987 ) David Canary ( 1988 ) David Canary ( 1989 ) A Martinez ( 1990 ) Peter Bergman ( 1991 ) Peter Bergman ( 1992 ) David Canary ( 1993 ) Michael Zaslow ( 1994 ) Justin Deas ( 1995 ) Charles Keating ( 1996 ) Justin Deas ( 1997 ) Eric Braeden ( 1998 ) Anthony Geary ( 1999 ) Anthony Geary ( 2000 ) David Canary ( 2001 ) Peter Bergman ( 2002 ) Maurice Benard ( 2003 ) Anthony Geary ( 2004 ) Christian LeBlanc ( 2005 ) Anthony Geary ( 2006 ) Christian LeBlanc ( 2007 ) Anthony Geary ( 2008 ) Christian LeBlanc ( 2009 ) Michael Park ( 2010 ) Michael Park ( 2011 ) Anthony Geary ( 2012 ) Doug Davidson ( 2013 ) Billy Miller ( 2014 ) Anthony Geary ( 2015 ) Tyler Christopher ( 2016 ) Scott Clifton ( 2017 ) James Reynolds ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Bergman&oldid=850561655 '' Categories : 1953 births Military brats Living people American male soap opera actors Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series winners People from Guantánamo Province 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male television actors Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 16 : 31 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who plays jack abbott on the young and the restless | [
"Peter Michael Bergman (born June 11, 1953) is an American actor best known for his portrayals as Dr. Cliff Warner on All My Children (1979–89) as well as Jack Abbott on The Young and the Restless (1989–present).\n"
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"Peter Michael Bergman"
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8491755920729538948 | United States presidential line of succession | United States presidential line of succession - wikipedia United States presidential line of succession Federal judge Sarah T. Hughes administering the Oath of Office to President Lyndon B. Johnson following the death of John F. Kennedy , November 22 , 1963 Chief Justice Warren Burger administering the Oath of Office to President Gerald Ford following the resignation of Richard Nixon , August 9 , 1974 The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which officials of the United States federal government discharge the powers and duties of the office of President of the United States if the incumbent president becomes incapacitated , dies , resigns , or is removed from office ( by impeachment by the House of Representatives and subsequent conviction by the Senate ) during their four - year term of office . The order of succession to the presidency is referred to three times in the U.S. Constitution -- in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 ; the 20th Amendment ; and the 25th Amendment . The Article II succession clause authorizes Congress to provide for a line of succession beyond the vice president , which it has done on three occasions . The current Presidential Succession Act was adopted in 1947 ( and last revised in 2006 ) . The line of succession follows the order of Vice President , Speaker of the House of Representatives , President pro tempore of the Senate , and then the eligible heads of federal executive departments who form the president 's Cabinet . The Presidential Succession Act refers specifically to officers beyond the vice president acting as president rather than becoming president when filling a vacancy . The Cabinet currently has 15 members , of which the Secretary of State is first in line ; the other Cabinet secretaries follow in the order in which their department ( or the department of which their department is the successor ) was created . Those heads of department who are constitutionally ineligible to be elected to the presidency are also disqualified from assuming the powers and duties of the presidency through succession . Since 1789 , the vice president has succeeded to the presidency intra-term on nine occasions , eight times due to the incumbent 's death , and once due to resignation . No one lower in the line of succession has yet been called upon to act as president . Widely considered a settled issue during the late 20th century , the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 demonstrated the potential for a decapitation strike that would kill or incapacitate multiple individuals in the presidential line of succession , in addition to many members of Congress and of the federal judiciary . In the years immediately following the attacks , there were numerous wide - ranging discussions in Congress , among academics , and within the public policy community about continuity of government concerns , including the existing constitutional and statutory provisions governing presidential succession . These discussions are ongoing . One effort , that of the Continuity of Government Commission , a nonpartisan think tank , produced three reports ( in 2003 , 2009 , and 2011 ) , the second of which focused on the implicit ambiguities and limitations in the current succession act , and contained recommendations for amending the laws for succession to the presidency . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current order 2 Constitutional provisions 2.1 Presidential eligibility 2.2 Presidential succession 3 Ambiguities regarding succession and inability 4 History of succession law set by Congress 4.1 Presidential Succession Act 1792 4.2 Presidential Succession Act 1886 4.3 Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945 4.4 Presidential Succession Act 1947 4.4. 1 Postmaster General removed 1971 4.4. 2 Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006 4.4. 3 Eligibility of acting officers 5 Successions beyond Vice President of the United States 6 Contemporary issues and concerns 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Current order ( edit ) The table below details the current presidential order of succession as established by the Presidential Succession Act 1947 ( 61 Stat. 380 ) , as amended ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ) . Federal offices are listed in the prescribed order ; acting officers whose prior appointment required Senate confirmation are included in the table ( as their inclusion in the line of succession is implied by the language of the current act ) , and notation is made of officers who are constitutionally ineligible to to discharge the powers and duties of the office of President . No . Office Current officer PA Vice President Mike Pence Republican Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan Republican President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch Republican Secretary of State Mike Pompeo Republican 5 Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin Republican 6 Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis Independent 7 Attorney General Jeff Sessions Republican 8 Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke Republican 9 Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue Republican 10 Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross Republican 11 Secretary of Labor Alexander Acosta Republican 12 Secretary of Health and Human Services Alex Azar Republican 13 Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson Republican ( 14 ) Secretary of Transportation Elaine Chao Republican 15 Secretary of Energy Rick Perry Republican 16 Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos Republican ( 17 ) Secretary of Veterans Affairs Peter O'Rourke Republican 18 Secretary of Homeland Security Kirstjen Nielsen Independent Jump up ^ The Department of Defense is the successor to the earlier Department of War . Jump up ^ The Department of Health and Human Services is the successor to the earlier Department of Health , Education and Welfare . Jump up ^ Not a natural - born U.S. citizen ( citizenship acquired through naturalization ) and consequently is ineligible for the presidency . Jump up ^ Ineligible unless acting officers whose prior executive branch appointment required Senate confirmation are included in the line of succession , which is unclear . Constitutional provisions ( edit ) Presidential eligibility ( edit ) Article II , Section 1 , Clause 5 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for holding the presidency . To serve as president , one must : be a natural - born U.S. citizen of the United States ; be at least thirty - five years old ; be a resident in the United States for at least fourteen years . A person who meets the above qualifications , however , would still be disqualified from holding the office of president under any of the following conditions : Under the Twenty - second Amendment , no person can be elected president more than twice . The amendment also specifies that if any eligible person serves as president or acting president for more than two years of a term for which some other eligible person was elected president , the former can only be elected president once . Under Article I , Section 3 , Clause 7 , upon conviction in impeachment cases , the Senate has the option of disqualifying convicted individuals from holding federal office , including that of president . Under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment , no person who swore an oath to support the Constitution , and later rebelled against the United States , can become president . However , this disqualification can be lifted by a two - thirds vote of each house of Congress . Presidential succession ( edit ) The presidential line of succession is mentioned in three places in the Constitution : Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 makes the vice president first in the line of succession and allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither the president nor vice president can serve . The 20th Amendment , Section 3 , provides that if the president - elect dies before his term begins , the vice president - elect becomes president on Inauguration Day and serves for the full term to which the president - elect was elected . It further provides that if on Inauguration Day , a president has not been chosen or the president - elect does not qualify for the presidency , the vice president - elect acts as president until a president is chosen or the president - elect qualifies . It also authorizes Congress to provide for instances in which neither a president - elect nor a vice president - elect have qualified . The 25th Amendment , Section 1 , clarifies Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 , stating unequivocally that the vice president is the direct successor of the president , and becomes president if the incumbent dies , resigns or is removed from office . It also , in sections 3 and 4 , provides for situations where the president is temporarily disabled , such as if the president has a surgical procedure or becomes mentally unfit . Additionally , in Section 2 , the amendment provides a mechanism for intra-term vice presidential succession , establishing that vice presidential vacancies will be filled by the president and confirmed by both houses of Congress . Previously , whenever a vice president had succeeded to the presidency or had otherwise left the office empty ( through death , resignation , or removal from office ) , the vice presidency remained vacant until the next presidential and vice presidential terms began . Ambiguities regarding succession and inability ( edit ) In April 1841 , John Tyler became the first person to succeed to the presidency intra-term upon the death of William Henry Harrison . Although Presidential Succession Clause in Article II of the Constitution clearly provided for the vice president to take over the `` powers and duties '' of the presidency in thre event of a president 's removal , death , resignation , or inability , left unclear was whether the vice president became president of the United States or simply acted as president in a case of succession . Some historians , including Edward Corwin and John D. Feerick , have argued that the framers ' intention was that the vice president would remain vice president while executing the powers and duties of the presidency until new a president could be elected . The hypothetical debate about whether the office or merely the powers of the office devolve upon a vice president who succeeds to the presidency between elections became an urgent constitutional issue in 1841 , when President William Henry Harrison died in office , only 31 days into his term . Vice President John Tyler claimed a constitutional mandate to carry out the full powers and duties of the presidency , asserting he was the president and not merely a temporary acting president , by taking the presidential oath of office . Many around him -- including John Quincy Adams , Henry Clay and other members of Congress , along with Whig party leaders , and even Tyler 's own cabinet -- believed that he was only acting as president and did not have the office itself . He was nicknamed `` His Accidency '' and excoriated as a usurper. Nonetheless , Tyler adhered to his position , even returning , unopened , mail addressed to the `` Acting President of the United States '' sent by his detractors. Tyler 's view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to accept the title `` President , '' setting a momentous precedent for an orderly transfer of presidential power following a president 's death , one that was written into the Constitution as section 1 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment . History of succession Law set by Congress ( edit ) Presidential succession Act 1792 ( edit ) Main article : Presidential Succession Act Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1792 The Presidential Succession Act of 1792 was the first succession law passed by Congress . The act was contentious because the Federalists did not want the then Secretary of State , Thomas Jefferson , who had become the leader of the Democratic - Republicans , to follow the vice president in the succession . There were also separation of powers concerns over including the Chief Justice of the United States in the line . The compromise they worked out established the President pro tempore of the Senate as next in line after the vice president , followed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives . In either case , these officers were to `` act as President of the United States until the disability be removed or a president be elected . '' The Act called for a special election to be held in November of the year in which dual vacancies occurred ( unless the vacancies occurred after the first Wednesday in October , in which case the election would occur the following year ; or unless the vacancies occurred within the last year of the presidential term , in which case the next election would take place as regularly scheduled ) . The people elected president and vice president in such a special election would have served a full four - year term beginning on March 4 of the next year , but no such election ever took place . Presidential succession Act 1886 ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1886 In 1881 , after the death of President Garfield , and in 1885 , after the death of Vice President Hendricks , there had been no President pro tempore in office , and as the new House of Representatives had yet to convene , no Speaker either , leaving no one at all in the line of succession after the vice president . When Congress convened in December 1885 , President Cleveland asked for a revision of the 1792 act , which was passed in 1886 . Congress replaced the President pro tempore and Speaker with officers of the president 's Cabinet , with the Secretary of State first in line . In the first 100 years of the United States , six former Secretaries of State had gone on to be elected president , while only two congressional leaders had advanced to that office . As a result , changing the order of the line of succession seemed reasonable . Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945 ( edit ) Two months after succeeding Franklin D. Roosevelt , President Harry S. Truman proposed that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate be granted priority in the line of succession over the Cabinet so as to ensure the president would not be able to appoint his successor to the presidency . The Secretary of State and the other Cabinet officials are appointed by the president , while the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate are elected officials . The Speaker is chosen by the U.S. House of Representatives , and every Speaker has been a member of that body for the duration of their term as Speaker , though this is not technically a requirement ; the President pro tempore is chosen by the U.S. Senate and customarily the Senator of the majority party with the longest record of continuous service fills this position . The Congress approved this change and inserted the Speaker and President pro tempore in line , ahead of the members of the Cabinet in the order in which their positions were established . In his speech supporting the changes , Truman noted that the House of Representatives is more likely to be in political agreement with the president and vice president than the Senate . The succession of a Republican to a Democratic presidency would further complicate an already unstable political situation . However , the changes to the succession , when signed into law , placed Republican House Speaker Joseph W. Martin first in the line of succession after the vice president . Some of Truman 's critics said that his ordering of the Speaker before the President pro tempore was motivated by his dislike of the then - current holder of the latter rank , Senator Kenneth McKellar . Further motivation may have been provided by Truman 's preference for House Speaker Sam Rayburn to be next in the line of succession , rather than Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius , Jr . Presidential succession Act 1947 ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1947 The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 , signed into law by President Harry S. Truman , added the Speaker of the House and President pro tempore back in the line , but switched the two from the 1792 order . It remains the sequence used today . Since the reorganization of the military in 1947 had merged the War Department ( which governed the Army ) with the Department of the Navy into the Department of Defense , the Secretary of Defense took the place in the order of succession previously held by the Secretary of War . The office of Secretary of the Navy , which had existed as a Cabinet - level position since 1798 , had become subordinate to the Secretary of Defense in the military reorganization , and so was dropped from the line of succession in the 1947 Succession Act . Postmaster General removed 1971 ( edit ) Until 1971 , the Postmaster General , the head of the Post Office Department , was a member of the Cabinet , initially the last in the presidential line of succession before new officers were added . Once the Post Office Department was re-organized into the United States Postal Service , a special agency independent of the executive branch , the Postmaster General ceased to be a member of the Cabinet and was thus removed from the line of succession . Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006 ( edit ) The United States Department of Homeland Security was created in 2002 . On March 9 , 2006 , pursuant to the renewal of the Patriot Act as Pub. L. 109 -- 177 , the Secretary of Homeland Security was added to the line of succession . The order of Cabinet members in the line has always been the same as the order in which their respective departments were established . Despite custom , many in Congress had wanted the Secretary to be placed at number eight on the list -- below the Attorney General , above the Secretary of the Interior , and in the position held by the Secretary of the Navy prior to the creation of the Secretary of Defense -- because the Secretary , already in charge of disaster relief and security , would presumably be more prepared to take over the presidency than some of the other Cabinet secretaries . Despite this , the 2006 law explicitly specifies that the `` Secretary of Homeland Security '' follows the `` Secretary of Veterans Affairs '' in the succession , effectively at the end of the list . Eligibility of acting officers ( edit ) Acting officers may be eligible . In 2009 , the Continuity of Government Commission reported , The language in the current Presidential Succession Act is less clear than that of the 1886 Act with respect to Senate confirmation . The 1886 Act refers to `` such officers as shall have been appointed by the advice and consent of the Senate to the office therein named ... '' The current act merely refers to `` officers appointed , by and with the advice and consent of the Senate . '' Read literally , this means that the current act allows for acting secretaries to be in the line of succession as long as they are confirmed by the Senate for a post ( even for example , the second or third in command within a department ) . It is common for a second in command to become acting secretary when the secretary leaves office . Though there is some dispute over this provision , the language clearly permits acting secretaries to be placed in the line of succession . ( We have spoken to acting secretaries who told us they had been placed in the line of succession . ) Successions beyond vice president of the United States ( edit ) David Rice Atchison 's tombstone ( Plattsburg , Missouri ) , including the claim `` President of the United States for One Day '' While nine vice presidents have succeeded to the office upon the death or resignation of the president , and two vice presidents have temporarily served as acting president , no other officer has ever been called upon to act as president . On March 4 , 1849 , President Zachary Taylor 's term began , but he declined to be sworn in on a Sunday , citing religious beliefs , and the vice president was not sworn either . As the last President pro tempore of the Senate , David Rice Atchison was thought by some to be next in line after the vice president , and his tombstone claims that he was US President for the day . However , Atchison took no oath of office to the presidency either , and his term as Senate President pro tempore had by then expired . In 1865 , when Andrew Johnson assumed the presidency on the death of Abraham Lincoln , the office of vice president became vacant . At that time , the Senate President pro tempore was next in line to the presidency . In 1868 , Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives and subjected to trial in the Senate , and if he had been convicted and thereby removed from office , Senate President pro tempore Benjamin Wade would have become Acting President . This posed a conflict of interest , as Wade 's `` guilty '' vote could have been decisive in removing Johnson from office and giving himself presidential powers and duties . Johnson was acquitted by a one - vote margin . In his book The Shadow Presidents , which he published in 1979 , Michael Medved describes a situation that arose prior to the 1916 election , when the First World War was raging in Europe . In view of the contemporary international turmoil , President Woodrow Wilson thought that if he lost the election it would be better for his opponent to begin his administration straight away , instead of waiting through the lame duck period , which at that time had a duration of almost four months . President Wilson and his aides formed a plan to exploit the rule of succession so that his rival Charles Evans Hughes could take over the presidency as soon as the result of the election was clear . The plan was that Wilson would appoint Hughes to the post of Secretary of State . Wilson and his Vice President Thomas R. Marshall would then resign , and as the Secretary of State was at that time designated next in line of succession , Hughes would become president immediately . As it happened , President Wilson won re-election , so the plan was never put into action . Since the 25th Amendment 's ratification , its Second Section , which addresses vice presidential succession as noted above , has been invoked twice . During the 1973 vice presidential vacancy , House Speaker Carl Albert was first in line . As the Watergate scandal made President Nixon 's removal or resignation possible , Albert would have become acting president and -- under Title 3 , Section 19 ( c ) of the U.S. Code -- would have been able to `` act as President until the expiration of the then current Presidential term '' on January 20 , 1977 . Albert openly questioned whether it was appropriate for him , a Democrat , to assume the powers and duties of the presidency when there was a public mandate for the presidency to be held by a Republican . Albert announced that should he need to assume the presidential powers and duties , he would do so only as a caretaker . However , with the nomination and confirmation of Gerald Ford to the vice presidency , which marked the first time the Second Section of the Twenty - fifth Amendment was invoked , these series of events were never tested . Albert again became first - in - line during the first four months of Ford 's presidency , before the confirmation of Vice President Nelson Rockefeller , which marked the second time Section 2 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment was invoked . In 1981 , when President Ronald Reagan was shot , Vice President George H.W. Bush was traveling in Texas . Secretary of State Alexander Haig responded to a reporter 's question regarding who was running the government by stating : Constitutionally , gentlemen , you have the President , the Vice President and the Secretary of State in that order , and should the President decide he wants to transfer the helm to the Vice President , he will do so . He has not done that . As of now , I am in control here , in the White House , pending return of the Vice President and in close touch with him . If something came up , I would check with him , of course . A heated dispute ensued over the meaning of Haig 's remarks . Most people believed that Haig was referring to the line of succession and erroneously claimed to have temporary presidential authority , due to his implied reference to the Constitution . Haig and his supporters , noting his familiarity with the line of succession from his time as White House Chief of Staff during Richard Nixon 's resignation , said he only meant that he was the highest - ranking officer of the executive branch of the Federal government of the United States on - site , managing things temporarily until Vice President Bush returned to Washington . Contemporary issues and concerns ( edit ) Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency . James Madison , one of the authors of the Constitution , raised similar constitutional questions about the Presidential Succession Act of 1792 in a 1792 letter to Edmund Pendleton . Two of these issues can be summarized : The term `` Officer '' in the relevant clause of the Constitution is most plausibly interpreted to mean an `` Officer of the United States '' , who must be a member of the Executive or Judicial Branch . The Speaker and the President pro tempore are not officers in this sense . Under the principle of separation of powers , the Constitution specifically disallows legislative officials from also serving in the executive branch . For the Speaker or the Senate President pro tempore to become acting president , they must resign their position , at which point they are no longer in the line of succession . This is seen by some to form a constitutional paradox . However , the current Act specifies that the Speaker becomes president `` upon his resignation as Speaker '' and as a member of Congress , allowing for a seamless transition . In 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission suggested that the current law has `` at least seven significant issues ... that warrant attention '' , specifically : The reality that all figures in the current line of succession work and reside in the vicinity of Washington , D.C. In the event of a nuclear , chemical , or biological attack , it is possible that everyone on the list would be killed or incapacitated . Doubt ( such as those expressed above by James Madison ) that congressional leaders are eligible to act as president . A concern about the wisdom of including the President pro tempore in the line of succession as the `` largely honorific post traditionally held by the longest - serving Senator of the majority party '' . For example , from January 20 , 2001 , to June 6 , 2001 , the President pro tempore was then - 98 - year - old Strom Thurmond of South Carolina . A concern that the current line of succession can force the presidency to abruptly switch parties mid-term , as the president , Speaker , and the President pro tempore are not necessarily of the same party as each other . A concern that the succession line is ordered by the dates of creation of the various executive departments , without regard to the skills or capacities of the persons serving as their Secretary . The fact that , should a Cabinet member begin to act as president , the law allows the House to elect a new Speaker ( or the Senate , a new President pro tempore ) , who could in effect remove the Cabinet member and assume the office themselves at any time . The absence of a provision where a president is disabled and the vice presidency is vacant ( for example , if an assassination attempt simultaneously wounded the president and killed the vice president ) . See also ( edit ) Central Locator System Designated survivor List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots United States presidential line of succession in fiction Order of succession References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 3 U.S. Code § 19 - Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' . Ithaca , New York : Legal Information Institute , Cornell Law School . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lord , Debbie ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` A president resigns , dies or is impeached : What is the line of succession ? '' . wftv.com . Cox Media Group . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Article II . The Executive Branch , Annenberg Classroom '' . The Interactive Constitution . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : The National Constitution Center . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Peabody , Bruce G. ; Gant , Scott E. ( February 1999 ) . `` The Twice and Future President : Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty - Second Amendment '' . Minnesota Law Review . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Law School . 83 ( 3 ) : 565 -- 635 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Albert , Richard ( Winter 2005 ) . `` The Evolving Vice Presidency '' . Temple Law Review . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : Temple University of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education . 78 ( 4 ) : 812 -- 893 . Jump up ^ `` Article I '' . US Legal System . 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( 1895 ) . Harper 's Book of Facts : a Classified History of the World ; Embracing Science , Literature , and Art . New York : Harper & Brothers . p. 884 . LCCN 01020386 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Special Message to the Congress on the Succession to the Presidency . June 19 , 1945 '' by President Harry S. Truman ; from the American Presidency Project archives ^ Jump up to : Wildavsky , Aaron B. ( 2003 ) . Horowitz , Irving , ed . The revolt against the masses and other essays on politics and public policy ( Google Books ) . Transaction Publishers . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0960 - 5 . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` kipnotes.com - Nachrichten zum trading - '' . kipnotes.com - Nachrichten zum trading . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Postmasters General '' . postalmuseum.si.edu . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ US Congress ( 2005 ) . USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act OF 2005 . 109th Congress Public Law 177 . Retrieved on October 29 , 2015 from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-109publ177/html/PLAW-109publ177.htm . Jump up ^ `` The Continuity of the Presidency , '' Continuity of Government Commission , June 2009 , p. 34 . ( Archived by WebCite at ( 1 ) Accessed : 2012 - 05 - 23 ) Jump up ^ `` 1801 : President for a Day -- March 4 , 1849 '' . May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ David Mikkelson ( October 8 , 2007 ) . `` President for a Day '' . snopes . Jump up ^ Medved , Michael ( 1979 ) . The Shadow Presidents : The Secret History of the Chief Executives and Their Top Aides . New York , U.S.A. : Times Books . p. 149 . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 0816 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander Haig '' , Time , April 2 , 1984 Jump up ^ https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-day-reagan-was-shot/ Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil Reed ; Amar , Vikram David ( 1995 ) ( Stanford Law Review , November 1995 ) . `` Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional ? '' . Faculty Scholarship Series . 991 . Yale Law School Legal Scholarship Repository . Jump up ^ `` Article 2 , Section 1 , Clause 6 : James Madison to Edmund Pendleton '' . Jump up ^ First Report p. 4 , continuityofgovernment.org Retrieved December 28 , 2010 via Internet Archive to repair dead link External links ( edit ) Ask Gleaves : Presidential Succession from the website of Grand Valley State University Fools , Drunkards , & Presidential Succession from the Federalist Society website Testimony of M. Miller Baker from the U.S. Senate website The Presidency : Preserving Our Institutions Second report of the Continuity of Government Commission , June 2009 ( includes the text of the Presidential Succession Acts of 1792 , 1886 and 1947 ) Presidential line of succession in the United States of America Vice President ( Mike Pence ) Speaker of the House of Representatives ( Paul Ryan ) President pro tempore of the Senate ( Orrin Hatch ) Secretary of State ( Mike Pompeo ) Secretary of the Treasury ( Steven Mnuchin ) Secretary of Defense ( Jim Mattis ) Attorney General ( Jeff Sessions ) Secretary of the Interior ( Ryan Zinke ) Secretary of Agriculture ( Sonny Perdue ) Secretary of Commerce ( Wilbur Ross ) Secretary of Labor ( Alex Acosta ) Secretary of Health and Human Services ( Alex Azar ) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( Ben Carson ) Secretary of Transportation ( Elaine Chao ) Secretary of Energy ( Rick Perry ) Secretary of Education ( Betsy DeVos ) Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( Peter O'Rourke ) Secretary of Homeland Security ( Kirstjen Nielsen ) Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation , she is not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the presidency . 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"The line of succession follows the order of Vice President, Speaker of the House of Representatives, President pro tempore of the Senate, and then the eligible heads of federal executive departments who form the president's Cabinet. The Presidential Succession Act refers specifically to officers beyond the vice president acting as president rather than becoming president when filling a vacancy. The Cabinet currently has 15 members, of which the Secretary of State is first in line; the other Cabinet secretaries follow in the order in which their department (or the department of which their department is the successor) was created. Those heads of department who are constitutionally ineligible to be elected to the presidency are also disqualified from assuming the powers and duties of the presidency through succession. Since 1789, the vice president has succeeded to the presidency intra-term on nine occasions, eight times due to the incumbent's death, and once due to resignation. No one lower in the line of succession has yet been called upon to act as president."
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"Speaker of the House of Representatives"
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-5584579786286476190 | Belsnickel | Belsnickel - wikipedia Belsnickel Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Belsnickel ( also Belschnickel , Belznickle , Belznickel , Pelznikel , Pelznickel , from pelzen ( or belzen , German for to wallop or to drub ) and Nickel being a hypocorism of the given name Nikolaus ) is a crotchety , fur - clad Christmas gift - bringer figure in the folklore of the Palatinate region of southwestern Germany along the Rhine , the Saarland , and the Odenwald area of Baden - Württemberg . The figure is also preserved in Pennsylvania Dutch communities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cultural perspective 1.1 Pennsylvania 1.2 Indiana 2 In popular culture 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Cultural perspective ( edit ) Modern day Belsnickel in his travel attire on his way to scare children in the schools in Norwich , New York . December 2012 . Belsnickel is related to other companions of Saint Nicholas in the folklore of German - speaking Europe . He may have been based on another older German myth , Knecht Ruprecht , a servant of Saint Nicholas , and a character from northern Germany . Unlike those figures , Belsnickel does not accompany Saint Nicholas but instead visits alone and combines both the threatening and the benign aspects which in other traditions are divided between the Saint Nicholas and the companion figure . Belsnickel is a man wearing furs and sometimes a mask with a long tongue . He is typically very ragged and disheveled . He wears torn , tattered , and dirty clothes , and he carries a switch in his hand with which to beat naughty children , but also pocketsful of cakes , candies , and nuts for good children . In Lower Austria he is sometimes followed by a creature , called Krampus , covered with bells and dragging chains . Krampus is a wild , horned figure akin to the devil . A first - hand 19th - century account of the `` Beltznickle '' tradition in Allegany County , Maryland , can be found in Brown 's Miscellaneous Writings , a collection of essays by Jacob Brown ( born 1824 ) . Writing of a period around 1830 , Brown says , `` we did not hear of '' Santa Claus . Instead , the tradition called for a visit by a different character altogether : He was known as Kriskinkle , Beltznickle and sometimes as the Christmas woman . Children then not only saw the mysterious person , but felt him or rather his stripes upon their backs with his switch . The annual visitor would make his appearance some hours after dark , thoroughly disguised , especially the face , which would sometimes be covered with a hideously ugly phiz - generally wore a female garb - hence the name Christmas woman - sometimes it would be a veritable woman but with masculine force and action . He or she would be equipped with an ample sack about the shoulders filled with cakes , nuts , and fruits , and a long hazel switch which was supposed to have some kind of a charm in it as well as a sting . One would scatter the goodies upon the floor , and then the scramble would begin by the delighted children , and the other hand would ply the switch upon the backs of the excited youngsters - who would not show a wince , but had it been parental discipline there would have been screams to reach a long distance . Pennsylvania ( edit ) The Belsnickel character originated in the Palatinate . When people immigrated to Pennsylvania , they brought their German traditions with them . Belsnickel was known in Pennsylvania in the early 1800s . Amongst the Pennsylvania Germans , Belsnickel is the character who visits homes prior to Christmas to check up on the behavior of the children . The traditional Belsnickel showed up at houses 1 -- 2 weeks before Christmas and often created fright because he always knew exactly which of the children misbehaved . He would rap on the door or window with his stick and often the children would have to answer a question for him or sing some type of song . In exchange he would toss candies onto the floor . If the children jumped too quick for the treats , they may end up getting struck with Belsnickel 's switch . An 1853 article in a British magazine describing Pennsylvanian customs refers to `` Pelsnichol , or Nicholas with the fur , alluding to the dress of skins in which he is said to be clad . Some make Pelsnichol identical with Krishkinkle , but the more general opinion is that they are two personages , one the rewarder of the good , the other the punisher of the bad . '' According to this article , Pelsnichol merely leaves a birch rod in the stockings of naughty children . There are two versions of Belsnickel , the rural and the urban characters . Both are described in the book , Christmas in Pennsylvania : a folk cultural study , by Alfred L. Shoemaker and Don Yoder . The tradition fell into decline toward the end of the nineteenth century , but has seen a revival in recent years . Indiana ( edit ) The tradition of Belsnickel was brought to Indiana by immigrants from the Palatinate . His garb could vary from one locality to another . He might wear a long , black or brown coat or robe , held together at the waist with a rope , and a fur cap or bear skin hat , decorated with bells . In this branch of the tradition , the father or other older male relative was often `` busy working outside '' or had to see to some matter elsewhere in the house when Pelznickel ( or Belsnickel ) arrived . `` Belsnickling '' or `` Klausentreiben , '' was the `` running '' of groups of young men or youth dressed in false faces and fantastic costumes on `` Belsnickle Night '' , the eve of the Feast of St. Nicholas '' ( St. Nikolaustag ) , and was the occasion of good - natured boisterousness . Young men , dressed in skins and furs , would move through the streets of town or village , rattling chains and bells . The tradition also exists in parts of Newfoundland , the prairie provinces of Canada and some communities in the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina . In popular culture ( edit ) A writer to the letters column of The Times refers to an illustration of `` Pelz - Nickel '' in a book by English author Harriet Myrtle , The Little Sister ( 1851 ) . German illustrator H.J. Schneider depicts him `` in a long cloak , pointed hood , a fur round his neck , with a long white beard , and a big bag . '' An episode entitled `` Dwight Christmas '' ( Season 9 Episode 9 ) of the American version of the workplace comedy The Office featured Dwight K. Schrute dressed as Belsnickel . Stoudt 's Brewing Company of Adamstown , Pennsylvania , brews a seasonal dark lager called `` Belsnickle '' . Otto 's Pub and Brewery of State College , Pennsylvania , brews a `` Belsnickle '' ale . The antagonist of the John R. Neill book The Scalawagons of Oz , the thirty - fifth entry in the Oz series created by L. Frank Baum , is a mysterious monstrosity called Bell - snickle . It first appears as `` a large bluish - green object , flat as a buckwheat cake , and rolling along on its edge like a cartwheel . '' The creature does have arms and legs , as well as facial features ; it wears bells on its ears , explaining at least one portion of its name . The creature has the egotism and petulance of a spoiled child . See also ( edit ) Krampus Le Père Fouettard Zwarte Piet References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schunk , Gunther . `` Pelzmärtel und Herrscheklaus '' Jump up ^ `` Belsnickel '' , Indobase ^ Jump up to : Toland , Bill . `` Meet Belsnickel , the Counter Claus '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , November 25 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Reichmann , Ruth . `` Belsnickel in Indiana '' , Indiana German Heritage Society Newsletter , Vol. 18 , No. 1 , winter 2002 - 3 Jump up ^ Jacob Brown , Brown 's Miscellaneous Writings , Printed by J.J. Miller ( Cumberland , Maryland 1896 ) , page 41 . Jump up ^ Lauer - Williams , Kathy . `` The history of Belsnickel : Santa 's cranky cousin '' , The Morning Call , Allentown , Pennsylvania , November 29 , 2013 Jump up ^ Kline , Dave . `` Yes , Helen there is a Belsnickel '' , Berks County , Reading Eagle Retrieved January 31 , 2013 Jump up ^ ' Notes and Queries ' , volume 8 ( 217 ) , 24 December 1853 , p. 615 The article is signed ' Uneda ' , one of the pen - names used by contributor William Duane ( 1808 - 1882 ) of Philadelphia . Jump up ^ Sociedade do Pelznickel Jump up ^ Barron , Hilda . `` Father Christmas . '' The Times ( London , England ) 23 December 1942 : p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Belsnickel Lager '' , Stoudt 's Brewing Company , Adamstown , Pennsylvania Jump up ^ `` Belsnickle ale '' , Otto 's Pub and Brewery , State College , Pennsylvania External links ( edit ) http://pelznickel.blogspot.com.br/ Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Lord of Misrule Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belsnickel&oldid=817772033 '' Categories : Christmas characters German folklore Pennsylvania German culture Christmas in Germany Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Nederlands Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 13 : 39 . About Wikipedia | what did dwight dress up as for christmas | [
"An episode entitled \"Dwight Christmas\" (Season 9 Episode 9) of the American version of the workplace comedy The Office featured Dwight K. Schrute dressed as Belsnickel."
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"Belsnickel"
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6174918095484721520 | European Golden Shoe | European Golden Shoe - wikipedia European Golden Shoe Lionel Messi 's 2012 -- 13 Golden Shoe The European Golden Shoe is an award that is presented each season to the leading goalscorer in league matches from the top division of every European national league . The trophy is a sculpture of a football boot . From its inception in the 1967 -- 68 season , the award , originally called Soulier d'Or , which translates from French as Golden Shoe or Boot , has been given to the top goalscorer in all European leagues that season , with a weighting in favour of the highest ranked leagues . Originally presented by L'Équipe magazine , it has been awarded by the European Sports Media since the 1996 -- 97 season . Contents 1 History 2 Winners 3 Top 10 results by year 3.1 2017 -- 18 European Golden Shoe result 4 Statistics 4.1 Multiple winners 4.2 Winners by club 4.3 Winners by nationality 4.4 Winners by league 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Between 1968 and 1991 , the award was given to the highest goalscorer in any European league . This was regardless of the strength of the league in which the top scorer played and the number of games in which the player had taken part . During this period Eusébio , Gerd Müller , Dudu Georgescu and Fernando Gomes each won the Golden Boot twice . Following a protest from the Cyprus FA , which claimed that a Cypriot player with 40 goals should have received the award ( though the official top scorers for the season are both listed with 19 goals ) , L'Équipe issued no awards between 1991 and 1996 . Since the 1996 -- 97 season , European Sports Media have awarded the Golden Shoe based on a points system that allows players in tougher leagues to win even if they score fewer goals than a player in a weaker league . The weightings are determined by the league 's ranking on the UEFA coefficients , which in turn depend on the results of each league 's clubs in European competition over the previous five seasons . Goals scored in the top five leagues according to the UEFA coefficients list are multiplied by a factor of two , goals scored in the leagues ranked six to 21 are multiplied by a factor of 1.5 , and goals scored in leagues ranked 22 and below are multiplied by a factor of 1 . Thus , goals scored in higher ranked leagues will count for more than those scored in weaker leagues . Since this change , there has only been one winner who was not playing in one of the top five leagues ( Henrik Larsson , 2000 -- 01 Scottish Premier League ) . Winners ( edit ) Lionel Messi has won the award a record five times and is the all - time record winner with 50 goals in 2011 -- 12 . Gerd Müller was the first player to win the award twice , in 1970 and 1972 . Cristiano Ronaldo was the first player to win the European Golden Shoe four times . Denotes player 's team won league that season Player ( X ) Denotes the number of times the player had won the award at that time Team ( X ) Denotes the number of times a player from this team had won at that time European Golden Shoe winners Season Nationality Player Club League Goals Points Winners were awarded by L'Équipe 1967 -- 68 Portugal Eusébio Benfica ^ Primeira Liga 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 & -- 1968 -- 69 Bulgaria Petar Zhekov CSKA Sofia ^ Parva Liga 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 & -- 1969 -- 70 West Germany Gerd Müller Bayern Munich Bundesliga 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 & -- 1970 -- 71 Yugoslavia Josip Skoblar Marseille ^ Ligue 1 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 & -- 1971 -- 72 West Germany Gerd Müller ( 2 ) Bayern Munich ^ ( 2 ) Bundesliga 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 & -- 1972 -- 73 Portugal Eusébio ( 2 ) Benfica ^ ( 2 ) Primeira Liga 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 & -- 1973 -- 74 Argentina Héctor Yazalde Sporting CP ^ Primeira Liga 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 & -- 1974 -- 75 Romania Dudu Georgescu Dinamo București ^ Liga I 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 & -- 1975 -- 76 Cyprus Sotiris Kaiafas Omonia Nicosia ^ First Division 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 & -- 1976 -- 77 Romania Dudu Georgescu ( 2 ) Dinamo București ^ ( 2 ) Liga I 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 & -- 1977 -- 78 Austria Hans Krankl Rapid Wien Bundesliga 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 & -- 1978 -- 79 Netherlands Kees Kist AZ Eredivisie 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 & -- 1979 -- 80 Belgium Erwin Vandenbergh Lierse First Division 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 & -- 1980 -- 81 Bulgaria Georgi Slavkov Botev Plovdiv Parva Liga 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 & -- 1981 -- 82 Netherlands Wim Kieft Ajax ^ Eredivisie 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 & -- 1982 -- 83 Portugal Fernando Gomes Porto Primeira Liga 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 & -- 1983 -- 84 Wales Ian Rush Liverpool ^ First Division 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 & -- 1984 -- 85 Portugal Fernando Gomes ( 2 ) Porto ^ ( 2 ) Primeira Liga 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 & -- 1985 -- 86 Netherlands Marco van Basten Ajax ( 2 ) Eredivisie 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 & -- 1986 -- 87 Austria Toni Polster FK Austria Wien Bundesliga 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 & -- 1987 -- 88 Turkey Tanju Çolak Galatasaray ^ Süper Lig 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 & -- 1988 -- 89 Romania Dorin Mateuț Dinamo București ( 3 ) Liga I 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 & -- 1989 -- 90 Mexico Hugo Sánchez Real Madrid ^ La Liga 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 & -- Bulgaria Hristo Stoichkov CSKA Sofia ^ ( 2 ) A PFG 1990 -- 91 Yugoslavia Darko Pančev Red Star Belgrade ^ First League 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 & -- Winners were initially not awarded 1991 -- 92 Scotland Ally McCoist Rangers ^ Premier Division 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 & -- 1992 -- 93 Scotland Ally McCoist ( 2 ) Rangers ^ ( 2 ) Premier Division 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 & -- 1993 -- 94 Wales David Taylor Porthmadog League of Wales 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 & -- 1994 -- 95 Armenia Arsen Avetisyan Homenetmen Premier League 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 & -- 1995 -- 96 Georgia Zviad Endeladze Margveti Umaglesi Liga 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 & -- Winners were awarded by European Sports Media 1996 -- 97 Brazil Ronaldo Barcelona La Liga 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68 1997 -- 98 Greece Nikos Machlas Vitesse Arnhem Eredivisie 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68 1998 -- 99 Brazil Mário Jardel Porto ( 3 ) Primeira Liga 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 7001720000000000000 ♠ 72 1999 -- 2000 England Kevin Phillips Sunderland Premier League 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 2000 -- 01 Sweden Henrik Larsson Celtic ^ Premier League 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 7001525000000000000 ♠ 52.5 2001 -- 02 Brazil Mário Jardel ( 2 ) Sporting CP ^ ( 2 ) Primeira Liga 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 2002 -- 03 Netherlands Roy Makaay Deportivo La Coruña La Liga 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 2003 -- 04 France Thierry Henry Arsenal ^ Premier League 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 2004 -- 05 France Thierry Henry ( 2 ) Arsenal ( 2 ) Premier League 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Uruguay Diego Forlán Villarreal La Liga 2005 -- 06 Italy Luca Toni Fiorentina Serie A 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 2006 -- 07 Italy Francesco Totti Roma Serie A 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 2007 -- 08 Portugal Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United ^ Premier League 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 2008 -- 09 Uruguay Diego Forlán ( 2 ) Atlético Madrid La Liga 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 2009 -- 10 Argentina Lionel Messi Barcelona ^ ( 2 ) La Liga 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68 2010 -- 11 Portugal Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) Real Madrid ( 2 ) La Liga 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 7001800000000000000 ♠ 80 2011 -- 12 Argentina Lionel Messi ( 2 ) Barcelona ( 3 ) La Liga 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100 2012 -- 13 Argentina Lionel Messi ( 3 ) Barcelona ^ ( 4 ) La Liga 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92 2013 -- 14 Uruguay Luis Suárez Liverpool ( 2 ) Premier League 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 Portugal Cristiano Ronaldo ( 3 ) Real Madrid ( 3 ) La Liga 2014 -- 15 Portugal Cristiano Ronaldo ( 4 ) Real Madrid ( 4 ) La Liga 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 7001960000000000000 ♠ 96 2015 -- 16 Uruguay Luis Suárez ( 2 ) Barcelona ^ ( 5 ) La Liga 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 7001800000000000000 ♠ 80 2016 -- 17 Argentina Lionel Messi ( 4 ) Barcelona ( 6 ) La Liga 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 7001740000000000000 ♠ 74 2017 -- 18 Argentina Lionel Messi ( 5 ) Barcelona ^ ( 7 ) La Liga 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68 Notes Jump up ^ Original 1986 -- 87 season winner Rodion Cămătaru ( with 44 goals ) was disqualified later and the trophy was awarded to Polster in 1990 . However , Camataru was allowed to keep his copy of the trophy . Jump up ^ Darko Pančev got his prize for 1990 -- 91 season later , only in 2006 , following a protest from Cyprus where a player supposedly scored 40 goals ( though the official topscorers for the season , Suad Beširević and Panayiotis Xiourouppas , are listed with 19 goals each ) . Due to this affair , France Football decided to make the competition unofficial . Top 10 results by year ( edit ) 2017 -- 18 European Golden Shoe result ( edit ) As of 20 May 2018 Rank Player League Club Goals Points Lionel Messi La Liga Barcelona 34 68 Mohamed Salah Premier League Liverpool 32 64 Harry Kane Premier League Tottenham Hotspur 30 60 Ciro Immobile Serie A Lazio 29 58 Mauro Icardi Serie A Internazionale Robert Lewandowski Bundesliga Bayern Munich 7 Edinson Cavani Ligue 1 Paris Saint - Germain 28 56 8 Cristiano Ronaldo La Liga Real Madrid 26 52 9 Jonas Primeira Liga Benfica 34 51 10 Luis Suárez La Liga Barcelona 25 50 Statistics ( edit ) Multiple winners ( edit ) Lionel Messi is the only player to win the award five times , all with Barcelona . Messi holds the all - time record for goals in a single season with 50 in 2011 -- 12 ; it also accumulated to a record 100 points . Messi was also the youngest player to win the award for a 2nd , 3rd , 4th , and 5th time ( See Table of multiple winners below ) . Bayern Munich 's Gerd Müller was the first player to win the award twice , in 1969 -- 70 and 1971 -- 72 . Messi was the first player to win the award three times , Cristiano Ronaldo was the first player to win the award four times , and Messi again was the first , and so far only , player to win it five times . Only Ally McCoist ( 1991 -- 92 , 1992 -- 93 ) , Thierry Henry ( 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 ) , Lionel Messi ( 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 and 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 ) , and Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 ) have won the award in consecutive years . Diego Forlán ( Villarreal , Atlético Madrid ) , Luis Suárez ( Liverpool , Barcelona ) , Mário Jardel ( Porto , Sporting CP ) and Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United , Real Madrid ) are the only players to have won the award with two clubs . Multiple European Golden Shoe winners Player Birthdate No . Seasons Age making record Lionel Messi 24 June 1987 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 golden shoe when 24 , 26 , 29 , 30 years old , respectively Cristiano Ronaldo 5 February 1985 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 ( shared ) , 2014 -- 15 2 , 3 , 4 golden shoe when 26 , 29 , 30 years old , respectively Eusébio 25 January 1942 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 1967 -- 68 , 1972 -- 73 31 Gerd Müller 3 November 1945 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 1969 -- 70 , 1971 -- 72 26 Dudu Georgescu 1 September 1950 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 1974 -- 75 , 1976 -- 77 26 Fernando Gomes 22 November 1956 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 1982 -- 83 , 1984 -- 85 28 Ally McCoist 24 September 1962 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 1991 -- 92 , 1992 -- 93 30 Mário Jardel 18 September 1973 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 1998 -- 99 , 2001 -- 02 28 Thierry Henry 17 August 1977 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 ( shared ) 28 Diego Forlán 19 May 1979 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 2004 -- 05 ( shared ) , 2008 -- 09 30 Luis Suárez 24 January 1987 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 2013 -- 14 ( shared ) , 2015 -- 16 29 Winners by club ( edit ) European Golden Shoe winners by club Team Total Players Barcelona 8 Real Madrid Dinamo București Porto CSKA Sofia Liverpool Ajax Sporting CP Arsenal Bayern Munich Benfica Rangers Homenetmen Austria Wien Rapid Wien Lierse Botev Plovdiv Omonia Nicosia Manchester United Sunderland Marseille Zestafoni Fiorentina Roma AZ Vitesse Celtic Atlético Madrid Deportivo La Coruña Villarreal Galatasaray Porthmadog Red Star Belgrade Winners by nationality ( edit ) European Golden Shoe winners by nationality Nationality Total Player ( s ) Portugal 8 Argentina 6 Netherlands Uruguay Bulgaria Romania Brazil Austria Italy Wales Yugoslavia France West Germany Scotland Armenia Belgium Cyprus England Georgia Greece Mexico Sweden Turkey Winners by league ( edit ) European Golden Shoe winners by league league Total Player ( s ) La Liga 14 7 Primeira Liga 7 Premier League 5 Eredivisie Parva Liga Premier Division Liga I Serie A Bundesliga Bundesliga Ligue 1 First Division Division A Süper Lig First League Premier League Premier League Umaglesi Liga First Division References ( edit ) General Arotaritei , Sorin ; Di Maggio , Roberto ; Stokkermans , Karel ( 30 November 2017 ) . `` Golden Boot ( '' Soulier d'Or `` ) Awards '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Golden Boot : The Quotients Decide It All '' . soccerphile.com . Retrieved 20 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` European Golden Shoe '' . European Sports Magazine . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Who will win the European Golden Shoe '' . FIFA. 13 March 2012 . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Golden Boot ( `` Soulier d'Or '' ) Awards Jump up ^ http://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-macedonia-s-pancev-awarded-golden-boot15-years-late-1045462 Jump up ^ `` Classement du Soulier d'Or européen , Golden Shoe '' . Euro Top Teams . Retrieved 1 May 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to European Golden Shoe . Official Award - European Sports Magazine ESM Golden Shoe at WorldSoccer.com eurotopteams.com - Current standings European Golden Shoe L'Équipe award 1967 -- 68 : Eusébio 1968 -- 69 : Zhekov 1969 -- 70 : Müller 1970 -- 71 : Skoblar 1971 -- 72 : Müller 1972 -- 73 : Eusébio 1973 -- 74 : Yazalde 1974 -- 75 : Georgescu 1975 -- 76 : Kaiafas 1976 -- 77 : Georgescu 1977 -- 78 : Krankl 1978 -- 79 : Kist 1979 -- 80 : Vandenbergh 1980 -- 81 : Slavkov 1981 -- 82 : Kieft 1982 -- 83 : Gomes 1983 -- 84 : Rush 1984 -- 85 : Gomes 1985 -- 86 : Van Basten 1986 -- 87 : Cămătaru / Polster 1987 -- 88 : Çolak 1988 -- 89 : Mateuţ 1989 -- 90 : Sánchez & Stoichkov 1990 -- 91 : Pančev Unofficial 1991 -- 92 : McCoist 1992 -- 93 : McCoist 1993 -- 94 : Taylor 1994 -- 95 : Avetisyan 1995 -- 96 : Endeladze ESM award 1996 -- 97 : Ronaldo 1997 -- 98 : Machlas 1998 -- 99 : Jardel 1999 -- 2000 : Phillips 2000 -- 01 : Larsson 2001 -- 02 : Jardel 2002 -- 03 : Makaay 2003 -- 04 : Henry 2004 -- 05 : Henry & Forlán 2005 -- 06 : Toni 2006 -- 07 : Totti 2007 -- 08 : C. Ronaldo 2008 -- 09 : Forlán 2009 -- 10 : Messi 2010 -- 11 : C. Ronaldo 2011 -- 12 : Messi 2012 -- 13 : Messi 2013 -- 14 : C. Ronaldo & Suárez 2014 -- 15 : C. Ronaldo 2015 -- 16 : Suárez 2016 -- 17 : Messi 2017 -- 18 : Messi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Golden_Shoe&oldid=854993120 '' Categories : European football trophies and awards Awards established in 1967 Lists of association football league top scorers in Europe Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 05 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the golden boot in europe 2018 | [
"\nEuropean Golden Shoe winners\n\n\nSeason\n\nNationality\n\nPlayer\n\nClub\n\nLeague\n\nGoals\n\nPoints\n\n\nWinners were awarded by L'Équipe\n\n\n1967–68\n\n Portugal\n\nEusébio\n\nBenfica^\n\n Primeira Liga\n\n7001420000000000000♠42\n\n&—\n\n\n1968–69\n\n Bulgaria\n\nPetar Zhekov\n\nCSKA Sofia^\n\n Parva Liga\n\n7001360000000000000♠36\n\n&—\n\n\n1969–70\n\n West Germany\n\nGerd Müller\n\nBayern Munich\n\n Bundesliga\n\n7001380000000000000♠38\n\n&—\n\n\n1970–71\n\n Yugoslavia\n\nJosip Skoblar\n\nMarseille^\n\n Ligue 1\n\n7001440000000000000♠44\n\n&—\n\n\n1971–72\n\n West Germany\n\nGerd Müller (2)\n\nBayern Munich^ (2)\n\n Bundesliga\n\n7001400000000000000♠40\n\n&—\n\n\n1972–73\n\n Portugal\n\nEusébio (2)\n\nBenfica^ (2)\n\n Primeira Liga\n\n7001400000000000000♠40\n\n&—\n\n\n1973–74\n\n Argentina\n\nHéctor Yazalde\n\nSporting CP^\n\n Primeira Liga\n\n7001460000000000000♠46\n\n&—\n\n\n1974–75\n\n Romania\n\nDudu Georgescu\n\nDinamo București^\n\n Liga I\n\n7001330000000000000♠33\n\n&—\n\n\n1975–76\n\n Cyprus\n\nSotiris Kaiafas\n\nOmonia Nicosia^\n\n First Division\n\n7001390000000000000♠39\n\n&—\n\n\n1976–77\n\n Romania\n\nDudu Georgescu (2)\n\nDinamo București^ (2)\n\n Liga I\n\n7001470000000000000♠47\n\n&—\n\n\n1977–78\n\n Austria\n\nHans Krankl\n\nRapid Wien\n\n Bundesliga\n\n7001410000000000000♠41\n\n&—\n\n\n1978–79\n\n Netherlands\n\nKees Kist\n\nAZ\n\n Eredivisie\n\n7001340000000000000♠34\n\n&—\n\n\n1979–80\n\n Belgium\n\nErwin Vandenbergh\n\nLierse\n\n First Division\n\n7001390000000000000♠39\n\n&—\n\n\n1980–81\n\n Bulgaria\n\nGeorgi Slavkov\n\nBotev Plovdiv\n\n Parva Liga\n\n7001310000000000000♠31\n\n&—\n\n\n1981–82\n\n Netherlands\n\nWim Kieft\n\nAjax^\n\n Eredivisie\n\n7001320000000000000♠32\n\n&—\n\n\n1982–83\n\n Portugal\n\nFernando Gomes\n\nPorto\n\n Primeira Liga\n\n7001360000000000000♠36\n\n&—\n\n\n1983–84\n\n Wales\n\nIan Rush\n\nLiverpool^\n\n First Division\n\n7001320000000000000♠32\n\n&—\n\n\n1984–85\n\n Portugal\n\nFernando Gomes (2)\n\nPorto^ (2)\n\n Primeira Liga\n\n7001390000000000000♠39\n\n&—\n\n\n1985–86\n\n Netherlands\n\nMarco van Basten\n\nAjax (2)\n\n Eredivisie\n\n7001370000000000000♠37\n\n&—\n\n\n1986–87\n\n Austria\n\nToni Polster[a]\n\nFK Austria Wien\n\n Bundesliga\n\n7001390000000000000♠39\n\n&—\n\n\n1987–88\n\n Turkey\n\nTanju Çolak\n\nGalatasaray^\n\n Süper Lig\n\n7001390000000000000♠39\n\n&—\n\n\n1988–89\n\n Romania\n\nDorin Mateuț\n\nDinamo București (3)\n\n Liga I\n\n7001430000000000000♠43\n\n&—\n\n\n1989–90\n\n Mexico\n\nHugo Sánchez\n\nReal Madrid^\n\n La Liga\n\n7001380000000000000♠38\n\n&—\n\n\n Bulgaria\n\nHristo Stoichkov\n\nCSKA Sofia^ (2)\n\n A PFG\n\n\n1990–91[b]\n\n Yugoslavia\n\nDarko Pančev\n\nRed Star Belgrade^\n\n First League\n\n7001340000000000000♠34\n\n&—\n\n\nWinners were initially not awarded\n\n\n1991–92\n\n Scotland\n\nAlly McCoist\n\nRangers^\n\n Premier Division\n\n7001340000000000000♠34\n\n&—\n\n\n1992–93\n\n Scotland\n\nAlly McCoist (2)\n\nRangers^ (2)\n\n Premier Division\n\n7001340000000000000♠34\n\n&—\n\n\n1993–94\n\n Wales\n\nDavid Taylor\n\nPorthmadog\n\n League of Wales\n\n7001430000000000000♠43\n\n&—\n\n\n1994–95\n\n Armenia\n\nArsen Avetisyan\n\nHomenetmen\n\n Premier League\n\n7001390000000000000♠39\n\n&—\n\n\n1995–96\n\n Georgia\n\nZviad Endeladze\n\nMargveti\n\n Umaglesi Liga\n\n7001400000000000000♠40\n\n&—\n\n\nWinners were awarded by European Sports Media\n\n\n1996–97\n\n Brazil\n\nRonaldo\n\nBarcelona\n\n La Liga\n\n7001340000000000000♠34\n\n7001680000000000000♠68\n\n\n1997–98\n\n Greece\n\nNikos Machlas\n\nVitesse Arnhem\n\n Eredivisie\n\n7001340000000000000♠34\n\n7001680000000000000♠68\n\n\n1998–99\n\n Brazil\n\nMário Jardel\n\nPorto (3)\n\n Primeira Liga\n\n7001360000000000000♠36\n\n7001720000000000000♠72\n\n\n1999–2000\n\n England\n\nKevin Phillips\n\nSunderland\n\n Premier League\n\n7001300000000000000♠30\n\n7001600000000000000♠60\n\n\n2000–01\n\n Sweden\n\nHenrik Larsson\n\nCeltic^\n\n Premier League\n\n7001350000000000000♠35\n\n7001525000000000000♠52.5\n\n\n2001–02\n\n Brazil\n\nMário Jardel (2)\n\nSporting CP^ (2)\n\n Primeira Liga\n\n7001420000000000000♠42\n\n7001840000000000000♠84\n\n\n2002–03\n\n Netherlands\n\nRoy Makaay\n\nDeportivo La Coruña\n\n La Liga\n\n7001290000000000000♠29\n\n7001580000000000000♠58\n\n\n2003–04\n\n France\n\nThierry Henry\n\nArsenal^\n\n Premier League\n\n7001300000000000000♠30\n\n7001600000000000000♠60\n\n\n2004–05\n\n France\n\nThierry Henry (2)\n\nArsenal (2)\n\n Premier League\n\n7001250000000000000♠25\n\n7001500000000000000♠50\n\n\n Uruguay\n\nDiego Forlán\n\nVillarreal\n\n La Liga\n\n\n2005–06\n\n Italy\n\nLuca Toni\n\nFiorentina\n\n Serie A\n\n7001310000000000000♠31\n\n7001620000000000000♠62\n\n\n2006–07\n\n Italy\n\nFrancesco Totti\n\nRoma\n\n Serie A\n\n7001260000000000000♠26\n\n7001520000000000000♠52\n\n\n2007–08\n\n Portugal\n\n Cristiano Ronaldo\n\nManchester United^\n\n Premier League\n\n7001310000000000000♠31\n\n7001620000000000000♠62\n\n\n2008–09\n\n Uruguay\n\nDiego Forlán (2)\n\nAtlético Madrid\n\n La Liga\n\n7001320000000000000♠32\n\n7001640000000000000♠64\n\n\n2009–10\n\n Argentina\n\nLionel Messi\n\nBarcelona^ (2)\n\n La Liga\n\n7001340000000000000♠34\n\n7001680000000000000♠68\n\n\n2010–11\n\n Portugal\n\n Cristiano Ronaldo (2)\n\nReal Madrid (2)\n\n La Liga\n\n7001400000000000000♠40\n\n7001800000000000000♠80\n\n\n2011–12\n\n Argentina\n\nLionel Messi (2)\n\nBarcelona (3)\n\n La Liga\n\n7001500000000000000♠50\n\n7002100000000000000♠100\n\n\n2012–13\n\n Argentina\n\nLionel Messi (3)\n\nBarcelona^ (4)\n\n La Liga\n\n7001460000000000000♠46\n\n7001920000000000000♠92\n\n\n2013–14\n\n Uruguay\n\nLuis Suárez\n\nLiverpool (2)\n\n Premier League\n\n7001310000000000000♠31\n\n7001620000000000000♠62\n\n\n Portugal\n\n Cristiano Ronaldo (3)\n\nReal Madrid (3)\n\n La Liga\n\n\n2014–15\n\n Portugal\n\n Cristiano Ronaldo (4)\n\nReal Madrid (4)\n\n La Liga\n\n7001480000000000000♠48\n\n7001960000000000000♠96\n\n\n2015–16\n\n Uruguay\n\nLuis Suárez (2)\n\nBarcelona^ (5)\n\n La Liga\n\n7001400000000000000♠40\n\n7001800000000000000♠80\n\n\n2016–17\n\n Argentina\n\nLionel Messi (4)\n\nBarcelona (6)\n\n La Liga\n\n7001370000000000000♠37\n\n7001740000000000000♠74\n\n\n2017–18\n\n Argentina\n\nLionel Messi (5)\n\nBarcelona^ (7)\n\n La Liga\n\n7001340000000000000♠34\n\n7001680000000000000♠68\n"
] | [
"Lionel Messi"
] |
9075033037276886961 | Outer core | Outer core - wikipedia Outer core Jump to : navigation , search For the cores of other planetary bodies , see Planetary core . For a broader coverage related to this topic , see Earth core . The internal structure of Earth The outer core of the Earth is a fluid layer about 2,400 km ( 1,500 mi ) thick and composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above Earth 's solid inner core and below its mantle . Its outer boundary lies 2,890 km ( 1,800 mi ) beneath Earth 's surface . The transition between the inner core and outer core is located approximately 5,150 km ( 3,200 mi ) beneath the Earth 's surface . Unlike the inner core , the outer core is liquid . The inner core is also referred to as the solid core . Contents ( hide ) 1 Properties 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Properties ( edit ) Seismic inversions of body waves and normal modes constrain the radius of the outer core to be 3483 km with an uncertainty of 5 km , while that of the inner core is 1220 ± 10 km . Estimates for the temperature of the outer core are about 3,000 -- 4,500 K ( 2,730 -- 4,230 ° C ; 4,940 -- 7,640 ° F ) in its outer regions and 4,000 -- 8,000 K ( 3,730 -- 7,730 ° C ; 6,740 -- 13,940 ° F ) near the inner core . Evidence for a fluid outer core includes from seismology which shows that seismic shear - waves are not transmitted through the outer core Because of its high temperature , modeling work has shown that the outer core is a low viscosity fluid that convects turbulently . Eddy currents in the nickel iron fluid of the outer core are believed to influence the Earth 's magnetic field . The average magnetic field strength in the Earth 's outer core was measured to be 2.5 millitesla , 50 times stronger than the magnetic field at the surface . The outer core is not under enough pressure to be solid , so it is liquid even though it has a composition similar to the inner core . Sulfur and oxygen could be present in the outer core . As heat is transferred outward toward the mantle , the net trend is for the inner boundary of the liquid region to freeze , causing the solid inner core to grow . This growth rate is estimated to be 1 mm per year . See also ( edit ) Structure of the Earth References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/earth/surface-of-the-earth/earths-interior/ Jump up ^ Beno Gutenberg ( 4 June 2016 ) . Physics of the Earth 's Interior . Elsevier . pp. 115 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4832 - 8212 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ahrens , Thomas J. , ed. ( 1995 ) . Global earth physics a handbook of physical constants ( 3rd ed . ) . Washington , DC : American Geophysical Union . ISBN 9780875908519 . ^ Jump up to : De Wijs , Gilles A. ; Kresse , Georg ; Vočadlo , Lidunka ; Dobson , David ; Alfè , Dario ; Gillan , Michael J. ; Price , Geoffrey D. ( 1998 ) . `` The viscosity of liquid iron at the physical conditions of the Earth 's core '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 392 ( 6678 ) : 805 . Bibcode : 1998Natur. 392 ... 805D . doi : 10.1038 / 33905 . Jump up ^ Jeffreys , Harold ( 1926 - 06 - 01 ) . `` The Rigidity of the Earth 's Central Core '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 1 : 371 -- 383 . Bibcode : 1926GeoJ ... 1 ... 371J . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246X. 1926. tb05385. x . ISSN 1365 - 246X . Jump up ^ First Measurement Of Magnetic Field Inside Earth 's Core . Science20.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Buffett , Bruce A. ( 2010 ) . `` Tidal dissipation and the strength of the Earth 's internal magnetic field '' . Nature . 468 ( 7326 ) : 952 -- 4 . Bibcode : 2010Natur. 468 ... 952B . doi : 10.1038 / nature09643 . PMID 21164483 . Jump up ^ Gubbins , David ; Sreenivasan , Binod ; Mound , Jon ; Rost , Sebastian ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Melting of the Earth 's inner core '' . Nature . 473 ( 7347 ) : 361 -- 363 . Bibcode : 2011Natur. 473 ... 361G . doi : 10.1038 / nature10068 . PMID 21593868 . Jump up ^ Waszek , Lauren ; Irving , Jessica ; Deuss , Arwen ( 2011 ) . `` Reconciling the hemispherical structure of Earth 's inner core with its super-rotation '' . Nature Geoscience. 4 : 264 -- 267 . Bibcode : 2011NatGe ... 4 ... 264W . doi : 10.1038 / ngeo1083 . External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of : Structure of the Earth Planet Earth from universetoday.com Earth - related topics History Age of the Earth Evolutionary history of life Faint young Sun paradox Formation and evolution of the Solar System Future of Earth Geologic time scale Geological history of Earth History of Earth Timeline of evolution Geography Geology Clairaut 's theorem Continents Earthquake Equatorial bulge Extremes on Earth Geology of solar terrestrial planets Geophysics Plate tectonics Structure of the Earth Time zones Ecology Earth Day Global warming Human impact on the environment Imaging Apple Maps Baidu Maps Bhuvan Bing Maps Global Map Google Earth Google Maps MapmyIndia NASA World Wind Here OpenStreetMap Wikimapia Remote sensing Yahoo ! Maps Yandex Maps Arts Culture Society Earth in culture Earth in science fiction Etymology of the word `` Earth '' History of the world International law Landscape painting List of countries World economy Other topics Biosphere Earth 's orbit Earth trojan The ecliptic Flag of Earth Gravity Magnetic field The Moon Claimed moons of Earth 2006 RH120 Kordylewski cloud Solar System Earth 's location in the Universe Theia Earth sciences portal Solar System portal Structure of the Earth Shells Crust Lithosphere Mesosphere Mantle Asthenosphere Lithospheric mantle Subcontinental lithospheric mantle Oceanic lithospheric mantle Outer core Inner core Discontinuities Conrad ( continental crust ) Mohorovičić ( crust -- mantle ) Lehmann ( upper mantle ) Gutenberg ( mantle -- core ) Lehmann ( core ) Arguments Plate tectonics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outer_core&oldid=840103243 '' Categories : Structure of the Earth Geomagnetism Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Português Русский Српски / srpski தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 May 2018 , at 19 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the outer core of earth made up of | [
"The outer core of the Earth is a fluid layer about 2,400 km (1,500 mi)[1] thick and composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle. Its outer boundary lies 2,890 km (1,800 mi) beneath Earth's surface. The transition between the inner core and outer core is located approximately 5,150 km (3,200 mi) beneath the Earth's surface. Unlike the inner core, the outer core is liquid. The inner core is also referred to as the solid core.[2]",
"The outer core of the Earth is a fluid layer about 2,400 km (1,500 mi)[1] thick and composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle. Its outer boundary lies 2,890 km (1,800 mi) beneath Earth's surface. The transition between the inner core and outer core is located approximately 5,150 km (3,200 mi) beneath the Earth's surface. Unlike the inner core, the outer core is liquid. The inner core is also referred to as the solid core.[2]"
] | [
"iron",
"nickel"
] |
8910740343891824459 | Commonwealth of the Philippines | Commonwealth of the Philippines - wikipedia Commonwealth of the Philippines Jump to : navigation , search Commonwealth of the Philippines Mancomunidad de Filipinas ( Spanish ) Komonwelt ng Pilipinas ( Tagalog ) Associated state and protectorate of the United States 1935 -- 1942 Japanese occupation : 1942 -- 45 1945 -- 1946 Flag of the United States ( top ) Flag of the Philippines ( bottom ) Coat of arms Anthem The Philippine Hymn ( from September 5 , 1938 ) Location of the Philippines in Southeast Asia . Capital Manila Languages Spanish English Government Presidential commonwealth President 1935 -- 44 Manuel L. Quezon 1944 -- 46 Sergio Osmeña 1946 Manuel Roxas High Commissioner 1935 -- 37 Frank Murphy 1937 -- 39 Paul V. McNutt 1939 -- 42 Francis Bowes Sayre 1945 -- 46 Paul V. McNutt Vice President 1935 -- 44 Sergio Osmeña 1946 Elpidio Quirino Legislature National Assembly ( 1935 -- 41 ) Congress ( 1945 -- 46 ) Historical era Interwar , World War II Tydings -- McDuffie Act 15 November 1935 Independence 4 July 1946 Treaty of Manila 22 October 1946 Area 1939 343,385.1 km ( 132,581.7 sq mi ) Population 1939 est . 16,000,303 Density 47 / km ( 121 / sq mi ) Currency Peso Preceded by Succeeded by Insular Government Philippine Executive Commission Third Philippine Republic Today part of Philippines a . Capital held by enemy forces between 24 December 1941 and 27 February 1945 . Temporary capitals were Corregidor Island from 24 December 1941 ; Iloilo City from 22 February 1942 ; Bacolod from 26 February ; Buenos Aires , Bago City from 27 February ; Oroquieta from 19 March ; Bukidnon from 23 March ; government - in - exile in Melbourne , Australia , in April ; government - in - exile in Washington , D.C. , from May 1942 to October 1944 ; Tacloban from 20 October 1944 . b . The Commonwealth government continued its existence as a government - in - exile in the United States during the Japanese Occupation and later as the Third Republic . In effect , there existed two Philippine governments during the Japanese occupation . The Commonwealth of the Philippines ( Spanish : Mancomunidad de Filipinas , Tagalog : Komonwelt ng Pilipinas ) was the administrative body that governed the Philippines from 1935 to 1946 , aside from a period of exile in the Second World War from 1942 to 1945 when Japan occupied the country . It replaced the Insular Government , a United States territorial government , and was established by the Tydings -- McDuffie Act . The Commonwealth was designed as a transitional administration in preparation for the country 's full achievement of independence . During its more than a decade of existence , the Commonwealth had a strong executive and a Supreme Court . Its legislature , dominated by the Nacionalista Party , was at first unicameral , but later bicameral . In 1937 , the government selected Tagalog -- the language of Manila and its surrounding provinces -- as the basis of the national language , although it would be many years before its usage became general . Women 's suffrage was adopted and the economy recovered to its pre-Depression level before the Japanese occupation in 1942 . The Commonwealth government went into exile from 1942 to 1945 , when the Philippines was under Japanese occupation . In 1946 , the Commonwealth ended and the Philippines claimed full sovereignty as provided for in Article XVIII of the 1935 Constitution . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 History 2.1 Creation 2.2 Pre-War 2.3 World War II 2.4 Independence 3 Policies 3.1 Uprisings and agrarian reform 3.2 National language 4 Economy 5 Demographics 6 Government 7 Politics 7.1 List of presidents 7.2 Quezon Administration ( 1935 -- 44 ) 7.3 Osmeña Administration ( 1944 -- 46 ) 7.4 Roxas Administration ( May 28 , 1946 -- July 4 , 1946 ) 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Names ( edit ) The Commonwealth of the Philippines was also known as the `` Philippine Commonwealth '' , or simply as `` the Commonwealth '' . It had official names in Tagalog : Kómonwélt ng Pilipinas ( ( pɪlɪˈpinɐs ) ) and Spanish : Commonwealth de Filipinas ( ( filiˈpinas ) ) . The 1935 constitution specifies `` the Philippines '' as the country 's short form name and uses `` the Philippine Islands '' only to refer to pre-1935 status and institutions . Under the Insular Government ( 1901 - 1935 ) , both terms had official status . History ( edit ) Main articles : History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 ) and History of the Philippines § Commonwealth Part of a series on the History of the Philippines Prehistory ( pre-900 ) ( show ) Paleolithic age Awidon Mesa Formation Callao Limestone Formation Neolithic age Callao and Tabon peoples Arrival of the Negritos Austronesian expansion Angono Petroglyphs Lal - lo and Gattaran Shell Middens Jade culture Iron age Sa Huyun Culture Society of the Igorot Ancient barangays Events / Artifacts Balangay grave goods Manunggul Jar Prehistoric gems Sa Huyun - Kalanay Complex Maitum Anthropomorphic Pottery Archaic epoch ( 900 -- 1521 ) ( show ) Historically Documented City - states / Polities ( by geography from North to South ) Samtoy chieftaincy Caboloan Tondo Namayan Rajahnate of Maynila Ma - i Kedatuan of Madja - as Chiefdom of Taytay Rajahnate of Cebu Kedatuan of Dapitan Rajahnate of Butuan Sultanate of Maguindanao Lanao confederacy Sultanate of Sulu Legendary Suwarnapumi Chryse Ophir Tawalisi Wāḳwāḳ Sanfotsi Zabag kingdom Ten Bornean Datus Events / Artifacts Maragtas Laguna Copperplate Inscription - c. 900 AD . Butuan Ivory Seal Limestone tombs Batanes citadels Golden Tara Gold Kinnara Ticao Stone Inscription Butuan Silver Paleograph Buddhist art Majapahit conflict - 1365 Brunei War 1500 Colonial period ( 1521 -- 1946 ) ( show ) Spanish era Battle of Mactan Sandugo Spanish capture of Manila New Spain Captaincy General Spanish East Indies Manila galleon Revolts and uprisings Chinese invasion Castilian War Sulu Sea pirates Doctrina Christiana Dutch invasions Brunei Civil War Bohol secession British Invasion Florante at Laura Propaganda Movement Gomburza Noli me tangere La Solidaridad El filibusterismo La Liga Filipina Katipunan Philippine Revolution Spanish -- American War American capture of Manila Declaration of Independence First Republic Philippine -- American War American colonial period Tagalog Republic Negros Republic Zamboanga Republic Moro Rebellion Insular Government Bayan Ko Commonwealth Japanese occupation Second Republic Destruction of Manila Post-colonial period ( 1946 -- 1986 ) ( show ) Treaty of Manila Third Republic Cold War Hukbalahap Rebellion SEATO Bandung Conference North Borneo dispute Marcos dictatorship ASEAN Declaration CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Moro Conflict Spratly islands dispute Vietnamese boat people Assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr . Contemporary history ( 1986 -- present ) ( show ) People Power Revolution 1986 -- 90 coup attempts Pinatubo eruption 1997 Asian financial crisis Second EDSA Revolution War on Terror South China Sea disputes Super Typhoon Yolanda Philippine Drug War By topic ( show ) Arts Languages Demographic Ancient religions Rulers List of Queen consorts Military History Honorifics Military Science and technology Political Communications Transportation Timeline Archaeology Philippines portal Creation ( edit ) See also : Philippine Constitutional Convention election , 1934 President Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina of the Philippines March 23 , 1935 : Constitutional Convention . Seated , left to right : George H. Dern , President Franklin D. Roosevelt , and Manuel L. Quezon The pre-1935 U.S. territorial administration , or Insular Government , was headed by a governor general who was appointed by the president of the United States . In December 1932 , the U.S. Congress passed the Hare -- Hawes -- Cutting Act with the premise of granting Filipinos independence . Provisions of the bill included reserving several military and naval bases for the United States , as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports . When it reached him for possible signature , President Herbert Hoover vetoed the Hare -- Hawes -- Cutting Act , but the American Congress overrode Hoover 's veto in 1933 and passed the bill over Hoover 's objections . The bill , however , was opposed by the then Philippine Senate President Manuel L. Quezon and was also rejected by the Philippine Senate . This led to the creation and passing of a new bill known as Tydings -- McDuffie Act , or Philippine Independence Act , which allowed the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with a ten - year period of peaceful transition to full independence -- the date of which was to be on the 4th July following the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the Commonwealth . A Constitutional Convention was convened in Manila on July 30 , 1934 . On February 8 , 1935 , the 1935 Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines was approved by the convention by a vote of 177 to 1 . The constitution was approved by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 23 , 1935 and ratified by popular vote on May 14 , 1935 . On 17 September 1935 , presidential elections were held . Candidates included former president Emilio Aguinaldo , the Iglesia Filipina Independiente leader Gregorio Aglipay , and others . Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña of the Nacionalista Party were proclaimed the winners , winning the seats of president and vice-president , respectively . The Commonwealth Government was inaugurated on the morning of November 15 , 1935 , in ceremonies held on the steps of the Legislative Building in Manila . The event was attended by a crowd of around 300,000 people . Pre-war ( edit ) The new government embarked on ambitious nation - building policies in preparation for economic and political independence . These included national defense ( such as the National Defense Act of 1935 , which organized a conscription for service in the country ) , greater control over the economy , the perfection of democratic institutions , reforms in education , improvement of transport , the promotion of local capital , industrialization , and the colonization of Mindanao . However , uncertainties , especially in the diplomatic and military situation in Southeast Asia , in the level of U.S. commitment to the future Republic of the Philippines , and in the economy due to the Great Depression , proved to be major problems . The situation was further complicated by the presence of agrarian unrest , and of power struggles between Osmeña and Quezon , especially after Quezon was permitted to be re-elected after one six - year term . A proper evaluation of the policies ' effectiveness or failure is difficult due to Japanese invasion and occupation during World War II . World War II ( edit ) Main articles : Military history of the Philippines during World War II and Japanese occupation of the Philippines Japan launched a surprise attack on the Philippines on December 8 , 1941 . The Commonwealth government drafted the Philippine Army into the U.S. Army Forces Far East , which would resist Japanese occupation . Manila was declared an open city to prevent its destruction , and it was occupied by the Japanese on January 2 , 1942 . Meanwhile , battles against the Japanese continued on the Bataan Peninsula , Corregidor , and Leyte until the final surrender of United States - Philippine forces in May 1942 . Manuel L. Quezon visiting Franklin D. Roosevelt in Washington , D.C. while in exile Quezon and Osmeña were escorted by troops from Manila to Corregidor , and later left for Australia prior to going to the U.S. , where they set up a government in exile , based at the Shoreham Hotel , in Washington , D.C. This government participated in the Pacific War Council as well as the Declaration by United Nations . Quezon became ill with tuberculosis and died from it , with Osmeña succeeding him as president . When the dissolution of the main general headquarters of the Philippine Commonwealth Army was located on the military station in Ermita , Manila and closed down on December 24 , 1941 and arrive by the Japanese Imperial forces was occupied in Manila on January 2 , 1942 and among the defunct Commonwealth Army main headquarters in the capital city was occupied and took control by the Japanese . Since the following of the Japanese Occupation , the establishment of the general headquarters and military camps and bases of the Philippine Commonwealth Army are military station to using around of all the main provinces of the Philippine Archipelago from Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao from January 3 , 1942 to June 30 , 1946 during and aftermath the Second World War was openly the service and began the local military conflicts and engage of the operations against the Japanese Occupation on this country . Meanwhile , the Japanese military organized a new government in the Philippines known as the Second Philippine Republic , headed by president José P. Laurel . This pro-Japanese government became very unpopular . Resistance to the Japanese occupation continued in the Philippines . This included the Hukbalahap ( `` People 's Army Against the Japanese '' ) , which consisted of 30,000 armed men and controlled much of Central Luzon . Remnants of the Philippine Army also successfully fought the Japanese through guerrilla warfare , eventually liberating all but 12 of the 48 provinces . General MacArthur and President Osmeña returning to the Philippines General Douglas MacArthur 's army landed on Leyte on October 20 , 1944 , and were welcomed as liberators , as were the Philippine Commonwealth troops who arrived in other amphibious landings . The Philippine Constabulary was placed on active service with the Philippine Commonwealth Army and re-established on October 28 , 1944 to June 30 , 1946 during the Allied liberation to Post-World War II era . Fighting continued in remote corners of the Philippines until Japan 's surrender in August 1945 , which was signed on September 2 in Tokyo Bay . Estimates of Filipino war dead reached one million , and Manila was extensively damaged when Japanese marines refused to vacate the city when ordered to do so by the Japanese High Command . After the War in the Philippines the Commonwealth was restored and a one - year transitional period in preparation for independence began . Elections followed in April 1946 with Manuel Roxas winning as the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines and Elpidio Quirino winning as vice-president . In spite of the years of Japanese occupation , the Philippines became independent exactly as scheduled a decade before , on July 4 , 1946 . Independence ( edit ) Main articles : Independence Day ( Philippines ) and Republic Day ( Philippines ) The Commonwealth ended when the U.S. recognized Philippine independence on July 4 , 1946 , as scheduled . However , the economy remained dependent on the U.S. This was due to the Bell Trade Act , otherwise known as the Philippine Trade Act , which was a precondition for receiving war rehabilitation grants from the United States . Policies ( edit ) Uprisings and agrarian reform ( edit ) See also : Land reform in the Philippines At the time , tenant farmers held grievances often rooted to debt caused by the sharecropping system , as well as by the dramatic increase in population , which added economic pressure to the tenant farmers ' families . As a result , an agrarian reform program was initiated by the Commonwealth . However , success of the program was hampered by ongoing clashes between tenants and landowners . An example of these clashes includes one initiated by Benigno Ramos through his Sakdalista movement , which advocated tax reductions , land reforms , the breakup of the large estates or haciendas , and the severing of American ties . The uprising , which occurred in Central Luzon in May , 1935 , claimed about a hundred lives . National language ( edit ) The Commonwealth had two official languages ; Spanish , and English . Due to the diverse number of Philippine languages , a program for the `` development and adoption of a common national language based on the existing native dialects '' was drafted in the 1935 Constitution . The Commonwealth created the Surián ng Wikang Pambansà ( National Language Institute ) , which was initially composed of President Quezon and six other members from various ethnic groups . A deliberation was held and Tagalog , due to its extensive literary tradition , was selected as the basis for the `` national language '' to be called `` Pilipino '' . In 1940 , the Commonwealth authorized the creation of a dictionary and grammar book for the language . In that same year , Commonwealth Act 570 was passed , allowing Filipino to become an official language upon independence . Economy ( edit ) The cash economy of the Commonwealth was mostly agriculture - based . Products included abaca , coconuts and coconut oil , sugar , and timber . Numerous other crops and livestock were grown for local consumption by the Filipino people . Other sources for foreign income included the spin - off from money spent at American military bases on the Philippines such as the naval base at Subic Bay and Clark Air Base ( with U.S. Army airplanes there as early as 1919 ) , both on the island of Luzon . The performance of the economy was initially good despite challenges from various agrarian uprisings . Taxes collected from a robust coconut industry helped boost the economy by funding infrastructure and other development projects . However , growth was halted due to the outbreak of World War II . Demographics ( edit ) In 1939 , a census of the Philippines was taken and determined that it had a population of 16,000,303 ; of these 15.7 million were counted as `` Brown '' , 141.8 thousand as `` Yellow '' , 19.3 thousand as `` White '' , 29.1 thousand as `` Negro '' , 50.5 thousand as `` Mixed '' , and under 1 thousand `` Other '' . In 1941 , the estimated population of the Philippines reached 17,000,000 ; there were 117,000 Chinese , 30,000 Japanese , and 9,000 Americans . English was spoken by 26.3 % of the population , according to the 1939 Census . Spanish , after English overtook it beginning in the 1920s , became a language for the elite and in government ; it was later banned during the Japanese occupation . Estimated numbers of speakers of the dominant languages : Cebuano : 4,620,685 Tagalog : 3,068,565 Ilocano : 2,353,518 Hiligaynon : 1,951,005 Waray : 920,009 Kapampangan : 621,455 Pangasinan : 573,752 Government ( edit ) The Commonwealth had its own constitution , which remained effective until 1973 , and was self - governing although foreign policy and military affairs would be under the responsibility of the United States , and certain legislation required the approval of the American president . During the 1935 -- 41 period , the Commonwealth of the Philippines featured a very strong executive , a unicameral National Assembly , and a Supreme Court , all composed entirely of Filipinos , as well as an elected Resident Commissioner to the United States House of Representatives ( as Puerto Rico does today ) . An American High Commissioner and an American Military Advisor , Douglas MacArthur headed the latter office from 1937 until the advent of World War II in 1941 , holding the military rank of Field Marshal of the Philippines . After 1946 , the rank of field marshal disappeared from the Philippine military . During 1939 and 1940 , after an amendment in the Commonwealth 's Constitution , a bicameral Congress , consisting of a Senate , and of a House of Representatives , was restored , replacing the National Assembly . Politics ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) List of presidents ( edit ) The colors indicate the political party or coalition of each President at Election Day . # President Took office Left office Party Vice President Term Manuel L. Quezon November 15 , 1935 August 1 , 1944 Nacionalista Sergio Osmeña Sergio Osmeña August 1 , 1944 May 28 , 1946 Nacionalista vacant Manuel Roxas May 28 , 1946 July 4 , 19462 Liberal Elpidio Quirino Died of tuberculosis at Saranac Lake , New York . 2 End of Commonwealth government , independent Republic inaugurated . Quezon administration ( 1935 -- 44 ) ( edit ) Manuel L. Quezon , president from 1935 -- 44 In 1935 Quezon won the Philippine 's first national presidential election under the banner of the Nacionalista Party . He obtained nearly 68 % of the vote against his two main rivals , Emilio Aguinaldo and Bishop Gregorio Aglipay . Quezon was inaugurated in November 1935 . He is recognized as the second President of the Philippines . When Manuel L. Quezon was inaugurated President of the Philippines in 1935 , he became the first Filipino to head a government of the Philippines since Emilio Aguinaldo and the Malolos Republic in 1898 . However , in January 2008 , Congressman Rodolfo Valencia of Oriental Mindoro filed a bill seeking instead to declare General Miguel Malvar as the second Philippine President , having directly succeeded Aguinaldo in 1901 . Quezon had originally been barred by the Philippine constitution from seeking re-election . However , in 1940 , constitutional amendments were ratified allowing him to seek re-election for a fresh term ending in 1943 . In the 1941 presidential elections , Quezon was re-elected over former Senator Juan Sumulong with nearly 82 % of the vote . In a notable humanitarian act , Quezon , in cooperation with U.S. High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt , facilitated the entry into the Philippines of Jewish refugees fleeing fascist regimes in Europe . Quezon was also instrumental in promoting a project to resettle the refugees in Mindanao . Quezon suffered from tuberculosis and spent his last years in a ' cure cottage ' in Saranac Lake , NY , where he died on August 1 , 1944 . He was initially buried in Arlington National Cemetery . His body was later carried by the USS Princeton and re-interred in Manila at the Manila North Cemetery before being moved to Quezon City within the monument at the Quezon Memorial Circle . Osmeña administration ( 1944 -- 46 ) ( edit ) Sergio Osmeña , president from 1944 -- 46 Osmeña became president of the Commonwealth on Quezon 's death in 1944 . He returned to the Philippines the same year with General Douglas MacArthur and the liberation forces . After the war Osmeña restored the Commonwealth government and the various executive departments . He continued the fight for Philippine independence . For the presidential election of 1946 Osmeña refused to campaign , saying that the Filipino people knew of his record of 40 years of honest and faithful service . Nevertheless , he was defeated by Manuel Roxas , who won 54 % of the vote and became the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines . Roxas administration ( May 28 , 1946 -- July 4 , 1946 ) ( edit ) Manuel Roxas , last president of the Commonwealth from May 28 , 1946 -- July 4 , 1946 Roxas served as the President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in a brief period , from his subsequent election on May 28 , 1946 to July 4 , 1946 , the scheduled date of the proclamation of Philippine Independence . Roxas prepared the groundwork for the advent of a free and independent Philippines , assisted by the Congress ( reorganized May 25 , 1946 ) , with Senator José Avelino as the Senate President and Congressman Eugenio Pérez as the House of Representatives Speaker . On June 3 , 1946 , Roxas appeared for the first time before the joint session of the Congress to deliver his first state of the nation address . Among other things , he told the members of the Congress the grave problems and difficulties the Philippines are set to face and reports of his special trip to the U.S. -- the approval for independence . On June 21 , he reappeared into another joint session of the Congress and urged the acceptance of two important laws passed by the U.S. Congress on April 30 , 1946 to the Philippine lands . They are the Philippine Rehabilitation Act and the Philippine Trade Act . Both recommendations were accepted by the Congress . See also ( edit ) Commonwealth ( U.S. insular area ) Political history of the Philippines History of the Philippines Philippine Organic Act ( 1902 ) Jones Law ( Philippines ) Philippines Organic Act ( 1916 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) Filipino Repatriation Act of 1935 Hare -- Hawes -- Cutting Act ( 1932 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See for example , the Jones Law of 1916 , which uses `` Philippines '' and `` Philippine Islands '' interchangeably . Jump up ^ Officially , the Philippine Independence Act ; Pub. L. 73 -- 127 ; approved on March 24 , 1934 . Jump up ^ According to Congressman Rodolfo Valencia , `` General Malvar took over the revolutionary government after General Emilio Aguinaldo , first President of the Republic , was captured on March 23 , 1901 , and ( was ) exiled in Hong Kong by the American colonial government -- since he was next in command . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Official Ballot '' . Presidential Museum and Library . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 12 . Officials of the Commonwealth of the Philippines -- Funcionarios del Commonwealth de Filipinas Jump up ^ Article XIV , Section 10 , of the Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines which reads `` ( t ) his Constitution shall be officially promulgated in English and Spanish , but in case of conflict the English text shall prevail . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Constitutional Law '' . Philconsa Yearbook . Philippine Constitution Association . 1965 . Retrieved 26 September 2014 . `` Balangkas at Layunin ng Pamahalaang Komonwelt '' . Bureau of Elementry Education . Department of Education . 2010 . Archived from the original on 16 August 2016 . Retrieved 26 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Wikisource : Commonwealth Act No. 382 . ^ Jump up to : Mair , Christian ( 2003 ) . The politics of English as a world language : new horizons in postcolonial cultural studies . NL : Rodopi . pp. 479 -- 82 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 0876 - 2 . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . 497 pp . Roger M. Thompson ( 1 January 2003 ) . Filipino English and Taglish : Language Switching from Multiple Perspectives . John Benjamins Publishing . pp. 27 -- 29 . ISBN 90 - 272 - 4891 - 5 . Christian Mair ( 1 January 2003 ) . The Politics of English as a World Language : New Horizons in Postcolonial Cultural Studies . Rodopi . p. 480 . ISBN 90 - 420 - 0876 - 8 . Antonio L. Rappa ; Lionel Wee Hock An ( 23 February 2006 ) . Language Policy and Modernity in Southeast Asia : Malaysia , the Philippines , Singapore , and Thailand . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 68 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 4510 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Timeline 1930 -- 1939 , PH : St. Scholastica 's College . Jump up ^ Gin Ooi 2004 , p. 387 . Jump up ^ Zaide 1994 , p. 319 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Franklin D ( November 14 , 1935 ) , `` Proclamation 2148 on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines '' , The American Presidency Project , the Commonwealth Road , consecrated on October 23 , 1937 , Santa Barbara : University of California , This Proclamation shall be effective upon its promulgation at Manila , Philippine Islands , on November 15 , 1935 , by the Secretary of War of the United States of America , who is hereby designated as my representative for that purpose . Jump up ^ Castro , Christi - Anne , Associate Professor University of Michigan ( 7 April 2011 ) . Musical Renderings of the Philippine Nation . U.S. : Oxford University Press . p. 204 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 974640 - 8 . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 1935 Constitution '' . Official Gazette . Government of the Philippines . February 8 , 1935 . Jump up ^ A Decade of American Foreign Policy 1941 -- 1949 Interim Meeting of Foreign Ministers , Moscow : Yale , retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Philippine Commonwealth '' , The New York Times , November 16 , 1935 , retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Philippine Autonomy Act ( Jones Law ) , The corpus juris , archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Philippines , The period of U.S. influence '' ( online ed . ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Hare - Hawes - Cutting - Act '' ( online ed . ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Agoncillo & Guerrero 1970 , pp. 345 -- 346 Jump up ^ Dolan 1991 `` Commonwealth Politics , 1935 - 41 '' Jump up ^ `` Tydings - McDuffie Act '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Text of the Tydings - McDuffie Act '' . The ChanRobles Group . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines , The corpus juris , 1935 , archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Zaide 1994 , pp. 317 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Agoncillo & Guerrero 1970 , p. 390 . Jump up ^ Agoncillo & Guerrero 1970 , p. 392 . Jump up ^ Lacsamana 1990 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Agoncillo & Guerrero 1970 , p. 415 . ^ Jump up to : Seekins 1991b . ^ Jump up to : `` Philippine History '' . DLSU - Manila . Archived from the original on 2006 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Weir 1998 Jump up ^ Dolan 1991 . Jump up ^ `` Balitang Beterano : Facts about Philippine Independence '' . Philippine Headline News Online . Feb 2004 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Philippine history American Colony and Philippine Commonwealth ( 1901 -- 1941 ) '' . Windows on Asia . MSU . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Roces , Luna & Arcilla 1986 , p. 140 . ^ Jump up to : Roces , Luna & Arcilla 1986 , p. 338 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Colony and Philippine Commonwealth ( 1901 -- 1941 ) '' . Filipinas Heritage Library . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Abstract of the United States '' ( PDF ) . census.gov . United States Department of Commerce . 1941 . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Rayne ( 2009 ) . Immigration and Migration . Infobase Publishing . p. 107 . ISBN 9781438109015 . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Roger M. ( 2003 ) . Filipino English and Taglish : Language Switching from Multiple Perspectives . John Benjamins Publishing . p. 27 . ISBN 9789027248916 . Retrieved 7 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Roger M. ( 2003 ) . Filipino English and Taglish : Language Switching from Multiple Perspectives . John Benjamins Publishing . p. 61 . ISBN 9789027248916 . Retrieved 7 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Constitutions of the Philippines '' . The ChanRobles Group . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Seekins 1991 , Commonwealth Politics , 1935 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Agoncillo 2001 . Jump up ^ Hayden 1942 . Jump up ^ `` The Yamashita Standard '' . PBS . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` A History of Plebiscites in the Philippines '' . Arab News . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Cruz , Maricel ( 2008 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Lawmaker : History wrong on Gen. Malvar '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Official Gazette , 42 ( 5 ) , Manila , May 1946 , pp. 1151 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Official Gazette , 42 ( 7 ) , July 1946 , pp. 1625 -- 28 . Bibliography ( edit ) Philippine Legislature , 100 Years , Philippine Historical Association , New Day Publishers , 2000 , ISBN 971 - 92245 - 0 - 9 . Agoncillo , Teodoro A ; Guerrero , Milagros ( 1970 ) , History of the Filipino People , Malaya Books , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 28 -- -- -- ( 2001 ) , The Fateful Years : Japan 's Adventure in the Philippines 1941 -- 1945 , 1 , Quezon City , PH : University of the Philippines Press , ISBN 978 - 971 - 542 - 274 - 1 . Dolan , Ronald E , ed. ( 1991 ) , `` Economic Relations with the United States '' , Philippines : A Country Study , Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 28 . Gin Ooi , Keat ( 2004 ) , Southeast Asia : a historical encyclopedia , from Angkor Wat to East Timor , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 770 - 2 . Hayden , Joseph Ralston ( 1942 ) , The Philippines , a Study in National Development , Macmillan , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 28 . Lacsamana , Leodivico Cruz ( 1990 ) , Philippine History and Government , Phoenix , ISBN 971 - 06 - 1894 - 6 , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 28 . Roces ; Luna , Juan Luis Z Jr ; Arcilla , Reynaldo ( 1986 ) , RR Philippine almanac : book of facts , Ramon Roces y Pardo . Seekins , Donald M ( 1991 ) , `` The Commonwealth '' , in Dolan , Ronald E , Philippines : A Country Study , Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 28 . Seekins , Donald M ( 1991b ) , `` World War II '' , in Dolan , Ronald E , Philippines : A Country Study , Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 28 . Weir , Fraser ( 1998 ) , `` American Colony and Philippine Commonwealth 1901 -- 1941 '' , A Centennial History of Philippine Independence , 1898 -- 1998 , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 28 Zaide , Sonia M ( 1994 ) , The Philippines : A Unique Nation , All - Nations , ISBN 971 - 642 - 071 - 4 External links ( edit ) Kalaw , Maximo , The Present Government of the Philippines ( book ) , Filipiniana , detailing the functions of the different branches of the Philippine Commonwealth . Parallel and Divergent Aspects of British Rule in the Raj , French Rule in Indochina , Dutch Rule in the Netherlands East Indies ( Indonesia ) , and American Rule in the Philippines , CA : House of David . Philippines : Polity Style : 1897 -- 2009 , Archontology . The Commonwealth of the Philippines , PH : Government . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the constitution used by the philippine government from the commonwealth period until 1973 | [
"A Constitutional Convention was convened in Manila on July 30, 1934. On February 8, 1935, the 1935 Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines was approved by the convention by a vote of 177 to 1. The constitution was approved by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 23, 1935 and ratified by popular vote on May 14, 1935.[21][22]"
] | [
"the 1935 Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines"
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-4419703368457612606 | (I've Had) The Time of My Life | ( I 've Had ) the Time of My Life - wikipedia ( I 've Had ) the Time of My Life Jump to : navigation , search `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Single by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes from the album Dirty Dancing B - side `` Love Is Strange '' by Mickey & Sylvia Released September 1987 Format 7 '' single 12 '' maxi cassette CD single Recorded Genre Soft rock , adult contemporary , pop Length 4 : 47 ( LP and single version ) 6 : 46 ( extended version ) Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) John DeNicola Donald Markowitz Franke Previte Producer ( s ) Michael Lloyd Music video `` ( I 've Had ) The Time Of My Life '' on YouTube Alternative cover 7 '' - U.S. `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' is a 1987 song composed by Franke Previte , John DeNicola , and Donald Markowitz . It was recorded by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes , and used as the theme song for the 1987 film Dirty Dancing . The song has won a number of awards , including an Academy Award for `` Best Original Song '' , a Golden Globe Award for `` Best Original Song '' , and a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Music video 3 Personnel 4 Chart performance 5 Awards 6 Cover versions and samples 7 Formats and track listings 8 Charts 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 8.3 Certifications 9 See also 10 References History ( edit ) Singer - songwriter Previte was the lead singer of the band Franke and the Knockouts . He had success with the song `` Sweetheart '' in 1981 , but by 1986 was without a recording contract . In late 1986 or early 1987 , producer and head of Millennium Records , Jimmy Ienner , asked Previte about writing some music for `` a little movie called Dirty Dancing '' . Previte initially turned the request down because he was still trying to get a record deal , but Ienner was persistent , and got Previte to write several songs for the film , including `` Hungry Eyes '' , later recorded by singer Eric Carmen , which also became a top 10 hit . Previte wrote the lyrics , and the music was written by John DeNicola and Don Markowitz . After getting further approval , Previte created a demo of the song , performing on it himself , along with singer Rachele Cappelli . The demo showcased how the harmonies were to be used , employing a `` cold open '' , or a slow build - up of the song to its finale . This demo was n't used in the final cut of the film − the more polished version with Warnes and Medley was . However , because the Warnes / Medley track was not ready by the time the finale was filmed ( it was shot first , due to the tight budget ) , Previte and Capelli 's much lighter and more youthful version was used as a backing track , so that the actors , Patrick Swayze and Jennifer Grey , and the dancers , could have something to dance to ( Swayze had later remarked it was his favorite version , even including all the subsequent remakes ) . The demo version finally appeared on the 1998 CD reissue of Previte 's 1981 album Franke and the Knockouts , but is only listed as `` Bonus Track '' . The song was initially intended for Donna Summer and Joe Esposito , but they turned it down . Bill Medley was approached by Jimmy Ienner repeatedly over two months to do the recording , but he also turned it down because his daughter McKenna was due to be born , and he had promised his wife he would be there . After the birth of his daughter , Medley was approached again , because Jennifer Warnes had indicated she would record the song if she could do the duet with Medley . Medley then agreed to record the track . With the release of the film it became a worldwide hit , and is one of the most frequently played songs on radio . A song by Lionel Richie was initially planned to be used as the finale of Dirty Dancing , but choreographer Kenny Ortega and his assistant Miranda Garrison ( who also played Vivian in the film ) selected `` The Time of My Life '' instead . Music video ( edit ) A music video was produced for this song in October 1987 . The video features several couples dancing like in the movie , and it also featured clips from it . Personnel ( edit ) Bill Medley - vocals Jennifer Warnes - vocals Chart performance ( edit ) In the United States , the single topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart in November 1987 for one week and also reached number one on the Adult Contemporary for four weeks . In the United Kingdom the song had two chart outings : in November 1987 , after the film 's initial release , the song peaked at No. 6 ; in January 1991 , after the film was shown on mainstream television , the song reached No. 8 . Awards ( edit ) Academy Award for Best Original Song , 1987 Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals , 1988 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song , 1988 ASCAP `` Most Performed Songs from Motion Pictures '' and `` ASCAP Songwriter Of The Year '' for its writer . In 2004 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey placed it # 86 among the top tunes in American cinema . Cover versions and samples ( edit ) In 2003 , the top 11 contestants of the first season of Canadian Idol performed it as a group number during the season finale . The song was covered in 2004 by Carmen & Piero and their version features on Best of Mundart and Duets . Taylor Hicks and Katharine McPhee performed a version as their final duet during the fifth - season finale of American Idol in 2006 . The song was covered in 2006 by British glamour model Katie Price and her then - husband , pop singer Peter Andre . The track is included on their 2006 album of duets A Whole New World . In 2007 , the song was performed by British girl group Girls Aloud on their concert The Greatest Hits Tour ( Girls Aloud ) The 2007 compilation Over The Rainbow featured a cover of the song by Jermaine Jackson and R&B / dance music singer Jocelyn Brown . Barry Manilow covered the song on his 2008 album of cover songs , The Greatest Songs of the Eighties . The song appeared on the Fox series Glee in the second - season episode `` Special Education '' . It was sung by Quinn ( Dianna Agron ) & Sam ( Chord Overstreet ) as the opening ballad at Sectionals . It is also featured on the soundtrack Glee : The Music , Volume 4 and charted at # 36 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Sam Milby and Toni Gonzaga covered this song on their 2009 album Love Duets . In 2009 , Namibian singer Nianell and South African singer Dozi included a version on their duet covers album It Takes Two . In 2010 , The Black Eyed Peas sampled the chorus in their song , `` The Time ( Dirty Bit ) '' ( from the album The Beginning ) , with the line `` Yes , I swear it 's the truth '' changed to `` And I swear this is true '' . The song 's original recording is a regular staple at live shows of the Norwegian electro rock band , Datarock , and is frequently performed as a sing - along by band and audience . In 2011 , Kris Lawrence and Kyla record their version for the show Time of My Life as the show 's theme song . The song has also been used as a commercial jingle for Sandals Resorts . German jazz - metal band Panzerballett covered this song in their 2012 album Tank Goodness . This song was covered by the Strictly Come Dancing band and singers , led by David Arch , in 2012 , as the backing for gymnast Louis Smith and professional dancer Flavia Cacace 's salsa in week 3 and the first part of the final . In the Major Crimes episode `` There 's No Place Like Home '' , a suspect 's alibi was that he was doing the song karaoke . The Major Crimes squad watched his performance for a minute but quickly shut it off when the suspect started dancing . At the end of the episode , the credits were played over a scene of the man singing and dancing to the song with a partner rather than the regular black screen . In 2014 , the song was recorded by Kerry Ellis and Joe McElderry for Ellis ' self - titled album . In 2015 , on the 21th season of U.S reality / competition show Dancing with the Stars wildlife expert Bindi Irwin and her dance partner Derek Hough danced the rumba to it on week 6 and got the highest score of the night . In 2016 , Jodie Sweetin and Macy Gray covered the song in the third episode of Fuller House `` Funner House '' while Candace Cameron Bure and Andrea Barber danced to `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' in the same episode . In 2016 , The Netherlands LuckyTV released a video that lip - synched the second Clinton - Trump presidential debate to the song so that it looked like Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton were singing a duet . The video later went viral on YouTube , with approximately 777,000 views in the first day . British rock band The Darkness play the song after their gigs are finished . In 2017 , during the credits of the Bob 's Burgers episode `` Thelma & Louise Except Thelma is Linda '' , Teddy ( Larry Murphy ) and Bob ( H. Jon Benjamin ) sing it . In 2018 , the song was featured in an ad for the NFL during Super Bowl LII , with Eli Manning and Odell Beckham Jr. recreating the dance scene from Dirty Dancing . Formats and track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( 4 : 47 ) `` Love Is Strange '' by Mickey & Sylvia ( 2 : 52 ) 12 '' maxi and CD single `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( 4 : 47 ) `` In the Still of the Night '' by The Five Satins ( 2 : 59 ) `` Love Is Strange '' by Mickey & Sylvia ( 2 : 53 ) `` Overload '' by Zappacosta ( 3 : 39 ) Cassette `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( 4 : 47 ) `` In the Still of the Night '' by The Five Satins ( 2 : 59 ) `` Love Is Strange '' by Mickey & Sylvia ( 2 : 53 ) `` Overload '' by Zappacosta ( 3 : 39 ) Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 12 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Chart ( 1990 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 17 Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 5 Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 48 Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 16 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 40 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart 28 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart Dutch Top 40 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Date Sales certified Australia Gold 1988 35,000 Canada Gold January 12 , 1988 50,000 Netherlands Platinum 1988 60,000 U.S. Gold February 24 , 1989 500,000 See also ( edit ) The Time ( Dirty Bit ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1987 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1987 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1980s List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 1988 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 136 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Robert Dye ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` The Times In His Life : A Q&A With Franke Previte '' . American Songwriter . ^ Jump up to : `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes '' . Song Facts . Jump up ^ Bill Medley ( April 24 , 2014 ) . The Time of My Life : A Righteous Brother 's Memoir . Da Capo Press . pp. 138 -- 139 . ISBN 978 - 0306823169 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 167 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 359 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` John DeNicola Bio '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Best of Mundart and Duets , track listings and charts Lescharts.com ( Retrieved July 25 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Sam Milby and Toni Gonzaga -- I 've had the time of my life Cover https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRABcfKRnLQ Jump up ^ `` Retrieved 7 January 2014 '' . Kalahari.com. 2011 - 09 - 20 . Archived from the original on 19 October 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Kerry Ellis by Kerry Ellis on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Spata , Christopher ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` Watch Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton Sing ' Time of My Life ' During the Presidential Debate '' . Complex . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ernst , Douglas ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump , Hillary Clinton ' ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life ' debate video goes viral '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . ^ Jump up to : Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie ( Retrieved April 7 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Bill Medley : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Medley Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Medley Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( 1990 issue ) , UK Singles Chart . Chartstats.com . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 1988 Australian Singles Chart . aria.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 1988 Austrian Singles Chart Austriancharts.at . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Belgian Flanders Singles Chart '' ( in Dutch ) . ultratop.be . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Single top 100 over 1988 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA End Of Year Singles 1988 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . 1989 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Canada certifications Archived 2009 - 04 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... cria.ca . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dutch certifications . nvpi.nl . Retrieved December 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ U.S. certifications Archived 2015 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... riaa.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Bill Medley Albums Damn Near Righteous Singles `` Statue of a Fool '' `` Do n't Know Much '' `` I Still Do '' `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Portal : R&B and Soul Music Jennifer Warnes Studio albums Jennifer Jennifer Warnes Shot Through the Heart Famous Blue Raincoat The Hunter The Well Singles `` Easy to Be Hard '' `` Right Time of the Night '' `` Do n't Make Me Over '' `` It Goes Like It Goes '' `` Up Where We Belong '' `` All the Right Moves '' `` First We Take Manhattan '' `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Compilations Best of Jennifer Warnes Love Lifts Us Up : A Collection 1968 - 83 Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 1960s `` Town Without Pity '' Lyrics by Ned Washington , Music by Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1961 ) `` Circus World '' Lyrics by Ned Washington , Music by Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1964 ) `` Forget Domani '' Lyrics by Norman Newell , Music by Riz Ortolani ( 1965 ) `` Strangers in the Night '' Lyrics by Charles Singleton , Eddie Snyder , Music by Bert Kaempfert ( 1966 ) `` If Ever I Would Leave You '' Lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner , Music by Frederick Loewe ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman , Music by Michel Legrand ( 1968 ) `` Jean '' Music & Lyrics by Rod McKuen ( 1969 ) 1970s `` Whistling Away the Dark '' Lyrics by Johnny Mercer , Music by Henry Mancini ( 1970 ) `` Life Is What You Make It '' Lyrics by Johnny Mercer , Music by Marvin Hamlisch ( 1971 ) `` Ben '' Lyrics by Don Black , Music by Walter Scharf ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman , Music by Marvin Hamlisch ( 1973 ) `` I Feel Love '' Lyrics by Betty Box , Music by Euel Box ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music & Lyrics by Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen '' Lyrics by Paul Williams , Music by Barbra Streisand ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music & Lyrics by Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music & Lyrics by Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` The Rose '' Music & Lyrics by Amanda McBroom ( 1979 ) 1980s `` Fame '' Lyrics by Dean Pitchford , Music by Michael Gore ( 1980 ) `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music & Lyrics by Peter Allen , Burt Bacharach , Christopher Cross , & Carole Bayer Sager ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings , Music by Jack Nitzsche & Buffy Sainte - Marie ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Lyrics by Irene Cara , Keith Forsey , Music by Giorgio Moroder ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music & Lyrics by Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music & Lyrics by Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Lyrics by Tom Whitlock , Music by Giorgio Moroder ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Lyrics by Franke Previte , Music by John DeNicola & Donald Markowitz ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music & Lyrics by Carly Simon / `` Two Hearts '' Lyrics by Phil Collins , Music by Lamont Dozier ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Lyrics by Howard Ashman , Music by Alan Menken ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Blaze of Glory '' Music & Lyrics by Jon Bon Jovi ( 1990 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' Lyrics by Howard Ashman , Music by Alan Menken ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Alan Menken ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music & Lyrics by Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Elton John ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Lyrics by Stephen Schwartz , Music by Alan Menken ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings , Music by James Horner ( 1997 ) `` The Prayer '' Music & Lyrics by David Foster , Tony Renis , Carole Bayer Sager , Alberto Testa ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music & Lyrics by Phil Collins ( 1999 ) 2000s `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics by Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) `` Until ... '' Music and lyrics by Sting ( 2001 ) `` The Hands That Built America '' Music and lyrics by Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge & Larry Mullen Jr. ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics by Annie Lennox , Howard Shore & Frances Walsh ( 2003 ) `` Old Habits Die Hard '' Music and lyrics by Mick Jagger & David A. Stewart ( 2004 ) `` A Love That Will Never Grow Old '' Lyrics by Bernie Taupin , Music by Gustavo Santaolalla ( 2005 ) `` The Song of the Heart '' Music and lyrics by Prince Rogers Nelson ( 2006 ) `` Guaranteed '' Music and lyrics by Eddie Vedder ( 2007 ) `` The Wrestler '' Music and lyrics by Bruce Springsteen ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics by Ryan Bingham & T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) 2010s `` You Have n't Seen the Last of Me '' Music & Lyrics by Diane Warren ( 2010 ) `` Masterpiece '' Music & Lyrics by Madonna , Julie Frost and Jimmy Harry ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' by Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Ordinary Love '' by U2 and Danger Mouse ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' by Common and John Legend ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' by Sam Smith and Jimmy Napes ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' by Justin Hurwitz , Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` This Is Me '' by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2017 ) Complete List ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=(I%27ve_Had)_The_Time_of_My_Life&oldid=830449916 '' Categories : 1987 singles 1992 singles Bill Medley songs Jennifer Warnes songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Dutch Top 40 number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Best Original Song Golden Globe winning songs Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs Songs from Dirty Dancing Vocal duets 1987 songs Songs written by Franke Previte Songs written by John DeNicola Hidden categories : CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Русский Simple English Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 March 2018 , at 22 : 09 . 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"\"(I've Had) The Time of My Life\" is a 1987 song composed by Franke Previte, John DeNicola, and Donald Markowitz.[1] It was recorded by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes, and used as the theme song for the 1987 film Dirty Dancing.[1] The song has won a number of awards, including an Academy Award for \"Best Original Song\", a Golden Globe Award for \"Best Original Song\", and a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals.",
"\"(I've Had) The Time of My Life\" is a 1987 song composed by Franke Previte, John DeNicola, and Donald Markowitz.[1] It was recorded by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes, and used as the theme song for the 1987 film Dirty Dancing.[1] The song has won a number of awards, including an Academy Award for \"Best Original Song\", a Golden Globe Award for \"Best Original Song\", and a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals."
] | [
"Bill Medley",
"Jennifer Warnes"
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66196609820018570 | History of the petroleum industry | History of the petroleum industry - Wikipedia History of the petroleum industry Jump to : navigation , search Parts of this article ( those related to Modern history ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2015 ) The petroleum industry is not of recent origin , but petroleum 's current status as the key component of politics , society , and technology has its roots in the early 20th century . The invention of the internal combustion engine was the major influence in the rise in the importance of petroleum . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 2 Modern history 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Early History ( edit ) Four thousand years ago , according to Herodotus and confirmed by Diodorus Siculus , asphalt was used in the construction of the walls and towers of Babylon ; there were oil pits near Ardericca ( near Babylon ) , and a pitch spring on Zacynthus ( Ionian islands , Greece ) . Great quantities of it were found on the banks of the river Issus , one of the tributaries of the Euphrates . Ancient Persian tablets indicate the medicinal and lighting uses of petroleum in the upper levels of their society . Oil was exploited in the Roman province of Dacia , now in Romania , where it was called picula . The use of petroleum dates back to ancient China more than 2000 years ago . In I Ching , one of the earliest Chinese writings cites the use of oil in its raw state without refining was first discovered , extracted , and used in China in the first century BCE . In addition , the Chinese were the first to use petroleum as fuel as the early as the fourth century BCE . The earliest known oil wells were drilled in China in 347 AD or earlier . They had depths of up to about 800 feet ( 240 m ) and were drilled using bits attached to bamboo poles . The oil was burned to evaporate brine and produce salt . By the 10th century , extensive bamboo pipelines connected oil wells with salt springs . The ancient records of China and Japan are said to contain many allusions to the use of natural gas for lighting and heating . Petroleum was known as burning water in Japan in the 7th century . In his book Dream Pool Essays written in 1088 , the polymathic scientist and statesman Shen Kuo of the Song Dynasty coined the word 石油 ( Shíyóu , literally `` rock oil '' ) for petroleum , which remains the term used in contemporary Chinese and Japanese ( Sekiyū ) . The first streets of Baghdad were paved with tar , derived from petroleum that became accessible from natural fields in the region . In the 9th century , oil fields were exploited in the area around modern Baku , Azerbaijan . These fields were described by the Arab geographer Abu al - Hasan ' Alī al - Mas'ūdī in the 10th century , and by Marco Polo in the 13th century , who described the output of those wells as hundreds of shiploads . Distillation of Petroleum was described by the Persian alchemist , Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi ( Rhazes ) . There was production of chemicals such as kerosene in the alembic ( al - ambiq ) , which was mainly used for kerosene lamps . Arab and Persian chemists also distilled crude oil in order to produce flammable products for military purposes . Through Islamic Spain , distillation became available in Western Europe by the 12th century . It has also been present in Romania since the 13th century , being recorded as păcură . The earliest mention of petroleum in the Americas occurs in Sir Walter Raleigh 's account of the Trinidad Pitch Lake in 1595 ; while thirty - seven years later , the account of a visit of a Franciscan , Joseph de la Roche d'Allion , to the oil springs of New York was published in Gabriel Sagard 's Histoire du Canada . A Finnish born Swede , scientist and student of Carl Linnaeus , Peter Kalm , in his work Travels into North America published first in 1753 showed on a map the oil springs of Pennsylvania . In 1710 or 1711 ( sources vary ) the Russian - born Swiss physician and Greek teacher Eirini d'Eyrinys ( also spelled as Eirini d'Eirinis ) discovered asphaltum at Val - de-Travers , ( Neuchâtel ) . He established a bitumen mine de la Presta there in 1719 that operated until 1986 . In 1745 under the Empress Elizabeth of Russia the first oil well and refinery were built in Ukhta by Fiodor Priadunov . Through the process of distillation of the `` rock oil '' ( petroleum ) he received a kerosene - like substance , which was used in oil lamps by Russian churches and monasteries ( though households still relied on candles ) . Oil sands were mined from 1745 in Merkwiller - Pechelbronn , Alsace under the direction of Louis Pierre Ancillon de la Sablonnière , by special appointment of Louis XV . The Pechelbronn oil field was active until 1970 , and was the birthplace of companies like Antar and Schlumberger . The first modern refinery was built there in 1857 . Modern History ( edit ) See also : Petroleum industry Oil field in California , 1938 . The modern history of petroleum began in the 19th century with the refining of paraffin from crude oil . The Scottish chemist James Young in 1847 noticed a natural petroleum seepage in the Riddings colliery at Alfreton , Derbyshire from which he distilled a light thin oil suitable for use as lamp oil , at the same time obtaining a thicker oil suitable for lubricating machinery . In 1846 , Baku ( settlement Bibi - Heybat ) the first ever well drilled with percussion tools to a depth of 21 meters for oil exploration . In 1848 , Young set up a small business refining the crude oil . The new oils were successful , but the supply of oil from the coal mine soon began to fail ( eventually being exhausted in 1851 ) . Young , noticing that the oil was dripping from the sandstone roof of the coal mine , theorized that it somehow originated from the action of heat on the coal seam and from this thought that it might be produced artificially . Following up this idea , he tried many experiments and eventually succeeded , by distilling cannel coal at a low heat , a fluid resembling petroleum , which when treated in the same way as the seep oil gave similar products . Young found that by slow distillation he could obtain a number of useful liquids from it , one of which he named `` paraffine oil '' because at low temperatures it congealed into a substance resembling paraffin wax . The production of these oils and solid paraffin wax from coal formed the subject of his patent dated 17 October 1850 . In 1850 Young & Meldrum and Edward William Binney entered into partnership under the title of E.W. Binney & Co. at Bathgate in West Lothian and E. Meldrum & Co. at Glasgow ; their works at Bathgate were completed in 1851 and became the first truly commercial oil - works and oil refinery in the world , using oil extracted from locally mined torbanite , shale , and bituminous coal to manufacture naphtha and lubricating oils ; paraffin for fuel use and solid paraffin were not sold till 1856 . Shale bings near Broxburn , 3 of a total of 19 in West Lothian Abraham Pineo Gesner , a Canadian geologist developed a process to refine a liquid fuel from coal , bitumen and oil shale . His new discovery , which he named kerosene , burned more cleanly and was less expensive than competing products , such as whale oil . In 1850 , Gesner created the Kerosene Gaslight Company and began installing lighting in the streets in Halifax and other cities . By 1854 , he had expanded to the United States where he created the North American Kerosene Gas Light Company at Long Island , New York . Demand grew to where his company 's capacity to produce became a problem , but the discovery of petroleum , from which kerosene could be more easily produced , solved the supply problem . In 1848 the first modern oil well was drilled in Asia , on the Aspheron Peninsula north - east of Baku , by Russian engineer F.N. Semyenov . Ignacy Łukasiewicz improved Gesner 's method to develop a means of refining kerosene from the more readily available `` rock oil '' ( `` petr - oleum '' ) seeps , in 1852 , and the first rock oil mine was built in Bóbrka , near Krosno in central European Galicia ( Poland ) in 1854 . These discoveries rapidly spread around the world , and Meerzoeff built the first modern Russian refinery in the mature oil fields at Baku in 1861 . At that time Baku produced about 90 % of the world 's oil . The question of what constituted the first commercial oil well is a difficult one to answer . Edwin Drake 's 1859 well near Titusville , Pennsylvania , discussed more fully below , is popularly considered the first modern well . Drake 's well is probably singled out because it was drilled , not dug ; because it used a steam engine ; because there was a company associated with it ; and because it touched off a major boom . However , the first well ever drilled anywhere in the world , which produced oil , was drilled in 1857 to a depth of 280 feet by the American Merrimac Company in La Brea ( Spanish for `` Pitch '' ) in southeast Trinidad in the Caribbean . Additionally , there was considerable activity before Drake in various parts of the world in the mid-19th century . A group directed by Major Alexeyev of the Bakinskii Corps of Mining Engineers hand - drilled a well in the Baku region in 1848 . There were engine - drilled wells in West Virginia in the same year as Drake 's well . An early commercial well was hand dug in Poland in 1853 , and another in nearby Romania in 1857 . At around the same time the world 's first , but small , oil refineries were opened at Jasło , in Poland , with a larger one being opened at Ploiești , in Romania , shortly after . Romania is the first country in the world to have its crude oil output officially recorded in international statistics , namely 275 tonnes . In 1875 , crude oil was discovered by David Beaty at his home in Warren , Pennsylvania . This led to the opening of the Bradford oil field , which , by the 1880s , produced 77 percent of the global oil supply . However , by the end of the 19th century , the Russian Empire , particularly the Branobel company in Azerbaijan , had taken the lead in production . Samuel Kier established America 's first oil refinery in Pittsburgh on Seventh avenue near Grant Street , in 1853 . In addition to the activity in West Virginia and Pennsylvania , an important early oil well in North America was in Oil Springs , Ontario , Canada in 1858 , dug by James Miller Williams . The discovery at Oil Springs touched off an oil boom which brought hundreds of speculators and workers to the area . New oil fields were discovered nearby throughout the late 19th century and the area developed into a large petrochemical refining centre and exchange . The modern US petroleum industry is considered to have begun with Edwin Drake 's drilling of a 69 - foot ( 21 m ) oil well in 1859 , on Oil Creek near Titusville , Pennsylvania , for the Seneca Oil Company ( originally yielding 25 barrels per day ( 4.0 m / d ) , by the end of the year output was at the rate of 15 barrels per day ( 2.4 m / d ) ) . The industry grew through the 1800s , driven by the demand for kerosene and oil lamps . It became a major national concern in the early part of the 20th century ; the introduction of the internal combustion engine provided a demand that has largely sustained the industry to this day . Early `` local '' finds like those in Pennsylvania and Ontario were quickly outpaced by demand , leading to `` oil booms '' in Ohio , Texas , Oklahoma , and California . Early crude production in the U.S. Year Volume 1859 2,000 barrels ( ~ 270 t ) 1869 4,215,000 barrels ( ~ 5.750 × 10 ^ t ) 1879 19,914,146 barrels ( ~ 2.717 × 10 ^ t ) 1889 35,163,513 barrels ( ~ 4.797 × 10 ^ t ) 1899 57,084,428 barrels ( ~ 7.788 × 10 ^ t ) 1906 126,493,936 barrels ( ~ 1.726 × 10 ^ t ) By 1910 , significant oil fields had been discovered in the Dutch East Indies ( 1885 , in Sumatra ) , Persia ( 1908 , in Masjed Soleiman ) , Peru ( 1863 , in Zorritos District ) , Venezuela ( 1914 , in Maracaibo Basin ) , and Mexico , and were being developed at an industrial level . Significant oil fields were exploited in Alberta ( Canada ) from 1947 . First offshore oil drilling at Oil Rocks ( Neft Dashlari ) in the Caspian Sea off Azerbaijan eventually resulted in a city built on pylons in 1949 . Availability of oil and access to it , became of `` cardinal importance '' in military power before and after World War I , particularly for navies as they changed from coal , but also with the introduction of motor transport , tanks and airplanes . Such thinking would continue in later conflicts of the twentieth century , including World War II , during which oil facilities were a major strategic asset and were extensively bombed . In 1938 , vast reserves of oil were discovered in the Al - Ahsa region along the coast of the Persian Gulf . Until the mid-1950s coal was still the world 's foremost fuel , but after this time oil quickly took over . Later , following the 1973 and 1979 energy crises , there was significant media coverage on the subject of oil supply levels . This brought to light the concern that oil is a limited resource that will eventually run out , at least as an economically viable energy source . Although at the time the most common and popular predictions were quite dire , a period of increased production and reduced demand in the following years caused an oil glut in the 1980s . This was not to last , however , and by the first decade of the 21st century discussions about peak oil had returned to the news . Today , about 90 % of vehicular fuel needs are met by oil . Petroleum also makes up 40 % of total energy consumption in the United States , but is responsible for only 2 % of electricity generation . Petroleum 's worth as a portable , dense energy source powering the vast majority of vehicles and as the base of many industrial chemicals makes it one of the world 's most important commodities . The top three oil producing countries are Saudi Arabia , Russia , and the United States . About 80 % of the world 's readily accessible reserves are located in the Middle East , with 62.5 % coming from the Arab 5 : Saudi Arabia ( 12.5 % ) , UAE , Iraq , Qatar and Kuwait . However , with high oil prices ( above $100 / barrel ) , Venezuela has larger reserves than Saudi Arabia due to its crude reserves derived from bitumen . See also ( edit ) Pennsylvania oil rush Petroleum Petroleum industry Energy ( society ) Texas Oil Boom References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Petroleum '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Gao , Zhiguo . `` Environmental Regulation of Oil and Gas '' . Kluwer Law International . p. 8 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Rapp , George ( 1985 ) . `` Archaeomineralogy '' . Springer . p. 237 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Deng , Yinke ( 2011 ) . `` Ancient Chinese Inventions '' . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0521186926 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Burke , Michael ( September 8 , 2008 ) . `` Nanotechnology : The Business '' ( published 2008 ) . p. 3 . ISBN 9781420053999 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ George E. Totten ASTM Timeline Jump up ^ Dalvi , Samir ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Fundamentals of Oil & Gas Industry for Beginners : '' . ISBN 978 - 9352064199 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ulrich Vogel , Hans . `` The Great Well of China '' . Scientific American . 268 ( 6 ) : 116 -- 121 . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0693 - 116 . Jump up ^ ASTM timeline of oil Jump up ^ Salim Al - Hassani ( 2008 ) . `` 1000 Years of Missing Industrial History '' . In Emilia Calvo Labarta ; Mercè Comes Maymo ; Roser Puig Aguilar ; Mònica Rius Pinies . A shared legacy : Islamic science East and West . Edicions Universitat Barcelona . pp. 57 -- 82 ( 63 ) . ISBN 84 - 475 - 3285 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kasem Ajram ( 1992 ) . The Miracle of Islam Science ( 2nd ed . ) . Knowledge House Publishers . ISBN 0 - 911119 - 43 - 4 . OCLC 26084778 . Jump up ^ Zayn Bilkadi ( University of California , Berkeley ) , `` The Oil Weapons '' , Saudi Aramco World , January -- February 1995 , pp. 20 - 7 Jump up ^ Joseph P. Riva Jr. ; Gordon I. Atwater . `` petroleum '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Istoria Romaniei , Vol II , p. 300 , 1960 Jump up ^ ( broken link ) Muséum d'histoire naturelle , Geneva . accessed 2007 - 10 - 26 Jump up ^ Le bitume et la mine de la Presta ( Suisse ) , Jacques Lapaire , Mineraux et Fossiles No 315 Archived 2008 - 02 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Asphaltum '' Stoddart 's Encyclopaedia Americana ( 1883 ) pages 344 -- 345 Jump up ^ Eirinis ' paper , entitled `` Dissertation sur la mine d'asphalte contenant la manière dont se doivent régler Messieurs les associés pour son exploitation , le profit du Roy , & celui de la Société , & ce qui sera dû à Mr d'Erinis à qui elle apartient ' per Ligium feudum ' '' is held at the BPU Neuchâtel -- Fonds d'étude ( Ne V ) catalogue Archived 2008 - 12 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : History of Pechelbronn oil Archived 2009 - 07 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The oil wells of Alsace ; a discovery made more than a century ago . What a Pennsylvania operator saw abroad -- primitive methods of obtaining oil -- the process similar to that used in coal mining '' . New York Times . 23 February 1880 . Jump up ^ Russell , Loris S. ( 2003 ) . A Heritage of Light : Lamps and Lighting in the Early Canadian Home . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 3765 - 8 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Titusville , Pennsylvania , 1896 '' . World Digital Library . 1896 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Down AL `` History of Trinidad 's Oil '' ( Address to the 22nd Annual Dinner Geological Society of Trinidad and Tobago 1960 ) Jump up ^ Matveichuk , Alexander A. Intersection of Oil Parallels : Historical Essays . Moscow : Russian Oil and Gas Institute , 2004 . Jump up ^ McKain , David L. , and Bernard L. Allen . Where It All Began : The Story of the People and Places Where the Oil Industry Began -- West Virginia and South - eastern Ohio . Parkersburg , W.Va. : David L. McKain , 1994 . Jump up ^ The History Of Romanian Oil Industry Archived 2009 - 06 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ PBS : World Events Jump up ^ Akiner ( 2004 ) , p. 5 Jump up ^ Turnbull Elford , Jean . Canada West 's Last Frontier . Lambton County Historical Society , 1982 , p 110 Jump up ^ May , Gary . Hard Oiler ! The Story of Early Canadians ' Quest for Oil at Home and Abroad . Dundurn Press , 1998 , p. 59 Jump up ^ John Steele Gordon Archived 2008 - 04 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . `` 10 Moments That Made American Business '' , American Heritage , February / March 2007 . Jump up ^ Oil and world power , Encyclopedia of the New American Nation Jump up ^ David Fromkin , A Peace to End All Peace , p. 261 , 354 , ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Hanson Baldwin , 1959 , `` Oil Strategy in World War II '' Archived 2009 - 08 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , American Petroleum Institute Quarterly -- Centennial Issue , pages 10 -- 11 . American Petroleum Institute . Jump up ^ InfoPlease 29 . ^ www.geohelp.net/world.html 30 . ^ www.azer.com/ ... / 102_oil_chronology. html 31 . ^ archives.datapages.com/data/phi/v12_2011/yusif.pdf 32 . ^ www.energy-101.org/non-renewable-energy/petroleum-facts/petroleum-history Further reading ( edit ) Akiner , Shirin ; Aldis , Anne , eds. ( 2004 ) . The Caspian : Politics , Energy and Security . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7007 - 0501 - 6 . Bamberg , J.H. ( 1994 ) . The History of the British Petroleum Company , Volume 2 : The Anglo - Iranian Years , 1928 -- 1954 . Cambridge University Press . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Black , Brian C. Crude Reality : Petroleum in World History ( 2012 ) Mau , Mark ; Edmundson , Henry ( 2015 ) . Groundbreakers : the Story of Oilfield Technology and the People Who Made It Happen . UK : FastPrint . ISBN 978 - 178456 - 187 - 1 . Maugeri , Leonardo . The Age of Oil : The Mythology , History , and Future of the World 's Most Controversial Resource ( 2006 ) Pongiluppi Francesco , The Energetic Issue as a Key Factor of the Fall of the Ottoman Empire , in `` The First World War : Analysis and Interpretation '' ( edited by Biagini and Motta ) , Vol. 2. , Cambridge Scholars Publishing , Newcastle , 2015 , pp. 453 -- 464 . Painter , David S. ( 1986 ) . Oil and the American Century : The Political Economy of US Foreign Oil Policy , 1941 -- 1954 . Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 801 - 82693 - 1 . Rouhani , Fuad ( 1971 ) . A History of OPEC . New York , NY : Praeger . Vassiliou , Marius ( 2009 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry . Lanham MD : Rowman and Littlefield - Scarecrow Press . p. 665 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5993 - 9 . Williamson , Harold F. and Arnold R. Daum. ( 1959 ) The American petroleum industry : The age of illumination , 1859 - 1899 . Williamson , Harold F. ( 1963 ) The American Petroleum Industry the Age of Energy 1899 - 1959 . Yergin , Daniel ( 1992 ) . The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil , Money & Power . Mirbabayev , Miryusif F. ( 2008 ) Concise history of Azerbaijani Oil . Baku , Azerneshr . External links ( edit ) Crude : 2007 Australian Broadcasting Corporation documentary ( 3 x 30 minutes ) about the formation of oil , and humanity 's use of it . ( in English ) ( in Arabic ) Treatise on Petroleum and Its Treatment , along with Various Kinds of Tar and Gums , 18th century Petroleum industry Petroleum Primary energy Benchmarks Argus Sour Bonny Light Brent Dubai Indian Basket Indonesian Isthmus - 34 Light Japan Cocktail OPEC Reference Basket Tapis Urals West Texas Intermediate Western Canadian Select Data Natural gas Consumption Production Reserves Imports Exports Price Petroleum Consumption Production Reserves Imports Exports Price ( of gasoline and diesel ) Exploration Core sampling Geophysics Integrated asset modelling Petroleum engineering Reservoir simulation Seismic to simulation Petroleum geology Petrophysics Reflection seismology ( Seismic inversion ) Seismic source Drilling Blowout Completion ( Squeeze job ) Differential sticking Directional drilling ( Geosteering ) Drilling engineering Drilling fluid ( invasion ) Drill stem test Lost circulation Measurement Tracers Underbalanced drilling Well logging Production Petroleum fiscal regime Concessions Production sharing agreements Artificial lift Pumpjack Submersible pump ( ESP ) Gas lift Downstream Enhanced oil recovery ( EOR ) Steam injection Gas reinjection Midstream Petroleum product Pipeline transport Refining Upstream Water injection Well intervention XT History 1967 Oil Embargo 1973 oil crisis 1979 energy crisis 1980s oil glut 1990 oil price shock 2000s energy crisis 2010s oil glut Founders History of the petroleum industry Nationalization OPEC GECF Seven Sisters Standard Oil Oil market timelines Provinces and fields List of natural gas fields List of oil fields East Midlands Oil Province East Texas Gulf of Mexico Niger Delta North Sea Permian Basin Persian Gulf Prudhoe Bay Oil Field Russia Venezuela Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin Other topics Acronyms Oil shale gas Peak oil mitigation timing People Petrocurrency Petrodollar recycling Shale band Shale gas Swing producer Unconventional oil heavy crude oil sands oil shale Companies and organisations Major petroleum companies Supermajors BP Chevron Eni ExxonMobil Royal Dutch Shell Total National oil companies ADNOC ( UAE ) CNOOC ( China ) CNPC ( China ) Ecopetrol ( Colombia ) Gazprom ( Russia ) Iraq National Oil Company Indian Oil Corporation KazMunayGas ( Kazakhstan ) Kuwait Petroleum Corporation Lotos ( Poland ) Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation NIOC ( Iran ) NISOC ( Iran ) OGDCL ( Pakistan ) ONGC ( India ) PDVSA ( Venezuela ) PKN Orlen ( Poland ) Pemex ( Mexico ) Pertamina ( Indonesia ) PetroBangla ( Bangladesh ) Petrobras ( Brazil ) PetroChina Petronas ( Malaysia ) Petrovietnam PTT ( Thailand ) Qatar Petroleum Rosneft ( Russia ) Saudi Aramco ( Saudi Arabia ) Sinopec ( China ) SOCAR ( Azerbaijan ) Sonangol ( Angola ) Sonatrach ( Algeria ) Statoil ( Norway ) TPAO ( Turkey ) YPF ( Argentina ) Energy trading Glencore Gunvor Mercuria Naftiran Intertrade Trafigura Vitol Other Anadarko Apache BG Group Cenovus Energy Compañía Española de Petróleos ConocoPhillips Devon Galp Energia Hess Husky Energy Imperial Oil JXTG Holdings Lukoil Marathon Oil Occidental OMV Port Harcourt Refining Company Reliance Industries Repsol Suncor Energy Surgutneftegas TNK - BP Tullow Oil Tüpraş Major services companies Amec Foster Wheeler Baker Hughes Cameron CGG CH2M Hill Chicago Bridge & Iron Company China Oilfield Services Enbridge Ensco GE Oil & Gas Halliburton Nabors Industries Naftiran Intertrade National Oilwell Varco Petrofac Saipem Schlumberger Snam Subsea 7 TransCanada Transocean Weatherford Wood Group Other International Association of Oil & Gas Producers International Energy Agency International Petroleum Exchange OPEC Society of Petroleum Engineers World Petroleum Council Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_petroleum_industry&oldid=830171442 '' Categories : History of industries Petroleum industry History of the petroleum industry Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica without Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Pages using web citations with no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2012 Articles lacking reliable references from March 2014 Articles with Arabic - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 05 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was oil first discovered in the world | [
"Four thousand years ago, according to Herodotus and confirmed by Diodorus Siculus, asphalt was used in the construction of the walls and towers of Babylon; there were oil pits near Ardericca (near Babylon), and a pitch spring on Zacynthus (Ionian islands, Greece).[1] Great quantities of it were found on the banks of the river Issus[citation needed], one of the tributaries of the Euphrates. Ancient Persian tablets indicate the medicinal and lighting uses of petroleum in the upper levels of their society[citation needed].",
"Four thousand years ago, according to Herodotus and confirmed by Diodorus Siculus, asphalt was used in the construction of the walls and towers of Babylon; there were oil pits near Ardericca (near Babylon), and a pitch spring on Zacynthus (Ionian islands, Greece).[1] Great quantities of it were found on the banks of the river Issus[citation needed], one of the tributaries of the Euphrates. Ancient Persian tablets indicate the medicinal and lighting uses of petroleum in the upper levels of their society[citation needed]."
] | [
"near Babylon",
"Ionian islands, Greece"
] |
-534979133483709289 | Supporting characters on Will & Grace | Supporting characters on Will & Grace - wikipedia Supporting characters on Will & Grace This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of the supporting or recurring characters and guest stars on the NBC situation comedy Will & Grace , with information on each of them . Contents 1 Supporting characters 1.1 Family members 1.1. 1 Grace 's family 1.1. 2 Will 's family 1.1. 3 Karen 's family 1.1. 4 Rosario Inez Consuela Yolanda Salazar 1.1. 5 Jack 's family 1.2 Friends 1.3 Love interests 1.3. 1 Grace 1.3. 2 Will 1.3. 3 Karen 1.3. 4 Jack 1.4 Other supporting characters 2 Guest stars playing one - time characters 3 Guest stars playing themselves 4 References Supporting characters ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 Leigh - Allyn Baker Ellen Tom Gallop Rob Molly Shannon Val Bassett Debbie Reynolds Bobbi Adler Steve Paymer Steve Gregory Hines Ben Doucette Marshall Manesh Mr. Zamir Laura Kightlinger Nurse Sheila Sydney Pollack George Truman Tim Bagley Larry Jerry Levine Joe Sara Rue Joyce Adler Lesley Ann Warren Tina Woody Harrelson Nathan Leslie Jordan Beverley Leslie Blythe Danner Marilyn Truman Eileen Brennan Zandra Charles C. Stevenson Jr . Smitty Rip Torn Lionel Banks Harry Connick , Jr . Dr. Marvin ' Leo ' Markus Minnie Driver Lorraine Finster Jamie Kaler Gary Emily Rutherfurd Joanne Jon Fleming Russell Bobby Cannavale Vince D'Angelo Alec Baldwin Malcolm Widmark Mathew Botuchis Dave Bernadette Peters Gin Family members ( edit ) Grace 's family ( edit ) Dr. Marvin `` Leo '' Markus , portrayed by actor and singer Harry Connick , Jr. , is a Jewish doctor and Grace 's husband from the fifth season . Leo meets Grace Adler in Central Park while she is on her way to be artificially inseminated with gay best friend Will 's baby . After Will finds out that Leo and Grace are dating , they have their biggest fight of the entire series , in which Will tells Grace to move out . Thanks to Jack and Karen 's meddling , they forgive each other and Will accepts Grace 's relationship . In November , 2002 , Grace and Leo are married at a spontaneous group ceremony in Central Park , which was supposed to be broadcast on The Today Show . It was later revealed in the storyline that the ceremony was not legal , but the two officially marry at a ceremony soon after . Leo and Grace 's relationship was a constant source of tension between Will and Grace , although they eventually achieved a certain accord with each other -- Leo even commenting to Will at one point that he considered himself essentially married to both of them due to his ability to accept their close relationship . Leo 's true first name is Marvin , as revealed by his mother at their wedding reception . According to The Nation Magazine , this was the first time in television history that a Jewish protagonist character had married inside the faith . Grace immediately realizes she does not know as much about Leo as she expected . Their marriage fails after less than two years , when Leo reveals that he had a one - night stand while working in Cambodia for Doctors Without Borders . Leo admits his affair to Will first . Will then refuses to help Leo break the news to Grace . After Leo comes clean about his affair , Grace briefly considers continuing their marriage , but quickly decides she wants a divorce . Leo reappears during season eight , a little over a year after the divorce in the storyline , in the episode `` Love Is in the Airplane . '' In the episode , he and Grace have a sexual encounter on an airplane after coincidentally ending up on the same flight to London , though Leo was to continue to Thailand . The result is Grace 's pregnancy , as discovered in the season eight episode `` The Definition of Marriage '' . A couple of months later Grace meets Leo , with the intention of telling him that she is pregnant with his baby , but he informs her that he is engaged to another woman , Kate . Consequently , Grace decides not to tell Leo about the pregnancy . In the series finale ( May 2006 ) Leo tells a heavily pregnant Grace that he loves her . Leo has a job as a hospital researcher in Rome , Italy , and this is where Grace gives birth . After one year in Rome , Leo and Grace move back to Brooklyn , New York , where they raise their daughter , Laila , together . 11 years later in season 9 it was revealed that this was part of Karen 's dream . Bobbi Adler , Grace 's mother , was played by Debbie Reynolds . Bobbi is an actress and singer , although her performances are generally with the Schenectady Players and involve gender changing roles , in plays such as `` Death of a Salesperson '' , `` The Music Person '' and `` Queen Lear '' . She has a constant desire to meddle in the love lives of her daughters , is the creator of the Adler family `` Told you so '' dance , and can always be relied upon to have a song for every occasion . She has , in the past , shown a perfect willingness for Will and Grace to get married . It is mentioned in Season 9 episode `` Rosario 's Quinceañera '' that she died . Martin Adler , Grace 's father , played by Alan Arkin and Robert Klein in Season 9 . Portrayed by his family as the stereotypical Jewish patriarch , Martin shows genuine affection for Grace , although remarks he has made suggest Joyce is his favorite . He has been known to pinpoint Grace 's flaws without looking up from his Kojak and Baretta reruns . Janet Adler , Grace 's older sister , is played by Geena Davis and Mary McCormack in Season 9 . Janet lives in a van and designs jewelry . Her nickname for Grace is `` Smudge '' . It is once implied that she has difficulties with her mother . In the episode `` Lows in the Mid-Eighties '' , Will asks if Grace has another sister named Janet , to which Bobbi , Joyce , and Grace quickly answer `` No ! '' Joyce Adler , Grace 's younger sister , is played by Sara Rue . It is suggested that Grace and Joyce had a not too friendly relationship growing up , and that Joyce was formerly a binge eater . She is often hostile to Grace , but one word from Will and she tends to giggle and act girlishly ; it appears that she , like Grace before her , has a crush on Will . Laila Markus , Grace and Leo 's daughter , is played by Maria Thayer . Laila was conceived by Leo and Grace on an aircraft , during a period where her parents were divorced . She was going to be raised by Will and Grace , but her parents remarried shortly before her birth . She appears on screen only during the series finale . Warren , played by Jesse Fremont Allis , is the imaginary son of Grace and Leo in a dream that Grace has during the last episode of season 8 . Grace and Will raise ' their ' son together . Will 's family ( edit ) Vince D'Angelo , played by Bobby Cannavale . An Italian - American police officer , Vince first met Will after giving Karen a ticket for speeding and they started dating after the subsequent hearing . Vince was friends with Joe and Larry and began Will 's first long - term relationship in the series ' run . Vince broke up with Will , requesting time alone after repeatedly losing his job . He re-encountered Will in season 8 and , during the funeral of Will 's father , they acknowledged their mutual feelings , thus rekindling their romance . In the finale , Will and Vince are shown to raise a son , Ben , together . 11 years later in season 9 it was revealed that this was part of Karen 's dream . He also got remarried in season 9 with Will struggling with Vince moving on . Marilyn Truman , Will 's mother , is played by Blythe Danner . A typical WASP , Marilyn regularly drinks , collects Lladró statues and treats them as if they were her children , and put up with her husband 's regular affairs until their ultimate separation . She is not a fan of musical theater -- once claiming that Les Misérables was unrealistic because `` poor people do n't sing that much '' -- but was impressed with Mamma Mia ! . She does not like the jokes Grace and Karen make about Will 's sexuality , saying , `` Is that a gay joke ? I do n't like that . '' George Truman , Will 's father , is played by Sydney Pollack . While he and Will have a close loving relationship , of which both Jack and Grace are envious , it is eventually revealed that he had trouble dealing with telling others of his son 's sexuality , initially telling his friends Will was married to Grace . He dies in season 8 , only days after having a fight with Will in which he admitted he would rather that Will was not gay . Sam Truman , Will 's brother , is played by John Slattery in season one and Steven Weber in season 8 . He had a falling - out with Will over comments Will made about his wife , but reconciled after he had a one - night stand with Grace . He eventually divorced his wife and gained full custody of their two children . Paul Truman , Will 's brother , is played by Jon Tenney . Paul never really came to terms with his brother 's sexuality and often behaved like a childish bully , belittling and insulting Will . Peggy Truman , Paul 's wife and Will 's sister - in - law , is played by Helen Slater . She was only shown in one episode and came off as waspish and suspicious of Grace 's friendly behavior towards her own husband . Tina , George 's mistress , is played by Lesley Ann Warren . She began a relationship with George while he was still married to Marilyn , but was dismayed to learn that George was then seeing his ex-wife behind her back . Ultimately she and Marilyn come to an understanding , that they will share George between them without him knowing what is going on . This arrangement apparently ended not long before George 's death . Jordy Truman , Sam 's son and Will 's nephew , is played by Reed Alexander . Flamboyant Jordan incenses Will , since Marilyn is incredibly accepting of him even though she was not at first accepting of Will . His nickname is Jordy . He is perceived to be gay by the other characters , although he is still a child , because of his flamboyant nature , love of show tunes and musicals , along with his general disposition . Casey Truman , Sam 's daughter and Will 's niece , is played by Kyla Dang . Casey was adopted by Sam and his ex-wife . Ben Truman , Will and Vince 's son , is played by Ben Newmark . Appearing only during the series finale , Ben was apparently born from a surrogate mother using Will 's sperm . Upon going to college , he meets and later marries Grace 's daughter , Laila . Karen 's family ( edit ) Stanley `` Stan '' Walker , Karen 's third husband ( little is known about her first two ) , is a mostly unseen character . He is an obese man , and has worn a toupee since his teens . Stan has two children from a previous marriage to a woman named Kathy . Karen fell in love with him in the 1980s but they did n't marry until 1995 . Stan was jailed for tax evasion in season four , and began an affair with a cafeteria worker named Lorraine ( played by Minnie Driver ) , and -- after his release in season five -- continued the affair , ultimately separating from Karen because of it . He is reported to have died at the end of season five but , at the end of season seven , he reveals to Will that he had faked his own death and is hiding out with the aid of the government . He and Karen reconcile in season 8 , but subsequently faced marital difficulties and divorce . Stan 's popularity with fast food establishments leads to Pizza Hut taking out a full - page ad in the New York Times to congratulate him on his release from prison ; Taco Bell also organize a flyover at his funeral . It is revealed in the series finale that Stan 's riches were actually borrowed and that he had no real money of his own . Mason Walker , Stan 's son , is another unseen character . He is known to Karen as `` the fat one '' . During one episode , Karen visits Mason during a swim try - out . She cheers and applauds and has a conversation with him until , at the end , she realizes she has been conversing with the wrong boy and not Mason after all . Olivia Walker , Stan 's daughter , is played by Hallee Hirsh . Although she has had fun times with Karen , such as sticking food to the floor to see how long Mason will spend trying to eat it , she also has problems with her stepmother . Lois Whitley , Karen 's mother , played by Suzanne Pleshette . A con artist who used Karen in her early schemes . They had been estranged for several years when they reconciled in season 4 , with the help of Jack . Virginia `` Ginny '' Delaney , Karen 's sister , played by Bernadette Peters . In 1963 , as a child , she was injured in a brutal game of Twister played with Karen . Barry , Karen 's cousin , is played by Dan Futterman . Originally a gay bookish homebody , Karen had Will and Jack bring him out of his shell to become an attractive person whom both Will and Jack fall for . Sylvia Walker , Karen 's mother - in - law , is played by Ellen Albertini Dow . She is a woman that ' strikes fear in her heart - facsimile ' . A seemingly kind , but homophobic old woman , Sylvia appears in one episode to accompany Will and Jack to a club . In the beginning neither Will nor Jack wanted to babysit Sylvia , known as `` Syl '' . She had been dumped on them by Karen , who then ditched her . Karen and Syl have a caustic relationship . Sumner , Karen 's nephew , is played by Paul Satterfield . Karen tries to keep him from dating Grace in season 3 . Rosario inez consuela yolanda salazar ( edit ) Karen Walker 's put - upon but faithful maid portrayed by actress Shelley Morrison . In 1985 , Rosario met Karen Walker at a club , while working as a cigarette lady , and went to work for her as a maid , which was where she was working when the series began in 1998 . Rosario and Karen are very close , but their relationship is love - hate . They are notorious for swapping insults . Rosario is just as feisty as Karen , and is one of the few people who manage to go head - to - head with her . A native of El Salvador , Rosario was a school teacher who received a bachelor 's degree in clinical psychology from the University of Texas and who almost got a master 's degree . She also attended business school . At some point , she moved to the Bronx , presumably while studying business ; however , Karen makes a comment that she bought Rosario from Rosario 's parents . While there , she also performed with a then - unknown Jennifer Lopez , including a production of `` Tea for Two '' at the Shalom Retirement Center . At one point , she was also paid to tape pornographic videos for Tommy Lee . Although she had been mentioned by Karen since the pilot episode , Rosario 's first appearance was in the season 1 finale . Due to Karen 's patronizing tone , we 're made to think that Rosario does n't speak English well . Rosario actually speaks English fluently , albeit with a thick accent , but is an illegal alien . To keep her in the country , Karen has her marry Jack McFarland , her gay friend , to get a green card . The marriage was later terminated at the end of season 2 when Rosario asked for a divorce in order to pursue other romantic interests . However , she maintained a close relationship with Jack ( often echoing hers with Karen ) and claimed to still think of him as family . In the series finale , Rosario was shown to have lived with Karen and Jack in the years after the show ended , growing older with them and possibly still working for them despite being in a wheelchair ( though she states that she is only in the wheelchair due to a sprained ankle ) . Jack 's family ( edit ) Judith McFarland , Jack 's mother , is played by Veronica Cartwright . Despite the obvious clues , Judith did not learn about Jack 's sexuality until he was 30 . She was impregnated with Jack while at a swinger 's costume and pool party . Daniel McFarland , Jack 's stepfather , is played by Beau Bridges . Daniel always had trouble relating to Jack , due to his own athleticism and Jack 's lack thereof . Despite Jack 's statements to the contrary , Daniel is shown to be a caring man who is at least recently trying to reconnect with Jack . Joe Black , Jack 's biological father . Never portrayed on screen , Joe was revealed to have attended a swingers costumed pool party during the 60s , where he was dressed as Richard Nixon . During the party he impregnated Judith , who was dressed as the rear end of a horse . He dies several years before Jack discovers that Daniel McFarland is not his biological father . Elliott , Jack 's son , is played by Michael Angarano . Shortly after learning of his biological father 's death , Jack meets Elliott -- his biological son created from sperm Jack donated at the age of 17 . He is described by Will as , `` Polite , sweet , and kind '' which , he says , is the reason Karen initially dislikes him . His relationship with Jack is shown to be very close -- Jack noting in one episode that he wants to avoid being the kind of father he had as he always regretted the fact that they never really connected . However , they have a brief rift when Elliott prepares to leave for college during the last season . Bonnie , Elliott 's mother , is played by Rosie O'Donnell . Initially , Bonnie did not want Jack to be included in Elliott 's life . Bonnie was a lesbian , but was not open about her sexuality to Elliott . She felt jealous that Jack found it easy to be open with Elliott about his sexuality when she did not feel she could be . Friends ( edit ) Rob and Ellen , Will and Grace 's close friends , are played by Tom Gallop and Leigh - Allyn Baker . Ellen and Grace were best friends since college , as were Rob and Will , and the two couples regularly played charades and other games during dinner parties . Grace also sleeps with Rob in season one when they were both going through break - ups and felt emotionally vulnerable , a fact that did n't come up until Rob and Ellen 's wedding some years later . The couple did get married , however , and have since had three children , the youngest named Roman ( which is the name of Debra Messing 's real - life son , born in 2004 ) . Rob and Ellen want to separate , so that they could begin dating other people , and they announce their separation at a dinner date with Will and Grace . Grace makes them realize that they had worked at their marriage and they should remain together ; and also keenly reminded them that no one else would have them . Rob and Ellen decided to give their marriage another chance . Joe and Larry are Will , Jack and Grace 's close friends , and are played by Jerry Levine and Tim Bagley . A gay couple , once party animals , Joe and Larry adopted a baby girl called Hannah in season three . Karen occasionally refers to them as `` Mo and Mary '' , with `` Mo '' being a play on the word `` Homo '' . Val Bassett , a neighbor of Will and Grace , is played by Molly Shannon . Slightly unstable , and alcoholic , Val originally befriends only Will , until Grace eventually discovers some common interests with her . Both of them still consider her unstable , as does Jack , who found her as an uninvited guest in his bedroom . When Grace accidentally attends an AA meeting , she is seen there by Val , who coerces her to stay . Grace pretends to be an alcoholic for the `` free food and therapy '' . Beverley Leslie , played by Leslie Jordan , is an effeminate and very short `` frenemy '' of Karen 's . Having a wealthy spouse , as Karen does , Karen and Beverley routinely find themselves traveling in the same society circle of the wealthy and elite . Their relationship is that of friends and enemies . Beverley 's wife 's name is Crystal and is considerably older than he is . His marriage seems to be held together purely out of his love of Crystal 's money . Karen , Will , Grace , and Jack see Beverley as a closeted gay man . He is often seen with a younger attractive man named Benji who appears to be his lover , but Beverley tries to pass him off as a `` business associate '' . When Beverley appears on screen he often catches the other characters by surprise . Sometimes his appearance comes after a character says something that could be comically associated with him . For instance , whilst discussing a dessert , Jack says , `` I want something small and fruity , with ladyfingers , '' and Beverley enters . Beverley and Karen often trade insults , as Karen enjoys ridiculing him for his height . Whenever he appears on screen he can usually be heard saying ' Well , Well , Well ' in an effeminate way . Crystal later dies and Beverley inherits the fortune . Some years later Karen 's husband Stan loses his fortune , putting Karen 's extravagant lifestyle in jeopardy . Beverley presumably spends several more years with Benji after Crystal 's death , and then begins seeing a reluctant Jack , who only dated Beverley to support Karen 's excessive spending habits , as she had done for him for so many years . During the series finale Beverley is swept off a balcony by a strong gust of wind and dies , leaving his estate in his will to Jack . In the 2017 revival , this is retconned as one of Karen 's daydreams , as Beverley shows up alive and well in the same hotel room Karen is staying , and with another younger male lover , coincidentally also named Benji . During a morphine - induced stupor , Beverley finally admits to Karen that he is gay and seeks her help coming out to his wife , Crystal , whom it turns out had survived her death , coming back to life during her burial , with Beverley wishing he had cremated her . Karen agrees to help , but is frustrated when Beverley reneges on the deal , claiming to have no memory of his `` confession '' . As payback , Karen subjects Beverley to a night of unwanted torrid lovemaking by Crystal . Rory , Toby , and Josh are friends of Jack who are never seen , but mentioned in various episodes . Early in Season 3 Rory is mentioned as being into Asian men . In Season 4 Josh , Toby and Jack watch a video of Will freezing up on camera talking about Stanley Walker , but Josh and Toby leave before Will gets home . Love interests ( edit ) Grace ( edit ) Nathan , played by Woody Harrelson . Nathan is Grace 's neighbor in season 3 , who becomes her boyfriend . They appear to be a good match , but early in Season 4 he abruptly proposes to her during sex and she becomes distraught at the unromantic nature of his proposal , forcing him to take it back and ask again in a more romantic way . For several days they are awkward around each other and , fearing that their relationship is over , Grace proposes to Nathan who reluctantly refuses and breaks up with her . Ben Doucette , played by Gregory Hines , is introduced in mid-season 2 . Grace sues him after he violates her contract of employment , firing her without reimbursement for expenses she incurred while decorating his house . Although at first he played Grace and Will , who was representing her , he eventually gave her the money voluntarily and hired Will to work at his renowned law firm . Grace and he disliked each other for the rest of the season , until the season finale when Ben showed her his more humane face , when Will invited him to dine with them . They then started a happy , semi-monogamous relationship that lasted for roughly six months , until they broke up early in Season 3 when they realized that they were not in love . Josh , played by Corey Parker . A sweet , romantic New Age - y man whom Grace dates in season 2 . Grace often has issues with him being far too affectionate and nice , to the point of being obnoxious . The two broke up because Jack confessed that he had slept with him . Nick , played by Edward Burns . A greetings - card writer who falls for Grace when he meets her one Valentine 's Day in season 7 , after her divorce from Leo . Nick is the first guy Grace starts dating after her divorce with Leo . They decide to break up when he has to go out of the country to work on a screenplay he wrote . Tom Cassidy , played by Eric Stoltz . An old friend of Grace 's , now married , with whom she reunited briefly at the end of season 7 . He asks her to help design his and his wife 's hotel , yet she still feels chemistry with him and kisses him . She nearly takes it further , but feels guilty and breaks it off with him at the beginning of season 8 . Danny , played by Tom Verica , Grace 's long - term boyfriend from roughly 1995 -- 1998 , whom she nearly marries in the pilot episode . She realizes , after Will advised her against the marriage , that Danny was too immature for her , and practically leaves him at the altar . They reunite at the end of season 1 , much to Will 's dismay . Yet again Grace decides that she does not love him and , after roughly a week ( one episode ) , Grace breaks up with him off - screen . Mark , played by Ken Marino , is another of Grace 's partners in Season 3 , `` Three 's a Crowd , Six is a Freakshow '' . She dumps him because he has 6 toes , although the actual 6th toe was not seen in the episode . Will ( edit ) Barry , played by Dan Futterman . Karen sets up her hopeless cousin Barry with Will , shortly after he comes out . Will and Jack soon undertake a Pygmalion-esque attempt at turning Barry into a more confident gay man , ending when Will falls for Barry though Barry wants to play around before settling down . James Hanson , played by Taye Diggs . Will meets James at a Manhattan theater and the two have an immediate connection . He later runs into James while on a trip to Los Angeles . James has recently discovered he is going to be deported back to Canada . Grace agreed to marry James so that he can acquire a green card in order to remain in the United States , thus giving James and Will 's relationship a chance . However , Will soon discovers James was not who he thought he was , as James began showing himself to be self - centered . Will requests that Grace annul their marriage . Matthew , played by Patrick Dempsey , is a sports reporter Will meets at a Banana Republic store while trying to help Jack woo him . Jack and Matt have little in common and Will instead finds himself in a relationship with him . They date for a while but Matt 's refusal to come out leads to their break - up . Scott , played by Branden Williams , is Will 's 23 - year - old date in two episodes in season 3 , and works at a local video rental shop . Although they get along well together , Will feels self - conscious about dating Scott , who is quite a bit younger than he is . Will agrees to break it off with Scott if Grace agrees to dump Nathan . Grace agrees and Will breaks up with Scott , though Grace keeps on seeing Nathan . Diane , played by Mira Sorvino & Lisa Borgnes , is a woman with whom Will has a drunken one - night stand in order to convince himself he was a 100 % gay after leaving Grace . She is also one of Leo 's exes . Both of these facts make Grace very jealous . Diane states that Will is much better in bed than Leo . Diane was shown briefly ( though she had no lines ) in the season 3 episode titled `` Lows In the Mid-Eighties '' , but was played by a writer 's assistant , Lisa Borgnes . Claire , played by Megyn Price , is Will 's high school friend and girlfriend , the first of the only two women Will has ever dated , the second being Grace . She lives in Paris and asks Will to donate sperm so that she can have a baby , but Will realizes that if he was going to donate sperm he wanted to donate it to Grace . Michael , played by Chris Potter in season 2 and Cheyenne Jackson in season 9 , is a mostly unseen character and is Will 's lover of seven years . When the sitcom first appeared , he and Michael had recently broken up . Michael appears in the episode `` Hey La , Hey La , My Ex-Boyfriend's Back '' , which aired on March 14 , 2000 . He is mentioned occasionally by Will and Grace , and more than once Will refers to him as the love of his life . In the early seasons of the show Will has a hard time letting him go . He and Will begin dating again in season 9 , but Will ends ti when Michael asks for money . Karen ( edit ) Lyle Finster , played by John Cleese . Lyle is the father of Stan 's mistress , Lorraine . He becomes Karen 's fourth husband for about 20 minutes until the couple realize how little they had in common outside of the bedroom . Scott Woolley , played by Jeff Goldblum . Wooley is the man who lost to Karen for Student Body President and has spent his life hatching schemes to ruin her . Sadly , his schemes are often poorly thought out and eventually Grace realises that he does n't hate Karen , he loves her . However , his attempts to woo her are as misguided as his previous ones . Woolley also has a dreadful sense of word - play ( i.e. `` The Scotty Mammoth '' , `` Beam me up , Woolley '' ) . He also changes his first name when using an alias , whereas most people change their last names . Lionel Banks , played by Rip Torn . Banks is a bachelor who falls for Karen , under her alias Anastasia Beaverhausen , while Stan is in jail and tempts her into having an affair . Malcolm Widmark , played by Alec Baldwin . Widmark is a government agent who helps Stan fake his death . He has a brief relationship with Karen before she reconciles with Stan , and Widmark goes on a government mission to Sri Lanka . Malcolm reappears in the final two episodes of season 9 , where it is revealed that he and Karen go on a rendezvous trip every year . However , Malcolm is very tired of having to hide from Stan and pressures Karen into deciding between him and Stan . Though she is reluctant to change their situation and despite both of them being tempted to give in to each other , Karen decides to stay with Stan and she and Malcolm share an awkward goodbye . Jack ( edit ) Stuart Lamarack , played by Dave Foley , is a client of Will 's who becomes Jack 's longest relationship , until Jack cheats on him . Drew , played by Ryan Pinkston , is a police officer , Vince 's co-worker and Jack 's boyfriend for the second half of season 9 . Jack meets him at Vince D'Angelo's wedding in `` The Wedding '' . As Drew is the only cop at the wedding whose favourite show is `` This is Us '' , Jack concludes he must be gay and sleeps with him . This turns out to be the first gay experience for the formerly straight Drew , who reveals he is married , tells Jack he loves him and then introduces him to his wife Angela . Jack is annoyed at that revelation , but later comes to relish it and he and Drew go at it in the bathroom . In the next episode , Jack and Drew start seeing each other secretly and Jack , nervous about screwing things up too soon , advises a reluctant Drew to hold off on coming out to Angela for the time being . He even supports the alibi of them being just guy friends by having Karen pose as his wife . However , Karen , reminded of her mother 's unhappiness in her marriage , outs both Jack and Drew in front of Angela , who is surprisingly supportive and arranges a coming out party for Drew , much to Jack 's distress . Jack admits to Drew that he fears missing out on other great men in his life , but when Karen reminds him of his fear of being old and lonely , which is even worse , he decides to give Drew another chance . In `` One Job '' , after two months of dating , Drew breaks up with Jack , admitting he is not ready for a serious commitment at the moment and wants to see other people . Jack is devastated at the breakup , as he realises that he is now ready to settle down with someone . Jack has countless short - term lovers over the course of the series ( and presumably long before and after ) , although most are never mentioned by name , or mentioned at all ; it is constantly assumed , and not always stated , that he has multiple boyfriends in every episode . Due to Jack 's promiscuity , and his habit of forgetting his boyfriends ' names , it would be literally impossible to list all of his love interests over the course of the show . Will jokes that if he was to avoid every man that Jack has ever slept with , `` that would leave ( him ) with women . '' Grace jokes that if everyone stopped working for every man that broke his heart `` the city would shut down . '' Jack also comments that he goes on thousands of dates a year . Other supporting characters ( edit ) Lorraine Finster , played by Minnie Driver , is Stan 's mistress . She is a slutty prison cafeteria worker ( and , it is implied , prostitute ) who instantly forms a hatred of Karen . She was Karen 's stepdaughter very briefly ( for about 20 minutes ) when Lyle , her father , marries Karen . Lorraine was unable to attend the wedding due to an aggressive strain of herpes that kept her from flying . According to the episode `` The Accidental Tsuris '' she was raised as a girl , despite being genetically male or perhaps a hermaphrodite . It is implied she was estranged from her father for several years and may have been born out of wedlock . Harlin Polk , played by Gary Grubbs , is a major client of Will 's in season one who ultimately fires him . Mrs. Freeman , played by Jo Marie Payton , is an executive assistant at Doucette & Stein , her most commonly uttered phrase is `` Mm - hmm '' which is often said with sass . Zandra Zoggin , played by Eileen Brennan , is Jack 's crusty acting coach and a chain - smoking former Hollywood star . After Jack takes over her class , Zandra loses her interest in life and ends up in an actor 's retirement village . Dr. Jay Markus , played by Tom Skerritt , is Leo 's father and Grace 's eventual father - in - law . She meets him during brunch , thinking he is one of Leo 's `` old friends '' . Eleanor Markus , played by Judith Ivey , is Leo 's mother and a noted author of three books on theatre ; she meets Grace during brunch alongside her husband . She also is the first to tell her new daughter - in - law her son 's actual name , Marvin . Mr. Stein , played by Gene Wilder , is the senior partner at Will 's firm , an eccentric man who takes a liking to Will . He refers to Will as `` Gay Will , '' but without at first realising that Will is actually gay . He and Karen are attracted to each other , but nothing comes of it . He is away from the office for some time prior to season 5 due to a mental breakdown and subsequent incarceration in a mental facility ; having been referred to in the company letter - head as running `` The London Office '' in his absence . Margot , played by Lily Tomlin , is a senior partner at Will 's firm , who apparently takes over after Mr. Stein . She is also quite eccentric and sarcastic . She promotes Will to partner . Dorleen , played by Parker Posey , is Jack 's bitchy , chain - smoking boss during his brief tenure at Barneys New York . Mr. Zamir , played by Marshall Manesh , is an obnoxious tenant in Will and Grace 's building , with a tendency to take off his shirt and to steal Will and Grace 's newspapers . Benji , played by Brian A. Setzer , is Beverley Leslie 's `` business associate '' and boytoy . Joanne , played by Emily Rutherfurd , is a student of Zandra 's acting class who becomes a devoted follower of Jack and his `` McFarland method '' . Russell , played by Jon Fleming , is a handsome , muscular student of Zandra 's acting class who is often asked by Jack to take his shirt off when Jack is teaching the `` McFarland method '' . Julius , played by Neil Vipond , is Bobbi Adler 's close friend and a pianist . Gary , played by Jamie Kaler , is Will 's coworker at Doucette and Stein . Nurse Sheila , played by Laura Kightlinger , is a rather creepy nurse who works at the sperm bank ( where Will visits , intending to donate sperm to his high - school friend Claire ) . She openly admits she is a whore in season 4 ( when Will and Grace are planning to have a baby together ) , and thereafter seems to appear whenever Will goes into a hospital . She is pregnant in season 8 and attends birth - classes alongside Grace . Her brother , a doctor played by guest - star Jack Black ( Kightlinger 's real - life former boyfriend ) , claims he would be `` tappin ' that big time '' if they were n't related . Dave , played by Mathew Botuchis , is the only openly straight worker at OutTV , the gay network where Jack works in the last seasons . Jack is unimpressed with his heterosexuality and instead refers to him as Elizabeth . Jamie , played by John Ducey , is the station manager at OutTV . Tim , played by Mark Harelik , is a member of Senior Management at OutTV . Jimmy , played by Sam Pancake , is a colleague of Jack 's at OutTV . Smitty , played by Charles C. Stevenson Jr , is a bartender who regularly serves Karen at different establishments . She has been known to call other bartenders `` Smitty '' , even when they tell her it is n't their name . If Karen is depressed Smitty will tell her a tragic story about his own life , which she will laugh at thinking it is a joke . Guest stars playing one - time characters ( edit ) Shohreh Aghdashloo , as Pam , an incompetent Iranian hired by Grace who she then fires upon realizing Pam is Jewish and thus she ' does n't owe ( her ) anything ' . Rosanna Arquette , as Julie , a masseuse who lives in the same building as Leo and Grace . Orson Bean , as Professor Joseph Dudley , a gay former literature professor of Will and Grace . Jason Biggs , as Baby Glenn , a former local celebrity and a guest at Will 's auction . Roscoe Lee Browne , as Linus , owner of a landmark gay bookstore about to be turned into a gym . Jack Black ( uncredited ) , as Dr. Isaac Hershberg . He examines Karen and is also the brother of the occasionally seen nurse Sheila , played by show writer and Black 's girlfriend at the time , Laura Kightlinger . Richard Chamberlain , as Clyde , an elderly man who Will brings to game night , much to Grace 's chagrin Glenn Close , as Fannie Lieber ( a play on celebrity photographer Annie Leibovitz ) , a noted photographer who takes Will and Grace 's picture . Joan Collins , as Helena Barnes , a designer with whom Grace competes for a job , and a nemesis of Karen 's . Macaulay Culkin , as Jason Towne , a lawyer representing Karen in her divorce from Stan . Tim Curry , as Marion Finster , Lyle Finster 's brother . Matt Damon , as Owen , Jack 's heterosexual rival , pretending to be gay to vie for a spot in the Manhattan Gay Men 's Chorus . Kristin Davis , as Nadine , Vince 's straight female friend -- the same as Grace is to Will . Ellen DeGeneres , as Sister Louise , a nun to whom Will sells Grace 's uncle 's old car . Michael Douglas , as Gavin Hatch , a somewhat closeted gay police detective who becomes attracted to Will and has issues with seeing food stuck in people 's teeth . Christine Ebersole , as Candy Pruitt , another of Karen 's rivals . Edie Falco , as Deirdre , one of a pair of lesbian real - estate `` flippers '' . Victor Garber , as Peter Bovington , a former actor now working as a doorman . Andy García , as Milo , a restaurateur , and lover of Karen 's , who fails to phone Karen after their date and is confronted by Grace . Sara Gilbert , as Cheryl who , like Will , is a Barry Manilow fanatic , a.k.a. `` fanilow '' . Seth Green , as Randall Finn , a former child star . Clark Gregg , as Cameron , Jack 's wealthy boyfriend who becomes Grace 's client . Neil Patrick Harris , as Bill , the leader of a group of so - called `` former '' lesbians and gays . Alex Kapp Horner , as Alice Robinson , one of Grace 's former classmates . Peter Jacobson , as Paul Budnik , an overbearing guy who Will dates but is more fond of his dog . Kathryn Joosten , as the owner to a cabin Grace finds money in . Stacy Keach , as Wendell Schacter , a former colleague of Jack 's who usurps his acting class . Piper Laurie , as Sharon Timmers , the best friend of Professor Joseph Dudley . Michele Lee , as Lucille , one of the lesbians who ended up dancing with both Will & Jack . Hal Linden , as Alan Mills , an elderly gay man who befriends Will and bestows expensive gifts upon him . Natasha Lyonne , as Gillian , Grace 's intern who decides to turn into the spitting image of Karen . Madonna , as Liz , Karen 's roommate . Lee Majors , as Burt Wolfe , a friend of Grace 's father . Camryn Manheim , as Psychic Sue . Jason Marsden , as Kim , a friend of Leo 's . Dylan McDermott , as Tom , a boyfriend of Will 's who is very closely attached to his elderly mother . Michael McDonald , as a Don , a student in a cooking class Will takes and dates his brother . Julian McMahon , guy in an elevator who Grace flirts with . Demi Moore , as Sissy , Jack 's former babysitter . Nick Offerman , as a plumber that Karen has sex with on Thanksgiving when Stan asks her to be sexually active while he is still in jail . Offerman appeared in season 9 as Jackson Boudreaux , a celebrity chef who meets Will and Grace at a cooking class , and begins a sexual relationship with both of them . Sharon Osbourne , as a bartender in No Sex N ' in the City . Peter Paige , as a gay Immigration and Naturalization Service officer whom Jack tries to convince his marriage with Rosario is real . Scott Patterson , as Grace 's former high school crush in `` Das Boob '' . Sara Paxton , as Melanie , the head cheerleader at Elliot 's school . Luke Perry , as Aaron , a `` hot gay nerd '' bird - watcher on whom Jack develops a crush . Jeremy Piven , as Nicholas , Grace 's ex. who asks Grace if she wants to join him in a threesome with his current lover . Chita Rivera , as Lenore , one of the lesbians who ended up dancing with Will & Jack . Brandon Routh , as Sebastian , a stud whom Alan Mills replaces Will with , after the two have a falling out over Will 's misinterpretation of their relationship . Chloë Sevigny , as Monet , a wealthy bisexual real - estate agent who falls for Will . Nicollette Sheridan , as Dr. Danielle Morty , a fellow doctor who wanted Leo sexually . Jamie - Lynn Sigler , as Ro , Vince 's lesbian sister . Britney Spears , as Amber Louise , a conservative Christian and a `` hardcore lesbian '' as she describes herself , and a co-host to Jack on his talk show . Wendie Jo Sperber , as April , Grace 's short - lived housekeeper . Sharon Stone , as Georgia Keller , Will and Grace 's therapist . Larry Sullivan , as Robert , Will 's ballet dancing boyfriend on the holiday episode `` Jingle Balls '' . Wanda Sykes , as Cricket , a woman Karen offers to pay to deliver a child for her . Tamlyn Tomita , as Naomi , half of the couple that takes Will and Grace out all night . Rip Torn , as Lionel Banks , a man with whom Karen almost cheats on Stan with during his incarceration . Stuart Townsend , as Edward , Karen 's pansexual pastry chef , who ends up `` sexing '' Will , Karen , and Rosario . Tracey Ullman , as Anne , the instructor of a couples cooking class that Will , Jack , and Jack 's boyfriend Stuart attend . Steve Valentine , as Kai , half of the couple that takes Will and Grace out all night . Steven Weber , as Will 's brother Sam . Guest stars playing themselves ( edit ) Kevin Bacon Candice Bergen Sandra Bernhard Cher Katie Couric John Edward Jennifer Lopez Rudy Galindo Hall & Oates Deborah Harry Janet Jackson Elton John James Earl Jones Matt Lauer Stone Phillips Josh Lucas Patti LuPone Barry Manilow Martina Navratilova Bebe Neuwirth Al Roker George Takei Rip Taylor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grace Expectations , Entertainment Weekly , November 3 , 2003 Jump up ^ Hatchett , Keisha ( 29 January 2018 ) . `` Will & Grace Is Recasting Grace 's Dad '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Vince says `` He 's ( Ben ) looking more like you ( Will ) everyday '' during the Finale . Will & Grace Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Characters Will Truman Grace Adler Jack McFarland Karen Walker Rosario Salazar Supporting characters Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Grace , Replaced '' `` Gypsies , Tramps and Weed '' `` A Chorus Lie '' `` Fagel Attraction '' `` Marry Me a Little , Marry Me a Little More '' `` Dolls and Dolls '' `` Back Up , Dancer '' `` Alive and Schticking '' `` Buy , Buy Baby '' `` The Finale '' `` 11 Years Later '' Related Awards Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supporting_characters_on_Will_%26_Grace&oldid=854756357 '' Categories : Will & Grace characters Lists of American sitcom television characters Lists of minor fictional characters Lists of American television series characters Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from July 2011 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 15 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played will's mom on will and grace | [
"Marilyn Truman, Will's mother, is played by Blythe Danner. A typical WASP, Marilyn regularly drinks, collects Lladró statues and treats them as if they were her children, and put up with her husband's regular affairs until their ultimate separation. She is not a fan of musical theater – once claiming that Les Misérables was unrealistic because \"poor people don't sing that much\" – but was impressed with Mamma Mia!. She does not like the jokes Grace and Karen make about Will's sexuality, saying, \"Is that a gay joke? I don't like that.\""
] | [
"Blythe Danner"
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8046712354976931792 | List of UEFA Europa League broadcasters | List of UEFA Europa League broadcasters - wikipedia List of UEFA Europa League broadcasters Jump to : navigation , search This article list all the confirmed broadcasters for the UEFA Europa League with each broadcaster holding three season broadcasting rights . The current cycle will be from 2015 -- 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current broadcasters 1.1 2015 -- 2018 seasons 1.2 2018 -- 2021 seasons 2 References Current broadcasters ( edit ) 2015 -- 2018 seasons ( edit ) Territory Free Pay Ref Albania RTSH SuperSport Andorra beIN Sports Australia beIN Sports Austria Puls 4 Sportnet.at Sky Deutschland Azerbaijan AzTV Idman TV Stan Sport Belarus Belteleradio Belgium VRT RTL Telenet Bosnia and Herzegovina RTRS BHT 1 FTV Arena Sport Brazil Esporte Interativo ESPN Brasil Fox Sports Brunei Astro SuperSport Bulgaria BNT bTV Action RING Cambodia beIN Sports Canada TSN RDS beIN Sports Caribbean Fox Sports Central Asia Stan Sport China LeTV Sina Sports Tencent PPTV Colombia RCN TV Croatia HRT Arena Sport Cyprus CyBC CYTA Czech Republic ČT Nova Sport Denmark SBS Discovery Media SBS Discovery Media Estonia MTG MTG Finland Nelonen France M6 beIN Sports Georgia Silk Sport Germany Sport1 Sky Deutschland Greece Cosmote Sport Haiti Canal+ Hong Kong Fox Sports Hungary RTL Group Digi Sport Iceland 365 Media Indonesia SCTV beIN Sports In - Flight / In - Ship IMG Ireland Eir Sport BT Sport Israel Charlton Ltd Sport 5 Italy Sky Italia Sky Italia Japan SKY Perfect JSAT Corporation Kazakhstan KAZsport Kosovo RTK Kujtesa Kyrgyzstan KTRK Sport Laos beIN Sports Latin America ESPN Fox Sports Latvia MTG MTG Liechtenstein Sky Deutschland Teleclub Lithuania MTG MTG Luxembourg RTL Sky Deutschland Macau TDM Macedonia MRT Arena Sport Malaysia Astro SuperSport Malta PBS Melita MENA beIN Sports Moldova Realitatea TV Mongolia SPS HD Montenegro Arena Sport Sport Klub Myanmar Sky Net Netherlands RTL Fox Sports Perform New Zealand beIN Sports Sky Television Norway SBS Discovery Media SBS Discovery Media Pacific Islands Sky Pacific Papua New Guinea Digicel Play Philippines beIN Sports Poland TVP NC+ Eurosport Portugal SIC Sport TV Puerto Rico Fox Sports ESPN Romania Pro TV Telekom Sport Russia Match TV Match TV San Marino Sky Italia Sky Italia Serbia RTS Arena Sport Singapore Eurosport Slovakia RTVS Nova Sport Slovenia Pro Plus Sport Klub South Asia TEN Sports South Korea SPOTV SBS Sports Spain beIN Sports Sub-Saharan Africa SuperSport Canal+ Afrique Suriname STVS Sweden SBS Discovery Media SBS Discovery Media Switzerland SRG SSR Teleclub Taiwan ELTA Tajikistan Varzish TV Football TV Thailand PPTV beIN Sports Turkey TRT Türk Telekom Ukraine Ukrayina Media Group Ukraine United Kingdom BT Sport ITV BT Sport United States Fox Sports ESPN Uzbekistan Futbol TV Vietnam KJ Investment Group ^ 1 -- Only digital clip rights ^ 2 -- Only highlights programme 2018 -- 2021 seasons ( edit ) Territory Free Pay Ref Andorra beIN Sports Austria Puls 4 Finland C More France SFR Sport Israel Sport 1 Italy Sky Sport Japan DAZN MENA beIN Sports Poland Polsat Sport Puerto Rico UniMás UDN San Marino Sky Sport Slovenia RTVSLO Spain beIN Sports Switzerland SRG SSR Teleclub United Kingdom BT Sport United States UniMás Turner Sports UDN References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Where to watch the 2016 / 17 UEFA Europa League '' . UEFA.com . UEFA . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Media rights sales : 2015 - 18 UEFA Europa League TM '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.org . UEFA . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Long , Michael ( 15 December 2014 ) . `` Europa League rights awarded in the Netherlands and Austria '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cushnan , David ( 18 December 2014 ) . `` Sky Deutschland secures Europa League TV package '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AzTV Proqram '' . AzTV . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Idman TV Proqram '' . Idman TV . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Asian media rights sales continue for 2015 -- 18 cycle '' . UEFA.org. 17 April 2014 . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TSN , RDS announce new media rights agreement for Champions League , Europa League '' . TSN.ca . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cushnan , David ( 7 August 2014 ) . `` Uefa renews with Fox and ESPN in Latin America '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 8 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Long , Michael ( 22 July 2015 ) . `` LeTV adds Uefa rights to burgeoning portfolio '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Adam ( 11 August 2015 ) . `` Tencent and Sina share Uefa rights in China '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Adam ( 2 September 2015 ) . `` PPTV Sports seals deal for Uefa rights '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` MTG prolongs Baltic football rights '' . MTG.com. 2015 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Silk Media Programme '' . silkmedia.ge. 2015 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Paul ( 5 February 2015 ) . `` SPORT1 joins the Europa League with multi-platform rights deal '' . Inside World Football . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Long , Michael ( 16 October 2014 ) . `` OTE bags Greek rights to Uefa competitions '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 16 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Hutchison , Finlay ( 20 August 2014 ) . `` Fox Sports to air Europa League in Hong Kong '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hak Siar TV Liga Champions Eropa musim 2016 / 2017 '' . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Patrick ( 10 February 2015 ) . `` Setanta lands live European soccer rights '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BT Sport Europe to join the Setanta Sports pack '' . Setanta Sports . 17 August 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sport5 TV Program '' . Sport5 . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 -- 18 media rights in Italy announced '' . UEFA.com. 11 February 2014 . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kazsport to broadcast Champions League and UEFA Europa League '' . kazpravda.kz . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Телеканал `` ТАН '' меняет название на `` ОҢ - ТВ '' `` . forbes.kz . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Champions në Kosovë nuk do transmetohet nga Supersport '' . syri.net . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ТЕЛЕПРОГРАММА '' . ktrk.kg . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PBS sign new three - year deal with UEFA '' . Times of Malta. 16 April 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Long , Michael ( 31 March 2015 ) . `` Malta 's Melita retains Europa League rights '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` al - Jazeera awarded 2015 -- 18 media rights '' . UEFA.com. 6 September 2013 . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Media rights deal in Myanmar '' . UEFA.com. 22 January 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Long , Michael . `` Fox Sports retains Dutch Europa League rights '' . sportspromedia.com . SportsPro . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Long , Michael ( 19 October 2015 ) . `` Perform claims Europa League rights in the Netherlands '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` beIN SPORTS is now available on SKY '' . sky.co.nz . Retrieved 17 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sky TV confirm Champions League deal '' . 3 News . 3news.co.nz. 17 August 2015 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA Champions League and Europa League now Exclusive to Sky Pacific '' . Digicel . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` beIN Sports Philippines Schedule '' . beIN Sports . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TVP Program Telewizyjny '' . TVP . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Adam ( 27 August 2015 ) . `` NC Plus and Eurosport pick up Europa League rights in Poland '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Cushnan , David ( 15 April 2015 ) . `` Sport TV retain European club soccer rights '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Telekom Romania wins right to broadcast UEFA matches '' . telecompaper. 23 December 2014 . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Eurosport secures deal in Singapore '' . UEFA . UEFA.org. 23 April 2015 . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Singtel and StarHub in European soccer broadcast deal '' . UEFA . UEFA.org. 7 August 2015 . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Ryan ( 24 June 2014 ) . `` Ten Sports bags Champions League rights '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SBS Sports Schedule '' . SBS Sports . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gol Televisión desaparece en julio tras siete años de operaciones y se integrará en el nuevo BeIN Sport '' . Mundoplus.tv . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SuperSport gets Sub-Saharan rights '' . UEFA.com. 7 November 2013 . Retrieved 8 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Europa League on Teleclub '' . Teleclub . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ТВ ФУТБОЛ LIVE '' . fft.tj . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TrueVisions to broadcast top three football Leagues '' . The Nation. 4 September 2015 . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wah ! PPTV HD Siarkan BPL , Serie A , sampai Liga Champion 2016 / 2017 '' . Satelit.co. 4 July 2016 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Türk Telekom acquires broadcast rights for Champions League , Europa League '' . Hurriyot Daily News . 26 November 2014 . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Emmett , James ( 19 September 2014 ) . `` Uefa awards Champions League rights in Ukraine '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BT Sport gets United Kingdom rights '' . UEFA.com. 9 November 2013 . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ITV given highlights rights in United Kingdom '' . UEFA.com. 25 November 2013 . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Millerchip , Oliver ( 16 December 2013 ) . `` Fox renews Uefa Champions League rights deal '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Nunez , Gabriela . `` ESPN to Carry Select UEFA Champions League Matches Across Platforms '' . ESPNMediazone.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` UZREPORT TV и FUTBOL TV начинают трансляцию футбольных матчей нового сезона '' . UzReport.uz. 11 August 2017 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VTVcab ngừng phát sóng Champions League và Europa League tại Việt Nam '' . VTV.vn. 9 May 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` EL CANAL beIN SPORTS EMITIRÁ EN EXCLUSIVA TODOS LOS PARTIDOS DE LA UEFA CHAMPIONS LEAGUE Y UEFA EUROPA LEAGUE A PARTIR DE LA TEMPORADA 2018 / 2019 '' . es.beinsports.com . beIN Sports . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Dudley , George ( 23 August 2017 ) . `` Puls 4 retains Uefa Europa League rights '' . SportsPro . Sportspromedia.com . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jalkapallon Mestarien liiga ja Eurooppa - liiga C Morelle 2018 - 2021 ! '' . mtv.fi . MTV Sport . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` La Ligue des Champions et la Ligue Europa en exclusivité sur SFR Sport ! '' . sport.srf.fr . SRF . Retrieved 11 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Media rights sales : 2018 - 21 UEFA Europa League TM '' ( PDF ) . uefa.org . UEFA . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Champions League ed Europa League in esclusiva Sky dal 2018 al 2021 '' . sport.sky.it . SKY Italy . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA チャンピオンズ リーグ 、 UEFA ヨーロッパ リーグ 、 UEFA スーパー カップ 2018 - 19 シーズン より 全 試合 の 独占 放映 権 を 獲得 ! '' . media.dazn.com . DAZN . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Adam ( 15 June 2017 ) . `` DAZN to show Uefa competitions in Japan '' . Sportspromedia.com . SportsPro . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Four more years of UEFA Champions League and Europa League on beIN SPORTS in MENA '' . beIN Media Group . Beinmediagroup.com. 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wszystkie mecze LM i LE UEFA w Cyfrowym Polsacie '' . polsat.pl . Polsat . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oficial : A partir del verano de 2018 , Univision Deportes transmitirá la UEFA Champions League '' . univision.com . Univision . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Media rights sales : 2018 - 21 UEFA Europa League TM '' ( PDF ) . uefa.org . UEFA . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League und Europa League weiter live bei der SRG SSR '' . srf.ch . SRF . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League und UEFA Europa League bei Teleclub '' . teleclub.ch . Teleclub . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BT retains exclusive rights to UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League '' . sport.bt.com . BT Sport. 6 March 2017 . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ McMahon , Bobby ( 18 August 2017 ) . `` Turner Sports Acquisition Of UEFA Champions League Rights Means More Than Just A Broadcaster Change '' . Forbes . Forbes.com . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . 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Fútbol M. Partidazo Real Madrid TV Barça TV United Kingdom Sky Sports 1 BT Sport 1 Arsenal TV Celtic TV Chelsea TV LFC TV MUTV Rangers TV United States beIN Sports Fox Soccer Plus GOL TV MLS Direct Kick ESPN Deportes Fox Deportes Univision Deportes Network Latin America Canal del Fútbol GOL TV Individual network coverage A-League Fox Sports FC Shoot Out Thursday FC The World Game Bundesliga Soccer Made in Germany Major League Soccer ESPN MLS Game of the Week MLS Primetime Thursday MLS Soccer Saturday MLS Soccer Sunday Fox Soccer NBCSN TSN Ligue 1 Téléfoot Premier League Monday Night Football Super Sunday Match of the Day Match of the Day 2 The Premier League Show Match of the Day ( U.S. TV series ) The Premiership Soccer Central Matchday Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_UEFA_Europa_League_broadcasters&oldid=800822029 '' Categories : UEFA Europa League Lists of sporting event broadcasters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bahasa Indonesia Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 22 : 05 . About Wikipedia | how to watch europa league final in australia | [
"\nAustralia\n\nbeIN Sports\n[1][2]\n"
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"beIN Sports"
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-1791533891422139304 | The Royal Teens | The Royal Teens - wikipedia The Royal Teens The Royal Teens Origin Bergenfield , New Jersey Genres Rock pop Rock and roll Years active 1956 -- 1965 Labels RCA , Epic / CBS , Capitol / EMI , Musicor , Jubilee Associated acts The Four Seasons Website http://theroyalteens.com Members Tom Austin - drums Bob Azzara - piano Flip Cesario - guitar Bill Crandall - saxophone Bill Dalton - bass Bob Gaudio - piano Al Kooper - guitar Larry Qualiano - saxophone Dan Sabatino - vocals Joe Villa ( Joe Francavilla ) - vocals Vince Cautero - vocals The Royal Teens was a New Jersey rock and roll band that formed in 1956 , which was composed of Bob Gaudio on piano , Tom Austin on drums , Billy Dalton on guitar , and Billy Crandall on saxophone . The group is best known for its single `` Short Shorts '' , which was a # 3 hit in the United States in 1958 . The follow - up single , 1959 's `` Believe Me '' , hit # 26 . They never recorded an album , and broke up in 1965 . Contents 1 History 2 Legacy 3 Discography 3.1 ABC Paramount Records 3.2 Power Records 3.3 Mighty Records 3.4 Capitol Records 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The term `` Short Shorts '' was a description Bob Gaudio and Tom Austin had given to the cutoff jeans teenage girls were wearing during the summer of 1957 . On that musically fateful afternoon , Gaudio and Austin were driving up Washington Avenue in Bergenfield , New Jersey in Tom Austin 's red and white 1957 Ford Fairlane 500 , trying to figure out what to call the latest song they had written for their rock and roll band then known as the Royals , later renamed the Royal Teens by record producer and owner Leo Rodgers . Just then , two girls came strutting out of Luhmann 's ( the local teenage sweet shop ) wearing cutoff jeans that were cut so short they were almost illegal . At that point , the song `` Short Shorts '' was born . On the original recording , Tom Austin did the wolf whistle , Billy Dalton mimicked the whistle on guitar , and Billy Crandall said `` Man , dig those crazy chicks . '' With Tommy on drums , Bobby on piano , Billy Dalton on guitar , and Crandall on sax , along with the female vocal provided by Diana Lee , a girl from Leo 's stable of talented youngsters , the Royal Teens became a success . Leo Rogers owned a label named Power Records with Lee Silvers . Before the record was released on Power , Leo made the Royals change their name to Royal Teens because there was another group called The Royals . The group reluctantly added Teens to its name . Power Records , being an independent record label , could n't afford to handle the success of `` Short Shorts '' , so Leo licensed the master copy to ABC - Paramount Records , also headquartered in New York City . ABC - Paramount released the song to a nationwide audience , and as a result , `` Short Shorts '' soared to popularity . It peaked at # 3 on what became the Billboard Hot 100 . Before the first rock and roll tour was launched , which included the Royal Teens , Billy Crandall had to leave the group because his parents would not allow him to leave Dumont High School because he was only 14 years old at the time . Tommy had just graduated from Fort Lee High School , Bob Gaudio 's parents decided to allow their son to temporarily drop out of school to pursue his dream , and Billy Dalton took a leave of absence from All Hallows High in Manhattan . Larry Qualiano , a 17 - year - old sax player from North Bergen , New Jersey , took Billy Crandall 's place and the Royal Teens became complete again , touring with greats such as Buddy Holly , Sam Cooke , Jackie Wilson , Jerry Lee Lewis , Bo Diddley , Chuck Berry , and Frankie Avalon . Legacy ( edit ) Bob Gaudio later became a member of the Four Seasons . Fourteen - year - old member Al Kooper sometimes appeared with the Royal Teens on the road in 1959 , and later founded the groups The Blues Project and Blood Sweat & Tears . Kooper also performed as a session musician on several of Bob Dylan 's albums in the mid - ' 60s . Vocalist Joe Francavilla ( also known as Joey Villa ) joined the group in late 1958 . He previously sang with the Three Friends , which had a minor hit with `` Blanche '' . With several briefly tenured members of the Royal Teens , he went on to form Joey and the Twisters , which released a few minor hits ( `` Do You Want to Dance , '' `` Bony Maronie '' ) in 1961 -- 1962 and frequently played the Peppermint Lounge in New York City as contemporaries of Joey Dee and the Starliters . Billy Crandall would join the Knickerbockers in 1964 , using the name Buddy Randell , and would sing lead vocal on the group 's top - 20 hit `` Lies '' in 1966 . Crandall would later perform with the contemporary Messianic group Jerusalem Rivers before passing away in 1998 . The song `` Short Shorts '' was used in commercials for Nair in the 1970s , sparking interest in the group , and is now used in Japan for the opening tune of Tamori Club on TV Asahi Corporation . When the show Jersey Boys came to Broadway , Bob Gaudio told Tommy that `` Short Shorts '' was being featured in the show . When the two original Royal Teens reunited at the August Wilson Theater the night of the premiere of Jersey Boys , Tommy said he was so proud to have traveled the first leg of Bobby 's historical musical journey with him . Billy Dalton died of an apparent heart attack on Saturday , October 8 , 2011 . After his funeral Mass , Billy was interred in St. Patrick Cemetery in Rochelle , Illinois , on Thursday , October 13 , 2011 -- what would have been his 71st birthday . Discography ( edit ) ABC Paramount Records ( edit ) 1958 : `` Short Shorts '' / `` Planet Rock '' ( originally issued on the tiny Power Records label ) 1958 : `` Big Name Button '' / `` Sham Rock '' 1958 : `` Harvey 's Got A Girlfriend '' / `` Hangin ' Around '' 1958 : `` Open The Door '' / `` My Kind of Dream '' Power Records ( edit ) 1959 : `` Sittin With My Baby '' / `` Mad Gass '' Mighty Records ( edit ) 1959 : `` Leotards '' / `` Royal Blue '' Capitol Records ( edit ) 1959 : `` Believe Me '' / `` Little Cricket '' 1960 : `` The Moon 's Not Meant For Lovers ( Anymore ) '' / `` Was It A Dream ? '' 1960 : `` It 's The Talk of the Town '' / `` With You '' See also ( edit ) 1956 in music Shorts # Styles References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Royal Teens '' . Theroyalteens.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Billboard Singles , Allmusic.com ^ Jump up to : `` The Royal Teens '' The Royal Teens History `` . Theroyalteens.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Doo-wop.blogg.org Ungerhorner.com MusicBrainz : aaba85b2 - 3f0b - 4cfe - 9ba7 - 4e1ae2bc8deb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Royal_Teens&oldid=854708964 '' Categories : Rock music groups from New Jersey Jubilee Records artists Musical groups established in 1956 Musical groups disestablished in 1965 Capitol Records artists RCA Records artists Epic Records artists Rock and roll music groups 1956 establishments in New Jersey Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2013 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 07 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings the song who wears short shorts | [
"The Royal Teens was a New Jersey rock and roll band that formed in 1956, which was composed of Bob Gaudio on piano, Tom Austin on drums, Billy Dalton on guitar, and Billy Crandall on saxophone.[1] The group is best known for its single \"Short Shorts\", which was a #3 hit in the United States in 1958.[2] The follow-up single, 1959's \"Believe Me\", hit #26.[2] They never recorded an album, and broke up in 1965.\n"
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"The Royal Teens"
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5715247555076105215 | Friday the 13th: The Game | Friday the 13th : the Game - Wikipedia Friday the 13th : the Game Jump to : navigation , search Friday the 13th : The Game Developer ( s ) IllFonic Publisher ( s ) Gun Media Director ( s ) David Langeliers Producer ( s ) Bryce Glover Designer ( s ) Dan Russet Programmer ( s ) Paul Jackson Artist ( s ) Cole Gray Shane Stoneman Composer ( s ) Harry Manfredini Series Friday the 13th Engine Unreal Engine 4 Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release WW : May 26 , 2017 ( Digital Release ) WW : October 13 , 2017 ( Disc Release ) Genre ( s ) Survival horror Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Friday the 13th : The Game is a survival horror video game developed by IllFonic , and published by Gun Media . It is based on the film franchise of the same name owned by Paramount Pictures . It was released on May 26 , 2017 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One . The game is an asymmetrical multiplayer game , pitting up to seven players controlling Camp Crystal Lake counselors against one player controlling Jason Voorhees . It is a semi-open world game , with players able to explore it further . The game was originally to be developed as Slasher Vol. 1 : Summer Camp by IllFonic in mid-2015 . Gun Media was in talks with Friday director Sean S. Cunningham to obtain a license to develop the game , and after a series of meetings , successfully acquired the rights . The game evolved into Friday the 13th : The Game , and funding from both Kickstarter and BackerKit raised approximately US $ 1,095,143.40 , becoming the 124th most successful crowdfunded project of all time . It is also the first IllFonic game to utilize Unreal Engine 4 after their departure from CryEngine following Project Advena . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Development 2.1 Virtual Cabin 3 Characters 3.1 Jason Voorhees 3.2 Counselors 3.2. 1 Notes 4 Soundtrack 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Pre-alpha screenshot of the game . Friday the 13th : The Game is a semi-open world third - person survival horror game set in the camps around the fictional Crystal Lake from the Friday the 13th franchise . The time period in which the game is set is the mid-1980s in order to better capture the feel of the original films . The game is an asymmetrical multiplayer video game , with up to eight people able to play in one game . One player controls Jason Voorhees whose objective is to kill as many counselors as possible . Playing as Jason grants special abilities including being able to sense nearby counselors and to teleport anywhere on the map the player wants . The remaining players control the counselors at the camp . The objective of playing as a counselor is to fill objectives ( which are easier to fill when coordinating with other players ) that will allow counselors to escape from the camp , or to survive until time runs out on the session , Jason may also be defeated with an `` epic win condition '' that requires both teamwork and planning , and is difficult to perform . A player may also control Tommy Jarvis , who becomes playable when certain conditions are met . Kane Hodder , who portrayed Jason in Part VII , Part VIII , Jason Goes to Hell , and Jason X , reprised him via motion capture and coordinated the stunts . Thom Mathews , who portrayed Tommy Jarvis in Part VI , also reprises his role in the series . Although the game was originally planned to be multiplayer only , a single player mode will be added in an update planned for Summer 2017 , despite the stretch goal for US $1.625 million to unlock it not being reached . The mode will consist of objective - based missions that will allow the player to take control of Jason against offline camp counselor bots . Some of the missions will be adaptations of the films , while others are original scenarios . Development ( edit ) After IllFonic 's polarized 2012 remake of Nexuiz and Gun Media 's Breach & Clear : Deadline in 2015 , IllFonic went to work on a game entitled Slasher Vol. 1 : Summer Camp , with little details on its release date with Gun , in which the story took place in Camp Forest Green . Friday the 13th director Sean S. Cunningham was in talks about an upcoming game based on Friday the 13th with Gun . It is also the first video game IllFonic has developed with Unreal Engine 4 , departing from CryEngine after the announcement of Project Advena . Sean ( S. Cunningham ) came to us in early 2015 , but we quickly discovered these were n't the normal business conversations you would have when you try to secure a license as important as Friday the 13th . It was totally different . It was a conversation built on mutual admiration and respect for what each had created . Sean immediately noticed the passion we had for Friday the 13th , and after several incredible meetings over the next few months , we decided to upgrade our plans for Summer Camp and embrace the Friday the 13th video game license . After several incredible meetings over the next few months , Sean surprised us by offering the Friday the 13th video game license . Executive director and producer Randy Greenback organized both a BackerKit and a Kickstarter campaign to fund the game 's development . Overall , US $422,866 was raised by 18,068 backers in BackerKit and about US $823,704.20 from 12,128 backers in Kickstarter , collecting about US $1,246,570.20 from both platforms , becoming the 95th most crowdfunded project of all time . On October 13 , 2015 , it was announced that Slasher Vol. 1 : Summer Camp had evolved into Friday the 13th : The Game , with an announcement trailer released by Gun on their YouTube channel the same day . On Halloween , Harry Manfredini uploaded a video to the Gun YouTube channel with files on his computer monitor being partially seen , implying that he is composing music for the game . On November 4 , Gun released fly - through shots of the game 's environment while in pre-alpha development . On November 10 , IllFonic posted a video on Gun 's YouTube channel , which highlighted testing and development for the game , including 3D modeling for Jason . On February 25 , 2016 , Gun and IllFonic released camera footage showing Hodder with Tarah Paige and Ryan Staats , the two actors who will play the men and women counselors in the game , performing motion capture at Digital Domain . The footage shows Hodder performing a list of kill animations for the game , with rigged placeholder characters used to track the kills and animations in real - time . This was soon reuploaded by Bloody Disgusting in the same day . A developer panel for Gun Media and IllFonic was opened at PAX South 2016 in January with alpha footage and a list of kill animations , with gameplay released at E3 2016 in June . On September 2 , Gun released the PAX West trailer for the game , entitled `` XIII '' . The trailer showcased Jason Voorhees ' kill animations specifically designed by Tom Savini , while set to `` XIII '' by Crazy Lixx . The game was pushed back from the fall release date , multiplayer came out on May 26 , 2017 and the campaign will release in Q3 2017 . The initial release was digital exclusive , with a physical copy release set for Friday , October 13 , 2017 . Virtual Cabin ( edit ) On June 30 , 2016 IllFonic previewed a 3D development diary to complement behind - the - scenes interviews , footage , and in - development stock called the `` Virtual Cabin '' . Besides overviews , the Cabin has item rooms that house information upon characters or scenes or easter eggs . An item room called the `` Jason Room '' was unlocked on July 18 , 2016 and a room containing the main counselors was unlocked on August 12 , 2016 . Characters ( edit ) In the game , players can take control of a number of different characters . Players will either be Jason or a Camp Counselor . Jason Voorhees ( edit ) There are nine different playable Jasons to chose from , from Parts 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 8 & 9 as well as a `` Retro Jason , '' a `` Bloody Jason , '' and Tom Savini 's own Jason created especially for the game . Each Jason has his own strengths and weakness based on events depicted in the Friday the 13th movies : Version Type Strengths Weakness Part 2 Jason Human Jason * Can Run * More Traps ( 7 ) * Faster Cooldown on Morph Ability * The cooldown for using the Shift ability is longer * Lower Hit Points and lower chance to successfully block attacks * Slower water speed Part 3 Jason * Can Run * Can deal more damage with weapons * Better Grip Strength * Lower Stun Resistance * Sense ability wo n't last as long once activated * Stalk ability wo n't last as long once activated Part 4 Jason TBA TBA Part 6 Jason Undead Jason * Starts with 4 throwing knives * Jason 's sense lasts longer once activated * Faster cooldown the Shift ability . * Lower HP and lower chance to successfully block attacks * Ca n't Run * Slower cooldown for using the Morph ability . Part 7 Jason * Good Grip Strength * The sense ability lasts longer once activated * Faster swim speed * Ca n't Run * Slower cooldown the Shift ability * Fewer Traps ( 3 ) Part 8 Jason * Has a lower amount of hits required to break down doors and / or walls . * The Stalk ability lasts longer once activated . * Can swim very fast * Ca n't Run * Sense ability wo n't last as long once activted . * Poor Grip Strength Part 9 Jason * Faster cooldown on Shift ability . * Stalk ability lasts longer once activated . * High Stun Resistance * Ca n't Run * Lower Hit Points and lower chance to successfully block attacks * Fewer Traps ( 3 ) Savini Jason DLC Jason * Faster cooldown on the Shift ability . * Has a lower amount of hits required to break down doors and / or walls . * Can deal more damage with his weapon . * Ca n't Run * Very slow water speed * Low Grip Strength Retro Jason Reskin of Part 3 Reskin of Part 3 Bloody Jason TBA TBA Counselors ( edit ) There are 10 Counselors to chose from and a bonus playable movie character . Counselor Name Character Tropes / Sterotype Strengthens Weaknesses A.J. Mason `` The Rocker Chick '' * Highest stealth * High composure * High repair * Lowest luck * Very low strength . Adam Palomino `` The Edgy Guy '' * High strength * High composure * Very Low luck * Low stealth Brandon `` Buggzy '' Wilson `` The Jock '' * Highest strength * High speed * High stamina * Lowest repair * Very low luck * Very low stealth Chad Kensington `` The Preppy Guy '' * Highest luck * Very high speed * Lowest composure * Very low repair Deborah Kim `` The Bookish Girl '' * Highest repair * Very high stealth * Lowest strength * Low luck * Low stamina . Eric `` J.R. '' LaChappa `` The Nerd '' * Very high repair * High stealth * Very low stamina * Low speed * Low strength Jenny Myers `` The Girl Next Door '' * Highest composure * High luck . * Lowest strength * very low repair * Low speed . Kenny Riedell `` The Head Counselor '' A Jack of All Trades with a 5 / 10 in all stats A Jack of All Trades with a 5 / 10 in all stats Tiffany Cox `` The Flirty Girl '' * Highest stealth * Very high stamina * Lowest repair * Very low strength * Low composure Vanessa Jones `` The Athletic Girl '' * Highest speed * Very high stamina * Lowest stealth * Very low repair * Low composure Tommy Jarvis `` The Hero Character '' ( See Notes ) All stats are 10 / 10 ( See Notes ) No Weaknesses ( See Notes ) Notes ( edit ) Although Tommy was not technically a counselor , he is a special character in the game . All of Tommy 's stats are 10 / 10 and he is the only one who can kill Jason . To get Tommy on the map , at least two counselors need to either die or escape and you need to use the CB radio to call him . Then one of the Dead / Escaped counselors will be brought back as Tommy Jarvis . Soundtrack ( edit ) Harry Manfredini , who created the soundtrack for the original film , composed the soundtrack of the video game . The physical copy will feature original concept art from the game and liner notes in the packaging . During development , Gun released two tracks from the upcoming soundtrack , which released as `` Harry Manfredini Full Track - 01 '' on November 9 , 2015 and `` Harry Manfredini Full Track - 02 '' on May 14 , 2016 . A trailer of the game released for PAX West 2016 featured the theme for the game , `` Killer '' , recorded by Crazy Lixx . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( PC ) 61 / 100 ( PS4 ) 61 / 100 ( XONE ) 53 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 6.5 / 10 Game Informer 6 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 4 / 10 GameZone 5 / 10 IGN 6.9 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 75 / 100 Polygon 4 / 10 Friday the 13th : The Game received `` mixed or average '' reviews , according to review aggregator Metacritic . GameSpot censured the console incarnations for being `` intermittently unplayable '' , elaborating that `` Private matches with friends are sometimes possible , but if you wish to join up with a band of strangers online from the comfort of your couch , you 're either entirely out of luck or stuck waiting upwards of ten minutes for a match -- after days of not being able to play at all . '' GameSpot also cited a lack of maps , inconsistent frame rates , poor animations , and deficient collision detection as reasons for finding Friday the 13th to be unfinished at launch . In contrast , the site listed the asymmetrical premise and Jason Voorhees gameplay as redeeming qualities . IGN 's Daemon Hatfield praised the elements when playing as Jason , but criticized the gameplay when playing as a teenager along with glitches that nearly kill the mood of the `` dumb fun '' . Polygon opined that `` Friday the 13th : The Game mimics the surface level of the classic film series , but misses the spirit . '' The game has sold 1.8 million copies as of August 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Workman , Robert . `` Friday The 13th : The Game Getting A Physical Release On An Appropriate Date '' . Comic Book.com . Comic Book . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Friday the 13th : The Game - BackerKit '' . BackerKit . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Makuch , Eddie ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Friday the 13th Game Revealed , Dev Promises Blood , Guts , Gore , Brutal Kills - GameSpot '' . GameSpot . ^ Jump up to : `` Summer Camp Announcement Trailer '' . YouTube . October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Greenback , Randy . `` Friday the 13th : The Game by Randy Greenback - Gun Media - Kickstarter '' . Kickstarter . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gonzalez , Kedhrin ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Contract / Paid Off - Site Level Project Advena Designer '' . Unreal Engine . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Friday The 13th Video Game Lets You Become Jason - CinemaBlend '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Game Gameplay Demo ( E3 2016 ) '' . YouTube . June 14 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Friday the 13th game delayed to 2017 , adds single - player '' . Polygon . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 -- via Vox Media . Jump up ^ `` HUGE UPDATE : Adding Single Player Campaign and Offline AI Bots , Tommy Jarvis , New Map - Packanack Lodge , and much more ! ! ! '' . Gun Media . October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 -- via Kickstarter . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Game on Twitter '' . Friday the 13th : The Game . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Cooper , Dalton . `` ' Slasher Vol 1 : Summer Camp ' Reveals First Screenshots , Details '' . GameRant . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th : The Game Reaches Funding Goal , Licensed Horror Will Hit PS4 in 2016 '' . PlayStationLifestyle . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EGM EXCLUSIVE : Fleshbreaking new Friday the 13th videogame featuring horror icon Jason Voorhees in development '' . EGMNOW . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Friday the 13th : The Game ' is a Kickstarter Success '' . BloodyDisgusting . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Denny . `` ' Friday the 13th ' Arrives on Consoles October 2015 '' . GameRant . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HUGE NEWS ! Summer Camp Becomes Official Friday the 13th Game ! '' . DreadCentral . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th : The Game - Official Announcement Trailer '' . YouTube . October 13 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th : The Game - Harry Manfredini Says Happy Halloween ! '' . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th : The Game - Pre-Alpha Camp Crystal Lake Environment Fly - throughs '' . YouTube . November 4 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th : The Game - Behind the Scenes at IllFonic '' . YouTube . November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th : The Game - Behind the Scenes of the Motion Capture Shoot '' . YouTube . February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th : The Game - Motion Capture Shoot '' . YouTube . February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mozuch , Mo ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Friday the 13th : The Game ' Panel At Pax South Reveals New Kill Animations For Jason Voorhees '' . iDigitalTimes . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Game Gameplay Demo ( E3 2016 ) '' . YouTube . June 14 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` XIII PAX West Trailer 2016 -- Friday the 13th : The Game '' . YouTube . September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Game on Twitter '' . Twitter . April 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenback , Randy ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Update # 23 : E3 Wrap - Up ! Digital Cabin Releasing June 30th ! , Slasher Backer Update , F13 Twitch Stream , and much more ! '' . Kickstarter . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th : The Game - BackerKit '' . BackerKit . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dodd , Adam ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Friday the 13th : The Game ' Virtual Cabin Gets A Jason Exhibit '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Greenback , Randy ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Update 24 : Item Room Unlocks in the Virtual Cabin on Friday , Dev Updates , and more ... '' . Kickstarter . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th : The Game - BackerKit '' . BackerKit . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th : The Game - Harry Manfredini Full Track - 01 '' . YouTube . November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th : The Game - Harry Manfredini Full Track - 02 '' . YouTube . May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Friday the 13th : The Game for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Friday the 13th : The Game for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Friday the 13th : The Game for Xbox One Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooke , Caitlin ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Friday the 13th : The Game '' . Destructoid . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marchiafava , Jeff ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` A Killer Formula That Suffers Massive Casualties - Friday the 13th : The Game - PlayStation 4 '' . Game Informer . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kozanitis , James ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Friday the 13th : The Game Review -- You Can Run but You Ca n't Win '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Peter ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Friday The 13th : The Game Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Onder , Cade ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Friday the 13th : The Game is one of the biggest disappointments of 2017 so far '' . GameZone . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hatfield , Daemon ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Friday the 13th : The Game Review '' . IGN . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Valle , Tyler ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Friday the 13th review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goslin , Austen ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Friday the 13th : The Game review '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hood , Vic ( 3 August 2017 ) . `` Friday the 13th has sold over 1.8 m copies '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Friday the 13th franchise Films Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) Part 2 Part III The Final Chapter A New Beginning Jason Lives The New Blood Jason Takes Manhattan Jason Goes to Hell Jason X Freddy vs. Jason soundtrack score Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) Television Friday the 13th : The Series episodes Characters Pamela Voorhees Jason Voorhees Alice Hardy Ginny Field Tommy Jarvis Comics Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash The Nightmare Warriors Video games Friday the 13th ( 1985 ) Friday the 13th ( 1989 ) Friday the 13th : The Game ( 2017 ) Related topics `` He 's Back ( The Man Behind the Mask ) '' A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friday_the_13th:_The_Game&oldid=800200245 '' Categories : 2017 video games Asymmetrical multiplayer video games Crowdfunded video games Horror video games Kickstarter projects PlayStation 4 games Survival video games Unreal Engine games Video games based on Friday the 13th ( franchise ) Video games developed in the United States Video games set in 1979 Video games set in 1984 Video games set in New Jersey Windows games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2017 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 01 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the friday the 13 game come out | [
"Friday the 13th: The Game is a survival horror video game developed by IllFonic, and published by Gun Media. It is based on the film franchise of the same name owned by Paramount Pictures. It was released on May 26, 2017[2] for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One."
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"May 26, 2017"
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6999206574507109382 | Mozambican metical | Mozambican metical - wikipedia Mozambican metical Jump to : navigation , search Mozambican metical Metical moçambicano ( Portuguese ) ISO 4217 Code MZN Denominations Subunit 1 / 100 centavo Symbol MT Banknotes Freq . used 20 , 50 , 100 , 200 , 500 meticais Rarely used 1000 meticais Coins 50 centavos , 1 , 2 , 5 , 10 meticais obsolete : 1 , 5 , 10 , 20 centavos Demographics User ( s ) Mozambique Issuance Central bank Banco de Moçambique Website www.bancomoc.mz Valuation Inflation 2.3 % Source The World Factbook , CIA ( USA ) , 2014 est . The metical ( plural : meticais ) is the currency of Mozambique , abbreviated with the symbol MZN or MT . It is nominally divided into 100 centavos . The name metical comes from Arabic مثقال ( mithqāl ) , a unit of weight and an alternative name for the gold dinar coin that was used throughout much of Africa until the 19th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 First metical ( MZM ) 1.2 Second metical ( MZN ) 2 Coins 2.1 First metical 2.2 Second metical 3 Banknotes 3.1 First metical 3.2 Second metical 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) First metical ( MZM ) ( edit ) The metical ( MZM ) replaced the escudo at par on 16 June 1980 . It was divided into 100 centavos . The metical underwent severe inflation . After the revaluation of the Romanian leu , the metical briefly became the least valued currency unit , at a value of about 24,500 meticais per USD , until the Zimbabwean dollar took the title in late August 2005 . Second metical ( MZN ) ( edit ) On July 1 , 2006 , Mozambique redenominated the metical at a rate of 1000 : 1 . The new ISO 4217 code is MZN . New coins and banknotes were introduced on July 1 , 2006 , and the transitional period during which both old and new meticais could be used lasted until December 31 , 2006 . During the conversion , the new currency was locally abbreviated as MTn , but has since largely returned to MT . Old meticais were redeemed by the Bank of Mozambique for a period of six years , until December 31 , 2012 . Coins ( edit ) First metical ( edit ) In 1980 , coins were introduced in denominations of 50 centavos , 1 , 21⁄2 , 5 , 10 and 20 meticais . The 50 centavos , 21⁄2 and 5 meticais were minted in aluminium , with the 1 metical in brass and the 10 and 20 meticais in cupro - nickel . In 1986 , aluminium 1 , 10 , 20 and 50 meticais were introduced . A new coinage issued in 1994 was composed of 1 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 , 100 , 500 and 1000 meticais , with the lower four denominations in brass clad steel and the higher denominations in nickel clad steel . 5000 meticais coins were introduced in 1998 , followed by 10,000 meticais in 2003 . Second metical ( edit ) From July 1 , 2006 , coins were issued in denominations of 1 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 centavos and 1 , 2 , 5 , 10 meticais. ( 1 ) Coins of the Mozambican metical ( 2006 `` Banco de Moçambique '' series ) Value Technical parameters Description Date of issue Diameter Mass Composition Edge Obverse Reverse 1 centavo 15 mm 2 grams Copper - plated steel Reeded Rhinoceros Logo of the Banco de Moçambique 2006 5 centavos 19 mm 2.3 grams Copper - plated steel Reeded Leopard Logo of the Banco de Moçambique 2006 10 centavos 17 mm 3.06 grams Brass - plated steel Reeded Farm tractor Logo of the Banco de Moçambique 2006 20 centavos 19.5 mm 4.1 grams Brass - plated steel Reeded Cotton plant Logo of the Banco de Moçambique 2006 50 centavos 23 mm 5.74 grams Brass - plated steel Reeded Kingfisher bird Logo of the Banco de Moçambique 2006 1 metical 21 mm 5.3 grams Nickel - plated steel Plain ( seven - sided sections ) Female student ( representing the allegory of education ) Logo of the Banco de Moçambique 2006 2 meticais 24 mm 6 grams Nickel - plated steel Segmented reeding Fish Logo of the Banco de Moçambique 2006 5 meticais 27 mm 6.5 grams Nickel - plated steel Reeded Xylophone Logo of the Banco de Moçambique 2006 10 meticais 24.92 mm 7.51 grams Bi-metallic coin consisting of a Nickel - plated steel center plug with a brass outer ring Reeded Headquarters of the Banco de Moçambique Logo of the Banco de Moçambique 2006 Banknotes ( edit ) First metical ( edit ) The First Metical had three issues of notes as follows : i . In 1980 ( 16 June 1980 ) , notes were introduced in denominations of 50 , 100 , 500 and 1,000 meticais . ii The same notes and denominations were reissued in 1983 ( 16 June 1983 ) with the new state logo , 5,000 meticais notes were introduced in 1989 ( 3 February 1989 ) . iii . In 1991 ( 16 June 1991 ) 500 , 1,000 , 5,000 , and 10,000 notes were issued followed by 50,000 and 100,000 meticais in 1993 ( 16 June 1993 ) , 20,000 meticais in 1999 ( 16 June 1999 ) and 200,000 and 500,000 meticais in 2003 ( 16 June 2003 ) . Second metical ( edit ) From July 1 , 2006 , new banknotes were issued in denominations of 20 , 50 , 100 , 200 , 500 , and 1000 meticais . On October 1 , 2011 , Banco de Moçambique has issued a new family of banknotes that are similar to the 2006 series , but with enhanced security features . The three smaller denominations are now printed on polymer while the higher denominations remain printed on paper . The higher denominated metical banknotes are printed by De La Rue . Banknotes of the Mozambican metical ( 16.06. 2006 `` Samora Machel '' Issue ) Image Value Obverse Reverse Watermark ( 2 ) 20 meticais Samora Moisés Machel Rhinoceros Samora Moisés Machel ( 3 ) 50 meticais Samora Moisés Machel Kudus Samora Moisés Machel ( 4 ) 100 meticais Samora Moisés Machel Giraffes Samora Moisés Machel ( 5 ) 200 meticais Samora Moisés Machel Lions Samora Moisés Machel ( 6 ) 500 meticais Samora Moisés Machel Buffaloes Samora Moisés Machel ( 7 ) 1000 meticais Samora Moisés Machel Elephants Samora Moisés Machel Banknotes of the Mozambican metical ( 16.06. 2011 `` Samora Machel '' Issue ) Image Value Obverse Reverse Watermark ( 8 ) 20 meticais Samora Moisés Machel Rhinoceros Samora Moisés Machel ( 9 ) 50 meticais Samora Moisés Machel Kudus Samora Moisés Machel ( 10 ) 100 meticais Samora Moisés Machel Giraffes Samora Moisés Machel ( 11 ) 200 meticais Samora Moisés Machel Lions Samora Moisés Machel ( 12 ) 500 meticais Samora Moisés Machel Buffaloes Samora Moisés Machel ( 13 ) 1000 meticais Samora Moisés Machel Elephants Samora Moisés Machel Current MZN exchange rates From Google Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD ZAR From Yahoo ! Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD ZAR From XE : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD ZAR From OANDA : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD ZAR From fxtop.com : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD ZAR See also ( edit ) Economy of Mozambique References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Metical '' in Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa com Acordo Ortográfico . Porto Editora , Porto , 2003 - 2015 . Accessed 1 April 2015 . ( in Portuguese ) Jump up ^ Johnson , Marion ( 1968 ) , `` The Nineteenth - Century Gold ' Mithqal ' in West and North Africa '' , The Journal of African History , Cambridge University Press , 9 ( 4 ) : 547 -- 569 , doi : 10.1017 / s0021853700009038 , ISSN 0021 - 8537 , JSTOR 180144 Jump up ^ Linzmayer , Owen ( 2012 ) . `` Mozambique '' . The Banknote Book . San Francisco , California : www.BanknoteNews.com . Jump up ^ http://pjsymes.com.au/articles/Mozambique_1.htm The Banknotes of Mozambique ; Independence Issues -- 1975 to 1989 Peter Symes ( www.pjsymes.com.au ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mozambique new 20 - , 50 - , and 100 - meticais notes confirmed BanknoteNews.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Mozambique new 200 - meticais note confirmed BanknoteNews.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Mozambique new 500 - meticais note confirmed BanknoteNews.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Mozambique new 1,000 - meticais note confirmed BanknoteNews.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Banco de Moçambique - Bank of Mozambique ( Portuguese ) Historical banknotes of Mozambique ( in English ) ( in German ) First metical Preceded by : Mozambican escudo Ratio : at par Currency of Mozambique 1980 -- June 30 , 2006 Succeeded by : Second metical Reason : inflation Ratio : 1 second metical = 1000 first meticais Second metical Preceded by : First metical Reason : inflation Ratio : 1 second metical = 1000 old meticais Currency of Mozambique July 1 , 2006 -- Succeeded by : Current Economy of Mozambique Currency : Metical Communications Banking Communications History of Trade Transportation Industries : Agriculture Tourism Currencies of Africa North Algerian dinar Egyptian pound Euro Plazas de soberanía Libyan dinar Mauritanian ouguiya Moroccan dirham Sahrawi peseta ( unrecognized ) Sudanese pound Tunisian dinar Central Angolan kwanza Burundian franc Central African CFA franc Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon Congolese franc Rwandan franc East Comorian franc Djiboutian franc Eritrean nakfa Ethiopian birr Kenyan shilling Seychellois rupee Somali shilling Somaliland shilling ( unrecognized ) South Sudanese pound Tanzanian shilling Ugandan shilling South Botswana pula British pound sterling Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Zimbabwe Euro French Southern and Antarctic Lands Mayotte Réunion Zimbabwe Lesotho loti Malagasy ariary Malawian kwacha Mauritian rupee Mozambican metical Namibian dollar Saint Helena pound South African rand Lesotho Namibia Swaziland Zimbabwe Swazi lilangeni U.S. dollar Zimbabwe Zambian kwacha Zimbabwean dollar ( defunct due to hyperinflation since April 2009 ) Zimbabwean bond coins ( since 18 December 2014 - denominated in U.S. Cents ) Zimbabwean bond notes ( since 28 November 2016 - denominated in U.S. Dollars ) West Cape Verdean escudo Euro Canary Islands Madeira Gambian dalasi Ghanaian cedi Guinean franc Liberian dollar Nigerian naira São Tomé and Príncipe dobra Sierra Leonean leone West African CFA franc Benin Burkina Faso Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Mali Niger Senegal Togo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mozambican_metical&oldid=824432224 '' Categories : ISO 4217 Currencies of Africa Circulating currencies Currencies of Mozambique Currency introduced in 1980 Currencies of the Commonwealth of Nations Hidden categories : Articles with Portuguese - language external links Articles containing Portuguese - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2016 Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles with German - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Yorùbá 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018 , at 08 : 37 . About Wikipedia | when did the currencies of mozambique first come in circulation | [
"The metical (MZM) replaced the escudo at par on 16 June 1980.[3][4] It was divided into 100 centavos. The metical underwent severe inflation. After the revaluation of the Romanian leu, the metical briefly became the least valued currency unit, at a value of about 24,500 meticais per USD, until the Zimbabwean dollar took the title in late August 2005."
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"16 June 1980"
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-1720077617921191026 | Perihelion and aphelion | Perihelion and aphelion - wikipedia Perihelion and aphelion Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that this article be merged into Apsis . ( Discuss ) Proposed since January 2018 . This article is about astronomy . For the image analysis software suite , see Aphelion ( software ) . For other uses , see Aphelion ( disambiguation ) . For a more general treatment of the subject , see Apsis . The perihelion and aphelion are the nearest and farthest points ( apsides ) of a body 's direct orbit around the Sun . The perihelion ( / ˌpɛrɪˈhiːliən / ) of any orbit of a celestial body about the Sun is the point where the body comes nearest to the Sun . It is the opposite of aphelion ( / æpˈhiːliən / ) , which is the point in the orbit where the celestial body is farthest from the Sun . Apogee means it is the moon far from earth Perigee means that the moon is near earth Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Astronomical meaning 3 Application to Earth 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Etymology ( edit ) The words perihelion and aphelion were coined by Johannes Kepler to describe the orbital motion of the planets . The words are formed from the prefixes peri - ( Greek : περί , near ) and apo - ( Greek : ἀπό , away from ) affixed to the Greek word for the sun , ἥλιος . Perihelion and aphelion are sometimes incorrectly used for the orbits of objects about bodies other than the Sun . The correct terms are : For orbits around the Earth : perigee and apogee . For orbits around a star : periastron and apastron . For orbits around any center of mass : periapsis ( or pericenter ) and apoapsis ( or apocenter ) . Astronomical meaning ( edit ) According to Kepler 's first law of planetary motion , all planets , comets , and asteroids in the Solar System have approximately elliptical orbits around the Sun . It is only approximate because of perturbations due to the gravity of other bodies . Every ellipse has two focus points , and the Sun is at one of these focus points for the elliptical orbits of its satellites . Hence , an orbiting body has a closest and a farthest point from its parent object , that is , a perihelion and an aphelion . Each extreme is known as an apsis . Orbital eccentricity measures the flatness ( departure from a perfect circle ) of the orbit . Application to Earth ( edit ) Main article : Apsis § Perihelion and aphelion of the Earth Earth is about 147.1 million kilometers ( 91.4 million miles ) from the Sun at perihelion around January 3 , in contrast to about 152.1 million kilometers ( 94.5 million miles ) at aphelion around July 4 -- a difference of about 5.0 million kilometers ( 3.1 million miles ) . ( These dates change over time due to precession and other orbital factors , which follow cyclical patterns known as Milankovitch cycles . For a table of these dates for various years , see Apsis . ) Because of the increased distance at aphelion , only 93.55 % of the solar radiation from the Sun falls on a given area of land as does at perihelion . However , this fluctuation does not account for the seasons , as it is summer in the northern hemisphere when it is winter in the southern hemisphere and vice versa . Instead , seasons result from the tilt of Earth 's axis , which is 23.4 degrees away from perpendicular to the plane of Earth 's orbit around the sun . Winter falls on the hemisphere where sunlight strikes least directly , and summer falls where sunlight strikes most directly , regardless of the Earth 's distance from the Sun . In the northern hemisphere , summer occurs at the same time as aphelion . Despite this , there are larger land masses in the northern hemisphere , which are easier to heat than the seas . Consequently , summers are 2.3 ° C ( 4 ° F ) warmer in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere under similar conditions . See also ( edit ) Astronomy portal Solar System portal Apsis Ellipse Solstice References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Walker , Peter , ed. ( 1988 ) . Cambridge Dictionary of Science and Technology ( Hardback ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . pp. 44 , 660 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 39441 - 4 . Jump up ^ Klein , Ernest , A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language , Elsevier , Amsterdam , 1965 . ( Archived version ) Jump up ^ Since the Sun , Ἥλιος in Greek , begins with a vowel , H is the long e vowel in Greek , the final o in `` apo '' is omitted from the prefix . The pronunciation `` Ap - helion '' is given in many dictionaries ( 1 ) , pronouncing the `` p '' and `` h '' in separate syllables . However , the pronunciation / əˈfiːliən / ( 2 ) is also common ( e.g. , McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms , 5th edition , 1994 , p. 114 ) , since in late Greek , ' p ' from ἀπό followed by the ' h ' from ἥλιος becomes phi ; thus , the Greek word is αφήλιον . ( see , for example , Walker , John , A Key to the Classical Pronunciation of Greek , Latin , and Scripture Proper Names , Townsend Young 1859 ( 3 ) , page 26 . ) Many ( 4 ) dictionaries give both pronunciations Jump up ^ `` Introductory Astronomy : Ellipses '' . Washington State University . Jump up ^ `` Solar System Exploration : Science & Technology : Science Features : Weather , Weather , Everywhere ? '' . NASA . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Earth at Aphelion '' . Space Weather . July 2008 . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . External links ( edit ) Dates and times of Earth 's perihelion and aphelion , 2000 -- 2025 from the United States Naval Observatory List of asteroids currently closer to the Sun than Mercury ( These objects will be close to perihelion ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perihelion_and_aphelion&oldid=834349397 '' Categories : Orbits Stars Planets Minor planets Comets Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Articles to be merged from January 2018 All articles to be merged Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch فارسی हिन्दी עברית ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Scots සිංහල اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 07 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is the earth largest distance from sun | [
"Earth is about 147.1 million kilometers (91.4 million miles) from the Sun at perihelion around January 3, in contrast to about 152.1 million kilometers (94.5 million miles) at aphelion around July 4 — a difference of about 5.0 million kilometers (3.1 million miles). (These dates change over time due to precession and other orbital factors, which follow cyclical patterns known as Milankovitch cycles. For a table of these dates for various years, see Apsis.)"
] | [
"around July 4"
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-2576904193700195484 | I Just Want to Be Your Everything | I Just Want to Be Your Everything - wikipedia I Just Want to Be Your Everything Jump to : navigation , search `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' Single by Andy Gibb from the album Flowing Rivers B - side `` In the End '' Released April 1977 Format 7 '' Recorded Criteria Studios , Miami , Florida October 1976 Genre Disco Length 3 : 45 ( album version ) 3 : 32 ( single edit ) Label RSO Songwriter ( s ) Barry Gibb Producer ( s ) Gibb - Galuten - Richardson Andy Gibb singles chronology `` Words and Music '' ( 1975 ) `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' ( 1977 ) `` ( Love Is ) Thicker Than Water '' ( 1977 ) `` Words and Music '' ( 1975 ) `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' ( 1977 ) `` ( Love Is ) Thicker Than Water '' ( 1977 ) `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' is a song recorded by Andy Gibb , initially released in 1977 . It reached number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks , starting on the week ending 30 July 1977 , and again for the week ending 17 September 1977 . It was Gibb 's first single released in the United Kingdom and United States . His previous single , `` Words and Music '' was only released in Australia . It is ranked number 26 on Billboard 's 55th anniversary All Time Top 100 list . The song became a gold record . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and recording 2 Release 3 Personnel 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 All - time charts 5 Connie Smith 's version 5.1 Chart performance 6 Other versions 7 References 8 External links Writing and recording ( edit ) `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' was written by Barry Gibb in Bermuda as well as `` ( Love Is ) Thicker Than Water '' with Andy Gibb credited as co-writer on the latter . It was recorded in October 1976 ; the sessions were produced mainly by Albhy Galuten and Karl Richardson and with Barry on this track and `` ( Love Is ) Thicker than Water '' ; Galuten also played keyboards and piano . Eagles guitarist Joe Walsh contributed guitar on this song . The track is a fairly dramatic love song , with the singer declaring his unending passion and stating that without her , he would die . Andy reveals , `` ' I Just Want to Be Your Everything ' was one of the most meaningful of all form , you know '' . He later recalls on Barry Gibb 's writing style : `` So , once we discussed it all and got the deal together , me and Barry locked ourselves in a bedroom and Barry just started writing . When Barry writes , it is very hard to collaborate with him , because he is so quick . And before I knew it he was starting to do the chorus of ( ' I Just Want to Be Your Everything ' ) , and I thought , ' Wow what a hook ! ' . He 's an expert at his craft . Within about 20 minutes , he 'd written a number one record ; and then we went right into another one , ( ' ( Love Is ) Thicker than Water ' ) Two mixes were prepared for the song , the more popular mix was released on the album & as the single version and the earlier mix was used for promotional uses . The promotional version had an additional keyboard that at times competed with the lead vocal . The drummer 's high - hat count during both breakdowns was completely mixed out and Gibb 's harmony vocal is more prevalent during add - libs . Release ( edit ) The song spent a cumulative four weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song first reached the top of the chart on July 30 for the first of three consecutive weeks . Then , The Emotions went to No. 1 with `` Best of My Love '' on August 20 for the first of four straight weeks . However , the song maintained strong popularity , remaining in the Top 10 before returning to No. 1 for one final week on September 17 . `` Everything '' then fell out of the top spot for good , being replaced once again by `` Best of My Love . '' The song spent a then record sixteen weeks in the top ten of the Billboard chart , a record it would hold until The Bee Gees spent seventeen weeks in the top ten with their song `` How Deep is Your Love '' starting near the end of 1977 . `` I Just Want to be Your Everything '' was Gibb 's longest - running chart single . It enjoyed one of the longest runs in the Billboard Hot 100 to that time ; its 31 - week run spanned from the end of April through the end of November . Billboard ranked it as the No. 2 song for 1977 . The song also appeared on the Soul Singles chart , peaking at number 19 . Personnel ( edit ) Andy Gibb -- vocals Barry Gibb -- background and harmony vocals Joey Murcia -- electric guitar Joe Walsh -- electric guitar Paul Harris -- keyboards Albhy Galuten -- synthesizer Harold Cowart -- bass Ron Ziegler -- drums Nelson `` Flaco '' Padrón -- percussion Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 - 78 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Brazilian Singles Chile Singles Canada ( RPM ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 24 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 13 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 26 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 8 US Billboard Hot Soul Singles 19 US Cash Box US Radio & Records US Record World Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Rank Australia Canada New Zealand 9 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Easy Listening 21 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1958 -- 2015 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 27 Connie Smith 's version ( edit ) `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' Single by Connie Smith from the album New Horizons Released October 1977 Format 7 '' Recorded 1977 Genre Country , Country pop Length 3 : 16 Label Monument Records Songwriter ( s ) Barry Gibb Connie Smith singles chronology `` Coming Around '' ( 1977 ) `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' ( 1977 ) `` Lovin ' You Baby '' ( 1978 ) `` Coming Around '' ( 1977 ) `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' ( 1977 ) `` Lovin ' You Baby '' ( 1978 ) The best - known cover version of `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' was recorded by American country music artist Connie Smith . Released in the autumn of 1977 , Smith 's version , according to AMG reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine , was `` relatively faithful '' to Gibb 's version and -- given its disco - influenced sound -- also a departure from her honky - tonk songs of the 1960s and early 1970s . `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' peaked at # 14 on Billboard Magazine 's Hot Country Songs chart in 1978 , becoming her last significant hit , as her further hits for Monument Records , such as `` Lovin ' You Baby '' and `` They 'll Never Be Another for Me , '' peaked in progressively lower positions on the country chart between 1978 and 1979 . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot Country Singles 14 Canadian RPM Country Tracks 23 Other versions ( edit ) Bunny Maloney recorded this song in a reggae version in 1979 , produced by Harry Mudie on Gull Records , released only in the United Kingdom backed by `` Ethiopia '' . Thea Austin recorded this song ( 1997 ) , on the single release includes the extended mix , club dub , Irene Eats Thunderpass Dub ( mixed by DJ Irene and Thunderpuss ) and Barry Harris Tribal Trip ( mixed by Barry Harris ) on Priority Records . The Best Pessimist recorded this song in 2009 and released on the album of the same name . Kimberley Locke of American Idol covered this song during season 2 , for the Bee Gees themed week ( Top 4 ) . Jason Castro of American Idol covered this song during season 7 , for the 70s themed week . In the early 80 's , Cuban duet Maggie Carlés and Luis Nodal ( Maggie y Luis ) covered the song under the name `` Solo por ti '' ( Only for you ) , keeping the rhythm , but with different lyrics written by them . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( 2 August 2012 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - Time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Island Ignited Bee Gees ' Musical `` Fever '' `` . Bernews . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Joseph . `` Gibb Songs : 1976 '' . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Gibb - I Just Want to Be Your Everything Songfacts '' . Songfacts . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Andrew . The Bee Gees - Tales of the Brothers Gibb . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ ( Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2002 ) Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1977 Jump up ^ David Kent ( 1993 ) . Australian Charts Book 1970 -- 1992 . Australian Chart Book Pty Ltd , Turramurra , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Songs Written by the Gibb Family on the International Charts '' ( PDF ) . brothergibb.org . Retrieved 31 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CAN Charts > Andy Gibb '' . RPM . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Gibb - I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' . chart.org.nz . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Gibb Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Gibb - Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Gibb - Chart History on the Adult Contemporary Charts '' . Billboard . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US Charts > Andy Gibb '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Cashbox Magazine : July 30 , 1977 '' . Cashbox . Retrieved 31 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1977 The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 1977 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1977 / Top 100 Songs of 1977 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Easy Listening Charts Singles '' . Billboard Magazine . 24 December 1977 . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 12 November 2015 ) . `` Greatest of All Time Hot 100 Singles '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Erlewine , Stephen Thomas , Greatest Hits on Monument by Connie Smith , Allmusic Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc . pp. 387 -- 388 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Search results for `` Connie Smith '' `` . RPM . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Bunny Maloney -- I Just Want To Be Your Everything '' . Discogs . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thea Austin -- I Just Want To Be Your Everything '' . Discogs . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Best Pessimist -- I Just Want To Be Your Everything '' . Discogs . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` I Feel Love '' by Donna Summer Australia ARIA Singles Chart number - one single 17 October 1977 -- 28 November 1977 ( seven weeks ) Succeeded by `` You 're in My Heart '' by Rod Stewart Preceded by `` I 'm in You '' by Peter Frampton Canadian RPM number - one single 6 August 1977 -- 20 August 1977 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by Whatcha Gonna Do ? by Pablo Cruise Preceded by `` Looks Like We Made It '' by Barry Manilow `` Best of My Love '' by The Emotions Billboard Hot 100 number - one single 30 July 1977 -- 13 August 1977 ( three weeks ) 17 September 1977 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Best of My Love '' by The Emotions `` Best of My Love '' by The Emotions Preceded by `` I 'm in You '' by Peter Frampton Cash Box Top 100 number - one single 30 July 1977 -- 13 August 1977 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` Best of My Love '' by The Emotions Andy Gibb Studio albums Flowing Rivers Shadow Dancing After Dark Singles `` Words and Music '' `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' `` ( Love Is ) Thicker Than Water '' `` Shadow Dancing '' `` An Everlasting Love '' `` ( Our Love ) Do n't Throw it All Away '' `` Why '' `` Desire '' `` I Ca n't Help It '' `` Time Is Time '' `` Me ( Without You ) '' `` All I Have to Do Is Dream '' Compilations Andy Gibb 's Greatest Hits Andy Gibb ( Hits Collection ) 20th Century Masters - The Millennium Collection Mythology Other songs `` Warm Ride '' `` Rest Your Love on Me '' `` Arrow Through the Heart '' Related articles Bee Gees RSO Records Polydor Records Solid Gold ( TV series ) Warner Music Group Universal Music Group Book Connie Smith singles Albums Singles 1960s 1964 `` Once a Day '' 1965 `` Then and Only Then '' `` I Ca n't Remember '' `` If I Talk to Him '' 1966 `` Nobody But a Fool ( Would Love You ) '' `` Ai n't Had No Lovin ' '' `` The Hurtin 's All Over '' 1967 `` I 'll Come Runnin ' '' `` Cincinnati , Ohio '' `` Burning a Hole in My Mind '' `` Baby 's Back Again '' 1968 `` Run Away Little Tears '' `` Cry , Cry , Cry '' 1969 `` Ribbon of Darkness '' `` Young Love '' ( with Nat Stuckey ) `` You and Your Sweet Love '' 1970s 1970 `` I Never Once Stopped Loving You '' `` Louisiana Man '' `` Where Is My Castle '' 1971 `` Just One Time '' `` I 'm Sorry If My Love Got in Your Way '' 1972 `` Just for What I Am '' `` If It Ai n't Love ( Let 's Leave It Alone ) '' `` Love Is the Look You 're Looking For '' 1973 `` Ai n't Love a Good Thing '' `` I Never Knew ( What That Song Meant Before ) '' `` I 've Got My Baby on My Mind '' `` Why Do n't You Love Me '' 1976 `` ( Till ) I Kissed You '' `` So Sad ( To Watch Good Love Go Bad ) '' `` I Do n't Wanna Talk It Over Anymore '' 1977 `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' 1980s 1985 `` A Far Cry from You '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Just_Want_to_Be_Your_Everything&oldid=794938788 '' Categories : 1977 singles Songs written by Barry Gibb Andy Gibb songs Connie Smith songs Song recordings produced by Barry Gibb Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles RSO Records singles Monument Records singles 1976 songs Disco songs Funk songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2017 , at 23 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote i want to be your everything | [
"\"I Just Want to Be Your Everything\" was written by Barry Gibb in Bermuda as well as \"(Love Is) Thicker Than Water\" with Andy Gibb credited as co-writer on the latter.[2] It was recorded in October 1976; the sessions were produced mainly by Albhy Galuten and Karl Richardson and with Barry on this track and \"(Love Is) Thicker than Water\"; Galuten also played keyboards and piano. Eagles guitarist Joe Walsh contributed guitar on this song.[3] The track is a fairly dramatic love song, with the singer declaring his unending passion and stating that without her, he would die.[4]"
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"Barry Gibb"
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2142214063776378175 | Academic term | Academic term - wikipedia Academic term This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search `` Semester '' redirects here . For the astronomical sense of the term semester , see Eclipse cycle . An academic term ( or simply `` term '' ) is a portion of an academic year , the time during which an educational institution holds classes . The schedules adopted vary widely . A quarter system divides the academic year into four terms , one per season , with attendance required in three quarters per year to total 32 to 36 weeks of instruction . A semester system divides the academic year into two terms of equal length , with attendance required in both semesters to total 32 to 36 weeks of instruction . There is often an optional summer session half as long as a full semester . A trimester system divides the academic year into three terms of 14 to 16 weeks each , with attendance required in two trimesters per year , to total 28 to 32 weeks of instruction . The trimester evolved from the semester system in the 1960s and , thus , is compatible with it ( i.e. it is simply a semester shortened from 16 -- 18 weeks to 14 -- 16 weeks ) . The spring - summer trimester may be a full trimester or may be divided into distinct spring and summer half - trimester or shorter sessions , in which classes meet double - time ( or greater ) to provide the same instruction that would be received in a full trimester . The word quadmester or quadrimester is occasionally used to mean either four months or ( more commonly in modern American usage ) a quarter of a year . In countries like Argentina , public universities divide the academic year into two quadrimesters ( March -- July and August -- December ) . In most countries , the academic year begins in late summer or early autumn and ends during the following spring or summer . In Northern Hemisphere countries , this means that the academic year lasts from August , September , or October to May , June , or July . In Southern Hemisphere countries , the academic year aligns with the calendar year , lasting from February or March to November or December . The summer may or may not be part of the term system . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Australia 3 Austria 4 Barbados 5 Brazil 6 Bangladesh 7 Belgium 8 Cambodia 9 Canada 10 Chile 11 China 12 Costa Rica 13 Czech Republic 14 Denmark 15 Estonia 16 Ethiopia 17 Finland 18 France 19 Germany 19.1 Schools 19.2 Universities 19.3 Universities of Applied Sciences 19.4 Vocational - cooperative universities 20 Guyana 21 Honduras 22 Hong Kong 23 Hungary 24 India 25 Indonesia 26 Iran 27 Republic of Ireland 28 Israel 28.1 Public education 28.2 Yeshivas 29 Italy 29.1 Public holidays 30 Japan 31 Kenya 32 Lithuania 33 Malaysia 34 Maldives 35 Malta 36 Mexico 37 Nepal 38 New Zealand 39 Oman 40 Pakistan 41 Palestine 42 Philippines 42.1 Basic Education 42.2 Higher Education 43 Poland 44 Portugal 45 Romania 46 Russia 47 Singapore 47.1 Schools 47.2 Institute of Technical Education ( ITE ) 47.2. 1 For January intake 47.2. 2 For April intake 47.3 Polytechnics 47.4 Universities 48 Slovakia 49 Slovenia 50 South Africa 51 South Korea 52 Taiwan 53 Thailand 54 Turkey 55 Ukraine 56 United Kingdom 56.1 Historical context 56.2 Primary / Secondary education 56.3 England and Wales 56.3. 1 Alternative arrangements for English and Welsh schools 56.4 Northern Ireland 56.5 Scotland 56.6 Universities 57 United States 57.1 Primary and secondary 57.2 Community colleges 57.3 Collegiate calendars 58 See also 59 References Terminology ( edit ) Semester A semester ( Latin : sēmestris , lit. ' of six months ' ) has come to mean either of two academic terms , generally excluding the summer or January terms , if any , and so can be 12 to 20 weeks long . Trimester A trimester ( Latin : trimestris , lit. ' of three months ' ) divides the academic year into three periods , separated by breaks . In some jurisdictions , trimester is used in its original meaning to indicate a quarter system ( since three months is a quarter of a year ) , or a variation of it . Quarter A quarter is an academic term of about 12 weeks . An academic year divided into quarters allocates the same amount of time to summer term as to the autumn , winter , and spring terms . The terms quadmester and quadrimester are rarely used to describe a three - or four - term system . When US universities convert transfer credits between the semester / trimester and quarter systems , 36 quarter hours translate to 24 semester hours ( based on a ⁄ conversion factor ) ; conversely , 36 semester hours translate to 54 quarter hours ( based on a ⁄ conversion factor ) . Australia ( edit ) See also : Education in Australia In most of Australia , the primary and secondary school year lasts approximately 200 days , from late January or early February to early or mid-December , and is split into four terms : Term 1 starts in late January or early February and ends in late March or early April ( often in close proximity to Easter ) . Term 2 starts in late April or early May and ends in late June . Term 3 starts in mid-to - late July and ends mid-to - late September . Term 4 starts in mid-October and ends early to mid-December . Terms 4&1 ( rolled over ) and 2&3 are respectively usually deemed ' summer ' and ' winter ' respectively for purposes of sports participation and uniform standards . Australian states and territories vary their approach to Easter when determining the dates for the holiday at the end of Term 1 . The exact dates vary from year to year , as well as between states , and for public and private school . In Tasmania until and including 2012 , the school year was split into three terms , the first one being the longest and including an extended Easter holiday ( which was also the practice of mainland Australia until the mid-1980s ) . However , in 2013 Tasmania introduced a four - term year , to conform to the rest of the country . There is typically a break of two weeks mid-semester ( i.e. after Term 1 and after Term 3 ) and a break of three weeks in the middle of the year , although this can vary between jurisdictions . In the year 2000 , due to the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , the state of New South Wales extended the break after Term 3 to three weeks , compensating by reducing the break in the middle of the year to two weeks . Most Australian universities have two semesters a year , but Bond University , Deakin University , CQUniversity , Griffith University and the University of Canberra have three trimesters . Unusually , Macquarie University officially uses the word `` session '' and CQUniversity uses the word `` term '' in place of `` semester '' . Many universities offer an optional short summer semester . One recent innovation in Australian higher education has been the establishment of the fully distance -- online Open Universities Australia ( formerly Open Learning Australia ) that offers continuous study opportunities of individual units of study ( what are called courses in North America ) that can lead to full degree qualifications . Open Universities Australia operates four 13 - week study periods each year . Since students study only part - time and off campus these study periods mesh reasonably easily with existing university offerings based on semesters . In some cases , a `` semester '' is referred to as a `` Study Period '' , for example by Centrelink . Austria ( edit ) See also : Education in Austria The Austrian school year for primary and secondary schools is split into two terms , the first one starts on the first Monday in September in the states of Vienna , Lower Austria and Burgenland and on the second Monday of September in Upper Austria , Salzburg , Styria , Carinthia , Tyrol and Vorarlberg . Most schools have holidays between the national holiday on October 26 and All Souls Day on November 2 , but those are unofficial holidays not observed by all schools in Austria . Christmas holidays start on December 24 and end on the first weekday after January 6 . The first term ends in Vienna and Lower Austria on the first Friday of February , in Burgenland , Carinthia , Salzburg , Tyrol and Vorarlberg on the second Friday of February and in Upper Austria and Styria on the third Friday of February . There is a one - week break between the two terms . In the second term there are the Easter holidays , the Mayday Holiday on May 1 and the long weekends of Pentecost , Ascension and Corpus Christi . The school year ends in Vienna , Lower Austria and Burgenland on the last Friday of June , in Upper Austria , Styria , Carinthia , Salzburg , Tyrol and Vorarlberg on the first Friday in July . Barbados ( edit ) See also : Education in Barbados The Barbadian school year is fashioned after the British system , and as such , it follows a scheduling with three terms per school year . First term begins in the second week of September and continues for 15 weeks , ending in mid-December , excluding one week for mid-term break in mid-October . Second term begins in the first week of January and continues for 12 weeks , ending at the end of March . Third term begins mid-April and continues for 11 weeks until the end of June . The long school holiday period is 9 to 10 weeks from the end of June until the first week of September . Brazil ( edit ) See also : Education in Brazil In Brazil , due to the Law of Directives and Bases of Brazilian Education , the academic year must have 200 days , both at schools and at universities . The school year usually begins during the first week of February . There is a 2 - week / 4 - week long winter break in July . The Brazilian school year ends the first week of December , summer in Brazil . Most schools use the 4 term system , called `` Unidades '' ( unities ) . In Brazilian universities academic terms are defined as periods or semesters ( período , semestre ) . The majority of academic degrees courses are 8 semesters ( four years ) long or 10 semesters ( five years ) long . Bangladesh ( edit ) See also : Education in Bangladesh In Bangladesh , the kindergarten , elementary and schools follow the semester system . Most of the universities follow the semester system although for some particular subjects such as Law they follow a yearly system . Business schools of all public and private universities follow a semester or trimester system . Some of the universities using a two - semester system ( using `` Term 1 '' and `` Term 2 '' designations ) include : Jessore University of Science and Technology , Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology , Bangladesh Agricultural University , Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology , Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology , International Islamic University Chittagong , Khulna University , Khulna University of Engineering and Technology , Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology , Shahjalal University of Science and Technology. Jagannath University , and Sylhet Agricultural University . Some of the universities following a trimester system ( using `` Spring '' , `` Summer '' and `` Fall '' designations ) include : American International University - Bangladesh , BRAC University , East West University , Daffodil International University , North South University , Presidency University , Stamford University , Military Institute of Science and Technology , University of Information Technology and Sciences , University of Development Alternative ( UODA ) and United International University . Belgium ( edit ) See also : Education in Belgium In Belgium , kindergarten , elementary and secondary schools begin on September 1 and end on June 30 . Schools also take breaks / holidays : Autumn break : One week at the start of November Christmas break : Two weeks around Christmas and New Year Carnival break : One week in February . Easter break : Two weeks around Easter . Summer break : is always the break from the 1st of July until the 31st of August Ascension break : Thursday and Friday in early May to mid June Labor Day : May 1 Whitsun : Monday in mid May to late June Armistice Day : November 11 Universities and colleges in Belgium use the semester system , dividing the academic year in two equal parts of fourteen weeks of courses . Universities start the first semester in the third week of September , and no ' autumn break ' . Colleges start one week earlier , in the second week of September , giving them right to the ' autumn break ' of one week . After 13 weeks of courses the ' Christmas break ' starts ( around December 20 ) , which is used to study for the 3 -- 4 weeks of examinations in January . After these examinations the universities have one week of vacation , the so - called ' semestrial vacation ' , while the colleges start the classes of the second semester at the end of January , immediately after the examinations , which week they reclaim with the ' spring break ' at the end of February , which the universities do not have . The universities start the second semester in the beginning of February . Both universities and colleges have the ' Easter break ' , which again is used to study for the examinations in June . After Easter , the classes start again until the end of May , followed by four weeks of examinations in June , after which three months of vacation is given . The students who failed in passing some of the courses in their curriculum in January and June , the so - called ' first session ' , have to do the examinations again in the second session at the end of August . Cambodia ( edit ) In Cambodia the school year kindergarten sectors in public schools consists of 10 months with a two - month vacation , while in primary , and secondary sectors , it is divided into two semesters and each semester is divided into 2 quarters . The first of November is the start of the academic term . After the 1st semester , a small vacation when the school is halted and at the end of the Second Semester , a 2 - month vacation until the start of the new year . In universities , it is divided into 4 years . Canada ( edit ) See also : Education in Canada Education being a provincial responsibility , there is no Canadian national standard . In Canada the school year for elementary and high school consists of 178 to 200 days , depending on jurisdiction , but several days may be deducted from this total for professional development and administrative duties , resulting in approximately 187 teaching days per year for most jurisdictions . Elementary students receive approximately 950 hours of instruction and secondary students receive approximately 1000 hours per year . Generally in English Canada , high schools run on a two - semester arrangement , also known as fall and spring semester , the first semester starting from the day after Labour Day in September to mid-January and the second running from early February until the Thursday before the last Friday in June . The semesters are often divided into two terms each . Some schools in Canada run on a trimester system , the first running from September to January , the second from January to March or April , and the third from March or April until June . The trimester is more common in elementary and middle schools ( Kindergarten - Grade 8 ) than in high schools ( Grade 9 - Grade 12 ) . Most of those characteristics differ in Québec , where education is , with the exception of a few school boards , given in French . By tradition , Quebec and Franco - Ontarian elementary and secondary schools will arrange timetables to ensure the school year ends before June 24 , date of the St - Jean - Baptiste day celebration , a traditional holiday . Most universities and colleges usually run from early September until the end of April or early May . Often , this winter session is split into two terms running September to December and January to April . Various forms of summer studies may be offered May to August . Some , such as University of Waterloo and Simon Fraser University , run a full tri-semester system , providing full courses during summer . There are a few school boards in Canada experimenting with year - round schooling . Chile ( edit ) See also : Education in Chile In elementary school , high school , as well as in universities , Chilean education is divided into two semesters . The first one starts late February or early March and lasts until late June and the second starts in early August and finishes in mid-December ; also , some universities offer a summer period from early January to mid-February but just for exceptional courses . These semesters have breaks for public festivities , such as Easter ( approx . one week in April ) , independence commemoration ( one or two weeks in September ) and some public holidays like labour day , amongst others . China ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2012 ) See also : Education in the People 's Republic of China In the People 's Republic of China all schools including elementary , middle and high schools , colleges and universities have two semesters , the first from September to January , and the second from February or March , depending on the date of Chinese New Year , to July . From January to February or March is the Winter break or Lunar New Year break . Summer break is normally from July to the end of August . In Northern China , the winter break is longer and the summer break is shorter ; the opposite applies in Southern China . There are some casual holiday breaks : New year holiday : from 1 Jan. to 3 Jan . Lunar New year holiday : In Jan. or Feb . It lasts for around four weeks . Tomb sweeping day : Set according to Lunar Calendar . Usually start of April . Labor 's day : 4 Apr. to 6 Apr . Dragon Boat Festival : Set according to Lunar Calendar . Usually about May and June . Mid-autumn Festival : Set according to Lunar Calendar . Usually about middle of September . National day : From 1st Oct. to 7 Oct for Chinese students . Costa Rica ( edit ) In Costa Rica the school year runs for ten months . It starts in the first week of February and ends in the last week of November . There is a mid-term vacation of approximately 2 weeks in July , and most schools also observe `` Easter Week '' in March or April . Czech Republic ( edit ) See also : Education in the Czech Republic In the elementary and high schools in the Czech Republic , the school year usually runs from September 1 to June 30 of the following year . It is divided into two semesters with breaks on public holidays such as St. Vaclav ( September 28 ) , Independence day ( October 28 , two days break ) , Velvet Revolution ( November 17 ) , Christmas ( 7 -- 10 days break ) , Spring break ( 1 week break ) , Easter ( three days break on Maundy Thursday , Good Friday and Easter Monday ) and finally Labour day ( May 1 ) and Liberation day ( May 8 ) . After the end of school year on June 30 , the Summer holidays follow till September 1 when a new school year starts . Sole exception to this is the final year at high schools , which ends with Graduation of students at the end of May . Universities have two mid-terms . The academic year starts usually in the second half of September or in the begging of October . ( It depends on university . ) Bachelor 's degree is normally obtained by students after 3 years and masters after another 2 years of study . Still , there are some exceptions ( e.g. medicine takes 6 years , no bachelor 's degree ) . Denmark ( edit ) See also : Education in Denmark In schools in Denmark , the school year runs from August to June . In universities , the academic year runs from around September 1 to June 30 , and is often divided into an autumn semester ( with January set aside for exams ) and a spring semester ( with June set aside for exams ) . Since 2004 , some Danish universities and faculties divide the academic year into four quarters , each of which may consist of eight weeks and an exam week , and being separated from the next quarter by a one - week break . Estonia ( edit ) See also : Education in Estonia In Estonia , elementary and high schools begin on 1 September and end in the beginning of June . The school year is divided into quarters that last about two to three months . Summer is usually counted as a term break , although the beginning of June is still part of the fourth quarter . Universities start on the first Monday of September and usually end in the middle of May or in the beginning of June ; though in reality , exam periods may continue until the end of June ( e.g. University of Tartu ) . Ethiopia ( edit ) See also : Education in Ethiopia In Ethiopia , almost all elementary , secondary , and college classes are conducted on a two - semester timetable . The first semester of the year is from September to late January or mid February . The second semester usually begins some two weeks after the end of the first and ends in late May or mid June . Finland ( edit ) See also : Education in Finland In the elementary and secondary schools and college , the academic year is divided in semesters . The autumn semester begins in mid-August and is suspended a few days before Christmas . The classes continue after the Epiphany with the spring semester which finishes at the beginning of June . France ( edit ) See also : Education in France In primary and secondary schools , the school year begins the first Monday of September , unless September 1 is on Sunday . The school year is divided into three trimesters . The first from September to January , the second from January to April , and the third is from April to June . School Breaks Breaks are scattered throughout the school year every 6 , 7 or 8 weeks and last 2 weeks each . All Saint Break The first break is around All Saints ' Day on November 1 . Christmas Break Christmas Break starts the Saturday before Christmas . Winter Break Winter Break dates differ of the Academia 's location , which could be in Zone A , B , or C , to avoid high traffic on the road . It usually starts in February , ends late February or early March . Easter Break Easter Break depends on the location of Academia . It starts in April , and ends late April or early May . End of Academic term - Summer Break In primary school , end of Acamedic term is early July . In secondary school ( middle school or high school ) end of Academic term is before Middle School Exam in late June , or Baccalaureat , in mid-June . On Mondays , Tuesdays , Thursdays , and Fridays , pupils have a full day of teaching from around 8 : 30 a.m. until around 4 : 30 p.m. On Wednesday mornings , some pupils may have supplementary classes . French pupils used to attend school on Saturdays , but the so - called `` four - days week '' has been implemented since September 2008 , reducing the teaching year from 936 to 864 hours ( above the European average of 800 hours , but below the UK minimum of 950 hours for state schools ) . Additional holidays include Veterans Day on November 11 , May 8 , Ascension Day , May Day on May 1 , and Easter Monday . Germany ( edit ) See also : Education in Germany Schools ( edit ) The school year in Germany begins between late July and early September , and ends from mid-June to July , with a summer break of similar length to that in the UK ( only 6 weeks ) but much shorter than in some other countries ( with up to 3 months ) . The summer vacation starts in a different week by state ( there are 16 federal states including Berlin , Hamburg and Bremen ) . The school year includes four or five shorter breaks or holidays : Christmas Break : Two weeks around Christmas and New Year Winter Break : One week or two weeks ( only in a few states , a few days in some other ) of February or the beginning of March . Called Carnival Break if they start at Carnival Monday . Easter Break : Two weeks of March / April Whitsun Break : One or two weeks around Whitsun Summer Break : Six weeks , may start as early as mid June ( then school starts again in late July in this state ) or as late as in the end of July ( then school starts again only in early September in that state ) . On the Halligen ( tidal islands in the North Sea ) the summer vacations are five weeks . Autumn Break : One week or two weeks in October / November . Due to Germany 's federal structure , all breaks may differ depending on the state . The exact dates for the beginning and the end of school breaks are kept different state by state and changed every year . This is meant to keep holiday traffic as low as possible . The school year is divided into two parts ( September to February & February to July ) . There is not necessarily any break between those two parts , but pupils get a semi-year school report ( it only displays their current level and is not relevant for promotion ) . Universities ( edit ) German universities run two semesters with the start and end dates depending on the university . The Wintersemester ( WiSe ) , during which most students start university , often goes from 1 October till 31 March , with lectures starting around 15 October and lasting 14 weeks . There is usually a two - week break around Christmas and New Year ( which is not counted in the 14 weeks ) . The Sommersemester ( SoSe ) consequently usually goes from 1 April till 30 September with lectures starting some time after Easter and lasting 12 weeks . The two lecture - free periods of 12 to 14 weeks between the semesters are for taking exams , doing internships , lab courses , and employment . The University of Mannheim changed its schedule to conform with US standards in Fall of 2006 . The semesters there are now from August 1 to January 31 ( Herbst - / Wintersemester ) and from February 1 to July 31 ( Frühjahrs - / Sommersemester ) . Universities of applied Sciences ( edit ) `` Fachhochschulen '' start both semesters one month earlier than other universities . Vocational - cooperative universities ( edit ) `` Berufsakademien '' have four quarters , January to March and so on . In alternating quarters the students attend the university and intern at the employer ( the latter being the `` Praxisphase '' ) . The number of lessons per week is significantly higher than at normal universities ( equivalent to a full - time job ) and the exams can not be during the `` free time '' of the year , as that time is spent in the company . Vacation is given according to labor laws , i.e. half of 20 -- 30 days ( because only half of the year is worked ) . Guyana ( edit ) See also : Education in Guyana The school year in Guyana usually begins in September and ends in July of the following year . It has three terms : Christmas ( First ) , Easter ( Second ) and August ( Third ) , with two to three weeks break for Christmas and Easter and 6 to 7 weeks during the August term . Honduras ( edit ) The school year in Honduras runs from the first week of February to the end of November , with a one - week break during Easter , and a week break in October . University Depending on the university , some do trimester and others in quarters . Breaks may vary . Hong Kong ( edit ) See also : Education in Hong Kong In Hong Kong , the academic year usually runs from September 1 to mid-July for most primary and secondary schools . For senior secondary student , they usually start their academic year from mid of August or late August . Some secondary schools have two terms , but most have three terms . For universities and other tertiary institutions the academic year usually runs from September or October to April or May , sometimes with an extra summer term roughly from May to July . Kindergartens often operate a semester ( two - term ) system , divided by the lengthy ( e.g. two - week ) break for Chinese New Year , typically in early February . Hungary ( edit ) See also : Education in Hungary In the elementary and high schools in Hungary , the school year usually runs from September 1 to June 15 of the next year , with variation if these dates fall on Saturday or Sunday . The school year ( tanév ) is usually split into two semesters ( félév ) . These semesters are also divided , with some schools holding examinations each half - semester . The first semester runs from September 1 till the middle of January and is divided by the fall vacation , which is around All Saints ' Day and lasts for a week . The second semester is closed at the end of the school year . It is divided by the Easter holiday , which usually consist of the weekend before Easter and the holiday itself . Apart from these vacations and national celebrations , a few schools have ' skiing holidays ' ( síszünet ) , the date of which varies from the middle of January till February , though some schools hold it in December . Its length also varies from one school to another . It is made so that the students of the school who partake in the skiing camp of the school need no verification of absence . In the last school year of secondary education , the Matura examinations ( school - leaving exam and entrance exam for university admissions ; similar to A-level exams in the UK ) are administered from May through July . Hungarian universities run two semesters . They are typically from the first or second week of September to the middle of December ( fall semester ( őszi félév ) ) and from February to the middle of May ( spring semester ( tavaszi félév ) ) . Both semesters are followed by an examination period . During the winter exam period , a break of 1 -- 2 weeks is administered between Christmas and the beginning of the new year . In addition to the break between the semesters in summer , there is typically a break including Christmas and New Year . Some universities also have a fall and an Easter vacation . India ( edit ) See also : Education in India In elementary and secondary schools , the school year in some part is April to March and others June to May , while in Universities it is from July to May . There is a mid-year break during summer , usually from the end of May to the start of July in Universities and in elementary and high schools , the vacations range from the beginning of April and last up to the beginning or middle of June . There is also a winter vacation of two weeks at the beginning of the year . However , in the Eastern and southern states like West Bengal and Karnataka there will be two breaks , one for Dasara in September / October for 15 days and another for Christmas in December which ranges from 7 to 15 days . A semester system is being implemented in most of the Universities in India as directed by the University Grants Commission . University of Calicut , Kerala University , MG University and Sri Sankara University ( SCSVMV University ) have reached a consensus and the other universities are also likely to introduce credit based semester system in Kerala . Delhi University also introduced this system . For Jammu and Kashmir , the school year usually begins in mid-October or the start of November . There are two vacations in a year , Winter holidays last from the start of December till the first of March . A summer vacation usually lasts two weeks from mid-July to the end of July , the dates do vary . For schools , students move from old to the new academic year immediately after the exams for the previous year is over with a small break of a week for compilation of results . Most schools also have an autumn break or Diwali break in August or around October / November . This is generally right before the second semester exam in September or in the middle of the second semester . Indonesia ( edit ) See also : Education in Indonesia An academic year in Indonesia is divided to two terms , running from mid-July to December and January to mid-June . For universities , however , the terms are much shorter , running from September to December and February to May . Some universities provide a summer semester ( called the short semester ) from June to August . During president Abdurrahman Wahid 's term , schools are closed for Ramadan and a week after Eid - ul - Fitr ( Idul Fitri ) . Some schools implement Saturday - off . Previously , academic year starts from January to December , but this rule changed in 1985 . Iran ( edit ) See also : Education in Iran In Iran , the academic year runs from September to June ( 10 months ) . Some universities , however , offer a limited number of courses in summer . Students have a three - month summer vacation . All schools are closed during Nowruz from march 20 till the beginning of April to celebrate the Iranian new year . The first ( fall ) semester begins on the first day of the Persian Calendar month of Mehr equivalent to the first day of autumn in the Northern Hemisphere and ends in January . The second ( spring ) semester begins in the winter and ends in June . No mid-term break exists in the academic calendar . Republic of Ireland ( edit ) See also : Education in the Republic of Ireland The primary school year runs from the beginning of September until the end of June . There are breaks for Christmas and Easter and two mid-term breaks at the end of October and mid-February . Secondary schools run from September to the end of May , but due to the Junior Certificate and Leaving Certificate exams , 3rd and 6th years respectively break at the end of June for summer holidays upon completion of the exams which end in the 3rd week of June . The academic year for schools in receipt of public funding lasts for a minimum of 167 teaching days in secondary schools and 183 days in primary schools . Third - level institutions run a much shorter calendar , generally from mid to late September , sometimes early October , to December for their first term The second term usually runs from January to mid - or late May with a break for Easter of up to a month . Israel ( edit ) See also : Education in Israel Public education ( edit ) The school year in Israel starts in elementary , middle , and high schools on September 1 , and lasts until the end of June for elementary schools , and until June 20 for middle and high schools . There are no fixed holidays of equal length , with breaks occurring on national holidays , usually lasting two or three days . For Jews , there is a nine - day break for Sukkot ( autumn ) ; a seven - day break for Hannukah ( in December ) ; and for Passover ( spring ) the break is 2 -- 3 weeks long . For the Muslim population , breaks are taken for Eid al - Adha , Eid ul - Fitr and end of semester breaks . The university academic year typically divides into two semesters which start after Sukkot ( typically mid to late October ) and end in June or July . Some academic institutions also enable a third semester in the summer . The short breaks : Eid ul - Fitr : the end of Ramadan , three - to five - day break , according to the lunar calendar ( only in Islamic schools ) . Eid al - Adha : the end of Hajj , four - day break , according to the lunar calendar ( only in Islamic schools ) . Rosh Hashanah : three - day break ; the break is sometime between September 4 and October 6 . Yom Kippur : two - day break ; the break is sometime between September 13 and October 15 . ( see note below from 2012 ) . Sukkot : nine - day break in late September or in October . Purim : three - day break , the break in late February or early March . Yom Ha'atzmaut : one - day break , the break in late April or early May . The previous day , Yom Hazikaron , is a half day . Lag BaOmer : one - day break , the break in early May or mid-May . Shavuot : three - day break , the break in late May or early June . The school year in Israel is divided into two semesters : Semester 1 : From 1 September to late January or early February . Semester 2 : From late January or early February to late June . Until 2011 the summer break ended on August 31 , but in 2011 Israeli ministry of education decided to shorten the summer break by one week and the break now ends on August 26 as of 2012 . In 2014 , the old schedule was reinstated so that the summer break is back to August 31 . The period between Yom Kippur and Sukkot was added as holiday to compensate for this but as of 2014 , has consequently been removed . Yeshivas ( edit ) In most Yeshivas , the year is divided into three periods ( terms ) called zmanim . Elul zman starts from the beginning of the Hebrew month of Elul and extends until the end of Yom Kippur . This is the shortest ( approx . six weeks ) , but most intense semester as it comes before the High Holidays of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur . Winter zman starts after Sukkot and lasts until just before Passover , a duration of five months ( six in a Jewish leap year ) . Summer semester starts after Passover and lasts until either the middle of the month of Tammuz or Tisha B'Av , a duration of about three months . During the interim periods , which are called bein hazmanim ( between the terms ) , students are on vacation . Italy ( edit ) See also : Education in Italy In Italy , all schools start in the first half of September , even though the exact beginning date changes every year . For schools from primary schools to high schools , the academic year is split into two semesters : First semester : from September to February ; Second semester : from February to the beginning of June . Kindergartens usually follow a similar schedule . A university academic year is slightly different because of exams . University academic year divides into : First semester : from the beginning of October to the end of February . Some courses begin as early as September . Throughout January and February , there are usually no lessons , only exams . Second semester : from the beginning of March to the end of July . Throughout the second half of May and the months of June and July , there are also no lessons in most universities , only exams . Even though September is a free month , it is officially an exam month in all Italian universities . It means that it is possible to take exams . During every exam session ( January -- February , May -- June -- July or September ) , students are usually allowed to take any exam of their previous carrier that they could n't pass and even a certain number of exams of the new academic year ( credit limit for this last option ) . Public holidays ( edit ) In the following holidays , no lessons take place : Carnival ( particularly Mardi Gras ) -- usually on February ; Easter - date changing every year , usually in March or April and lasting 5 -- 7 days ; Liberation Anniversary -- on the 25th April ; Labour Day - on the 1st May ; Anniversario della Repubblica ( Anniversary of the Republic ) - on the 2nd June ; Tutti i Santi ( All Saints ) - on the 1st November ; Immacolata concezione ( Immaculate Conception ) - on the 8th December ; Christmas , New Year 's Eve and Epiphany - from 23 December to 6 January ( included ) Japan ( edit ) See also : Education in Japan In Japan , most of the schools run a three - term school year ( trimester system ) , and most universities and colleges have a semester system . The exact date of the beginning of the summer break and its duration vary across regions , but commonly the break lasts for about six weeks . The break originated to avoid the heat in summer , so elementary , middle , and high schools in Hokkaidō and Nagano Prefecture tend to have a shorter summer break than the rest of schools in Japan . School Term 1 : April 1 to late July School Term 2 : early September to late December ( with a two - week - long break for New Year 's at the end of the year . ) School Term 3 : early January to late March ( and a brief week - long spring break . ) The graduation ceremony occurs in March , and the enrollment ceremony in early April . The Japanese public school year consists of approximately 200 days . Some universities and colleges accept students in September or October in order to let those students from other semester systems enroll . In recent years a few colleges have begun experimenting with having two semesters instead of the traditional three with the break between two semesters in summer . Kenya ( edit ) In Kenya , for K - 12 education , the calendar year starts in January and ends in November . The academic year is divided into 3 terms as follows : Term 1 : Early January -- Late March Term 2 : Early May -- Late July Term 3 : Early September -- Early / Mid November April , August and December are usually school holidays . There is no standard academic calendar for universities as each university is free to set its own calendar . International schools tend to follow the Northern Hemisphere academic calendar . Lithuania ( edit ) See also : Education in Lithuania In Lithuania , elementary and high schools begin on September 1 and end in early June . Schools also take breaks / holidays : Autumn break : One week at the start of November Christmas break : Two weeks around Christmas and New Year Additional break : One week at the end of February . ( Only in primary school and primary classes in schools for older pupils . ) Easter break : One week around Easter . Summer break : From early June to August 31 Malaysia ( edit ) See also : Education in Malaysia In Malaysian primary and secondary schools , the school year is divided into two semesters . The first semester begins in early January and ends in late May , with a one - week mid-term break in March . After the mid-year holidays , which lasts for two weeks , the second semester begins in mid-June and ends in mid-November , with a one - week mid-term break in September . The school year ends with a six - week year - end holidays from mid-November to early January . The school week varies by state , depending on the weekend of the state . For states with a Saturday - Sunday weekend , the school week is Monday to Friday . For states with a Friday - Saturday weekend ( Johor , Kedah , Kelantan , and Terengganu ) , the school week is Sunday to Thursday ; as a result , school terms begin and end a day earlier in these four states than in the rest of the country . Some schools have co-curricular activities on Saturdays . Schools are closed on national and state public holidays . Schools are allowed to have a few special holidays without replacement for events such as school anniversary and sports day . For festivities such as Hari Raya Aidilfitri / Hari Raya Puasa , Hari Gawai , Chinese New Year and Deepavali , schools usually apply for additional holidays to allow longer breaks for students to visit relatives in their hometowns . However , every day missed exceeding the special holiday allowance would be replaced by having classes on weekends . Maldives ( edit ) See also : Education in the Maldives In Maldivians primary and secondary schools , the school year is divided into two semesters . The first semester begins in early January and ends in early June , with a one - week mid-term break . After the mid-year holidays , which lasts for two weeks , the second semester begins in mid-June and ends in mid-November , with a one - week mid-term break . The school week is Sunday to Thursday , as a result , all schools terms begin and end same day all over the country . Malta ( edit ) See also : Education in Malta The school year is split into three terms . It starts at the end of September and ends at the end of June the following year . Mexico ( edit ) See also : Education in Mexico The school year in Mexico starts in mid-August and ends in mid-July , by law covering 200 days , usually divided into 5 terms : Term 1 starts in mid-August and finishes in mid-October Term 2 starts in mid-October and finishes by the second or third week in December Term 3 starts the first week of January ( after Three Kings Day ) and finishes around the third week of February ( Flag Day ) Term 4 starts in late February and finishes late March or early April ( usually the Friday before Palm Sunday ) Term 5 starts the second Monday after Easter and finishes in early July Summer break is 45 days . The calendar is designed by the Secretary of Public Education ( Spanish : Secretaría de Educación Pública , SEP ) , the government department overseeing public education aln in Mexico with arrangements of the leaders of the National Educational Workers Union ( Spanish : Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación , SNTE ) . All public and private elementary schools under the guidance of the dependence observe this year . In the case of universities , normally the school year starts in the last week of July and is divided in trimesters or semesters . Christmas Break is usually 3 weeks . Nepal ( edit ) See also : Education in Nepal Education in Nepal is structured as school education and higher education . School education includes primary level of grades 1 -- 5 , lower secondary and secondary levels of grades 6 -- 8 and 9 -- 10 respectively . Pre-primary level of education is available in some areas . Six years old is the prescribed age for admission into grade one . A national level School Leaving Certificate ( SLC ) examination is conducted at the end of grade 10. These class starts in late April and finishes early March . Summer break is usually of 1 week to 1 month and 1 month vacation is provided as festival holiday in November usually . Grades 11 and 12 are considered as higher secondary level . Higher Secondary Education Board ( HSEB ) supervises higher secondary schools which are mostly under private management . Previously these grades were under the university system and were run as proficiency certificate level . Though some universities still offer these programs , the policy now is to integrate these grades into the school system. These class starts from late July and ends in April . Higher education consists of bachelor , masters , and PhD levels . Depending upon the stream and subject , bachelors level may be of three to five years ' duration . The duration of masters level is generally two years . Some universities offer programs like M Phil and post-graduate diplomas . Vocational education in Nepal starts after lower secondary education . Students can choose to follow a two - year curriculum leading to the `` Technical School leaving Certificate '' . Universities also offers professional and technical degrees . Out of the formal track , short - term programs ( 1 year ) focusing on skills development are also available . New Zealand ( edit ) See also : Education in New Zealand The New Zealand school year runs from the beginning of February to mid-December , and since 1996 , has been divided into four terms . By law , all state and state - integrated schools are required to be open for instruction for 380 half - days in a year ( 390 half - days for schools with only Year 8 students or below ) , meaning that the start and end of the school year is not nationally fixed to a particular date , as schools take different teacher - only days and provincial anniversary days off during the year . Schools can be exempted from opening the required number of half - days in some cases , such as in Christchurch in 2011 when many schools closed for up to a month after the 2011 Christchurch earthquake . The breaks between terms have fixed start and end dates , and the break length is fixed at two weeks . In general , terms run as follows if Easter falls in early - to - mid-April : Term 1 : Begins no earlier than Auckland Anniversary Day ( Monday closest to 29 January ) and no later than 7 February ; ends Maundy Thursday ( day before Good Friday ) Term 2 : Begins second Monday following Easter Monday ; ends beginning of July Term 3 : Begins mid-July ; ends mid-to - late September Term 4 : Begins early - to - mid October ; ends no later than 20 December If Easter falls in March or late in April , Term 1 usually ends in mid-April and Term 2 begins at the beginning of May . If Easter is in March , a 5 - day half - term break then exists , with school ending on Maundy Thursday and resuming on the Wednesday . The start of term two may be delayed if Anzac Day ( 25 April ) falls on the Monday or Tuesday directly following the Easter break . Private schools are not required to adhere to the Ministry 's term structure , but by law they may not be open for instruction on Saturday or Sunday , the ten national public holidays , the school location 's relevant anniversary day , and the Tuesday immediately following Easter Monday . Senior secondary students ( Years 11 , 12 , and 13 ) in many state schools have examination leave from mid-November , on the Thursday or Friday before the first NCEA external examinations begin . Officially , however , the term still does not end until mid-December . Oman ( edit ) See also : Education in Oman The school year in Oman is divided into two semesters : First semester starts in early September and runs to mid-January depending on the level . Second semester runs from early February to late May . Usually there are exams at the end of each semester . Students get a number of breaks throughout the year : National Day on 18 November , New Higri year break , Prophet Mohammed birthday break , Eid Al - Fitr break and Eid Al - Adha break . As most of these breaks depend on the Higri year which is 10 days shorter than the Solar year , there is a gradual change on the date of these events in relation to the school year . Pakistan ( edit ) See also : Education in Pakistan In Pakistan , the school year runs from April to March . Students have a two - month summer vacation and a two - week winter vacation . In Gilgit - Baltistan , Azad Kashmir and some areas of Balochistan , where heavy snow paralyzes life in the winter , the schools close for two months and there are two weeks of summer vacation . Schools and universities are off on national holidays : Pakistan Day ( March 23 ) , Independence Day ( August 14 ) , Defence of Pakistan Day ( September 6 ) , the anniversaries of the birth ( December 25 ) and death ( September 11 ) of Quaid - e-Azam , Allama Iqbal ( November 9 ) and the birth ( July 30 ) and death ( July 8 ) of Madar - e-Millat . Labour Day ( also known as May Day ) is also observed in Pakistan on May 1 . Both Eid festivals are also public holidays . In the University of Engineering and Technology Lahore , the holidays are for two and half months during summer . For the government universities , the students of bachelors are given 1 - 1.5 month of summer vacation and 1 - 1.5 weeks of winter vacations . Palestine ( edit ) See also : Education in the Palestinian territories Philippines ( edit ) See also : Education in the Philippines Basic education ( edit ) The Philippine school year lasts usually between nine and ten months long , and a school year must be at least 200 days as prescribed by law including examination periods . The school year begins in the first week of June and ends in the third or fourth week of March . Private schools may have a slightly shorter academic calendar either starting in the second ( or third week ) of June or ending earlier in March . In most primary and secondary ( junior high ) schools , an academic year is usually divided into quarters for purposes of examination and reporting of marks though a few private schools adopt a trimestral system . Each quarter normally lasts for approximately seven ( usually the 3rd quarter ) to ten weeks ( usually the 1st , 2nd and 4th quarters ) but the actual length of each quarter and the months they cover varies among private schools . The fourth quarter for pupils in grade 6 is usually two to three weeks shorter than undergraduates to allow for preparation of final grades to determine who are eligible for graduation as well as to prepare for the graduation ceremonies themselves . Each quarter culminates in most schools with a quarterly examination period of three to five days . Quarter Usual Months covered ( including exam periods ) Breaks after the exam 1st June - mid-August none 2nd mid-August - late - October Semestral break : approximately one week 3rd November - 3rd week of December Christmas break : approximately two weeks 4th January - mid-late March Summer break : approximately eight to nine weeks and it separates one school year from another . The academic term for senior high school ( grades 11 and 12 ) operates on a semestral basis . Semestral , Christmas , and summer breaks are scheduled at about the same time as primary and junior high school . Grade 12 pupils have a shorter second semester than grade 11 in order for the school to prepare for graduation . In most schools , summer break usually lasts for two months , starting from the first week of April up to the last week of May . Most schools end the school year before Holy Week . Semestral break is normally set to coincide with All Saints and All Souls Day . The Christmas Break usually begins in the third week of December , and classes resume the Monday or week after New Year 's Day ( unless that Monday is January 2 ) . Commencement ceremonies are often held in late March or early April . Exceptions to this general schedule are international schools operating in the country , which normally follow their home country 's respective school system . Higher education ( edit ) For most universities and colleges , an academic year is divided into two semesters , each up to 18 weeks long except for senior students in their final semester where they end the semester two weeks earlier . Enrollment / registration in an institution is usually good for only one semester : a student who successfully registers for the first semester is not automatically enrolled to study in the second semester . The student will need to successfully complete clearance requirements and in a few cases , maintain a certain overall mark in order to progress in her university studies in the next semester . The first semester is followed by a break consisting of two to four weeks before the second semester , called the Semestral Break , which usually occurs between the second week of October to the second week of November for all universities and colleges . The Semestral Break can be two to three weeks long , and normally includes the All Saints ' and All Souls ' holidays . Other schools such as Technological University of the Philippines -- Taguig Campus , De La Salle University and Far Eastern University -- East Asia College , and AMA Computer University operate under a trimestral system . Classes start in the fourth week of May and ends in the third week of April . Under this system , students are typically able to finish their academic studies a year earlier than those from other universities with a semestral programme . Mapúa University began using the quarterly system with eleven weeks to a term after its acquisition by the Yuchengco Group . This allows their engineering programmes to be completed a year ahead of schools running on a semestral schedule . Moreover , starting academic year 2014 - 2015 , constituent campuses in the University of the Philippines System started their school year in August to end in May and the University of Santo Tomas started the Academic Year in August and it will end in May 2015 . In AY 2015 - 2016 , several Philippine colleges and universities will follow the shift . In AY 2015 - 2016 , San Beda College Manila and St. Scholastica 's College Manila will start their calendar in early July 2015 and it will end in mid - to late April 2016 and it was aimed to be a transition to a full August to May Calendar in the succeeding academic years . Also in AY 2015 - 2016 , the University of Santo Tomas , will complete its shift to an August to May calendar . Ateneo de Manila University will also shift to an August to May Calendar this AY 2015 - 2016 with having a summer term in June to July before AY 2015 - 2016 starts . De La Salle University and De La Salle -- College of St. Benilde will have an August to August Calendar for the incoming AY 2015 - 2016 . Poland ( edit ) See also : Education in Poland In Poland , the school year begins on September 1 and ends on the first Friday after June 18 . There is a Christmas break in December which lasts until after New Year 's Day . There is also a winter holiday break lasting two weeks in January or February but the exact date is different for each province and the dates usually change each year . Winter break is also the dividing line between the two semesters of the school year . Most universities start their courses on October 1 ( at some institutions late September ) , and the first semester ( commonly referred to as the `` winter term '' ) ends in January . The second term starts in February or March , ( the `` summer term '' ) and ends in June . Each semester is usually 15 or 16 weeks long . After each of them there is an `` examination session '' , when no courses are taught , which lasts up to one month . The summer break starts after the exams and lasts until the start of the next academic year . In September there is an extra examination session during which students can retake failed exams . Portugal ( edit ) See also : Education in Portugal The school year in Portugal runs from September to June and is divided in three Terms ( Períodos , in Portuguese ) : 1st Term : From mid-September until mid-December . 2nd Term : From the beginning of January until Easter ( March -- April ) . 3rd Term : From the week after Easter ( April ) until the end of June ( except for 9th , 11th and 12th grades , which finish early due to exams ) . During the school year there are several breaks or holidays ( interrupções or férias , in Portuguese ) : Christmas Break : Usually beginning in the 3rd week of December and lasts for two weeks including Christmas and New Year holidays . The 2nd term then begins , often in the first Monday of January . Carnival Break : Three days ( Monday , Tuesday and Wednesday ) during Carnival . This break used to be one week long but in recent years it has been reduced . Easter Break : Two weeks including Easter . It varies from year to year , but it is usually around late March or middle April . Summer Break : Usually known as `` Férias Grandes '' ( Big Holidays ) it lasts during the summer from late June to middle September and it separates one school year from another . Universities and colleges follow a different academic year , which consists of two semesters . Romania ( edit ) See also : Education in Romania The school year in Romania is divided into two semesters . From kindergarten to high school the first semester opens in early - mid September and continues until mid-late January . The second semester lasts from early February until early - mid June . Note that Some teachers might change the calendar a bit , like starting semesters and summer break one week earlier . Data as of December 7 , 2017 . Russia ( edit ) See also : Education in Russia The school year in Russia traditionally starts on September 1 ( The Knowledge Day ) . The school year is divided into four terms ( quarters ) , separated by one - or two - week holidays ( the first week in November , the first two weeks in January , and the last week of March ) . The summer holiday lasts three months : June , July , and August . Generally the school year lasts until 25 May , which is also known as The Last School - Bell day celebrated by the graduates , their families and teachers . The school graduation ceremony - Graduation Evening ( Russian : выпускной вечер ) - is organized on June 20 -- 25 . The academic year at universities also starts on September 1 and usually consists of 42 educational weeks and 10 weeks of holidays . It is divided into two terms ( semesters ) . The first one ( autumn semester ) runs from September 1 to January 24 / 25 ( 21 weeks , including a 3 - to 5 - week winter exams session at the end ) followed by a two - week holiday . Coincidentally January 25 is also Tatiana Day , traditionally celebrated as Russian Students Day . The second one ( spring semester ) runs from February 9 to June 30 or July 4 / 5 ( 21 weeks , including a 3 - to 5 - week summer exams session ) followed by an eight - week summer holiday . Some Russian universities do not use a traditional scheme : they exclude exams sessions , and the academic year is divided in a 2 : 3 ratio of 17 educational weeks ( followed by a two - week holiday ) and 25 educational weeks ( followed by an eight - week summer holiday ) . Singapore ( edit ) See also : Education in Singapore Schools ( edit ) The school year coincides with the calendar year , and the first term begins on January 2 ( unless it is a weekend or a Monday ) . The school year comprises four terms of 10 weeks each . Term 1 : January to March ( Term 1 holidays : one week ) Term 2 : March to May ( Term 2 holidays : four weeks ) Term 3 : July to September ( Term 3 holidays : one week ) Term 4 : September to November ( Term 4 holidays : seven weeks ) Terms 1 and 2 are known as Semester 1 , and terms 3 and 4 as Semester 2 . The first year of Junior College begins in February to accommodate the release of the O level results . International schools in Singapore operate on a different system , often similar to the system in their home countries . Institute of Technical education ( ITE ) ( edit ) The training year in ITE is made up of two terms , commencing January and April respectively , depending on the month of intake . For January intake ( edit ) Term 1 : January to June ( with a 2 - week break period in March ) Term 2 : July to December ( with a 2 - week break period in September ) At the end of each term , there will be a 4 - week break period before a new term begins . For April intake ( edit ) Term 1 : April to September ( with a 4 - week break period in June ) Term 2 : October to March ( with a 4 - week break period in December ) At the end of each term , there will be a 2 - week break period before a new term begins . Polytechnics ( edit ) Polytechnics and universities operate on a different calendar from schools . There are two semesters in a year in polytechnics . Semester 1 : April to August ( with a 2 - week break period in June ) Semester 2 : October to February ( with a break period around Christmas ) At the end of each semester , there will be a 7 - week break period before a new semester begins . Universities ( edit ) It is to match the northern hemisphere calendar more closely . Semester 1 : August to December Semester 2 : January to May Slovakia ( edit ) See also : Education in Slovakia The school year for elementary , grammar and high schools begins on September 2 ( September 1 is Constitution Day ) and ends June 29 of the following year . The school day starts at 8 : 00 a.m. and ends at 2 : 00 p.m. ( time varies due to day and type of school ) . in most schools . It is split into two halves , with the first half ending on the last day of January . Universities starts in second half of September or 1 October . Academic year consist of 2 semesters ( winter / until December / and summer / until May / ) . Slovenia ( edit ) See also : Education in Slovenia The school year in Slovenia for elementary and grammar schools begins on 1 September and formally ends on 31 August , although classes and exams are finished by 25 June . July and August thus constitute summer holidays . There are also four one - week breaks during the school year , occurring around All Saints Day , between Christmas and New Year , at the end of February , and around the May Day . Universities and colleges follow a different academic year . It consists of two semesters -- the winter semester starting on 1 October , which ends around 15 January . It is followed by a one - month break , during which students take the exams for subjects they have read in the semester . The summer semester begins on 15 February and lasts until 31 May , followed by the exam period , which ends on 30 June . Students who have not passed the necessary exams have a chance to do so during the autumn exam period in September . Students and faculty are free during in July and August . New classes are held again in October . South Africa ( edit ) See also : Education in South Africa All South African public schools have a four - term school year as determined by the national Department of Education . Each term is between 10 and 11 weeks long . The terms are roughly structured as follows : First Term Begins mid-January and ends before Good Friday ( Usually in March or April ) . Followed by the Easter Holidays , which usually last 10 days . Second Term Begins mid-April and ends June Followed by the Winter Holidays , which usually last 21 days . Third Term Begins mid-July and ends September Followed by the September Holidays , also sometimes called the Spring Holidays , which usually last 10 days . Fourth Term Begins early October and ends early December Followed by the Christmas Holidays , also sometimes called the December or Summer Holidays , which usually last approximately 40 days . Matriculants ( 12th graders ) usually do n't attend school much during this term due to them focusing on the year - end exams in a tradition known as `` 40 days '' , where they go on a study - leave exactly 40 days before the start - date of the year - end exams . The academic year is approximately 200 school days in duration and runs from January to December . Private schools follow a similar calendar , but slightly alter it according to their academic and religious needs . Some independent ( private ) schools have a three - term year instead ( 2 ) . The dates of the school year for coastal schools are slightly different from those for inland schools . The National Education Department proposed a five - week - long school break in June -- July 2010 for the 2010 Soccer World Cup - hosted in South Africa - to avoid pupil and teacher absenteeism and a chaotic transport system . South African universities have a year consisting of two semesters , with the first semester running from early February to early June , and the second semester from late July to late November . Each semester consists of twelve or thirteen teaching weeks , interrupted by a one - week short vacation , and followed by three or four weeks of examinations . In the first semester the short vacation often falls around the Easter weekend , while in the second semester it occurs in early September . South Korea ( edit ) See also : Education in South Korea In South Korea , the school year is divided into two terms . The first term usually runs from March 2 , unless it is a Friday or the weekend , to mid-July with the summer vacation from mid-July to late - August ( elementary and secondary schools ) and from mid-June to late August ( higher education institutions ) . The second term usually resumes in late August and runs until mid-February . The winter break is from late December to late January . There are two weeks of school ( elementary and secondary schools ) in February . Then there is a two - week - break before the new academic year starts in March . The school hours are approximately from 8 : 00 am to 4 : 00 pm for high school , each class lasting 50 minutes . For middle school , it is about from 8 : 00am -- 3 : 30pm , each class lasting 45 minutes . In Primary School , the lower grades ( Grades 1 - 3 ) have classes around 8 : 30 to 2 : 00 and the upper grades ( Grades 4 - 6 ) have classes from about 9 : 00 to 3 : 00 . Each class lasts about 40 minutes . In high school , the older students are sometimes required to stay until 9 : 00 pm or later studying on their own . For the most part , teachers rotate and the students stay in their classroom except for certain classes such as Physical Education , Music and Science labs . There is a popular saying in Korean , 노는 토요일 ( no - neun to - yo - il ) ; it means , resting on Saturdays . From 2006 to 2011 , Korean students ( from elementary to secondary schools ) were required to go to school on the 1st , 3rd , and 5th Saturdays of each month . Prior to 2006 , students had to go to school six days a week , except for 2005 , when students had one Saturday off every month . The schools normally ended at noon on Saturday , and the curriculum is mostly focused on extracurricular activities . However , Korean Ministry of Education abolished school days on the Saturdays in 2012 . Taiwan ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2012 ) See also : Education in Taiwan The school year consists of two semesters . The fall semester begins in early September and runs till late January or early February . Summer vacation is from early July to end of August . Winter vacation typically runs from two to three weeks around the Lunar New Year . Spring semester begins following the Lantern Festival in mid February and ends in early June . Privatized institutions in Taiwan have varying academic terms . There are some holiday breaks : New Year holiday : from 1 to 3 January . Lunar New Year holiday : In January or February ; lasts for one week . Tomb Sweeping Day ( set according to the Lunar Calendar ) : Usually start of April . Labor Day : May 1 . Dragon Boat Festival ( lunar ) : Usually around May or June . Mid-autumn Festival ( lunar ) : Usually around mid-September . National day week : Taiwanese students that are not in college often get the week surrounding October 10 off . Thailand ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2012 ) See also : Education in Thailand There are two semesters in the Thai academic year with an optional summer semester . From kindergarten to high school , the first semester opens in mid May and continues until the end of September . The second semester lasts from November until the end of February ( or early March ) . The university academic year is slightly different , lasting from June to October and mid November to mid March . Turkey ( edit ) The Turkish academic year begins in September and continues through to the following June . In most public educational institutions from primary to tertiary , the first semester begins in September and continues until January , and the second semester begins February and continues until June . The academic calendar and dates of mid-semester breaks may vary across private institutions . Ukraine ( edit ) The academic year at universities starts on September the 1st and usually consists of two semesters . The first semester runs from September the 1st to January the 24 / 25th followed by a two - week holiday . The second semester runs from February the 9th to June the 30th or July the 4 / 5th . United Kingdom ( edit ) See also : Education in the United Kingdom Historical context ( edit ) The English law courts terms and legal training pupillage divided the year into four terms , partly to create a predictable work schedule , but also to make allowances for harsh travel conditions and delays caused by adverse weather at a time when all English law students and many litigants had to travel to London for training or legal advice at one of the Inns of Court . Term Start Finish Hilary January 12 April 12 Easter April 21 May 29 Trinity June 9 July 31 Michaelmas October 12 December 21 In Scotland , academic and judicial institutions traditionally organised their year into four terms : Candlemas : 2 February , Candlemas , which fell forty days after Christmas , marked the presentation of the infant Jesus in the temple and the purification of the Virgin Mary . Whitsunday : originally a moveable term day , coming the seventh Sunday after Easter , was fixed in Scotland at 15 May in 1693 . Whitsunday was originally the feast of Pentecost , around which a great many christenings would occur , so it became associated with the color white . Lammas Day : 1 August , feast of St. Peter ad Vincula was a corruption of loaf - mass , the Sunday on which the first fruits of harvest were offered , first corn ground , and first loaf made . In Scotland it was associated with hand - fasting and some fairs on this day were called handfasting fairs . ( Originally synonymous with betrothal , handfasting became a contract binding a man and woman to live together for a year and a day before they decided on permanent marriage . ) Martinmas : 11 November , was known as St. Martin in Winter or St. Martin of Tours to distinguish this from another feast of St. Martin in July . Specific dates varied between institutions , and all except Michaelmas were determined by the date of Easter . Primary / secondary education ( edit ) The school year in the United Kingdom is generally divided into three terms running from autumn to summer . For state schools , the school year consists of 195 days of which there are 190 teaching days and five INSET teacher training days . For independent schools , the school year can be as short as 175 days . The structure of the school year varies between the constituent countries of the United Kingdom with school holiday dates varying between local education authorities . Before the mechanisation of agriculture and when more of the population lived in the rural countryside , the long summer school holiday in Britain arose in the 19th century as a result of the education authorities abandoning the battle to keep children at school through haymaking ( around the start of August ) and wheat harvest ( around the end of August ) , when every available pair of hands was needed on the land . England and Wales ( edit ) In England and Wales , the school year generally runs from early September until late July of the following year . Most schools operate a three - term school year , each term divided in half by a week - long break known as `` half term '' ( although some counties , like Oxfordshire , consider these to be six separate terms instead ) , and are structured as follows : Term Months covered Half term break Autumn early September to mid-December late October / early November Spring early January to shortly before Easter mid February Summer shortly after Easter to late July late May / early June There is no winter term . The terms are separated by two holidays , each of approximately two weeks ' duration : the Christmas holidays separating the autumn term and spring term , and the Easter holidays separating the spring term and the summer term . The period between the end of one school year and the start of the next is the summer holidays , which are six to eight weeks long . Alternative arrangements for English and welsh schools ( edit ) The academic year originated in the pre-industrial era when all able - bodied young people were expected to work through the period of July and August . For the purposes of education , the remainder of the year was arranged into three terms accommodating the Christian holidays of Christmas and Easter . Half - term breaks divide the 16 - to 17 - week terms . However the long summer break has been criticised by educationalists in the post-industrialist age because it creates a break in the academic progress . Even a House of Commons Education Select Committee recommended in 1999 that schools switch to a five - term academic year , abolishing the long summer holidays . Each term would be eight weeks long with a two - week break in between terms , and a minimum four - week summer holiday , with no half terms -- the idea being that children can keep up momentum for eight weeks without a break . The proposals were introduced at a small number of schools nationally . In 1999 , the Local Government Association set up a commission to look at alternative proposals for a more balanced school year . In partnership with Local Authorities and teachers unions , they were unable to agree to a suitable alternative arrangement for terms , but by 2004 came to an agreement with the National Association of Schoolmasters Union of Women Teachers for a standardised arrangement of school terms . Since 2004 , around one third of English local authorities have signed up to the proposals which see a standard academic year agreed between the authorities , including slight variations on the traditional schemes , based on the following principles : start the school year on a September date as near as possible to 1 September ; equalise teaching and learning blocks ( roughly 2 × 7 and 4 × 6 weeks ) ; establish a two - week spring break in early April irrespective of the incidence of the Easter bank holiday . ( Where the break does not coincide with the bank holiday the date should be , as far as practicable , nationally agreed and as consistent as possible across all local authorities ) ; allow for the possibility of a summer holiday of at least six weeks for those schools which want this length of break . identify and agree annually designated periods of holiday , including the summer holiday , where head teachers are recommended not to arrange teacher days . In addition the independent schools have set their own term dates with varying degrees of local and national co-ordination . Northern Ireland ( edit ) The school year in Northern Ireland generally runs from early September to late June or early July of the following year . Most schools operate a three - term school year similar to England and Wales ; however , there is no half term during summer term due to the province 's longer summer holidays . The terms are structured as follows : Autumn Term : September to December ( half term : late October ) Spring Term : January to the Friday before Lazarus Saturday ( half term : mid-February ) Summer Term : Second Monday after Easter to June or early July The terms are separated by two holidays each consisting of approximately two weeks : the Christmas holidays separating the autumn and spring terms , and the Easter holidays separating the spring and summer terms . The summer holidays in Northern Ireland last nine weeks , from the start of July until the end of August , due to the Twelfth of July bank holiday . Scotland ( edit ) The school year in Scotland generally runs from middle or late August to late June or early July of the following year ( usually in eastern council areas from the third Monday in August to the first Friday in July and in western council areas from the second Monday in August to the last Friday in June ) . Most schools operate a three - term school year , each term divided in half by a break known as ' mid-term ' , lasting a week or two in October , a few days to a week in February , and a few days in May . The terms are structured as follows : Autumn Term : August to December ( mid-term : middle to late October ) Spring Term : January to the Friday before Lazarus Saturday ( mid-term : mid-February ) Summer Term : Second Monday after Easter to June or July ( mid-term : late May ) The terms are separated by two holidays each consisting of approximately two weeks : the Christmas Holidays separating the autumn and spring terms , and the Easter holidays separating the spring and summer terms . The period between the end of one school year and the start of the next is known as the summer holidays and consists of six or seven weeks . Universities ( edit ) The modern academic calendars used in UK academia are mainly descended from the English law court / legal training pupillage four term system : Hilary : January -- April Easter : April -- May Trinity : June -- July Michaelmas : October -- December The oldest UK universities changed this terminology over time , with Cambridge dropping Trinity Term and renaming Hilary Term to Lent Term , and Oxford also dropping the original Trinity Term and renaming Easter Term as Trinity Term , thus establishing the modern , predominant three - term academic year . Most universities now operate Autumn , Spring and Summer terms of notional ten - week lengths , although some may use different names , and terms may be of uneven length , with the autumn term usually the longest . Within individual institutions practice can vary from year to year to accommodate factors such as the changing date of Easter . Some universities also have a `` reading week '' in which no teaching takes place at all , the equivalent of a school half term . At other universities `` reading weeks '' are not uniform and may be in different weeks in different faculties , departments , modules or even seminar groups within the same institution . Some reading weeks cover only seminars whilst lectures continue ; others suspend both for the week . In some universities - for example , the University of Cambridge , the University of Oxford , and the London School of Economics and Political Science , the Autumn , Spring and Summer terms can be referred to as Michaelmas , Lent or Hilary , and Easter or Trinity terms , respectively . Some also overlay a `` semester '' system , with the new semester beginning halfway through the second term . A selection of current examples include : University of Bath : Semester 1 ( October -- January ) , Semester 2 ( February -- May ) , each comprising 11 teaching weeks , ONE revision week and an exam period ( two weeks in Semester 1 , three weeks in Semester 2 ) . Three - week break at Christmas , one week following the January exam period ( Inter-Semester Break ) and two weeks at Easter . University of Birmingham : Autumn , Spring and Summer Semesters ( each eleven weeks ) University of Cambridge : Michaelmas , Lent , Easter ( eight - week terms ) Durham University : Michaelmas , Epiphany , Easter ( ten , nine and nine weeks respectively ) University of East Anglia : Autumn , Spring ( both 12 weeks ) , each followed by a six - week `` assessment period '' King 's College London : Michaelmas , Lent , Summer University of Wales , Lampeter : Michaelmas , Lent , Easter ( twelve , ten and eight weeks respectively ) Lancaster University : Michaelmas Term , Lent Term , Summer Term ( ten - week terms ) London School of Economics ( LSE ) : Michaelmas , Lent , Summer University of Kent : Michaelmas , Lent , Summer ( Michaelmas and Lent are both twelve weeks , whereas the Summer Term is six weeks long and is the exam period ) . Queen Mary , University of London : Term 1 , Term 2 , Exam term ( twelve - week terms ) The Robert Gordon University : First Semester ( September -- January ) , Second Semester ( February -- June with one - week April Break ) , each 12 weeks followed by three weeks of exams . School of Oriental and African Studies ( SOAS ) : Term 1 , Term 2 , Term 3 University of Nottingham : Autumn , Spring and Summer Terms University of Oxford : Michaelmas , Hilary , Trinity ( eight - week terms ) University of St Andrews : Martinmas , Candlemas ( Traditionally Martinmas , Candlemas and Whitsunday ) University College London ( UCL ) : First , Second , Third University of Warwick : First , Second , Third ( each ten weeks , the sixth week of the first and second term is `` Reading Week '' for Arts and Social Science students ) . University of Leeds : Semester 1 ( September -- January ) , Semester 2 ( January -- May ) University of York : 3 Terms of 10 weeks each . Autumn ( October - December ) , Spring ( January -- March ) , Summer ( May -- July ) with 4 weeks off for Christmas , and 5 off at Easter . York is one of the later starting Universities and thus ends later than most as well . Many departments have reading weeks during the term , while some do n't . Some departments do n't organise teaching for the first or last weeks of the term effectively making it an 8 - week term . The Summer term exams run for weeks 4 , 5 & 6 of Summer Term , with the first three weeks of Spring Term are also used for exams . University of Sussex : Autumn Term ( September - January ) , Spring term ( February - May ) , Summer term ( May - June ) . Exceptions include the University of Buckingham where undergraduate courses do not coincide with the academic year used by universities in Britain and elsewhere . Instead , they largely coincide with the calendar year -- they typically start in January or February , with examinations in autumn . United states ( edit ) See also : Education in the United States Primary and secondary ( edit ) In the United States , the K -- 12 school calendar is determined by the individual states , and in some cases by the local school district , so there is considerable variation . The academic year typically consists of two 18 - week semesters , each divided into two nine - week marking periods ( or quarters ) or three six - week marking periods , and constituting 170 to 186 instructional days ( with an average of 180 ) . An instructional week is five instructional days , measured Monday -- Friday at all public and most private schools ; Saturday -- Wednesday or Sunday -- Thursday at Muslim private schools ; and so on . Grades are usually reported per marking period , but major examinations are given per semester or per year . The traditional start date for the school year has been the Tuesday following the first Monday in September ( the day after Labor Day ) . Though some schools still keep this tradition , many schools now start in the last two weeks of August and some schools ( especially private ones ) may start as late as the end of September or the first week in October . There are also some schools , especially in the southern tier of the United States , that begin at the end of July and early August . The school year ends 40 to 42 instructional weeks after it begins . School holidays in the United States vary by jurisdiction . They include federal , state , and local holidays , all or only some of which may be observed by an individual school district . In addition to these legal holidays , there are vacation periods of varying length . Almost all schools observe the Thanksgiving holiday , and extend it to include the day after Thanksgiving since it is a Friday . There is usually a recess of about one to two weeks during the winter holiday period at Christmas and New Year , with a spring break in March or April that is usually correlated to the holidays of Easter and usually Passover . Many schools have additional `` in - service '' days in which school is in session for only faculty and staff . These days are often used for parent -- teacher conferences on student progress , especially in primary school . In secondary school , they are usually used as staff development days . Sometimes schools do half - day in - service days in which students are dismissed early , rather than full - day holidays . Unplanned vacations can extend the school year if they could have been prevented by school administrators , in theory if not in fact . Natural disasters and other incidents do not normally extend the school year because they could not have been prevented . Thus , if the school is closed for two weeks ( 10 instructional days ) because the boiler has broken down , that will extend the school year by two weeks because proper maintenance could have prevented the problem , but snow storms and other forms of severe weather normally do not extend the school year because they can not be prevented . Some regions allow for up to three to five snow days , and any additional missed days can extend the school year . Community colleges ( edit ) Many , but not all , community colleges originated as extensions of the primary and secondary school system . Some of these colleges often continue to follow the K - 12 schedule . However , most operate under a semester based schedule . Washington state schools are standardized by the State Board of Community and Technical colleges and follow a quarter system . Collegiate Calendars ( edit ) Three calendar systems are used by most American colleges and universities : quarter system , semester system , and trimester system . These are ways the calendar year is organized into a formal academic year , measured September -- August or August -- August . Some schools , particularly some business schools and community colleges , use the mini-mester or mini-semester system . The quarter system divides the calendar year into four quarters , three of which constitute a complete academic year . Quarters are typically 10 -- 12 weeks long so that three quarters amount to 30 -- 36 weeks of instruction . Approximately 20 % of universities are on the quarter system . Most colleges that use the quarter system have a fall quarter from late September to mid-December , a winter quarter from early January to mid-March , a spring quarter from late March or early April to mid-June , and an optional summer session . Notable users of the quarter system include the University of California system ( excluding Berkeley , Merced , the UCLA medical school , and all of the system 's law schools ) , Stanford , the University of Chicago , Dartmouth College , Northwestern University , University of Washington , the University of Oregon , and DePaul University . Union College uses a modified quarter system : fall , winter , and spring terms are each eleven weeks long ; there are some summer classes , but there is no official summer quarter . Because Union 's calendar makes use of just three of four quarters , the three academic terms are generally ( and somewhat misleadingly to outsiders ) dubbed `` trimesters , '' which they are not . Another notable and somewhat unique user of the quarter system is Baylor Law School : it operates on the quarter system while the remaining colleges of Baylor University operate on the semester system . The semester system divides the calendar year into two semesters of 16 to 18 weeks each , plus summer sessions of varying lengths . The two semesters together constitute 32 to 36 weeks of instruction , so that three academic quarters equal two academic semesters . Thus , academic credit earned in quarter hours converts to semester hours at 2⁄3 of its value , while credit earned in semester hours converts to quarter hours at 3 / 2 of its value . Put another way , 3 quarter hours is 2 semester hours . Most universities on the semester system have a fall semester from the day after Labor Day in September to mid-December , a spring / winter semester from late January to early May , and an optional summer session . In practice , the average quarter - long course is four or five units and the average semester course is three units , so a full - time student graduating in four years would take five courses per semester and three or four courses per quarter . Some colleges and universities have a 4 - 1 - 4 system , which divides the year into two four - month terms ( September to December and February to May ) as well as a single one - month term in January in which students can do independent study , study abroad , internships , activities , or focus on one or two classes . The one - month term is sometimes called a mini-mester , winter session , inter-term / interim / intersession or J - term . Examples of schools using this system include : Austin College , University of Rhode Island , Whittier College , Williams College , Bethany College in West Virginia , Berea College , the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Johns Hopkins University , New College of Florida , Calvin College , Elmhurst College , Gustavus Adolphus College , Linfield College , Luther College , Oberlin College , Middlebury College , Erskine College , University of Maryland , Baltimore County , Eckerd College , Wofford College , Saint Olaf College , Samford University , Miami University , Hofstra University , University of Delaware , Saint Mary 's College of California , Colby College , Chapman University , McDaniel College , Elon University , Pacific University , and Pacific Lutheran University . Some schools have a similar format but ordered as 4 - 4 - 1 , with the short term in May after the conclusion of the spring semester . The term is sometimes called either `` Maymester '' , a portmanteau of `` May '' and `` semester '' , or `` May Term '' . Examples of schools using this system include Wartburg College , Bates College , Chatham University , Clemson University , The College of New Jersey , Elmira College , The Ohio State University , Purdue University , Transylvania University , the University of Redlands , Emory University and Washington and Lee University 's 12 - 12 - 4 undergraduate calendar . The trimester system evolved out of the semester system . It divides the academic year into three equal portions of 15 -- 16 weeks each . Institutions that use the trimester system include Carleton College , Knox College ( Illinois ) , Lawrence University , and the United States Merchant Marine Academy . The fall and winter trimesters constitute an academic year of 30 -- 32 weeks . The spring / summer trimester is usually divided into a 7.5 week Spring Session followed by a 6 - week or 7.5 week Summer Session . The reduced maximum course load that accompanies the shortening from the traditional semester makes the trimester system compatible with the semester system . Academic credit is thus measured on the trimester system in semester hours ; there is no such thing as a `` trimester hour '' of credit . At the University of Michigan and Brigham Young University , for example , the Fall trimester ( informally still called ' semester ' ) operates from September through December ; the Winter trimester runs from January through April ; and the spring - summer trimester operates from May through August , as two half - trimesters . Most spring - summer classes either meet double - time for 7 -- 8 weeks in May and June or double - time / double - plus - time for 6 -- 8 weeks in July and August ( with summer half - term classes sometimes starting in the last week of June ) . The quinmester academic calendar at Park University operates with five terms per year , each lasting eight weeks ( January -- March , March -- May , June -- July , August -- October , and October -- December ) . A number of colleges have adopted the `` one course at a time '' or `` block schedule '' calendar . Academic years consist of a number of terms lasting roughly four weeks each , during which a full semester 's amount of work is completed in one and only one class . Colorado College first began their `` Block Plan '' in 1970 , followed by Maharishi International University in 1971 , and Cornell College in 1978 . Quest University in Squamish , British Columbia ; Tusculum College in Tusculum , Tennessee ; and The University of Montana - Western are the only other colleges operating under this academic calendar . See also ( edit ) Year - round school Academic analytics Financial year School holiday References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Illinois Medical Journal : The Official Organ of the Illinois State Medical Society , Volume 35 . 1919 . p. 368 . `` Under this system , the calendar year is divided into 3 terms of 4 months each . '' Jump up ^ University of the State of New York . Office of Research and Evaluation , George Isaiah Thomas ( 1966 ) . Extended school year designs . `` The Quadrimester Plan is based upon the division of a longer school year into four equal quarters '' Jump up ^ ( 1 ) from australia.gov.au Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 05 . from education.tas.gov.au Jump up ^ `` Youth Allowance '' . Centrelink.gov.au. 2012 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` SAU : : Sylhet Agricultural University '' . www.sau.ac.bd . Jump up ^ `` School Year Calendar '' . Edu.gov.on.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Avaleht - Haridus - ja Teadusministeerium '' . hm.ee . Jump up ^ Samuel , Henry ( 2007 - 09 - 29 ) . `` French school revolution creates four - day week '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ de : Schulferien # Winter - / Sport - / Zeugnis - / Semesterferien Jump up ^ `` Ferientermine 2015 - alle Bundesländer '' . schulferien-feiertage.de . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Education and Skills circular 0034 / 2011 '' ( PDF ) . education.ie . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.sep.gob.mx Official website ) of Mexico 's Secretariat of Public Education Jump up ^ `` Vocational Education in Nepal '' . UNESCO - UNEVOC . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.didactic.ro/stiri/structura-anului-scolar-20172018 Jump up ^ Kwazulu Natal Education Department Archived September 24 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Daily Dispatch East London '' . Dispatch.co.za. 2010 - 12 - 07 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ No Reference * Jump up ^ `` Republic of Turkey MINISTRY OF NATIONAL EDUCATION '' . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` School term dates and holidays '' . Jump up ^ Clarke , Conor . `` The case against summer '' . The Guardian ( London ) , 19 July 2007 . Accessed 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Inquiry to consider five - term year '' . BBC News . 3 January 2000 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Standard school year '' . UK Local Government Association . 4 September 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Semester Dates '' . University of East Anglia . Jump up ^ `` Academic Calendar The University of Chicago '' . University of Chicago . October 12 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` About UC - Campus Calendars - Overview of the University of California system '' . University of California . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Academic Calendars '' . Union College . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Trimester System '' . Union College . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Midwinter Feast '' . Elmhurst College . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Luther at a Glance '' . Luther College . Archived from the original on 10 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Academic calendar , Office of Undergraduate Admission - Northwestern University '' . Northwestern.edu . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Park University Four Year Academic Calendar '' ( PDF ) . Park.edu. 2012 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ The Colorado College Block Plan Archived December 22 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Cornell College One Course At A Time '' . CornellCollege.edu. 2011 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academic_term&oldid=843581819 '' Categories : Academia Calendars School terminology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles to be expanded from March 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from January 2015 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2015 Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Kreyòl ayisyen Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Slovenčina Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 02 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the university year end in canada | [
"Generally in English Canada, high schools run on a two-semester arrangement, also known as fall and spring semester, the first semester starting from the day after Labour Day in September to mid-January and the second running from early February until the Thursday before the last Friday in June. The semesters are often divided into two terms each. Some schools in Canada run on a trimester system, the first running from September to January, the second from January to March or April, and the third from March or April until June. The trimester is more common in elementary and middle schools (Kindergarten - Grade 8) than in high schools (Grade 9 - Grade 12). Most of those characteristics differ in Québec, where education is, with the exception of a few school boards, given in French. By tradition, Quebec and Franco-Ontarian elementary and secondary schools will arrange timetables to ensure the school year ends before June 24, date of the St-Jean-Baptiste day celebration, a traditional holiday."
] | [
"the Thursday before the last Friday in June"
] |
8778483004898317866 | Louisiana Purchase | Louisiana Purchase - wikipedia Louisiana Purchase For other uses , see Louisiana Purchase ( disambiguation ) . Louisiana Purchase Vente de la Louisiane Expansion of the United States ← 1803 -- 1804 → → The modern United States , with Louisiana Purchase overlay History Established July 4 , 1803 Disestablished October 1 , 1804 Today part of United States Canada The Louisiana Purchase ( French : Vente de la Louisiane `` Sale of Louisiana '' ) was the acquisition of the Louisiana territory ( 828,000 sq mi ( 2,140,000 km ; 530,000,000 acres ) ) by the United States from France in 1803 . The U.S. paid fifty million francs ( $11,250,000 ) and a cancellation of debts worth eighteen million francs ( $3,750,000 ) for a total of sixty - eight million francs ( $15 million , equivalent to $576 billion in 2016 ) . The Louisiana territory included land from fifteen present U.S. states and two Canadian provinces . The territory contained land that forms Arkansas , Missouri , Iowa , Oklahoma , Kansas , and Nebraska ; the portion of Minnesota west of the Mississippi River ; a large portion of North Dakota ; a large portion of South Dakota ; the northeastern section of New Mexico ; the northern portion of Texas ; the area of Montana , Wyoming , and Colorado east of the Continental Divide ; Louisiana west of the Mississippi River ( plus New Orleans ) ; and small portions of land within the present Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan . Its non-native population was around 60,000 inhabitants , of whom half were African slaves . The Kingdom of France controlled the Louisiana territory from 1699 until it was ceded to Spain in 1762 . In 1800 , Napoleon , then the First Consul of the French Republic , hoping to re-establish an empire in North America , regained ownership of Louisiana . However , France 's failure to put down the revolt in Saint - Domingue , coupled with the prospect of renewed warfare with the United Kingdom , prompted Napoleon to sell Louisiana to the United States to fund his military . The Americans originally sought to purchase only the port city of New Orleans and its adjacent coastal lands , but quickly accepted the bargain . The Louisiana Purchase occurred during the term of the third President of the United States , Thomas Jefferson . Before the purchase was finalized , the decision faced Federalist Party opposition ; they argued that it was unconstitutional to acquire any territory . Jefferson agreed that the U.S. Constitution did not contain explicit provisions for acquiring territory , but he asserted that his constitutional power to negotiate treaties was sufficient . Contents 1 Background 2 Negotiation 3 Domestic opposition and constitutionality 4 Treaty signing 5 Formal transfers and initial organization 6 Boundaries 7 Slavery 8 Asserting U.S. possession 9 Financing 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Footnotes 11.2 Works cited 12 Further reading 13 External links Background 1804 map of `` Louisiana '' , edged on the west by the Rocky Mountains Throughout the second half of the 18th century , Louisiana was a pawn on the chessboard of European politics . It was controlled by the French , who had a few small settlements along the Mississippi and other main rivers . France ceded the territory to Spain in the secret Treaty of Fontainebleau ( 1762 ) . Following French defeat in the Seven Years ' War , Spain gained control of the territory west of the Mississippi and the British the territory to the east of the river . Following the establishment of the United States , the Americans controlled the area east of the Mississippi and north of New Orleans . The main issue for the Americans was free transit of the Mississippi to the sea . As the lands were being gradually settled by a few American migrants , many Americans , including Jefferson , assumed that the territory would be acquired `` piece by piece . '' The risk of another power taking it from a weakened Spain made a `` profound reconsideration '' of this policy necessary . New Orleans was already important for shipping agricultural goods to and from the areas of the United States west of the Appalachian Mountains . Pinckney 's Treaty , signed with Spain on October 27 , 1795 , gave American merchants `` right of deposit '' in New Orleans , granting them use of the port to store goods for export . Americans used this right to transport products such as flour , tobacco , pork , bacon , lard , feathers , cider , butter , and cheese . The treaty also recognized American rights to navigate the entire Mississippi , which had become vital to the growing trade of the western territories . In 1798 , Spain revoked the treaty allowing American use of New Orleans , greatly upsetting Americans . In 1801 , Spanish Governor Don Juan Manuel de Salcedo took over from the Marquess of Casa Calvo , and restored the American right to deposit goods . However , in 1800 Spain had ceded the Louisiana territory back to France as part of Napoleon 's secret Third Treaty of San Ildefonso . The territory nominally remained under Spanish control , until a transfer of power to France on November 30 , 1803 , just three weeks before the formal cession of the territory to the United States on December 20 , 1803 . A further ceremony was held in St. Louis , Upper Louisiana regarding the New Orleans formalities . The March 9 -- 10 , 1804 event is remembered as Three Flags Day . James Monroe and Robert R. Livingston had traveled to Paris to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans in January 1803 . Their instructions were to negotiate or purchase control of New Orleans and its environs ; they did not anticipate the much larger acquisition which would follow . The Louisiana Purchase was by far the largest territorial gain in U.S. history . Stretching from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains , the purchase doubled the size of the United States . Before 1803 , Louisiana had been under Spanish control for forty years . Although Spain aided the rebels in the American Revolutionary War , the Spanish did n't want the Americans to settle in their territory . Although the purchase was thought of by some as unjust and unconstitutional , Jefferson determined that his constitutional power to negotiate treaties allowed the purchase of what became fifteen states . In hindsight , the Louisiana Purchase could be considered one of his greatest contributions to the United States . On April 18 , 1802 , Jefferson penned a letter to United States Ambassador to France Robert Livingston . It was an intentional exhortation to make this supposedly mild diplomat strongly warn the French of their perilous course . The letter began : The cession of Louisiana and the Floridas by Spain to France works most sorely on the U.S. On this subject the Secretary of State has written to you fully . Yet I can not forbear recurring to it personally , so deep is the impression it makes in my mind . It completely reverses all the political relations of the U.S. and will form a new epoch in our political course . Of all nations of any consideration France is the one which hitherto has offered the fewest points on which we could have any conflict of right , and the most points of a communion of interests . From these causes we have ever looked to her as our natural friend , as one with which we never could have an occasion of difference . Her growth therefore we viewed as our own , her misfortunes ours . There is on the globe one single spot , the possessor of which is our natural and habitual enemy . It is New Orleans , through which the produce of three - eighths of our territory must pass to market , and from its fertility it will ere long yield more than half of our whole produce and contain more than half our inhabitants . France placing herself in that door assumes to us the attitude of defiance . Spain might have retained it quietly for years . Her pacific dispositions , her feeble state , would induce her to increase our facilities there , so that her possession of the place would be hardly felt by us , and it would not perhaps be very long before some circumstance might arise which might make the cession of it to us the price of something of more worth to her . Not so can it ever be in the hands of France . The impetuosity of her temper , the energy and restlessness of her character , placed in a point of eternal friction with us ... Jefferson 's letter went on with the same heat to a much quoted passage about `` the day that France takes possession of New Orleans . '' Not only did he say that day would be a low point in France 's history , for it would seal America 's marriage with the British fleet and nation , but he added , astonishingly , that it would start a massive shipbuilding program . Negotiation While the transfer of the territory by Spain back to France in 1800 went largely unnoticed , fear of an eventual French invasion spread nationwide when , in 1801 , Napoleon sent a military force to secure New Orleans . Southerners feared that Napoleon would free all the slaves in Louisiana , which could trigger slave uprisings elsewhere . Though Jefferson urged moderation , Federalists sought to use this against Jefferson and called for hostilities against France . Undercutting them , Jefferson took up the banner and threatened an alliance with the United Kingdom , although relations were uneasy in that direction . In 1801 Jefferson supported France in its plan to take back Saint - Domingue ( present - day Haiti ) , which was then under control of Toussaint Louverture after a slave rebellion . Jefferson sent Livingston to Paris in 1801 after discovering the transfer of Louisiana from Spain to France under the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso . Livingston was authorized to purchase New Orleans . In January 1802 , France sent General Charles Leclerc to Saint - Domingue ( present - day Haiti ) to re-establish slavery , which had been abolished by the constitution of the French Republic of 1795 , as well as to reduce the rights of free people of color and take back control of the island from Toussaint Louverture . Louverture had fended off invasions of St. Domingue by the Spanish and British empires , but had also begun to consolidate power for himself on the island . Before the Revolution , France had derived enormous wealth from St. Domingue at the cost of the lives and freedom of the slaves . Napoleon wanted its revenues and productivity for France restored . Alarmed over the French actions and its intention to re-establish an empire in North America , Jefferson declared neutrality in relation to the Caribbean , refusing credit and other assistance to the French , but allowing war contraband to get through to the rebels to prevent France from regaining a foothold . In November 1803 , France withdrew its 7,000 surviving troops from Saint - Domingue ( more than two - thirds of its troops died there ) and gave up its ambitions in the Western Hemisphere . In 1804 Haiti declared its independence ; but , fearing a slave revolt at home , Jefferson and Congress refused to recognize the new republic , the second in the Western Hemisphere , and imposed a trade embargo against it . This , together with later claims by France to reconquer Haiti , encouraged by the United Kingdom , made it more difficult for Haiti to recover after ten years of wars . In 1803 , Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours , a French nobleman , began to help negotiate with France at the request of Jefferson . Du Pont was living in the United States at the time and had close ties to Jefferson as well as the prominent politicians in France . He engaged in back - channel diplomacy with Napoleon on Jefferson 's behalf during a visit to France and originated the idea of the much larger Louisiana Purchase as a way to defuse potential conflict between the United States and Napoleon over North America . Jefferson disliked the idea of purchasing Louisiana from France , as that could imply that France had a right to be in Louisiana . Jefferson had concerns that a U.S. president did not have the constitutional authority to make such a deal . He also thought that to do so would erode states ' rights by increasing federal executive power . On the other hand , he was aware of the potential threat that France could be in that region and was prepared to go to war to prevent a strong French presence there . Throughout this time , Jefferson had up - to - date intelligence on Napoleon 's military activities and intentions in North America . Part of his evolving strategy involved giving du Pont some information that was withheld from Livingston . He also gave intentionally conflicting instructions to the two . Desperate to avoid possible war with France , Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris in 1803 to negotiate a settlement , with instructions to go to London to negotiate an alliance if the talks in Paris failed . Spain procrastinated until late 1802 in executing the treaty to transfer Louisiana to France , which allowed American hostility to build . Also , Spain 's refusal to cede Florida to France meant that Louisiana would be indefensible . Monroe had been formally expelled from France on his last diplomatic mission , and the choice to send him again conveyed a sense of seriousness . Napoleon needed peace with the United Kingdom to implement the Treaty of San Ildefonso and take possession of Louisiana . Otherwise , Louisiana would be an easy prey for the UK or even for the United States . But in early 1803 , continuing war between France and the UK seemed unavoidable . On March 11 , 1803 , Napoleon began preparing to invade the UK . As Napoleon had failed to re-enslave the emancipated population of Haiti , he abandoned his plans to rebuild France 's New World empire . Without sufficient revenues from sugar colonies in the Caribbean , Louisiana had little value to him . Spain had not yet completed the transfer of Louisiana to France , and war between France and the UK was imminent . Out of anger towards Spain and the unique opportunity to sell something that was useless and not truly his yet , Napoleon decided to sell the entire territory . Although the foreign minister Talleyrand opposed the plan , on April 10 , 1803 , Napoleon told the Treasury Minister François Barbé - Marbois that he was considering selling the entire Louisiana Territory to the United States . On April 11 , 1803 , just days before Monroe 's arrival , Barbé - Marbois offered Livingston all of Louisiana for $15 million , which averages to less than three cents per acre ( 7 ¢ / ha ) . The American representatives were prepared to pay up to $10 million for New Orleans and its environs , but were dumbfounded when the vastly larger territory was offered for $15 million . Jefferson had authorized Livingston only to purchase New Orleans . However , Livingston was certain that the United States would accept the offer . The Americans thought that Napoleon might withdraw the offer at any time , preventing the United States from acquiring New Orleans , so they agreed and signed the Louisiana Purchase Treaty on April 30 , 1803 . On July 4 , 1803 , the treaty was announced , but the documents did not arrive in Washington , D.C. until July 14 . The Louisiana Territory was vast , stretching from the Gulf of Mexico in the south to Rupert 's Land in the north , and from the Mississippi River in the east to the Rocky Mountains in the west . Acquiring the territory would double the size of the United States , at a sum of less than 3 cents per acre . Domestic opposition and constitutionality The original treaty of the Louisiana Purchase Henry Adams and other historians have argued that Jefferson acted hypocritically with the Louisiana Purchase , due to his position as a strict constructionist regarding the Constitution since he stretched the intent of that document to justify his purchase . This argument goes as follows : The American purchase of the Louisiana territory was not accomplished without domestic opposition . Jefferson 's philosophical consistency was in question because of his strict interpretation of the Constitution . Many people believed that he and others , including James Madison , were doing something they surely would have argued against with Alexander Hamilton . The Federalists strongly opposed the purchase , favoring close relations with Britain over closer ties to Napoleon , and were concerned that the United States had paid a large sum of money just to declare war on Spain . Both Federalists and Jeffersonians were concerned over the purchase 's constitutionality . Many members of the House of Representatives opposed the purchase . Majority Leader John Randolph led the opposition . The House called for a vote to deny the request for the purchase , but it failed by two votes , 59 -- 57 . The Federalists even tried to prove the land belonged to Spain , not France , but available records proved otherwise . The Federalists also feared that the power of the Atlantic seaboard states would be threatened by the new citizens in the West , whose political and economic priorities were bound to conflict with those of the merchants and bankers of New England . There was also concern that an increase in the number of slave - holding states created out of the new territory would exacerbate divisions between North and South as well . A group of Northern Federalists led by Senator Timothy Pickering of Massachusetts went so far as to explore the idea of a separate northern confederacy . Another concern was whether it was proper to grant citizenship to the French , Spanish , and free black people living in New Orleans , as the treaty would dictate . Critics in Congress worried whether these `` foreigners '' , unacquainted with democracy , could or should become citizens . The U.S. Government had to use English Common Law to make them citizens to collect taxes . Spain protested the transfer on two grounds : First , France had previously promised in a note not to alienate Louisiana to a third party and second , France had not fulfilled the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso by having the King of Etruria recognized by all European powers . The French government replied that these objections were baseless since the promise not to alienate Louisiana was not in the treaty of San Ildefonso itself and therefore had no legal force , and the Spanish government had ordered Louisiana to be transferred in October 1802 despite knowing for months that Britain had not recognized the King of Etruria in the Treaty of Amiens . Transfer of Louisiana by Ford P. Kaiser for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition ( 1904 ) Henry Adams claimed `` The sale of Louisiana to the United States was trebly invalid ; if it were French property , Bonaparte could not constitutionally alienate it without the consent of the French Chambers ; if it were Spanish property , he could not alienate it at all ; if Spain had a right of reclamation , his sale was worthless . '' The sale of course was not `` worthless '' -- the U.S. actually did take possession . Furthermore , the Spanish prime minister had authorized the U.S. to negotiate with the French government `` the acquisition of territories which may suit their interests . '' Spain turned the territory over to France in a ceremony in New Orleans on November 30 , a month before France turned it over to American officials . Other historians counter the above arguments regarding Jefferson 's alleged hypocrisy by asserting that countries change their borders in two ways : ( 1 ) conquest , or ( 2 ) an agreement between nations , otherwise known as a treaty . The Louisiana Purchase was the latter , a treaty . The Constitution specifically grants the president the power to negotiate treaties ( Art . II , Sec. 2 ) , which is just what Jefferson did . Jefferson 's Secretary of State , James Madison ( the `` Father of the Constitution '' ) , assured Jefferson that the Louisiana Purchase was well within even the strictest interpretation of the Constitution . Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin added that since the power to negotiate treaties was specifically granted to the president , the only way extending the country 's territory by treaty could not be a presidential power would be if it were specifically excluded by the Constitution ( which it was not ) . Jefferson , as a strict constructionist , was right to be concerned about staying within the bounds of the Constitution , but felt the power of these arguments and was willing to `` acquiesce with satisfaction '' if the Congress approved the treaty . The Senate quickly ratified the treaty , and the House , with equal alacrity , authorized the required funding , as the Constitution specifies . The opposition of New England Federalists to the Louisiana Purchase was primarily economic self - interest , not any legitimate concern over constitutionality or whether France indeed owned Louisiana or was required to sell it back to Spain should it desire to dispose of the territory . The Northerners were not enthusiastic about Western farmers gaining another outlet for their crops that did not require the use of New England ports . Also , many Federalists were speculators in lands in upstate New York and New England and were hoping to sell these lands to farmers , who might go west instead , if the Louisiana Purchase went through . They also feared that this would lead to Western states being formed , which would likely be Republican , and dilute the political power of New England Federalists . When Spain later objected to the United States purchasing Louisiana from France , Madison responded that America had first approached Spain about purchasing the property , but had been told by Spain itself that America would have to treat with France for the territory . Treaty signing Issue of 1953 , commemorating the 150th Anniversary of signing The Louisiana Purchase Treaty was signed on April 30 by Robert Livingston , James Monroe , and François Barbé - Marbois in Paris . Jefferson announced the treaty to the American people on July 4 . After the signing of the Louisiana Purchase agreement in 1803 , Livingston made this famous statement , `` We have lived long , but this is the noblest work of our whole lives ... From this day the United States take their place among the powers of the first rank . '' The United States Senate advised and consented to ratification of the treaty with a vote of twenty - four to seven on October 20 . The Senators who voted against the treaty were : Simeon Olcott and William Plumer of New Hampshire , William Wells and Samuel White of Delaware , James Hillhouse and Uriah Tracy of Connecticut , and Timothy Pickering of Massachusetts . On the following day , October 21 , 1803 , the Senate authorized Jefferson to take possession of the territory and establish a temporary military government . In legislation enacted on October 31 , Congress made temporary provisions for local civil government to continue as it had under French and Spanish rule and authorized the President to use military forces to maintain order . Plans were also set forth for several missions to explore and chart the territory , the most famous being the Lewis and Clark Expedition . A timeline of legislation can be found at the Library of Congress : American Memory : The Louisiana Purchase Legislative Timeline -- 1803 - 1804 . Formal transfers and initial organization Flag raising in the Place d'Armes of New Orleans , marking the transfer of sovereignty over French Louisiana to the United States , December 20 , 1803 , as depicted by Thure de Thulstrup France turned over New Orleans , the historic colonial capital , on December 20 , 1803 , at the Cabildo , with a flag - raising ceremony in the Plaza de Armas , now Jackson Square . Just three weeks earlier , on November 30 , 1803 , Spanish officials had formally conveyed the colonial lands and their administration to France . On March 9 and 10 , 1804 , another ceremony , commemorated as Three Flags Day , was conducted in St. Louis , to transfer ownership of Upper Louisiana from Spain to the French First Republic , and then from France to the United States . From March 10 to September 30 , 1804 , Upper Louisiana was supervised as a military district , under Commandant Amos Stoddard . Effective October 1 , 1804 , the purchased territory was organized into the Territory of Orleans ( most of which would become the state of Louisiana ) and the District of Louisiana , which was temporarily under control of the governor and judicial system of the Indiana Territory . The following year , the District of Louisiana was renamed the Territory of Louisiana , aka Louisiana Territory ( 1805 -- 1812 ) . New Orleans was the administrative capital of the Orleans Territory , and St. Louis was the capital of the Louisiana Territory . Boundaries A dispute soon arose between Spain and the United States regarding the extent of Louisiana . The territory 's boundaries had not been defined in the 1762 Treaty of Fontainebleau that ceded it from France to Spain , nor in the 1801 Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ceding it back to France , nor the 1803 Louisiana Purchase agreement ceding it to the United States . The U.S. claimed Louisiana included the entire western portion of the Mississippi River drainage basin to the crest of the Rocky Mountains and land extending southeast to the Rio Grande and West Florida . Spain insisted that Louisiana comprised no more than the western bank of the Mississippi River and the cities of New Orleans and St. Louis . The dispute was ultimately resolved by the Adams -- Onís Treaty of 1819 , with the United States gaining most of what it had claimed in the west . The Purchase was one of several territorial additions to the U.S. The relatively narrow Louisiana of New Spain had been a special province under the jurisdiction of the Captaincy General of Cuba while the vast region to the west was in 1803 still considered part of the Commandancy General of the Provincias Internas . Louisiana had never been considered one of New Spain 's internal provinces . If the territory included all the tributaries of the Mississippi on its western bank , the northern reaches of the Purchase extended into the equally ill - defined British possession -- Rupert 's Land of British North America , now part of Canada . The Purchase originally extended just beyond the 50th parallel . However , the territory north of the 49th parallel ( including the Milk River and Poplar River watersheds ) was ceded to the UK in exchange for parts of the Red River Basin south of 49th parallel in the Anglo - American Convention of 1818 . The eastern boundary of the Louisiana purchase was the Mississippi River , from its source to the 31st parallel , though the source of the Mississippi was , at the time , unknown . The eastern boundary below the 31st parallel was unclear . The U.S. claimed the land as far as the Perdido River , and Spain claimed that the border of its Florida Colony remained the Mississippi River . In early 1804 , Congress passed the Mobile Act , which recognized West Florida as part of the United States . The Adams -- Onís Treaty with Spain ( 1819 ) resolved the issue upon ratification in 1821 . Today , the 31st parallel is the northern boundary of the western half of the Florida Panhandle , and the Perdido is the western boundary of Florida . Because the western boundary was contested at the time of the Purchase , President Jefferson immediately began to organize three missions to explore and map the new territory . All three started from the Mississippi River . The Lewis and Clark Expedition ( 1804 ) traveled up the Missouri River ; the Red River Expedition ( 1806 ) explored the Red River basin ; the Pike Expedition ( 1806 ) also started up the Missouri , but turned south to explore the Arkansas River watershed . The maps and journals of the explorers helped to define the boundaries during the negotiations leading to the Adams -- Onís Treaty , which set the western boundary as follows : north up the Sabine River from the Gulf of Mexico to its intersection with the 32nd parallel , due north to the Red River , up the Red River to the 100th meridian , north to the Arkansas River , up the Arkansas River to its headwaters , due north to the 42nd parallel and due west to its previous boundary . Slavery See also : History of slavery in Louisiana , History of slavery in Missouri , and Slavery in the United States Governing the Louisiana Territory was more difficult than acquiring it . Its European peoples , of ethnic French , Spanish and Mexican descent , were largely Catholic ; in addition , there was a large population of enslaved Africans made up of a high proportion of recent arrivals , as Spain had continued the international slave trade . This was particularly true in the area of the present - day state of Louisiana , which also contained a large number of free people of color . Both present - day Arkansas and Missouri already had some slaveholders in the early 19th century . During this period , south Louisiana received an influx of French - speaking refugee planters , who were permitted to bring their slaves with them , and other refugees fleeing the large slave revolt in Saint - Domingue , today 's Haiti . Many Southern slaveholders feared that acquisition of the new territory might inspire American - held slaves to follow the example of those in Saint - Domingue and revolt . They wanted the US government to establish laws allowing slavery in the newly acquired territory so they could be supported in taking their slaves there to undertake new agricultural enterprises , as well as to reduce the threat of future slave rebellions . The Louisiana Territory was broken into smaller portions for administration , and the territories passed slavery laws similar to those in the southern states but incorporating provisions from the preceding French and Spanish rule ( for instance , Spain had prohibited slavery of Native Americans in 1769 , but some slaves of mixed African - Native American descent were still being held in St. Louis in Upper Louisiana when the U.S. took over ) . In a freedom suit that went from Missouri to the US Supreme Court , slavery of Native Americans was finally ended in 1836 . The institutionalization of slavery under U.S. law in the Louisiana Territory contributed to the American Civil War a half century later . As states organized within the territory , the status of slavery in each state became a matter of contention in Congress , as southern states wanted slavery extended to the west , and northern states just as strongly opposed new states being admitted as `` slave states . '' The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was a temporary solution . Asserting U.S. possession Plan of Fort Madison , built in 1808 to establish U.S. control over the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase , drawn 1810 After the early explorations , the U.S. government sought to establish control of the region , since trade along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers was still dominated by British and French traders from Canada and allied Indians , especially the Sauk and Fox . The U.S. adapted the former Spanish facility at Fort Bellefontaine as a fur trading post near St. Louis in 1804 for business with the Sauk and Fox . In 1808 two military forts with trading factories were built , Fort Osage along the Missouri River in western present - day Missouri and Fort Madison along the Upper Mississippi River in eastern present - day Iowa . With tensions increasing with Great Britain , in 1809 Fort Bellefontaine was converted to a U.S. military fort , and was used for that purpose until 1826 . During the War of 1812 , Great Britain and allied Indians defeated U.S. forces in the Upper Mississippi ; the U.S. abandoned Forts Osage and Madison , as well as several other U.S. forts built during the war , including Fort Johnson and Fort Shelby . After U.S. ownership of the region was confirmed in the Treaty of Ghent ( 1814 ) , the U.S. built or expanded forts along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers , including adding to Fort Bellefontaine , and constructing Fort Armstrong ( 1816 ) and Fort Edwards ( 1816 ) in Illinois , Fort Crawford ( 1816 ) in Prairie du Chien Wisconsin , Fort Snelling ( 1819 ) in Minnesota , and Fort Atkinson ( 1819 ) in Nebraska . Financing The American government used $3 million in gold as a down payment , and issued bonds for the balance to pay France for the purchase . Earlier that year , Francis Baring and Company of London had become the U.S. government 's official banking agent in London . Because of this favored position , the U.S. asked the Baring firm to handle the transaction . Francis Baring 's son Alexander was in Paris at the time and helped in the negotiations . Another Baring advantage was a close relationship with Hope and Company of Amsterdam . The two banking houses worked together to facilitate and underwrite the Purchase . Because Napoleon wanted to receive his money as quickly as possible , the two firms received the American bonds and shipped the gold to France . Napoleon used the money to finance his planned invasion of England , which never took place . See also France portal History portal Louisiana portal Alaska Purchase Florida Purchase Corps of Discovery Foreign affairs of the Jefferson administration Franco - American alliance List of French possessions and colonies New France Historic regions of the United States Louisiana Purchase Historic State Park Territorial evolution of the United States Territories of the United States on stamps References Footnotes Jump up ^ This $576 B value is based on comparing the relative share of nominal GDP , per a methodology recommended at www.measuringworth.com/calculators/uscompare , a site founded by economists specializing in `` Cliometrics , '' which is the application of quantitative techniques ( econometrics ) to historical analysis . ( The board of advisors is a who 's who of such economists / historians . ) The site provides various methods , thoroughly documented , for making relative value comparisons , which are especially complex over such long periods of time . E.g. , using the CPI for such a calculation results in a current value that likely seriously understates the true impact of this purchase on the US of 1803 . Jump up ^ `` Congressional series of United States public documents '' . U.S. Government Printing Office . January 1 , 1864 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Herring ( 2008 ) , p. 99 ^ Jump up to : Meinig ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Warren , Rebecca ( 1976 ) . `` The Role of American Diplomacy in the Louisiana Purchase '' . pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Purchase History , Facts , & Map '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Three Flags Day - Naked History '' . Naked History . March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reliving Lewis and Clark : Louisiana Purchase Ceremony '' . news.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 8 Things You May Not Know About the Louisiana Purchase '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Purchase - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2006 ) , pp. 4 -- 48 Jump up ^ Cerami ( 2003 ) , pp. 57 - 58 ^ Jump up to : Herring ( 2008 ) , p. 100 Jump up ^ `` Milestones : 1801 -- 1829 - Office of the Historian '' . history.state.gov . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthewson ( 1995 ) , p. 221 Jump up ^ Matthewson ( 1995 ) , p. 209 Jump up ^ Matthewson ( 1996 ) , pp. 22 -- 23 Jump up ^ Duke ( 1977 ) , pp. 77 -- 83 Jump up ^ Herring ( 2008 ) , p. 101 Jump up ^ Kuepper , Justin ( October 8 , 2012 ) . `` 3 Of The Most Lucrative Land Deals In History '' . Jump up ^ Burgan ( 2002 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ `` Primary Documents of American History : Louisiana Purchase '' . Web Guides . Library of Congress . March 29 , 2011 . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Malone , Roeder & Lang ( 1991 ) , p. 30 Jump up ^ Louisiana Purchase Treaty . Wikisource . Jump up ^ `` The Louisiana Purchase : Jefferson 's constitutional gamble '' . National Constitution Center . October 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Purchase of Louisiana , ( 5 July 1803 ) '' . Founders Online . National Archives and Records Administration . Footnote 2 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez ( 2002 ) , pp. 139 -- 40 Jump up ^ Fleming ( 2003 ) , pp. 149ff Jump up ^ Nugent ( 2009 ) , pp. 65 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Gayarre ( 1867 ) , p. 544 . Jump up ^ Adams ( 2011 ) , pp. 56 -- 57 Jump up ^ Nugent ( 2009 ) , pp. 66 -- 67 Jump up ^ Lawson & Seidman ( 2008 ) , pp. 20 -- 22 Jump up ^ Banning ( 1995 ) , pp. 7 -- 9 , 178 , 326 -- 7 , 330 -- 3 , 345 -- 6 , 360 -- 1 , 371 , 384 . ^ Jump up to : Ketcham ( 2003 ) , pp. 420 -- 2 . Jump up ^ The fledgling United States did not have $15 million in its treasury ; it borrowed the sum from Great Britain , at an annual interest rate of six percent . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Lewis ( 2003 ) , p. 79 Jump up ^ Peterson , Merrill D. ( 1974 ) . `` James Madison : A Biography in his Own Words '' . Newsweek . pp. 237 -- 46 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Louisiana Purchase : Noble Bargain , Difficult Journey '' . Lpb.org . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Purchase Thomas Jefferson 's Monticello '' . www.monticello.org . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Louisiana Purchase Legislative Timeline '' . The Louisiana Purchase Legislative Timeline . Library of Congress . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schoultz ( 1998 ) , pp. 15 -- 16 Jump up ^ Haynes ( 2010 ) , pp. 115 -- 16 Jump up ^ Hämäläinen ( 2008 ) , p. 183 Jump up ^ Weber ( 1994 ) , pp. 223 , 293 ^ Jump up to : Herring ( 2008 ) , p. 104 ^ Jump up to : Foley , William E. ( October 1984 ) . `` Slave Freedom Suits before Dred Scott : The Case of Marie Jean Scypion 's Descendants '' . Missouri Historical Review . 79 ( 1 ) : 1 . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 -- via The State Historical Society of Missouri . Jump up ^ Luttig ( 1920 ) . ^ Jump up to : Prucha ( 1969 ) . ^ Jump up to : Ziegler ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Fleming ( 2003 ) , pp. 129ff . Works cited Adams , Henry ( 2011 ) ( 1889 ) . History of the United States of America ( 1801 -- 1817 ) . vol. 2 : During the First Administration of Thomas Jefferson . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781108033039 . Banning , Lance ( 1995 ) . The Sacred Fire of Liberty : James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic . Ithaca : Cornell University Press . Burgan , Michael ( 2002 ) . The Louisiana Purchase . Capstone . ISBN 9780756502102 . Cerami , Charles A. ( 2003 ) . Jefferson 's Great Gamble . Sourcebooks . ISBN 9781402234354 . Duke , Marc ( 1977 ) . The du Ponts : Portrait of a Dynasty . Saturday Review Press . ISBN 0 - 8415 - 0429 - 6 . Fleming , Thomas J. ( 2003 ) . The Louisiana Purchase . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 26738 - 6 . Gayarre , Charles ( 1867 ) . History of Louisiana . Hämäläinen , Pekka ( 2008 ) . The Comanche Empire . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12654 - 9 . Haynes , Robert V. ( 2010 ) . The Mississippi Territory and the Southwest Frontier , 1795 -- 1817 . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 2577 - 0 . Herring , George ( 2008 ) . From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 976553 - 7 . Ketcham , Ralph ( 2003 ) . James Madison : A Biography . Newtown CT : American Political Biography Press . ISBN 9780813912653 . Kennedy , David M. ; Cohen , Lizabeth & Bailey , Thomas Andrew ( 2008 ) . The American Pageant : A History of the American People . Wadsworth . ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 16654 - 4 . Lawson , Gary & Seidman , Guy ( 2008 ) . The Constitution of Empire : Territorial Expansion and American Legal History . Yale University Press . ISBN 0300128967 . Lewis , James E. , Jr. ( 2003 ) . The Louisiana Purchase : Jefferson 's Noble Bargain ? . UNC Press Books . Luttig , John C. ( 1920 ) . Journal of a Fur - trading Expedition on the Upper Missouri : 1812 -- 1813 . Kansas City MO : The Missouri Historical Society . Malone , Michael P. ; Roeder , Richard B. & Lang , William L. ( 1991 ) . Montana : A History of Two Centuries . Seattle : University of Washington Press . ISBN 0 - 295 - 97129 - 0 . Meinig , D.W. ( 1995 ) . The Shaping of America : Volume 2 . Yale University Press . ISBN 9780300062908 . Matthewson , Tim ( May 1995 ) . `` Jefferson and Haiti '' . The Journal of Southern History . 61 ( 2 ) : 209 -- 48 . JSTOR 2211576 . Matthewson , Tim ( March 1996 ) . `` Jefferson and the Non-Recognition of Haiti '' . American Philosophical Society . 140 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 48 . JSTOR 987274 . Nugent , Walter ( 2009 ) . Habits of Empire : A History of American Expansionism . Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7818 - 9 . Prucha , Francis P. ( 1969 ) . The Sword of the Republic : The United States Army on the Frontier 1783 -- 1846 . New York : Macmillan . Rodriguez , Junius P. ( 2002 ) . The Louisiana Purchase : A Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9781576071885 . Schoultz , Lars ( 1998 ) . Beneath the United States . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 92276 - 1 . Thompson , Linda ( 2006 ) . The Louisiana Purchase . Rourke Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59515 - 513 - 9 . Weber , David J. ( 1994 ) . The Spanish Frontier in North America . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 05917 - 5 . Ziegler , Philip ( 1988 ) . The Sixth Great Power : Barings 1762 -- 1929 . London : Collins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 217508 - 8 . Further reading Hermann ( 1900 ) . The Louisiana Purchase and our title west of the Rocky Mountains : with a review of annexation by the United States . Hosmer , James Kendall ( 1902 ) . Louisiana Purchase . New York : D. Appleton & Co . Lass , William E. ( 2015 ) . `` The Northern Boundary of the Louisiana Purchase '' . Great Plains Quarterly . 35 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 50 . doi : 10.1353 / gpq. 2015.0006 . Marshall ( 1914 ) . A History of the Western Boundary of the Louisiana Purchase , 1819 - 1841 . U.S. Dept. of State ( 1903 ) . State papers and correspondence bearing upon the purchase of the territory of Louisiana . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Louisiana Purchase . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Louisiana Purchase Treaty Text of the Louisiana Purchase Treaty Library of Congress : Louisiana Purchase Treaty Teaching about the Louisiana Purchase Louisiana Purchase Bicentennial 1803 -- 2003 * Lewis and Clark Trail Louisiana Purchase and Lewis & Clark student and teacher guide : dates , people , analysis , multimedia New Orleans / Louisiana Purchase 1803 The Haitian Revolution and the Louisiana Purchase Case and Controversies in U.S. History , Page 42 Senator Pickering explains his opposition to the Louisiana Purchase , 1803 . Booknotes interview with Jon Kukla on A Wilderness So Immense : The Louisiana Purchase and the Destiny of America , July 6 , 2003 . 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Madison West Point Military Academy State of the Union Addresses ( texts 1801 1802 1805 ) Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Other noted accomplishments Early life and career Founder , University of Virginia history Land Ordinance of 1784 Northwest Ordinance 1787 Anti-Administration party Democratic - Republican Party Jeffersonian democracy First Party System republicanism Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measure of the United States ( 1790 ) Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions A Manual of Parliamentary Practice ( 1801 ) American Creed Jeffersonian architecture Barboursville Farmington Monticello gardens Poplar Forest University of Virginia The Rotunda The Lawn Jefferson Hall Virginia State Capitol White House Colonnades Other writings Notes on the State of Virginia ( 1785 ) 1787 European journey memorandums Indian removal letters Jefferson Bible ( 1895 ) Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society The Papers of Thomas Jefferson Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Member , Virginia Committee of Correspondence Committee of the States Founding Fathers of the United States Franco - American alliance Jefferson and education Religious views Jefferson and slavery Jefferson and the Library of Congress Jefferson disk Jefferson Pier Pet mockingbird National Gazette Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Sally Hemings Jefferson -- Hemings controversy Betty Hemings Separation of church and state Swivel chair The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Elections United States Presidential election 1796 1800 1804 Legacy Bibliography Jefferson Memorial Mount Rushmore Birthday Thomas Jefferson Building Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression Jefferson Lecture Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service Thomas Jefferson ( Karl Bitter statues ) Jefferson Literary and Debating Society Jefferson Lab Monticello Association Jefferson City , Missouri Jefferson College Thomas Jefferson School of Law Thomas Jefferson University Washington and Jefferson National Forests Other placenames Currency depictions Jefferson nickel Two - dollar bill Louisiana Purchase Exposition dollar U.S. postage stamps Popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Jefferson in Paris ( 1995 film ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1997 film ) Liberty ! 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Madison National Gazette Paul Jennings Madisonian Model American Philosophical Society The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Family Dolley Madison ( wife ) John Payne Todd ( stepson ) James Madison , Sr. ( father ) Nelly Conway Madison ( mother ) William Madison ( brother ) Ambrose Madison ( paternal grandfather ) James Madison ( cousin ) George Madison ( paternal second - cousin ) Thomas Madison ( paternal second - cousin ) John Madison ( great - grandfather ) ← Thomas Jefferson James Monroe → Category James Monroe 5th President of the United States ( 1817 -- 1825 ) 5th U.S. Secretary of State ( 1811 -- 1817 ) United States Secretary of War ( 1814 -- 1815 ) Governor of Virginia ( 1799 -- 1802 , 1811 ) United States Minister to the United Kingdom ( 1803 -- 1808 ) United States Minister to France ( 1794 -- 1796 ) United States Senator from Virginia ( 1790 -- 1794 ) Delegate to the Congress of the Confederation from Virginia ( 1783 -- 1786 ) Founding events Virginia Ratifying Convention Founding Fathers Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Florida Treaty Treaty of 1818 Panic of 1819 Era of Good Feelings Missouri Compromise Seminole Wars Monroe Doctrine Tariff of 1824 State of the Union Address , 1824 Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments Other noted accomplisments Negotiated the Louisiana Purchase Monroe -- Pinkney Treaty War of 1812 Life Early life and career Birthplace and boyhood home Revolutionary War service Battle of Trenton Monroe Hill home and office James Monroe Law Office , Museum , and Memorial Library Highland Oak Hill James Monroe Tomb Elections U.S. Senate election , 1790 1792 Governor of Virginia election , 1799 U.S. presidential election , 1808 1816 1820 Legacy and popular culture Memorials Monrovia , capital of Liberia Monroe , Michigan Monroe , Georgia Monroe County , Kentucky Monroe County , New York Monroe Township , New Jersey Monroe Hill ( 2015 film ) U.S. postage stamps Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar Related Virginia dynasty Monroe on slavery American Colonization Society Family Elizabeth Kortright ( wife ) George Hay ( son - in - law ) Samuel L. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sold the united states the louisiana purchase | [
"The Louisiana Purchase (French: Vente de la Louisiane \"Sale of Louisiana\") was the acquisition of the Louisiana territory (828,000 sq mi (2,140,000 km2; 530,000,000 acres)) by the United States from France in 1803. The U.S. paid fifty million francs ($11,250,000) and a cancellation of debts worth eighteen million francs ($3,750,000) for a total of sixty-eight million francs ($15 million, equivalent to \n$576 billion in 2016).[1] The Louisiana territory included land from fifteen present U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. The territory contained land that forms Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska; the portion of Minnesota west of the Mississippi River; a large portion of North Dakota; a large portion of South Dakota; the northeastern section of New Mexico; the northern portion of Texas; the area of Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado east of the Continental Divide; Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (plus New Orleans); and small portions of land within the present Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Its non-native population was around 60,000 inhabitants, of whom half were African slaves.[2]\n"
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-8164562399151228517 | Notes on the State of Virginia | Notes on the State of Virginia - wikipedia Notes on the State of Virginia Jump to : navigation , search Notes was the only full - length book published by Thomas Jefferson in his lifetime . Notes on the State of Virginia ( 1785 ) is a book written by Thomas Jefferson . He completed the first version in 1781 , and updated and enlarged the book in 1782 and 1783 . Notes on the State of Virginia originated in Jefferson 's responding to questions about Virginia , posed to him in 1780 by François Barbé - Marbois , then Secretary of the French delegation in Philadelphia , the temporary capital of the United Colonies . Widely considered the most important American book published before 1800 , Notes on the State of Virginia is both a compilation of data by Jefferson about the state 's natural resources and economy , and his vigorous argument about the nature of the good society , which he believed was incarnated by Virginia . He expressed his beliefs in the separation of church and state , constitutional government , checks and balances , and individual liberty . He wrote extensively about slavery , the problems of miscegenation , and his belief that whites and blacks could not live together in a free society . It was the only full - length book which Jefferson published during his lifetime . He first published it anonymously in Paris in 1785 , where he was serving the US government as trade representative . John Stockdale published the book in its first English edition in 1787 in London . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication and contents 2 Outline 3 Jefferson on freedom of speech and secular government 4 Jefferson and slavery 5 Jefferson and the Navy 6 Influence 7 Bibliography 8 Notes 9 External links Publication and contents ( edit ) Notes was anonymously published in Paris in a limited , private edition of two hundred copies in 1785 . A French translation ( by the Abbé Morellet ) appeared in 1786 . Its first public English - language edition , issued by John Stockdale in London , appeared in 1787 . It was the only full - length book by Jefferson published during his lifetime , though he did issue a Manual of Parliamentary Practice for the Use of the Senate of the United States , generally known as Jefferson 's Manual , in 1801 . Notes includes some of Jefferson 's most memorable statements of belief in such political , legal , and constitutional principles as the separation of church and state , constitutional government , checks and balances , and individual liberty . He celebrated the resources of Virginia . Overall , Jefferson was arguing with the proposition of the French naturalist Georges Louis Leclerc , Comte de Buffon , who in his authoritative Histoire Naturelle said that nature , plant life , animal life , and human life degenerate in the New World by contrast with their state in the Old World . Jefferson notes the 1648 work of scientists Georg Marcgraf and Willem Piso , whose work on natural history in Dutch Brazil resulted in the Historia Naturalis Brasiliae , arguing that the honey bee was not native to North America . Outline ( edit ) The text is divided into 23 chapters , which Jefferson termed `` Queries , '' each describing a different aspect of the state of Virginia . Boundaries of Virginia Rivers Sea Ports Mountains Cascades Productions mineral , vegetable and animal Climate Population Military force Marine force Aborigines Counties and towns Constitution Laws Colleges , buildings , and roads Proceedings as to Tories Religion Manners Manufactures Subjects of commerce Weights , Measures and Money Public revenue and expenses Histories , memorials , and state - papers Jefferson on freedom of speech and secular government ( edit ) Notes on the State of Virginia contained Jefferson 's firm belief in citizen 's rights to express themselves freely without fear of government or church reprisal and that government 's role is only secular and should not have anything to do with religion . This led later to charges of atheism leveled at him by his opponents in Federalist newspapers leading up to the nasty election of 1800 . They quoted his European - published Notes on Virginia as proof that he was Godless . Jefferson wrote in Notes on Virginia : The legitimate powers of government extend to such acts only as are injurious to others . But it does me no injury for my neighbor to say there are twenty gods , or no god . It neither picks my pocket nor breaks my leg . Yet , in Query XVIII , he also wrote : Can the liberties of a nation be thought secure when we have removed their only firm basis , a conviction in the minds of the people that these liberties are the gift of God ? That they are not to be violated but with his wrath ? Indeed I tremble for my country when I reflect that God is just : that his justice can not sleep forever ... Biographer Joseph J. Ellis reveals that Jefferson did n't think the work would be known in the U.S. since he did not publish it in North America and kept his authorship anonymous in Europe . He exchanged letters with friends worried what they would think about his authorship of such a religious heresy . They supported him in response . Jefferson did not respond at all to the mud - slinging charges . He won the 1804 presidential election anyway , but those charges of atheism and the charges of an affair with his 15 - year - old slave Sally Hemmings published in newspapers by Federalists supporters put his belief in a free press and free speech to the test . His predecessor John Adams angrily counter-attacked the press and vocal opponents by passing chilling Alien and Sedition Acts . Jefferson , by contrast , worked tirelessly to overturn what he viewed as tyrannical limits on free speech and free press , except for when he asked Thomas McKean , governor of Pennsylvania , to have Federalist newspapermen indicted for libel , claiming that it was necessary to prevent licentious abuses of free speech . He later lamented the anguish caused by his political enemies ; however , he never denied the charges made by them , including those in Notes on Virginia , and he never gave up his fight for `` Republican principles '' to shield the common man from state or religious oppression . Jefferson and slavery ( edit ) Main article : Thomas Jefferson and slavery In `` Laws '' ( Query XIV - 14 ) , Jefferson redirected questions about slavery by focusing the discussion to Africans , referring to what he called `` the real distinctions which nature has made '' between people of European descent and people of African descent . He later expressed his opposition to slavery in `` Manners '' ( Query XVIII - 18 ) . Jefferson 's proposal for resettling freed blacks in a colony in Africa expressed the mentality and anxieties of some American slaveholders after the American Revolutionary War ; this contrasted with rising sentiment among other men to emancipate slaves based on ideals related to the colonies ' struggle for independence . Numerous northern states abolished slavery altogether . Several southern states , including Virginia in 1782 , made manumissions easier . So many slaveholders in Virginia freed slaves following the Revolution ( sometimes by will and others during their lifetime ) that the number of free blacks in Virginia rose from about 1800 in 1782 to 30,466 , or 7.2 percent of the black population in 1810 . In the Upper South , more than 10 percent of blacks were free by 1810 ; in northern states , more than three - quarters of blacks were free by that date . In `` Laws '' , Jefferson wrote : `` It will probably be asked , Why not retain and incorporate the blacks into the state , and thus save the expense of supplying , by importation of white settlers , the vacancies they will leave ? Deep rooted prejudices entertained by the whites ; ten thousand recollections , by the blacks , of the injuries they have sustained ; new provocations ; the real distinctions which nature has made ; and many other circumstances , will divide us into parties , and produce convulsions which will probably never end but in the extermination of the one or the other race . '' Some slave - owners feared race wars could ensue upon emancipation , due not least to natural retaliation by blacks for the injustices under long slavery . Jefferson may have thought his fears justified after the revolution in Haiti , marked by widespread violence in the mass uprising of slaves against white colonists and free people of color in their fight for independence . Thousands of white and free people of color came as refugees to the United States in the early 1800s ; many brought their slaves with them . In addition , uprisings such as that of Gabriel in Richmond , Virginia , were often led by literate blacks . Jefferson and some other slaveholders embraced the idea of `` colonization '' : arranging for transportation of free blacks to Africa , regardless of their being native - born and having lived in the United States . In 1816 the American Colonization Society was founded in a collaboration by abolitionists and slaveholders . Jefferson said he thought Blacks were inferior to Whites in terms of beauty and reasoning intelligence . In `` Manners , '' Jefferson wrote that slavery was demoralizing to both White and Black society and that man is an `` imitative animal . '' Jefferson and the navy ( edit ) Jefferson included discussion on the potential naval capacity of America , given its extensive natural resources . This section was subsequently used by Federalist William Loughton Smith to embarrass Republican anti-navalists during debate in 1796 , over whether or not to continue construction on the original six frigates of the United States Navy . Smith claimed that he was not the only person to believe that commerce required a navy to protect it , and read a lengthy extract from Jefferson 's Notes to prove that the country was capable of supporting a much larger navy than the Federalists wanted to build . This occasioned Republican accusations that Smith had taken Jefferson out of context , or claims that Jefferson was mistaken in his understanding . Influence ( edit ) Jefferson 's work inspired others by his reflections on the nature of society , human rights and government . Supporters of abolition considered his thoughts on blacks and slavery as an obstacle to achieving equal rights for free blacks in the United States . People argued against Jefferson 's ideas in the Notes long after he died . For instance , the abolitionist David Walker , a free black , opposed the colonization movement . In Article IV of his Appeal ( 1830 ) , Walker said that free blacks considered colonization as the desire of whites to remove free blacks `` from among those of our brethren whom they unjustly hold in bondage , so that they may be enabled to keep them the more secure in ignorance and wretchedness , to support them and their children , and consequently they would have the more obedient slave . For if the free are allowed to stay among the slave , they will have intercourse together , and , of course , the free will learn the slaves bad habits , by teaching them that they are MEN , as well as other people , and certainly ought and must be FREE . '' Jefferson 's passages about slavery and the black race in Notes are referred to and disputed by Walker in the Appeal . Walker valued Jefferson as `` one of as great characters as ever lived among the whites , '' but he opposed his ideas : `` Do you believe that the assertions of such a man , will pass away into oblivion unobserved by this people and the world ? ... I say , that unless we try to refute Mr. Jefferson 's arguments respecting us , we will only establish them . '' He went on : `` Mr. Jefferson 's very severe remarks on us have been so extensively argued upon by men whose attainments in literature , I shall never be able to reach , that I would not have meddled with it , were it not to solicit each of my brethren , who has the spirit of a man , to buy a copy of Mr. Jefferson 's Notes on Virginia , and put it in the hand of his son . For let no one of us suppose that the refutations which have been written by our white friends are enough -- they are whites -- we are blacks . We , and the world wish to see the charges of Mr. Jefferson refuted by the blacks themselves , according to their chance ; for we must remember that what the whites have written respecting this subject , is other men 's labours , and did not emanate from the blacks . '' Bibliography ( edit ) Main article : Bibliography of Thomas Jefferson R.B. Bernstein , Thomas Jefferson ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2003 ; pbk , 2005 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518130 - 2 -- -- ( 2004 ) . The Revolution of Ideas . Oxford University Press , 251 pages . ISBN 9780195143683 . , Book Robert A. Ferguson , Law and Letters in American Culture ( Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press , 1984 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 51466 - 9 Dustin Gish and Daniel Klinghard . Thomas Jefferson and the Science of Republican Government : A Political Biography of Notes on the State of Virginia ( Cambridge UP , 2017 ) . x , 341 pp . Peter Kolchin , American Slavery , 1619 - 1877 , New York : Hill and Wang , 1993 ; pbk , 1994 The Life and Selected Writings of Thomas Jefferson . The Modern Library , 1944 . Thomas Jefferson : Writings : Autobiography / Notes on the State of Virginia / Public and Private Papers / Addresses / Letters ( 1984 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 940450 - 16 - 5 ) Library of America edition . David Tucker , Enlightened Republicanism : A Study of Jefferson 's Notes on the State of Virginia ( Lexington Books , 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 1792 - 7 David Walker , Appeal , 1830 , electronic text , Documents of the American South , University of North Carolina Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bernstein , Richard B. ( 2004 - 05 - 06 ) . Thomas Jefferson : The Revolution of Ideas . Oxford University Press , USA . ISBN 9780195143683 . Jump up ^ `` Notes on the State of Virginia ( 1785 ) '' . www.encyclopediavirginia.org . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Jefferson ( 1787 ) . Notes on the State of Virginia ( 2 ed . ) . London : John Stockdale . Retrieved 15 April 2016 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Bernstein , 2004 , p. 78 Jump up ^ Lee Alan Dugatkin , Mr. Jefferson and the Giant Moose : Natural History in Early America , 2009 , ISBN 0226169197 Jump up ^ Neil Safier , `` Beyond Brazilian Nature : The Editorial Itineraries of Marcgraf and Piso 's Historia Naturalis Brasiliae '' , in Michiel Van Groesen , The Legacy of Dutch Brazil , New York : Cambridge University Press 2014 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Thomas Jefferson , Notes on Virginia 1785 Jump up ^ Ellis , Joseph . `` American Sphinx '' . p. 101 - 103 , ISBN 0 - 679 - 44490 - 4 Jump up ^ Thomas Jefferson . `` Notes On the State Of Virginia , Religion '' . Jefferson believed the only legitimate role of government was to prevent injury to others . But to deny the existence of god or believe in 20 Gods was none of the state 's business . Jump up ^ G.S. Rowe , Thomas McKean : The Shaping of an American Republicanism ( Boulder , CO : Colorado Associated University Press , 1978 ) , 339 - 40 . Joseph Dennie , publisher of the Federalist Port Folio , was targeted , ostensibly for professing the futility of democracy ; Rowe argues that he was actually indicted over his unsubtle attacks on Jefferson 's unseemly sexual relationship with slave Sally Hemings . Jump up ^ Ellis , Joseph . `` American Sphinx '' . p. 101 - 103 , ISBN 0 - 679 - 44490 - 4 Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery , 1619 - 1877 , New York : Hill and Wang , 1993 , p. 81 Jump up ^ Kolchin ( 1993 ) , p. 81 Jump up ^ Thomas Jefferson . `` Notes On the State Of Virginia , Laws '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 22 . Jefferson believed that the color of the skin was the primary difference between African Americans and Europeans in relation to beauty . He writes in `` Laws , '' `` The first difference which strikes us is that of colour . '' Jefferson believed that skin color was the foundation of `` greater or lesser '' beauty between the two races . Body symmetry and hair texture were other categories for determining beauty , according to Jefferson . Jump up ^ Annals of Congress , 5th Congress , 2nd session , 2141 - 2147 . Jump up ^ `` David Walker 's Appeal '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Notes on the State of Virginia . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Notes on the State of Virginia Notes on the State of Virginia , Electronic Text Center , University of Virginia Library . PDF version , The Online Library of Liberty . Notes on the State of Virginia , Digital facsimile of the manuscript copy for 1785 edition ; Massachusetts Historical Society . ( hide ) Thomas Jefferson 3rd President of the United States ( 1801 -- 1809 ) 2nd U.S. Vice President ( 1797 -- 1801 ) 1st U.S. Secretary of State ( 1790 -- 1793 ) U.S. Minister to France ( 1785 -- 1789 ) 2nd Governor of Virginia ( 1779 -- 1781 ) Delegate , Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding documents of the United States A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Initial draft , Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( 1775 ) 1776 Declaration of Independence Committee of Five authored physical history `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty , and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' 1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom freedom of religion French Revolution Co-author , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ) Presidency Inaugural Address ( 1801 1805 ) Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Corps of Discovery timeline Empire of Liberty Red River Expedition Pike Expedition Cumberland Road Embargo Act of 1807 Chesapeake -- Leopard affair Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 First Barbary War Native American policy Marbury v. Madison West Point Military Academy State of the Union Addresses ( texts 1801 1802 1805 ) Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Other noted accomplishments Early life and career Founder , University of Virginia history Land Ordinance of 1784 Northwest Ordinance 1787 Anti-Administration party Democratic - Republican Party Jeffersonian democracy First Party System republicanism Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measure of the United States ( 1790 ) Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions A Manual of Parliamentary Practice ( 1801 ) Jeffersonian architecture Barboursville Farmington Monticello gardens Poplar Forest University of Virginia The Rotunda The Lawn Virginia State Capitol White House Colonnades Other writings Notes on the State of Virginia ( 1785 ) 1787 European journey memorandums Indian removal letters Jefferson Bible ( 1895 ) Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society The Papers of Thomas Jefferson Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Member , Virginia Committee of Correspondence Committee of the States Founding Fathers of the United States Franco - American alliance Jefferson and education Religious views Jefferson and slavery Jefferson and the Library of Congress Jefferson disk Jefferson Pier Pet mockingbird National Gazette Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Sally Hemings Jefferson -- Hemings controversy Betty Hemings Separation of church and state Swivel chair The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Elections United States Presidential election 1796 1800 1804 Legacy Bibliography Jefferson Memorial Mount Rushmore Birthday Thomas Jefferson Building Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression Jefferson Lecture Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service Jefferson Lab Monticello Association Jefferson City , Missouri Jefferson College Thomas Jefferson School of Law Thomas Jefferson University Washington and Jefferson National Forests Other placenames Currency depictions Jefferson nickel Two - dollar bill U.S. postage stamps Popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Jefferson in Paris ( 1995 film ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1997 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Jefferson 's Garden ( 2015 play ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Jefferson -- Eppes Trophy Wine bottles controversy Family Peter Jefferson ( father ) Jane Randolph Jefferson ( mother ) Lucy Jefferson Lewis ( sister ) Randolph Jefferson ( brother ) Isham Randolph ( grandfather ) William Randolph ( great - grandfather ) Martha Jefferson ( wife ) Martha Jefferson Randolph ( daughter ) Mary Jefferson Eppes ( daughter ) Harriet Hemings ( daughter ) Madison Hemings ( son ) Eston Hemings ( son ) Thomas J. Randolph ( grandson ) Francis Eppes ( grandson ) George W. Randolph ( grandson ) John Wayles Jefferson ( grandson ) Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. ( son - in - law ) John Wayles Eppes ( son - in - law ) John Wayles ( father - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( brother - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( nephew ) ← John Adams James Madison → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Notes_on_the_State_of_Virginia&oldid=827748627 '' Categories : Virginia culture Books by Thomas Jefferson American political philosophy literature Hidden categories : Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Bahasa Indonesia Latina Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 14 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote notes on the state of virginia | [
"Notes on the State of Virginia (1785) is a book written by Thomas Jefferson. He completed the first version in 1781, and updated and enlarged the book in 1782 and 1783. Notes on the State of Virginia originated in Jefferson's responding to questions about Virginia, posed to him in 1780 by François Barbé-Marbois, then Secretary of the French delegation in Philadelphia, the temporary capital of the United Colonies."
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"Thomas Jefferson"
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9155630971340089748 | The Sound of Music | The Sound of Music - wikipedia The Sound of Music Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the stage musical . For the film , see The Sound of Music ( film ) . For other uses , see The Sound of Music ( disambiguation ) . The Sound of Music Original Broadway poster ( 1959 ) Music Richard Rodgers Lyrics Oscar Hammerstein II Book Howard Lindsay Russel Crouse Basis 1956 German film Die Trapp - Familie and Maria von Trapp 's autobiography The Story of the Trapp Family Singers Productions 1959 Broadway 1961 West End 1965 Film International productions 1981 West End revival 1998 Broadway revival 2006 West End revival 2009 -- 11 UK Tour 2013 Television 2015 -- 16 US Tour 2015 -- 16 UK Tour The Sound of Music is a musical with music by Richard Rodgers , lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II and a book by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse . It is based on the memoir of Maria von Trapp , The Story of the Trapp Family Singers . Set in Austria on the eve of the Anschluss in 1938 , the musical tells the story of Maria , who takes a job as governess to a large family while she decides whether to become a nun . She falls in love with the children , and eventually their widowed father , Captain von Trapp . He is ordered to accept a commission in the German navy , but he opposes the Nazis . He and Maria decide on a plan to flee Austria with the children . Many songs from the musical have become standards , such as `` Edelweiss '' , `` My Favorite Things '' , `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' , `` Do - Re-Mi '' , and the title song `` The Sound of Music '' . The original Broadway production , starring Mary Martin and Theodore Bikel , opened in 1959 and won five Tony Awards , including Best Musical , out of nine nominations . The first London production opened at the Palace Theatre in 1961 . The show has enjoyed numerous productions and revivals since then . It was adapted as a 1965 film musical starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer , which won five Academy Awards . The Sound of Music was the last musical written by Rodgers and Hammerstein ; Oscar Hammerstein died of cancer nine months after the Broadway premiere . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Story 2.1 Act I 2.2 Act II 3 Musical numbers 4 Characters 5 Productions 5.1 Original productions 5.2 1981 London revival 5.3 1998 Broadway revival 5.4 2006 London revival 5.5 Other notable productions 6 Film adaptation 7 Television adaptations 8 Reception 9 Cast recordings 10 Awards and nominations 10.1 Original Broadway production 10.2 1998 Broadway Revival 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) After viewing The Trapp Family , a 1956 West German film about the von Trapp family , and its 1958 sequel ( Die Trapp - Familie in Amerika ) , stage director Vincent J. Donehue thought that the project would be perfect for his friend Mary Martin ; Broadway producers Leland Hayward and Richard Halliday ( Martin 's husband ) agreed . The producers originally envisioned a non-musical play that would be written by Lindsay and Crouse and that would feature songs from the repertoire of the Trapp Family Singers . Then they decided to add an original song or two , perhaps by Rodgers and Hammerstein . But it was soon agreed that the project should feature all new songs and be a musical rather than a play . Details of the history of the von Trapp family were altered for the musical . The real Georg von Trapp did live with his family in a villa in Aigen , a suburb of Salzburg . He wrote to the Nonnberg Abbey in 1926 asking for a nun to help tutor his sick daughter , and the Mother Abbess sent Maria . His wife had died in 1922 . The real Maria and Georg married at the Nonnberg Abbey in 1927 . Lindsay and Crouse altered the story so that Maria was governess to all of the children , whose names and ages were changed , as was Maria 's original surname ( the show used `` Rainer '' instead of `` Kutschera '' ) . The von Trapps spent some years in Austria after Maria and the Captain married and was offered a commission in Germany 's navy . Since von Trapp opposed the Nazis by that time , the family left Austria after the Anschluss , going by train to Italy and then traveling on to London and the United States . To make the story more dramatic , Lindsay and Crouse had the family , soon after Maria 's and the Captain 's wedding , escape over the mountains to Switzerland on foot . Story ( edit ) Act I ( edit ) In Salzburg , Austria , just before World War II , nuns from Nonnberg Abbey sing the Dixit Dominus . One of the postulants , Maria Rainer , is on the nearby mountainside , regretting leaving the beautiful hills ( `` The Sound of Music '' ) where she was brought up . She returns late . The Mother Abbess and the other nuns consider what to do about her ( `` Maria '' ) . Maria explains her lateness , saying she was raised on that mountain , and apologizes for singing in the garden without permission . The Mother Abbess joins her in song ( `` My Favorite Things '' ) . The Mother Abbess tells her that she should spend some time outside the abbey to decide whether she is ready for the monastic life . She will act as the governess to the seven children of a widower , Austro - Hungarian Navy submarine Captain Georg von Trapp . Maria arrives at the villa of Captain von Trapp . He explains her duties and summons the children with a boatswain 's call . They march in , clad in uniforms . He teaches her their individual signals on the call , but she openly disapproves of this militaristic approach . Alone with them , she breaks through their wariness and teaches them the basics of music ( `` Do - Re-Mi '' ) . Rolf , a young messenger , delivers a telegram and then meets with the oldest child , Liesl , outside the villa . He claims he knows what is right for her because he is a year older than she ( `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' ) . They kiss , and he runs off , leaving her squealing with joy . Meanwhile , the housekeeper , Frau Schmidt , gives Maria material to make new clothes , as Maria had given all her possessions to the poor . Maria sees Liesl slipping in through the window , wet from a sudden thunderstorm , but agrees to keep her secret . The other children are frightened by the storm . Maria sings `` The Lonely Goatherd '' to distract them . Captain von Trapp arrives a month later from Vienna with Baroness Elsa Schräder and Max Detweiler . Elsa tells Max that something is preventing the Captain from marrying her . He opines that only poor people have the time for great romances ( `` How Can Love Survive '' ) . Rolf enters , looking for Liesl , and greets them with `` Heil '' . The Captain orders him away , saying that he is Austrian , not German . Maria and the children leapfrog in , wearing play - clothes that she made from the old drapes in her room . Infuriated , the Captain sends them off to change . She tells him that they need him to love them , and he angrily orders her back to the abbey . As she apologizes , they hear the children singing `` The Sound of Music '' , which she had taught them , to welcome Elsa Schräder . He joins in and embraces them . Alone with Maria , he asks her to stay , thanking her for bringing music back into his house . Elsa is suspicious of her until she explains that she will be returning to the abbey in September . The Captain gives a party to introduce Elsa , and guests argue over the Anschluss . Kurt asks Maria to teach him to dance the Ländler . When he fails to negotiate a complicated figure , the Captain steps in to demonstrate . He and Maria dance until they come face - to - face ; and she breaks away , embarrassed and confused . Discussing the expected marriage between Elsa and the Captain , Brigitta tells Maria that she thinks Maria and the Captain are really in love with each other . Elsa asks the Captain to allow the children to say goodnight to the guests with a song , `` So Long , Farewell '' . Max is amazed at their talent and wants them for the Kaltzberg Festival , which he is organizing . The guests leave for the dining room , and Maria slips out the front door with her luggage . At the abbey , Maria says that she is ready to take her monastic vows ; but the Mother Abbess realizes that she is running away from her feelings . She tells her to face the Captain and discover if they love each other , and tells her to search for and find the life she was meant to live ( `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' ) . Act II ( edit ) Max teaches the children how to sing on stage . When the Captain tries to lead them , they complain that he is not doing it as Maria did . He tells them that he has asked Elsa to marry him . They try to cheer themselves up by singing `` My Favorite Things '' but are unsuccessful until they hear Maria singing on her way to rejoin them . Learning of the wedding plans , she decides to stay only until the Captain can arrange for another governess . Max and Elsa argue with him about the imminent Anschluss , trying to convince him that it is inevitable ( `` No Way to Stop It '' ) . When he refuses to compromise , Elsa breaks off the engagement . Alone , the Captain and Maria finally admit their love , desiring only to be `` An Ordinary Couple '' . As they marry , the nuns reprise `` Maria '' against the wedding processional . During the honeymoon , Max prepares the children to perform at the Kaltzberg Festival . Herr Zeller , the Gauleiter , demands to know why they are not flying the flag of the Third Reich now that the Anschluss has occurred . The Captain and Maria return early from their honeymoon before the Festival . In view of developments , he refuses to allow the children to sing . Max argues that they would sing for Austria , but the Captain points out that it no longer exists . Maria and Liesl discuss romantic love ; Maria predicts that in a few years Liesl will be married ( `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen ( Reprise ) '' ) . Rolf enters with a telegram that offers the Captain a commission in the German Navy , and Liesl is upset to discover that Rolf is now a committed Nazi . The Captain consults Maria and decides that they must secretly flee Austria . German Admiral von Schreiber arrives to find out why Captain von Trapp has not answered the telegram . He explains that the German Navy holds him in high regard , offers him the commission , and tells him to report immediately to Bremerhaven to assume command . Maria says that he can not leave immediately , as they are all singing in the Festival concert ; and the Admiral agrees to wait . At the concert , after the von Trapps sing an elaborate reprise of `` Do - Re-Mi '' , Max brings out the Captain 's guitar . Captain von Trapp sings `` Edelweiss '' , as a goodbye to his homeland , while using Austria 's national flower as a symbol to declare his loyalty to the country . Max asks for an encore and announces that this is the von Trapp family 's last chance to sing together , as the honor guard waits to escort the Captain to his new command . While the judges decide on the prizes , the von Trapps sing `` So Long , Farewell '' , leaving the stage in small groups . Max then announces the runners - up , stalling as much as possible . When he announces that the first prize goes to the von Trapps and they do not appear , the Nazis start a search . The family hides at the Abbey , and Sister Margaretta tells them that the borders have been closed . Rolf comes upon them and calls his lieutenant , but after seeing Liesl he changes his mind and tells him they are n't there . The Nazis leave , and the von Trapps flee over the Alps as the nuns reprise `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' . Musical numbers ( edit ) Act I `` Preludium '' -- Mother Abbess with Nuns `` The Sound of Music '' -- Maria `` Maria '' -- Sister Berthe , Sister Sophia , Sister Margaretta , and the Mother Abbess `` My Favorite Things '' -- Maria and the Mother Abbess `` My Favorite Things '' ( reprise 1 ) -- Maria `` Do - Re-Mi '' -- Maria and the children `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' -- Rolf and Liesl `` The Lonely Goatherd '' -- Maria and the children `` The Lonely Goatherd '' ( reprise ) -- Gretl `` How Can Love Survive '' -- Max and Elsa `` The Sound of Music '' ( reprise ) -- Maria , the Captain and the children `` Ländler '' ( instrumental ) `` So Long , Farewell '' -- The children `` Morning Hymn '' -- Nuns `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' -- Mother Abbess Act II `` My Favorite Things '' ( reprise 2 ) -- Maria and the children `` No Way to Stop It '' -- Elsa , Max and the Captain `` An Ordinary Couple '' -- Maria and the Captain † `` Gaudeamus Domino '' -- Nuns `` Maria '' ( reprise ) -- Nuns `` Confitemini Domino '' -- Nuns `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' ( reprise ) -- Maria and Liesl `` Do - Re-Mi '' ( reprise ) -- Maria , the Captain , and the children ‡ `` Edelweiss '' -- The Captain `` So Long , Farewell '' ( reprise ) -- Maria , the Captain , and the children `` Finale Ultimo '' ( reprise of `` Climb Every Mountain '' ) -- Nuns Notes The musical numbers listed appeared in the original production unless otherwise noted . † Sometimes replaced by `` Something Good '' , which was written for the film version . ‡ Replaced by `` The Lonely Goatherd '' in the 1998 revival . In some productions , `` My Favorite Things '' follows `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' in the thunderstorm scene , while `` The Lonely Goatherd '' is shifted to the concert scene . Many stage revivals have also included `` I Have Confidence '' and `` Something Good '' , which were written by Richard Rodgers for the film version ( since the film was made after original lyricist Oscar Hammerstein 's death ) . Although many people believe that `` Edelweiss '' is a traditional Austrian song , it was written for the musical and did not become known in Austria until after the film 's success . The Ländler dance performed by Maria and the Captain during the party is only loosely based on the traditional Austrian dance of the same name . Characters ( edit ) Sources : IBDB and Guidetomusicaltheatre.com Maria Rainer , a postulant at Nonnberg Abbey Captain Georg von Trapp Max Detweiler , Captain von Trapp 's friend , a music agent and producer The Mother Abbess , the head of Nonnberg Abbey Baroness Elsa Schräder `` wealthy and sophisticated '' and Captain von Trapp 's would - be fiancée Rolf Gruber , the 17 - year - old Nazi delivery boy who is in love with Liesl Sister Bertha , the Mistress of Novices Sister Margareta , the Mistress of Postulants Sister Sophia , a sister at the Abbey Herr Zeller , the Gauleiter Franz , Captain von Trapp 's butler Frau Schmidt , Captain von Trapp 's housekeeper The Children : Liesl von Trapp , age 16 Friedrich von Trapp , age 14 Louisa von Trapp , age 13 Kurt von Trapp , age 11 Brigitta von Trapp , age 10 Marta von Trapp , age 7 Gretl von Trapp , age 5 Ensemble includes nuns , high - society neighbors of Captain von Trapp who attend the ball thrown in Elsa 's honor , Nazi soldiers and contestants in the festival concert Productions ( edit ) Original productions ( edit ) Mary Martin and children in a publicity photo , 1959 The Sound of Music opened on Broadway at the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre on November 16 , 1959 , moved to the Mark Hellinger Theatre on November 6 , 1962 , and closed on June 15 , 1963 , after 1,443 performances . The director was Vincent J. Donehue , and the choreographer was Joe Layton . The original cast included Mary Martin ( at age 46 ) as Maria , Theodore Bikel as Captain Georg von Trapp , Patricia Neway as Mother Abbess , Kurt Kasznar as Max Detweiler , Marion Marlowe as Elsa Schräder , Brian Davies as Rolf and Lauri Peters as Liesl . Sopranos Patricia Brooks and June Card were ensemble members in the original production . The show tied for the Tony Award for Best Musical with Fiorello ! . Other awards included Martin for Best Actress in a Musical , Neway for Best Featured Actress , Best Scenic Design ( Oliver Smith ) and Best Conductor And Musical Director ( Frederick Dvonch ) . Bikel and Kasznar were nominated for acting awards , and Donehue was nominated for his direction . The entire children 's cast was nominated for Best Featured Actress category as a single nominee , even though two of the children were boys . Martha Wright replaced Martin in the role of Maria on Broadway in October 1961 , followed by Karen Gantz in July 1962 , Jeannie Carson in August 1962 and Nancy Dussault in September 1962 . Jon Voight , who eventually married co-star Lauri Peters , was a replacement for Rolf . The national tour starred Florence Henderson as Maria and Beatrice Krebs as Mother Abbess . It opened at the Grand Riviera Theater , Detroit , on February 27 , 1961 , and closed November 23 , 1963 , at the O'Keefe Centre , Toronto . Henderson was succeeded by Barbara Meister in June 1962 . Theodore Bikel was not satisfied playing the role of the Captain , because of the role 's limited singing , and Bikel did not like to play the same role over and over again . In his autobiography , he writes : `` I promised myself then that if I could afford it , I would never do a run as long as that again . '' The original Broadway cast album sold three million copies . The musical premiered in London 's West End at the Palace Theatre on May 18 , 1961 , and ran for 2,385 performances . It was directed by Jerome Whyte and used the original New York choreography , supervised by Joe Layton , and the original sets designed by Oliver Smith . The cast included Jean Bayless as Maria , followed by Sonia Rees , Roger Dann as Captain von Trapp , Constance Shacklock as Mother Abbess , Eunice Gayson as Elsa Schrader , Harold Kasket as Max Detweiler , Barbara Brown as Liesl , Nicholas Bennett as Rolf and Olive Gilbert as Sister Margaretta . 1981 London revival ( edit ) In 1981 , at producer Ross Taylor 's urging , Petula Clark agreed to star in a revival of the show at the Apollo Victoria Theatre in London 's West End . Michael Jayston played Captain von Trapp , Honor Blackman was the Baroness and June Bronhill the Mother Abbess . Other notable cast members included Helen Anker , John Bennett and Martina Grant . Despite her misgivings that , at age 49 , she was too old to play the role convincingly , Clark opened to unanimous rave reviews and the largest advance sale in the history of British theatre at that time . Maria von Trapp , who attended the opening night performance , described Clark as `` the best '' Maria ever . Clark extended her initial six - month contract to thirteen months . Playing to 101 percent of seating capacity , the show set the highest attendance figure for a single week ( October 26 -- 31 , 1981 ) of any British musical production in history ( as recorded in The Guinness Book of Theatre ) . It was the first stage production to incorporate the two additional songs ( `` Something Good '' and `` I Have Confidence '' ) that Richard Rodgers composed for the film version . `` My Favorite Things '' had a similar context to the film version , while the short verse `` A Bell is No Bell '' was extended into a full - length song for Maria and the Mother Abbess . `` The Lonely Goatherd '' was set in a new scene at a village fair . The cast recording of this production was the first to be recorded digitally . It was released on CD for the first time in 2010 by the UK label Pet Sounds and included two bonus tracks from the original single issued by Epic to promote the production . 1998 Broadway revival ( edit ) Director Susan H. Schulman staged the first Broadway revival of The Sound of Music , with Rebecca Luker as Maria and Michael Siberry as Captain von Trapp . It also featured Patti Cohenour as Mother Abbess , Jan Maxwell as Elsa Schrader , Fred Applegate as Max Detweiler , Dashiell Eaves as Rolf , Patricia Conolly as Frau Schmidt and Laura Benanti , in her Broadway debut , as Luker 's understudy . Later , Luker and Siberry were replaced by Richard Chamberlain as the Captain and Benanti as Maria . Lou Taylor Pucci made his Broadway debut as the understudy for Kurt von Trapp . The production opened on March 12 , 1998 , at the Martin Beck Theatre , and closed on June 20 , 1999 , after 533 performances . This production was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical . It then toured in North America . 2006 London revival ( edit ) An Andrew Lloyd Webber production opened on November 15 , 2006 , at the London Palladium and ran until February 2009 , produced by Live Nation 's David Ian and Jeremy Sams . Following failed negotiations with Hollywood star Scarlett Johansson , the role of Maria was cast through a UK talent search reality TV show called How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria ? The talent show was produced by ( and starred ) Andrew Lloyd Webber and featured presenter / comedian Graham Norton and a judging panel of David Ian , John Barrowman and Zoe Tyler . Connie Fisher was selected by public voting as the winner of the show . In early 2007 , Fisher suffered from a heavy cold that prevented her from performing for two weeks . To prevent further disruptions , an alternate Maria , Aoife Mulholland , a fellow contestant on How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria ? , played Maria on Monday evenings and Wednesday matinee performances . Simon Shepherd was originally cast as Captain von Trapp , but after two preview performances he was withdrawn from the production , and Alexander Hanson moved into the role in time for the official opening date along with Lesley Garrett as the Mother Abbess . After Garrett left , Margaret Preece took the role . The cast also featured Lauren Ward as the Baroness , Ian Gelder as Max , Sophie Bould as Liesl , and Neil McDermott as Rolf . Other notable replacements have included Simon Burke and Simon MacCorkindale as the Captain and newcomer Amy Lennox as Liesl . Summer Strallen replaced Fisher in February 2008 , with Mulholland portraying Maria on Monday evenings and Wednesday matinees . The revival received enthusiastic reviews , especially for Fisher , Preece , Bould and Garrett . A cast recording of the London Palladium cast was released . The production closed on February 21 , 2009 , after a run of over two years and was followed by a UK national tour , described below . Other notable productions ( edit ) 1960s to 2000 The first Australian production opened at Melbourne 's Princess Theatre in 1961 and ran for three years . The production was directed by Charles Hickman , with musical numbers staged by Ernest Parham . The cast included June Bronhill as Maria , Peter Graves as Captain von Trapp and Rosina Raisbeck as Mother Abbess . A touring company then played for years , with Vanessa Lee ( Graves ' wife ) in the role of Maria . The cast recording made in 1961 was the first time a major overseas production featuring Australian artists was transferred to disc . A Puerto Rican production , performed in English , opened at the Tapia Theatre in San Juan under the direction of Pablo Cabrera in 1966 . It starred Camille Carrión as María and Raúl Dávila as Captain Von Trapp , and it featured a young Johanna Rosaly as Liesl . In 1968 , the production transferred to the Teatro de la Zarzuela in Madrid , Spain , where it was performed in Spanish with Carrión reprising the role of María , Alfredo Mayo as Captain Von Trapp and Roberto Rey as Max . In 1988 , the Moon Troupe of Takarazuka Revue performed the musical at the Bow Hall ( Takarazuka , Hyōgo ) . Harukaze Hitomi and Gou Mayuka starred . A 1990 New York City Opera production , directed by Oscar Hammerstein II 's son , James , featured Debby Boone as Maria , Laurence Guittard as Captain von Trapp , and Werner Klemperer as Max . In the 1993 Stockholm production , Carola Häggkvist played Maria and Tommy Körberg played Captain von Trapp . An Australian revival played in the Lyric Theatre , Sydney , New South Wales , from November 1999 to February 2000 . Lisa McCune played Maria , John Waters was Captain von Trapp , Bert Newton was Max , Eilene Hannan was Mother Abbess , and Rachel Marley was Marta . This production was based on the 1998 Broadway revival staging . The production then toured until February 2001 , in Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth and Adelaide . Rachael Beck took over as Maria in Perth and Adelaide , and Rob Guest took over as Captain von Trapp in Perth . 21st century An Austrian production premiered in 2005 at the Volksoper Wien in German . It was directed and choreographed by Renaud Doucet . The cast included Sandra Pires as Maria , Kurt Schreibmayer and Michael Kraus as von Trapp , with Heidi Brunner as Mother Abbess . As of 2012 , the production was still in the repertoire of the Volksoper with 12 -- 20 performances per season . The Salzburg Marionette Theatre has toured extensively with their version that features the recorded voices of Broadway singers such as Christiane Noll as Maria . The tour began in Dallas , Texas , in 2007 and continued in Salzburg in 2008 . The director is Richard Hamburger . In 2010 , the production was given in Paris , France , with dialogue in French and the songs in English . In 2008 , a Brazilian production with Kiara Sasso as Maria and Herson Capri as the Captain played in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo , and a Dutch production was mounted with Wieneke Remmers as Maria , directed by John Yost . Andrew Lloyd Webber , David Ian and David Mirvish presented The Sound of Music at the Princess of Wales Theatre in Toronto from 2008 to 2010 . The role of Maria was chosen by the public through a television show , How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria ? , which was produced by Lloyd Webber and Ian and aired in mid-2008 . Elicia MacKenzie won and played the role six times a week , while the runner - up in the TV show , Janna Polzin , played Maria twice a week . Captain von Trapp was played by Burke Moses . The show ran for more than 500 performances . It was Toronto 's longest running revival ever . A UK tour began in 2009 and visited more than two dozen cities before ending in 2011 . The original cast included Connie Fisher as Maria , Michael Praed as Captain von Trapp and Margaret Preece as the Mother Abbess . Kirsty Malpass was the alternate Maria . Jason Donovan assumed the role of Captain Von Trapp , and Verity Rushworth took over as Maria , in early 2011 . Lesley Garrett reprised her role as Mother Abbess for the tour 's final engagement in Wimbledon in October 2011 . A production ran at the Ópera - Citi theater in Buenos Aires , Argentina in 2011 . The cast included Laura Conforte as Maria and Diego Ramos as Captain Von Trapp . A Spanish national tour began in November 2011 at the Auditorio de Tenerife in Santa Cruz de Tenerife in the Canary Islands . The tour visited 29 Spanish cities , spending one year in Madrid 's Gran Vía at the Teatro Coliseum , and one season at the Tívoli Theatre in Barcelona . It was directed by Jaime Azpilicueta and starred Silvia Luchetti as Maria and Carlos J. Benito as Captain Von Trapp . A production was mounted at the Open Air Theatre , Regent 's Park from July to September 2013 . It starred Charlotte Wakefield as Maria , with Michael Xavier as Captain von Trapp and Caroline Keiff as Elsa . It received enthusiastic reviews and became the highest - grossing production ever at the theatre . In 2014 , the show was nominated for Best Musical Revival at the Laurence Olivier Awards and Wakefield was nominated for Best Actress in a Musical . A brief South Korean production played in 2014 , as did a South African production at the Artscape in Cape Town and at the Teatro at Montecasino based on Lloyd Webber and Ian 's London Palladium production . The same year , a Spanish language translation opened at Teatro de la Universidad in San Juan , under the direction of Edgar García . It starred Lourdes Robles as Maria and Braulio Castillo as Captain Von Trapp , with Dagmar as Elsa . A production ( in Thai : มนต์ รัก เพลง สวรรค์ ) ran at Muangthai ratchadalai Theatre , Bangkok , Thailand , in April 2015 in the Thai language . The production replaced the song `` Ordinary couple '' with `` Something Good '' . A North American tour , directed by Jack O'Brien and choreographed by Danny Mefford , began at the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles in September 2015 . The tour is scheduled to run until at least July 2017 . Kerstin Anderson plays Maria , with Ben Davis as Capt . von Trapp and Ashley Brown as Mother Abess . The production has received warm reviews . A UK tour produced by Bill Kenwright began in 2015 and toured into 2016 . It was directed by Martin Connor and starred Lucy O'Byrne as Maria . A 2016 Australian tour of the Lloyd Webber production , directed by Sams , included stops in Sydney , Brisbane , Melbourne and Adelaide . The cast included Cameron Daddo as Captain Von Trapp , Marina Prior as Baroness Schraeder and Lorraine Bayly as Frau Schmidt . The choreographer was Arlene Phillips . Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : The Sound of Music ( film ) On March 2 , 1965 , 20th Century Fox released a film adaption of the musical starring Julie Andrews as Maria Rainer and Christopher Plummer as Captain Georg von Trapp . It was produced and directed by Robert Wise with the screenplay adaption written by Ernest Lehman . Two songs were written by Rodgers specifically for the film , `` I Have Confidence '' and `` Something Good '' . The film won five Oscars at the 38th Academy Awards , including Best Picture . Television adaptations ( edit ) Main article : The Sound of Music Live ! A live televised production of the musical aired twice in December 2013 on NBC . It was directed by Beth McCarthy - Miller and Rob Ashford . Carrie Underwood starred as Maria Rainer , with Stephen Moyer as Captain von Trapp , Christian Borle as Max , Laura Benanti as Elsa , and Audra McDonald as the Mother Abbess . The production was released on DVD the same month . A new version of the musical was broadcast live on ITV in the UK on December 20 , 2015 . It starred Kara Tointon as Maria , Julian Ovenden as Captain von Trapp , Katherine Kelly as Baroness Schraeder and Alexander Armstrong as Max . Reception ( edit ) Most reviews of the original Broadway production were favorable . Richard Watts , Jr. of the New York Post stated that the show had `` strangely gentle charm that is wonderfully endearing . The Sound of Music strives for nothing in the way of smash effects , substituting instead a kind of gracious and unpretentious simplicity . '' The New York World - Telegram and Sun pronounced The Sound of Music `` the loveliest musical imaginable . It places Rodgers and Hammerstein back in top form as melodist and lyricist . The Lindsay - Crouse dialogue is vibrant and amusing in a plot that rises to genuine excitement . '' The New York Journal American 's review opined that The Sound of Music is `` the most mature product of the team ... it seemed to me to be the full ripening of these two extraordinary talents '' . Brooks Atkinson of The New York Times gave a mixed assessment . He praised Mary Martin 's performance , saying `` she still has the same common touch ... same sharp features , goodwill , and glowing personality that makes music sound intimate and familiar '' and stated that `` the best of the Sound of Music is Rodgers and Hammerstein in good form '' . However , he said , the libretto `` has the hackneyed look of the musical theatre replaced with Oklahoma ! in 1943 . It is disappointing to see the American musical stage succumbing to the clichés of operetta . '' Walter Kerr 's review in the New York Herald Tribune was unfavorable : `` Before The Sound of Music is halfway through its promising chores it becomes not only too sweet for words but almost too sweet for music '' , stating that the `` evening suffer ( s ) from little children '' . Cast recordings ( edit ) Columbia Masterworks recorded the original Broadway cast album a week after the show 's 1959 opening . The album was the label 's first deluxe package in a gatefold jacket , priced $1 higher than previous cast albums . It was # 1 on Billboard 's best - selling albums chart for 16 weeks in 1960 . It was released on CD from Sony in the Columbia Broadway Masterworks series . In 1959 , singer Patti Page recorded the title song from the show for Mercury Records on the day that the musical opened on Broadway . Since it was recorded a week before the original Broadway cast album , Page was the first artist to record any song from the musical . She featured the song on her TV show , The Patti Page Olds Show , helping to popularize the musical . The 1960 London production was recorded by EMI and was issued on CD on the Broadway Angel Label . The 1965 film soundtrack was released by RCA Victor and is one of the most successful soundtrack albums in history , having sold over 20 million copies worldwide . Recent CD editions incorporate musical material from the film that would not fit on the original LP . The label has also issued the soundtrack in German , Italian , Spanish and French editions . RCA Victor also released an album of the 1998 Broadway revival produced by Hallmark Entertainment and featuring the full revival cast , including Rebecca Luker , Michael Siberry , Jan Maxwell and Fred Applegate . The Telarc label made a studio cast recording of The Sound of Music , with the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra conducted by Erich Kunzel ( 1987 ) . The lead roles went to opera stars : Frederica von Stade as Maria , Håkan Hagegård as Captain von Trapp , and Eileen Farrell as the Mother Abbess . The recording `` includes both the two new songs written for the film version and the three Broadway songs they replace , as well as a previously unrecorded verse of `` An Ordinary Couple '' `` . The 2006 London revival was recorded and has been released on the Decca Broadway label . There have been numerous studio cast albums and foreign cast albums issued , though many have only received regional distribution . According to the cast album database , there are 62 recordings of the score that have been issued over the years . The soundtrack from the 2013 NBC television production starring Carrie Underwood and Stephen Moyer was released on CD and digital download in December 2013 on the Sony Masterworks label . Also featured on the album are Audra McDonald , Laura Benanti and Christian Borle . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 1960 Tony Award Best Musical Won Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical Mary Martin Won Best Featured Actor in a Musical Theodore Bikel Nominated Kurt Kasznar Nominated Best Featured Actress in a Musical Patricia Neway Won Kathy Dunn , Lauri Peters , Mary Susan Locke , Marilyn Rogers , Evanna Lien , William Snowden , and Joseph Stewart Nominated Best Direction of a Musical Vincent J. Donehue Nominated Best Conductor and Musical Director Frederick Dvonch Won Best Scenic Design of a Musical Oliver Smith Won Theatre World Award Lauri Peters Won 1967 Outer Critics Circle Special Award Constance Towers Won 1998 Broadway Revival ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 1998 Tony Award Best Revival of a Musical Nominated Drama Desk Award Outstanding Orchestrations Bruce Coughlin Nominated Outer Critics Circle Award Outstanding Revival of a Musical Nominated Outstanding Actress in a Musical Rebecca Luker Nominated Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Jan Maxwell Nominated Outstanding Set Design Heidi Ettinger Nominated Drama League Award Distinguished Production of a Revival Nominated Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sound of Music : The Forgotten Maria '' . LIFE.com . Jump up ^ Nolan , 244 Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music : : Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization : : Show Details '' . The Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . ( Show History section ) Jump up ^ Gearin , Joan . Movie vs. Reality : The Real Story of the von Trapp Family , Prologue magazine , Winter 2005 , Vol. 37 , No. 4 , National Archives and Records Administration Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Official Sound of Music London Web Site '' . Soundofmusiclondon.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Information from the BBC website '' . Bbc.co.uk . November 16 , 1959 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Information from Earthlydelights.com Archived February 10 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music '' . Guidetomusicaltheatre.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Richard ; Hammerstein , Oscar ( 1960 ) . The Sound of Music . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88188 - 050 - 2 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music Awards '' , Playbill ( vault ) , retrieved November 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ August 1962 PLAYBILL from the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre Jump up ^ Bikel , Theodore . Theo : The Autobiography of Theodore Bikel , Univ of Wisconsin Press , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 299 - 18284 - 3 , p. Z - 17 Jump up ^ Green , Encyclopedia , p. 396 Jump up ^ `` Cast list at Broadway World '' . Broadwayworld.com . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maslon , p. 150 ^ Jump up to : Hischak , p. 259 Jump up ^ `` ' The sound of Msic ' Boadway 1998 '' Archived October 5 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . playbillvault.com , accessed October 15 , 2015 Jump up ^ Scarlett Johansson -- Johansson Snubs Sound Of Music contactmusic.com , July 27 , 2006 Jump up ^ BWW News Desk . `` Summer Strallen is Maria in London 's The Sound of Music Feb. 26 '' , Broadwayworld.com , February 4 , 2008 , accessed November 15 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Aoife Mulholland '' , Thisistheatre.com , 29 April 2015 Jump up ^ Information from Theatre.com Archived July 25 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` So `` Long , Farewell '' : London 's Sound of Music Closes Feb. 21 `` . Playbill . Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music '' . takawiki.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rockwell , John . `` Review / Music ; ' Sound of Music ' Takes On The Icons of a Heroic Past '' The New York Times , March 9 , 1990 Jump up ^ Rose , Colin . `` Head for the hills ; Stage '' , The Sun Herald ( Sydney , Australia ) , November 14 , 1999 , Time Out , p. 15 Jump up ^ Critics ' Choice , The Australian , April 14 , 2000 , Features , p. 11 Jump up ^ Barclay , Alison . `` Von Trapps ' house is full '' , Herald Sun ( Melbourne , Australia ) , July 7 , 2000 , p. 89 Jump up ^ Aldred , Debra . `` Lisa can sing for her supper of marshmallows '' , Courier Mail ( Queensland , Australia ) , August 4 , 2000 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Archdall , Susan . `` Rachael 's happy to go her own way '' , The Advertiser , January 1 , 2001 , p. 77 Jump up ^ `` Website of the Volksoper Wien '' . Volksoper.at . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Official season programmes of the Volksoper Wien , 2005 / 06 , 2006 / 07 , 2007 / 08 Jump up ^ Lash , Larry L. `` The Sound of Music '' , Variety , March 7 , 2005 -- March 13 , 2005 , Legit Reviews ; Abroad , p. 57 Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil . `` The Hills Are Still Alive , Just Look Past the Strings '' Archived December 10 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , The New York Times , December 7 , 2007 Jump up ^ Review of Dallas opening , November 3 , 2007 Archived December 20 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 2008 schedule of performances Archived July 28 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Official website of the Salzburg Marionette Theatre 's production Archived February 28 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Official website of the Brazilian Production '' . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Official website of the 2008 Dutch production Archived November 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lipton , Brian Scott. `` The Sound of Music to Bow in Toronto in September 2008 '' Archived December 30 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Theatermania.com , September 25 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Turns out Janna 's a ' Maria ' after all '' . The Star . Toronto . August 14 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2008 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk . `` The Sound of Music Ends Run at The Princess of Wales Theatre January 10 '' Archived July 8 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Broadwayworld.com , January 10 , 2010 Jump up ^ The Sound of Music UK Tour Archived May 20 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Thesoundofmusictour.com , Retrieved May 18 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` lanoviciarebelde.com '' . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ La Novicia Rebelde , Argentina . `` La Novicia Rebelde '' . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nuria Frutos . `` BWW TV : ' Sonrisas y lágrimas ' se prepara para su gira española '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Sound of Music Extends Run at London 's Open Air Theatre , Regent 's Park Archived September 26 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill , Retrieved November 7 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` To Kill A Mockingbird & Sound of Music lead 2013 Open Air season '' . whatsonstage.com . August 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2013 . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nominations Announced for 2014 Olivier Awards ! '' Archived March 10 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , Broadwayworld , retrieved 10 March 2014 Jump up ^ `` 2014.1. 1 Ticket '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . January 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` En cartelera The Sound of Music '' . Jump up ^ Ltd. Thailand , VOICE TV . `` ละคร เวที'มนตร์ รัก เพลง สวรรค์ The sound of music ' '' . VoiceTV . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand 's Hills Are Alive '' Archived April 11 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , NationMultimedia.com Jump up ^ `` Bangkok Is Alive with the Sound of Music '' , Bangkok Post Jump up ^ `` New National Tour of The Sound of Music , Directed by Jack O'Brien , to Launch This Fall '' Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Broadwayworld , retrieved 1 May 2015 Jump up ^ Verini , Bob . `` L.A. Theater Review : The Sound of Music , Directed by Jack O'Brien '' Archived February 1 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Variety , October 1 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music Tour Tickets 2016 '' Archived July 11 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , BritishTheatre.com , May 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music Is Alive with White Light '' Archived August 9 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , etnow.com , December 3 , 2015 , accessed July 16 , 2016 Jump up ^ Cotter , Richard . The Sound of Music '' Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Australian Stage , December 18 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` The London Palladium Production of The Sound of Music '' Archived July 14 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Really Useful Group Ltd. , accessed November 15 , 2015 Jump up ^ Friedlander , Whitney ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` NBC to Re-Air ' The Sound of Music Live ! ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ NBC & Craig Zadan / Neil Meron to Present Live Broadcast of THE SOUND OF MUSIC ! Archived December 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ Bernardin , Marc ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Sound of Music Live ! : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk ( November 23 , 2013 ) . `` NBC to Release The Sound of Music Live ! on DVD , Dec 17 '' . Broadway World . Wisdom Digital Media . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2013 . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ITV to present UK version of The Sound of Music Live ! '' . ITV Press Centre . October 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Suskin , pp. 460 -- 64 Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred. `` Chart Beat '' , Billboard , September 14 , 1996 Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music -- Original Broadway Cast '' , Castalbums.org , accessed March 12 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Patti Page -- ' The Sound Of Music ' / ' Little Donkey ' '' Archived March 11 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Discogs.com , accessed December 8 , 2015 . The disc debuted at No. 99 on the Billboard Hot 100 . `` Hot 100 Ads 16 '' Archived May 15 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Billboard , December 28 , 1959 , p. 5 , accessed December 8 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music -- Original London Cast '' , Castalbums.org , accessed March 12 , 2018 Jump up ^ Eyman , Scott . `` The Hills Are Alive With the Sound of Money '' , The Wall Street Journal , February 27 , 2015 , accessed December 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Hischak , p. 44 Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music -- Broadway Cast '' , 1998 , Castalbums.org , accessed March 12 , 2018 Jump up ^ Dyer , Richard , `` Record Review ; Cincinnati Pops Orchestra Rodgers And Hammersrein : The Sound of Music Telarc ( CD ) '' , The Boston Globe , September 15 , 1988 , Calendar ; p. 12 Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music -- London Cast '' ( 2006 ) , Castalbums.org , accessed March 12 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music '' , CastAlbums.org , accessed March 12 , 2018 Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Carrie Underwood : The Sound of Music '' Archived November 7 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , AllMusic , December 3 , 2013 , accessed February 11 , 2016 References ( edit ) Green , Stanley . Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre ( 1980 ) . Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80113 - 2 Hischak , Thomas . The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia ( 2007 ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 34140 - 0 Maslon , Laurence , with a foreword by Andrew Lloyd Webber . The Sound of Music Companion ( 2007 ) Simon and Schuster ISBN 1 - 4165 - 4954 - 4 Nolan , Frederick . The Sound of Their Music : The Story of Rodgers & Hammerstein , New York : Applause Theatre & Cinema Books . ISBN 1 - 55783 - 473 - 3 Suskin , Steven . Opening Night on Broadway : A Critical Quotebook of the Golden Era of the Musical Theatre ( 1990 ) , Schirmer Books ISBN 0 - 02 - 872625 - 1 Further reading ( edit ) Bell , Bethany , `` Austria discovers The Sound of Music '' , BBC , Saturday , March 19 , 2005 . Block , Geoffrey . The Richard Rodgers Reader . New York : Oxford University Press , 2002 . Ewen , David . With a Song in His Heart ( Richard Rodgers ) . New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston , 1963 . Fordin , Hugh . Getting To Know Him : The Biography of Oscar Hammerstein II . New York : Random House , 1977 ; Decapo Press , 1995 . Green , Stanley . The Rodgers and Hammerstein Fact Book . Milwaukee : Hal Leonard , 1980 . Hirsch , Julia Antopol . The Sound Of Music -- The Making Of America 's Favorite Movie . McGraw - Hill Publishing , 1993 Mordden , Ethan . Rodgers & Hammerstein . New York : Harry N. Abrams , Inc. , 1992 . Papamichael , Stella . The Sound of Music : 40th Anniversary Collector 's Edition DVD ( 1965 ) , BBC , review and history , November 23 , 2005 Wilk , Max . The Making of The Sound of Music ( 2007 ) , Routledge ISBN 0 - 415 - 97934 - X External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Sound of Music The Sound of Music at the Internet Broadway Database The Sound of Music at RNH Theatricals Synopsis on theatrehistory Sound of Music character descriptions and plot summary from StageAgent.com The Sound of Music : 50th Anniversary Edition Podcast Series Rodgers and Hammerstein Stage musicals Oklahoma ! Carousel Allegro South Pacific The King and I Me and Juliet Pipe Dream Flower Drum Song The Sound of Music A Grand Night for Singing State Fair Cinderella Productions I Remember Mama Annie Get Your Gun Happy Birthday John Loves Mary Show Boat The Happy Time Burning Bright Films State Fair ( 1945 ) Oklahoma ! Carousel The King and I South Pacific Flower Drum Song State Fair ( 1962 ) The Sound of Music Cinderella Television Cinderella The Sound of Music Live ! Songs `` Oh , What a Beautiful Mornin ' '' `` The Surrey with the Fringe on Top '' `` Kansas City '' `` I Cai n't Say No '' `` Many a New Day '' `` It 's a Scandal ! It 's a Outrage ! '' `` People Will Say We 're in Love '' `` Lonely Room '' `` The Farmer and the Cowman '' `` All Er Nuthin ' '' `` Oklahoma '' `` If I Loved You '' `` Soliloquy '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' `` That 's for Me '' `` A Fellow Needs a Girl '' `` So Far '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` There Is Nothing Like a Dame '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` I 'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair '' `` I 'm in Love with a Wonderful Guy '' `` Younger Than Springtime '' `` Happy Talk '' `` You 've Got to Be Carefully Taught '' `` I Whistle a Happy Tune '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Getting to Know You '' `` We Kiss in a Shadow '' `` Something Wonderful '' `` I Have Dreamed '' `` Shall We Dance ? '' `` No Other Love '' `` I Enjoy Being a Girl '' `` The Sound of Music '' `` Maria '' `` My Favorite Things '' `` Do - Re-Mi '' `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' `` The Lonely Goatherd '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` So Long , Farewell '' `` No Way to Stop It '' `` Edelweiss '' Related articles `` Something Good '' The Sound of Music ( 1965 soundtrack ) The Sound of Music : Music from the NBC Television Event Trapp Family Singers Members Maria von Trapp Georg von Trapp Rupert Agathe Maria Franziska Werner Hedwig Johanna Martina Johannes Memoir The Story of the Trapp Family Singers Films The Trapp Family ( 1956 ) The Trapp Family in America ( 1958 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The von Trapp Family : A Life of Music ( 2015 ) Other adaptations The Sound of Music ( 1959 musical ) Trapp Family Story ( 1991 anime ) The Sound of Music Live ! ( 2013 ) The Sound of Music Live ( 2015 ) Songs `` The Sound of Music '' `` Maria '' `` My Favorite Things '' `` Do - Re-Mi '' `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' `` The Lonely Goatherd '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` No Way to Stop It '' `` So Long , Farewell '' `` Edelweiss '' `` Something Good '' Albums The Groovy Sound of Music ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 soundtrack ) The Sound of Music : Music from the NBC Television Event ( 2013 ) Related Elisabeth von Trapp The von Trapps Trapp Family Lodge Trapp Family Austrian Relief Tony Award for Best Musical 1949 - 1975 Kiss Me , Kate ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1950 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1951 ) The King and I ( 1952 ) Wonderful Town ( 1953 ) Kismet ( 1954 ) The Pajama Game ( 1955 ) Damn Yankees ( 1956 ) My Fair Lady ( 1957 ) The Music Man ( 1958 ) Redhead ( 1959 ) The Sound of Music / Fiorello ! ( 1960 ) Bye Bye Birdie ( 1961 ) How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying ( 1962 ) A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum ( 1963 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 1964 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1965 ) Man of La Mancha ( 1966 ) Cabaret ( 1967 ) Hallelujah , Baby ! ( 1968 ) 1776 ( 1969 ) Applause ( 1970 ) Company ( 1971 ) Two Gentlemen of Verona ( 1972 ) A Little Night Music ( 1973 ) Raisin ( 1974 ) The Wiz ( 1975 ) 1976 - 2000 A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) Annie ( 1977 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 1979 ) Evita ( 1980 ) 42nd Street ( 1981 ) Nine ( 1982 ) Cats ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 1984 ) Big River ( 1985 ) Drood ( 1986 ) Les Misérables ( 1987 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1988 ) Jerome Robbins ' Broadway ( 1989 ) City of Angels ( 1990 ) The Will Rogers Follies ( 1991 ) Crazy for You ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1993 ) Passion ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Lion King ( 1998 ) Fosse ( 1999 ) Contact ( 2000 ) 2001 - present The Producers ( 2001 ) Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 2002 ) Hairspray ( 2003 ) Avenue Q ( 2004 ) Monty Python 's Spamalot ( 2005 ) Jersey Boys ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening ( 2007 ) In the Heights ( 2008 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2009 ) Memphis ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2011 ) Once ( 2012 ) Kinky Boots ( 2013 ) A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder ( 2014 ) Fun Home ( 2015 ) Hamilton ( 2016 ) Dear Evan Hansen ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sound_of_Music&oldid=836195032 '' Categories : The Sound of Music 1959 musicals Broadway musicals Love stories Biographical musicals Musicals inspired by real - life events Nuns in fiction Plays set in Austria Musicals about World War II Salzburg Tony Award for Best Musical Trapp family West End musicals Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from August 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska 粵語 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 07 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the sound of music first performed | [
"The Sound of Music opened on Broadway at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre on November 16, 1959, moved to the Mark Hellinger Theatre on November 6, 1962, and closed on June 15, 1963, after 1,443 performances. The director was Vincent J. Donehue, and the choreographer was Joe Layton. The original cast included Mary Martin (at age 46) as Maria, Theodore Bikel as Captain Georg von Trapp, Patricia Neway as Mother Abbess, Kurt Kasznar as Max Detweiler, Marion Marlowe as Elsa Schräder, Brian Davies as Rolf and Lauri Peters as Liesl. Sopranos Patricia Brooks and June Card were ensemble members in the original production. The show tied for the Tony Award for Best Musical with Fiorello!. Other awards included Martin for Best Actress in a Musical, Neway for Best Featured Actress, Best Scenic Design (Oliver Smith) and Best Conductor And Musical Director (Frederick Dvonch). Bikel and Kasznar were nominated for acting awards, and Donehue was nominated for his direction. The entire children's cast was nominated for Best Featured Actress category as a single nominee, even though two of the children were boys.[10]"
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"November 16, 1959"
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-2698150403917459924 | Salvadoran Civil War | Salvadoran Civil War - wikipedia Salvadoran Civil War Jump to : navigation , search Salvadoran Civil War Part of the Central American crisis and Cold War A billboard serving as a reminder of one of many massacres that occurred during the Civil War in El Salvador . The Spanish inscription to the left reads in English : `` They tore out the flower , however the roots are sprouting among us . '' Date 15 October 1979 -- 16 January 1992 ( 12 years , 3 months and 1 day ) Location El Salvador Result Chapultepec Peace Accords of 1992 ; Restructuring of Salvadoran Armed Forces National Guard , National Police and Treasury Police are dissolved ( new civilian - overseen police created ) FMLN guerrilla are dissolved FMLN becomes a political party , its combatants are exonerated Belligerents Salvadoran military government Paramilitary death squads Foreign mercenaries ( unknown number , possibly hundreds ) Supported by United States Chile Argentina ( 1979 -- 1982 ) Israel Taiwan FMLN ( CRM ) FDR FPL RN ( FAPU ) PRTC ( MLP ) PCS Supported by Cuba Nicaragua ( 1979 -- 1990 ) Commanders and leaders Roberto D'Aubuisson Álvaro Magaña José Guillermo García José Napoleón Duarte Carlos Eugenio Vides Casanova Alfredo Cristiani Schafik Handal Joaquín Villalobos Cayetano Carpio Salvador Sánchez Cerén Strength 9,850 ( 1980 ) 39,000 -- 51,150 ( 1985 ) 63,000 -- 70,000 Some 55,000 Regulars and 15,000 paramilitary ( 1992 ) 12,000 -- 15,000 ( 1984 ) 6,000 -- 15,000 ( 1985 ) ( probably 10,000 ) 8,000 -- 10,000 ( 1992 ) Casualties and losses 7,000 dead 20,000 dead 70,000 -- 80,000 ( total dead ) ; 8,000 disappeared ; 550,000 internally displaced and 500,000 refugees in other countries Salvadoran Civil War 1979 coup d'état Assassination of Óscar Romero El Mozote massacre El Calabozo massacre 1985 Zona Rosa attacks 1989 murders of Jesuits 1980 murders of U.S. missionaries Chapultepec Peace Accords Truth Commission for El Salvador The Salvadoran Civil War was a conflict between the military - led government of El Salvador and the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front ( FMLN ) , a coalition or `` umbrella organization '' of five left - wing guerrilla groups . A coup on October 15 , 1979 , led to the killings of anti-coup protesters by the government as well as anti-disorder protesters by the guerrillas , and is widely seen as the tipping point toward civil war . By January 1980 the left - wing political organizations united to form the Coordinated Revolutionaries of the Masses ( CRM ) . A few months later the left - wing armed groups united to form the Unified Revolutionary Directorate ( DRU ) . It was renamed the FMLN following its merger with the Communist Party in October 1980 . The full - fledged civil war lasted for more than 12 years and saw extreme violence from both sides . It also included the deliberate terrorizing and targeting of civilians by death squads , recruitment of child soldiers and other violations of human rights , mostly by the military . An unknown number of people disappeared during the conflict , and the UN reports that more than 75,000 were killed . The United States contributed to the conflict by providing large amounts of military aid to the government of El Salvador during the Carter and Reagan administrations . The Salvadoran government was considered `` friendly '' by the U.S. in the context of the Cold War . The United Nations has estimated that the FMLN guerrillas were responsible for 5 % of the murders of civilians during the civil war , while approximately 85 % of all killings of civilians were committed by the Salvadoran armed forces and death squads . In 1990 the UN began peace negotiations and on January 16 , 1992 , a final agreement , The Chapultepec Peace Accords , was signed by the combatants in Mexico City , formally ending the conflict . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Coup d'état , repression and insurrection : 1979 -- 81 3 `` Draining the Sea '' 4 Interim government and continued violence : 1982 -- 1984 5 Duarte presidency : 1984 -- 1989 6 Death squads and peace accords : 1990 -- 1992 7 Aftermath 7.1 Truth Commission 7.2 Military reform 7.3 National Civilian Police 8 Human Rights Commission of El Salvador 9 Post-war international litigation 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 12.1 Books 12.2 Journals / academic studies 13 External links Background ( edit ) Gen. Carlos Humberto Romero , military president of El Salvador ( 1977 -- 1979 ) . His presidency was characterized by increased civil unrest and government repression . El Salvador is the smallest country in Central America after Belize . As in many nations of Latin America , the history of El Salvador has been characterized by marked socioeconomic inequality . In the late 19th century coffee became a major cash crop for El Salvador , bringing in approximately 95 % of the country 's income . However , this income was restricted to only 2 % of the population , sharply dividing the people between a small but powerful elite and an impoverished majority . Socioeconomic tension grew through the 1920s and were compounded by a drop in coffee prices following the stock - market crash of 1929 . In 1932 the Central American Socialist Party was formed and led an uprising of peasants and indigenous people against the government . The government brutally suppressed it in what became known as the 1932 Salvadoran peasant massacre or simply `` La Matanza '' ( the Massacre ) , with the military murdering between 10,000 and 40,000 people . Farabundo Martí , the leader of the uprising , was eventually arrested and put to death , and the military subsequently took power over the country . `` La Matanza '' also served to reinforce feelings of strong distrust and animosity among the populace towards the government , the military and the landed elite . On July 14 , 1969 , an armed conflict erupted between El Salvador and Honduras over immigration disputes caused by Honduran land reform laws . The conflict ( known as the Football War ) lasted only four days , but had major long - term effects for Salvadoran society . Trade was disrupted between El Salvador and Honduras , causing tremendous economic damage to both nations . An estimated 300,000 Salvadorans were displaced due to battle , many of whom were exiled from Honduras ; in many cases , the Salvadoran government could not meet their needs . The Football War also strengthened the power of the military in El Salvador , leading to heightened corruption . In the years following the war , the government increased military spending and expanded purchases of weaponry from sources such as Israel , Brazil , West Germany and the United States in an attempt to modernize the Salvadoran army . The 1973 oil crisis led to rising food prices and decreased agricultural output . This worsened the existent socioeconomic inequality in the country , leading to increased unrest . In response , President Arturo Armando Molina enacted a series of land reform measures , calling for large landholdings to be redistributed among the peasant population . The reforms failed , thanks to opposition from the landed elite , reinforcing the widespread discontent with the government . On 20 February 1977 Gen. Carlos Humberto Romero , representing the National Conciliation Party ( PCN ) , defeated the National Opposing Union in elections marred by blatant fraud and voter intimidation by government - sponsored paramilitary forces such as the feared ORDEN , which intimidated voters with machetes . The period between the election and the formal inauguration of President Romero on 1 July 1977 was characterized by massive protests from the popular movement , which were met by state repression . On 28 February 1977 a crowd of political demonstrators gathered in downtown San Salvador to protest the electoral fraud . Security forces arrived on the scene and opened fire , resulting in a massacre as they indiscriminately killed demonstrators and bystanders alike . Estimates of the number of civilians killed range between 200 and 1,500 . President Molina blamed the protests on `` foreign Communists '' and immediately exiled a number of top UNO party members from the country . Repression continued after the inauguration of President Romero , with his new government declaring a state - of - siege and suspending civil liberties . In the countryside the agrarian elite organized and funded paramilitary death squads , such as the infamous Regalado 's Armed Forces ( FAR ) led by Hector Regalado . While the death squads were initially autonomous from the Salvadoran military and composed of civilians ( the FAR , for example , had developed out of a Boy Scout troop ) , they were soon taken over by El Salvador 's military intelligence service , ANSESAL , led by Maj . Roberto D'Aubuisson , and became a crucial part of the state 's repressive apparatus , murdering thousands of union leaders , activists , students and teachers suspected of sympathizing with the left . The Socorro Jurídico Cristiano ( Christian Legal Assistance , a legal aid office within the archbishop 's office and El Salvador 's leading human rights group at the time ) documented the killings of 687 civilians by government forces in 1978 . In 1979 the number of documented killings increased to 1,796 . The repression prompted many in the Catholic Church to denounce the government , which responded by repressing the clergy . Historian M.A. Serpas posits the displacement and dispossession rates as a major factor . El Salvador is an agrarian society , with coffee fueling its economy , where `` 77 % of the arable land belonged to . 01 % of the population . Nearly 35 % of the civilians in El Salvador were disfranchised from land ownership either through historical injustices , war or economic downturns in the commodities market . During this time frame , the country also experienced a growing population amidst major disruption in agrarian commerce and trade . '' A threat to land change meant a challenge to a state where `` marriages intertwined , making the wealthiest coffee processors and exporters ( more so than the growers ) also those with the highest ties in the military . '' -- M.A. Serpas Coup d'état , repression and insurrection : 1979 -- 81 ( edit ) Part of a series on the History of El Salvador Spanish conquest ( 1524 - 1539 ) 1811 Independence Movement 1931 - 1979 Salvadoran Civil War ( 1979 - 1992 ) With tensions mounting and the country on the verge of an insurrection , the civil - military Revolutionary Government Junta ( JRG ) deposed President Gen. Carlos Humberto Romero in a coup on October 15 , 1979 . The US viewed the coup as a fortuitous event , given the recent overthrow of the Somoza regime in Nicaragua , and embraced the junta with large offers of military and economic aid , including a six - man Mobile Training Team ( MTT ) in November 1979 and $5.7 million in military aid for FY 1980 , in order to prevent at all costs `` another Nicaragua . '' Under pressure from the military , all three civilian members of the junta resigned on January 3 , 1980 , along with 10 of the 11 cabinet ministers . On January 22 , 1980 , the Salvadoran National Guard attacked a massive peaceful demonstration , killing up to 50 people and wounding hundreds more . On February 6 US ambassador Frank Devine informed the State Department that the extreme right was arming itself and preparing for a confrontation in which it clearly expected to ally itself with the military . Wishing to project a populist image , the JRG enacted a land reform program , which restricted landholdings to a 100 - hectare maximum , nationalised the banking , coffee and sugar industries , scheduled elections for February 1982 and disbanded the paramilitary private death squad ORDEN on November 6 , 1979 . However , the land reform program was received with hostility from El Salvador 's military and economic elites , which sought to sabotage the process as soon as it began . Upon learning of the government 's intent to distribute land to the peasants and organize cooperatives , wealthy Salvadoran landowners began killing their own livestock and moving valuable farming equipment across the border into Guatemala , where many Salvadoran elites owned additional land . In addition , most co-op leaders in the countryside were assassinated or `` disappeared '' soon after being elected and becoming visible to the authorities . The Socorro Jurídico documented a jump in documented government killings from 234 in February 1980 to 487 the following month . `` In one case that has received little attention , '' Human Rights Watch noted , `` US Embassy officials apparently collaborated with the death squad abduction of two law students in January 1980 . National Guard troops arrested two youths , Francisco Ventura and José Humberto Mejía , following an anti-government demonstration . The National Guard received permission to bring the youths onto Embassy grounds . Shortly thereafter , a private car drove into the Embassy parking lot . Men in civilian dress put the students in the trunk of their car and drove away . Ventura and Mejía were never seen again . '' In February 1980 Archbishop Óscar Romero published an open letter to US President Jimmy Carter in which he pleaded with him to suspend the United States ' ongoing program of military aid to the Salvadoran regime . He advised Carter that `` Political power is in the hands of the armed forces . They know only how to repress the people and defend the interests of the Salvadoran oligarchy . '' Romero warned that US support would only `` sharpen the injustice and repression against the organizations of the people which repeatedly have been struggling to gain respect for their fundamental human rights . '' On 24 March 1980 , the Archbishop was assassinated while celebrating mass , the day after he called upon Salvadoran soldiers and security force members to not follow their orders to kill Salvadoran civilians . President Jimmy Carter stated this was a `` shocking and unconscionable act '' . At his funeral a week later , government - sponsored snipers in the National Palace and on the periphery of the Gerardo Barrios Plaza were responsible for the shooting of 42 mourners . On 7 May 1980 , former Army Major Roberto D'Aubuisson was arrested with a group of civilians and soldiers at a farm . The raiders found documents connecting him and the civilians as organizers and financiers of the death squad who killed Archbishop Romero , and of plotting a coup d'état against the JRG . Their arrest provoked right - wing terrorist threats and institutional pressures forcing the JRG to release D'Aubuisson . In 1993 , a U.N. investigation confirmed that D'Aubuisson ordered the assassination . A week after the arrest of Roberto D'Aubuisson , the National Guard and the newly reorganized paramilitary Organización Democrática Nacionalista ( ORDEN ) , with the cooperation of the Military of Honduras , carried out a large massacre at the Sumpul River on May 14 , 1980 , in which an estimated 600 civilians were killed , mostly women and children . Escaping villagers were prevented from crossing the river by the Honduran armed forces , `` and then killed by Salvadoran troops who fired on them in cold blood . '' Over the course of 1980 , the Salvadoran Army and three main security forces ( National Guard , National Police and Treasury Police ) were estimated to have killed 11,895 people , mostly peasants , trade unionists , teachers , students , journalists , human rights advocates , priests , and other prominent demographics among the popular movement . Human rights organizations judged the Salvadoran government to have among the worst human rights records in the hemisphere . `` The immediate goal of the Salvadoran army and security forces -- and of the United States in 1980 , was to prevent a takeover by the leftist - led guerrillas and their allied political organizations . At this point in the Salvadoran conflict the latter were much more important than the former . The military resources of the rebels were extremely limited and their greatest strength , by far , lay not in force of arms but in their `` mass organizations '' made up of labor unions , student and peasant organizations that could be mobilized by the thousands in El Salvador 's major cities and could shut down the country through strikes . '' Critics of US military aid charged that `` it would legitimate what has become dictatorial violence and that political power in El Salvador lay with old - line military leaders in government positions who practice a policy of ' reform with repression . ' '' A prominent Catholic spokesman insisted that `` any military aid you send to El Salvador ends up in the hands of the military and paramilitary rightist groups who are themselves at the root of the problems of the country . '' As the government began to expand its violence towards its citizens , not only through death squads but also through the military , any group of citizens that attempted to provide any form of support whether physically or verbally ran the risk of death . Even so , many still chose to participate . But the violence was not limited to just activists but also to anyone who promoted ideas that `` questioned official policy '' were tacitly assumed to be subversive against the government . A marginalized group that metamorphosed into a guerilla force that would end up confronting these government forces manifested itself in campesinos or peasants . Many of these insurgents joined collective action campaigns for material gain ; however , in the Salvadoran Civil War , many peasants cited reasons other than material benefits in their decision to join the fight . Piety was a popular reason for joining the insurrection because they saw their participation as a way of not only advancing a personal cause but a communal sentiment of divine justice . Even prior to the Civil War , numerous insurgents took part in other campaigns that tackled social changes much more directly , not only the lack of political representation but also the lack of economic and social opportunities not afforded to their communities . In addition , the insurgents in the Civil War viewed their support of the insurrection as a demonstration of their opposition to the powerful elite 's unfair treatment of peasant communities that they experienced on an everyday basis , so there was a class element associated with these insurgencies . They reveled in their fight against injustice and in their belief that they were writing their own story , an emotion that Elisabeth Wood titled `` pleasure of agency . '' The peasants ' organization thus centered on using their struggle to unite against their oppressors , not only towards the government but the elites as well . A struggle that would soon evolve itself into a political machine that came to be associated with the FMLN . In May 1980 , the Salvadoran revolutionary leadership met in Havana , forming a consolidated politico - military command , which soon morphed into the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front ( FMLN ) honoring insurgent hero Farabundo Martí , killed by the National Guard in 1932 . The FMLN immediately announced plans for an insurrection against the government , which began on 10 January 1981 with the FMLN 's first major attack . The attack established FMLN control of most of Morazán and Chalatenango departments for the war 's duration . Attacks were launched on military targets throughout the country , leaving hundreds of people dead . On December 2 , 1980 , members of the Salvadoran National Guard were suspected to have raped and murdered four American nuns and a laywoman . Maryknoll missionary nuns Maura Clarke , Ita Ford , and Ursuline nun Dorothy Kazel , and laywoman Jean Donovan were on a Catholic relief mission providing food , shelter , transport , medical care , and burial to death squad victims . U.S. military aid was briefly cut off in response to the murders but would be renewed within six weeks . The outgoing Carter administration increased military aid to the Salvadoran armed forces to $10 million which included $5 million in rifles , ammunition , grenades and helicopters . In justifying these arms shipments , the administration claimed that the regime had taken `` positive steps '' to investigate the murder of four American nuns , but this was disputed by US Ambassador , Robert E. White , who said that he could find no evidence the junta was `` conducting a serious investigation . '' Other countries allied with the United States also intervened in El Salvador . The military government in Chile provided substantial training and tactical advice to the Salvadoran Armed Forces , such that the Salvadoran high command bestowed upon General Augusto Pinochet the prestigious Order of José Matías Delgado in May 1981 for his government 's avid support . During the same month , the JRG strengthened the state of siege , imposed by President Carlos Humberto Romero in May 1979 , by declaring martial law and adopting a new set of curfew regulations . Between January 12 and February 19 , 1981 , 168 persons were killed by the security forces for violating curfew . `` Draining the sea '' ( edit ) In its effort to defeat the insurgency , the Salvadoran Armed Forces carried out a `` scorched earth '' strategy , adopting tactics similar to those being employed by the counterinsurgency in neighboring Guatemala . These tactics were primarily derived and adapted from U.S. strategy during the Vietnam War and taught by American military advisors . An integral part of the Salvadoran Army 's counterinsurgency strategy entailed `` draining the sea '' or `` drying up the ocean , '' that is , eliminating the insurgency by eradicating its support base in the countryside . The primary target was the civilian population -- displacing or killing them in order to remove any possible base of support for the rebels . The concept of `` draining the sea '' had its basis in a doctrine by Mao Zedong which emphasized that `` The guerrilla must move amongst the people as a fish swims in the sea . '' Aryeh Neier , the executive director of Americas Watch wrote in a review of 1984 : `` This may be an effective strategy for winning the war . It is , however , a strategy that involves the use of terror tactics -- bombings , strafings , shellings and , occasionally , massacres of civilians . '' Beginning in 1983 , guerrilla strongholds were found by U.S. reconnaissance planes that relayed intelligence to the Salvadoran military . In its report covering 1981 , Amnesty International identified `` regular security and military units as responsible for widespread torture , mutilation and killings of noncombatant civilians from all sectors of Salvadoran society . '' The report also stated that the killing of civilians by state security forces became increasingly systematic with the implementation of more methodical killing strategies , which allegedly included use of a meat packing plant to dispose of human remains . Between August 20 and August 25 , 1981 , eighty - three decapitations were reported . The murders were later revealed to have been carried out by a death squad using a guillotine . On 15 March 1981 , the Salvadoran Army began a `` sweep '' operation in the department of Cabanas in northern El Salvador near the Honduran border . The sweep was accompanied by the use of scorched earth tactics by the Salvadoran Army and indiscriminate killings of anyone captured by the army . Those displaced by the `` sweep '' who were not killed outright fled the advance of the Salvadoran Army ; hiding in caves and under trees to evade capture and probable summary execution . On 18 March , three days after the sweep in Cabanas began , 4 - 8,000 survivors of the sweep ( mostly women and children ) attempted to cross the Rio Lempa into Honduras to flee violence . There , they were caught between Salvadoran and Honduran troops . The Salvadoran Air Force , subsequently bombed and strafed the fleeing civilians with machine gun fire , killing hundreds . Among the dead were at least 189 persons who were unaccounted for and registered as `` disappeared '' during the operation . A second offensive was launched in the department of Cabanas on 11 November 1981 in which 1,200 troops were mobilized including members of the Atlacatl Battalion ; organized in 1980 at the US Army School of the Americas in Panama . The operation was commanded by Lt. Col. Sigifredo Ochoa , a former Treasury Police chief with a reputation for brutality . Ochoa was close associate of Major Roberto D'Aubuisson and was alleged to have been involved in the assassination of Archbishop Oscar Romero . D'Aubuisson and Ochoa were both members of La Tandona , the class of 1966 at the Escuela Militar . From the start , the invasion of Cabanas was described as a `` cleansing '' operation by official sources . Hundreds of civilians were massacred by the army as Col. Ochoa 's troops moved through the villages . Col. Ochoa claimed that hundreds of guerrillas had been killed but was able to show journalists only fifteen captured weapons , half of them virtual antiques , suggesting that most of those killed in the sweep were unarmed . This operation was followed by additional `` sweeps '' through Morazán Department , spearheaded by the Atlacatl Battalion . On December 11 , 1981 , one month after the `` sweep '' through Cabanas , the Battalion occupied the village of El Mozote and massacred at least 733 and possibly up to 1,000 unarmed civilians in what became known as the El Mozote Massacre . The Atlacatl soldiers accused the adults of collaborating with the guerrillas . The field commander said they were under orders to kill everyone , including the children , who he asserted would just grow up to become guerrillas if they let them live . `` We were going to make an example of these people , '' he said . As details became more widely known , the event became recognized as one of the worst atrocities of the conflict . The repression in rural areas resulted in the displacement of large portions of the rural populace , and many peasants fled . Of those who fled or were displaced , some 20,000 resided in makeshift refugee centers on the Honduran border in conditions of poverty , starvation and disease . The army and death squads forced many of them to flee to the United States , but most were denied asylum . On January 17 -- 18 , 1981 , a US congressional delegation visited the refugee camps in El Salvador on a fact finding mission and submitted a report to Congress . The delegation concluded that `` the Salvadoran method of ' drying up the ocean ' is to eliminate entire villages from the map , to isolate the guerrillas , and deny them any rural base off which they can feed . '' In total , Socorro Jurídico registered 13,353 individual cases of summary execution by government forces over the course of 1981 . However , the true figure for the number of persons killed by the Army and security services could be substantially higher , due to the fact that extrajudicial killings generally went unreported in the countryside and many of the victims ' families remained silent in fear of reprisal . An America 's Watch report described that the Socorro Jurídico figures `` tended to be conservative because its standards of confirmation are strict '' ; killings of persons were registered individually and required proof of being `` not combat related '' . Socorro Jurídico later revised its count of government killings for 1981 up to 16,000 with the induction of new cases . Interim government and continued violence : 1982 -- 1984 ( edit ) Jose Napoleon Duarte at a Christian Democratic Party press conference during the Salvadoran war ( 1982 ) In 1982 , the FMLN began calling for a peace settlement that would establish a `` government of broad participation '' . The Reagan administration said the FMLN wanted to create a Communist dictatorship . Elections were interrupted with right - wing paramilitary attacks and FMLN - suggested boycotts . El Salvador 's National Federation of Lawyers , which represented all of the country 's bar associations , refused to participate in drafting the 1982 electoral law . The lawyers said that the elections could n't possibly be free and fair during a state of siege that suspended all basic rights and freedoms . Attacks against military and economic targets by the FMLN began to escalate . The FMLN attacked the Ilopango Air Force Base , destroying six of the Air Force 's 14 Bell UH - 1 Iroquois helicopters , five of its 18 Dassault Ouragan aircraft and three C - 47s . Between February and April , a total of 439 acts of sabotage were reported . The number of acts of sabotage involving explosives or arson rose to 782 between January and September . The United States Embassy estimated the damage to the economic infrastructure at US $98 million . FMLN also carried out large - scale operations in the capital city and temporarily occupied urban centres in the country 's interior . According to some reports , the number of rebels ranged between 4,000 and 5,000 ; other sources put the number at between 6,000 and 9,000 . Pursuant with measures put in place by the JRG on October 18 , 1979 , elections for an interim government were held on April 29 , 1982 . The Legislative Assembly voted on three candidates nominated by the armed forces ; Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja , leader of the moderate Democratic Action and thus effectively politically independent , was elected by 36 votes to 17 , ahead of the Nationalist Republican Alliance ( ARENA ) and Party of National Conciliation candidates . Roberto D'Aubuisson accused Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez Avendaño of imposing on the Assembly `` his personal decision to put Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja in the presidency '' in spite of a `` categorical no '' from the ARENA deputies . Magana was sworn into office on 2 May . Decree No. 6 of the National Assembly suspended phase III of the implementation of the agrarian reform , and was itself later amended . The Apaneca Pact was signed on 3 August 1982 , establishing a Government of National Unity , whose objectives were peace , democratization , human rights , economic recovery , security and a strengthened international position . An attempt was made to form a transitional government which would establish a democratic system . Lack of agreement among the forces that made up the government and the pressures of the armed conflict prevented any substantive changes from being made during Magaña 's presidency . The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights reported that on May 24 , 1982 , a clandestine cemetery containing the corpses of 150 disappeared persons was discovered near Puerta del Diablo , Panchimalco , approximately twelve kilometers from San Salvador . On June 10 , 1982 , almost 4,000 Salvadoran troops carried out a `` cleanup '' operation in the rebel - controlled Chalatenango province . Over 600 civilians were reportedly massacred during the Army sweep . The Salvadoran field commander acknowledged that an unknown number of civilian rebel sympathizers or `` masas '' were killed , while declaring the operation a success . Nineteen days later , the Army massacred 27 unarmed civilians during house raids in a San Salvador neighborhood . The women were raped and murdered . Everyone was dragged from their homes into the street and then executed . `` The operation was a success , '' said the Salvadoran Defense Ministry communique . `` This action was a result of training and professionalization of our officers and soldiers . '' During 1982 and 1983 , government forces killed approximately 8,000 civilians a year . Although the figure is substantially less than the figures reported by human rights groups in 1980 and 1981 , targeted executions as well as indiscriminate killings nonetheless remained an integral policy of the army and internal security forces , part of what Professor William Stanley of the University of New Mexico has described as a `` strategy of mass murder '' designed to terrorize the civilian population as well as opponents of the government . General Adolfo Blandón , the Salvadoran armed forces chief of staff during much of the 1980s , has stated , `` Before 1983 , we never took prisoners of war . '' In March 1983 , Marianella Garcia Villas , president of the Non-Governmental Human Rights Commission of El Salvador , was captured by army troops on the Guazapa volcano , and later tortured to death . Garcia Villas had been on Guazapa collecting evidence about the possible army use of white phosphorus munitions . In April 1983 , Melida Anaya Montes , a leader of the Popular Forces for Liberation ( FPL ) `` Farabundo Marti '' , was murdered in Managua , Nicaragua . Salvador Cayetano Carpio , her superior in the FPL was allegedly implicated in her murder . He committed suicide in Managua shortly after Anaya Montes ' murder . Their deaths influenced the course within the FMLN of the FPL 's Prolonged Popular War strategy . On February 7 , 1984 , nine labor leaders , including all seven top officials of one major federation , were arrested by the Salvadoran National Police and sent to a military court . The arrests were part of Duarte 's moves to crack down on labor unions after more than 80 trade unionists were detained in a raid by the National Police . The police confiscated the union 's files and took videotape mugshots of each union member . During a 15 - day interrogation , the nine labor leaders were beaten during late - night questioning and were told to confess to being guerrillas . They were then forced to sign a written confession while blindfolded . They were never charged with being guerrillas but the official police statement said they were accused of planning to `` present demands to management for higher wages and benefits and promoting strikes , which destabilize the economy . '' A U.S. official said the embassy had `` followed the arrests closely and was satisfied that the correct procedures were followed . '' Duarte presidency : 1984 -- 1989 ( edit ) Mesa Grande refugee camp in Honduras 1987 In 1984 elections , Christian Democrat José Napoleón Duarte won the presidency ( with 54 % of the votes ) against Army Major Roberto d'Aubuisson , of the Nationalist Republican Alliance ( ARENA ) . The elections were held under military rule amidst high levels of repression and violence , however , and candidates to the left of Duarte 's brand of Christian Democrats were excluded from participating . Fearful of a d'Aubuisson presidency for public relations purposes , the CIA financed Duarte 's campaign with some two million dollars . After Duarte 's victory , human rights abuses at the hands of the army and security forces continued , but declined due to modifications made to the security structures . The policies of the Duarte government attempted to make the country 's three security forces more accountable to the government by placing them under the direct supervision of a Vice Minister of Defense , but all three forces continued to be commanded individually by regular army officers , which , given the command structure within the government , served to effectively nullify any of the accountability provisions . The Duarte government also failed to decommission personnel within the security structures that had been involved in gross human rights abuses , instead simply dispersing them to posts in other regions of the country . While reforms were being made to the security forces , the army continued to massacre unarmed civilians in the country side . An Americas Watch report noted that the Atlacatl Battalion killed 80 unarmed civilians in Cabanas in July , 1984 and carried out another massacre one month later , killing 50 displaced people in the Chalatenango province . The women were raped and then everyone was systematically executed . ERP combatant Perquín 1990 Through 1984 and 1985 , the Salvadoran Armed Forces enacted a series of `` civic - action '' programs in Chalatenango province . This consisted of the establishment of `` citizen defense committees '' to guard plantations and businesses against attacks by insurgents and the establishment of a number of free - fire zones . These measures were implemented under former Cabanas commander , Lieutenant Colonel Sigifredo Ochoa Perez , who had previously been exiled to the US Army War College for mutiny . By January 1985 Ochoa 's forces had established 12 free - fire zones in Chalatenango in which any inhabitants unidentified by the army were deemed to be insurgents . Ochoa stated in an interview that areas within the free fire zone were susceptible to indiscriminate bombings by the Salvadoran Air Force . Ochoa 's forces were implicated in a massacre of about 40 civilians in an Army sweep through one of the free fire zones in August 1985 . Ochoa refused to permit the Red Cross to enter these areas to deliver humanitarian aid to the victims . Ochoa 's forces reportedly uprooted some 1,400 civilian rebel supporters with mortar fire between September and November 1984 . In San Salvador ( 06 / 16 / 85 ) , Shirley Christian reports in the New York Times that the National Federation of Trade Unions was `` making tough wage demands , '' and that Christian Democrats said they were `` haunted by the memory of 1979 , when the same groups were prominent in the near - anarchy that swept El Salvador . '' But `` by mid-1980 , the agitation dried up as many street activists joined the guerrillas and others disengaged out of fear for their lives , while the Government imposed the wage freeze and state of siege '' amidst `` accusations '' of human rights abuses . The fear they said was that these subversive groups , who admitted their former affiliation with the political arm of the guerrillas , may try to reestablish the `` mass organizations '' that were destroyed by the violent repression of strikes and demonstrations in the early 1980s . In its annual review of 1987 , Amnesty International reported that `` some of the most serious violations of human rights are found in Central America , '' particularly Guatemala and El Salvador , where `` kidnappings and assassinations serve as systematic mechanisms of the government against opposition from the left '' . On 10 / 26 / 87 , unknown gunmen shot and killed Herbert Ernesto Anaya , Director of El Salvador 's nongovernmental Human Rights Commission . Anaya was in his car in his driveway with his wife and children at the time . Some human rights groups linked the increase of death squad - style killings and disappearances to the reactivation of the popular organizations , which had been decimated by mass state terror in the early 80s . The U.S. Trade Representative told Human Rights Watch that the government 's repression of trade unionists was justified on the grounds that they were guerrilla supporters . Col. Renee Emilio Ponce , the Army operations chief , asserted that the guerrillas were `` returning to their first phase of clandestine organization '' in the city , `` and mobilization of the masses '' . During the Central American Peace Accords in 1987 , the FMLN demanded that all death squads be disbanded and the members be held accountable . In October 1987 , the Salvadoran Assembly approved an amnesty for civil - war - related crimes . The Amnesty law required the release of all prisoners suspected of being guerrillas and guerrilla sympathizers . Pursuant with these laws , 400 political prisoners were released . Insurgents were given a period of fifteen days to turn themselves over to the security forces in exchange for amnesty . Despite amnesty being granted to guerillas and political prisoners , amnesty was also granted to members of the army , security forces and paramilitary who were involved in human rights abuses . In October 1988 , Amnesty International reported that death squads had abducted , tortured , and killed , hundreds of suspected dissidents in the proceeding eighteen months . The squads were made up of members of the intelligence sections of the Armed Forces and the security services . They customarily wore plain clothes and made use of trucks or vans with tinted windows and without license plates . They were `` chillingly efficient '' , said the report . Victims were sometimes shot from passing cars , in the daytime and in front of eyewitnesses . At other times , victims were kidnapped from their homes or on the streets and their bodies found dumped far from the scene . Some joined `` the long list '' of the `` disappeared '' and were never heard from again . Victims were `` customarily found mutilated , decapitated , dismembered , strangled or showing marks of torture or rape . '' The death squad style was `` to operate in secret but to leave mutilated bodies of victims as a means of terrifying the population . '' Most of the victims were trade unionists and members of cooperatives , human rights workers , members of the judiciary involved in efforts to establish criminal responsibility for human rights violations , returned refugees and displaced persons , and released political prisoners . Angered by the results of the 1988 elections and the military 's use of terror tactics and voter intimidation , the FMLN launched a major offensive with the aim of unseating the Christiani government on November 11 , 1989 . This offensive brought the epicenter of fighting into the wealthy suburbs of San Salvador for essentially the first time in the history of the conflict , as the FMLN began a campaign of selective assassinations against political and military officials , civil officials , and upper - class private citizens . The government retaliated with a renewed campaign of repression , primarily against activists in the democratic sector . The non-governmental Salvadoran Human Rights Commission ( CDHES ) counted 2,868 killings by the armed forces between May 1989 and May 1990 . In addition , the CDHES stated that government paramilitary organizations illegally detained 1,916 persons and disappeared 250 during the same period . On February 13 , the Atlacatl Battalion attacked a guerrilla field hospital and killed at least 10 people , including five patients , a doctor and a nurse . Two of the female victims showed signs that they had been raped before they were executed . Nearly 2 weeks earlier , Vice President Dan Quayle , on a visit to San Salvador , had told army leaders that human rights abuses committed by the military had to stop . Sources associated with the military said afterword that Quayle 's warning was dismissed as propaganda aimed at the Congress and the U.S. public . Meanwhile , U.S. advisers were apparently sending a different message to the Salvadoran military - `` do what you need to do to stop the commies , just do n't get caught '' . A former U.S. intelligence officer suggested the death squads needed to leave less visual evidence , that they should stop dumping bodies on the side of the road because `` they have an ocean and they ought to use it '' . In San Salvador on October 1 , eight people were killed and 35 others were injured when a death squad bombed the headquarters of the leftist labor confederation , the National Trade Union Federation of Salvadoran Workers ( UNTS ) . Earlier the same day , another bomb exploded outside the headquarters of a victims ' advocacy group , the Committee of Mothers and Family Members of Political Prisoners , Disappeared and Assassinated of El Salvador , injuring four others . As in the early 1980s , the University of Central America fell under attack from the army and death squads . On 16 November 1989 , five days after the beginning of the FMLN offensive , uniformed soldiers of the Atlacatl Battalion entered the campus of the University of Central America in the middle of the night and executed six Jesuit priests -- Ignacio Ellacuria , Segundo Montes , Ignacio Martin - Baro , Joaquín López y López , Juan Ramón Moreno , and Amando López -- and their housekeepers ( a mother and daughter , Elba Ramos and Celia Marisela Ramos ) . The priests were dragged from their beds on the campus , machine gunned to death and their corpses mutilated . The mother and daughter were found shot to death in the bed they shared . The Atlacatl Battalion was reportedly under the tutelage of U.S. special forces just 48 hours before the killings . One day later , six men and one youth were slaughtered by government soldiers in San Salvador . According to relatives and neighbors who witnessed the killings , the six men were lined up against a masonry wall and shot to death . The seventh youth who happened to be walking by at the time was also executed . The Salvadoran government then began a campaign to dismantle a liberal church network that the army said were `` front organizations '' supporting the guerrillas . Church offices were raided and workers were arrested and expelled . Targets included priests , lay workers and foreign employees of humanitarian agencies , providing social services to the poor - food programs , health care , relief for the displaced . One church volunteer , who was a U.S. citizen , said she was blindfolded , tortured and interrogated in Treasury Police headquarters in San Salvador while a U.S. vice consul `` having coffee with the colonel in charge '' did nothing to intervene . In a November 29 press conference , Secretary of State James A. Baker III said he believed President Cristiani was in control of the army and defended the government 's crackdown on opponents as `` absolutely appropriate . '' The murder of the six Jesuit priests and the November 1989 ' final offensive ' by the FMLN in San Salvador , however , were key turning points that increased international pressure and domestic pressure from war - weary constituents that alternatives to the military stalemate needed to be found . International support for the FMLN was declining with the end of the Cold War just as international support for the Salvadoran armed forces was weakening as the Reagan administration gave way to the less ideological Bush administration , and the end of the Cold War lessened the anti-Communist concerns about a potential domino effect in Central America . By the late 1980s , 75 % of the population lived in poverty . The living standards of most Salvadorans declined by 30 % since 1983 . Unemployment or underemployment increased to 50 % . Most people , moreover , still did n't have access to clean water or healthcare . The armed forces were feared , inflation rose almost 40 % , capital flight reached an estimated $1 billion , and the economic elite avoided paying taxes . Despite nearly $3 billion in American economic assistance , per capita income declined by one third . American aid was distributed to urban businesses although the impoverished majority received almost none of it . The concentration of wealth was even higher than before the U.S. - administered land reform program . The agrarian law generated windfall profits for the economic elite and buried the cooperatives in debts that left them incapable of competing in the capital markets . The oligarchs often took back the land from bankrupt peasants who could n't obtain the credit necessary to pay for seeds and fertilizer . Although , `` few of the poor would dream of seeking legal redress against a landlord because virtually no judge would favor a poor man . '' By 1989 , 1 % of the landowners owned 41 % of the tillable land , while 60 % of the rural population owned 0 % . Death squads and peace Accords : 1990 -- 1992 ( edit ) President Alfredo Cristiani , Sept 1989 ERP combatants Perquín 1990 After 10 years of war , more than one million people had been displaced out of a population of 5,389,000. 40 % of the homes of newly displaced people were completely destroyed and another 25 % were in need of major repairs . Death squad activities further escalated in 1990 , despite a U.N. Agreement on Human Rights signed July 26 by the Cristiani government and the FMLN . In June 1990 , U.S. President George Bush announced an `` Enterprise for the Americas Initiative '' to improve the investment climate by creating `` a hemisphere - wide free trade zone . '' President Bush authorized the release of $42.5 million in military aid to the Salvadoran armed forces on January 16 , 1991 . In late January , the Usulután offices of the Democratic Convergence , a coalition of left - of - center parties , were attacked with grenades . On February 21 , a candidate for the Democratic National Unity ( UDN ) party and his pregnant wife were assassinated after ignoring death squad threats to leave the country or die . On the last day of the campaign , another UDN candidate was shot in her eye when Arena party gunmen opened fire on campaign activists putting up posters . Despite fraudulent elections orchestrated by Arena through voter intimidation , sabotage of polling stations by the Arena - dominated Central Elections Council and the disappearing of tens of thousands of names from the voting lists , the official U.S. observation team declared them `` free and fair . '' Death squad killings and disappearances remained steady throughout 1991 as well as torture , false imprisonment , and attacks on civilians by the Army and security forces . Opposition politicians and members of church and grassroots organizations representing peasants , women and repatriated refugees suffered constant death threats , arrests , surveillance and break - ins all year . The FMLN killed two wounded U.S. military advisers and carried out indiscriminate attacks , kidnappings and assassinations of civilians . The war intensified in mid-1991 , as both the army and the FMLN attempted to gain the advantage in the United Nations - brokered peace talks prior to a cease - fire . Indiscriminate attacks and executions by the armed forces increased as a result . Eventually , by April 1991 , negotiations resumed , resulting in a truce that successfully concluded in January 1992 , bringing about the war 's end . On 16 January 1992 , the Chapultepec Peace Accords were signed in Chapultepec Castle , Mexico City , to bring peace to El Salvador . The Armed Forces were regulated , a civilian police force was established , the FMLN metamorphosed from a guerrilla army to a political party , and an amnesty law was legislated in 1993 . Aftermath ( edit ) The peace process set up under the Chapultepec Accords was monitored by the United Nations from 1991 until June 1997 when it closed its special monitoring mission in El Salvador . During the 2004 elections , White House Special Assistant Otto Reich gave a phone - in press conference at ARENA party headquarters . He reportedly said he was worried about the impact an FMLN win could have on the country 's `` economic , commercial , and migratory relations with the United States . '' In February 2004 , Assistant Secretary of State Roger Noriega told voters to `` consider what kind of a relationship they want a new administration to have with us . '' He met with all the candidates except Schafik Handal , the FMLN candidate . This prompted 28 US Congress members to send a letter to Secretary of State Colin Powell saying Mr. Noriega `` crossed a boundary '' and that his remarks were perceived as `` interference in Salvadoran electoral affairs . '' A week later , two US congressmen blasted Reich 's comments as inflammatory . Truth Commission ( edit ) Main article : Truth Commission for El Salvador At war 's end , the Commission on the Truth for El Salvador registered more than 22,000 complaints of political violence in El Salvador , between January 1980 and July 1991 , 60 percent about summary killing , 25 percent about kidnapping , and 20 percent about torture . These complaints attributed almost 85 percent of the violence to the Salvadoran Army and security forces alone . The Salvadoran Armed Forces , which were massively supported by the United States ( 4.6 billion euros ) , were accused in 60 percent of the complaints , the security forces ( i.e. the National Guard , Treasury Police and the National Police ) in 25 percent , military escorts and civil defense units in 20 percent of complaints , the death squads in approximately 10 percent , and the FMLN in 5 percent . The Truth Commission could collect only a significant sample of the full number of potential complaints , having had only three months to collect it . The report concluded that more than 70,000 people were killed , many in the course of gross violation of their human rights . More than 25 per cent of the populace was displaced as refugees before the U.N. peace treaty in 1992 . The statistics presented in the Truth Commission 's report are consistent with both previous and retrospective assessments by the international community and human rights monitors , which documented that the majority of the violence and repression in El Salvador was attributable to government agencies , primarily the National Guard and the Salvadoran Army . A 1984 Amnesty International report stated that many of the 40,000 people killed in the preceding five years had been murdered by government forces , who openly dumped their mutilated corpses in an apparent effort to terrorize the population . Despite mostly killing peasants , the Government readily killed any opponent they suspected of sympathy with the guerrillas -- clergy ( men and women ) , church lay workers , political activists , journalists , labor unionists ( leaders , rank - and - file ) , medical workers , liberal students and teachers , and human - rights monitors . The State 's terrorism was affected by the security forces , the Army , the National Guard , and the Treasury Police ; yet it was the paramilitary death squads who gave the Government plausible deniability of , and accountability for , the political killings . Typically , a death squad dressed in civilian clothes and traveled in anonymous vehicles ( dark windows , blank license plates ) . Their terrorism consisted of publishing future - victim death lists , delivering coffins to said future victims , and sending the target - person an invitation to his / her own funeral . Cynthia Arnson , a Latin American - affairs writer for Human Rights Watch , says : the objective of death - squad - terror seemed not only to eliminate opponents , but also , through torture and the gruesome disfigurement of bodies , to terrorize the population . In the mid-1980s , state terror against Salvadorans became open -- indiscriminate bombing from military airplanes , planted mines , and the harassment of national and international medical personnel ; all indicate that , although death rates attributable to the death squads have declined in El Salvador since 1983 , non-combatant victims of the civil war have increased dramatically . Though the violations of the FMLN accounted for five percent or less of those documented by the Truth Commission , the FMLN continuously violated the human rights of many Salvadorans and other individuals identified as right - wing supporters , military targets , pro-government politicians , intellectuals , public officials , and judges . These violations included kidnapping , bombings , rape , and killing . Military reform ( edit ) In accordance with the peace agreements , the constitution was amended to prohibit the military from playing an internal security role except under extraordinary circumstances . During the period of fulfilling of the peace agreements , the Minister of Defense was General Humberto Corado Figueroa . Demobilization of Salvadoran military forces generally proceeded on schedule throughout the process . The Treasury Police and National Guard were abolished , and military intelligence functions were transferred to civilian control . By 1993 -- nine months ahead of schedule -- the military had cut personnel from a wartime high of 63,000 to the level of 32,000 required by the peace accords . By 1999 , ESAF strength stood at less than 15,000 , including uniformed and non-uniformed personnel , consisting of personnel in the army , navy , and air force . A purge of military officers accused of human rights abuses and corruption was completed in 1993 in compliance with the Ad Hoc Committee 's recommendations . National civilian Police ( edit ) The new civilian police force , created to replace the discredited public security forces , deployed its first officers in March 1993 , and was present throughout the country by the end of 1994 . In 1999 , the PNC had over 18,000 officers . The PNC faced many challenges in building a completely new police force . With common crime rising dramatically since the end of the war , over 500 PNC officers had been killed in the line of duty by late 1998 . PNC officers also have arrested a number of their own in connection with various high - profile crimes , and a `` purification '' process to weed out unfit personnel from throughout the force was undertaken in late 2000 . Human rights Commission of El Salvador ( edit ) On 26 October 1987 , Herbert Ernesto Anaya , head of the CDHES , was assassinated . His killing provoked four days ' of political protest -- during which his cadaver was displayed before the U.S. embassy and then before the Salvadoran armed forces headquarters . The National Union of Salvadoran Workers said : `` Those who bear sole responsibility for this crime are José Napoleón Duarte , the U.S. embassy ... and the high command of the armed forces '' . In its report the Commission on the Truth for El Salvador , established as part of the El Salvador peace agreement , stated that it could not establish for sure whether the death squads , the Salvadoran Army or the FMLN was responsible for Anaya 's death . Moreover , the FMLN and the Revolutionary Democratic Front ( FDR ) also protested Mr. Anaya 's assassination by suspending negotiations with the Duarte government on 29 October 1987 . The same day , Reni Roldán resigned from the Commission of National Reconciliation , saying : `` The murder of Anaya , the disappearance of university labor leader Salvador Ubau , and other events do not seem to be isolated incidents . They are all part of an institutionalized pattern of conduct '' . Mr. Anaya 's assassination evoked international indignation : the West German government , the West German Social Democratic Party , and the French government asked President Duarte to clarify the circumstances of the crime . United Nations Secretary General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar , Americas Watch , Amnesty International , and other organizations protested against the assassination of the leader of the Human Rights Commission of El Salvador . Post-war International litigation ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Groups seeking investigation or retribution for actions during the war have sought the involvement of other foreign courts . In 2008 the Spanish Association for Human Rights and a California organization called the Center for Justice and Accountability jointly filed a lawsuit in Spain against former President Cristiani and former defense minister Larios in the matter of the 1989 slaying of several Jesuit priests , their housekeeper , and her daughter . The lawsuit accused Cristiani of a cover - up of the killings and Larios of participating in the meeting where the order to kill them was given ; the groups asked the Spanish court to intervene on the principle of universal jurisdiction for crimes against humanity . Long after the war , in a U.S. federal court , in the case of Ford vs. García the families of the murdered Maryknoll nuns sued the two Salvadoran generals believed responsible for the killings , but lost ; the jury found Gen. Carlos Eugenio Vides Casanova , ex-National Guard Leader and Duarte 's defense minister , and Gen. José Guillermo Garcia -- defense minister from 1979 to 1984 , not responsible for the killings ; the families appealed and lost , and , in 2003 , the U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear their final appeal . A second case , against the same generals , succeeded in the same Federal Court ; the three plaintiffs in Romagoza vs. García won a judgment exceeding US $54 million compensation for having been tortured by the military during El Salvador 's Civil War . The day after losing a court appeal in October 2009 , the two generals were put into deportation proceedings by the Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) , at the urging of U.S. Senators Richard Durbin ( Democrat ) and Tom Coburn ( Republican ) , according to the Center for Justice and Accountability ( CJA ) . Those deportation proceedings had been stalled by May 2010 . However ; one of the plaintiffs in the case believes the U.S. CIA / DOD -- protecting its `` assets '' -- has stymied the Obama Justice Department , for now . The Spanish judge who issued indictments and arrest warrants for 20 former members of the Salvadoran military , charged with murder , Crimes Against Humanity and Terrorism requested that U.S. agencies declassify documents related to the killings of the Jesuits , their housekeeper and her daughter but were denied access . In his report , Judge Velasco writes : `` The agencies in charge of making the information public have identified 3,000 other documents that remain secret and are not available ; the reasoning given is that privacy is needed to protect sources and methods . Many of the documents , from the CIA and the Defense Department , are not available ... '' See also ( edit ) Chapultepec Peace Accords Children of Memory , a documentary film Command responsibility El Mozote massacre History of El Salvador Human rights abuse International law MS - 13 Romero ( film ) Salvador ( film ) Voces inocentes ( film ) Weapons of the Salvadoran Civil War References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Michael McClintock . The American connection : state terror and popular resistance in El Salvador . London : Zed Books . p. 388 . ISBN 0862322405 . ^ Jump up to : El Salvador , In Depth , Negotiating a settlement to the conflict , Uppsala Conflict Data Program Conflict Encyclopedia , Uppsala , Sweden : Uppsala University , US government increased the security support to prevent a similar thing to happen in El Salvador . This was , not least , demonstrated in the delivery of security aid to El Salvador access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Peter Kornbluh ( September 11 , 2003 ) . The Pinochet File : A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability . New York : The New Press . p. 587 . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 586 - 2 . See The Pinochet File Jump up ^ Armony , Ariel C. ( 1997 ) . Argentina , the United States , and the Anti-communist Crusade in Central America , 1977 - 1984 . Ohio University Center for International Studies . pp. 84 -- 88 . ISBN 0 - 89680 - 196 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Jane ( 1987 ) . Israeli foreign policy : South Africa and Central America . 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Times , 02 / 25 / 89 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Salvador Policy '' In These Times , 02 / 22 / 89 Jump up ^ `` The Most Interesting Gubernatorial Candidate in the World '' Mother Jones , 03 / 27 / 12 Jump up ^ `` Bombing at Salvadoran Leftists ' Office Kills Eight '' New York Times , 11 / 01 / 89 Jump up ^ `` 6 PRIESTS KILLED IN A CAMPUS RAID IN SAN SALVADOR '' New York Times , November 17 , 1989 Jump up ^ `` Salvadoran Justice Wears Out Patience '' The New York Times , May 13 , 1990 Jump up ^ `` Second Salvador Massacre , But of Common Folk '' Associated Press , 11 / 28 / 89 Jump up ^ `` Salvador Seeks to Quell Liberal Church Network '' L.A. Times , 12 / 13 / 89 Jump up ^ Church Worker says Salvadoran Police Tortured Her , Washington Post , November 30 , 1989 Jump up ^ U.S. staffers in El Salvador urged to leave homes , Chicago Tribune , November 30 , 1989 Jump up ^ Pugh , Jeffrey ( January 2009 ) . `` The Structure of Negotiation : Lessons from El Salvador for Contemporary Conflict Resolution '' . Negotiation Journal . 25 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 105 . Jump up ^ `` Rightists Deal U.S. - backed Duarte A Crushing Defeat '' March 27 , 1988 ^ Jump up to : After Parades and Promises , Duarte Flounders in Salvador , New York Times , February 16 , 1987 , retrieved January 22 , 2017 Jump up ^ Lindsey Gruson ( September 28 , 1987 ) . `` Land for Salvador 's Poor : To Many , Bitter Victory '' . New York Times , . Special to the New York Times . Rosario de Mora , El Salvador . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . 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From madness to hope : the 12 - year war in El Salvador Part IV . Cases and patterns of violence ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Reports : El Salvador , United States Institute of Peace . Truth Commissions Digital Collection . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ El Salvador 's Decade of Terror , 107 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. role in Salvador 's brutal war , '' BBC News , March 24 , 2002 . Jump up ^ El Salvador 's decade of terror , Americas Watch , Human Rights Watch Books , Yale University Press , 1991 . Jump up ^ El Salvador : ' Death Squads ' -- A Government Strategy . New York : Amnesty International , 1988 . Jump up ^ From Madness to Hope : the 12 - year war in El Salvador : Report of the Commission on the Truth for El Salvador . Jump up ^ Extrajudicial Executions in El Salvador : Report of an Amnesty International Mission to Examine Post-Mortem and Investigative Procedures in Political Killings , 1 - 6 July , 1983 . Amnesty International Publications . May 1984 . Jump up ^ Amnesty International Report . Amnesty International Publications . 1985 . p. 145 . Jump up ^ El Salvador 's decade of terror , vii . Jump up ^ El Salvador 's decade of terror , 47 . Jump up ^ Martin , Gus . Understanding terrorism : challenges , perspectives and issues , Sage Publications , 2003 , 110 . Jump up ^ El Salvador 's decade of terror , 21 . Jump up ^ Arnson , Cynthia J. `` Window on the past : a declassified history of death squads in El Salvador , '' in Death squads in global perspective : murder with deniability , Campbell and Brenner , eds. , 86 . Jump up ^ Lopez , George A. `` Terrorism in Latin America , '' in The politics of terrorism , Michael Stohl , ed . Jump up ^ `` El Salvador '' . U.S. Department of State . Jump up ^ Jose Gutierrez : `` The Killing of Herbert Anaya Sanabria '' Green Left Online , 7 April 1993 Jump up ^ Daniel Woolls , Associated Press . `` El Salvador massacre case filed in Spanish court , '' November 13 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Right to Information is the Right to Justice : Declassified Documents and the Assassination of the Jesuits in El Salvador '' The National Security Archive , November 16 , 2009 Further reading ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Americas Watch ( 1993 ) . El Salvador 's Decade of Terror : Human Rights Since the Assassination of Archbishop Romero . New Haven , London : Yale University Press . Bonner , Raymond ( 1984 ) . Weakness and Deceit : U.S. Policy and El Salvador . New York , NY : Times Books . Commission on the Truth for El Salvador ( 1993 ) . From Madness to Hope : The 12 - Year War in El Salvador ( PDF ) . UN Security Council . Federal Research Division ( 1988 ) . A Country Study : El Salvador . Washington , DC : US Library of Congress . Guzman , John ( 2011 ) . Reflections behind the retina . United States : Xlibris . ISBN 9781465309440 . LeoGrande , William M. ( 1998 ) . Our Own Backyard : The United States in Central America , 1977 - 1992 . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . Montgomery , Tommie Sue ( 1995 ) . Revolution in El Salvador : From Civil Strife to Civil Peace . Boulder , CO : Westview Press . Whitfield , Teresa ( 1995 ) . Paying the Price : Ignacio Ellacuría and the Murdered Jesuits of El Salvador . Philadelphia , PA : Temple University Press . Binford , Leigh ( 1996 ) . The El Mozote Massacre . University of Arizona Press . Wright , Barbara . White Hands ( Novel Excerpt ) . Stony Brook , NY : Southampton Review , Vol. IV , No. 1 , Spring 2010 . Lafeber , Walter ( 1993 ) . Inevitable Revolutions : The United States in Central America . New York City , NY : W.W. Norton & Company . Fish , Joe ( 1988 ) . El Salvador : testament of terror . London : Zed Books . Carothers , Thomas ( 1993 ) . In the Name of Democracy : U.S. Policy Toward Latin America in the Reagan Years . University of California Press . Lowenthal , Abraham ( 1991 ) . Exporting democracy : the United States and Latin America : themes and issues . Johns Hopkins University Press . Anderson , Scott ( 1986 ) . Inside the League : the shocking exposé of how terrorists , Nazis , and Latin American death squads have infiltrated the world Anti-Communist League . Dodd Mead . Grandin , Greg ( 2007 ) . Empire 's Workshop : Latin America , the United States , and the Rise of the New Imperialism . Holt Paperbacks . McClintock , Michael ( 1985 ) . The American Connection : State Terror and Popular Resistance in El Salvador . Zed Books . McClintock , Michael ( 1992 ) . Instruments of statecraft : U.S. guerrilla warfare , counterinsurgency , and counter-terrorism , 1940 - 1990 . Pantheon Books . Journals / academic studies ( edit ) UNHCR Refworld search for FMLN Report of the Commission on the Truth for El Salvador ( 1993 ) CIA World Factbook on El Salvador UN General Assembly Resolution on the `` Situation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in El Salvador '' CIA Threat Assessment of El Salvador in 1979 External links ( edit ) Unrest in El Salvador from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives El Salvador at the Uppsala Conflict Data Program El Salvador articles History Pre-Columbian history Spanish conquest New Spain Captaincy General ( Guatemalan ) 1811 Independence Movement Federal Republic of Central America World War II History of El Salvador ( 1931 -- 79 ) Salvadoran Civil War ( 1979 -- 1992 ) Geography Biota Cities Earthquakes Islands National parks Rivers Volcanism Water resources Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Court system Elections Foreign relations Human rights Law enforcement Legislative Assembly Military Political parties Presidents Economy Central bank Coffee production Currency Energy Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Abortion Crime Demographics Regions by HDI Education Gender Inequality Languages Religion Water supply and sanitation Culture Anthem Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Literature Music Public holidays Sport Television Outline Index Category Portal Years in El Salvador ( 1821 - present ) 19th century 1821 ... 1880 ... 1890 ... 20th century 1900 ... 1910 ... 1920 ... 1930 ... 1940 ... 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 21st century 2017 2018 2019 Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact 1940s Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference Marshall Plan 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War 1964 Brazilian coup d'état United States occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1965 -- 66 ) South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Protests of 1968 French May Cultural Revolution Prague Spring Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border Conflict 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War Carnation Revolution Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Iranian Revolution Operation Condor Dirty War Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Invasion of Grenada 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 Able Archer 83 Star Wars People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China - Taiwan Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - 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13 Revolution - based civil wars 20th century in El Salvador Communism - based civil wars Cold War Conflicts in 1986 Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Čeština Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 18 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the civil war in el salvador end | [
"In 1990 the UN began peace negotiations and on January 16, 1992, a final agreement, The Chapultepec Peace Accords,[28] was signed by the combatants in Mexico City, formally ending the conflict."
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-7557223051933137922 | RuPaul's Drag Race (season 5) | RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 5 ) - wikipedia RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 5 ) RuPaul 's Drag Race Season 5 Broadcast from January 28 ( 2013 - 01 - 28 ) -- May 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 06 ) Judges RuPaul Michelle Visage Santino Rice Host ( s ) RuPaul Broadcaster Logo Competitors 14 Winner Jinkx Monsoon Origin Seattle , WA Runner - up Alaska Roxxxy Andrews Chronology ◀ Season 5 ▶ The fifth season of RuPaul 's Drag Race began airing on January 28 , 2013 , with a 90 - minute premiere episode . It had the most contestants since the creation of the show with fourteen . As this season 's winner , Jinkx Monsoon walked away with the title of `` America 's Next Drag Superstar '' along with a lifetime supply of Colorevolution Cosmetics , a one - of - a-kind trip courtesy of AlandChuck.travel , a headlining spot on Logo 's Drag Race Tour featuring Absolut Vodka and a cash prize of $100 000 . Santino Rice and Michelle Visage were back as judges at the panel . The theme song playing during the runway every episode is `` I Bring the Beat '' , while the song playing during the credits is `` The Beginning '' , both songs are from RuPaul 's album Glamazon . The winner of the fifth season of RuPaul 's Drag Race was Jinkx Monsoon , with Alaska and Roxxxy Andrews being the runners - up . Alaska , Alyssa Edwards , Coco Montrese , Detox and Roxxxy Andrews competed on the second season of All Stars . Coco placed 10th , Alyssa placed 5th , Roxxxy placed 4th and Detox was runner - up with season 7 contestant Katya . Alaska won the competition . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 2 Contestant progress 3 Lip - syncs 4 Guest judges 5 Episodes 6 Reception 7 References 8 External links Contestants ( edit ) ( Ages and names stated are at time of contest ) Contestant Name Age Hometown Outcome Jinkx Monsoon Jerick Hoffer 24 Seattle , Washington Winner Alaska Justin Honard 27 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Runner - up Roxxxy Andrews Michael Feliciano 28 Orlando , Florida Detox Matthew Sanderson 27 Los Angeles , California 4th Place Coco Montrese Martin Cooper 37 Las Vegas , Nevada 5th Place Alyssa Edwards Justin Johnson 32 Mesquite , Texas 6th Place Ivy Winters Dustin Winters 26 New York , New York 7th Place Jade Jolie Josh Green 25 Gainesville , Florida 8th Place Lineysha Sparx Andy Trinidad 24 San Juan , Puerto Rico 9th Place Honey Mahogany Alpha Mulugeta 29 San Francisco , California 10th / 11th Place Vivienne Pinay Michael Donehoo 26 New York , New York Monica Beverly Hillz Juan DeJesus Anaya 27 Owensboro , Kentucky 12th Place Serena ChaCha Myron Morgan 21 Tallahassee , Florida 13th Place Penny Tration Tony Cody 39 Cincinnati , Ohio 14th Place Jump up ^ Alaska Thunderfuck 5000 is simply known as Alaska on the show . Jump up ^ Detox Icunt is simply known as Detox on the show . Contestant progress ( edit ) Contestant 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 Jinkx Monsoon SAFE SAFE HIGH HIGH WIN HIGH HIGH HIGH WIN HIGH BTM2 SAFE Winner Alaska HIGH SAFE LOW SAFE HIGH SAFE HIGH WIN HIGH LOW WIN SAFE Runner - up Roxxxy Andrews WIN SAFE HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH BTM2 LOW HIGH WIN HIGH SAFE Runner - up Detox SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE BTM2 SAFE SAFE HIGH LOW BTM2 ELIM Guest Coco Montrese SAFE SAFE BTM2 SAFE SAFE BTM2 WIN SAFE BTM2 ELIM Guest Alyssa Edwards SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE LOW BTM2 BTM2 ELIM Guest Ivy Winters HIGH HIGH SAFE HIGH LOW WIN LOW ELIM Miss C Jade Jolie LOW SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE ELIM Guest Lineysha Sparx HIGH WIN SAFE SAFE ELIM Guest Vivienne Pinay SAFE HIGH LOW ELIM Guest Honey Mahogany SAFE HIGH SAFE ELIM Guest Monica Beverly Hillz SAFE BTM2 ELIM Guest Serena ChaCha BTM2 ELIM Guest Penny Tration ELIM Guest The contestant won RuPaul 's Drag Race . The contestant was the runner - up of RuPaul 's Drag Race . The contestant was voted Miss Congeniality by viewers . The contestant won a challenge . The contestant received positive judges ' critiques but was ultimately declared safe . The contestant received judges ' critiques but was ultimately declared safe . The contestant received negative judges ' critiques but was ultimately declared safe . The contestant was in the bottom two . The contestant was eliminated . The contestant returned as a guest for the finale episode . Lip - syncs ( edit ) Episode Contestants Song Eliminated Penny Tration vs . Serena ChaCha `` Party in the U.S.A. '' ( Miley Cyrus ) Penny Tration Monica Beverly Hillz vs . Serena ChaCha `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' ( Rihanna ) Serena ChaCha Coco Montrese vs . Monica Beverly Hillz `` When I Grow Up '' ( The Pussycat Dolls ) Monica Beverly Hillz Honey Mahogany vs . Vivienne Pinay `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Britney Spears ) Honey Mahogany Vivienne Pinay 5 Detox vs . Lineysha Sparx `` Take Me Home '' ( Cher ) Lineysha Sparx 6 Coco Montrese vs . Jade Jolie `` I 'm So Excited '' ( The Pointer Sisters ) Jade Jolie 7 Alyssa Edwards vs . Roxxxy Andrews `` Whip My Hair '' ( Willow Smith ) None 8 Alyssa Edwards vs . Ivy Winters `` Ai n't Nothin ' Goin ' on But the Rent '' ( Gwen Guthrie ) Ivy Winters 9 Alyssa Edwards vs . Coco Montrese `` Cold Hearted '' ( Paula Abdul ) Alyssa Edwards 10 Coco Montrese vs . Detox `` ( It Takes ) Two to Make it Right '' ( Seduction ) Coco Montrese 11 Detox vs . Jinkx Monsoon `` Malambo No. 1 '' ( Yma Sumac ) Detox 12 Alaska vs. Jinkx Monsoon vs. Roxxxy Andrews `` The Beginning '' ( RuPaul ) None The contestant was eliminated after their first time in the bottom two . The contestant was eliminated after their second time in the bottom two . The contestant was eliminated after their third time in the bottom two . The contestant was eliminated after their fourth time in the bottom two . Guest judges ( edit ) ( In alphabetical order by stage name and / or last name ) María Conchita Alonso ( singer / songwriter and actress ) Joan Van Ark ( actress ) Chaz Bono ( writer and activist ) Downtown Julie Brown ( actress and MTV VJ ) Julie Brown ( actress - comedian ) Coco ( model ) Camille Grammer ( television personality ) Marg Helgenberger ( actress ) La Toya Jackson ( singer ) Kristen Johnston ( actress ) Leslie Jordan ( actor ) Clinton Kelly ( fashion stylist ) George Kotsiopoulos ( editor and fashion consultant ) Juliette Lewis ( actress and singer ) Bob Mackie ( fashion designer ) Aubrey O'Day ( singer ) The Pointer Sisters ( Anita & Ruth ) ( girl group ) Paulina Porizkova ( model and actress ) Mike Ruiz ( photographer ) Jamie - Lynn Sigler ( actress and singer ) Travis Wall ( dancer ) Additional guest appearances this season include Gloria Allred ( lawyer ) Mathu Andersen ( make - up artist ) Candis Cayne ( actress and performance artist ) Nadya Ginsburg ( comedian , actor and writer ) Deven Green ( comedian and musician ) Wilmer Valderrama ( actor ) Bruce Vilanch ( writer and actor ) Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of RuPaul 's Drag Race episodes No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 52 `` RuPaullywood or Bust '' January 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 28 ) For the first time ever fourteen new queens begin their quests for the title of `` America 's Next Drag Superstar . '' Guest Judges : Camille Grammer and Mike Ruiz Mini-Challenge : Underwater photoshoot Mini-Challenge Winner : Detox Main Challenge : Going dumpster diving to make a dress that brings out Hollywood realness and glamor Challenge Winner : Roxxxy Andrews Main Challenge Prize : Custom gown by Marco Marco and immunity from the next elimination Bottom Two : Penny Tration & Serena ChaCha Lip Sync Song : `` Party in the U.S.A. '' by Miley Cyrus Eliminated : Penny Tration Farewell message : `` You ARE ALL STARS smooches PT '' 53 `` Lip Synch Extravaganza Eleganza '' February 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 04 ) Guest Judges : Kristen Johnston and Juliette Lewis Mini-Challenge : Lip synch to one of RuPaul 's songs ( Tranny Chaser , Ladyboy , Peanut Butter ) with only your mouth visible . Mini-Challenge Winners : Serena ChaCha , Detox , Ivy Winters Main Challenge : Lip synch and re-enact a famous scene from a past season of RuPaul 's Drag Race Untucked Runway Theme : Best Drag Challenge Winner : Lineysha Sparx Main Challenge Prize : A custom latex garment from Syren Latex and immunity from the next elimination Bottom Two : Monica Beverly Hillz & Serena ChaCha Lip Sync Song : `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' by Rihanna Eliminated : Serena ChaCha Farewell Message : `` God bless America , Viva Panama , Keep bearing light QUEENS xoxo Serena ChaCha '' 54 `` Draggle Rock '' February 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 11 ) Guest Judges : Coco Austin and Paulina Porizkova Mini-Challenge : Create a mannequin doll in pairs for `` America 's Junior Drag Superstar '' pageant Mini-Challenge Winners : Alaska and Lineysha Sparx Main Challenge : Split into two teams and star in children 's TV Shows Runway Theme : Pretty in Pink Challenge Winner : Detox Main Challenge Prize : Wig wardrobe from New Attitude Wigs Bottom Two : Coco Montrese & Monica Beverly Hillz Lip Sync Song : `` When I Grow Up '' by The Pussycat Dolls Eliminated : Monica Beverly Hillz Farewell Message : `` Love all of u guys , And never be a victim - ♡ - Monica Beverly Hillz '' 55 `` Black Swan : Why It Gotta Be Black ? '' February 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 18 ) Guest Judges : Chaz Bono and Travis Wall Mini-Challenge : Soul Train dance - off Mini-Challenge Winners : Jinkx Monsoon and Coco Montrese Main Challenge : Divide into two teams each tasked with performing a different act of a ballet about RuPaul 's life Runway Theme : Divalicious Challenge Winner : Alyssa Edwards Main Challenge Prize : A custom feather headpiece from Mother Plucker and immunity from the next elimination Bottom Two : Honey Mahogany & Vivienne Pinay Lip Sync Song : `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' by Britney Spears Eliminated : Honey Mahogany and Vivienne Pinay Farewell Message -- Honey Mahogany : `` Keep on loving each other , we will meet again , I ca n't wait . All my l ♡ ve , Honey Mahogany '' Farewell Message -- Vivienne Pinay : `` I love all my girls ! Here 's to the revolution of the FISH ! ♡ Always , Vivienne Pinay '' 56 5 `` Snatch Game '' February 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 25 ) The queens compete in a star - studded TV game show that showcases their celebrity impersonations . Guest Judges : Julie Brown and Downtown Julie Brown Mini-Challenge : Style a cuddler into a red carpet ready look for an Us Weekly fashion face - off Mini-Challenge Winners : Alyssa Edwards , Detox , Roxxxy Andrews Main Challenge : Celebrity impersonations in a Match Game - style setting Runway Theme : Deadliest Snatch Glamor Challenge Winner : Jinkx Monsoon Main Challenge Prize : Custom jewel package from Fierce Drag Jewels Bottom Two : Detox & Lineysha Sparx Lip Sync Song : `` Take Me Home '' by Cher Eliminated : Lineysha Sparx Farewell Message : `` Latino shade . It was a pleasure to meet you girls , Thanks for your friendship . XOXO Kiss and hugs ! Lineysha Sparx '' 57 6 `` Can I Get An Amen ? '' March 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 04 ) The queens test their vocal abilities as they sing in RuPaul 's 1980s `` We Are The World '' - inspired charity single . Guest Judges : La Toya Jackson and The Pointer Sisters ( Anita and Ruth ) Mini-Challenge : Apply drag makeup in the dark Mini-Challenge Winner : Detox Main Challenge : Record a `` We Are the World '' - inspired anthem entitled `` Can I Get An Amen ? '' Runway Theme : Presenting Their Favorite Body Part Challenge Winner : Ivy Winters Main Challenge Prize : A Flight 001 luggage package Bottom Two : Coco Montrese & Jade Jolie Lip Sync Song : `` I 'm So Excited '' by The Pointer Sisters Eliminated : Jade Jolie Farewell Message : `` Cheers to my fish , fabulous and fierce sisters . I ♡ you all , Jade J . '' 58 7 `` RuPaul Roast '' March 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 11 ) The queens ' comedy skills are put on the spot as they must roast RuPaul and the celebrity judges in front of a live audience . Guest Judges : Leslie Jordan and Jeffrey Moran Mini-Challenge : `` Reading is Fundamental '' Mini-Challenge Winner : Alaska Main Challenge : Roast RuPaul , as well as the judges and fellow queens , in front of a live audience Challenge Winner : Coco Montrese Main Challenge Prize : A custom gown from Sequin Queen Bottom Two : Alyssa Edwards & Roxxxy Andrews Lip Sync Song : `` Whip My Hair '' by Willow Smith 59 8 `` Scent of a Drag Queen '' March 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 18 ) The queens create , market and film a commercial for their own signature fragrance . Guest Judges : Aubrey O'Day and Joan Van Ark Mini-Challenge : Whatcha Packin ' -- Match male models wearing the same pairs of Andrew Christian underwear Mini-Challenge Winner : Ivy Winters Main Challenge : Create , market , and film a commercial for a signature fragrance Challenge Winner : Alaska Main Challenge Prize : A selection of handmade corsets from Corset Connection Bottom Two : Alyssa Edwards & Ivy Winters Lip Sync Song : `` Ai n't Nothin ' Goin ' on But the Rent '' by Gwen Guthrie Eliminated : Ivy Winters Farewell Message : `` Love you girls so much ! ! You always have a friend in me ! XOXO Ivy '' 60 9 `` Drama Queens '' April 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 01 ) The competition gets spicy as the queens star with Wilmer Valderrama in a sexy Latin telenovela acting challenge . Guest Judges : María Conchita Alonso and Jamie - Lynn Sigler Mini-Challenge : Creating fake ' sob stories ' and producing real tears in front of RuPaul Mini-Challenge Winners : Detox and Alyssa Edwards Main Challenge : Star in a faux Latin telenovela alongside Wilmer Valderrama Runway Theme : Spanish Telenovela Realness Challenge Winner : Jinkx Monsoon Main Challenge Prize : A pair of fur coats from Fabulous - Furs Bottom Two : Alyssa Edwards & Coco Montrese Lip Sync Song : `` Cold Hearted '' by Paula Abdul Eliminated : Alyssa Edwards Farewell Message : `` The sky is the limit when your ♡ ' s in it . Do n't dream it , be it . Always and forever , Alyssa '' 61 10 `` Super Troopers '' April 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 08 ) Guest Judges : Clinton Kelly and George Kotsiopoulos Mini-Challenge : Last as long as possible in drag booty camp with a fitness trainer Mini-Challenge Winner : Alaska Main Challenge : Military - to - drag makeover / color guard performance Challenge Winner : Roxxxy Andrews Main Challenge Prize : A shopping spree at American Apparel Bottom Two : Coco Montrese & Detox Lip Sync Song : `` ( It Takes ) Two to Make It Right '' by Seduction Eliminated : Coco Montrese Farewell Message : `` I love you all , Give them hell girls . Love , Coco M '' 62 11 `` Sugar Ball '' April 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 15 ) The race gets sticky and sweet , when the queens compete in a pageant of candy inspired couture . Guest Judges : Marg Helgenberger and Bob Mackie Mini-Challenge : Make a caricature of their own peers with a puppet Mini-Challenge Winner : Alaska Main Challenge : Design three outfits for the Sugar Ball : Super Duper Sweet 16 , Sugar Mama -- Executive Realness , and Candy Couture Challenge Winner : Alaska Main Challenge Prize : A private portrait session with Austin Young Bottom Two : Detox & Jinkx Monsoon Lip Sync Song : `` Malambo No. 1 '' by Yma Sumac Eliminated : Detox Farewell Message : `` Condragulations grillz ! Go F * * * * * * Kill Them ! Rolaskatox 4EVAAAHH ! ♡ Detox '' 63 12 `` The Final Three , Hunty '' April 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 22 ) Special Guests : Gloria Allred , Candis Cayne and Mathu Anderson Main Challenge : Star in RuPaul 's music video `` The Beginning '' and shoot a courtroom scene Lip Sync Song : `` The Beginning '' by RuPaul 64 13 `` Countdown to the Crown '' April 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 29 ) A look back on the highlights , low - lights , and previously unseen footage from the season as we race toward the climactic crowning of America 's Next Drag Superstar . With guest appearances by Latrice Royale , Willam , and Sharon Needles . 65 14 `` Reunited ! '' May 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 06 ) Wigs fly as the queens discuss the drama of the season . Plus , both `` America 's Next Drag Superstar '' and `` Miss Congeniality '' are crowned . The episode was filmed on May 1 , 2013 in Los Angeles . Miss Congeniality : Ivy Winters Runners - up : Alaska & Roxxxy Andrews Winner of RuPaul 's Drag Race Season Five : Jinkx Monsoon Reception ( edit ) The overnight ratings for the fifth - season premiere of Rupaul 's Drag Race reinforced the show 's position as LOGO 's juggernaut . `` Monday night 's 9PM season five premiere of `` RuPaul 's Drag Race '' worked the ratings runway , averaging a . 8 rating in the P18 - 49 demo . This number represents a 33 % increase over Logo 's previous top - rated season premiere ( fourth - season premiere of `` RuPaul 's Drag Race '' ) and clocks in as the highest - rated season premiere in Logo history . Additionally , the 90 - minute premiere tallied 565,000 total viewers tuning in to meet the new cast of 14 drag queen hopefuls who will fight it out to be crowned `` America 's Next Drag Superstar . '' The fifth - season premiere night of `` RuPaul 's Drag Race '' and companion series `` Untucked : RuPaul 's Drag Race '' delivered over 1.3 million viewers . Furthermore , `` Untucked : RuPaul 's Drag Race '' was the most - watched premiere ever averaging 291,000 total viewers and a . 5 rating P18 - 49 . On social media platforms for premiere night , `` RuPaul 's Drag Race '' and `` Untucked : RuPaul 's Drag Race '' showed a 136 % increase in social activity versus the fourth - season premiere -- this includes tweets , Facebook posts and Get Glue check - ins . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Contestant progress is referenced through the episodes from LogoTV , alongside the episodes published on iTunes Store . ^ Jump up to : Shumaker , Jason ; Jake Slane ( 2012 - 12 - 10 ) . `` '' THE QUEENS OF `` RUPAUL 'S DRAG RACE '' SEASON FIVE BEGIN THEIR BATTLE FOR THE CROWN ON MONDAY , JANUARY 28 ON LOGO `` . Logo Press Room . Logo . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` International Drag Artist , CoCo Montrese Says Marriage is No Drag '' ( Press release ) . KeepLoveLovely.com . September 13 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 -- via PR.com . ^ Jump up to : Virtel , Louis ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` The 10 Hottest `` RuPaul 's Drag Race '' Contestants Out of Drag `` . NewNowNext.com ( Logo TV / Viacom International . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' RuPaul 's Drag Race '' Seventh Eliminated Queen : `` I Was Underestimated Every Challenge . '' `` . LOGO News . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` RuPaul 's Drag Race ' Fourth Elimination Interview : `` Quite Honestly , I Deserved to Stay . '' `` . LOGO News . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Myron Morgan stephanotis chicago '' . stephanotischicago.wordpress.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` First Eliminated `` Drag Race '' Contestant Speaks : `` It Felt Like a Setup . '' `` . LOGO News . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` RuPaul 's Drag Race , Season 5 '' . iTunes Store ( United States ) . January 29 , 2013 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RuPaullywood or Bust '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race . Season 5 . Episode 1 . January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lip Synch Extravaganza Eleganza '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race . Season 5 . Episode 2 . February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Draggle Rock '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race . Season 5 . Episode 3 . February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Black Swan : Why It Gotta Be Black ? '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race . Season 5 . Episode 4 . February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Snatch Game '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race . Season 5 . Episode 5 . February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Can I Get An Amen ? '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race . Season 5 . Episode 6 . March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RuPaul Roast '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race . Season 5 . Episode 7 . March 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scent of a Drag Queen '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race . Season 5 . Episode 8 . March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Drama Queens '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race . Season 5 . Episode 9 . April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Super Troopers '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race . Season 5 . Episode 10 . April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sugar Ball '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race . Season 5 . Episode 11 . April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Final Three , Hunty '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race . Season 5 . Episode 12 . April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reunited ! '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race . Season 5 . Episode 14 . May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Enter For A Chance To Get Tickets to the RuPaul 's Drag Race Reunion ! '' . worldofwonder.net. 28 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Shumaker , Jason ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` '' LOGO 'S SEASON DEBUT OF `` RUPAUL 'S DRAG RACE '' ON MONDAY NIGHT SCORES AS THE HIGHEST - RATED PREMIERE IN NETWORK HISTORY `` . Logo Press Room . Logo . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . 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-6356697959381872536 | Andes | Andes - wikipedia Andes Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the mountain range in South America . For other uses , see Andes ( disambiguation ) . Andes Andean Mountains Panorama of the Andes mountains and their arable lands in Boyaca , Colombia . Highest point Peak Aconcagua ( Las Heras Department , Mendoza , Argentina ) Elevation 6,961 m ( 22,838 ft ) Coordinates 32 ° 39 ′ 10 '' S 70 ° 0 ′ 40 '' W / 32.65278 ° S 70.01111 ° W / - 32.65278 ; - 70.01111 Coordinates : 32 ° 39 ′ 10 '' S 70 ° 0 ′ 40 '' W / 32.65278 ° S 70.01111 ° W / - 32.65278 ; - 70.01111 Length 7,000 km ( 4,300 mi ) Width 500 km ( 310 mi ) Naming Native name Quechua : Anti ( s / kuna ) Geography Map of South America showing the Andes running along the entire western part ( roughly parallel to the Pacific coast ) of the continent Countries List ( show ) Argentina Bolivia Chile Colombia Ecuador Peru Venezuela The Andes or Andean Mountains ( Spanish : Cordillera de los Andes ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world . They form a continuous highland along the western edge of South America . This range is about 7,000 km ( 4,300 mi ) long , about 200 to 700 km ( 120 to 430 mi ) wide ( widest between 18 ° south and 20 ° south latitude ) , and of an average height of about 4,000 m ( 13,000 ft ) . The Andes extend from north to south through seven South American countries : Venezuela , Colombia , Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia , Argentina and Chile . Along their length , the Andes are split into several ranges , which are separated by intermediate depressions . The Andes are the location of several high plateaus -- some of which host major cities such as Quito , Bogotá , Arequipa , Medellín , Sucre , Mérida and La Paz . The Altiplano plateau is the world 's second - highest after the Tibetan plateau . These ranges are in turn grouped into three major divisions based on climate : the Tropical Andes , the Dry Andes , and the Wet Andes . The Andes are the world 's highest mountain range outside Asia . The highest mountain outside Asia , Mount Aconcagua , in Argentina , rises to an elevation of about 6,961 m ( 22,838 ft ) above sea level . The peak of Chimborazo in the Ecuadorean Andes is farther from the Earth 's center than any other location on the Earth 's surface , due to the equatorial bulge resulting from the Earth 's rotation . The world 's highest volcanoes are in the Andes , including Ojos del Salado on the Chile - Argentina border , which rises to 6,893 m ( 22,615 ft ) . The Andes are also part of the American Cordillera , a chain of mountain ranges ( cordillera ) that consists of an almost continuous sequence of mountain ranges that form the western `` backbone '' of North America , Central America , South America and Antarctica . `` Cono de Arita '' in the Puna de Atacama , Salta ( Argentina ) . Aerial view of Aconcagua . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Geography 3 Geology 3.1 Orogeny 3.2 Volcanism 3.3 Ore deposits and evaporates 4 Climate and hydrology 5 Flora 6 Fauna 7 Human activity 7.1 Transportation 7.2 Agriculture 7.3 Irrigation 7.4 Mining 8 Peaks 8.1 Argentina 8.2 Border between Argentina and Chile 8.3 Bolivia 8.4 Border between Bolivia and Chile 8.5 Chile 8.6 Colombia 8.7 Ecuador 8.8 Peru 8.9 Venezuela 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Etymology ( edit ) The etymology of the word Andes has been debated . The majority consensus is that it derives from the Quechua word anti , which means `` east '' as in Antisuyu ( Quechua for `` east region '' ) , one of the four regions of the Inca Empire . Geography ( edit ) Aerial view of Valle Carbajal in the Fuegian Andes The Andes can be divided into three sections : The Southern Andes ( south of Llullaillaco ) in Argentina and Chile ; The Central Andes in Ecuador , Peru , and Bolivia The Northern Andes ( north of the Nudo de Pasto ) in Venezuela and Colombia , which consist of three parallel ranges , the western , central , and eastern ( the cordillera occidental , central , and oriental ) . In the northern part of the Andes , the isolated Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta range is often considered to be part of the Andes . The term cordillera comes from the Spanish word `` cordel '' , meaning `` rope '' . The Andes range is about 200 km ( 124 mi ) wide throughout its length , except in the Bolivian flexure where it is about 640 kilometres ( 398 mi ) wide . The Leeward Antilles islands Aruba , Bonaire , and Curaçao , which lie in the Caribbean Sea off the coast of Venezuela , were thought to represent the submerged peaks of the extreme northern edge of the Andes range , but ongoing geological studies indicate that such a simplification does not do justice to the complex tectonic boundary between the South American and Caribbean plates . Geology ( edit ) Geology of the Andes Orogenies Pampean orogeny Famatinian orogeny Gondwanide orogeny Andean orogeny Fold - thrust belts Central Andean Patagonian Batholiths Peruvian Coastal North Patagonian South Patagonian Subducted structures Antarctic Plate Carnegie Ridge Chile Rise Farallon Plate ( formerly ) Juan Fernández Ridge Nazca Plate Nazca Ridge Faults Gastre Liquiñe - Ofqui Magallanes - Fagnano Andean Volcanic Belt Northern Zone Peruvian flat - slab Central Zone Pampean flat - slab Southern Zone Patagonian Gap Austral Zone Paleogeographic terminology Arequipa - Antofalla Chilenia Chiloé Block Cuyania Iapetus Ocean Madre de Dios Terrane Mejillonia Pampia This box : view talk edit The Andes are a Mesozoic -- Tertiary orogenic belt of mountains along the Pacific Ring of Fire , a zone of volcanic activity that encompasses the Pacific rim of the Americas as well as the Asia - Pacific region . The Andes are the result of plate tectonics processes , caused by the subduction of oceanic crust beneath the South American Plate . The main cause of the rise of the Andes is the compression of the western rim of the South American Plate due to the subduction of the Nazca Plate and the Antarctic Plate . To the east , the Andes range is bounded by several sedimentary basins , such as Orinoco , Amazon Basin , Madre de Dios and Gran Chaco , that separate the Andes from the ancient cratons in eastern South America . In the south , the Andes share a long boundary with the former Patagonia Terrane . To the west , the Andes end at the Pacific Ocean , although the Peru - Chile trench can be considered their ultimate western limit . From a geographical approach , the Andes are considered to have their western boundaries marked by the appearance of coastal lowlands and a less rugged topography . The Andes Mountains also contain large quantities of iron ore located in many mountains within the range . The Andean orogen has a series of bends or oroclines . The Bolivian Orocline is a seaward concave bending in the coast of South America and the Andes Mountains at about 18 ° S. At this point the orientation of the Andes turns from Northwest in Peru to South in Chile and Argentina . The Andean segment north and south of the orocline have been rotated 15 ° to 20 ° counter clockwise and clockwise respectively . The Bolivian Orocline area overlaps with the area of maximum width of the Altiplano Plateau and according to Isacks ( 1988 ) the orocline is related to crustal shortening . The specific point at 18 ° S where the coastline bends is known as the `` Arica Elbow '' . Further south lies the Maipo Orocline or Maipo Transition Zone located between 30 ° S and 38 ° S with a break in trend at 33 ° S. Near the southern tip of the Andes lies the Patagonian orocline . Orogeny ( edit ) Main article : Andean orogeny The western rim of the South American Plate has been the place of several pre-Andean orogenies since at least the late Proterozoic and early Paleozoic , when several terranes and microcontinents collided and amalgamated with the ancient cratons of eastern South America , by then the South American part of Gondwana . The formation of the modern Andes began with the events of the Triassic when Pangaea began to break up that resulted in developing several rifts . The development continued through the Jurassic Period . It was during the Cretaceous Period that the Andes began to take their present form , by the uplifting , faulting and folding of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks of the ancient cratons to the east . The rise of the Andes has not been constant , where different regions have had different degrees of tectonic stress , uplift , and erosion . Tectonic forces above the subduction zone along the entire west coast of South America where the Nazca Plate and a part of the Antarctic Plate are sliding beneath the South American Plate continue to produce an ongoing orogenic event resulting in minor to major earthquakes and volcanic eruptions to this day . In the extreme south a major transform fault separates Tierra del Fuego from the small Scotia Plate . Across the 1,000 km ( 620 mi ) wide Drake Passage lie the mountains of the Antarctic Peninsula south of the Scotia Plate which appear to be a continuation of the Andes chain . The regions immediately east of the Andes experience a series of changes resulting from the Andean orogeny . Parts of the Sunsás Orogen in Amazonian craton disappeared from the surface of earth being overridden by the Andes . The Sierras de Córdoba , where the effects of the ancient Pampean orogeny can be observed , owe their modern uplift and relief to the Andean orogeny in the Tertiary . Further south in southern Patagonia the onset of the Andean orogeny caused the Magallanes Basin to evolve from being an extensional back - arc basin in the Mesozoic to being a compressional foreland basin in the Cenozoic . Volcanism ( edit ) Main article : Andean Volcanic Belt Rift valley near Quilotoa , Ecuador . Astronaut photograph with the high plains of the Andes Mountains in the foreground , with a line of young volcanoes facing the much lower Atacama Desert . The Andes range has many active volcanoes , which are distributed in four volcanic zones separated by areas of inactivity . The Andean volcanism is a result of subduction of the Nazca Plate and Antarctic Plate underneath the South American Plate . The belt is subdivided into four main volcanic zones that are separated from each other by volcanic gaps . The volcanoes of the belt are diverse in terms of activity style , products and morphology . While some differences can be explained by which volcanic zone a volcano belongs to , there are significant differences inside volcanic zones and even between neighbouring volcanoes . Despite being a type location for calc - alkalic and subduction volcanism , the Andean Volcanic Belt has a large range of volcano - tectonic settings , such as rift systems and extensional zones , transpressional faults , subduction of mid-ocean ridges and seamount chains apart from a large range of crustal thicknesses and magma ascent paths , and different amount of crustal assimilations . Ore deposits and evaporates ( edit ) The Andes Mountains host large ore and salt deposits and some of their eastern fold and thrust belt acts as traps for commercially exploitable amounts of hydrocarbons . In the forelands of the Atacama desert some of the largest porphyry copper mineralizations occurs making Chile and Peru the first and second largest exporters of copper in the world . Porphyry copper in the western slopes of the Andes has been generated by hydrothermal fluids ( mostly water ) during the cooling of plutons or volcanic systems . The porphyry mineralization further benefited from the dry climate that let them largely out of the disturbing actions of meteoric water . The dry climate in the central western Andes has also led to the creation of extensive saltpeter deposits which were extensively mined until the invention of synthetic nitrates . Yet another result of the dry climate are the salars of Atacama and Uyuni , the first one being the largest source of lithium today and the second the world 's largest reserve of the element . Early Mesozoic and Neogene plutonism in Bolivia 's Cordillera Central created the Bolivian tin belt as well as the famous , now depleted , deposits of Cerro Rico de Potosí . Climate and hydrology ( edit ) See also : Tropical Andes , Dry Andes , and Wet Andes Central Andes Bolivian Andes The climate in the Andes varies greatly depending on latitude , altitude , and proximity to the sea . Temperature , atmospheric pressure and humidity decrease in higher elevations . The southern section is rainy and cool , the central section is dry . The northern Andes are typically rainy and warm , with an average temperature of 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) in Colombia . The climate is known to change drastically in rather short distances . Rainforests exist just miles away from the snow - covered peak Cotopaxi . The mountains have a large effect on the temperatures of nearby areas . The snow line depends on the location . It is at between 4,500 and 4,800 m ( 14,800 and 15,700 ft ) in the tropical Ecuadorian , Colombian , Venezuelan , and northern Peruvian Andes , rising to 4,800 -- 5,200 m ( 15,700 -- 17,100 ft ) in the drier mountains of southern Peru south to northern Chile south to about 30 ° S , then descending to 4,500 m ( 14,760 ft ) on Aconcagua at 32 ° S , 2,000 m ( 6,600 ft ) at 40 ° S , 500 m ( 1,640 ft ) at 50 ° S , and only 300 m ( 980 ft ) in Tierra del Fuego at 55 ° S ; from 50 ° S , several of the larger glaciers descend to sea level . The Andes of Chile and Argentina can be divided in two climatic and glaciological zones ; the Dry Andes and the Wet Andes . Since the Dry Andes extend from the latitudes of Atacama Desert to the area of Maule River , precipitation is more sporadic and there are strong temperature oscillations . The line of equilibrium may shift drastically over short periods of time , leaving a whole glacier in the ablation area or in the accumulation area . In the high Andes of central Chile and Mendoza Province , rock glaciers are larger and more common than glaciers ; this is due to the high exposure to solar radiation . Though precipitation increases with the height , there are semiarid conditions in the nearly 7000 m towering highest mountains of the Andes . This dry steppe climate is considered to be typical of the subtropical position at 32 -- 34 ° S . The valley bottoms have no woods , just dwarf scrub . The largest glaciers , as e.g. the Plomo glacier and the Horcones glaciers do not even reach 10 km in length and have an only insignificant ice thickness . At glacial times , however , c. 20 000 years ago , the glaciers were over ten times longer . On the east side of this section of the Mendozina Andes they flowed down to 2060 m and on the west side to c. 1220 m asl . The massifs of Cerro Aconcagua ( 6,961 m ) , Cerro Tupungato ( 6,550 m ) and Nevado Juncal ( 6,110 m ) are tens of kilometres away from each other and were connected by a joint ice stream network . The Andes ' dendritic glacier arms , i.e. components of valley glaciers , were up to 112.5 km long , over 1020 , i.e. 1250 m thick and overspanned a vertical distance of 5150 altitude metres . The climatic glacier snowline ( ELA ) was lowered from currently 4600 m to 3200 m at glacial times . Flora ( edit ) Laguna de Sonso tropical dry forest in Northern Andes The Andean region cuts across several natural and floristic regions due to its extension from Caribbean Venezuela to cold , windy and wet Cape Horn passing through the hyperarid Atacama Desert . Rainforests and tropical dry forests used to encircle much of the northern Andes but are now greatly diminished , especially in the Chocó and inter-Andean valleys of Colombia . As a direct opposite of the humid Andean slopes are the relatively dry Andean slopes in most of western Peru , Chile and Argentina . Along with several Interandean Valles , they are typically dominated by deciduous woodland , shrub and xeric vegetation , reaching the extreme in the slopes near the virtually lifeless Atacama Desert . About 30,000 species of vascular plants live in the Andes , with roughly half being endemic to the region , surpassing the diversity of any other hotspot . The small tree Cinchona pubescens , a source of quinine which is used to treat malaria , is found widely in the Andes as far south as Bolivia . Other important crops that originated from the Andes are tobacco and potatoes . The high - altitude Polylepis forests and woodlands are found in the Andean areas of Colombia , Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia and Chile . These trees , by locals referred to as Queñua , Yagual and other names , can be found at altitudes of 4,500 m ( 14,760 ft ) above sea level . It remains unclear if the patchy distribution of these forests and woodlands is natural , or the result of clearing which began during the Incan period . Regardless , in modern times the clearance has accelerated , and the trees are now considered to be highly endangered , with some believing that as little as 10 % of the original woodland remains . Fauna ( edit ) A male Andean cock - of - the - rock , a species found in humid Andean forests and the national bird of Peru . Herds of alpacas in the foothills near Ausangate mountain . Main article : Fauna of the Andes The Andes are rich in fauna : With almost 3,500 species , of which roughly 2 / 3 are endemic to the region , the Andes are the most important region in the world for amphibians . The diversity of animals in the Andes is high , with almost 600 species of mammals ( 13 % endemic ) , more than 1,700 species of birds ( about 1 / 3 endemic ) , more than 600 species of reptile ( about 45 % endemic ) , and almost 400 species of fish ( about 1 / 3 endemic ) . The vicuña and guanaco can be found living in the Altiplano , while the closely related domesticated llama and alpaca are widely kept by locals as pack animals and for their meat and wool . The crepuscular ( active during dawn and dusk ) chinchillas , two threatened members of the rodent order , inhabit the Andes ' alpine regions . The Andean condor , the largest bird of its kind in the Western Hemisphere , occurs throughout much of the Andes but generally in very low densities . Other animals found in the relatively open habitats of the high Andes include the huemul , cougar , foxes in the genus Pseudalopex , and , for birds , certain species of tinamous ( notably members of the genus Nothoprocta ) , Andean goose , giant coot , flamingos ( mainly associated with hypersaline lakes ) , lesser rhea , Andean flicker , diademed sandpiper - plover , miners , sierra - finches and diuca - finches . Lake Titicaca hosts several endemics , among them the highly endangered Titicaca flightless grebe and Titicaca water frog . A few species of hummingbirds , notably some hillstars , can be seen at altitudes above 4,000 m ( 13,100 ft ) , but far higher diversities can be found at lower altitudes , especially in the humid Andean forests ( `` cloud forests '' ) growing on slopes in Colombia , Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia and far northwestern Argentina . These forest - types , which includes the Yungas and parts of the Chocó , are very rich in flora and fauna , although few large mammals exist , exceptions being the threatened mountain tapir , spectacled bear and yellow - tailed woolly monkey . Birds of humid Andean forests include mountain - toucans , quetzals and the Andean cock - of - the - rock , while mixed species flocks dominated by tanagers and furnariids commonly are seen -- in contrast to several vocal but typically cryptic species of wrens , tapaculos and antpittas . A number of species such as the royal cinclodes and white - browed tit - spinetail are associated with Polylepis , and consequently also threatened . Human activity ( edit ) See also : Cultural periods of Peru , Inca Empire , Viceroyalty of Peru , and Andean states This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) La Paz , Bolivia is the highest capital city in the world The Andes Mountains form a north - south axis of cultural influences . A long series of cultural development culminated in the expansion of the Inca civilization and Inca Empire in the central Andes during the 15th century . The Incas formed this civilization through imperialistic militarism as well as careful and meticulous governmental management . The government sponsored the construction of aqueducts and roads in addition to preexisting installations . Some of these constructions are still in existence today . Devastated by European diseases to which they had no immunity and civil wars , in 1532 the Incas were defeated by an alliance composed of tens of thousands of allies from nations they had subjugated ( e.g. Huancas , Chachapoyas , Cañaris ) and a small army of 180 Spaniards led by Francisco Pizarro . One of the few Inca sites the Spanish never found in their conquest was Machu Picchu , which lay hidden on a peak on the eastern edge of the Andes where they descend to the Amazon . The main surviving languages of the Andean peoples are those of the Quechua and Aymara language families . Woodbine Parish and Joseph Barclay Pentland surveyed a large part of the Bolivian Andes from 1826 to 1827 . In modern times , the largest Andean cities are Bogotá , Colombia , with a population of about eight million , Santiago de Chile , and Medellin , Colombia . La Paz , Bolivia 's seat of government is considered the highest capital city in the world . Transportation ( edit ) Several major cities are either in the Andes or in the foothills , among which are Bogotá , Medellín and Cali , Colombia ; Quito , Ecuador ; Mérida , Venezuela ; La Paz , Bolivia ; Santiago , Chile , and Lima or Cusco , Peru . These and most other cities and large towns are connected with asphalt - paved roads , while smaller towns are often connected by dirt roads , which may require a four - wheel - drive vehicle . Venezuelan andes in Mérida . The rough terrain has historically put the costs of building highways and railroads that cross the Andes out of reach of most neighboring countries , even with modern civil engineering practices . For example , the main crossover of the Andes between Argentina and Chile is still accomplished through the Paso Internacional Los Libertadores . Only recently the ends of some highways that came rather close to one another from the east and the west have been connected . Much of the transportation of passengers is done via aircraft . However , there is one railroad that connects Chile with Argentina via the Andes , and there are others that make the same connection via southern Bolivia . See railroad maps of that region . There is one or more highways in Bolivia that cross the Andes . Some of these were built during a period of war between Bolivia and Paraguay , in order to transport Bolivian troops and their supplies to the war front in the lowlands of southeastern Bolivia and western Paraguay . For decades , Chile claimed ownership of land on the eastern side of the Andes . However , these claims were given up in about 1870 during the War of the Pacific between Chile , the allied Bolivia and Peru , in a diplomatic deal to keep Argentina out of the war . The Chilean Army and Chilean Navy defeated the combined forces of Bolivia and Peru , and Chile took over Bolivia 's only province on the Pacific Coast , some land from Peru that was returned to Peru decades later . Bolivia has been a completely landlocked country ever since . It mostly uses seaports in eastern Argentina and Uruguay for international trade because its diplomatic relations with Chile have been suspended since 1978 . Because of the tortuous terrain in places , villages and towns in the mountains -- to which travel via motorized vehicles are of little use -- are still located in the high Andes of Argentina , Bolivia , Peru , and Ecuador . Locally , the relatives of the camel , the llama , and the alpaca continue to carry out important uses as pack animals , but this use has generally diminished in modern times . Donkeys , mules , and horses are also useful . Agriculture ( edit ) Photograph of young Peruvian farmers sowing maize and beans . See also : Vertical archipelago The ancient peoples of the Andes such as the Incas have practiced irrigation techniques for over 6,000 years . Because of the mountain slopes , terracing has been a common practice . Terracing , however , was only extensively employed after Incan imperial expansions to fuel their expanding realm . The potato holds a very important role as an internally consumed staple crop . Maize was also an important crop for these people , and was used for the production of chicha , important to Andean native people . Currently , tobacco , cotton and coffee are the main export crops . Coca , despite eradication programmes in some countries , remains an important crop for legal local use in a mildly stimulating herbal tea , and , both controversially and illegally , for the production of cocaine . Irrigation ( edit ) Women in the Andes are good irrigators . In unirrigated land , pasture is the most common type of land use . In the rainy season ( summer ) , part of the rangeland is used for cropping ( mainly potatoes , barley , broad beans and wheat ) . Irrigation is helpful in advancing the sowing data of the summer crops which guarantees an early yield in the period of food shortage . Also , by early sowing , maize can be cultivated higher up in the mountains ( till 3800 m ) . In addition it makes cropping in the dry season ( winter ) possible and allows the cultivation of frost resistant vegetable crops like onion and carrot . Mining ( edit ) The Andes rose to fame for their mineral wealth during the Spanish conquest of South America . Although Andean Amerindian peoples crafted ceremonial jewelry of gold and other metals the mineralizations of the Andes were first mined in large scale after the Spanish arrival . Potosí in present - day Bolivia and Cerro de Pasco in Peru were one of the principal mines of the Spanish Empire in the New World . Río de la Plata and Argentina derive their names from the silver of Potosí . Currently , mining in the Andes of Chile and Peru places these countries as the first and third major producers of copper in the world . Peru also contains the largest goldmine in the world : the Yanacocha . The Bolivian Andes produce principally tin although historically silver mining had a huge impact on the economy of 17th century Europe . There is a long history of mining in the Andes , from the Spanish silver mines in Potosí in the 16th century to the vast current porphyry copper deposits of Chuquicamata and Escondida in Chile and Toquepala in Peru . Other metals including iron , gold and tin in addition to non-metallic resources are important . Chilean huasos , 19th century The mountain Huayna Picchu overlooks the Inca estate ( land ) of Machu Picchu Peaks ( edit ) Main article : List of mountains in the Andes This list contains some of the major peaks in the Andes mountain range . The highest peak is Aconcagua of Argentina ( see below ) . Argentina ( edit ) See also : List of mountains in Argentina Aconcagua , 6,961 m ( 22,838 ft ) Cerro Bonete , 6,759 m ( 22,175 ft ) Galán , 5,912 m ( 19,396 ft ) Mercedario , 6,720 m ( 22,047 ft ) Pissis , 6,795 m ( 22,293 ft ) Llao Llao Hotel with the Andes on the background , in the city of Bariloche , Argentina The Aconcagua , the highest mountain in the Americas and in the entire world outside the Himalayas , Argentina El Chaltén , Argentina Mount Fitz Roy Border between Argentina and Chile ( edit ) Cerro Bayo , 5,401 m ( 17,720 ft ) Cerro Fitz Roy , 3,375 m ( 11,073 ft ) or 3,405 m , Patagonia , also known as Cerro Chaltén Cerro Escorial , 5,447 m ( 17,871 ft ) Cordón del Azufre , 5,463 m ( 17,923 ft ) Falso Azufre , 5,890 m ( 19,324 ft ) Incahuasi , 6,620 m ( 21,719 ft ) Lastarria , 5,697 m ( 18,691 ft ) Llullaillaco , 6,739 m ( 22,110 ft ) Maipo , 5,264 m ( 17,270 ft ) Marmolejo , 6,110 m ( 20,046 ft ) Ojos del Salado , 6,893 m ( 22,615 ft ) Olca , 5,407 m ( 17,740 ft ) Sierra Nevada de Lagunas Bravas , 6,127 m ( 20,102 ft ) Socompa , 6,051 m ( 19,852 ft ) Nevado Tres Cruces , 6,749 m ( 22,142 ft ) ( south summit ) ( III Region ) Tronador , 3,491 m ( 11,453 ft ) Tupungato , 6,570 m ( 21,555 ft ) Nacimiento , 6,492 m ( 21,299 ft ) Bolivia ( edit ) Janq'u Uma , 6,427 m ( 21,086 ft ) Cabaraya , 5,860 m ( 19,226 ft ) Chacaltaya , 5,421 m ( 17,785 ft ) Wayna Potosí , 6,088 m ( 19,974 ft ) Illampu , 6,368 m ( 20,892 ft ) Illimani , 6,438 m ( 21,122 ft ) Laram Q'awa , 5,520 m ( 18,110 ft ) Macizo de Pacuni , 5,400 m ( 17,720 ft ) Nevado Anallajsi , 5,750 m ( 18,865 ft ) Nevado Sajama , 6,542 m ( 21,463 ft ) Patilla Pata , 5,300 m ( 17,390 ft ) Tata Sabaya , 5,430 m ( 17,815 ft ) Illampu , Bolivia Illimani , Bolivia Sajama , Bolivia Wayna Potosí , Bolivia Border between Bolivia and Chile ( edit ) Acotango , 6,052 m ( 19,856 ft ) Michincha , 5,305 m ( 17,405 ft ) Iru Phutunqu , 5,163 m ( 16,939 ft ) Licancabur , 5,920 m ( 19,423 ft ) Olca , 5,407 m ( 17,740 ft ) Parinacota , 6,348 m ( 20,827 ft ) Paruma , 5,420 m ( 17,782 ft ) Pomerape , 6,282 m ( 20,610 ft ) Licancabur , Bolivia / Chile Parinacota , Bolivia / Chile Chile ( edit ) Main article : List of mountains in Chile Monte San Valentin , 4,058 m ( 13,314 ft ) Cerro Paine Grande , 2,884 m ( 9,462 ft ) Cerro Macá , c. 2,300 m ( 7,546 ft ) Monte Darwin , c. 2,500 m ( 8,202 ft ) Volcan Hudson , c. 1,900 m ( 6,234 ft ) Cerro Castillo Dynevor , c. 1,100 m ( 3,609 ft ) Mount Tarn , c. 825 m ( 2,707 ft ) Polleras , c. 5,993 m ( 19,662 ft ) Acamarachi , c. 6,046 m ( 19,836 ft ) Santiago de Chile on the western slopes of a snowcapped Andes View of Cuernos del Paine in Torres del Paine National Park Colombia ( edit ) Pico Cristóbal Colón , 5,775 m ( 18,947 ft ) Nevado del Huila , 5,365 m ( 17,602 ft ) Nevado del Ruiz , 5,321 m ( 17,457 ft ) Nevado del Tolima , 5,205 m ( 17,077 ft ) Pico Pan de Azucar , 5,200 m ( 17,060 ft ) Ritacuba Negra , 5,320 m ( 17,454 ft ) Nevado del Cumbal , 4,764 m ( 15,630 ft ) Cerro Negro de Mayasquer , 4,445 m ( 14,583 ft ) Ritacuba Blanco , 5,410 m ( 17,749 ft ) Nevado del Quindío , 5,215 m ( 17,110 ft ) Purace , 4,655 m ( 15,272 ft ) Santa Isabel , 4,955 m ( 16,257 ft ) Doña Juana , 4,150 m ( 13,615 ft ) Galeras , 4,276 m ( 14,029 ft ) Azufral . 4,070 m ( 13,353 ft ) Ritacuba blanco the highest peak of Cordillera Oriental , Colombia . Nevado del Ruiz , Colombia Ecuador ( edit ) Antisana , 5,752 m ( 18,871 ft ) Cayambe , 5,790 m ( 18,996 ft ) Chimborazo , 6,268 m ( 20,564 ft ) Corazón , 4,790 m ( 15,715 ft ) Cotopaxi , 5,897 m ( 19,347 ft ) El Altar , 5,320 m ( 17,454 ft ) Illiniza , 5,248 m ( 17,218 ft ) Pichincha , 4,784 m ( 15,696 ft ) Quilotoa , 3,914 m ( 12,841 ft ) Reventador , 3,562 m ( 11,686 ft ) Sangay , 5,230 m ( 17,159 ft ) Tungurahua , 5,023 m ( 16,480 ft ) Titicaca , 5,035 m ( 16,519 ft ) Chimborazo near Riobamba , Ecuador Tungurahua , Ecuador Cayambe , Ecuador Volcán El Altar - Riobamba - Ecuador Cotopaxi Andes near Otavalo Pichincha Volcano , an active stratovolcano in the Ecuadorian Andes photographed from the Historic Center of Quito Imbabura Volcano , an inactive stratovolcano Peru ( edit ) Alpamayo , 5,947 m ( 19,511 ft ) Artesonraju , 6,025 m ( 19,767 ft ) Carnicero , 5,960 m ( 19,554 ft ) Chumpe , 6,106 m ( 20,033 ft ) Coropuna , 6,377 m ( 20,922 ft ) El Misti , 5,822 m ( 19,101 ft ) El Toro , 5,830 m ( 19,127 ft ) Huandoy , 6,395 m ( 20,981 ft ) Huascarán , 6,768 m ( 22,205 ft ) Jirishanca , 6,094 m ( 19,993 ft ) Pumasillo , 5,991 m ( 19,656 ft ) Rasac , 6,040 m ( 19,816 ft ) Rondoy , 5,870 m ( 19,259 ft ) Sarapo , 6,127 m ( 20,102 ft ) Salcantay , 6,271 m ( 20,574 ft ) Seria Norte , 5,860 m ( 19,226 ft ) Siula Grande , 6,344 m ( 20,814 ft ) Huaytapallana , 5,557 m ( 18,232 ft ) Yerupaja , 6,635 m ( 21,768 ft ) Yerupaja Chico , 6,089 m ( 19,977 ft ) Alpamayo , Peru Chachani and El Misti , Peru Huandoy , Peru Yerupaja Venezuela ( edit ) Pico Bolívar , 5,007 m ( 16,427 ft ) Pico Humboldt , 4,940 m ( 16,207 ft ) Pico Bonpland , 4,880 m ( 16,010 ft ) Pico La Concha , 4,920 m ( 16,142 ft ) Pico Piedras Blancas , 4,740 m ( 15,551 ft ) Pico El Águila , 4,180 m ( 13,714 ft ) Pico El Toro 4,729 m ( 15,515 ft ) Pico El León 4,740 m ( 15,551 ft ) Pico Mucuñuque 4,609 m ( 15,121 ft ) Pico Bolívar , Venezuela Pico Humboldt , Venezuela Pico El León , Venezuela Snow in the Pico Humboldt , Venezuela Pico Pan de Azúcar , Venezuela See also ( edit ) Andean Geology -- a scientific journal Andesite line Apu ( god ) Cordillera Mountains in the Philippines List of longest mountain chains on Earth Mountain Passes of the Andes Rocky Mountains Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Teofilo Laime Ajacopa , Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha , La Paz , 2007 ( Quechua - Spanish dictionary ) Jump up ^ `` CORDILLERA '' . etimologias.dechile.net . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Miller , Meghan S. ; Levander , Alan ; Niu , Fenglin ; Li , Aibing ( 2008 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Upper mantle structure beneath the Caribbean - South American plate boundary from surface wave tomography '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research . 114 : B01312 . Bibcode : 2009JGRB ... 114.1312 M . doi : 10.1029 / 2007JB005507 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Isacks , Bryan L. ( 1988 ) , `` Uplift of the Central Andean Plateau and Bending of the Bolivian Orocline '' ( PDF ) , Journal of Geophysical Research , 93 ( B4 ) : 3211 -- 3231 , doi : 10.1029 / jb093ib04p03211 ^ Jump up to : Kley , J. ( 1999 ) , `` Geologic and geometric constraints on a kinematic model of the Bolivian orocline '' , Journal of South American Earth Sciences , 12 ( 2 ) : 221 -- 235 , doi : 10.1016 / s0895 - 9811 ( 99 ) 00015 - 2 Jump up ^ Beck , Myrl E. ( 1987 ) , `` Tectonic rotations on the leading edge of South America : The Bolivian orocline revisited '' , Geology , 15 ( 9 ) : 806 -- 808 , doi : 10.1130 / 0091 - 7613 ( 1987 ) 15 < 806 : trotle > 2.0.co ; 2 Jump up ^ Prezzi , Claudia B. ; Vilas , Juan F. ( 1998 ) . `` New evidence of clockwise vertical axis rotations south of the Arica elbow ( Argentine Puna ) '' . Tectonophysics. 292 : 85 -- 100 . doi : 10.1016 / s0040 - 1951 ( 98 ) 00058 - 4 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Arriagada , César ; Ferrando , Rodolfo ; Córdova , Loreto ; Morata , Diego ; Roperch , Pierrick ( 2013 ) , `` The Maipo Orocline : A first scale structural feature in the Miocene to Recent geodynamic evolution in the central Chilean Andes '' ( PDF ) , Andean Geology , 40 ( 3 ) : 419 -- 437 Jump up ^ Charrier , Reynaldo ; Pinto , Luisa ; Rodríguez , María Pía ( 2006 ) . `` 3 . Tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Andean Orogen in Chile '' . In Moreno , Teresa ; Gibbons , Wes . Geology of Chile . Geological Society of London . pp. 5 -- 19 . ISBN 9781862392199 . Jump up ^ Santos , J.O.S. ; Rizzotto , G.J. ; Potter , P.E. ; McNaughton , N.J. ; Matos , R.S. ; Hartmann , L.A. ; Chemale Jr. , F. ; Quadros , M.E.S. ( 2008 ) . `` Age and autochthonous evolution of the Sunsás Orogen in West Amazon Craton based on mapping and U -- Pb geochronology '' . Precambrian Research . 165 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 120 -- 152 . doi : 10.1016 / j. precamres. 2008.06. 009 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Rapela , C.W. ; Pankhurst , R.J ; Casquet , C. ; Baldo , E. ; Saavedra , J. ; Galindo , C. ; Fanning , C.M. ( 1998 ) . `` The Pampean Orogeny of the southern proto - Andes : Cambrian continental collision in the Sierras de Córdoba '' ( PDF ) . In Pankhurst , R.J ; Rapela , C.W. The Proto - Andean Margin of Gondwana. 142 . Geological Society , London , Special Publications . pp. 181 -- 217 . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , T.J. ( 1991 ) . `` Transition from back - arc to foreland basin development in the southernmost Andes : Stratigraphic record from the Ultima Esperanza District , Chile '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 103 ( 1 ) : 98 -- 111 . doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 1991 ) 103 < 0098 : tfbatf > 2.3.co ; 2 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Climate of the Andes '' . Archived from the original on 14 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Jan - Christoph Otto , Joachim Götz , Markus Keuschnig , Ingo Hartmeyer , Dario Trombotto , and Lothar Schrott ( 2010 ) . Geomorphological and geophysical investigation of a complex rock glacier system -- Morenas Coloradas valley ( Cordon del Plata , Mendoza , Argentina ) ^ Jump up to : Kuhle , M. ( 2011 ) : The High - Glacial ( Last Glacial Maximum ) Glacier Cover of the Aconcagua Group and Adjacent Massifs in the Mendoza Andes ( South America ) with a Closer Look at Further Empirical Evidence . Development in Quaternary Science , Vol. 15 ( Quaternary Glaciation -- Extent and Chronology , A Closer Look , Eds : Ehlers , J. ; Gibbard , P.L. ; Hughes , P.D. ) , 735 -- 738 . ( Elsevier B.V. , Amsterdam ) . Jump up ^ Brüggen , J. ( 1929 ) : Zur Glazialgeologie der chilenischen Anden . Geol . Rundsch. 20 , 1 -- 35 , Berlin . Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 1984 ) : Spuren hocheiszeitlicher Gletscherbedeckung in der Aconcagua - Gruppe ( 32 -- 33 ° S ) . In : Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie Teil 1 11 / 12 , Verhandlungsblatt des Südamerika - Symposiums 1984 in Bamberg : 1635 -- 1646 . Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 1986 ) : Die Vergletscherung Tibets und die Entstehung von Eiszeiten . In : Spektrum der Wissenschaft 9 / 86 : 42 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 1987 ) : Subtropical Mountain - and Highland - Glaciation as Ice Age Triggers and the Waning of the Glacial Periods in the Pleistocene . In : GeoJournal 14 ( 4 ) ; Kluwer , Dordrecht / Boston / London : 393 -- 421 . Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 1988 ) : Subtropical Mountain - and Highland - Glaciation as Ice Age Triggers and the Waning of the Glacial Periods in the Pleistocene . In : Chinese Translation Bulletin of Glaciology and Geocryology 5 ( 4 ) : 1 -- 17 ( in Chinese language ) . Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 1989 ) : Ice - Marginal Ramps : An Indicator of Semiarid Piedmont Glaciations . In : GeoJournal 18 ; Kluwer , Dordrecht / Boston / London : 223 -- 238 . Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 1990 ) : Ice Marginal Ramps and Alluvial Fans in Semi-Arid Mountains : Convergence and Difference . In : Rachocki , A.H. , Church , M. ( eds . ) : Alluvial fans -- A field approach . John Wiley & Sons Ltd , Chester - New York - Brisbane - Toronto - Singapore : 55 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 1990 ) : The Probability of Proof in Geomorphology -- an Example of the Application of Information Theory to a New Kind of Glacigenic Morphological Type , the Ice - marginal Ramp ( Bortensander ) . In : GeoJournal 21 ( 3 ) ; Kluwer , Dordrecht / Boston / London : 195 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 2004 ) : The Last Glacial Maximum ( LGM ) glacier cover of the Aconcagua group and adjacent massifs in the Mendoza Andes ( South America ) . In : Ehlers , J. , Gibbard , P.L. ( Eds . ) , Quaternary Glaciation -- Extent and Chronology . Part III : South America , Asia , Africa , Australia , Antarctica . Development in Quaternary Science , vol . 2c . Elsevier B.V. , Amsterdam , pp. 75 -- 81 . Jump up ^ `` Tropical and Subtropical Dry Broadleaf Forest Ecoregions '' . wwf.panda.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Tropical Andes Archived 2010 - 08 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . -- biodiversityhotspots.org Jump up ^ `` Pants of the Andies '' . Archived from the original on 15 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Eisenberg , J.F. ; & Redford , K.H. ( 2000 ) . Mammals of the Neotropics , Volume 3 : The Central Neotropics : Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia , Brazil . ISBN 978 - 0226195421 ^ Jump up to : Eisenberg , J.F. ; & Redford , K.H. ( 1992 ) . Mammals of the Neotropics , Volume 2 : The Southern Cone : Chile , Argentina , Uruguay , Paraguay . ISBN 978 - 0226706825 ^ Jump up to : Fjeldsaa , J. ; & Krabbe , N. ( 1990 ) . Birds of the High Andes : A Manual to the Birds of the Temperate Zone of the Andes and Patagonia , South America . ISBN 978 - 8788757163 Jump up ^ Stuart , Hoffmann , Chanson , Cox , Berridge , Ramani and Young , editors ( 2008 ) . Threatened Amphibians of the World . ISBN 978 - 84 - 96553 - 41 - 5 Jump up ^ D'Altroy , Terence N. The Incas . Blackwell Publishing , 2003 Jump up ^ Andes travel map Jump up ^ `` Jujuy apuesta a captar las cargas de Brasil en tránsito hacia Chile by Emiliano Galli '' . La Nación newspaper . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ W. van Immerzeel , 1989 . Irrigation and erosion / flood control at high altitudes in the Andes . Published in Annual Report 1989 , p. 8 -- 24 , International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement , Wageningen , The Netherlands . On line : ( 1 ) References ( edit ) Oncken , O. et al. ( 2006 ) . The Andes . Active Subduction Orogeny . Springer : Berlin . DOI : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 540 - 48684 - 8 Biggar , J. ( 2005 ) . The Andes : A Guide For Climbers . 3rd . edition . Andes : Kirkcudbrightshire . ISBN 0 - 9536087 - 2 - 7 de Roy , T. ( 2005 ) . The Andes : As the Condor Flies . Firefly books : Richmond Hill . ISBN 1 - 55407 - 070 - 8 Fjeldså , J. & N. Krabbe ( 1990 ) . The Birds of the High Andes . Zoological Museum , University of Copenhagen : Copenhagen . ISBN 87 - 88757 - 16 - 1 Fjeldså , J. & M. Kessler ( 1996 ) . Conserving the biological diversity of Polylepis woodlands of the highlands on Peru and Bolivia , a contribution to sustainable natural resource management in the Andes . NORDECO : Copenhagen . ISBN 978 - 87 - 986168 - 0 - 1 Bibliography ( edit ) Biggar , John ( 2005 ) . The Andes : A Guide for Climbers ( 3 ed . ) . Scotland : Andes Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9536087 - 2 - 7 . Darack , Ed ( 2001 ) . Wild Winds : Adventures in the Highest Andes . Cordee / DPP . ISBN 978 - 1884980817 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Andes . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Andes . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Andes University of Arizona : Andes geology Blueplanetbiomes.org : Climate and animal life of the Andes Discover-peru.org : Regions and Microclimates in the Andes Peaklist.org : Complete list of mountains in South America with an elevation at / above 1,500 m ( 4,920 ft ) Regions of the world Regions of Africa North Mediterranean Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East MENA Middle East Maghreb Barbary Coast Barbara Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains ( Middle Atlas ) Sahara Western Sahara Sahel Eastern Mediterranean Egypt Upper Egypt Middle Egypt Lower Egypt Cataracts of the Nile Bashmur Nubia Lower Nubia Nile Valley Nile Delta Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Sub-Saharan East Aethiopia Swahili coast East African Rift Great Rift Valley Afar Triangle Danakil Desert Danakil Alps Albertine Rift Virunga Mountains Gregory Rift Valley Southern Rift Valley Rift Valley lakes African Great Lakes Mittelafrika Horn of Africa Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna East African montane forests Sub-Saharan Central Negroland Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau Sub-Saharan West Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Negroland Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Sudanian Savanna Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Sudan ( region ) Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Sub-Saharan South Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta False Bay Hydra Bay Sub-Saharan Anglophone Africa Francophone Africa Lusophone Africa Arabophone Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Tropical Africa Islands Regions of North America Canada Eastern Canada Western Canada Canadian Prairies Central Canada Northern Canada Atlantic Canada The Maritimes French Canada English Canada Acadia Acadian Peninsula Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Peace River Country Cypress Hills Palliser 's Triangle Canadian Shield Interior Alaska - 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Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Gaza Strip West Bank Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Aegean Islands Gulf of Chania North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Southern Russia Central Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Mitteleuropa Visegrád Group West Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Normandy Brittany Gulf of Lion Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Pyrenees Alpide belt South Italian Peninsula Insular Italy Tuscan Archipelago Aegadian Islands Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Alpide belt Germanic Romance Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland Regions of Oceania Australasia Gulf of Carpentaria New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula New Zealand South Island North Island Coromandel Peninsula Zealandia New Caledonia Solomon Islands ( archipelago ) Vanuatu Kula Gulf Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands Archipelago Fiji New Caledonia Papua New Guinea Vanuatu Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands Mangareva Islands Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Ring of Fire Polar regions Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands Arctic Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Endorheic basins Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Salton Sea Book VIAF : 254473096 GND : 4001912 - 3 NDL : 00628193 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andes&oldid=807937690 '' Categories : Andes Mountain ranges of South America Biodiversity hotspots Ecology of the Andes Regions of South America Physiographic divisions Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Spanish - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 Articles needing additional references from January 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro Walon Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 23 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the average height of the andes mountains | [
"The Andes or Andean Mountains (Spanish: Cordillera de los Andes) are the longest continental mountain range in the world. They form a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. This range is about 7,000 km (4,300 mi) long, about 200 to 700 km (120 to 430 mi) wide (widest between 18° south and 20° south latitude), and of an average height of about 4,000 m (13,000 ft). The Andes extend from north to south through seven South American countries: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile."
] | [
"4,000 m (13,000 ft)"
] |
-5935004080379597674 | Bobby Jones: Stroke of Genius | Bobby Jones : Stroke of Genius - Wikipedia Bobby Jones : Stroke of Genius Jump to : navigation , search Bobby Jones : Stroke of Genius Theatrical release poster Directed by Rowdy Herrington Produced by Kim Dawson Written by Rowdy Herrington Bill Pryor Starring Jim Caviezel Claire Forlani Jeremy Northam Malcolm McDowell Aidan Quinn Music by James Horner Cinematography Tom Stern Edited by Pasquale Buba Production company McDongall Films Distributed by Film Foundry Releasing Release date April 30 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 30 ) Running time 123 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $2,707,913 Bobby Jones : Stroke of Genius is a 2004 biographical drama film based on the life of golfer Bobby Jones , the only player in the sport to win all four of the men 's major golf championships in a single season ( 1930 , an era when the majors were The Amateur Championship in Britain , the U.S. Amateur , The Open Championship and the U.S. Open ) . The film was the first motion picture concerning the Royal and Ancient Golf Club at St. Andrews that was given permission to film on location . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Box office performance 4.2 Critical response 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) This article needs an improved plot summary . ( October 2015 ) In 1936 , golfer Bobby Jones , while traveling to the Olympics in Berlin , makes a stop in Scotland to visit the Old Course at St. Andrews . Anxious about his reception , he is warmly welcomed by many spectators , some of whom have closed their local shops for the day to watch him play . The scene changes to Atlanta , Georgia , where Jones , a young boy , observes his father `` Colonel '' Jones playing golf , poorly . The more young Bobby watches , the more he emulates the better players he sees , such as Stewart Maiden , a club professional originally from Scotland . By the time he is 14 , Jones wins the 1916 Georgia State Amateur Championship and makes the quarterfinals of the U.S. Amateur that same year . Notable sportswriters of the era such as O.B. Keeler and Grantland Rice take a keen interest in him . With World War I coming to an end , Jones participates in war - relief matches with several famous golfers such as the colorful Walter Hagen , who eventually becomes Bobby 's chief rival on the course . He also attends Georgia Tech , where he receives a diploma and meets Mary Malone , whom he ultimately marries . Despite his great skill as a golfer , he also has a hot temper that affects his game and reputation . His first time at St. Andrews , in 1921 , Jones walks off the course after 11 holes of the third round , expressing his dislike for the course . His idol Harry Vardon , who would win The Open Championship six times during his career , cautions Bobby never to quit , particularly at St. Andrews , which he considers the greatest golf course of all . In 1923 , Jones finally overcomes his temper troubles and wins his first major championship at the U.S. Open , defeating Bobby Cruickshank in a playoff . In the following years , great success follows as Bobby wins 2 more U.S. Opens , 4 U.S. Amateurs , and 2 Open Championships through 1929 . During that timeframe , Jones attends Harvard College and later Emory University School of Law , becoming a lawyer by profession ( which was his grandfather 's wish ) , never turning professional as a golfer . By 1930 , Jones begins to lose interest in tournament golf . He tells Mary his final goal is to win all 4 majors in the same year and will then retire . That year , Jones accomplishes that goal , becoming the first and still only golfer to win the calendar Grand Slam . Soon after , Bobby keeps his word and he shocks the sports world by retiring from tournament golf at only 28 years old . A title card reveals that after retirement , Jones would continue to make contributions to the game of golf such as founding the Augusta National Golf Club and The Masters . He served in the United States Air Forces during World War II . In 1948 , Jones was diagnosed with syringomyelia which crippled him for the rest of his life until his death in 1971 . Cast ( edit ) Jim Caviezel -- Robert Tyre `` Bobby '' Jones , Jr . Devon Gearhart -- young Bobby Bubba Lewis -- teenage Bobby Claire Forlani -- Mary Malone Jones Jeremy Northam -- Walter Hagen Malcolm McDowell -- O.B. Keeler Aidan Quinn -- Harry Vardon Brett Rice -- Big Bob Jones Connie Ray -- Clara Jones Dan Albright -- Grandfather Jones Paul Freeman -- Angus Alistair Begg -- Stewart Maiden Hilton McRae -- Jimmy Maiden Elizabeth Omilami -- Camilla Brian F. Durkin -- Perry Adair John Shepherd -- Bob Woodruff Happy Lashelle -- Nell Woodruff Allen O'Reilly -- Grantland Rice Robert Pralgo -- Reporter Wilbur Fitzgerald -- Megaphone Golf Official Ian Birse -- The Monobrow Production ( edit ) The film was shot in multiple locations , including Southern California , Georgia : Agnes Scott College , Decatur , GA , East Lake Golf Club , Castleberry Hill , Covington , Griffin ; and Scotland and St. Andrews , Fife . Release ( edit ) Box office performance ( edit ) The film was a commercial failure , with an opening weekend gross of $1.2 million and $2,707,913 overall , against a production cost of $20 million . Critical response ( edit ) The film received negative reviews with a 26 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes . On Metacritic , which uses an average of critics ' reviews , the film has a 45 / 100 rating , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BOBBY JONES - STROKE OF GENIUS ( PG ) ` '' . British Board of Film Classification . 2005 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Bobby Jones : Stroke of Genius at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` Golf Channel sues local film company for $300 K '' . 2005 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Bobby Jones : Stroke of Genius at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ Bobby Jones : Stroke of Genius at Metacritic External links ( edit ) Bobby Jones : Stroke of Genius on IMDb Bobby Jones : Stroke of Genius at AllMovie ( hide ) Films directed by Rowdy Herrington Jack 's Back ( 1988 ) Road House ( 1989 ) Gladiator ( 1992 ) Striking Distance ( 1993 ) A Murder of Crows ( 1999 ) The Stickup ( 2002 ) I Witness ( 2003 ) Bobby Jones : Stroke of Genius ( 2004 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bobby_Jones:_Stroke_of_Genius&oldid=828708216 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films 2000s drama films 2000s sports films American biographical films American drama films American films American sports films Biographical films about sportspeople Drama films based on actual events Films scored by James Horner Films about families Films set in the 1920s Films set in the 1930s Films shot in California Films shot in Fife Films shot in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Golf films Sports films based on actual events Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from October 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 4 March 2018 , at 07 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was bobby jones stroke of genius filmed | [
"The film was shot in multiple locations, including Southern California, Georgia: Agnes Scott College, Decatur, GA, East Lake Golf Club, Castleberry Hill, Covington, Griffin; and Scotland and St. Andrews, Fife.[citation needed]",
"The film was shot in multiple locations, including Southern California, Georgia: Agnes Scott College, Decatur, GA, East Lake Golf Club, Castleberry Hill, Covington, Griffin; and Scotland and St. Andrews, Fife.[citation needed]",
"The film was shot in multiple locations, including Southern California, Georgia: Agnes Scott College, Decatur, GA, East Lake Golf Club, Castleberry Hill, Covington, Griffin; and Scotland and St. Andrews, Fife.[citation needed]",
"The film was shot in multiple locations, including Southern California, Georgia: Agnes Scott College, Decatur, GA, East Lake Golf Club, Castleberry Hill, Covington, Griffin; and Scotland and St. Andrews, Fife.[citation needed]",
"The film was shot in multiple locations, including Southern California, Georgia: Agnes Scott College, Decatur, GA, East Lake Golf Club, Castleberry Hill, Covington, Griffin; and Scotland and St. Andrews, Fife.[citation needed]",
"The film was shot in multiple locations, including Southern California, Georgia: Agnes Scott College, Decatur, GA, East Lake Golf Club, Castleberry Hill, Covington, Griffin; and Scotland and St. Andrews, Fife.[citation needed]",
"The film was shot in multiple locations, including Southern California, Georgia: Agnes Scott College, Decatur, GA, East Lake Golf Club, Castleberry Hill, Covington, Griffin; and Scotland and St. Andrews, Fife.[citation needed]",
"The film was shot in multiple locations, including Southern California, Georgia: Agnes Scott College, Decatur, GA, East Lake Golf Club, Castleberry Hill, Covington, Griffin; and Scotland and St. Andrews, Fife.[citation needed]",
"The film was shot in multiple locations, including Southern California, Georgia: Agnes Scott College, Decatur, GA, East Lake Golf Club, Castleberry Hill, Covington, Griffin; and Scotland and St. Andrews, Fife.[citation needed]"
] | [
"Southern California",
"Georgia: Agnes Scott College",
"Decatur, GA",
"East Lake Golf Club",
"Castleberry Hill",
"Covington",
"Griffin",
"Scotland",
"St. Andrews, Fife"
] |
-4781076157089758377 | Grammy Award for Best Rock Song | Grammy Award for Best Rock Song - wikipedia Grammy Award for Best Rock Song Jump to : navigation , search Grammy Award for Best Rock Song Awarded for High - quality rock music songs Country United States Presented by National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences First awarded 1992 Last awarded 2018 Website grammy.com The Grammy Award for Best Rock Song is an honor presented at the Grammy Awards , a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards , to recording artists for quality songs in the rock music genre . Honors in several categories are presented at the ceremony annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to `` honor artistic achievement , technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry , without regard to album sales or chart position '' . The award , reserved for songwriters , was first presented to English musician Sting in 1992 . According to the category description guide for the 52nd Grammy Awards , the award honors new songs ( containing both melody and lyrics ) or songs `` first achieving prominence '' during the period of eligibility . Songs containing prominent samples or interpolations are not eligible . Bruce Springsteen holds the records for the most wins and nominations , having won four awards from nine nominations . Other winners of multiple awards include Alanis Morissette as well as the bands Red Hot Chili Peppers and U2 , with two . Award - winning songs have been performed by American artists more than any other nationality , though they have also been performed by musicians or groups originating from Canada , Ireland , and the United Kingdom . There have been four instances in which one artist or group was nominated for two works in the same year : the group Aerosmith was nominated for both `` Cryin ' '' and `` Livin ' on the Edge '' in 1994 , Melissa Etheridge received nominations for `` Come to My Window '' and `` I 'm the Only One '' in 1995 , Jakob Dylan of The Wallflowers won for `` One Headlight '' and was also nominated for `` The Difference '' in 1998 , and U2 was nominated for the songs `` Elevation '' and `` Walk On '' in 2002 . Coldplay holds the record for the most nominations without a win , with four . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recipients 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Recipients ( edit ) Sting became the first award recipient in 1992 for the song `` The Soul Cages '' . Eric Clapton , 1993 award recipient for the song `` Layla '' , performing in 2008 Members of the 1994 award - winning band Soul Asylum in 2010 Four - time award winner Bruce Springsteen , performing in 1988 Two - time award recipient Alanis Morissette , performing in Barcelona in 2008 1997 award recipient Tracy Chapman at the 2009 Cactus Festival in Bruges , Belgium Jakob Dylan , 1998 award winner for the song `` One Headlight '' and member of The Wallflowers , performing in 2007 Jack White and Meg White of the 2004 award - winning band The White Stripes Members of the two - time award - winning band U2 , performing on the Joshua Tree Tour 2017 . From left to right : Larry Mullen , Jr. ( drumming ) , the Edge , Bono , and Adam Clayton From left to right , Matthew , Caleb , and Nathan Followill of the 2010 award - winning band Kings of Leon , performing in 2007 Year Songwriter ( s ) Title Artist ( s ) Nominees ( Performer ( s ) in parenthesis ) Ref . 1992 Sting The Soul Cages ! `` The Soul Cages '' Sting Bryan Adams , Robert Lange -- `` Ca n't Stop This Thing We Started '' ( Bryan Adams ) Eric Avery , Perry Farrell -- `` Been Caught Stealing '' ( Jane 's Addiction ) Kirk Hammett , James Hetfield , Lars Ulrich -- `` Enter Sandman '' ( Metallica ) Tom Petty -- `` Learning to Fly '' ( Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers ) Chris DeGarmo -- `` Silent Lucidity '' ( Queensrÿche ) 1993 Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton Jim Gordon Layla ! `` Layla '' ( Unplugged version ) Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton Peter Gabriel -- `` Digging in the Dirt '' ( Peter Gabriel ) Kurt Cobain -- `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' ( Nirvana ) Eddie Vedder , Jeff Ament -- `` Jeremy '' ( Pearl Jam ) Bruce Springsteen -- `` Human Touch '' ( Bruce Springsteen ) 1994 Pirner , Dave Dave Pirner Runaway Train ! `` Runaway Train '' Soul Asylum Steven Tyler , Joe Perry , Taylor Rhodes -- `` Cryin ' '' ( Aerosmith ) Tyler , Perry , Mark Hudson -- `` Livin ' on the Edge '' ( Aerosmith ) Lenny Kravitz , Craig Ross -- `` Are You Gonna Go My Way '' ( Lenny Kravitz ) Jim Steinman -- `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' ( Meat Loaf ) 1995 Springsteen , Bruce Bruce Springsteen Streets of Philadelphia ! `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Springsteen , Bruce Bruce Springsteen Melissa Etheridge -- `` Come to My Window '' ( Melissa Etheridge ) Etheridge -- `` I 'm the Only One '' ( Melissa Etheridge ) Kurt Cobain -- `` All Apologies '' ( Nirvana ) Chris Cornell -- `` Black Hole Sun '' ( Soundgarden ) Morissette , Alanis Alanis Morissette Glen Ballard You Oughta Know ! `` You Oughta Know '' Morissette , Alanis Alanis Morissette Bob Dylan -- `` Dignity '' ( Bob Dylan ) Trent Reznor -- `` Hurt '' ( Nine Inch Nails ) Bono -- `` Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me , Kill Me '' ( U2 ) Neil Young -- `` Downtown '' ( Neil Young ) 1997 Chapman , Tracy Tracy Chapman Give Me One Reason ! `` Give Me One Reason '' Chapman , Tracy Tracy Chapman Dave Matthews Band -- `` Too Much '' ( Dave Matthews Band ) Garbage -- `` Stupid Girl '' ( Garbage ) John Hiatt -- `` Cry Love '' ( John Hiatt ) Noel Gallagher -- `` Wonderwall '' ( Oasis ) Jakob Dylan -- `` 6th Avenue Heartache '' ( The Wallflowers ) 1998 Dylan , Jakob Jakob Dylan One Headlight ! `` One Headlight '' The Wallflowers Fiona Apple -- `` Criminal '' ( Fiona Apple ) Meredith Brooks , Shelly Peiken ) -- `` Bitch '' ( Meredith Brooks ) Dave Matthews -- `` Crash into Me '' ( Dave Matthews Band ) Jakob Dylan -- `` The Difference '' ( The Wallflowers ) 1999 Morissette , Alanis Alanis Morissette Uninvited ! `` Uninvited '' Morissette , Alanis Alanis Morissette John Hiatt -- `` Have a Little Faith in Me '' ( John Hiatt ) Billy Corgan , Eric Erlandson , Courtney Love -- `` Celebrity Skin '' ( Hole ) Dan Wilson -- `` Closing Time '' ( Semisonic ) Richard Ashcroft , Mick Jagger , Keith Richards -- `` Bitter Sweet Symphony '' ( The Verve ) 2000 Red Hot Chili Peppers Scar Tissue ! `` Scar Tissue '' Red Hot Chili Peppers Melissa Etheridge , John Shanks -- `` Angels Would Fall '' ( Melissa Etheridge ) Garbage -- `` Special '' ( Garbage ) Tom Petty -- `` Room at the Top '' ( Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers ) Bruce Springsteen -- `` The Promise '' ( Bruce Springsteen ) 2001 Stapp , Scott Scott Stapp Mark Tremonti With Arms Wide Open ! `` With Arms Wide Open '' Creed Brad Arnold , Todd Harrell , Matt Roberts -- `` Kryptonite '' ( 3 Doors Down ) Lenny Kravitz -- `` Again '' ( Lenny Kravitz ) Rob Thomas -- `` Bent '' ( Matchbox Twenty ) Flea , John Frusciante , Anthony Kiedis , Chad Smith -- `` Californication '' ( Red Hot Chili Peppers ) 2002 Train Drops of Jupiter ! `` Drops of Jupiter ( Tell Me ) '' Train Marti Frederiksen , Steven Tyler -- `` Jaded '' ( Aerosmith ) Guy Berryman , Jonny Buckland , Will Champion , Chris Martin -- `` Yellow '' ( Coldplay ) U2 -- `` Elevation '' ( U2 ) U2 -- `` Walk On '' ( U2 ) 2003 Springsteen , Bruce Bruce Springsteen The Rising ! `` The Rising '' Springsteen , Bruce Bruce Springsteen Brad Arnold , Todd Harrell , Chris Henderson , Matt Roberts -- `` When I 'm Gone '' ( 3 Doors Down ) Foo Fighters -- `` All My Life '' ( Foo Fighters ) Sully Erna -- `` I Stand Alone '' ( Godsmack ) Chad Kroeger -- `` Hero '' ( Chad Kroeger featuring Josey Scott ) White , Jack Jack White Seven Nation Army ! `` Seven Nation Army '' The White Stripes David Hodges , Amy Lee , Ben Moody -- `` Bring Me to Life '' ( Evanescence ) Chad Kroeger , Mike Kroeger , Ryan Peake , Ryan Vikedal -- `` Someday '' ( Nickelback ) Jorge Calderón , Warren Zevon -- `` Disorder in the House '' ( Bruce Springsteen & Warren Zevon ) Charlie Colin , Patrick Monahan , Jimmy Stafford , Scott Underwood -- `` Calling All Angels '' ( Train ) 2005 U2 Vertigo ! `` Vertigo '' U2 Billie Joe Armstrong , Mike Dirnt , Tré Cool -- `` American Idiot '' ( Green Day ) Brandon Flowers , Dave Keuning , Mark Stoermer , Ronnie Vannucci Jr . -- `` Somebody Told Me '' ( The Killers ) Isaac Brock , Dann Gallucci , Eric Judy , Benjamin Weikel -- `` Float On '' ( Modest Mouse ) Duff , Dave Kushner , Slash , Matt Sorum , Scott Weiland -- `` Fall to Pieces '' ( Velvet Revolver ) 2006 U2 City of Blinding Lights ! `` City of Blinding Lights '' U2 Guy Berryman , Jonny Buckland , Will Champion , Chris Martin -- `` Speed of Sound '' ( Coldplay ) Foo Fighters -- `` Best of You '' ( Foo Fighters ) Bruce Springsteen -- `` Devils & Dust '' ( Bruce Springsteen ) Rivers Cuomo -- `` Beverly Hills '' ( Weezer ) 2007 Red Hot Chili Peppers Dani California ! `` Dani California '' Red Hot Chili Peppers Bob Dylan -- `` Someday Baby '' ( Bob Dylan ) Brandon Flowers , Dave Keuning , Mark Stoermer , Ronnie Vannucci Jr . -- `` When You Were Young '' ( The Killers ) Nathan Connolly , Gary Lightbody , Jonny Quinn , Tom Simpson -- `` Chasing Cars '' ( Snow Patrol ) Neil Young -- `` Lookin ' for a Leader '' ( Neil Young ) 2008 Springsteen , Bruce Bruce Springsteen Radio Nowhere ! `` Radio Nowhere '' Springsteen , Bruce Bruce Springsteen Chris Daughtry , Gregg Wattenberg , Mark Wilkerson , Brett Young -- `` It 's Not Over '' ( Daughtry ) Dave Grohl , Taylor Hawkins , Nate Mendel , Chris Shiflett -- `` The Pretender '' ( Foo Fighters ) Jack White -- `` Icky Thump '' ( The White Stripes ) Lucinda Williams -- `` Come On '' ( Lucinda Williams ) 2009 Springsteen , Bruce Bruce Springsteen Girls in Their Summer Clothes ! `` Girls in Their Summer Clothes '' Springsteen , Bruce Bruce Springsteen Guy Berryman , Jonny Buckland , Will Champion , Chris Martin -- `` Violet Hill '' ( Coldplay ) Ben Gibbard , Nick Harmer , Jason McGerr , Chris Walla -- `` I Will Possess Your Heart '' ( Death Cab for Cutie ) Kings of Leon -- `` Sex on Fire '' ( Kings of Leon ) Radiohead -- `` House of Cards '' ( Radiohead ) Kings of Leon Use Somebody ! `` Use Somebody '' Kings of Leon Billie Joe Armstrong , Mike Dirnt , Tré Cool -- `` 21 Guns '' ( Green Day ) Matt Cameron , Stone Gossard , Mike McCready , Eddie Vedder -- `` The Fixer '' ( Pearl Jam ) Bruce Springsteen -- `` Working on a Dream '' ( Bruce Springsteen ) Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen , Jr . -- `` I 'll Go Crazy If I Do n't Go Crazy Tonight '' ( U2 ) 2011 Young , Neil Neil Young Angry World ! `` Angry World '' Neil Young Dan Auerbach , Patrick Carney -- `` Tighten Up '' ( The Black Keys ) Caleb Followill , Jared Followill , Matthew Followill , Nathan Followill -- `` Radioactive '' ( Kings of Leon ) Ted Dwane , Ben Lovett , Marcus Mumford , `` Country '' Winston Marshall -- `` Little Lion Man '' ( Mumford & Sons ) Matthew Bellamy -- `` Resistance '' ( Muse ) 2012 Foo Fighters `` Walk '' Foo Fighters Guy Berryman , Jonny Buckland , Will Champion , Chris Martin -- `` Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall '' ( Coldplay ) Ted Dwane , Ben Lovett , Marcus Mumford & Country Winston -- `` The Cave '' ( Mumford & Sons ) Colin Meloy -- `` Down by the Water '' ( The Decemberists ) Colin Greenwood , Jonny Greenwood , Ed O'Brien , Phil Selway & Thom Yorke -- `` Lotus Flower '' ( Radiohead ) 2013 The Black Keys Brian Burton `` Lonely Boy '' The Black Keys Matthew Bellamy -- `` Madness '' ( Muse ) Ted Dwane , Ben Lovett , Winston Marshall , & Marcus Mumford -- `` I Will Wait '' ( Mumford & Sons ) Bruce Springsteen -- `` We Take Care of Our Own '' ( Bruce Springsteen ) Jack White -- `` Freedom at 21 '' ( Jack White ) 2014 Dave Grohl Paul McCartney Krist Novoselic Pat Smear `` Cut Me Some Slack '' Paul McCartney , Dave Grohl , Krist Novoselic & Pat Smear Matthew Bellamy -- `` Panic Station '' ( Muse ) Geezer Butler , Tony Iommi & Ozzy Osbourne -- `` God Is Dead ? '' ( Black Sabbath ) Gary Clark , Jr . -- `` Ai n't Messin ' Round '' ( Gary Clark , Jr . ) Mick Jagger & Keith Richards -- `` Doom and Gloom '' ( The Rolling Stones ) 2015 Hayley Williams Taylor York `` Ai n't It Fun '' Paramore Ryan Adams -- `` Gimme Something Good '' ( Ryan Adams ) Dan Auerbach , Brian Burton & Patrick Carney -- `` Fever '' ( The Black Keys ) Beck Hansen -- `` Blue Moon '' ( Beck ) Jack White -- `` Lazaretto '' ( Jack White ) 2016 Alabama Shakes `` Do n't Wanna Fight '' Alabama Shakes Dave Bassett & Elle King -- `` Ex 's & Oh 's '' ( Elle King ) Iain Archer & James Bay -- `` Hold Back the River '' ( James Bay ) Richard Meyer , Ryan Meyer & Johnny Stevens -- `` Lydia '' ( Highly Suspect ) John Hill , Tom Hull & Florence Welch -- `` What Kind of Man '' ( Florence + the Machine ) 2017 David Bowie `` Blackstar '' David Bowie Radiohead -- `` Burn the Witch '' ( Radiohead ) James Hetfield & Lars Ulrich -- `` Hardwired '' ( Metallica ) Tyler Joseph -- `` Heathens '' ( Twenty One Pilots ) Richard Meyer , Ryan Meyer & Johnny Stevens -- `` My Name Is Human '' ( Highly Suspect ) 2018 Dave Grohl , Taylor Hawkins , Nate Mendel , Pat Smear & Chris Shiflett `` Run '' Foo Fighters James Hetfield & Lars Ulrich -- `` Atlas , Rise ! '' ( Metallica ) Kristine Flaherty & Justin Daly -- `` Blood In the Cut '' ( K. Flay ) Nothing More -- `` Go to War '' ( Nothing More ) Avenged Sevenfold -- `` The Stage '' ( Avenged Sevenfold ) The performing artist is only listed but does not receive the award . Showing the name of the songwriter ( s ) , the nominated song and in parentheses the performer 's name ( s ) . See also ( edit ) Rock music portal List of Grammy Award categories Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Rock Songs References ( edit ) General `` Past Winners Search '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Retrieved March 4 , 2011 . Note : User must select the `` Rock '' category as the genre under the search feature . `` Grammy Awards : Best Rock Song ( Songwriter 's Award ) '' . Rock on the Net . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards at a Glance '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2012 . Retrieved April 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Overview '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2009 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 52nd OEP Category Description Guide '' ( PDF ) . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . p. 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 27 , 2009 . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees announced for Grammy Awards '' . TimesDaily. 123 . Florence , Alabama . January 8 , 1992 . p. 10B . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 35th Grammy Awards Nominations '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . January 8 , 1993 . p. 3 . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` General Categories '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . January 7 , 1994 . p. 3 . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 37th Grammy Nominations '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . January 6 , 1995 . p. 3 . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` List of Grammy nominees '' . CNN . January 4 , 1996 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Complete List of Nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . January 8 , 1997 . p. 3 . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` List of Grammy award nominations '' . CNN . January 6 , 1998 . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 Grammy Nominees '' . NME . IPC Media . November 27 , 1998 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2012 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 42nd Annual Grammy Awards nominations '' . CNN . January 4 , 2000 . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved April 29 , 2010 . Strauss , Neil ( February 24 , 2000 ) . `` Santana Dominates Grammy Awards '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( January 4 , 2001 ) . `` Grammys Cast a Wider Net Than Usual '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . p. 5 . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Complete list of Grammy nominations '' . The Seattle Times . The Seattle Times Company . January 4 , 2002 . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Nominees Announced '' . Blender . Alpha Media Group . January 15 , 2003 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Complete list of Grammy nominations '' . The Seattle Times . The Seattle Times Company . December 5 , 2003 . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Award nominees in top categories '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . February 7 , 2005 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Complete list of Grammy Award nominations '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . December 8 , 2006 . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( December 7 , 2006 ) . `` Mary J. Blige , Chili Peppers Top Grammy Nominations List '' . MTV . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Grammy Award Winners and Nominees '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . February 9 , 2008 . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List of Nominees for the 51st Annual Grammy Awards '' . E ! Online . December 3 , 2008 . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Partridge , Kenneth ( December 2 , 2009 ) . `` Nominees for 2010 Grammy Awards Announced -- Full List '' . Spinner.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nominees And Winners -- GRAMMY.com '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 57th Grammy Nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 60th Grammy Nominees '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official site of the Grammy Awards Grammy Award Categories Grammy Nominees Records Locations EGOT Special awards Legend Award Lifetime Achievement Award Trustees Award Special Merit / Technical Grammy Award Hall of Fame MusiCares Person of the Year Ceremony year 1959 May Nov 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related Grammy Museum By Country American Argentine Australian Austrian Brazilian British Canadian Chinese Cuban French Indian Irish Italian Japanese Malian Mexican Nigerian New Zealand Peruvian Polish Senegalese South African Spanish Grammy Award Record of the Year Song of the Year Album of the Year Best New Artist The Recording Academy Grammy Award categories General Record of the Year Album of the Year Song of the Year Best New Artist Pop Best Pop Solo Performance Best Pop Duo / Group Performance Best Pop Vocal Album Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album Dance / Electronic Best Dance Recording Best Dance / Electronic Album Rock Best Rock Performance Best Metal Performance Best Rock Song Best Rock Album Alternative Best Alternative Music Album R&B Best R&B Performance Best Traditional R&B Performance Best R&B Song Best R&B Album Best Urban Contemporary Album Rap / Hip - Hop Best Rap Performance Best Rap / Sung Performance Best Rap Song Best Rap Album Country Best Country Solo Performance Best Country Duo / Group Performance Best Country Song Best Country Album Jazz Best Improvised Jazz Solo Best Jazz Vocal Album Best Jazz Instrumental Album Best Large Jazz Ensemble Album Best Latin Jazz Album Gospel / Contemporary Christian Music Best Gospel Performance / Song Best Gospel Album Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance / Song Best Contemporary Christian Music Album Latin Best Latin Pop Album Best Latin Rock , Urban or Alternative Album Best Regional Mexican Music Album ( including Tejano ) Best Tropical Latin Album American Roots Best Americana Album Best Bluegrass Album Best Traditional Blues Album Best Contemporary Blues Album Best Folk Album Best Regional Roots Music Album Best American Roots Performance Best American Roots Song Music for Visual Media Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Best Song Written for Visual Media Composing / Arranging Best Instrumental Composition Best Arrangement , Instrumental or A Cappella Best Arrangement , Instrumental and Vocals Crafts Best Historical Album Best Recording Package Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package Best Album Notes Production / Engineering Best Engineered Album , Non-Classical Best Engineered Album , Classical Best Remixed Recording Best Surround Sound Album Producer of the Year , Non-Classical Producer of the Year , Classical Classical Best Orchestral Performance Best Opera Recording Best Choral Performance Best Chamber Music / Small Ensemble Performance Best Classical Instrumental Solo Best Classical Vocal Solo Best Classical Compendium Best Classical Contemporary Composition Music Video Best Music Video Best Music Film Others Contemporary Instrumental Best Contemporary Instrumental Album New Age Best New Age Album Reggae Best Reggae Album World Music Best World Music Album Spoken Word Best Spoken Word Album Children 's Best Children 's Album Comedy Best Comedy Album Musical Theatre Best Musical Theater Album Special Awards Lifetime Achievement Award Trustees Award Legend Award Grammy Hall of Fame MusiCares Person of the Year Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Song&oldid=832699975 '' Categories : 1992 establishments in the United States Awards established in 1992 Grammy Award categories Grammy Award for Best Rock Song Song awards Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Português Русский Simple English Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 14 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won rock song of the year 2017 | [
"\n\nYear\nSongwriter(s)\nTitle\nArtist(s)[I]\nNominees\n(Performer(s) in parenthesis)[II]\nRef.\n\n\n1992\nSting\nThe Soul Cages !\"The Soul Cages\"\nSting\n\n\nBryan Adams, Robert Lange – \"Can't Stop This Thing We Started\" (Bryan Adams)\nEric Avery, Perry Farrell – \"Been Caught Stealing\" (Jane's Addiction)\nKirk Hammett, James Hetfield, Lars Ulrich – \"Enter Sandman\" (Metallica)\nTom Petty – \"Learning to Fly\" (Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers)\nChris DeGarmo – \"Silent Lucidity\" (Queensrÿche)\n\n\n[4]\n\n\n1993\nClapton, EricEric Clapton\nJim Gordon\nLayla !\"Layla\" (Unplugged version)\nClapton, EricEric Clapton\n\n\nPeter Gabriel – \"Digging in the Dirt\" (Peter Gabriel)\nKurt Cobain – \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\" (Nirvana)\nEddie Vedder, Jeff Ament – \"Jeremy\" (Pearl Jam)\nBruce Springsteen – \"Human Touch\" (Bruce Springsteen)\n\n\n[5]\n\n\n1994\nPirner, DaveDave Pirner\nRunaway Train !\"Runaway Train\"\nSoul Asylum\n\n\nSteven Tyler, Joe Perry, Taylor Rhodes – \"Cryin'\" (Aerosmith)\nTyler, Perry, Mark Hudson – \"Livin' on the Edge\" (Aerosmith)\nLenny Kravitz, Craig Ross – \"Are You Gonna Go My Way\" (Lenny Kravitz)\nJim Steinman – \"I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)\" (Meat Loaf)\n\n\n[6]\n\n\n1995\nSpringsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen\nStreets of Philadelphia !\"Streets of Philadelphia\"\nSpringsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen\n\n\nMelissa Etheridge – \"Come to My Window\" (Melissa Etheridge)\nEtheridge – \"I'm the Only One\" (Melissa Etheridge)\nKurt Cobain – \"All Apologies\" (Nirvana)\nChris Cornell – \"Black Hole Sun\" (Soundgarden)\n\n\n[7]\n\n\n1996\nMorissette, AlanisAlanis Morissette\nGlen Ballard\nYou Oughta Know !\"You Oughta Know\"\nMorissette, AlanisAlanis Morissette\n\n\nBob Dylan – \"Dignity\" (Bob Dylan)\nTrent Reznor – \"Hurt\" (Nine Inch Nails)\nBono – \"Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me\" (U2)\nNeil Young – \"Downtown\" (Neil Young)\n\n\n[8]\n\n\n1997\nChapman, TracyTracy Chapman\nGive Me One Reason !\"Give Me One Reason\"\nChapman, TracyTracy Chapman\n\n\nDave Matthews Band – \"Too Much\" (Dave Matthews Band)\nGarbage – \"Stupid Girl\" (Garbage)\nJohn Hiatt – \"Cry Love\" (John Hiatt)\nNoel Gallagher – \"Wonderwall\" (Oasis)\nJakob Dylan – \"6th Avenue Heartache\" (The Wallflowers)\n\n\n[9]\n\n\n1998\nDylan, JakobJakob Dylan\nOne Headlight !\"One Headlight\"\nThe Wallflowers\n\n\nFiona Apple – \"Criminal\" (Fiona Apple)\nMeredith Brooks, Shelly Peiken) – \"Bitch\" (Meredith Brooks)\nDave Matthews – \"Crash into Me\" (Dave Matthews Band)\nJakob Dylan – \"The Difference\" (The Wallflowers)\n\n\n[10]\n\n\n1999\nMorissette, AlanisAlanis Morissette\nUninvited !\"Uninvited\"\nMorissette, AlanisAlanis Morissette\n\n\nJohn Hiatt – \"Have a Little Faith in Me\" (John Hiatt)\nBilly Corgan, Eric Erlandson, Courtney Love – \"Celebrity Skin\" (Hole)\nDan Wilson – \"Closing Time\" (Semisonic)\nRichard Ashcroft, Mick Jagger, Keith Richards – \"Bitter Sweet Symphony\" (The Verve)\n\n\n[11]\n\n\n2000\nRed Hot Chili Peppers\nScar Tissue !\"Scar Tissue\"\nRed Hot Chili Peppers\n\n\nMelissa Etheridge, John Shanks – \"Angels Would Fall\" (Melissa Etheridge)\nGarbage – \"Special\" (Garbage)\nTom Petty – \"Room at the Top\" (Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers)\nBruce Springsteen – \"The Promise\" (Bruce Springsteen)\n\n\n[12]\n\n\n2001\nStapp, ScottScott Stapp\nMark Tremonti\nWith Arms Wide Open !\"With Arms Wide Open\"\nCreed\n\n\nBrad Arnold, Todd Harrell, Matt Roberts – \"Kryptonite\" (3 Doors Down)\nLenny Kravitz – \"Again\" (Lenny Kravitz)\nRob Thomas – \"Bent\" (Matchbox Twenty)\nFlea, John Frusciante, Anthony Kiedis, Chad Smith – \"Californication\" (Red Hot Chili Peppers)\n\n\n[13]\n\n\n2002\nTrain\nDrops of Jupiter !\"Drops of Jupiter (Tell Me)\"\nTrain\n\n\nMarti Frederiksen, Steven Tyler – \"Jaded\" (Aerosmith)\nGuy Berryman, Jonny Buckland, Will Champion, Chris Martin – \"Yellow\" (Coldplay)\nU2 – \"Elevation\" (U2)\nU2 – \"Walk On\" (U2)\n\n\n[14]\n\n\n2003\nSpringsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen\nThe Rising !\"The Rising\"\nSpringsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen\n\n\nBrad Arnold, Todd Harrell, Chris Henderson, Matt Roberts – \"When I'm Gone\" (3 Doors Down)\nFoo Fighters – \"All My Life\" (Foo Fighters)\nSully Erna – \"I Stand Alone\" (Godsmack)\nChad Kroeger – \"Hero\" (Chad Kroeger featuring Josey Scott)\n\n\n[15]\n\n\n2004\nWhite, JackJack White\nSeven Nation Army !\"Seven Nation Army\"\nThe White Stripes\n\n\nDavid Hodges, Amy Lee, Ben Moody – \"Bring Me to Life\" (Evanescence)\nChad Kroeger, Mike Kroeger, Ryan Peake, Ryan Vikedal – \"Someday\" (Nickelback)\nJorge Calderón, Warren Zevon – \"Disorder in the House\" (Bruce Springsteen & Warren Zevon)\nCharlie Colin, Patrick Monahan, Jimmy Stafford, Scott Underwood – \"Calling All Angels\" (Train)\n\n\n[16]\n\n\n2005\nU2\nVertigo !\"Vertigo\"\nU2\n\n\nBillie Joe Armstrong, Mike Dirnt, Tré Cool – \"American Idiot\" (Green Day)\nBrandon Flowers, Dave Keuning, Mark Stoermer, Ronnie Vannucci Jr. – \"Somebody Told Me\" (The Killers)\nIsaac Brock, Dann Gallucci, Eric Judy, Benjamin Weikel – \"Float On\" (Modest Mouse)\nDuff, Dave Kushner, Slash, Matt Sorum, Scott Weiland – \"Fall to Pieces\" (Velvet Revolver)\n\n\n[17]\n\n\n2006\nU2\nCity of Blinding Lights !\"City of Blinding Lights\"\nU2\n\n\nGuy Berryman, Jonny Buckland, Will Champion, Chris Martin – \"Speed of Sound\" (Coldplay)\nFoo Fighters – \"Best of You\" (Foo Fighters)\nBruce Springsteen – \"Devils & Dust\" (Bruce Springsteen)\nRivers Cuomo – \"Beverly Hills\" (Weezer)\n\n\n[18]\n\n\n2007\nRed Hot Chili Peppers\nDani California !\"Dani California\"\nRed Hot Chili Peppers\n\n\nBob Dylan – \"Someday Baby\" (Bob Dylan)\nBrandon Flowers, Dave Keuning, Mark Stoermer, Ronnie Vannucci Jr. – \"When You Were Young\" (The Killers)\nNathan Connolly, Gary Lightbody, Jonny Quinn, Tom Simpson – \"Chasing Cars\" (Snow Patrol)\nNeil Young – \"Lookin' for a Leader\" (Neil Young)\n\n\n[19]\n\n\n2008\nSpringsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen\nRadio Nowhere !\"Radio Nowhere\"\nSpringsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen\n\n\nChris Daughtry, Gregg Wattenberg, Mark Wilkerson, Brett Young – \"It's Not Over\" (Daughtry)\nDave Grohl, Taylor Hawkins, Nate Mendel, Chris Shiflett – \"The Pretender\" (Foo Fighters)\nJack White – \"Icky Thump\" (The White Stripes)\nLucinda Williams – \"Come On\" (Lucinda Williams)\n\n\n[20]\n\n\n2009\nSpringsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen\nGirls in Their Summer Clothes !\"Girls in Their Summer Clothes\"\nSpringsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen\n\n\nGuy Berryman, Jonny Buckland, Will Champion, Chris Martin – \"Violet Hill\" (Coldplay)\nBen Gibbard, Nick Harmer, Jason McGerr, Chris Walla– \"I Will Possess Your Heart\" (Death Cab for Cutie)\nKings of Leon – \"Sex on Fire\" (Kings of Leon)\nRadiohead – \"House of Cards\" (Radiohead)\n\n\n[21]\n\n\n2010\nKings of Leon\nUse Somebody !\"Use Somebody\"\nKings of Leon\n\n\nBillie Joe Armstrong, Mike Dirnt, Tré Cool – \"21 Guns\" (Green Day)\nMatt Cameron, Stone Gossard, Mike McCready, Eddie Vedder – \"The Fixer\" (Pearl Jam)\nBruce Springsteen – \"Working on a Dream\" (Bruce Springsteen)\nBono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, Larry Mullen, Jr. – \"I'll Go Crazy If I Don't Go Crazy Tonight\" (U2)\n\n\n[22]\n\n\n2011\nYoung, NeilNeil Young\nAngry World !\"Angry World\"\nNeil Young\n\n\nDan Auerbach, Patrick Carney – \"Tighten Up\" (The Black Keys)\nCaleb Followill, Jared Followill, Matthew Followill, Nathan Followill – \"Radioactive\" (Kings of Leon)\nTed Dwane, Ben Lovett, Marcus Mumford, \"Country\" Winston Marshall – \"Little Lion Man\" (Mumford & Sons)\nMatthew Bellamy – \"Resistance\" (Muse)\n\n\n[23]\n\n\n2012\nFoo Fighters\n\"Walk\"\nFoo Fighters\n\n\nGuy Berryman, Jonny Buckland, Will Champion, Chris Martin – \"Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall\" (Coldplay)\nTed Dwane, Ben Lovett, Marcus Mumford & Country Winston – \"The Cave\" (Mumford & Sons)\nColin Meloy – \"Down by the Water\" (The Decemberists)\nColin Greenwood, Jonny Greenwood, Ed O'Brien, Phil Selway & Thom Yorke – \"Lotus Flower\" (Radiohead)\n\n\n\n\n\n2013\nThe Black Keys\nBrian Burton\n\"Lonely Boy\"\nThe Black Keys\n\n\nMatthew Bellamy – \"Madness\" (Muse)\nTed Dwane, Ben Lovett, Winston Marshall, & Marcus Mumford – \"I Will Wait\" (Mumford & Sons)\nBruce Springsteen – \"We Take Care of Our Own\" (Bruce Springsteen)\nJack White – \"Freedom at 21\" (Jack White)\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\nDave Grohl\nPaul McCartney\nKrist Novoselic\nPat Smear\n\"Cut Me Some Slack\"\nPaul McCartney, Dave Grohl, Krist Novoselic & Pat Smear\n\n\nMatthew Bellamy – \"Panic Station\" (Muse)\nGeezer Butler, Tony Iommi & Ozzy Osbourne – \"God Is Dead?\" (Black Sabbath)\nGary Clark, Jr. – \"Ain't Messin 'Round\" (Gary Clark, Jr.)\nMick Jagger & Keith Richards – \"Doom and Gloom\" (The Rolling Stones)\n\n\n\n\n\n2015\nHayley Williams\nTaylor York\n\"Ain't It Fun\"\nParamore\n\n\nRyan Adams – \"Gimme Something Good\" (Ryan Adams)\nDan Auerbach, Brian Burton & Patrick Carney – \"Fever\" (The Black Keys)\nBeck Hansen – \"Blue Moon\" (Beck)\nJack White – \"Lazaretto\" (Jack White)\n\n\n[24]\n\n\n2016\nAlabama Shakes\n\"Don't Wanna Fight\"\nAlabama Shakes\n\n\nDave Bassett & Elle King – \"Ex's & Oh's\" (Elle King)\nIain Archer & James Bay – \"Hold Back the River\" (James Bay)\nRichard Meyer, Ryan Meyer & Johnny Stevens – \"Lydia\" (Highly Suspect)\nJohn Hill, Tom Hull & Florence Welch – \"What Kind of Man\" (Florence + the Machine)\n\n\n[23]\n\n\n2017\nDavid Bowie\n\"Blackstar\"\nDavid Bowie\n\n\nRadiohead – \"Burn the Witch\" (Radiohead)\nJames Hetfield & Lars Ulrich – \"Hardwired\" (Metallica)\nTyler Joseph – \"Heathens\" (Twenty One Pilots)\nRichard Meyer, Ryan Meyer & Johnny Stevens – \"My Name Is Human\" (Highly Suspect)\n\n\n[23]\n\n\n2018\nDave Grohl, Taylor Hawkins, Nate Mendel, Pat Smear & Chris Shiflett\n\"Run\"\nFoo Fighters\n\n\nJames Hetfield & Lars Ulrich – \"Atlas, Rise!\" (Metallica)\nKristine Flaherty & Justin Daly – \"Blood In the Cut\" (K.Flay)\nNothing More – \"Go to War\" (Nothing More)\nAvenged Sevenfold – \"The Stage\" (Avenged Sevenfold)\n\n\n[25]\n\n"
] | [
"David Bowie"
] |
1620693490517647641 | New York City draft riots | New York city Draft riots - wikipedia New York city Draft riots Jump to : navigation , search New York City Draft Riots of 1863 Part of the American Civil War A drawing from a British newspaper showing armed rioters clashing with Union Army soldiers in New York City . Date July 13 , 1863 ( 1863 - 07 - 13 ) -- July 16 , 1863 ( 1863 - 07 - 16 ) Location Manhattan , New York , U.S. Resulted in Riots ultimately suppressed Casualties Death ( s ) 119 -- 120 Injuries 2,000 Recruiting poster for the Enrollment Act or Civil War Military Draft Act of the federal government for the conscription of troops for the Union Army in New York City on June 23 , 1863 Northern Theater of the American Civil War Detroit Race Riot Battle of Portland Harbor New York City draft riots Philo Parsons Affair St. Albans Raid The New York City draft riots ( July 13 -- 16 , 1863 ) , known at the time as Draft Week , were violent disturbances in Lower Manhattan , widely regarded as the culmination of working - class discontent with new laws passed by Congress that year to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War . The riots remain the largest civil and racially charged insurrection in American history , aside from the Civil War itself . U.S. President Abraham Lincoln diverted several regiments of militia and volunteer troops after the Battle of Gettysburg to control the city . The rioters were overwhelmingly working - class men , mostly Irish or of Irish descent , who feared free black people competing for work and resented that wealthier men , who could afford to pay a $300 ( equivalent to $9,157 in 2017 ) commutation fee to hire a substitute , were spared from the draft . Initially intended to express anger at the draft , the protests turned into a race riot , with white rioters , predominantly Irish immigrants , attacking black people throughout the city . The official death toll was listed at either 119 or 120 individuals . Conditions in the city were such that Major General John E. Wool , commander of the Department of the East , said on July 16 that `` Martial law ought to be proclaimed , but I have not a sufficient force to enforce it . '' The military did not reach the city until the second day of rioting , by which time the mobs had ransacked or destroyed numerous public buildings , two Protestant churches , the homes of various abolitionists or sympathizers , many black homes , and the Colored Orphan Asylum at 44th Street and Fifth Avenue , which was burned to the ground . The area 's demographics changed as a result of the riot . Many black residents left Manhattan permanently ( many moving to Brooklyn ) . By 1865 , the black population fell below 11,000 for the first time since 1820 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Riots 2.1 Monday 2.2 Tuesday 2.3 Wednesday and Thursday : order restored 3 Aftermath 4 Order of battle 4.1 New York Metropolitan Police Department 4.2 New York State Militia 4.3 Union Army 5 Fiction 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background ( edit ) New York 's economy was tied to the South ; by 1822 nearly half of its exports were cotton shipments . In addition , upstate textile mills processed cotton in manufacturing . New York had such strong business connections to the South that on January 7 , 1861 , Mayor Fernando Wood , a Democrat , called on the city 's Board of Aldermen to `` declare the city 's independence from Albany and from Washington '' ; he said it `` would have the whole and united support of the Southern States . '' When the Union entered the war , New York City had many sympathizers with the South . The city was also a continuing destination of immigrants . Since the 1840s , most were from Ireland and Germany . In 1860 , nearly 25 percent of the New York City population was German - born , and many did not speak English . During the 1840s and 1850s , journalists had published sensational accounts , directed at the white working class , dramatizing the `` evils '' of interracial socializing , relationships , and marriages . Reformers joined the effort . Newspapers carried derogatory portrayals of black people and ridiculed `` black aspirations for equal rights in voting , education , and employment '' . Pseudo-scientific lectures on phrenology were popular , although countered by doctors . At the time , some areas of the city , such as Lower Manhattan , had mixed populations of residents . The Democratic Party Tammany Hall political machine had been working to enroll immigrants as U.S. citizens so they could vote in local elections and had strongly recruited Irish , most of whom already spoke English . In March 1863 , with the war continuing , Congress passed the Enrollment Act to establish a draft for the first time , as more troops were needed . In New York City and other locations , new citizens learned they were expected to register for the draft to fight for their new country . Black men were excluded from the draft as they were largely not considered citizens , and wealthier white men could pay for substitutes . New York political offices , including the mayor , were historically held by Democrats before the war , but the election of Abraham Lincoln as president had demonstrated the rise in Republican political power nationally . Newly - elected New York City Republican Mayor George Opdyke was mired in profiteering scandals in the months leading up to the riots . The Emancipation Proclamation of January 1863 alarmed much of the white working class in New York , who feared that freed slaves would migrate to the city and add further competition to the labor market . There had already been tensions between black and white workers since the 1850s , particularly at the docks , with free blacks and immigrants competing for low - wage jobs in the city . In March 1863 , white longshoremen refused to work with black laborers and rioted , attacking 200 black men . Riots ( edit ) Monday ( edit ) John Alexander Kennedy , NYC police superintendent ( 1803 -- 1873 ) There were reports of rioting in Buffalo , New York , and certain other cities , but the first drawing of draft numbers -- on July 11 , 1863 -- occurred peaceably in Manhattan . The second drawing was held on Monday , July 13 , 1863 , ten days after the Union victory at Gettysburg . At 10 a.m. , a furious crowd of around 500 , led by the volunteer firemen of Engine Company 33 ( known as the `` Black Joke '' ) , attacked the assistant Ninth District provost marshal 's office , at Third Avenue and 47th Street , where the draft was taking place . The crowd threw large paving stones through windows , burst through the doors , and set the building ablaze . When the fire department responded , rioters broke up their vehicles . Others killed horses that were pulling streetcars and smashed the cars . To prevent other parts of the city being notified of the riot , they cut telegraph lines . Since the New York State Militia had been sent to assist Union troops at Gettysburg , the local New York Metropolitan Police Department was the only force on hand to try to suppress the riots . Police Superintendent John Kennedy arrived at the site on Monday to check on the situation . Although not in uniform , people in the mob recognized him and attacked him . Kennedy was left nearly unconscious , his face bruised and cut , his eye injured , his lips swollen , and his hand cut with a knife . He had been beaten to a mass of bruises and blood all over his body . Police drew their clubs and revolvers and charged the crowd but were overpowered . The police were badly outnumbered and unable to quell the riots , but they kept the rioting out of Lower Manhattan below Union Square . Immigrants and others in the `` Bloody Sixth '' Ward , around the South Street Seaport and Five Points areas , refrained from involvement in the rioting . Rioters attacking a building on Lexington Avenue . The Bull 's Head hotel on 44th Street , which refused to provide alcohol to the mob , was burned . The mayor 's residence on Fifth Avenue , the Eighth and Fifth District police stations , and other buildings were attacked and set on fire . Other targets included the office of the New York Times . The mob was turned back at the Times office by staff manning Gatling guns , including Times founder Henry Jarvis Raymond . Fire engine companies responded , but some firefighters were sympathetic to the rioters because they had also been drafted on Saturday . Later in the afternoon , authorities shot and killed a man as a crowd attacked the armory at Second Avenue and 21st Street . The mob broke all the windows with paving stones ripped from the street . The mob beat , tortured and / or killed numerous black people , including one man who was attacked by a crowd of 400 with clubs and paving stones , then lynched , hanged from a tree and set alight . Attack on the Tribune building The Colored Orphan Asylum at 43rd Street and Fifth Avenue , a `` symbol of white charity to blacks and of black upward mobility '' that provided shelter for 233 children , was attacked by a mob at around 4 p.m. A mob of several thousand , including many women and children , looted the building of its food and supplies . However , the police were able to secure the orphanage for enough time to allow the orphans to escape before the building burned down . Throughout the areas of rioting , mobs attacked and killed at least 120 black people and destroyed their known homes and businesses , such as James McCune Smith 's pharmacy at 93 West Broadway , believed to be the first owned by a black man in the United States . Near the midtown docks , tensions brewing since the mid-1850s boiled over . As recently as March 1863 , white employers had hired black longshoremen , with whom Irish men refused to work . Rioters went into the streets in search of `` all the negro porters , cartmen and laborers ... '' to attempt to remove all evidence of a black and interracial social life from the area near the docks . White dockworkers attacked and destroyed brothels , dance halls , boarding houses , and tenements that catered to black people . Mobs stripped the clothing off the white owners of these businesses . Tuesday ( edit ) Heavy rain fell on Monday night , helping to abate the fires and sending rioters home , but the crowds returned the next day . Rioters burned down the home of Abby Gibbons , a prison reformer and the daughter of abolitionist Isaac Hopper . They also attacked white `` amalgamationists '' , such as Ann Derrickson and Ann Martin , two white women who were married to black men , and Mary Burke , a white prostitute who catered to black men . Governor Horatio Seymour arrived on Tuesday and spoke at City Hall , where he attempted to assuage the crowd by proclaiming that the Conscription Act was unconstitutional . General John E. Wool , commander of the Eastern District , brought approximately 800 soldiers and Marines in from forts in New York Harbor , West Point , and the Brooklyn Navy Yard . He ordered the militias to return to New York . Wednesday and Thursday : Order restored ( edit ) The situation improved on Wednesday , when assistant provost - marshal - general Robert Nugent received word from his superior officer , Colonel James Barnet Fry , to postpone the draft . As this news appeared in newspapers , some rioters stayed home . But some of the militias began to return and used harsh measures against the remaining mobs . Order began to be restored on Thursday . The New York State Militia and some federal troops were returned to New York , including the 152nd New York Volunteers , the 26th Michigan Volunteers , the 27th Indiana Volunteers and the 7th Regiment New York State Militia from Frederick , Maryland , after a forced march . In addition , the governor sent in the 74th and 65th regiments of the New York State Militia , which had not been in federal service , and a section of the 20th Independent Battery , New York Volunteer Artillery from Fort Schuyler in Throggs Neck . The New York State Militia units were the first to arrive . By July 16 , there were several thousand Federal troops in the city . A final confrontation occurred on Thursday evening near Gramercy Park . According to Adrian Cook , twelve people died on the last day of the riots in skirmishes between rioters , the police , and the Army , including one African American , two soldiers , a bystander , and two women . The New York Times reported on Thursday that Plug Uglies and Blood Tubs gang members from Baltimore , as well as `` Scuykill Rangers ( sic ) and other rowdies of Philadelphia '' , had come to New York during the unrest to participate in the riots alongside the Dead Rabbits and `` Mackerelvillers '' . The Times editorialized that `` the scoundrels can not afford to miss this golden opportunity of indulging their brutal natures , and at the same time serving their colleagues the Copperhead s and secesh ( secessionist ) sympathizers . '' Aftermath ( edit ) Bull 's Head Hotel , depicted in 1830 , was burned in the riot . The exact death toll during the New York Draft Riots is unknown , but according to historian James M. McPherson , 119 or 120 people were killed , most of them were black . In all , eleven black men were hanged over five days . The riots forced hundreds of black people to flee the city . Violence by longshoremen against black men was especially fierce in the docks area . The most reliable estimates indicate at least 2,000 people were injured . Herbert Asbury , the author of the 1928 book Gangs of New York , upon which the 2002 film was based , puts the figure much higher , at 2,000 killed and 8,000 wounded , but it is not widely accepted . Total property damage was about $1 -- 5 million ( $19.9 million -- $99.4 million , adjusted for inflation ) . The city treasury later indemnified one - quarter of the amount . Historian Samuel Eliot Morison wrote that the riots were `` equivalent to a Confederate victory '' . Fifty buildings , including two Protestant churches and the Colored Orphan Asylum , were burned to the ground . During the riots , landlords , fearing that the mob would destroy their buildings , drove black residents from their homes . As a result of the violence against them , hundreds of black people left New York , including physician James McCune Smith and his family , moving to Williamsburg , Brooklyn or New Jersey . The white elite in New York organized to provide relief to black riot victims , helping them find new work and homes . The Union League Club and the Committee of Merchants for the Relief of Colored People provided nearly $40,000 to 2,500 victims of the riots . By 1865 the black population in the city had dropped to under 10,000 , the lowest since 1820 . The white working - class riots had changed the demographics of the city , and white residents exerted their control in the workplace ; they became `` unequivocally divided '' from the black population . Colored Orphan Asylum was burned On August 19 , the government resumed the draft in New York . It was completed within 10 days without further incident . Fewer men were drafted than had been feared by the working class : of the 750,000 selected nationwide for conscription , only about 45,000 were sent into active duty . While the rioting mainly involved the working class , middle and upper - class New Yorkers had split sentiments on the draft and use of federal power or martial law to enforce it . Many wealthy Democratic businessmen sought to have the draft declared unconstitutional . Tammany Democrats did not seek to have the draft declared unconstitutional , but they helped pay the commutation fees for those who were drafted . In December 1863 , the Union League Club recruited more than 2,000 black soldiers , outfitted and trained them , honoring and sending men off with a parade through the city to the Hudson River docks in March 1864 . A crowd of 100,000 watched the procession , which was led by police and members of the Union League Club . New York 's support for the Union cause continued , however grudgingly , and gradually Southern sympathies declined in the city . New York banks eventually financed the Civil War , and the state 's industries were more productive than those of the entire Confederacy . By the end of the war , more than 450,000 soldiers , sailors , and militia had enlisted from New York State , which was the most populous state at the time . A total of 46,000 military men from New York State died during the war , more from disease than wounds , as was typical of most combatants . Order of Battle ( edit ) New York Metropolitan Police Department ( edit ) See also : List of New York City Police Department officers : 1845 -- 1865 New York Metropolitan Police Department under the command of Superintendent John A. Kennedy . Commissioners Thomas Coxon Acton and John G. Bergen took command when Kennedy was seriously injured by a mob during the early stages of the riots . Of the NYPD Officers - there were four fatalities - 1 killed and 3 died of injuries Precinct Commander Location Strength Notes 1st Precinct Captain Jacob B. Warlow 29 Broad Street 4 Sergeants , 63 Patrolmen , and 2 Doormen 2nd Precinct Captain Nathaniel R. Mills 49 Beekman Street 4 Sergeants , 60 Patrolmen , and 2 Doormen 3rd Precinct Captain James Greer 160 Chambers Street 3 Sergeants , 64 Patrolmen , and 2 Doormen 4th Precinct Captain James Bryan 9 Oak Street 4 Sergeants , 70 Patrolmen , and 2 Doormen 5th Precinct Captain Jeremiah Petty 49 Leonard Street 4 Sergeants , 61 Patrolmen , and 2 Doormen 6th Precinct Captain John Jourdan 9 Franklin Street 4 Sergeants , 63 Patrolmen , and 2 Doormen 7th Precinct Captain William Jamieson 247 Madison Street 4 Sergeants , 52 Patrolmen , and 2 Doormen 8th Precinct Captain Morris DeCamp 126 Wooster Street 4 Sergeants , 52 Patrolmen , and 2 Doormen 9th Precinct Captain Jacob L. Sebring 94 Charles Street 4 Sergeants , 51 Patrolmen , and 2 Doormen 10th Precinct Captain Thaddeus C. Davis Essex Market 4 Sergeants , 62 Patrolmen , and 2 Doormen 11th Precinct Captain John I. Mount Union Market 4 Sergeants , 56 Patrolmen , and 2 Doormen 12th Precinct Captain Theron R. Bennett 126th Street ( near Third Avenue ) 5 Sergeants , 41 Patrolmen , and 2 Doormen 13th Precinct Captain Thomas Steers Attorney Street ( at corner of Delancey Street ) 4 Sergeants , 63 Patrolmen , and 2 Doormen 14th Precinct Captain John J. Williamson 53 Spring Street 4 Sergeants , 58 Patrolmen , and 2 Doormen 15th Precinct Captain Charles W. Caffery 220 Mercer Street 4 Sergeants , 69 Patrolmen , and 2 Doormen 16th Precinct Captain Henry Hedden 156 West 20th Street 4 Sergeants , 50 Patrolmen , and 2 Doormen 17th Precinct Captain Samuel Brower First Avenue ( at the corner of Fifth Street ) 4 Sergeants , 56 Patrolmen , and 2 Doormen 18th Precinct Captain John Cameron 22nd Street ( near Second Avenue ) 4 Sergeants , 74 Patrolmen , and 2 Doormen 19th Precinct Captain Galen T. Porter 59th Street ( near Third Avenue ) 4 Sergeants , 49 Patrolmen , and 2 Doormen 20th Precinct Captain George W. Walling 212 West 35th Street 4 Sergeants , 59 Patrolmen , and 2 Doormen 21st Precinct Sergeant Cornelius Burdick ( acting Captain ) 120 East 31st Street 4 Sergeants , 51 Patrolmen , and 2 Doormen 22nd Precinct Captain Johannes C. Slott 47th Street ( between Eighth and Ninth Avenues ) 4 Sergeants , 54 Patrolmen , and 2 Doormen 23rd Precinct Captain Henry Hutchings 86th Street ( near Fourth Avenue ) 4 Sergeants , 42 Patrolmen , and 2 Doormen 24th Precinct Captain James Todd New York waterfront 2 Sergeants and 20 Patrolmen Headquartered on Police Steamboat No. 1 25th Precinct Captain Theron Copeland 300 Mulberry Street 1 Sergeant , 38 Patrolmen , and 2 Doormen Headquarters of the Broadway Squad . 26th Precinct Captain Thomas W. Thorne City Hall 1 Sergeant , 66 Patrolmen , and 2 Doormen 27th Precinct Captain John C. Helme 117 Cedar Street 4 Sergeants , 52 Patrolmen , and 3 Doormen 28th Precinct Captain John F. Dickson 550 Greenwich Street 4 Sergeants , 48 Patrolmen , and 2 Doormen 29th Precinct Captain Francis C. Speight 29th Street ( near Fourth Avenue ) 4 Sergeants , 82 Patrolmen , and 3 Doormen 30th Precinct Captain James Z . Bogart 86th Street and Bloomingdale Road 2 Sergeants , 19 Patrolmen , and 2 Doormen 32nd Precinct Captain Alanson S. Wilson Tenth Avenue and 152nd Street 4 Sergeants , 35 Patrolmen , and 2 Doormen Mounted police New York State Militia ( edit ) 1st Division : Major General Charles W. Sandford Unit Commander Complement Officers Other Ranks 65th Regiment Colonel William F. Berens 400 74th Regiment Colonel Watson A. Fox 20th Independent Battery Captain B. Franklin Ryer Unorganized Militia : Unit Commander Complement Officers Remarks Veteran Corps of Artillery of the State of New York Guarded State Arsenal from rioters Union Army ( edit ) Department of the East : Major General John E. Wool headquartered in New York Defenses of New York City : Brevet Brigadier General Harvey Brown , Brig . General Edward R.S. Canby Artillery : Captain Henry F. Putnam , 12th United States Infantry Regiment . Provost marshals tasked with overseeing the initial enforcement of the draft : Provost Marshal General U.S.A. : Colonel James Fry Provost Marshal General New York City : Colonel Robert Nugent ( During the first day of rioting on July 13 , 1863 , in command of the Invalid Corps : 1st Battalion ) Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton authorized five regiments from Gettysburg , mostly federalized state militia and volunteer units from the Army of the Potomac , to reinforce the New York City Police Department . By the end of the riots , there were more than 4,000 soldiers garrisoned in the troubled area . Unit Commander Complement Officers Notes Invalid Corps 1st and 2nd Battalions ; just over 9 companies . Over 16 injured ; 1 killed 1 missing 26th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment Colonel Judson S. Farrar 5th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment Colonel Cleveland Winslow 7th New York National Guard Regiment Colonel Marshall Lefferts 800 Recalled back to New York ; on the way , one Private drowned . On July 16 , 1863 during a skirmish with rioters , the regimental casualties were one Private received a buckshot in the back of the hand and two Privates had their coats cut by bullets 8th New York National Guard Regiment Brigadier General Charles C. Dodge 150 9th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment Colonel Edward E. Jardine ( wounded ) Regiment had been mustered out in May 1863 but 200 volunteered to serve again during the draft riots 11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment Colonel Henry O'Brien ( killed ) Original regiment mustered out on June 2 , 1862 . Colonel O'Brien was in the process of recruiting at the time of the draft riots . The regiment was never brought back to strength and enlisted members were transferred to 17th Veteran Infantry . 13th New York Volunteer Cavalry Regiment Colonel Charles E. Davies Regiment suffered 2 fatalities during the riots . 14th New York Volunteer Cavalry Regiment Colonel Thaddeus P. Mott All cavalry regiments in New York City were eventually put under the command of General Judson Kilpatrick who volunteered his services on July 17 17th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment Major T.W.C. Grower Regimental losses during the Draft Riots totaled 4 ; they were 1 enlisted man killed and 1 officer and 2 enlisted men wounded ( recovered ) 22nd New York National Guard Regiment Colonel Lloyd Aspinwall 47th New York State Militia / National Guard Regiment Colonel Jeremiah V. Meserole 152nd New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment Colonel Alonso Ferguson Fiction ( edit ) The Banished Children of Eve , A Novel of Civil War New York ( 1995 ) by Peter Quinn My Notorious Life : A Novel ( 2014 ) by Kate Manning On Secret Service ( 2000 ) by John Jakes Paradise Alley ( 2003 ) by Kevin Baker New York : the Novel ( 2009 ) by Edward Rutherfurd Newt Gingrich 's alternate history novel Grant Comes East ( 2004 ) An Assassins Creed Series : Last Descendants ( 2016 ) by Matthew J. Kirby Riot ( 2009 ) Walter Dean Myers Theatre and film : The short - lived 1968 Broadway musical Maggie Flynn was set in the Tobin Orphanage for black children ( modeled on the Colored Orphan Asylum ) . Gangs of New York ( 2002 ) , a film directed by Martin Scorsese , includes a fictionalized portrayal of the New York Draft Riots . See also ( edit ) American Civil War portal Fishing Creek Confederacy History of New York City ( 1855 -- 97 ) List of identities in The Gangs of New York § Draft Riots List of incidents of civil unrest in New York City List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States Opposition to the American Civil War Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ( 1982 ) , Ordeal By Fire : The Civil War and Reconstruction , New York : Alfred A. Knopf , p. 360 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 52469 - 6 Jump up ^ `` VNY : Draft Riots Aftermath '' . Vny.cuny.edu . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , David M. ( 1863 ) . The Draft Riots in New York , July 1863 : The Metropolitan Police , Their Services During Riot . Baker & Godwin . pp. 5 -- 6 , 12 . ^ Jump up to : Eric Foner ( 1988 ) . Reconstruction : America 's Unfinished Revolution , 1863 -- 1877 , The New American Nation series , pp. 32 -- 33 , New York : Harper & Row ; ISBN 0 - 06 - 093716 - 5 ( updated ed. 2014 , ISBN 978 - 0062354518 ) . Jump up ^ `` Wolfram - Alpha : Computational Knowledge Engine '' . Wolframalpha.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prologue : Selected Articles '' . Archives.org . August 15 , 1990 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Draft in the Civil War '' , u-s-history.com ; accessed August 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maj. Gen. John E. Wool Official Reports for the New York Draft Riots '' . Shotgun 's Home of the American Civil War blogsite . Retrieved August 16 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Leslie M. ( 2003 ) . In the Shadow of Slavery : African Americans in New York City , 1626 -- 1863 . University of Chicago Press . pp. 279 -- 88 . ISBN 0226317757 . Jump up ^ `` King Cotton Cotton Trade '' , New York Divided : Slavery and the Civil War , New - York Historical Society ; accessed May 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Sam ( December 26 , 2010 ) . `` New York Does n't Care to Remember the Civil War '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : New York Divided : Slavery and the Civil War Online Exhibit , New York Historical Society ( November 17 , 2006 to September 3 , 2007 , physical exhibit ) ; accessed May 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mob in New York '' . The New York Times . July 14 , 1863 . ^ Jump up to : Schouler , James ( 1899 ) . History of the United States of America , Under the Constitution . Dodd , Mead & Company . p. 418 . ^ Jump up to : Rhodes , James Ford ( 1899 ) . History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 . Macmillan . pp. 320 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Iver ( 1990 ) , pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ `` On This Day '' , New York Times ; accessed March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 . Macmillan . pp. 320 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Iver ( 1990 ) , pp. 25 -- 26 Jump up ^ Cook , Adrian `` The Armies of the Streets : The New York City Draft Riots of 1863 , '' 1974 , The University Press of Kentucky . Jump up ^ `` FACTS AND INCIDENTS OF THE RIOT. : THE MURDER OF COLORED PEOPLE IN THOMPSON AND SULLIVAN STREETS '' . The New York Times . July 16 , 1863 . p. 1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ( 2001 ) . Ordeal by Fire : The Civil War and Reconstruction . McGraw - Hill Education . p. 399 . ISBN 0077430352 . ^ Jump up to : Asbury , Herbert ( 1928 ) . The Gangs of New York . Alfred A. Knopf . p. 169 . Jump up ^ Pete Hamill ( December 15 , 2002 ) . `` TRAMPLING CITY 'S HISTORY ' Gangs ' misses point of Five Points '' . New York Daily News . ^ Jump up to : Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1972 ) . The Oxford History of the American People : Volume Two : 1789 Through Reconstruction . Signet . p. 451 . ISBN 0 - 451 - 62254 - 5 . Jump up ^ David Donald . Civil War and Reconstruction , Pickle Partners Publishing , 2002 , pg. 229 ISBN 0393974278 Jump up ^ Bernstein , Iver ( 1990 ) , pp. 43 -- 44 Jump up ^ Thomas L. Jones , `` The Union League Club and New York 's First Black Regiments in the Civil War '' , New York History ( 2006 ) 87 # 3 , pp. 313 -- 343 . Jump up ^ For the context see William Seraile , New York 's Black Regiments During the Civil War ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Costello , Augustine E. Our Police Protectors : History of the New York Police from the Earliest Period to the Present Time . New York : A.E. Costello , 1885 , pp. 200 -- 01 . Jump up ^ `` Patrolman Edward Dippel '' . Odmp.org . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maj. Gen. Charles W. Sandford Official Report ( OR ) For The New York Draft Riots '' . Civilwarhome.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maj. Gen. John Z . Wool Official Report ( OR ) For The New York Draft Riots '' . Civilwarhome.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ John Ellis Wool biography , bio19c.com ; accessed April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 146 Jump up ^ Brown was in overall command of the military fortresses in New York city at the time and volunteered his services to General Wool . Wool instructed Brown to serve under the command of militia General Sandford to which Brown initially refused but eventually offered to serve in whatever capacity needed . Jump up ^ Brown was relieved of duty on July 16 and Canby succeeded him in command of the military post of New York City on July 17 Jump up ^ `` US Military casualties in the 1863 Draft riots ... '' Civilwartalk.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swinton , William ( August 1 , 1870 ) . `` History of the Seventh Regiment , National Guard , State of New York , During the War of the Rebellion : With a Preliminary Chapter on the Origin and Early History of the Regiment , a Summary of Its History Since the War , and a Roll of Honor , Comprising Brief Sketches of the Services Rendered by Members of the Regiment in the Army and Navy of the United States '' . Fields , Osgood & Company . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Edward Jardine '' . localhistory.morrisville.edu . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 13th New York Cavalry - Battles and Casualties during the Civil War - NY Military Museum and Veterans Research Center '' . dmna.ny.gov . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1863 New York City Draft Riots '' , mrlincolnandnewyork.org ; accessed April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 17th NY Veteran Regiment of Infantry - battles and casualties during the Civil War - NY Military Museum and Veterans Research Center '' . dmna.ny.gov . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Bernstein , Iver ( 1990 ) . The New York City Draft Riots : Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0198021712 . Cook , Adrian ( 1974 ) . The Armies of the Streets : The New York City Draft Riots of 1863 . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 9780813112985 . Fry , James Barnet ( 1885 ) . New York and the Conscription of 1863 . McCabe , James Dabney ( 1868 ) . The Life and Public Services of Horatio Seymour . Oxford University Press . McPherson , James M. ( 1982 ) , Ordeal By Fire : The Civil War and Reconstruction , New York : Alfred A. Knopf , ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 52469 - 6 Rumsey , David . `` Map Of New York and Vicinity ( 1863 ) '' ( 1863 ed . ) . Matthew Dripps . Retrieved July 20 , 2007 . Schecter , Barnet ( 2005 ) . The Devil 's Own Work : The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 080271837X . Schecter , Barnet ( 2007 ) . `` The Civil War Draft Riots '' . North & South . Civil War Society ( Volume 10 No 1 ) : 72 . Further reading ( edit ) Dupree , A. Hunter and Leslie H. Fishel , Jr . `` An Eyewitness Account of the New York Draft Riots , July , 1863 '' , Mississippi Valley Historical Review vol. 47 , no . 3 ( December 1960 ) , pp. 472 -- 79 . In JSTOR United States War and Navy Departments ( 1889 ) . Official Records of the American Civil War , volume xxvii , part ii . Walling , George W. ( 1887 ) . Recollections of a New York Chief of Police , Chapter 6 . New York Evangelist ( 1830 -- 1902 ) ; July 23 , 1863 ; pp. 30 , 33 ; APS Online , pg. 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Draft Riots . Report of the Committee of merchants for the relief of colored people , suffering from the late riots in the city of New York . New York : G.A. Whitehorne , 1863 , African American Pamphlet Collection , Library of Congress . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who suffered the most during the draft riots in new york in 1863 | [
"The exact death toll during the New York Draft Riots is unknown, but according to historian James M. McPherson, 119 or 120 people were killed, most of them were black. In all, eleven black men were hanged over five days. The riots forced hundreds of black people to flee the city.[22] Violence by longshoremen against black men was especially fierce in the docks area.[9]"
] | [
"black people"
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-1958518779756253447 | The Quarterback (Glee) | The Quarterback ( Glee ) - Wikipedia The Quarterback ( Glee ) Jump to : navigation , search `` The Quarterback '' Glee episode Past and current New Directions members commemorate the late Finn Hudson Episode no . Season 5 Episode 3 Directed by Brad Falchuk Written by Ryan Murphy Brad Falchuk Ian Brennan Featured music `` Seasons of Love '' `` I 'll Stand by You '' `` Fire and Rain '' `` If I Die Young '' `` No Surrender '' `` Make You Feel My Love '' Production code 5ARC03 Original air date October 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 10 ) Recurring / Guest appearances Amber Riley as Mercedes Jones Mark Salling as Noah `` Puck '' Puckerman Jayma Mays as Emma Pillsbury Harry Shum , Jr. as Mike Chang Mike O'Malley as Burt Hummel Dot - Marie Jones as Shannon Beiste Romy Rosemont as Carole Hudson - Hummel Iqbal Theba as Principal Figgins Erinn Westbrook as Bree Episode chronology ← Previous `` Tina in the Sky with Diamonds '' Next → `` A Katy or a Gaga '' Glee ( season 5 ) List of Glee episodes `` The Quarterback '' is the third episode of the fifth season of the American musical television series Glee , and the ninety - first episode overall . Written by all three of the show 's creators -- Ryan Murphy , Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan -- and directed by Falchuk , it first aired on Fox in the United States on October 10 , 2013 . The episode features the death of character Finn Hudson , and a tribute to Finn and to actor Cory Monteith , who played Finn starting with the show 's pilot , and who died on July 13 , 2013 . The episode 's plot centers on the impact Finn 's death has on the characters , specifically Kurt Hummel ( Chris Colfer ) , Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) , Santana Lopez ( Naya Rivera ) , Noah Puckerman ( Mark Salling ) , and Rachel Berry ( Lea Michele ) . The episode has been received positively by critics , though some commented negatively on the show 's not revealing a cause of death for Finn . Upon its initial airing , this episode was viewed by 7.40 million American viewers and garnered a 2.9 rating in the 18 -- 49 age group . The total viewership and ratings for this episode were up significantly from the previous episode . It was the show 's highest rating since the fourth season episode `` Britney 2.0 . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Critical response 4 Music 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Old and new members of New Directions perform `` Seasons of Love '' in the auditorium at Finn Hudson 's funeral . Three weeks later , they reunite at McKinley High , where glee club director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) invites them to honor Finn through song , as their personal memorials for him . Mercedes Jones ( Amber Riley ) performs `` I 'll Stand By You '' , a song Finn previously sang when he believed he was going to become a father . Principal Sue Sylvester ( Jane Lynch ) allows the students to turn Finn 's old locker into a memorial , and plants a tree in his honor , which is later stolen . Kurt Hummel ( Chris Colfer ) helps his parents to sort Finn 's belongings , keeping Finn 's letterman jacket and giving Burt Hummel ( Mike O'Malley ) Finn 's lamp and football . Carole Hudson - Hummel ( Romy Rosemont ) soon breaks down in grief and the family comes together to comfort one another . The next day , the glee club meets in the auditorium , where Sam Evans ( Chord Overstreet ) and Artie Abrams ( Kevin McHale ) lead them in a performance of `` Fire and Rain '' . Santana Lopez ( Naya Rivera ) , unable to cope with her grief , leaves early and visits Finn 's memorial , only to find Bree ( Erinn Westbrook ) leading a group of Cheerios in taking it apart on Sue 's orders . Santana confronts Sue in her office and accuses Sue of hating Finn , shoving her into a bookcase in anger before leaving . Later , guidance counselor Emma Pillsbury ( Jayma Mays ) , Will 's wife , tells him she is worried that Will is slighting his own feelings in order to provide emotional support for the others . Will claims he is fine and returns to glee club , where Santana sings `` If I Die Young '' , only to break down and leave halfway through the song . Kurt finds her in the auditorium . Santana regrets not being nicer to Finn , but Kurt reassures her that Finn cared for her deeply and knew she was a good person . Before leaving , Kurt gives Santana the jacket . Football coach Shannon Beiste ( Dot - Marie Jones ) notices that Noah `` Puck '' Puckerman ( Mark Salling ) is continuously drunk following Finn 's funeral and leads him to the locker room , where Puck breaks down and confesses to Beiste that he is scared that if he starts crying he may never be able to stop and that he feels lost without Finn 's guidance . Beiste tells Puck that he 'll have to trust that Finn 's memory and his own instincts will be enough to guide him going forward . Beiste also reveals that she knows Puck stole Finn 's tree , which he promises to return . Puck later performs `` No Surrender '' at the choir room , where Santana accuses him of stealing Finn 's jacket , which Puck denies . New Directions places drumsticks in Finn 's memorial , where they meet Rachel Berry ( Lea Michele ) , who has gathered enough strength to return . She performs `` Make You Feel My Love '' . Santana later apologizes to Sue , who reveals she is heartbroken Finn died believing she hated him , while she actually respected him and looked forward to having him as a colleague . Santana also speaks to Will and tells him that she doubts she will return to Lima , as it is filled with painful memories for her . Will says he 's proud of her and respects her decision . Puck replants the tree and tells Beiste he 's joining the Air Force to keep himself on the right path and honor Finn 's memory . Beiste wishes him luck and tells him to be safe as he drives off , smiling as she discovers Puck had carved the word `` Quarterback '' into the tree . Rachel later speaks with Will in the choir room and confesses that she still talks to Finn and is scared that her memories of him will eventually fade . She is uncertain of what the future will hold now , as she always planned to have a successful career on Broadway before returning home and reuniting with Finn so they 'd be together for the rest of their lives . Will asks her if she ever told Finn her plan and Rachel explains that she did n't have to as he already knew . Will reassures her that , although her life might have a different outcome than the one she planned , it might be even better than she expects , though Rachel disagrees , as Finn was her soulmate . Rachel then gives Will a plaque she had made with a picture of Finn and a quote from him that reads : `` The show must go ... all over the place ... or something '' . Will hangs it in the choir room . Later , at home , Will pulls Finn 's jacket out of his bag , having taken it himself , and finally allows himself to cry . Emma comes home to find Will weeping while holding the jacket , and comforts her husband as he grieves . As the screen fades , a memorial for Cory is displayed . Production ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2014 ) Shooting for the episode , which is set in Lima , Ohio , began on August 23 , 2013 , in parallel with the previous episode -- the second of two Beatles tribute episodes -- which had started shooting earlier in the month and continued into the following week with scenes featuring new recurring cast member Demi Lovato . Cory Monteith at the 2010 GLAAD Media Awards The episode is written by all three of the show 's creators -- Ryan Murphy , Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan -- and directed by Falchuk . Murphy said that `` almost everything in that episode is from the first take of every performance because the actors and the crew had a really hard time shooting it . '' He added , `` I 've never seen a crew that you ca n't continue shooting because they 've left the room sobbing . '' Many cast members called to request that they be included in the episode although they were n't under contract to do so , including Iqbal Theba , who plays Figgins on the show , and appears in the episode . The episode was finalized for broadcast -- `` locked '' -- on October 3 , 2013 . The broadcast episode was followed by a dedication : `` Cory Monteith 1982 -- 2013 '' . Cory Monteith , who played Finn , was set to return to Glee for the fifth season after having missed the last few episodes of the fourth season while undergoing drug rehabilitation treatment from late March through late April in 2013 . However , Monteith died of a drug overdose on July 13 , 2013 . At Monteith 's request , Finn was to have been featured prominently during the fifth season , so a number of the planned story arcs had to be revised or replaced . Fox President Kevin Reilly told the Television Critics Association on August 1 , 2013 , that Finn would be written off the show in the fifth season 's third episode , and also that the contents might include previously unused footage and outtakes involving the character . The death of Finn is to be established as the episode begins , though Murphy has said that the cause of death is deliberately not mentioned . The filming of the episode has been `` incredibly hard '' according to Matthew Morrison , who plays glee club director Will Schuester -- `` We 've mourned Cory , but now we 're mourning Finn . So it 's kind of like two people in that one person . '' Kevin McHale , who plays Artie Abrams , noted that some in the cast are finding it `` weird '' when they `` are having to play reactions that they obviously would not feel in real life '' -- for example , a number of the characters `` are n't dealing with the loss of Finn '' and are in denial , unlike the actors who `` were all very much dealing with it . '' Reilly said that a series of public service announcements dealing with the topic of drug addiction would be filmed by the Glee cast and creators for airing during this episode . In addition , a fund in Monteith 's name would be started using the proceeds from the music contained in the episode . Recurring characters in this episode include former glee club members Mercedes Jones ( Amber Riley ) , Noah `` Puck '' Puckerman ( Mark Salling ) and Mike Chang ( Harry Shum , Jr . ) , Finn 's mother Carole Hudson - Hummel ( Romy Rosemont ) and stepfather Burt Hummel ( Mike O'Malley ) , McKinley guidance counselor Emma Pillsbury ( Jayma Mays ) , football coach Shannon Beiste ( Dot - Marie Jones ) , McKinley janitor and former principal Figgins ( Iqbal Theba ) , cheerleader Bree ( Erinn Westbrook ) and McKinley freshman Dottie Kazatori ( Pamela Chan ) . Six songs from the episode have been released under the title The Quarterback , and the cover of the release features Monteith 's face . The six songs are `` Seasons of Love '' from Rent performed by members of New Directions past and present , The Pretenders ' `` I 'll Stand by You '' sung by Riley , James Taylor 's `` Fire and Rain '' performed by Chord Overstreet and Kevin McHale , The Band Perry 's `` If I Die Young '' sung by Naya Rivera , Bruce Springsteen 's `` No Surrender '' performed by Salling and Adele 's cover of Bob Dylan 's `` Make You Feel My Love '' sung by Lea Michele . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) `` The Quarterback '' drew in 7.4 million viewers and a 2.9 rating among adults 18 - 49 , Glee 's best rating in about a year ( the show 's highest rating since September 20 , 2012 ) . It was soaring up 40 percent from season five premiere episode `` Love , Love , Love '' which drew in 5.06 million viewers . And it was up 75 percent from the previous week episode `` Tina in the Sky with Diamonds , '' which drew in 4.42 million viewers . Including DVR viewing , the episode was watched by 10.54 million viewers , and received a 4.3 18 - 49 rating . In Canada , the episode was watched by 1.38 million viewers , placing fourth for the night and twenty - first for the week . Critical response ( edit ) The episode was received positively by most critics . Miranda Wicker of TV Fanatic gave the episode a 5 out of 5 , saying `` There 's really only so much to be said about this episode . It was , in a word , heartbreaking . But it was also sort of perfect in the way that Glee can be when faced with tough moments . '' She also praised the writers , who in her opinion `` met that challenge in the best possible ways . '' Allison Keene of The Hollywood Reporter gave a positive review to the episode saying `` Ultimately , `` The Quarterback '' was respectful , and was successful as the cathartic memorial -- for both the cast and viewers -- that it was intended to be . But beyond anything else that happened in the episode , the real sadness that stays with us about Monteith was said the best , as so many things usually are , by Sue : `` It 's just so pointless ... all that potential . '' While noting that ( Lea Michele ) 's performance was the best , she said that `` the most heartbreaking scene was without singing . Kurt , his father Burt ( Mike O'Malley ) , and Finn 's mother Carole ( Romy Rosemont ) all talked about the sadness and tragedy of losing a family member , and the moment when the three of them huddled together on the floor to cry and comfort one another was truly the episode 's show - stopper . '' She also commented positively on Santana 's performance of `` If I Die Young , '' calling it `` genuinely moving . '' Lauren Hoffman of Vulture gave the episode a 4 out of 5 saying that `` If you want to distill last night 's Glee down into two sentences , those ( spoken to Puck by Coach Bieste ) might be the best ... It 's tragic . There 's no other word for it . '' She praised the episode 's opening number stating `` `` Seasons of Love '' is the perfect choice to open the episode ... It 's the most lovingly mixed track Glee 's produced in quite some time ... It 's an offering . And a beautiful one at that . '' Katy Kroll of Rolling Stone acknowledged the emotional strength of this episode and that `` even if you were just a casual viewer or tuned in for the very first time to rubberneck , you probably shed a tear during the emotionally charged special episode '' . However , she criticized the way the writers left the cause of Finn 's death . Rae Votta of Billboard praised the way Glee was able to deal with grief right upfront in a way other TV shows are not able to do . Also stating `` There 's no perfect way to do this sort of an episode , but Glee gave Cory and Finn a heartfelt send - off the way they knew best . '' Hank Stuever of The Washington Post was more critical of the episode , noting the show 's `` erasing Finn , '' and that the lack of previous footage of him during the episode `` undermined the episode 's strongest scenes , including one in which Finn 's mother , Carole ( ... ) broke down in tears while packing her son 's bedroom . It also left a little hollow spot in the final minute when Will Schuester ( ... ) sobbed in Finn 's varsity letter jacket . '' He did , however , comment positively on the episode 's transition from comedic to serious ; its song choices ; and its overall effect , which `` was indeed a sense of finality , particularly as it relates to the fleetingness of fame . '' Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly also criticized the episode , specifically the show creators ' choice not to address how Finn died , calling it `` the most conspicuous and debatable choice made by the Glee creators . '' He then commented positively on Santana 's role and song ; and Mike O'Malley and Romy Rosemont 's scene ; but he was critical of Will Schuester 's role in the episode , saying I had trouble connecting with Will throughout this episode , and I wondered if Morrison did , too -- which , by the way , would be understandable , given the circumstances . ( How difficult this thing must have been to make for everyone ! ) Or maybe disconnection was exactly the emotional point : The irony of Will was that he had been denying his agony even as he was trying to create room for everyone else to enter into theirs . And so he , too , summed up an episode of good intentions and mixed success , that was less a story and more of a loosely structured narrative space to contend with the theme of grief , messy and hard . Robert Bianco of USA Today gave the episode mixed reviews , saying `` perhaps it is best to think of Thursday 's broadcast as a labor of love , and to presume it worked best for those who are most devoted to the show and its often heady blend of musical flash , after - school - special preachiness and high - and - low humor . It could not have surprised anyone that the episode whipsawed between clashing tones : A scene with Sue spewing out no - one - would - ever - say - that insults crashing up against a that 's - how - it - must - feel monologue from Finn 's mother about the loss of her child . And if people behaved even more irrationally than usual ( would an adult really steal a dead teenager 's letter jacket ) , you can chalk it up to their not being in their right minds . '' He then concluded `` It 's almost impossible to do a story about the death of a teenager that does n't induce tears , particularly when the plot is tied into the real - life loss of a well - liked young actor . One just wishes the writers had put a bit more trust into that natural response , and not tugged at our heartstrings quite so strenuously . '' Alessandra Stanley of the New York Times also commented on the absence of an explanation for Finn 's death , saying `` teens and young adults often die for highly preventable reasons much like Monteith did , and while a drug overdose would have been too on the nose , any of numerous other explanations -- from drunk driving to other risky behaviors -- would have made this not just a somber sendoff , but a teachable moment to the younger quadrant of the program 's audience . '' Music ( edit ) An extended play , The Quarterback ( Music From the TV Series ) , was released on October 7 , 2013 , featuring the six songs performed on the episode . On October 16 , 2013 , it debuted at number 7 on the Billboard 200 , selling 47,000 copies . This is the franchise 's first album to chart in the top 10 in the US in nearly two years ; the last Glee album to chart in the top 10 was Glee : The Music , Volume 7 , which charted at number 9 . This album is also the fourteenth to chart in the top 10 . All the grosses from the downloads on iTunes in the US and Canada were destined to Project Limelight , a charity that Monteith supported . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aguilera , Leanne ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Cory Monteith Tribute : Ryan Murphy Reveals What 's Next for Glee , and Why Finn Wo n't Be Forgotten '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dos Santos , Kristin ( August 23 , 2013 ) . `` Glee Cast Begins Production on Cory Monteith Tribute Episode : ' You Will Cry From Beginning to End ' '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lovato , Demetria ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Twitter / @ ddlovato : Gllllleeeeeeeeeeee # 1stDay # LOVEthiscast ! ! ! '' . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Aguilera , Leanne ( August 29 , 2013 ) . `` Glee First Look : Naya Rivera and Demi Lovato Cozy Up on Set ! '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( October 3 , 2013 ) . `` Glee 's Ryan Murphy Talks Cory Monteith Tribute , Plus Watch the Emotional Trailer ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( April 1 , 2013 ) . `` Glee Poised to Finish Season 4 Without Finn , as Cory Monteith Enters Rehab '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finn , Natalie ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Glee 's Cory Monteith Out of Rehab , Tweets ' Big Love ' to Fans ; Lea Michele Calls It a ' Great Day ' '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Glee to Write Cory Monteith 's Finn Out , Sets PSAs , Charity Fund for Late Actor '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dos Santos , Kristin ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Glee 's Cory Monteith Tribute Brings Back Some Original Cast Members -- Find Out Who '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 1 , 2013 ) . `` Glee 's Kevin McHale Talks ' Powerful , Emotional ' Finn Tribute , Previews That ' One Scene ' '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mullins , Jenna ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Glee : Finn 's Death Will ' Deal Directly ' With Cory Monteith 's Troubled Past , Fox Boss Says '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Listings -- Glee on Fox '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Quarterback : Glee Cast -- MP3 Downloads '' . amazon.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Listen To Naya Rivera 's Cory Monteith Tribute In Exclusive ' Glee ' Track Here '' . MTV News . MTV . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Thursday : ' Glee ' Tribute Episode Soars , ' Welcome to the Family ' Goes Anemic + ' Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ' Has Weak Start '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James . `` ' Glee ' ratings rise for Cory Monteith tribute '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Updated Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase , ' Elementary ' Earns Biggest Percentage Gain , ' The Blacklist ' Grows Most in Total Viewers in Week 3 '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.bbm.ca/_documents/top_30_tv_programs_english/2013-14/2013-14_10_07_TV_ME_NationalTop30.pdf Jump up ^ Wicker , Miranda ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Glee Review : The Hardest Word '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Glee 's ' Cory Monteith Tribute : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Lauren ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Glee Recap : His Voice in Our Head '' . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Kate ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' Glee ' Recap : Farewell to Finn Hudson '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Votta , Rae ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' ' Glee ' Recap : Cory Monteith ' Quarterback ' Tribute Leaps Into the Grief '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stuever , Hank ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Glee 's ' awkward but moving farewell to Cory Monteith , the sensitive , singing quarterback '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Jeff ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' Glee ' Review : An earnest , flawed tribute to the life ( not the death ) of Cory Monteith '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bianco , Robert ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' Glee ' tribute to Monteith was a ' labor of love ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( 9 October 2013 ) . `` Not a Teachable Moment , but a Respectful One '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( 16 October 2013 ) . `` Miley Cyrus ' ' Bangerz ' Debuts At No. 1 On Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . External links ( edit ) Glee portal Television portal `` The Quarterback '' at Fox.com `` The Quarterback '' on IMDb `` The Quarterback '' at TV.com ( hide ) Glee episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Showmance '' `` Acafellas '' `` Preggers '' `` The Rhodes Not Taken '' `` Vitamin D '' `` Throwdown '' `` Mash - Up '' `` Wheels '' `` Ballad '' `` Hairography '' `` Mattress '' `` Sectionals '' `` Hell - O '' `` The Power of Madonna '' `` Home '' `` Bad Reputation '' `` Laryngitis '' `` Dream On '' `` Theatricality '' `` Funk '' `` Journey to Regionals '' Season 2 `` Audition '' `` Britney / Brittany '' `` Grilled Cheesus '' `` Duets '' `` The Rocky Horror Glee Show '' `` Never Been Kissed '' `` The Substitute '' `` Furt '' `` Special Education '' `` A Very Glee Christmas '' `` The Sue Sylvester Shuffle '' `` Silly Love Songs '' `` Comeback '' `` Blame It on the Alcohol '' `` Sexy '' `` Original Song '' `` A Night of Neglect '' `` Born This Way '' `` Rumours '' `` Prom Queen '' `` Funeral '' `` New York '' Season 3 `` The Purple Piano Project '' `` I Am Unicorn '' `` Asian F '' `` Pot O ' Gold '' `` The First Time '' `` Mash Off '' `` I Kissed a Girl '' `` Hold On to Sixteen '' `` Extraordinary Merry Christmas '' `` Yes / No '' `` Michael '' `` The Spanish Teacher '' `` Heart '' `` On My Way '' `` Big Brother '' `` Saturday Night Glee - ver '' `` Dance with Somebody '' `` Choke '' `` Prom - asaurus '' `` Props '' `` Nationals '' `` Goodbye '' Season 4 `` The New Rachel '' `` Britney 2.0 '' `` Makeover '' `` The Break Up '' `` The Role You Were Born to Play '' `` Glease '' `` Dynamic Duets '' `` Thanksgiving '' `` Swan Song '' `` Glee , Actually '' `` Sadie Hawkins '' `` Naked '' `` Diva '' `` I Do '' `` Girls ( and Boys ) On Film '' `` Feud '' `` Guilty Pleasures '' `` Shooting Star '' `` Sweet Dreams '' `` Lights Out '' `` Wonder - ful '' `` All or Nothing '' Season 5 `` Love , Love , Love '' `` Tina in the Sky with Diamonds '' `` The Quarterback '' `` A Katy or a Gaga '' `` The End of Twerk '' `` Movin ' Out '' `` Puppet Master '' `` Previously Unaired Christmas '' `` Frenemies '' `` Trio '' `` City of Angels '' `` 100 '' `` New Directions '' `` New New York '' `` Bash '' `` Tested '' `` Opening Night '' `` The Back - up Plan '' `` Old Dog , New Tricks '' `` The Untitled Rachel Berry Project '' Season 6 `` Loser Like Me '' `` Homecoming '' `` Jagged Little Tapestry '' `` The Hurt Locker , Part One '' `` The Hurt Locker , Part Two '' `` What the World Needs Now '' `` Transitioning '' `` A Wedding '' `` Child Star '' `` The Rise and Fall of Sue Sylvester '' `` We Built This Glee Club '' `` 2009 '' `` Dreams Come True '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Quarterback_(Glee)&oldid=800913291 '' Categories : 2013 American television episodes Glee ( season 5 ) episodes Television shows about death Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Latviešu Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 13 : 58 . 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"\"The Quarterback\" is the third episode of the fifth season of the American musical television series Glee, and the ninety-first episode overall. Written by all three of the show's creators—Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan—and directed by Falchuk, it first aired on Fox in the United States on October 10, 2013. The episode features the death of character Finn Hudson, and a tribute to Finn and to actor Cory Monteith, who played Finn starting with the show's pilot, and who died on July 13, 2013. The episode's plot centers on the impact Finn's death has on the characters, specifically Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer), Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison), Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera), Noah Puckerman (Mark Salling), and Rachel Berry (Lea Michele)."
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"The Quarterback"
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-1773285980236131840 | Unam sanctam | Unam sanctam - wikipedia Unam sanctam Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On 18 November 1302 , Pope Boniface VIII issued the papal bull Unam sanctam which some historians consider one of the most extreme statements of papal spiritual supremacy ever made . The original document is lost but a version of the text can be found in the registers of Boniface VIII in the Vatican Archives . The Bull lays down dogmatic propositions on the unity of the Catholic Church , the necessity of belonging to it for eternal salvation , the position of the pope as supreme head of the Church , and the duty thence arising of submission to the pope in order to belong to the Church and thus to attain salvation . The pope further emphasizes the higher position of the spiritual in comparison with the secular order . Contents ( hide ) 1 Political context 2 Content 3 The response to Unam sanctam 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Political context ( edit ) The bull was promulgated during an ongoing dispute between Boniface VIII and Philip the Fair , King of France . As long as England and France were at war with each other , neither was likely to participate in any expedition to the Holy Land . Benedict sent cardinal nuncios to each court to broker a truce . When this failed he then tried to get the parties to come to terms by cutting off some of the revenues financing the conflict . On 5 February 1296 , Boniface issued the papal bull Clericis laicos forbidding clerics , without authority from the Holy See , to pay to laymen any part of their income or of the revenue of the Church ; and likewise all emperors , kings , dukes , counts , etc. to receive such payments , under pain of excommunication . Edward I of England responded with outlawry , a concept known from Roman law . This effectively withdrew the protection of the English Common Law from the clergy , and confiscated the temporal properties of bishops who refused his levies . As Edward was demanding an amount well above the tenth offered by the clergy , Archbishop of Canterbury Robert Winchelsey left it to every individual clergyman to pay as he saw fit . In August 1296 Philip of France countered with an embargo . A common wartime precaution , disallowing the export of horses , arms , and money , the embargo served primarily to keep the French clergy from sending taxes to the pope . By prohibiting the export of gold , silver , precious stones , or food from France to the Papal States , this had the effect of blocking a main source of papal revenue . Philip also banished from France papal agents raising funds for a new crusade in the Middle East . In September 1296 the pope sent a protest to Philip headed Ineffabilis Amor , declaring that he would rather suffer death than surrender any of the rightful prerogatives of the Church . On the one hand he threatened a papal alliance with England and Germany . At the same time he explained in conciliatory terms that his recent bull had not been intended to apply to any of the customary feudal taxes due the King from the lands of the Church , indicating that the clergy could indeed be taxed if the king would only obtain papal permission . In light of the Anglo - Flemish alliance , French bishops asked permission to make contributions for the defense of the kingdom . In February 1297 , Boniface issued Romana mater eccelsia which declared that in a situation where the clergy had consented to make payment and delay could cause grave danger , the process of requesting permission could be dispensed with . Later that month Boniface issued Corum illo fatemur which allowed the grant from the French bishops . While insisting the clerical consent was required for subsidies to the state , he recognized that the clergy themselves must evaluate the justice of a claim for aid . At the same time Boniface was contending with a suspiciously convenient uprising in Rome by the staunchly Ghibelline ( pro-emperor ) Colonna family . In July 1297 Boniface issued the bull Etsi de statu which was essentially a retrenchment from his position the previous year , in Clericis laicos . Etsi de statu allowed the taxation of clerical property by lay authorities in cases of emergency . Determining what constituted an emergency was conceded to the authorities . Then came the Jubilee year of 1300 , that filled Rome with the fervent masses of pilgrims and made up for the lack of French gold in the treasury . The following year , Philip 's ministers overstepped their bounds . Bernard Saisset , the Bishop of Pamiers in Foix , the farthest southern march of Languedoc was recalcitrant and difficult . There was no love between the south , that had suffered so recently with the Albigensian Crusade , and the Frankish north . Pamiers was one of the last strongholds of the Cathars . Saisset made no secret of his disrespect for the King of France . Philip 's ministry decided to make an example of the bishop . He was brought before Philip and his court , on 24 October 1301 , where the chancellor , Pierre Flotte , charged him with high treason , and he was placed in the keeping of the archbishop of Narbonne , his metropolitan . Before they could attack him in the courts , the royal ministry needed the Pope to remove him from his See and strip him of his clerical protections , so that he could be tried for treason . Philip IV tried to obtain from the pope this `` canonical degradation '' . Instead , Boniface ordered the king in December 1301 to free the bishop to go to Rome to justify himself . In the Bull , Ausculta Fili ( `` Give ear , my son '' ) he accused Philip of sinfully subverting the Church in France , and not in terms that were conciliatory : Let no one persuade you that you have no superior or that you are not subject to the head of the ecclesiastical hierarchy , for he is a fool who so thinks . At the same time , Boniface sent out a more general bull Salvator mundi that strongly reiterated some of the same ground of Clericis laicos . Then , at the end of the year , Boniface , with his customary tactlessness having criticized Philip for his personal behavior and the unscrupulousness of his ministry ( that being an assessment with which many modern historians would agree ) , summoned a council of French bishops for November 1302 , intended to reform Church matters in France -- at Rome . Philip forbade Saisset or any of them to attend and forestalled Boniface by organizing a counter-assembly of his own , held in Paris in April 1302 . Nobles , burgesses , and clergy met to denounce the Pope and pass around a crude forgery titled Deum Time ( `` Fear God '' ) , which made out that Boniface claimed to be feudal overlord of France . The French clergy politely protested against Boniface 's `` unheard - of assertions '' . Boniface denied the document and its claims , but he reminded them that previous popes had deposed three French kings . This was the atmosphere in which Unam sanctam was promulgated weeks later . Reading of the `` two swords '' in the Bull , one of Philip 's ministers is alleged to have remarked , `` My master 's sword is steel ; the Pope 's is made of words . '' As Matthew Edward Harris writes , `` The overall impression gained is that the papacy was described in increasingly exalted terms as the thirteenth century progressed , although this development was neither disjunctive nor uniform , and was often in response to conflict , such as against Frederick II and Philip the Fair . '' Content ( edit ) Most significantly , the bull proclaimed , `` Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus '' : `` outside of the Church , there is no salvation '' . It is a form of the concept known as plenitudo potestatis ( plenitude of power ) ; it declares that those who resist the Roman Pontiff are resisting God 's ordination . The bull declares that the Church must be united and the Pope was its sole and absolute head : `` Therefore , of the one and only Church there is one body and one head , not two heads like a monster . '' The Bull also states , `` We are informed by the texts of the gospels that in this Church and in its power are two swords ; namely , the spiritual and the temporal . '' The swords being referred to are a customary reference to the swords yielded by the Apostles upon Christ 's arrest ( Luke 22 : 38 ; Matthew 26 : 52 ) . Early theologians believed that if there are two swords , one must be subordinate to the other . This then became a spiritual hierarchal ladder , the spiritual judges the secular `` on account of its greatness and sublimity , while the lower spiritual power is judged by the higher spiritual power , etc . Thus , it was concluded , the temporal authorities must submit to the spiritual authorities , not merely on matters concerning doctrine and morality : `` For with truth as our witness , it belongs to spiritual power to establish the terrestrial power and to pass judgment if it has not been good . '' The bull ends , `` Furthermore , we declare , we proclaim , we define that it is absolutely necessary for salvation that every human creature be subject to the Roman Pontiff . '' In the bull , Boniface reiterates what popes since the time of Pope Gregory VII had been declaring . Much of what is said can be taken from the writings of Bernard of Clairvaux , Hugh of Saint Victor , and Thomas Aquinas . The bull also contains writing from the letters of Pope Innocent III , who mainly reasserted the spiritual power and the `` plenitudo potestatis '' of the papacy . A voice heavily noticed in the bull is Giles of Rome , who some hold might have been the actual writer of the bull . Giles , in On Ecclesiastical Power , voices the supremacy of the Roman Pontiff over the material world . His line of argument states that since the body is governed by the soul and the soul is governed by the ruler of the spiritual , the Roman Pontiff therefore is governor of both soul and body . According to the Catholic Encyclopedia in the registers , on the margin of the text of the record , the last sentence is noted as its real definition : `` Declaratio quod subesse Romano Pontifici est omni humanae creaturae de necessitate salutis '' ; thus this phrase , like some in canonic scripture , may have moved from an original position as a marginal gloss to an integral part of the text as it has been accepted . Some believe that this is the only dogmatic definition in the bull because the rest is based on differing `` papal claims of the thirteenth century '' . The response to Unam sanctam ( edit ) Boniface 's reputation for always trying to increase the papal power made it difficult to accept such an extreme declaration . His assertion over the temporal was seen as hollow and misguided and it 's said the document was not seen as authoritative because the body of faith did not accept it . In response to the bull , Philip had the Dominican John of Paris issue a refutation . Pope Boniface reacted by excommunicating the king . Philip then called an assembly in which twenty - nine accusations against the pope were made , including infidelity , heresy , simony , gross and unnatural immorality , idolatry , magic , loss of the Holy Land , and the death of Pope Celestine V. Five archbishops and twenty - one bishops sided with the king . Boniface VIII could only respond by denouncing the charges ; but it was already too late for him . On 7 September 1303 , the king 's advisor , Guillaume de Nogaret , led a band of two thousand mercenaries on horse and foot . They joined locals in an attack on the palaces of the pope and his nephew at the papal residence at Anagni , later referred to as the Outrage of Anagni . The Pope 's attendants and his beloved nephew Francesco all soon fled ; only the Spaniard Pedro Rodríguez , Cardinal of Santa Sabina , remained at his side to the end . The palace was plundered and Boniface was nearly killed ( Nogaret prevented his troops from murdering the pope ) . Boniface was subjected to harassment and held prisoner for three days during which no one brought him food or drink . Eventually the townsfolk , led by Cardinal Luca Fieschi , expelled the marauders . Boniface pardoned those who were captured . He was escorted back to Rome on 13 September 1303 . Despite his stoicism , Boniface was shaken by the incident . He developed a violent fever and died on 11 October 1303 . In A Distant Mirror : The Calamitous Fourteenth Century , Barbara W. Tuchman states that his close advisors would later maintain that he died of a `` profound chagrin '' . Boniface VIII 's successor , Pope Benedict XI , reigned only nine months . He removed himself and the Roman Curia from the violence of Rome as soon as the Easter celebrations of 1304 were completed . But , on 7 June 1304 , from Perugia , he excommunicated Guillaume de Nogaret , Reynald de Supino , his son Robert , Thomas de Morolo , Peter of Gennazano , his son Stephen , Adenulph and Nicolas , the sons of a certain Matteo , Geoffrey Bussy , Orlando and Pietro de Luparia of Anagni , Sciarra Colonna , John the son of Landolph , Gottifredus the son of John de Ceccano , Maximus de Trebes , and other leaders of the factions who had attacked Pope Boniface . He died on 7 July 1304 . The Conclave to pick his successor was in deadlock for eleven months before deciding , under the intimidation of King Charles II of Naples , on Archbishop Bertrand de Got of Bordeaux , who took the name Pope Clement V. To please Philip IV of France , Clement moved his residence to Avignon . From this point until around 1378 , the Church , in an effort to keep tensions with France minimal , fell under the immense pressure of the French monarchy . Some theologians feel this stemmed from Boniface VIII 's and Philip IV 's battle against each other . Philip was said to have held a vendetta against the Holy See until his death . It was not just the French monarchy and clergy who disapproved of Boniface and his assertions . There were many texts circulating around Europe that attacked the bull and Boniface 's bold claims for the power of the Papacy over the temporal . One of the more notable writers who opposed Boniface and his beliefs was the Florentine poet Dante Alighieri , who expressed his need for another strong Holy Roman Emperor . His treatise De Monarchia attempted to refute the pope 's claim that the spiritual sword had power over the temporal sword . Dante pointed out that the Pope and Roman Emperor were both human , and no peer had power over another peer . Only a higher power could judge the two `` equal swords '' , as each was given power by God to rule over their respected domains . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The bull is known by its incipit : Unam sanctam ecclesiam catholicam et ipsam apostolicam urgente fide credere cogimur et tenere , nosque hanc firmiter credimus et simpliciter confitemur , extra quam nec salus est , nec remissio peccatorum ... ( `` In one holy catholic and apostolic church , we are , urged by our faith , compelled to believe , and we do firmly believe and simply confess that outside of it there is neither salvation nor remission of sins ... '' ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tierney , Brian ( 1988 ) ( 1964 ) . The crisis of church and state , 1050 - 1300 : with selected documents . Medieval Academy reprints for teaching . 23 ( Reprint ed . ) . Toronto ( u.a. ) : University of Toronto Press in association with the Medieval Academy of America . p. 182 . ISBN 9780802067012 . ^ Jump up to : One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Kirsch , Johann Peter ( 1912 ) . `` Unam Sanctam '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . 15 . New York : Robert Appleton . Jump up ^ Kirsch , Johann Peter . `` Unam Sanctam . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 15 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1912 . 5 March 2016 ^ Jump up to : Denton , Jeffrey H. , Robert Winchelsey and the Crown 1294 - 1313 : A Study in the Defence of Ecclesiastical Liberty , Cambridge University Press , 2002 ISBN 9780521893978 Jump up ^ `` Boniface VIII , Clericis Laicos , 1296 '' , Medieval Sourcebook , Fordham University Jump up ^ Powicke , F.M. ( 1947 ) . King Henry III and the Lord Edward : The Community of the Realm in the Thirteenth Century . Oxford , UK : Clarendon Press . p. 403 Jump up ^ Prestwich , Michael ( 1997 ) . Edward I ( Yale ed . ) . New Haven , US : Yale University Press . p. 417 , ISBN 0 - 300 - 07209 - 0 Jump up ^ Cavendish , Richard . `` Boniface VIII 's Bull Unam Sanctam '' , History Today , Volume 52 Issue 11 November 2002 Jump up ^ Canning , Joseph ( 1996 ) . A History of Medieval Political Thought , 300 - 1450 . London : Routledge . p. 138 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 01349 - 6 . Jump up ^ Harris , Matthew ( 2010 ) . The notion of papal monarchy in the thirteenth century : the idea of paradigm in church history . Lewiston , N.Y. : Edwin Mellen Press . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7734 - 1441 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Collins , Paul ( 2000 ) . Upon this rock : the popes and their changing role . Carlton , Vic : Melbourne University Press . pp. 150 -- 154 . ISBN 9780522848496 . ^ Jump up to : Pope Boniface VIII ( 23 November 1996 ) ( Jan 1996 ) . Halsall , Paul , ed . `` The bull Unam Sanctam , 1302 '' . fordham.edu . Archived from the original on 11 February 2016 . Retrieved 11 February 2016 . Transcribed from Curley , Mary Mildred ( 1927 ) . The conflict between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV , the Fair ( Ph. D. thesis ) . Washington , DC : Catholic University of America . OCLC 557785827 . ^ Jump up to : Duffy , Eamon ( 2002 ) ( 1997 ) . `` Set above nations '' . Saints and sinners : a history of the popes ( 2nd ed . ) . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . pp. 158 -- 166 . ISBN 9780300091656 . Jump up ^ Giles of Rome ( 2004 ) ( 1986 ) . Giles of Rome 's On ecclesiastical power : a medieval theory of world government . Records of Western civilization . Translated by Dyson , Robert W. New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 9780231128032 . Jump up ^ Gregorovius , Ferdinand ( 1906 ) . History of Rome in the Middle Ages . v. 5 pt. 2 . Translated by Hamilton , Annie ( 2nd ed. rev. from the 4th German ed . ) . London : George Bell . pp. 527 -- 597 . OCLC 607930890 . Jump up ^ Tosti , Louis ( 1911 ) . History of Pope Boniface VIII and his times , with notes and documentary evidence , in six books . Translated by Donnelly , Eugene J. New York : Christian press association . pp. 403 -- 404 , 544 -- 545 . OCLC 276295328 . OL 7192488M . Jump up ^ Rinaldi , Odorico ( 1871 ) . `` MCCCIV '' . In Theiner , Augustin . Annales Ecclesiastici ( in Latin ) . 23 . Barri - Ducis : Guerin . p. 352 , n . 13 . OCLC 697606081 . OL 23277533M . Jump up ^ Adams , John P. ( 2016 - 01 - 07 ) ( © 2010 ) . `` Sede Vacante 1304 - 1305 '' . csun.edu . Northridge , CA : California State University , Northridge . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Tosti , pp. 405 - 411 . Jump up ^ Alighieri , Dante ( 1998 ) . Monarchia ( in Latin and English ) . Translated by Kay , Richard . Toronto : Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies . p. 168 . ISBN 9780888441317 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Unam sanctam Latin Wikisource has original text related to this article : Unam sanctam Pope Boniface VIII , Unam Sanctam , 18 November 1302 GND : 4475950 - 2 VIAF : 209893207 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unam_sanctam&oldid=831179614 '' Categories : 1302 works Economic history of the Holy See 14th - century papal bulls Documents of Pope Boniface VIII Hidden categories : Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) Articles needing additional references from November 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from February 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2016 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2010 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2013 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2013 Use dmy dates from November 2010 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Svenska 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 05 : 45 . About Wikipedia | who declared that every creature is subject to the pope for salvation | [
"On 18 November 1302, Pope Boniface VIII issued the papal bull Unam sanctam[a] which some historians[1] consider one of the most extreme statements of papal spiritual supremacy ever made.[not in citation given (See discussion.)] The original document is lost but a version of the text can be found in the registers of Boniface VIII in the Vatican Archives.[2] The Bull lays down dogmatic propositions on the unity of the Catholic Church, the necessity of belonging to it for eternal salvation, the position of the pope as supreme head of the Church, and the duty thence arising of submission to the pope in order to belong to the Church and thus to attain salvation. The pope further emphasizes the higher position of the spiritual in comparison with the secular order."
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"Pope Boniface VIII"
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8156082793648573238 | Blood In Blood Out | Blood in Blood out - Wikipedia Blood in Blood out This article is about the 1993 film . For other uses , see Blood In , Blood Out ( disambiguation ) . Bound by Honor Theatrical release poster Directed by Taylor Hackford Produced by Taylor Hackford Jerry Gershwin Screenplay by Jimmy Santiago Baca Jeremy Iacone Floyd Mutrux Story by Ross Thomas Starring Jesse Borrego Benjamin Bratt Enrique Castillo Damian Chapa Music by Bill Conti Cinematography Gabriel Beristain Edited by Fredric Steinkamp Karl F. Steinkamp Production company Hollywood Pictures Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date April 16 , 1993 ( 1993 - 04 - 16 ) Running time 180 minutes 190 minutes ( Director 's cut ) Country United States Language English Spanish Budget $35 million Box office $4,496,583 Blood In Blood Out ( also known as Bound by Honor ) is a 1993 American crime - drama film directed by Taylor Hackford . It follows the intertwining lives of three Chicano relatives from 1972 to 1984 . They start out as members of a street gang in East Los Angeles , and as dramatic incidents occur , their lives and friendships are forever changed . Blood In Blood Out was filmed in 1991 throughout the Spanish - speaking areas of Los Angeles and inside California 's San Quentin State Prison . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Miklo is a man of Mexican and White American ethnicity who grew up in El Pico Aliso barrio in east Los Angeles . Upon moving back home from Las Vegas , Nevada , Miklo goes to stay with his two cousins Paco and Cruz . Miklo tells Cruz that he wants to join their gang Vatos Locos . While Paco is initially skeptical , Miklo later proves himself when he performs an attack on a rival gang , Tres Puntos . Afterwards he is made a member of Vatos Locos . However , the Tres Puntos gang soon takes revenge by brutally attacking Cruz who is a budding artist , and damages his back for life . When Vatos Locos learn of the attack , they perform a well - planned counterattack . However , things go wrong when Miklo ends up getting shot by their rival gang 's leader , `` Spider '' . Miklo is able to shoot and kill Spider , but has to be rushed to the hospital by Paco while being chased by police . Paco crashes into another car at the El Pino tree and they are both arrested . From here , the trio 's paths diverges : Miklo is sent to San Quentin State Prison for murder , Paco volunteers for military service in the United States Marine Corps as an alternative choice to prison , and Cruz continues his passion for art . He also becomes a heroin addict due to the recurring back pain . His addiction leads to him being disowned by his family after his 12 - year - old brother , Juanito , dies from injecting heroin into his veins thinking it 's Cruz 's heroin supply . Paco becomes an L.A.P.D. narcotics detective after leaving the Marine Corps . Miklo finds trouble adapting to prison life . The prison is run by three prison gangs , all of whom are based on their racial backgrounds . The Black Guerrilla Army ( B.G.A. ) is led by `` Bonafide '' , the Aryan Vanguard is led by `` Red Ryder '' , and La Onda is led by Montana Segura . La Onda 's members do not initially accept Miklo and one of them , Popeye , tries to rape Miklo at knife - point , but is stopped by Montana ( although Montana stops Popeye not out of concern for Miklo , but because he finds Popeye 's intentions as dishonorable to La Onda ) . After meeting Montana , he is told the only way into La Onda is killing an enemy inmate , in Miklo 's case a white inmate named Big Al who runs the gambling in San Quentin . After gaining Big Al 's trust , Miklo stabs him to death during a sexual encounter in the prison kitchen . Miklo is initiated into La Onda , is later promoted to its Ruling Council , and is granted parole after serving nine years in prison . On the outside , Miklo is disgusted by his menial job on which his supervisor is extorting money from him , so he joins in an armed robbery . The heist goes poorly and Miklo is intercepted by Paco , now a decorated cop . Miklo tries to run away , but Paco shoots him in the leg , which later has to be amputated . Miklo is sent back to prison where he notices the cocaine addictions of several inmates . Onda Council Member Carlos has entered the cocaine trade and is competing with the B.G.A. for customers . The Aryan Vanguard want to partner with Carlos in the cocaine business by becoming his new supplier . In return , Carlos moves on the B.G.A. and take them out of the cocaine business . Montana , however , is fiercely against allowing La Onda to enter the drug trade , saying that drugs will destroy La Onda and that the Aryan Vanguard want to start a war between the Black and Chicano inmates . The other Council members agree with Montana and vote against it . This causes Carlos to leave La Onda to work with the Aryan Vanguard , causing other members to follow him . Carlos murders a B.G.A. soldier named `` Pockets '' who is running the B.G.A. 's cocaine operation . He also contacts his brother , Smokey , outside of prison to bomb a B.G.A. hangout where they move their drugs . After all of this happens , Carlos ' usefulness has come to an end and the Aryan Vanguard drops their protection of him . The B.G.A. then takes the opportunity to murder Carlos . Despite his death , Miklo agrees with Carlos 's outlook after being convinced by Carlos 's old drug supplier . With hostility high between the Black and Hispanic inmates , Montana and Bonafide meet in the prison yard . Montana convinces Bonafide to agree to a truce if Montana reaches out to La Onda leaders in the Folsom and Chino prisons to end the violence . The warden grants Montana special permission to visit the Chino and Folsom prisons and Miklo is left in charge during his absence . Montana is granted a special request , and he gets to stay overnight at Delano penitentiary where he can see his daughter . On the morning of the visit , Montana is stabbed to death outside his cell by a member of the B.G.A. . Believing that the Aryan Vanguard sent forged orders to the hitman , Paco arranges a peace conference between La Onda and the B.G.A. However , Miklo , La Onda 's new leader , manipulates the peace talks in order to build an alliance with the B.G.A. and they agree to kill the Aryan Vanguard leaders . Later , enforcers for La Onda and the B.G.A. sweep through the walls of San Quentin , killing the leaders of the Aryan Vanguard . After the killings are done , however , Miklo 's men promptly exterminate the B.G.A. leaders as well . Paco is enraged that his own cousin has played him for a fool and angrily confronts Miklo in the prison visiting room . Paco leaves his cousin in disgust , disowning him forever . The members of La Onda hold a final gathering after the warden vows to split the council up transporting some members to their home states . Miklo plans on using this to expand La Onda to other states in the South West . Later , Miklo and his cellmate `` Magic '' destroy the mold which they used to send the forged orders to the B.G.A. hit man to kill Montana . Magic says `` We both loved him , but we did what we had to do for La Onda . '' Back in East Los Angeles , Paco visits one of Cruz 's murals after the family re-accepts him to see a portrait of his former life . In a pep talk with Cruz , Paco realizes that by ordering Miklo to go after Spider , Paco is responsible for all of the things that have happened to Miklo . This causes Paco to feel guilty for his actions and ultimately forgive Miklo . Cast ( edit ) Damian Chapa as Miklo Velka Jesse Borrego as Cruz Candelaria Benjamin Bratt as Paco Aguilar Enrique Castillo as Montana Segura Delroy Lindo as Bonafide Victor Rivers as Magic Tom Towles as Red Ryder Carlos Carrasco as Popeye Theodore Wilson as Wallace Raymond Cruz as Chuey Valente Rodriguez as Frankie Lanny Flaherty as Big Al Billy Bob Thornton as Lightning Danny Trejo as Geronimo Victor Mohica as Mano Luis Contreras as Realthing Ving Rhames as Ivan Richard Masur ( uncredited ) as Prison librarian Thomas F. Wilson as Rollie McCann Lupe Ontiveros as Carmen Production ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The three prison gangs in the film are fictional creations of screenwriter Jimmy Santiago Baca and director Taylor Hackford . However , they were all loosely based on actual prison gangs , with the Aryan Vanguard , Black Guerrilla Army and La Onda representing the Aryan Brotherhood , Black Guerrilla Family , and the Mexican Mafia , respectively . Actor Theodore Wilson died shortly after filming his scenes in the film . Artist Adan Hernandez was hired to create the paintings the character of Cruz Candelaria was supposed to have painted . All of the paintings that were used in the film were created by him . The mural in the reservoir seen in the film 's climax has unfortunately been painted over . Hernandez made a cameo appearance in the film as the drug dealer Gilbert in the art gallery scene . The film was shot in and around Los Angeles and East Los Angeles and inside the walls of San Quentin State Prison . The main character Miklo is sent to San Quentin , where much of the film 's plot takes place . Several of the then - inmates appear in the film as extras . In addition , several of the prison staff members also appear as others and some facilitated the production of the film by serving as technical advisors . Many members of the staff were given small lines in the film , with the warden giving an extended cameo in a part that is somewhat integral to the plot . In addition , actor Danny Trejo , who appears in the film as Geronimo , had served time in San Quentin before deciding to become an actor . In addition to prison inmates and staff and artist Hernandez , screenwriter and barrio poet Jimmy Santiago Baca cameos as a prison inmate and member of the La Onda council . The film was initially entitled Blood in Blood Out but was retitled Bound by Honor before the film 's release . Blood in blood out refers to the initiation ritual of having to kill someone to enter a gang and , on the reverse end , not being able to leave the gang unless killed . This is a common initiation in many gangs , including prison gangs , and is also the motto of La Onda in the film . Hollywood Pictures insisted on the name change as the studio felt that it would incite violence in East Los Angeles . In addition , executives at Hollywood Pictures , a subsidiary of Disney , were cautious about the potential effect the film would have following the 1992 LA Riots and the attribution given to Boyz N the Hood as a partial cause / inspiration of the riots . Director Taylor Hackford has stated that he was very unhappy with this decision as the film 's message was the exact opposite of the one that the studio feared would be transmitted . Reception ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews from critics . It holds a 55 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 11 reviews . The TV Guide review stated `` similarity to Edward James Olmos ' American Me , in which a tormented drug dealer travels the same route through prison society as Miklo . The principal difference between the two films is that Bound By Honor is by far the glossier effort , relentlessly picturesque in the seamlessly anesthetized manner of mainstream Hollywood films . '' Film critic Jonathan Rosenbaum for the Chicago Reader wrote that this `` ugly three - hour snoozefest is apparently supposed to do for East Los Angeles Chicanos what the Godfather movies did for New York mafiosi ... '' Roger Ebert wrote `` The East Los Angeles milieu and some of the characters seem familiar , because some of the same ground was covered by American Me ... Bound by Honor covers similar material in a less passionate and finally less meaningful way . '' He gave the film 2 stars out of 4 . A critic from Entertainment Weekly , Owen Gleiberman gave Bound By Honor a B - , falling on the high end of the movie spectrum . He states `` Bound By Honor comes fully alive when it moves behind bars . There 's an exploitative thrill built into the genre ... '' This film critic was definitely more interested in the second half of the movie once Miklo was in jail running La Onda . Vincent Canby from The New York Times wrote `` The film is big and long , passionate and flat . It 's full of heroic and tragic incident , but skimpy about the details of quotidian lives . '' Giving a very detailed review on the plot of the story he later exalts some of the characters in the movie one in particular , Enrique Castillo . Although Vincent Canby does not give an official rating for the film , he concludes `` Though it 's not the epic it means to be , it is not a failure . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BLOOD IN BLOOD OUT ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 1993 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Blood In , Blood Out ( Bound by Honor ) -- Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ `` Bound By Honor '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bound by Honor '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` Bound By Honor Movie Review & Film Summary ( 1993 ) Roger Ebert '' . www.rogerebert.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bound by Honor EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review - - Review / Film ; The Chicano Experience , in Its Glory and Tedium -- NYTimes.com '' . www.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review -- Bound By Honor -- Review / Film ; The Chicano Experience , in Its Glory and Tedium -- NYTimes.com '' . www.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Blood In Blood Out on IMDb Blood In Blood Out at AllMovie Blood In Blood Out at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Taylor Hackford Teenage Father ( 1978 ) The Idolmaker ( 1980 ) An Officer and a Gentleman ( 1982 ) Against All Odds ( 1984 ) White Nights ( 1985 ) Hail ! Hail ! Rock ' n ' Roll ( 1987 ) Everybody 's All - American ( 1988 ) Blood In Blood Out ( 1993 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1995 ) The Devil 's Advocate ( 1997 ) Proof of Life ( 2000 ) Ray ( 2004 ) Love Ranch ( 2010 ) Parker ( 2013 ) The Comedian ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_In_Blood_Out&oldid=854383731 '' Categories : 1993 films 1990s crime thriller films 1990s crime drama films American films English - language films Films scored by Bill Conti Films directed by Taylor Hackford Films about drugs Films set in Los Angeles Films set in San Quentin State Prison Films set in the 1970s Films set in the 1980s Films shot in San Quentin , California Hood films Mexican - American films Prison films Hollywood Pictures films Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from July 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 23 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is miklo from blood in blood out | [
"Damian Chapa as Miklo Velka\nJesse Borrego as Cruz Candelaria\nBenjamin Bratt as Paco Aguilar\nEnrique Castillo as Montana Segura\nDelroy Lindo as Bonafide\nVictor Rivers as Magic\nTom Towles as Red Ryder\nCarlos Carrasco as Popeye\nTheodore Wilson as Wallace\nRaymond Cruz as Chuey\nValente Rodriguez as Frankie\nLanny Flaherty as Big Al\nBilly Bob Thornton as Lightning\nDanny Trejo as Geronimo\nVictor Mohica as Mano\nLuis Contreras as Realthing\nVing Rhames as Ivan\nRichard Masur (uncredited) as Prison librarian\nThomas F. Wilson as Rollie McCann\nLupe Ontiveros as Carmen"
] | [
"Damian Chapa"
] |
-2093399216296700463 | Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership election, 2018 | Progressive Conservative party of Ontario leadership election , 2018 - wikipedia Progressive Conservative party of Ontario leadership election , 2018 Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership election , 2018 ← 2015 March 10 , 2018 Candidate Doug Ford Christine Elliott Riding Etobicoke North ( Nomination candidate ) None Points allocated 6,202 6,049 Percentage 50.62 % 49.38 % Candidate Caroline Mulroney Tanya Granic Allen Riding York -- Simcoe ( Nominee ) None Percentage Eliminated Round 2 Eliminated Round 1 Top Map : Results of the first round by plurality of points . Bottom Map : Results of the 3rd ( final ) round by plurality of points Leader before election Vic Fedeli ( interim ) Elected Leader Doug Ford The 2018 Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership election was held on March 10 , 2018 , due to the resignation of party leader Patrick Brown on January 25 , 2018 , following allegations of sexual misconduct . Winner Doug Ford narrowly defeated runner - up Christine Elliott on the third ballot with 50.6 % of allocated points . The Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership election was scheduled for 3 months before the 2018 provincial election scheduled for June 7 . It came after a turbulent year of disputed and allegedly fraudulent nominations contests across the province for local PC candidates . In two of these contests ; Ottawa West -- Nepean and Scarborough Centre the nominations were overturned after Brown 's resignation and Brown 's own nomination in Barrie -- Springwater -- Oro - Medonte was cancelled . At the time of the leadership election Newmarket -- Aurora and five others remained under active investigation by the party and Hamilton West -- Ancaster -- Dundas remained under police investigation . According to Article 23.1 of the PC party constitution , when there is a vacancy in the position of leader , the party caucus chooses an interim leader to serve until a new leader is elected in a leadership election , which must be held within 18 months of the vacancy occurring , and in which all party members can vote . Party president Rick Dykstra told the media on January 25 that `` a leadership election will take place at such time as the PC party shall determine in its discretion '' . The party executive met on January 26 , 2018 , following the caucus election , to determine whether to have a leadership election before the provincial election , and if so , how it would proceed , or whether to have the interim leader lead the party into the election , and called the leadership election for March 2018 . Contents 1 Rules and procedures 1.1 Method and Electronic Security 2 Timeline 3 Debates 4 Interim leadership 5 Candidates 5.1 Christine Elliott 5.2 Doug Ford 5.3 Tanya Granic Allen 5.4 Caroline Mulroney 6 Withdrawn candidates 6.1 Patrick Brown 6.2 Vic Fedeli 7 Declined 8 Opinion polling 8.1 All Ontarians 8.2 Progressive Conservative supporters only 8.3 Progressive Conservative members only 9 Results 9.1 By round 9.2 By riding 9.2. 1 Toronto 9.2. 2 905 9.2. 3 Eastern Ontario 9.2. 4 Southwestern Ontario 9.2. 5 Northern Ontario 10 Notes 11 References Rules and procedures ( edit ) Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership election , 2018 Date March 10 , 2018 Convention Hilton Toronto and Markham Suites Conference Centre , Markham , Ontario Resigning leader Patrick Brown Won by Doug Ford Ballots Candidates Entrance Fee $125,000 ( $75,000 + $25,000 compliance deposit + $25,000 membership list access fee ) Spending limit $750,000 Ontario Progressive Conservative leadership conventions 1920 , 1936 , 1938 , 1949 , 1961 , 1971 , 1985 , 1990 , 2002 , 2004 , 2009 , 2015 , 2018 All party members are eligible to cast votes by preferential ballot using electronic balloting , provided that they are members in good standing by February 16 , 2018 . To be eligible , one must be at least 14 years of age , a Canadian Citizen who is a resident of Ontario , and pay a $10 membership fee with personal funds ( i.e. no corporation or union funds may be used ) . The vote was weighted so that each of the province 's ridings that has more than 100 votes cast are allocated 100 electoral votes ; ridings in which fewer than 100 party members vote were weighted , but instead had the votes counted as individual votes . The lowest - ranked candidate were dropped from the next round as ballots are counted , and the first candidate to get 50 per cent of the votes was declared the new leader . Candidates must be nominated by at least 100 party members , must agree to abide by the party 's existing platform for the next election , and must be approved by the party 's nominations committee as a PC candidate for the 2018 provincial election . Method and electronic security ( edit ) The voting method is solely electronic voting with no other access methods . To cast a ballot , a three - part validation - vote was employed . First each eligible member had to register to vote with a code sent via regular mail . Second , each member who had registered had to validate their identity with one piece of government issued identification by uploading an image . Third , each qualifying member was provided a second access code to use during the voting period via the internet . The system was criticized by all candidates as overly complicated and difficult for elderly members and those with difficulties using or accessing computers . Doug Ford and Tanya Granic Allen raised concerns over the security and legitimacy of the vote . Ford stated he believed `` party elites '' and `` the establishment '' would try to steal the election and said `` there should be security cameras on the servers '' . Past leadership candidate Frank Klees said he had grave concerns about the integrity of the vote . Timeline ( edit ) January 24 , 2018 : Leader Patrick Brown holds an emergency press conference at 9 : 45 pm to deny allegations of sexual misconduct , 15 minutes before CTV News planned to break a story detailing allegations made by two women . The PC Caucus meets in a telephone conference call and demands Brown 's resignation . January 25 , 2018 : Just before 1 : 30 am , Brown issues a statement announcing his resignation as party leader but maintaining his innocence . Brown states his intention to remain an MPP . January 26 , 2018 : PC caucus unanimously elects Vic Fedeli as interim leader and Fedeli announces he intends to run for the permanent leadership The PC Party executive decides to hold a full - scale leadership election before the next provincial election and sets the date of the leadership election . January 28 , 2018 : Party president Rick Dykstra resigns shortly before Maclean 's magazine publishes a story about him allegedly sexually assaulting an employee during his time as a federal MP . January 29 , 2018 : Doug Ford announces he intends to run . January 30 , 2018 : Fedeli withdraws from the contest . January 31 , 2018 : The party 's executive decides on the timeline and rules for the leadership election . February 1 , 2018 : Christine Elliott officially declares her candidacy . February 3 , 2018 : Ford officially declares his candidacy . February 4 , 2018 : Caroline Mulroney officially declares her candidacy . February 8 , 2018 : Tanya Granic Allen announces she intends to run . February 14 , 2018 : Granic Allen officially declares her candidacy . February 15 , 2018 : All - candidates televised debate held in Toronto , moderated by Steve Paikin and aired on TVOntario . February 16 , 2018 : Former leader Patrick Brown is expelled from the PC caucus , and then declares his candidacy . Last day of the nomination period ( as of 5 : 00 pm ) and to become a member of the party eligible to vote ( as of 11 : 59 pm ) February 20 , 2018 : PC Party Provincial Nominations Committee meets to interview Elliott , Ford , Granic Allen and Brown as part of the vetting process . ( As the only nominated riding candidate , Mulroney has already been vetted ) . February 21 , 2018 : Provincial Nominations Committee approves the candidacies of Brown , Elliott , Ford , and Granic Allen in addition to Mulroney , whose candidacy had previously been approved . February 23 , 2018 : Last day for candidates to withdraw their names from the ballot ( candidates who withdraw after this date may still appear on the ballot ) . February 26 , 2018 : Patrick Brown withdraws from leadership race . February 28 , 2018 , 6 : 30 pm : All - candidates debate held at the Shaw Centre in Ottawa , moderated by Althia Raj of HuffPost Canada . March 1 , 2018 , 1 : 30 -- 3 : 00 pm : Debate held in London , Ontario , between Christine Elliott , Doug Ford , and Tanya Granic Allen ; moderated by Andrew Lawton of CFPL and broadcast live on Global News Radio stations and over Facebook . Caroline Mulroney declined an invitation to attend the debate . March 2 -- 9 , 2018 : Voting period . Online balloting used . Voting ended at noon on the last day of the voting period . An application for a court injunction to extend the voting period by a week was denied by an Ontario Superior Court of Justice judge . March 10 , 2018 : Leadership votes counted and results were scheduled to be announced at a convention in Markham , Ontario at 3 pm . However , results were not made available at that time and at 7 : 30 pm the party 's Chief Electoral Officer announced a review of some ballots was required and the results were not announced until after 10 pm . March 11 , 2018 : Elliott initially issues a statement refusing to concede , citing `` serious irregularities with respect to this leadership race '' and asserting that `` thousands of members have been assigned to incorrect ridings '' resulting in electoral points being misallocated . However , Elliott releases a statement later that evening conceding to Ford and pledging her support for him as leader . June 7 , 2018 : Fixed - date of the 2018 Ontario provincial election . Debates ( edit ) Debates among candidates for the 2018 Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership election No . Date Place Organized by Moderator Participants P Participant . I Invitee . N Non-invitee . A Absent invitee . O Out of race ( exploring or withdrawn ) . Brown Elliott Fedeli Ford Granic Allen Mulroney February 15 , 2018 William G. Davis Studio Toronto , ON TVOntario Steve Paikin O O February 28 , 2018 Shaw Centre Ottawa , ON Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario Althia Raj O O March 1 , 2018 Global News Radio 980 CFPL London , ON Global News Andrew Lawton O O Interim leadership ( edit ) Nipissing MPP Vic Fedeli was elected as interim leader by the PC parliamentary caucus in a unanimous vote on January 26 , 2018 . Caucus had favoured having the interim leader lead the party in the election campaign but the party executive opted to hold a leadership election prior to the general election . Candidates ( edit ) Christine Elliott ( edit ) Christine Elliott Christine Elliott , 63 , is the former non-partisan Patient Ombudsman for Ontario ( 2016 -- 2018 ) , a past PC leadership candidate ( 2009 and 2015 ) and former MPP ( Whitby -- Ajax 2006 -- 07 , Whitby -- Oshawa 2007 -- 15 ) . She is a lawyer by training , and is the widow of former federal Minister of Finance , and 2002 and 2004 Ontario PC leadership candidate Jim Flaherty . Elliott is also a co-founder and director of the Abilities Centre , a facility for those with special needs . Elliott opposed a carbon tax , and supported builiding a high - speed rail line between Toronto to Windsor . Date candidacy declared : February 1 , 2018 Date candidacy registered with Elections Ontario : February 7 , 2018 Endorsements MPPs : ( 13 ) Ted Arnott ( Wellington -- Halton Hills ) , Lorne Coe ( Whitby -- Oshawa ) , Ernie Hardeman ( Oxford ) , Michael Harris ( Kitchener -- Conestoga ) , Randy Hillier ( Lanark -- Frontenac -- Lennox and Addington ) , Jim McDonell ( Stormont -- Dundas -- South Glengarry ) , Sam Oosterhoff ( Niagara West -- Glanbrook ) , Randy Pettapiece ( Perth -- Wellington ) , Ross Romano ( Sault Ste . Marie ) Laurie Scott ( Haliburton -- Kawartha Lakes -- Brock ) , Todd Smith ( Prince Edward -- Hastings ) , Bill Walker ( Bruce -- Grey -- Owen Sound ) , Jim Wilson ( Simcoe -- Grey ) MPs : ( 10 ) Dean Allison ( Niagara West -- Glanbrook ) , Michael Chong ( Wellington -- Halton Hills ) , Marilyn Gladu ( Sarnia -- Lambton ) , Peter Kent ( Thornhill ) , Ben Lobb ( Huron -- Bruce ) , John Nater ( Perth -- Wellington ) , Alex Nuttall ( Barrie -- Springwater -- Oro - Medonte ) , Erin O'Toole ( Durham ) , Scott Reid ( Lanark -- Frontenac -- Kingston ) , David Sweet ( Flamborough -- Glanbrook ) Senators : Municipal politicians : ( 17 ) Kevin Ashe ( Pickering City Councillor for Ward 1 ; Deputy Mayor of Pickering ) , Doug Conley ( Hamilton City Councillor for Ward 9 ) , Steven Cooke ( Clarington Municipal Councillor for Ward 1 ) , Gary Crawford ( Toronto City Councillor for Ward 36 Scarborough Southwest ) , Murray Fearrey ( Reeve of Dysart et al ) , Pat Fortini ( Brampton City Councillor for Wards 7 & 8 ) , Angela Kennedy ( Toronto Catholic District School Board Trustee for Ward 11 ) , Jeff Knoll ( Oakville Town Councillor for Ward 5 ) , Gordon Krantz ( Mayor of Milton ) , Natalia Lishchyna ( Oakville Town Councillor for Ward 6 ) , Bart Maves ( Niagara Regional Councillor for Niagara Falls ) , Sandy McConkey ( Springwater Township councillor for Ward 4 ) , Sue McFadden ( Mississauga City Councillor ) for Ward 10 ) , Tony Quirk ( Niagara Regional Councillor for Grimsby ) , Karen Ras ( Mississauga City Councillor ) for Ward 2 ) , Jake Skinner ( Thames Valley District School Board Trustee for London Wards 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , and 13 ) , Ron Starr ( Mississauga City Councillor for Ward 6 ) Former MPPs : ( 5 ) Dave Boushy ( Sarnia , 1995 -- 1999 ) , Dianne Cunningham ( London North , 1988 - 2003 ) , Phil Gillies ( Brantford , 1981 -- 1987 ) , Morley Kells ( Etobicoke -- Lakeshore , 1981 -- 1985 and 1995 -- 2003 ) , Dennis Timbrell ( Don Mills , 1971 -- 1987 ) Former MPs : ( 4 ) Lois Brown ( Newmarket -- Aurora , 2008 - 2015 ) , Costas Menegakis ( Richmond Hill , 2011 -- 2015 ) , Joe Oliver ( Eglinton -- Lawrence , 2011 -- 2015 ) , Pat Perkins ( Whitby -- Oshawa , 2014 -- 2015 ) Former Senators : ( 1 ) Marjory LeBreton ( Ontario , 1993 -- 2015 ) Former municipal politicians : ( 3 ) Paula Peroni ( Sudbury Catholic District School Board Trustee for Zone 5 , 1997 - 2014 ) , John Sanderson ( Peel Regional Councillor for Brampton Wards 3 & 4 , 2006 - 2014 ) , John Shea ( Ottawa - Carleton District School Board Trustee , 2006 - 2014 ) Nominated candidates : ( 30 ) Deepak Anand ( Mississauga -- Malton ) , Roman Baber ( York Centre ) , Peter Bethlenfalvy ( Pickering -- Uxbridge ) , Paul Calandra ( Markham -- Stouffville ) , Bob Chapman ( Oshawa ) , Jill Dunlop ( Simcoe North ) , Amy Fee ( Kitchener South -- Hespeler ) , Goldie Ghamari ( Carleton ) , Parm Gill ( Milton ) , Mary Henein Thorn ( Kitchener Centre ) , Christine Hogarth ( Etobicoke -- Lakeshore ) , Karin Howard ( Ottawa South ) , Adam Ibrahim ( Windsor West ) , Logan Kanapathi ( Markham -- Thornhill ) , Mohammad Latif ( Windsor -- Tecumseh ) , Ben Levitt ( Hamilton West -- Ancaster -- Dundas ) , Chuck McShane ( Niagara Falls ) , Cameron Montgomery ( Orléans ) , Fadi Nemr ( Ottawa -- Vanier ) , Lindsey Park ( Durham ) , Derek Parks ( Thunder Bay - Superior North ) , Michael Parsa ( Aurora -- Oak Ridges -- Richmond Hill ) , Esther Pauls ( Hamilton Mountain ) , David Piccini ( Northumberland -- Peterborough South ) , Jeremy Roberts ( Ottawa West -- Nepean ) , Sheref Sabaway ( Mississauga -- Erin Mills ) , Amarjot Sandhu ( Brampton West ) , Amanda Simard ( Glengarry -- Prescott -- Russell ) , Donna Skelly ( Flamborough - Glanbrook ) , Dave Smith ( Peterborough - Kawartha ) , Nina Tangri ( Mississauga -- Streetsville ) Other prominent individuals : Organizations : ( 1 ) Trent Campus Conservatives Media : ( 1 ) Jonathan Kay ( The Walrus editor , 2014 -- 2017 ; National Post columnist ) Doug Ford ( edit ) Doug Ford Doug Ford , 53 , is a businessman and politician who is currently seeking the PC nomination in Etobicoke North for the upcoming June 2018 provincial election . Ford is the brother of former Toronto Mayor Rob Ford , and son of former Etobicoke - Humber MPP Doug Ford Sr ... He was a member of Toronto City Council during his brother 's term as mayor ( 2010 -- 2014 ) and the runner - up in the 2014 Toronto mayoral election . Ford announced on February 1 , 2018 , that he would devote his energy to the leadership race and was no longer intending to run in the 2018 Toronto mayoral election . Ford promised to `` present Ontarians with a compassionate and responsible vision '' . He wanted to keep taxes low and eliminate a carbon tax . He stated he would not support policies that make Ontario less competitive . He has promised to fund election promises by finding efficiencies in government . Ford is in favour of expanding public transit in the GTA . He promised to revisit the sex - education curriculum . Date candidacy announced : January 29 , 2018 Date candidacy declared : February 3 , 2018 Date candidacy registered with Elections Ontario : February 2 , 2018 Endorsements MPPs : ( 2 ) Toby Barrett ( Haldimand -- Norfolk ) , Raymond Cho ( Scarborough -- Rouge River ) MPs : Senators : Municipal politicians : ( 5 ) Vincent Crisanti ( Toronto City Councillor for Ward 1 Etobicoke North ) , Michael Ford ( Toronto City Councillor for Ward 2 Etobicoke North ) , Billy Pang ( York Region District School Board Trustee for Markham ) , Allan Tam ( York Region District School Board Trustee for Markham ) Jeremy D Williams ( Mayor of Orangeville ) , Former MPPs : ( 1 ) Frank Klees ( York -- Mackenzie , 1995 -- 1999 ; Oak Ridges , 1999 -- 2007 ; Newmarket -- Aurora , 2007 -- 2014 ) Former MPs : Former Senators : Former municipal politicians : Nominated candidates : ( 3 ) Vincent Ke ( Don Valley North ) , Charity McGrath ( Newmarket -- Aurora ) , Michael Tibollo ( Vaughan -- Woodbridge ) Other prominent individuals : ( 2 ) Charles McVety ( president of Canada Christian College ) , Paul Melnichuk ( pastor of the Prayer Palace , Toronto ) Organizations : Media : Tanya Granic Allen ( edit ) Tanya Granic Allen Tanya Granic Allen , 37 , is a social conservative parental rights activist and the president of Parents As First Educators ( PAFE ) , a group that opposes the province 's new sex education curriculum . She also sits on the board of the Catholic Civil Rights League , a conservative Catholic lobby and advocacy group . She previously worked as a political staffer at Toronto City Hall for then Toronto City Councillor John Parker , and as a spokesperson for the Campaign Life Coalition . Granic Allen opposes abortion and also supported repealing and replacing the Liberal government 's new sex education curriculum . She promised to rerun contested riding nominations completed under Patrick Brown . Date candidacy announced : February 8 , 2018 Date candidacy declared : February 14 , 2018 Date candidacy registered with Elections Ontario : February 13 , 2018 Endorsements MPPs : MPs : ( 1 ) Brad Trost ( Saskatoon -- University , SK ) Senators : Municipal politicians : Former MPPs : Former MPs : Former Senators : Former municipal politicians : Nominated candidates : Other prominent individuals : ( 1 ) Paul Fromm ( white supremacist and perennial candidate ; endorsement rejected by Granic Allen ) Organizations : ( 2 ) Campaign Life Coalition , Catholic Civil Rights League Media : Caroline Mulroney ( edit ) Caroline Mulroney Caroline Mulroney , 44 , is a businesswoman , lawyer and the daughter of former Prime Minister of Canada Brian Mulroney and his wife , Mila . Mulroney is the PC candidate in York -- Simcoe for the upcoming election . Mulroney wanted to use the `` People 's Guarantee '' as a `` starting point '' . She supported childcare rebates as well as cuts to hydro rates . Mulroney had been in favour of a carbon tax , but shifted against one . Mulroney remained committed to spending $1 billion to build Hamilton 's light rail transit system . Her platform would have had a small deficit to pay for her promises . Date candidacy declared : February 4 , 2018 Date candidacy registered with Elections Ontario : February 5 , 2018 Endorsements MPPs : ( 5 ) Bob Bailey ( Sarnia -- Lambton ) , Monte McNaughton ( Lambton -- Kent -- Middlesex ) , Norm Miller ( Parry Sound -- Muskoka ) , John Yakabuski ( Renfrew -- Nipissing -- Pembroke ) , Jeff Yurek ( Elgin -- Middlesex -- London ) MPs : ( 11 ) Gord Brown ( Leeds -- Grenville -- Thousand Islands and Rideau Lakes ) , Tony Clement ( Parry Sound -- Muskoka ) , Diane Finley ( Haldimand -- Norfolk ) , Stephanie Kusie ( Calgary Midnapore , AB ) , Guy Lauzon ( Stormont -- Dundas -- South Glengarry ) , Phil McColeman ( Brantford -- Brant ) , Rob Nicholson ( Niagara Falls ) , Lisa Raitt ( Milton ) , Bruce Stanton ( Simcoe North ) , David Tilson ( Dufferin -- Caledon ) , Peter Van Loan ( York -- Simcoe ) Senators : ( 2 ) Nicole Eaton ( Ontario ) , Thanh Hai Ngo ( Ontario ) Municipal politicians : ( 2 ) Nancy Deni ( Sudbury Catholic District School Board Trustee for Zone 4 ) , Eric Duncan ( Mayor of North Dundas ) Former MPPs : ( 2 ) John Snobelen ( Mississauga North , 1995 - 1999 ; Mississauga West , 1999 -- 2003 ) , David Turnbull ( Don Valley West , 1990 - 2003 ) Former MPs : ( 6 ) Bal Gosal ( Bramalea -- Gore -- Malton , 2011 -- 2015 ) , Ted Opitz ( Etobicoke Centre , 2011 -- 2015 ) , Peter MacKay ( Pictou -- Antigonish -- Guysborough , NS , 1997 -- 2004 ; Central Nova , NS , 2004 -- 2015 ) , Brian Mulroney ( Central Nova , NS , 1983 - 1984 ; Charlevoix , QC , 1984 -- 1993 ; Prime Minister of Canada , 1984 -- 1993 ) , Joe Preston ( Elgin -- Middlesex -- London , 2004 - 2015 ) , Terence Young ( Oakville , 2008 -- 2015 ) Former Senators : ( 2 ) Consiglio Di Nino ( Ontario , 1990 -- 2012 ) , Bob Runciman ( Ontario , 2010 -- 2017 ) Former municipal politicians : Nominated candidates : ( 18 ) Will Bouma ( Brant ) , Clifford Bull ( Kiiwetinoong ) , Stan Cho ( Willowdale ) , Stephen Crawford ( Oakville ) , Merrilee Fullerton ( Kanata -- Carleton ) , Jon Kieran ( Don Valley West ) , Daryl Kramp ( Hastings -- Lennox and Addington ) , Stephen Lecce ( King -- Vaughan ) , Jane McKenna ( Burlington ) , Denzil Minnan - Wong ( Don Valley East ) , Rod Phillips ( Ajax ) , Kaleed Rasheed ( Mississauga East -- Cooksville ) , Greg Rickford ( Kenora -- Rainy River ) , André Robichaud ( Mushkegowuk -- James Bay ) Prabmeet Sarkaria ( Brampton South ) , Gillian Smith ( University -- Rosedale ) , Effie Triantafilopoulos ( Oakville North -- Burlington ) , Susan Truppe ( London North Centre ) Other prominent individuals : Organizations : Media : ( 1 ) Conrad Black ( Author , National Post columnist ) Withdrawn candidates ( edit ) Patrick Brown ( edit ) Patrick Brown Patrick Brown , 40 , is the MPP for Simcoe North ( 2015 -- 2018 as a Progressive Conservative and 2018 -- present as an independent ) and a former Conservative MP for Barrie ( 2006 -- 2015 ) . He was the leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario from 2015 until his 2018 resignation triggered this leadership election . Brown was expelled from the PC caucus hours before registering his candidacy on February 16 , 2018 . On February 21 , 2018 the party 's nominations committee approved Brown to seek the leadership in a 3 to 2 vote . Brown planned to run on the full `` People 's Guarantee '' platform , including a carbon tax which would fund the platform , and which had been the intended 2018 election platform prior to Brown 's resignation . Brown withdrew ten days after announcing his candidacy , claiming that he and his family had been subjected to threats for entering the contest . His withdrawal occurred hours after reports surfaced that as leader he had directed top party officials : `` get me the result I want '' , in a riding nomination that has subsequently become the focus of a Hamilton Police Service investigation for alleged fraud and also the same day that the Integrity Commissioner announced an investigation of Brown 's travel expenses and other alleged financial improprieties . Date candidacy declared : February 16 , 2018 Date candidacy registered with Elections Ontario : February 16 , 2018 Date withdrew : February 26 , 2018 Endorsements MPPs : MPs : Senators : Municipal politicians : ( 1 ) Shelby Kramp - Neuman ( Deputy Mayor of Centre Hastings ) , Former MPPs : ( 1 ) Garfield Dunlop ( Simcoe North , 1999 -- 2015 ) Former MPs : ( 1 ) Brian Storseth ( Westlock -- St. Paul , AB , 2006 -- 2015 ) Former Senators : Former municipal politicians : Nominated candidates : ( 9 ) Troy Crowder ( Sudbury ) , Rudy Cuzzetto ( Mississauga -- Lakeshore ) , Mark DeMontis ( York South -- Weston ) , Jass Johal ( Brampton North ) , Angely Pacis ( Mississauga Centre ) , Iris Yu ( Spadina -- Fort York ) , Eric Weniger ( London -- Fanshawe ) , Dionne Duncan ( Hamilton Centre ) , Other prominent individuals : ( 2 ) Aaron Hopkins ( Ontario PC Regional Vice President , GTA East ) Thomas DeGroot ( Ontario PC Regional Vice President , East ) Organizations : Media : Vic Fedeli ( edit ) Vic Fedeli Vic Fedeli , 62 , was the Interim Leader ( 2018 ) , Finance Critic and MPP for Nippissing ( 2011 -- present ) , past leadership candidate ( 2015 ) and former mayor of North Bay , Ontario ( 2003 -- 2010 ) . Fedeli told reporters that he will `` let my name stand for leader of our party '' . After the party executive announced its decision to schedule a leadership election in March , Fedeli reiterated his intention to run for the permanent leadership . On January 30 , 2018 , however , he announced that he would not be running for the permanent leadership after all in order to focus on his duties as interim leader and correcting organizational problems within the party in the run up to the general election . Date candidacy announced : January 26 , 2018 Date withdrew : January 30 , 2018 Endorsements MPPs : MPs : Senators : Municipal politicians : ( 4 ) Mike Anthony ( North Bay City Councillor ) , Mark King ( North Bay City Councillor ) , Al McDonald ( Mayor of North Bay ) , Bill Vrebosch ( Mayor of East Ferris ) Former MPPs : ( 1 ) Rod Jackson ( Barrie , 2011 -- 2014 ) Former MPs : Former Senators : Former municipal politicians : Nominated candidates : Other prominent individuals : ( 1 ) Diane Suski ( Ontario PC Regional Vice President , Northern Ontario ) , Organizations : Media : Declined ( edit ) Stella Ambler , former MP for Mississauga South ( 2011 -- 2015 ) Peter Bethlenfalvy , former businessman and PC candidate in Pickering -- Uxbridge . Endorsed Christine Elliott . John Baird , former federal foreign minister and MP ( Ottawa West -- Nepean 2006 -- 2015 ) and a former provincial cabinet minister and MPP ( Nepean 1995 -- 1999 , Nepean -- Carleton 1999 -- 2005 ) Steve Clark , Co-Deputy Leader and MPP for Leeds -- Grenville ( 2010 -- present ) . Not endorsing any candidate . Tony Clement , former federal and provincial cabinet minister , MP for Parry Sound -- Muskoka ( 2006 -- present ) , former MPP for Brampton South ( 1995 -- 1999 ) and Brampton West -- Mississauga ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Endorsed Caroline Mulroney . Sylvia Jones , Co-Deputy Leader and MPP for Dufferin -- Caledon ( 2007 -- present ) . Not endorsing any candidate . Jim Karahalios , corporate lawyer and founder of activist groups `` Axe The Carbon Tax '' and `` Take Back Our PC Party '' . Was sued by the PC party but the case was dismissed . Frank Klees , former provincial minister and MPP ( York -- Mackenzie 1995 -- 1999 , Oak Ridges 1999 -- 2007 , Newmarket -- Aurora 2007 -- 2014 ) , former leadership candidate ( 2004 & 2009 ) . Supports Doug Ford . Sue - Ann Levy , Toronto Sun columnist and 2009 PC by - election candidate in St. Paul 's . Lisa MacLeod , Finance Critic , Treasury Board Critic and MPP for Nepean -- Carleton ( 2006 -- present ) Not endorsing any candidate . Monte McNaughton , Critic for Economic Development , Employment & Growth and MPP for Lambton -- Kent -- Middlesex ( 2011 -- present ) Endorsed Caroline Mulroney . Alex Nuttall , MP for Barrie -- Springwater -- Oro - Medonte ( 2015 -- present ) . Endorsed Patrick Brown then Christine Elliott . Kevin O'Leary , Businessman , Reality TV Host , and former candidate for leadership for the Conservative Party of Canada . Erin O'Toole , former federal Veterans ' Affairs Minister and MP for Durham ( 2012 -- present ) , former federal Conservative leadership candidate ( 2017 ) . Endorsed Christine Elliott . Jordan Peterson , University of Toronto psychology professor , author , and social commentator . Rod Phillips , former president of Postmedia , former head of the Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation , former head of CivicAction and current PC candidate in Ajax . Endorsed Caroline Mulroney . Lisa Raitt , Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party of Canada ( 2017 -- present ) , MP for Milton ( 2008 -- present ) , and former federal cabinet minister . Endorsed Caroline Mulroney . Ross Romano , Critic for Northern Ontario Jobs and the Ring of Fire , MPP for Sault Ste . Marie ( 2017 -- present ) . Endorsed Patrick Brown then Christine Elliot . Todd Smith , Energy Critic and MPP for Prince Edward -- Hastings ( 2011 -- present ) . Endorsed Christine Elliott . John Tory , Mayor of Toronto ( 2014 -- present ) , former Ontario PC leader ( 2004 -- 2009 ) , former Opposition Leader ( 2005 -- 2007 ) and former MPP for Dufferin -- Peel -- Wellington -- Grey ( 2005 -- 2007 ) . Opinion polling ( edit ) All Ontarians ( edit ) Poll source Date 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Other Forum Research Sample size : 949 February 17 , 2018 Christine Elliott 22 % Doug Ford 16 % Caroline Mulroney 14 % Patrick Brown 13 % Tanya Granic Allen 5 % Not Sure 31 % Forum Research Sample size : 751 January 25 , 2018 Christine Elliott 12 % Doug Ford 11 % John Tory 8 % Caroline Mulroney 7 % Tony Clement 6 % Lisa Raitt 6 % , John Baird 5 % , Lisa MacLeod 4 % , Not Sure 41 % Progressive Conservative supporters only ( edit ) Poll source Date 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Other Forum Research Sample size : 315 January 25 , 2018 Christine Elliott 17 % Doug Ford 13 % Caroline Mulroney 11 % John Tory 9 % John Baird 6 % Lisa Raitt 6 % , Tony Clement 4 % , Lisa MacLeod 4 % , Not Sure 29 % Progressive Conservative members only ( edit ) Poll source Date 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Mainstreet Research Sample size : 18,308 March 1 to 7 , 2018 Christine Elliott 35.2 % Doug Ford 34.9 % Caroline Mulroney 17.3 % Tanya Granic Allen 12.5 % N / A Mainstreet Research Sample size : 17,399 February 21 to 26 , 2018 Doug Ford 34.8 % Christine Elliott 33.9 % Caroline Mulroney 19.6 % Tanya Granic Allen 11.7 % N / A Mainstreet Research Sample size : 4,412 - 6,096 February 20 to 22 , 2018 Christine Elliott 28.85 % Patrick Brown 28.29 % Doug Ford 22.24 % Caroline Mulroney 14.15 % Tanya Granic Allen 6.46 % Results ( edit ) By round ( edit ) = Eliminated from next round = Winner Candidate Ballot 1 Ballot 2 Ballot 3 Name Votes Points Votes + / - Points + / - Votes + / - Points + / - Christine Elliott 23,237 36.28 % 4,187 34.13 % 24,138 37.99 % 901 1.71 % 4,394 35.82 % 207 1.69 % 32,202 51.74 % 8,064 13.75 % 6,049 49.38 % 1,655 13.56 % Doug Ford 20,363 31.80 % 4,091 33.35 % 27,812 43.77 % 7,449 11.97 % 5,652 46.08 % 1,561 12.73 % 30,041 48.26 % 2,229 4.49 % 6,202 50.62 % 550 4.54 % Caroline Mulroney 11,099 17.33 % 2,107 17.18 % 11,595 18.25 % 496 0.92 % 2,221 18.11 % 114 0.93 % eliminated Tanya Granic Allen 9,344 14.596 % 1,882 15.34 % eliminated TOTAL 64,043 12,267 63,545 - 498 12,267 0 62,243 - 1,302 12,251 - 16 By riding ( edit ) Toronto ( edit ) show Toronto Riding Ballot 1 Ballot 2 Ballot 3 Caucus / Candidate ( Supported ) Granic Allen Elliott Ford Mulroney Total Elliot Ford Mulroney Total Elliott Ford Total Toronto & York Beaches -- East York 7.40 ( 37 ) 41.20 ( 206 ) 31.40 ( 157 ) 20.00 ( 100 ) 100 ( 500 ) 41.60 ( 208 ) + 0.40 ( + 2 ) 38.00 ( 190 ) + 6.60 ( + 33 ) 20.40 ( 102 ) + 0.40 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 500 ) ( 0 ) 59.96 ( 292 ) + 18.36 ( + 84 ) 40.04 ( 195 ) + 2.04 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 487 ) ( - 13 ) Davenport 10.90 ( 23 ) 26.54 ( 56 ) 45.02 ( 95 ) 17.54 ( 37 ) 100 ( 211 ) 27.49 ( 58 ) + 0.95 ( + 2 ) 54.98 ( 116 ) + 9.95 ( + 21 ) 17.54 ( 37 ) + 0.00 ( + 0 ) 100 ( 211 ) ( 0 ) 40.29 ( 83 ) + 12.80 ( + 25 ) 59.71 ( 123 ) + 4.73 ( + 7 ) 100 ( 206 ) ( - 5 ) Don Valley East Candidate : Denzil Minnan - Wong ( Mulroney ) 11.23 ( 42 ) 37.97 ( 142 ) 39.84 ( 149 ) 10.96 ( 41 ) 100 ( 374 ) 39.04 ( 146 ) + 1.07 ( + 4 ) 49.47 ( 185 ) + 9.63 ( + 36 ) 11.50 ( 43 ) + 0.53 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 374 ) ( 0 ) 46.47 ( 171 ) + 7.43 ( + 25 ) 53.53 ( 197 ) + 4.07 ( + 12 ) 100 ( 368 ) ( - 6 ) Don Valley West Candidate : Jon Kieran ( Mulroney ) 4.27 ( 57 ) 45.43 ( 606 ) 19.42 ( 259 ) 30.89 ( 412 ) 100 ( 1334 ) 46.58 ( 620 ) + 1.16 ( + 14 ) 22.16 ( 295 ) + 2.75 ( + 36 ) 31.26 ( 416 ) + 0.37 ( + 4 ) 100 ( 1331 ) ( - 3 ) 73.88 ( 939 ) + 27.30 ( + 319 ) 26.12 ( 332 ) + 3.96 ( + 37 ) 100 ( 1271 ) ( - 60 ) Eglinton -- Lawrence 4.53 ( 40 ) 50.79 ( 449 ) 17.99 ( 159 ) 26.70 ( 236 ) 100 ( 884 ) 51.08 ( 451 ) + 0.28 ( + 2 ) 21.63 ( 191 ) + 3.65 ( + 32 ) 27.29 ( 241 ) + 0.60 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 883 ) ( - 1 ) 74.26 ( 629 ) + 23.19 ( + 178 ) 25.74 ( 218 ) + 4.11 ( + 27 ) 100 ( 847 ) ( - 36 ) Parkdale -- High Park 14.31 ( 75 ) 36.64 ( 192 ) 26.15 ( 137 ) 22.90 ( 120 ) 100 ( 524 ) 38.42 ( 199 ) + 1.78 ( + 7 ) 38.22 ( 198 ) + 12.08 ( + 61 ) 23.36 ( 121 ) + 0.46 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 518 ) ( - 6 ) 58.30 ( 295 ) + 19.88 ( + 96 ) 41.70 ( 211 ) + 3.48 ( + 13 ) 100 ( 506 ) ( - 12 ) Spadina -- Fort York 4.66 ( 24 ) 44.85 ( 231 ) 24.27 ( 125 ) 26.21 ( 135 ) 100 ( 515 ) 45.72 ( 235 ) + 0.87 ( + 4 ) 27.63 ( 142 ) + 3.35 ( + 17 ) 26.65 ( 137 ) + 0.44 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 514 ) ( - 1 ) 67.73 ( 340 ) + 22.01 ( + 105 ) 32.27 ( 162 ) + 4.65 ( + 20 ) 100 ( 502 ) ( - 12 ) Toronto Centre 7.30 ( 27 ) 46.22 ( 171 ) 18.92 ( 70 ) 27.57 ( 102 ) 100 ( 370 ) 47.43 ( 175 ) + 1.21 ( + 4 ) 24.39 ( 90 ) + 5.47 ( + 20 ) 28.18 ( 104 ) + 0.62 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 369 ) ( - 1 ) 72.30 ( 261 ) + 24.87 ( + 86 ) 27.70 ( 100 ) + 3.31 ( + 10 ) 100 ( 361 ) ( - 8 ) Toronto -- Danforth 6.47 ( 22 ) 35.59 ( 121 ) 27.65 ( 94 ) 30.29 ( 103 ) 100 ( 340 ) 36.77 ( 125 ) + 1.18 ( + 4 ) 32.65 ( 111 ) + 5.00 ( + 17 ) 30.59 ( 104 ) + 0.29 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 340 ) ( 0 ) 64.05 ( 212 ) + 27.28 ( + 87 ) 35.95 ( 119 ) + 3.31 ( + 8 ) 100 ( 331 ) ( - 9 ) Toronto -- St. Paul 's 5.43 ( 46 ) 43.09 ( 365 ) 13.34 ( 113 ) 38.14 ( 323 ) 100 ( 847 ) 44.48 ( 375 ) + 1.39 ( + 10 ) 17.08 ( 144 ) + 3.74 ( + 31 ) 38.43 ( 324 ) + 0.30 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 843 ) ( - 4 ) 77.47 ( 605 ) + 32.98 ( + 230 ) 22.54 ( 176 ) + 5.45 ( + 32 ) 100 ( 781 ) ( - 62 ) University -- Rosedale Candidate : Gillian Smith ( Mulroney ) 3.26 ( 31 ) 43.85 ( 417 ) 11.67 ( 111 ) 41.22 ( 392 ) 100 ( 951 ) 44.95 ( 427 ) + 1.10 ( + 10 ) 13.58 ( 129 ) + 1.91 ( + 18 ) 41.47 ( 394 ) + 0.25 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 950 ) ( - 1 ) 81.42 ( 732 ) + 36.48 ( + 305 ) 18.58 ( 167 ) + 5.00 ( + 38 ) 100 ( 899 ) ( - 51 ) North York Don Valley North Candidate : Vincent Ke ( Ford ) 13.50 ( 91 ) 20.62 ( 139 ) 57.27 ( 386 ) 8.61 ( 58 ) 100 ( 674 ) 21.34 ( 143 ) + 0.72 ( + 4 ) 69.40 ( 465 ) + 12.13 ( + 79 ) 9.25 ( 62 ) + 0.65 ( + 4 ) 100 ( 670 ) ( - 4 ) 26.43 ( 176 ) + 5.08 ( + 33 ) 73.57 ( 490 ) + 4.17 ( + 25 ) 100 ( 666 ) ( - 4 ) Humber River -- Black Creek 13.21 ( 21 ) 8.81 ( 14 ) 68.55 ( 109 ) 9.43 ( 15 ) 100 ( 159 ) 8.81 ( 14 ) + 0.00 ( + 0 ) 81.13 ( 129 ) + 12.58 ( + 20 ) 10.06 ( 16 ) + 0.63 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 159 ) ( 0 ) 15.72 ( 25 ) + 6.92 ( + 11 ) 84.28 ( 134 ) + 3.15 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 159 ) ( 0 ) Willowdale Candidate : Stan Cho ( Mulroney ) 13.19 ( 65 ) 26.57 ( 131 ) 40.57 ( 200 ) 19.68 ( 97 ) 100 ( 493 ) 28.51 ( 140 ) + 1.94 ( + 9 ) 51.53 ( 253 ) + 10.96 ( + 53 ) 19.96 ( 98 ) + 0.28 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 491 ) ( - 2 ) 44.49 ( 214 ) + 15.98 ( + 74 ) 55.51 ( 267 ) + 3.98 ( + 14 ) 100 ( 481 ) ( - 10 ) York Centre Candidate : Roman Baber ( Elliott ) 7.57 ( 32 ) 38.53 ( 163 ) 39.48 ( 167 ) 14.42 ( 61 ) 100 ( 423 ) 39.67 ( 167 ) + 1.13 ( + 4 ) 45.84 ( 193 ) + 6.36 ( + 26 ) 14.49 ( 61 ) + 0.07 ( + 0 ) 100 ( 421 ) ( - 2 ) 50.85 ( 209 ) + 11.19 ( + 42 ) 49.15 ( 202 ) + 3.31 ( + 9 ) 100 ( 411 ) ( - 10 ) York South -- Weston 11.01 ( 23 ) 22.01 ( 46 ) 63.64 ( 133 ) 3.35 ( 7 ) 100 ( 209 ) 23.67 ( 49 ) + 1.66 ( + 3 ) 72.95 ( 151 ) + 9.31 ( + 18 ) 3.38 ( 7 ) + 0.03 ( + 0 ) 100 ( 207 ) ( - 2 ) 26.70 ( 55 ) + 3.03 ( + 6 ) 73.30 ( 151 ) + 0.35 ( + 0 ) 100 ( 206 ) ( - 1 ) Etobicoke Etobicoke Centre 12.25 ( 118 ) 24.82 ( 239 ) 51.51 ( 496 ) 11.42 ( 110 ) 100 ( 963 ) 25.55 ( 244 ) + 0.73 ( + 5 ) 62.20 ( 594 ) + 10.69 ( + 98 ) 12.25 ( 117 ) + 0.83 ( + 7 ) 100 ( 955 ) ( - 8 ) 34.33 ( 322 ) + 8.78 ( + 78 ) 65.67 ( 616 ) + 3.47 ( + 22 ) 100 ( 938 ) ( - 17 ) Etobicoke -- Lakeshore Candidate : Christine Hogarth ( Elliott ) 11.83 ( 97 ) 39.51 ( 324 ) 34.27 ( 281 ) 14.39 ( 118 ) 100 ( 820 ) 40.37 ( 331 ) + 0.85 ( + 7 ) 44.15 ( 362 ) + 9.88 ( + 81 ) 15.49 ( 127 ) + 1.10 ( + 9 ) 100 ( 820 ) ( 0 ) 52.96 ( 430 ) + 12.59 ( + 99 ) 47.04 ( 382 ) + 2.90 ( + 20 ) 100 ( 812 ) ( - 8 ) Etobicoke North 11.68 ( 55 ) 9.34 ( 44 ) 74.95 ( 353 ) 4.03 ( 19 ) 100 ( 471 ) 10.62 ( 50 ) + 1.27 ( + 6 ) 84.93 ( 400 ) + 9.98 ( + 47 ) 4.46 ( 21 ) + 0.43 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 471 ) ( 0 ) 13.59 ( 64 ) + 2.97 ( + 14 ) 86.41 ( 407 ) + 1.49 ( + 7 ) 100 ( 471 ) ( 0 ) Scarborough Scarborough -- Agincourt 17.16 ( 64 ) 21.45 ( 80 ) 52.82 ( 197 ) 8.58 ( 32 ) 100 ( 373 ) 22.13 ( 81 ) + 0.68 ( + 1 ) 68.58 ( 251 ) + 15.76 ( + 54 ) 9.29 ( 34 ) + 0.71 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 366 ) ( - 7 ) 25.97 ( 94 ) + 3.84 ( + 13 ) 74.03 ( 268 ) + 5.45 ( + 17 ) 100 ( 362 ) ( - 4 ) Scarborough Centre 14.10 ( 54 ) 31.59 ( 121 ) 44.65 ( 171 ) 9.66 ( 37 ) 100 ( 383 ) 33.78 ( 127 ) + 2.18 ( + 6 ) 56.12 ( 211 ) + 11.47 ( + 40 ) 10.11 ( 38 ) + 0.45 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 376 ) ( - 7 ) 40.27 ( 149 ) + 6.49 ( + 22 ) 59.73 ( 221 ) + 3.61 ( + 10 ) 100 ( 370 ) ( - 6 ) Scarborough -- Guildwood 9.84 ( 36 ) 23.22 ( 85 ) 56.01 ( 205 ) 10.93 ( 40 ) 100 ( 366 ) 24.73 ( 90 ) + 1.50 ( + 5 ) 63.74 ( 232 ) + 7.72 ( + 27 ) 11.54 ( 42 ) + 0.61 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 364 ) ( - 2 ) 32.22 ( 116 ) + 7.50 ( + 26 ) 67.78 ( 244 ) + 4.04 ( + 12 ) 100 ( 360 ) ( - 4 ) Scarborough North 18.52 ( 40 ) 16.67 ( 36 ) 61.57 ( 133 ) 3.24 ( 7 ) 100 ( 216 ) 16.67 ( 36 ) + 0.00 ( + 0 ) 80.09 ( 173 ) + 18.52 ( + 40 ) 3.24 ( 7 ) + 0.00 ( + 0 ) 100 ( 216 ) ( 0 ) 18.69 ( 40 ) + 2.03 ( + 4 ) 81.31 ( 174 ) + 1.22 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 214 ) ( - 2 ) Scarborough -- Rouge MPP : Raymond Cho ( Ford ) 18.27 ( 80 ) 27.40 ( 120 ) 33.33 ( 146 ) 21.01 ( 92 ) 100 ( 438 ) 28.01 ( 121 ) + 0.61 ( + 1 ) 49.77 ( 215 ) + 16.44 ( + 69 ) 22.22 ( 96 ) + 1.22 ( + 4 ) 100 ( 432 ) ( - 6 ) 44.84 ( 191 ) + 16.83 ( + 70 ) 55.16 ( 235 ) + 5.40 ( + 20 ) 100 ( 426 ) ( - 6 ) Scarborough Southwest 10.45 ( 35 ) 32.24 ( 108 ) 44.48 ( 149 ) 12.84 ( 43 ) 100 ( 335 ) 33.33 ( 111 ) + 1.09 ( + 3 ) 52.85 ( 176 ) + 8.38 ( + 27 ) 13.81 ( 46 ) + 0.98 ( + 3 ) 100 ( 333 ) ( - 2 ) 42.42 ( 137 ) + 9.08 ( + 26 ) 57.59 ( 186 ) + 4.73 ( + 10 ) 100 ( 323 ) ( - 10 ) 905 ( edit ) show 905 Riding Ballot 1 Ballot 2 Ballot 3 Caucus / Candidate ( Supported ) Granic Allen Elliott Ford Mulroney Total Elliott Ford Mulroney Total Elliott Ford Total Hamilton - Niagara Flamborough -- Glanbrook MP : David Sweet ( Elliott ) Candidate : Donna Skelly ( Elliott ) 24.47 ( 160 ) 33.49 ( 219 ) 31.65 ( 207 ) 10.40 ( 68 ) 100 ( 654 ) 38.46 ( 250 ) + 4.98 ( + 31 ) 50.92 ( 331 ) + 19.27 ( + 124 ) 10.62 ( 69 ) + 0.22 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 650 ) ( - 4 ) 46.02 ( 295 ) + 7.56 ( + 45 ) 53.98 ( 346 ) + 3.06 ( + 15 ) 100 ( 641 ) ( - 9 ) Hamilton Centre 16.94 ( 31 ) 24.04 ( 44 ) 47.00 ( 86 ) 12.02 ( 22 ) 100 ( 183 ) 26.37 ( 48 ) + 2.33 ( + 4 ) 60.44 ( 110 ) + 13.45 ( + 24 ) 13.19 ( 24 ) + 1.17 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 182 ) ( - 1 ) 34.62 ( 63 ) + 8.24 ( + 15 ) 65.39 ( 119 ) + 4.95 ( + 9 ) 100 ( 182 ) ( 0 ) Hamilton East -- Stoney Creek 15.48 ( 39 ) 28.18 ( 71 ) 44.05 ( 111 ) 12.30 ( 31 ) 100 ( 252 ) 28.92 ( 72 ) + 0.74 ( + 1 ) 58.23 ( 145 ) + 14.19 ( + 34 ) 12.85 ( 32 ) + 0.55 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 249 ) ( - 3 ) 37.35 ( 93 ) + 8.43 ( + 21 ) 62.65 ( 156 ) + 4.42 ( + 11 ) 100 ( 249 ) ( 0 ) Hamilton Mountain Candidate : Esther Pauls ( Elliott ) 17.07 ( 42 ) 26.83 ( 66 ) 46.75 ( 115 ) 9.35 ( 23 ) 100 ( 246 ) 29.63 ( 72 ) + 2.80 ( + 6 ) 60.08 ( 146 ) + 13.33 ( + 31 ) 10.29 ( 25 ) + 0.94 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 243 ) ( - 3 ) 36.93 ( 89 ) + 7.30 ( + 17 ) 63.07 ( 152 ) + 2.99 ( + 6 ) 100 ( 241 ) ( - 2 ) Hamilton West -- Ancaster -- Dundas Candidate : Ben Levitt ( Elliott ) 14.54 ( 105 ) 43.77 ( 316 ) 27.15 ( 196 ) 14.54 ( 105 ) 100 ( 722 ) 46.05 ( 332 ) + 2.28 ( + 16 ) 38.70 ( 279 ) + 11.55 ( + 83 ) 15.26 ( 110 ) + 0.71 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 721 ) ( - 1 ) 56.90 ( 404 ) + 10.85 ( + 72 ) 43.10 ( 306 ) + 4.40 ( + 27 ) 100 ( 710 ) ( - 11 ) Niagara Centre 17.07 ( 85 ) 26.51 ( 132 ) 47.39 ( 236 ) 9.04 ( 45 ) 100 ( 498 ) 28.78 ( 141 ) + 2.27 ( + 9 ) 61.84 ( 303 ) + 14.45 ( + 67 ) 9.39 ( 46 ) + 0.35 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 490 ) ( - 8 ) 35.82 ( 173 ) + 7.04 ( + 32 ) 64.18 ( 310 ) + 2.35 ( + 7 ) 100 ( 483 ) ( - 7 ) Niagara Falls MP : Rob Nicholson ( Mulroney ) Candidate : Chuck McShane ( Elliott ) 10.02 ( 47 ) 38.59 ( 181 ) 31.56 ( 148 ) 19.83 ( 93 ) 100 ( 469 ) 39.49 ( 184 ) + 0.89 ( + 3 ) 40.13 ( 187 ) + 8.57 ( + 39 ) 20.39 ( 95 ) + 0.56 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 466 ) ( - 3 ) 56.62 ( 261 ) + 17.13 ( + 77 ) 43.38 ( 200 ) + 3.26 ( + 13 ) 100 ( 461 ) ( - 5 ) Niagara West MPP : Sam Oosterhoff ( Elliott ) MP : Dean Allison ( Elliott ) 29.33 ( 166 ) 36.75 ( 208 ) 22.97 ( 130 ) 10.95 ( 62 ) 100 ( 566 ) 43.24 ( 243 ) + 6.49 ( + 35 ) 45.55 ( 256 ) + 22.58 ( + 126 ) 11.21 ( 63 ) + 0.26 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 562 ) ( - 4 ) 52.59 ( 295 ) + 9.35 ( + 52 ) 47.42 ( 266 ) + 1.86 ( + 10 ) 100 ( 561 ) ( - 1 ) St. Catharines 18.77 ( 70 ) 30.30 ( 113 ) 30.56 ( 114 ) 20.38 ( 76 ) 100 ( 373 ) 32.88 ( 120 ) + 2.58 ( + 7 ) 45.21 ( 165 ) + 14.64 ( + 51 ) 21.92 ( 80 ) + 1.54 ( + 4 ) 100 ( 365 ) ( - 8 ) 49.16 ( 175 ) + 16.28 ( + 55 ) 50.84 ( 181 ) + 5.64 ( + 16 ) 100 ( 356 ) ( - 9 ) Peel - Halton Brampton Centre 17.11 ( 39 ) 36.40 ( 83 ) 39.47 ( 90 ) 7.02 ( 16 ) 100 ( 228 ) 37.28 ( 85 ) + 0.88 ( + 2 ) 55.70 ( 127 ) + 16.23 ( + 37 ) 7.02 ( 16 ) + 0.00 ( + 0 ) 100 ( 228 ) ( 0 ) 42.48 ( 96 ) + 5.20 ( + 11 ) 57.52 ( 130 ) + 1.82 ( + 3 ) 100 ( 226 ) ( - 2 ) Brampton East 3.44 ( 20 ) 47.50 ( 276 ) 32.53 ( 189 ) 16.52 ( 96 ) 100 ( 581 ) 47.93 ( 278 ) + 0.43 ( + 2 ) 35.52 ( 206 ) + 2.99 ( + 17 ) 16.55 ( 96 ) + 0.03 ( + 0 ) 100 ( 580 ) ( - 1 ) 58.47 ( 328 ) + 10.54 ( + 50 ) 41.53 ( 233 ) + 6.02 ( + 27 ) 100 ( 561 ) ( - 19 ) Brampton North 12.33 ( 37 ) 33.33 ( 100 ) 40.67 ( 122 ) 13.67 ( 41 ) 100 ( 300 ) 34.34 ( 102 ) + 1.01 ( + 2 ) 50.51 ( 150 ) + 9.84 ( + 28 ) 15.15 ( 45 ) + 1.49 ( + 4 ) 100 ( 297 ) ( - 3 ) 44.41 ( 131 ) + 10.06 ( + 29 ) 55.59 ( 164 ) + 5.09 ( + 14 ) 100 ( 295 ) ( - 2 ) Brampton South Candidate : Prabmeet Sarkaria ( Mulroney ) 9.68 ( 36 ) 26.88 ( 100 ) 30.65 ( 114 ) 32.80 ( 122 ) 100 ( 372 ) 28.03 ( 104 ) + 1.15 ( + 4 ) 38.81 ( 144 ) + 8.17 ( + 30 ) 33.15 ( 123 ) + 0.36 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 371 ) ( - 1 ) 59.08 ( 218 ) + 31.05 ( + 114 ) 40.92 ( 151 ) + 2.11 ( + 7 ) 100 ( 369 ) ( - 2 ) Brampton West Candidate : Amarjot Sandhu ( Elliott ) 8.62 ( 28 ) 52.62 ( 171 ) 32.31 ( 105 ) 6.46 ( 21 ) 100 ( 325 ) 53.56 ( 173 ) + 0.95 ( + 2 ) 39.94 ( 129 ) + 7.63 ( + 24 ) 6.50 ( 21 ) + 0.04 ( + 0 ) 100 ( 323 ) ( - 2 ) 56.83 ( 183 ) + 3.27 ( + 10 ) 43.17 ( 139 ) + 3.23 ( + 10 ) 100 ( 322 ) ( - 1 ) Mississauga Centre 17.58 ( 64 ) 28.02 ( 102 ) 46.15 ( 168 ) 8.24 ( 30 ) 100 ( 364 ) 30.00 ( 108 ) + 1.98 ( + 6 ) 60.28 ( 217 ) + 14.12 ( + 49 ) 9.72 ( 35 ) + 1.48 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 360 ) ( - 4 ) 36.31 ( 130 ) + 6.31 ( + 22 ) 63.69 ( 228 ) + 3.41 ( + 11 ) 100 ( 358 ) ( - 2 ) Mississauga East -- Cooksville Candidate : Kaleed Rasheed ( Mulroney ) 22.54 ( 87 ) 15.29 ( 59 ) 49.74 ( 192 ) 12.44 ( 48 ) 100 ( 386 ) 16.98 ( 64 ) + 1.69 ( + 5 ) 69.50 ( 262 ) + 19.76 ( + 70 ) 13.53 ( 51 ) + 1.09 ( + 3 ) 100 ( 377 ) ( - 9 ) 24.66 ( 91 ) + 7.69 ( + 27 ) 75.34 ( 278 ) + 5.84 ( + 16 ) 100 ( 369 ) ( - 8 ) Mississauga -- Erindale Candidate : Sheref Sabaway ( Elliott ) 16.45 ( 87 ) 21.55 ( 114 ) 53.88 ( 285 ) 8.13 ( 43 ) 100 ( 529 ) 22.39 ( 118 ) + 0.84 ( + 4 ) 67.93 ( 358 ) + 14.06 ( + 73 ) 9.68 ( 51 ) + 1.55 ( + 8 ) 100 ( 527 ) ( - 2 ) 29.58 ( 155 ) + 7.19 ( + 37 ) 70.42 ( 369 ) + 2.49 ( + 11 ) 100 ( 524 ) ( - 3 ) Mississauga -- Lakeshore 9.11 ( 78 ) 42.29 ( 362 ) 29.79 ( 255 ) 18.81 ( 161 ) 100 ( 856 ) 43.14 ( 368 ) + 0.85 ( + 6 ) 37.40 ( 319 ) + 7.61 ( + 64 ) 19.46 ( 166 ) + 0.65 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 853 ) ( - 3 ) 59.01 ( 491 ) + 15.87 ( + 123 ) 40.99 ( 341 ) + 3.59 ( + 22 ) 100 ( 832 ) ( - 21 ) Mississauga -- Malton Candidate : Deepak Anand ( Elliott ) 12.50 ( 68 ) 41.91 ( 228 ) 32.90 ( 179 ) 12.68 ( 69 ) 100 ( 544 ) 42.65 ( 232 ) + 0.73 ( + 4 ) 43.75 ( 238 ) + 10.85 ( + 59 ) 13.60 ( 74 ) + 0.92 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 544 ) ( 0 ) 50.65 ( 272 ) + 8.01 ( + 40 ) 49.35 ( 265 ) + 5.60 ( + 27 ) 100 ( 537 ) ( - 7 ) Mississauga -- Streetsville Candidate : Nina Tangri ( Elliott ) 12.72 ( 58 ) 25.22 ( 115 ) 53.07 ( 242 ) 8.99 ( 41 ) 100 ( 456 ) 27.27 ( 123 ) + 2.05 ( + 8 ) 63.19 ( 285 ) + 10.12 ( + 43 ) 9.53 ( 43 ) + 0.54 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 451 ) ( - 5 ) 34.67 ( 156 ) + 7.39 ( + 33 ) 65.33 ( 294 ) + 2.14 ( + 9 ) 100 ( 450 ) ( - 1 ) Burlington Candidate : Jane McKenna ( Mulroney ) 11.30 ( 75 ) 40.06 ( 266 ) 29.97 ( 199 ) 18.68 ( 124 ) 100 ( 664 ) 40.88 ( 271 ) + 0.81 ( + 5 ) 39.52 ( 262 ) + 9.55 ( + 63 ) 19.61 ( 130 ) + 0.93 ( + 6 ) 100 ( 663 ) ( - 1 ) 55.90 ( 365 ) + 15.02 ( + 94 ) 44.10 ( 288 ) + 4.59 ( + 26 ) 100 ( 653 ) ( - 10 ) Milton MP : Lisa Raitt ( Mulroney ) Candidate : Parm Gill ( Elliott ) 22.24 ( 115 ) 28.43 ( 147 ) 36.56 ( 189 ) 12.77 ( 66 ) 100 ( 517 ) 30.27 ( 155 ) + 1.84 ( + 8 ) 56.45 ( 289 ) + 19.89 ( + 100 ) 13.28 ( 68 ) + 0.52 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 512 ) ( - 5 ) 41.82 ( 212 ) + 11.54 ( + 57 ) 58.19 ( 295 ) + 1.74 ( + 6 ) 100 ( 507 ) ( - 5 ) Oakville Candidate : Stephen Crawford ( Mulroney ) 10.80 ( 120 ) 38.34 ( 426 ) 26.73 ( 297 ) 24.12 ( 268 ) 100 ( 1111 ) 39.87 ( 441 ) + 1.53 ( + 15 ) 35.44 ( 392 ) + 8.71 ( + 95 ) 24.68 ( 273 ) + 0.56 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 1106 ) ( - 5 ) 61.16 ( 666 ) + 21.28 ( + 225 ) 38.84 ( 423 ) + 3.40 ( + 31 ) 100 ( 1089 ) ( - 17 ) Oakville North -- Burlington Candidate : Effie Triantafilopoulos ( Mulroney ) 11.63 ( 97 ) 38.01 ( 317 ) 30.58 ( 255 ) 19.78 ( 165 ) 100 ( 834 ) 39.52 ( 326 ) + 1.51 ( + 9 ) 40.00 ( 330 ) + 9.42 ( + 75 ) 20.49 ( 169 ) + 0.70 ( + 4 ) 100 ( 825 ) ( - 9 ) 54.80 ( 440 ) + 15.28 ( + 114 ) 45.21 ( 363 ) + 5.21 ( + 33 ) 100 ( 803 ) ( - 22 ) York - Simcoe Aurora -- Oak Ridges -- Richmond Hill Candidate : Michael Parsa ( Elliott ) 16.25 ( 103 ) 19.40 ( 123 ) 55.36 ( 351 ) 8.99 ( 57 ) 100 ( 634 ) 20.19 ( 128 ) + 0.79 ( + 5 ) 70.51 ( 447 ) + 15.14 ( + 96 ) 9.31 ( 59 ) + 0.32 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 634 ) ( 0 ) 26.98 ( 170 ) + 6.80 ( + 42 ) 73.02 ( 460 ) + 2.51 ( + 13 ) 100 ( 630 ) ( - 4 ) King -- Vaughan Candidate : Stephen Lecce ( Mulroney ) 10.73 ( 60 ) 22.72 ( 127 ) 46.69 ( 261 ) 19.86 ( 111 ) 100 ( 559 ) 23.56 ( 131 ) + 0.84 ( + 4 ) 56.30 ( 313 ) + 9.60 ( + 52 ) 20.14 ( 112 ) + 0.29 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 556 ) ( - 3 ) 36.85 ( 199 ) + 13.29 ( + 68 ) 63.15 ( 341 ) + 6.85 ( + 28 ) 100 ( 540 ) ( - 16 ) Markham -- Stouffville Candidate : Paul Calandra ( Elliott ) 14.09 ( 92 ) 36.29 ( 237 ) 39.82 ( 260 ) 9.80 ( 64 ) 100 ( 653 ) 37.85 ( 246 ) + 1.55 ( + 9 ) 52.15 ( 339 ) + 12.34 ( + 79 ) 10.00 ( 65 ) + 0.20 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 650 ) ( - 3 ) 45.12 ( 291 ) + 7.27 ( + 45 ) 54.88 ( 354 ) + 2.73 ( + 15 ) 100 ( 645 ) ( - 5 ) Markham -- Thornhill Candidate : Logan Kanapathi ( Elliott ) 11.67 ( 35 ) 40.67 ( 122 ) 33.67 ( 101 ) 14.00 ( 42 ) 100 ( 300 ) 42.67 ( 128 ) + 2.00 ( + 6 ) 43.00 ( 129 ) + 9.33 ( + 28 ) 14.33 ( 43 ) + 0.33 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 300 ) ( 0 ) 56.04 ( 167 ) + 13.37 ( + 39 ) 43.96 ( 131 ) + 0.96 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 298 ) ( - 2 ) Markham -- Unionville 12.84 ( 105 ) 20.05 ( 164 ) 60.39 ( 494 ) 6.72 ( 55 ) 100 ( 818 ) 20.69 ( 169 ) + 0.64 ( + 5 ) 72.46 ( 592 ) + 12.07 ( + 98 ) 6.85 ( 56 ) + 0.13 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 817 ) ( - 1 ) 24.50 ( 197 ) + 3.82 ( + 28 ) 75.50 ( 607 ) + 3.04 ( + 15 ) 100 ( 804 ) ( - 13 ) Newmarket -- Aurora Candidate : Charity McGrath ( Ford ) 10.20 ( 71 ) 33.76 ( 235 ) 43.39 ( 302 ) 12.64 ( 88 ) 100 ( 696 ) 36.28 ( 250 ) + 2.52 ( + 15 ) 50.65 ( 349 ) + 7.26 ( + 47 ) 13.06 ( 90 ) + 0.42 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 689 ) ( - 7 ) 47.52 ( 326 ) + 11.24 ( + 76 ) 52.48 ( 360 ) + 1.83 ( + 11 ) 100 ( 686 ) ( - 3 ) Richmond Hill 10.71 ( 51 ) 30.25 ( 144 ) 48.95 ( 233 ) 10.08 ( 48 ) 100 ( 476 ) 31.14 ( 147 ) + 0.89 ( + 3 ) 58.05 ( 274 ) + 9.10 ( + 41 ) 10.81 ( 51 ) + 0.72 ( + 3 ) 100 ( 472 ) ( - 4 ) 37.07 ( 172 ) + 5.93 ( + 25 ) 62.93 ( 292 ) + 4.88 ( + 18 ) 100 ( 464 ) ( - 8 ) Thornhill MPP : Gila Martow ( no endorsement ) MP : Peter Kent ( Elliott ) 11.81 ( 66 ) 37.39 ( 209 ) 35.78 ( 200 ) 15.03 ( 84 ) 100 ( 559 ) 38.17 ( 213 ) + 0.78 ( + 4 ) 46.06 ( 257 ) + 10.28 ( + 57 ) 15.77 ( 88 ) + 0.74 ( + 4 ) 100 ( 558 ) ( - 1 ) 50.45 ( 278 ) + 12.28 ( + 65 ) 49.55 ( 273 ) + 3.49 ( + 16 ) 100 ( 551 ) ( - 7 ) Vaughan -- Woodbridge Candidate : Michael Tibollo ( Ford ) 12.54 ( 37 ) 20.34 ( 60 ) 58.98 ( 174 ) 8.14 ( 24 ) 100 ( 295 ) 21.31 ( 62 ) + 0.97 ( + 2 ) 70.10 ( 204 ) + 11.12 ( + 30 ) 8.59 ( 25 ) + 0.46 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 291 ) ( - 4 ) 24.83 ( 71 ) + 3.52 ( + 9 ) 75.18 ( 215 ) + 5.07 ( + 11 ) 100 ( 286 ) ( - 5 ) York -- Simcoe MPP : Julia Munro ( no endorsement ) MP : Peter Van Loan ( Mulroney ) Candidate : Caroline Mulroney ( Mulroney ) 9.69 ( 41 ) 18.68 ( 79 ) 36.64 ( 155 ) 34.99 ( 148 ) 100 ( 423 ) 19.00 ( 80 ) + 0.33 ( + 1 ) 45.61 ( 192 ) + 8.96 ( + 37 ) 35.39 ( 149 ) + 0.40 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 421 ) ( - 2 ) 44.39 ( 178 ) + 25.39 ( + 98 ) 55.61 ( 223 ) + 10.01 ( + 31 ) 100 ( 401 ) ( - 20 ) Barrie -- Innisfil 9.18 ( 64 ) 32.14 ( 224 ) 42.18 ( 294 ) 16.50 ( 115 ) 100 ( 697 ) 33.00 ( 229 ) + 0.86 ( + 5 ) 50.14 ( 348 ) + 7.96 ( + 54 ) 16.86 ( 117 ) + 0.36 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 694 ) ( - 3 ) 43.61 ( 297 ) + 10.62 ( + 68 ) 56.39 ( 384 ) + 6.24 ( + 36 ) 100 ( 681 ) ( - 13 ) Barrie -- Springwater -- Oro - Medonte MP : Alex Nuttall ( Elliott ) 8.21 ( 70 ) 46.54 ( 397 ) 31.30 ( 267 ) 13.95 ( 119 ) 100 ( 853 ) 47.93 ( 405 ) + 1.39 ( + 8 ) 37.52 ( 317 ) + 6.21 ( + 50 ) 14.56 ( 123 ) + 0.60 ( + 4 ) 100 ( 845 ) ( - 8 ) 58.10 ( 484 ) + 10.17 ( + 79 ) 41.90 ( 349 ) + 4.38 ( + 32 ) 100 ( 833 ) ( - 12 ) Simcoe -- Grey MPP : Jim Wilson ( Elliott ) 13.23 ( 75 ) 41.09 ( 233 ) 33.69 ( 191 ) 11.99 ( 68 ) 100 ( 567 ) 42.30 ( 239 ) + 1.21 ( + 6 ) 44.07 ( 249 ) + 10.39 ( + 58 ) 13.63 ( 77 ) + 1.64 ( + 9 ) 100 ( 565 ) ( - 2 ) 52.44 ( 290 ) + 10.14 ( + 51 ) 47.56 ( 263 ) + 3.49 ( + 14 ) 100 ( 553 ) ( - 12 ) Simcoe North MP : Bruce Stanton ( Mulroney ) Candidate : Jill Dunlop ( Elliott ) 6.91 ( 46 ) 47.90 ( 319 ) 27.18 ( 181 ) 18.02 ( 120 ) 100 ( 666 ) 49.17 ( 325 ) + 1.27 ( + 6 ) 32.22 ( 213 ) + 5.05 ( + 32 ) 18.61 ( 123 ) + 0.59 ( + 3 ) 100 ( 661 ) ( - 5 ) 64.04 ( 415 ) + 14.88 ( + 90 ) 35.96 ( 233 ) + 3.73 ( + 20 ) 100 ( 648 ) ( - 13 ) Durham Ajax Candidate : Rod Phillips ( Mulroney ) 13.35 ( 69 ) 47.97 ( 248 ) 32.30 ( 167 ) 6.38 ( 33 ) 100 ( 517 ) 50.10 ( 257 ) + 2.13 ( + 9 ) 43.28 ( 222 ) + 10.97 ( + 55 ) 6.63 ( 34 ) + 0.25 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 513 ) ( - 4 ) 55.36 ( 284 ) + 5.26 ( + 27 ) 44.64 ( 229 ) + 1.36 ( + 7 ) 100 ( 513 ) ( 0 ) Durham MP : Erin O'Toole ( Elliott ) Candidate : Lindsey Park ( Elliott ) 9.87 ( 117 ) 57.22 ( 678 ) 26.84 ( 318 ) 6.08 ( 72 ) 100 ( 1185 ) 58.02 ( 687 ) + 0.81 ( + 9 ) 35.05 ( 415 ) + 8.22 ( + 97 ) 6.93 ( 82 ) + 0.85 ( + 10 ) 100 ( 1184 ) ( - 1 ) 63.34 ( 748 ) + 5.31 ( + 61 ) 36.66 ( 433 ) + 1.61 ( + 18 ) 100 ( 1181 ) ( - 3 ) Oshawa Candidate : Bob Chapman ( Elliott ) 11.01 ( 69 ) 59.17 ( 371 ) 24.56 ( 154 ) 5.26 ( 33 ) 100 ( 627 ) 60.87 ( 378 ) + 1.70 ( + 7 ) 33.66 ( 209 ) + 9.09 ( + 55 ) 5.48 ( 34 ) + 0.21 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 621 ) ( - 6 ) 64.78 ( 401 ) + 3.91 ( + 23 ) 35.22 ( 218 ) + 1.56 ( + 9 ) 100 ( 619 ) ( - 2 ) Pickering -- Uxbridge Candidate : Peter Bethlenfalvy ( Elliott ) 12.11 ( 69 ) 43.68 ( 249 ) 31.93 ( 182 ) 12.28 ( 70 ) 100 ( 570 ) 44.62 ( 253 ) + 0.94 ( + 4 ) 42.33 ( 240 ) + 10.40 ( + 58 ) 13.05 ( 74 ) + 0.77 ( + 4 ) 100 ( 567 ) ( - 3 ) 54.69 ( 303 ) + 10.07 ( + 50 ) 45.31 ( 251 ) + 2.98 ( + 11 ) 100 ( 554 ) ( - 13 ) Whitby MPP : Lorne Coe ( Elliott ) 6.22 ( 68 ) 74.95 ( 820 ) 15.08 ( 165 ) 3.75 ( 41 ) 100 ( 1094 ) 76.40 ( 832 ) + 1.45 ( + 12 ) 19.56 ( 213 ) + 4.48 ( + 48 ) 4.04 ( 44 ) + 0.29 ( + 3 ) 100 ( 1089 ) ( - 5 ) 79.15 ( 858 ) + 2.75 ( + 26 ) 20.85 ( 226 ) + 1.29 ( + 13 ) 100 ( 1084 ) ( - 5 ) Eastern Ontario ( edit ) show Eastern Ontario Riding Ballot 1 Ballot 2 Ballot 3 Caucus / Candidate ( Supported ) Granic Allen Elliott Ford Mulroney Total Elliott Ford Mulroney Total Elliott Ford Total National Capital Region Carleton MP : Pierre Poilievre ( no endorsement ) Candidate : Goldie Ghamari ( Elliott ) 18.00 ( 187 ) 27.72 ( 288 ) 26.47 ( 275 ) 27.82 ( 289 ) 100 ( 1039 ) 29.14 ( 301 ) + 1.42 ( + 13 ) 41.34 ( 427 ) + 14.87 ( + 152 ) 29.53 ( 305 ) + 1.71 ( + 16 ) 100 ( 1033 ) ( - 6 ) 50.64 ( 511 ) + 21.51 ( + 210 ) 49.36 ( 498 ) + 8.02 ( + 71 ) 100 ( 1009 ) ( - 24 ) Kanata -- Carleton Candidate : Merrilee Fullerton ( Mulroney ) 15.14 ( 139 ) 30.17 ( 277 ) 22.88 ( 210 ) 31.81 ( 292 ) 100 ( 918 ) 31.93 ( 288 ) + 1.76 ( + 11 ) 35.03 ( 316 ) + 12.16 ( + 106 ) 33.04 ( 298 ) + 1.23 ( + 6 ) 100 ( 902 ) ( - 16 ) 56.57 ( 495 ) + 24.64 ( + 207 ) 43.43 ( 380 ) + 8.40 ( + 64 ) 100 ( 875 ) ( - 27 ) Nepean MPP : Lisa MacLeod ( no endorsement ) 13.84 ( 84 ) 31.63 ( 192 ) 26.03 ( 158 ) 28.50 ( 173 ) 100 ( 607 ) 33.39 ( 202 ) + 1.76 ( + 10 ) 37.36 ( 226 ) + 11.33 ( + 68 ) 29.26 ( 177 ) + 0.75 ( + 4 ) 100 ( 605 ) ( - 2 ) 52.72 ( 310 ) + 19.33 ( + 108 ) 47.28 ( 278 ) + 9.92 ( + 52 ) 100 ( 588 ) ( - 17 ) Orléans Candidate : Cameron Montgomery ( Elliott ) 28.30 ( 161 ) 29.70 ( 169 ) 23.37 ( 133 ) 18.63 ( 106 ) 100 ( 569 ) 32.80 ( 186 ) + 3.10 ( + 17 ) 46.91 ( 266 ) + 23.54 ( + 133 ) 20.28 ( 115 ) + 1.65 ( + 9 ) 100 ( 567 ) ( - 2 ) 47.85 ( 267 ) + 15.05 ( + 81 ) 52.15 ( 291 ) + 5.24 ( + 25 ) 100 ( 558 ) ( - 9 ) Ottawa Centre 15.44 ( 88 ) 35.97 ( 205 ) 19.30 ( 110 ) 29.30 ( 167 ) 100 ( 570 ) 37.74 ( 214 ) + 1.78 ( + 9 ) 31.92 ( 181 ) + 12.62 ( + 71 ) 30.34 ( 172 ) + 1.04 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 567 ) ( - 3 ) 62.03 ( 343 ) + 24.28 ( + 129 ) 37.98 ( 210 ) + 6.05 ( + 29 ) 100 ( 553 ) ( - 14 ) Ottawa South Candidate : Karin Howard ( Elliott ) 21.18 ( 115 ) 35.91 ( 195 ) 19.71 ( 107 ) 23.20 ( 126 ) 100 ( 543 ) 39.96 ( 213 ) + 4.05 ( + 18 ) 36.21 ( 193 ) + 16.51 ( + 86 ) 23.83 ( 127 ) + 0.62 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 533 ) ( - 10 ) 54.63 ( 283 ) + 14.67 ( + 70 ) 45.37 ( 235 ) + 9.16 ( + 42 ) 100 ( 518 ) ( - 15 ) Ottawa -- Vanier Candidate : Fadi Nemr ( Elliott ) 20.00 ( 66 ) 34.55 ( 114 ) 20.61 ( 68 ) 24.85 ( 82 ) 100 ( 330 ) 38.60 ( 127 ) + 4.06 ( + 13 ) 34.04 ( 112 ) + 13.44 ( + 44 ) 27.36 ( 90 ) + 2.51 ( + 8 ) 100 ( 329 ) ( - 1 ) 58.31 ( 186 ) + 19.71 ( + 59 ) 41.69 ( 133 ) + 7.65 ( + 21 ) 100 ( 319 ) ( - 10 ) Ottawa West -- Nepean Candidate : Jeremy Roberts ( Elliott ) 17.10 ( 118 ) 36.67 ( 253 ) 22.75 ( 157 ) 23.48 ( 162 ) 100 ( 690 ) 40.26 ( 277 ) + 3.60 ( + 24 ) 34.01 ( 234 ) + 11.26 ( + 77 ) 25.73 ( 177 ) + 2.25 ( + 15 ) 100 ( 688 ) ( - 2 ) 58.81 ( 394 ) + 18.54 ( + 117 ) 41.19 ( 276 ) + 7.18 ( + 42 ) 100 ( 670 ) ( - 18 ) Eastern Ontario Bay of Quinte MPP : Todd Smith ( Elliott ) 11.76 ( 91 ) 56.85 ( 440 ) 22.35 ( 173 ) 9.04 ( 70 ) 100 ( 774 ) 57.76 ( 443 ) + 0.91 ( + 3 ) 32.86 ( 252 ) + 10.50 ( + 79 ) 9.39 ( 72 ) + 0.34 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 767 ) ( - 7 ) 64.48 ( 492 ) + 6.73 ( + 49 ) 35.52 ( 271 ) + 2.66 ( + 19 ) 100 ( 763 ) ( - 4 ) Glengarry -- Prescott -- Russell Candidate : Amanda Simard ( Elliott ) 22.56 ( 90 ) 30.58 ( 122 ) 26.57 ( 106 ) 20.30 ( 81 ) 100 ( 399 ) 33.00 ( 130 ) + 2.42 ( + 8 ) 44.16 ( 174 ) + 17.60 ( + 68 ) 22.84 ( 90 ) + 2.54 ( + 9 ) 100 ( 394 ) ( - 5 ) 50.52 ( 195 ) + 17.52 ( + 65 ) 49.48 ( 191 ) + 5.32 ( + 17 ) 100 ( 386 ) ( - 8 ) Haliburton -- Kawartha Lakes -- Brock MPP : Laurie Scott ( Elliott ) 11.53 ( 102 ) 41.02 ( 363 ) 34.12 ( 302 ) 13.33 ( 118 ) 100 ( 885 ) 42.17 ( 369 ) + 1.15 ( + 6 ) 43.89 ( 384 ) + 9.76 ( + 82 ) 13.94 ( 122 ) + 0.61 ( + 4 ) 100 ( 875 ) ( - 10 ) 52.36 ( 455 ) + 10.19 ( + 86 ) 47.64 ( 414 ) + 3.76 ( + 30 ) 100 ( 869 ) ( - 6 ) Hastings -- Lennox and Addington Candidate : Daryl Kramp ( Mulroney ) 14.81 ( 73 ) 41.18 ( 203 ) 28.60 ( 141 ) 15.42 ( 76 ) 100 ( 493 ) 43.39 ( 210 ) + 2.21 ( + 7 ) 39.88 ( 193 ) + 11.28 ( + 52 ) 16.74 ( 81 ) + 1.32 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 484 ) ( - 9 ) 57.02 ( 272 ) + 13.64 ( + 62 ) 42.98 ( 205 ) + 3.10 ( + 12 ) 100 ( 477 ) ( - 7 ) Kingston and the Islands 19.14 ( 85 ) 41.89 ( 186 ) 15.32 ( 68 ) 23.65 ( 105 ) 100 ( 444 ) 44.50 ( 194 ) + 2.60 ( + 8 ) 29.82 ( 130 ) + 14.50 ( + 62 ) 25.69 ( 112 ) + 2.04 ( + 7 ) 100 ( 436 ) ( - 8 ) 67.29 ( 286 ) + 22.80 ( + 92 ) 32.71 ( 139 ) + 2.89 ( + 9 ) 100 ( 425 ) ( - 11 ) Lanark -- Frontenac -- Kingston MPP : Randy Hillier ( Elliott ) MP : Scott Reid ( Elliott ) 16.52 ( 77 ) 41.20 ( 192 ) 20.60 ( 96 ) 21.67 ( 101 ) 100 ( 466 ) 43.72 ( 202 ) + 2.52 ( + 10 ) 33.12 ( 153 ) + 12.52 ( + 57 ) 23.16 ( 107 ) + 1.49 ( + 6 ) 100 ( 462 ) ( - 4 ) 60.63 ( 271 ) + 16.90 ( + 69 ) 39.37 ( 176 ) + 6.26 ( + 23 ) 100 ( 447 ) ( - 15 ) Leeds -- Grenville -- Thousand Islands and Rideau Lakes MPP : Steve Clark ( no endorsement ) MP : Gord Brown ( Mulroney ) 11.73 ( 53 ) 26.33 ( 119 ) 31.20 ( 141 ) 30.75 ( 139 ) 100 ( 452 ) 27.29 ( 122 ) + 0.97 ( + 3 ) 41.39 ( 185 ) + 10.19 ( + 44 ) 31.32 ( 140 ) + 0.57 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 447 ) ( - 5 ) 48.35 ( 205 ) + 21.06 ( + 83 ) 51.65 ( 219 ) + 10.26 ( + 34 ) 100 ( 424 ) ( - 23 ) Northumberland -- Peterborough South Candidate : David Piccini ( Elliott ) 8.57 ( 58 ) 55.69 ( 377 ) 28.21 ( 191 ) 7.53 ( 51 ) 100 ( 677 ) 56.63 ( 380 ) + 0.95 ( + 3 ) 35.02 ( 235 ) + 6.81 ( + 44 ) 8.35 ( 56 ) + 0.81 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 671 ) ( - 6 ) 61.39 ( 407 ) + 4.76 ( + 27 ) 38.61 ( 256 ) + 3.59 ( + 21 ) 100 ( 663 ) ( - 8 ) Peterborough -- Kawartha Candidate : Dave Smith ( Elliott ) 14.62 ( 75 ) 48.54 ( 249 ) 25.34 ( 130 ) 11.50 ( 59 ) 100 ( 513 ) 49.80 ( 253 ) + 1.27 ( + 4 ) 38.58 ( 196 ) + 13.24 ( + 66 ) 11.61 ( 59 ) + 0.11 ( + 0 ) 100 ( 508 ) ( - 5 ) 59.16 ( 297 ) + 9.36 ( + 44 ) 40.84 ( 205 ) + 2.25 ( + 9 ) 100 ( 502 ) ( - 6 ) Stormont -- Dundas -- South Glengarry MPP : Jim McDonell ( Elliott ) MP : Guy Lauzon ( Mulroney ) 11.24 ( 39 ) 40.63 ( 141 ) 29.40 ( 102 ) 18.73 ( 65 ) 100 ( 347 ) 42.11 ( 144 ) + 1.47 ( + 3 ) 37.43 ( 128 ) + 8.03 ( + 26 ) 20.47 ( 70 ) + 1.74 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 342 ) ( - 5 ) 57.70 ( 191 ) + 15.60 ( + 47 ) 42.30 ( 140 ) + 4.87 ( + 12 ) 100 ( 331 ) ( - 11 ) Southwestern Ontario ( edit ) show Southwestern Ontario Riding Ballot 1 Ballot 2 Ballot 3 Caucus / Candidate ( Supported ) Granic Allen Elliott Ford Mulroney Total Elliott Ford Mulroney Total Elliott Ford Total Kitchener - Waterloo Cambridge 21.82 ( 139 ) 42.86 ( 273 ) 23.08 ( 147 ) 12.25 ( 78 ) 100 ( 637 ) 47.06 ( 296 ) + 4.20 ( + 23 ) 39.43 ( 248 ) + 16.35 ( + 101 ) 13.51 ( 85 ) + 1.27 ( + 7 ) 100 ( 629 ) ( - 8 ) 57.79 ( 360 ) + 10.73 ( + 64 ) 42.22 ( 263 ) + 2.79 ( + 15 ) 100 ( 623 ) ( - 6 ) Guelph 16.27 ( 68 ) 38.52 ( 161 ) 27.03 ( 113 ) 18.18 ( 76 ) 100 ( 418 ) 39.52 ( 164 ) + 1.00 ( + 3 ) 40.72 ( 169 ) + 13.69 ( + 56 ) 19.76 ( 82 ) + 1.58 ( + 6 ) 100 ( 415 ) ( - 3 ) 54.59 ( 220 ) + 15.07 ( + 56 ) 45.41 ( 183 ) + 4.69 ( + 14 ) 100 ( 403 ) ( - 12 ) Kitchener Centre Candidate : Mary Henein Thorn ( Elliott ) 30.80 ( 146 ) 36.92 ( 175 ) 20.46 ( 97 ) 11.81 ( 56 ) 100 ( 474 ) 39.61 ( 183 ) + 2.69 ( + 8 ) 46.97 ( 217 ) + 26.51 ( + 120 ) 13.42 ( 62 ) + 1.61 ( + 6 ) 100 ( 462 ) ( - 12 ) 49.78 ( 227 ) + 10.17 ( + 44 ) 50.22 ( 229 ) + 3.25 ( + 12 ) 100 ( 456 ) ( - 6 ) Kitchener -- Conestoga MPP : Michael Harris ( Elliott ) 26.50 ( 141 ) 36.28 ( 193 ) 25.38 ( 135 ) 11.84 ( 63 ) 100 ( 532 ) 39.54 ( 208 ) + 3.27 ( + 15 ) 47.34 ( 249 ) + 21.96 ( + 114 ) 13.12 ( 69 ) + 1.28 ( + 6 ) 100 ( 526 ) ( - 6 ) 50.10 ( 259 ) + 10.55 ( + 51 ) 49.90 ( 258 ) + 2.57 ( + 9 ) 100 ( 517 ) ( - 9 ) Kitchener South -- Hespeler Candidate : Amy Fee ( Elliott ) 16.97 ( 74 ) 40.37 ( 176 ) 30.96 ( 135 ) 11.70 ( 51 ) 100 ( 436 ) 41.16 ( 177 ) + 0.80 ( + 1 ) 45.81 ( 197 ) + 14.85 ( + 62 ) 13.02 ( 56 ) + 1.33 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 430 ) ( - 6 ) 49.53 ( 212 ) + 8.37 ( + 35 ) 50.47 ( 216 ) + 4.65 ( + 19 ) 100 ( 428 ) ( - 2 ) Waterloo 20.32 ( 128 ) 32.06 ( 202 ) 27.46 ( 173 ) 20.16 ( 127 ) 100 ( 630 ) 34.78 ( 216 ) + 2.72 ( + 14 ) 43.96 ( 273 ) + 16.50 ( + 100 ) 21.26 ( 132 ) + 1.10 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 621 ) ( - 9 ) 51.90 ( 314 ) + 17.12 ( + 98 ) 48.10 ( 291 ) + 4.14 ( + 18 ) 100 ( 605 ) ( - 16 ) Wellington -- Halton Hills MPP : Ted Arnott ( Elliott ) MP : Michael Chong ( Elliott ) 22.36 ( 93 ) 35.10 ( 146 ) 28.61 ( 119 ) 13.94 ( 58 ) 100 ( 416 ) 37.07 ( 152 ) + 1.98 ( + 6 ) 48.54 ( 199 ) + 19.93 ( + 80 ) 14.39 ( 59 ) + 0.45 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 410 ) ( - 6 ) 48.14 ( 194 ) + 11.07 ( + 42 ) 51.86 ( 209 ) + 3.32 ( + 10 ) 100 ( 403 ) ( - 7 ) London Elgin -- Middlesex -- London MPP : Jeff Yurek ( Mulroney ) 21.84 ( 154 ) 29.50 ( 208 ) 26.53 ( 187 ) 22.13 ( 156 ) 100 ( 705 ) 31.24 ( 219 ) + 1.74 ( + 11 ) 44.22 ( 310 ) + 17.70 ( + 123 ) 24.54 ( 172 ) + 2.41 ( + 16 ) 100 ( 701 ) ( - 4 ) 49.11 ( 330 ) + 17.87 ( + 111 ) 50.89 ( 342 ) + 6.67 ( + 32 ) 100 ( 672 ) ( - 29 ) London -- Fanshawe 24.90 ( 64 ) 31.13 ( 80 ) 34.24 ( 88 ) 9.73 ( 25 ) 100 ( 257 ) 34.39 ( 87 ) + 3.26 ( + 7 ) 54.55 ( 138 ) + 20.30 ( + 50 ) 11.07 ( 28 ) + 1.34 ( + 3 ) 100 ( 253 ) ( - 4 ) 40.16 ( 100 ) + 5.77 ( + 13 ) 59.84 ( 149 ) + 5.29 ( + 11 ) 100 ( 249 ) ( - 4 ) London North Centre Candidate : Susan Truppe ( Mulroney ) 14.63 ( 98 ) 40.45 ( 271 ) 22.69 ( 152 ) 22.24 ( 149 ) 100 ( 670 ) 42.60 ( 282 ) + 2.15 ( + 11 ) 34.14 ( 226 ) + 11.45 ( + 74 ) 23.26 ( 154 ) + 1.02 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 662 ) ( - 8 ) 60.41 ( 383 ) + 17.81 ( + 101 ) 39.59 ( 251 ) + 5.45 ( + 25 ) 100 ( 634 ) ( - 28 ) London West 16.44 ( 111 ) 43.56 ( 294 ) 19.56 ( 132 ) 20.44 ( 138 ) 100 ( 675 ) 46.48 ( 310 ) + 2.92 ( + 16 ) 31.63 ( 211 ) + 12.08 ( + 79 ) 21.89 ( 146 ) + 1.45 ( + 8 ) 100 ( 667 ) ( - 8 ) 61.80 ( 406 ) + 15.32 ( + 96 ) 38.20 ( 251 ) + 6.57 ( + 40 ) 100 ( 657 ) ( - 10 ) Windsor - Essex Chatham -- Kent -- Leamington MPP : Rick Nicholls ( no endorsement ) 23.08 ( 108 ) 30.34 ( 142 ) 29.49 ( 138 ) 17.09 ( 80 ) 100 ( 468 ) 33.33 ( 152 ) + 2.99 ( + 10 ) 48.03 ( 219 ) + 18.54 ( + 81 ) 18.64 ( 85 ) + 1.55 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 456 ) ( - 12 ) 46.53 ( 208 ) + 13.20 ( + 56 ) 53.47 ( 239 ) + 5.44 ( + 20 ) 100 ( 447 ) ( - 9 ) Essex 32.71 ( 123 ) 26.06 ( 98 ) 23.94 ( 90 ) 17.29 ( 65 ) 100 ( 376 ) 27.87 ( 102 ) + 1.81 ( + 4 ) 51.91 ( 190 ) + 27.98 ( + 100 ) 20.22 ( 74 ) + 2.93 ( + 9 ) 100 ( 366 ) ( - 10 ) 42.14 ( 150 ) + 14.27 ( + 48 ) 57.87 ( 206 ) + 5.95 ( + 16 ) 100 ( 356 ) ( - 10 ) Windsor -- Tecumseh Candidate : Mohammad Latif ( Elliott ) 31.68 ( 64 ) 27.23 ( 55 ) 27.23 ( 55 ) 13.86 ( 28 ) 100 ( 202 ) 28.06 ( 55 ) + 0.83 ( + 0 ) 56.63 ( 111 ) + 29.41 ( + 56 ) 15.31 ( 30 ) + 1.45 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 196 ) ( - 6 ) 39.27 ( 75 ) + 11.21 ( + 20 ) 60.73 ( 116 ) + 4.10 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 191 ) ( - 5 ) Windsor West Candidate : Adam Ibrahim ( Elliott ) 24.06 ( 45 ) 20.32 ( 38 ) 26.74 ( 50 ) 28.88 ( 54 ) 100 ( 187 ) 22.28 ( 41 ) + 1.96 ( + 3 ) 46.74 ( 86 ) + 20.00 ( + 36 ) 30.98 ( 57 ) + 2.10 ( + 3 ) 100 ( 184 ) ( - 3 ) 41.46 ( 68 ) + 19.18 ( + 27 ) 58.54 ( 96 ) + 11.80 ( + 10 ) 100 ( 164 ) ( - 20 ) Rural Brantford -- Brant MP : Phil McColeman ( Mulroney ) Candidate : Will Bouma ( Mulroney ) 23.85 ( 176 ) 28.18 ( 208 ) 32.66 ( 241 ) 15.31 ( 113 ) 100 ( 738 ) 32.01 ( 234 ) + 3.83 ( + 26 ) 50.75 ( 371 ) + 18.10 ( + 130 ) 17.24 ( 126 ) + 1.93 ( + 13 ) 100 ( 731 ) ( - 7 ) 43.91 ( 317 ) + 11.90 ( + 83 ) 56.09 ( 405 ) + 5.34 ( + 34 ) 100 ( 722 ) ( - 9 ) Bruce -- Grey -- Owen Sound MPP : Bill Walker ( Elliott ) 19.55 ( 166 ) 40.17 ( 341 ) 22.85 ( 194 ) 17.43 ( 148 ) 100 ( 849 ) 41.86 ( 352 ) + 1.69 ( + 11 ) 39.00 ( 328 ) + 16.15 ( + 134 ) 19.14 ( 161 ) + 1.71 ( + 13 ) 100 ( 841 ) ( - 8 ) 56.04 ( 459 ) + 14.19 ( + 107 ) 43.96 ( 360 ) + 4.96 ( + 32 ) 100 ( 819 ) ( - 22 ) Dufferin -- Caledon MPP : Sylvia Jones ( no endorsement ) MP : David Tilson ( Mulroney ) 13.42 ( 132 ) 32.93 ( 324 ) 37.70 ( 371 ) 15.96 ( 157 ) 100 ( 984 ) 33.98 ( 333 ) + 1.05 ( + 9 ) 49.18 ( 482 ) + 11.48 ( + 111 ) 16.84 ( 165 ) + 0.88 ( + 8 ) 100 ( 980 ) ( - 4 ) 46.64 ( 451 ) + 12.66 ( + 118 ) 53.36 ( 516 ) + 4.18 ( + 34 ) 100 ( 967 ) ( - 13 ) Haldimand -- Norfolk MPP : Toby Barrett ( Ford ) MP : Diane Finley ( Mulroney ) 24.44 ( 120 ) 25.66 ( 126 ) 39.72 ( 195 ) 10.18 ( 50 ) 100 ( 491 ) 29.10 ( 142 ) + 3.44 ( + 16 ) 59.02 ( 288 ) + 19.30 ( + 93 ) 11.89 ( 58 ) + 1.70 ( + 8 ) 100 ( 488 ) ( - 3 ) 38.33 ( 184 ) + 9.24 ( + 42 ) 61.67 ( 296 ) + 2.65 ( + 8 ) 100 ( 480 ) ( - 8 ) Huron -- Bruce MPP : Lisa Thompson ( no endorsement ) MP : Ben Lobb ( Elliott ) 24.47 ( 138 ) 37.59 ( 212 ) 21.63 ( 122 ) 16.31 ( 92 ) 100 ( 564 ) 41.11 ( 229 ) + 3.52 ( + 17 ) 40.40 ( 225 ) + 18.76 ( + 103 ) 18.49 ( 103 ) + 2.18 ( + 11 ) 100 ( 557 ) ( - 7 ) 54.44 ( 294 ) + 13.33 ( + 65 ) 45.56 ( 246 ) + 5.16 ( + 21 ) 100 ( 540 ) ( - 17 ) Lambton -- Kent -- Middlesex MPP : Monte McNaughton ( Mulroney ) 20.31 ( 92 ) 23.84 ( 108 ) 26.49 ( 120 ) 29.36 ( 133 ) 100 ( 453 ) 27.07 ( 121 ) + 3.23 ( + 13 ) 40.94 ( 183 ) + 14.45 ( + 63 ) 31.99 ( 143 ) + 2.63 ( + 10 ) 100 ( 447 ) ( - 6 ) 46.95 ( 200 ) + 19.88 ( + 79 ) 53.05 ( 226 ) + 12.11 ( + 43 ) 100 ( 426 ) ( - 21 ) Oxford MPP : Ernie Hardeman ( Elliott ) 28.29 ( 187 ) 31.92 ( 211 ) 26.32 ( 174 ) 13.46 ( 89 ) 100 ( 661 ) 35.64 ( 232 ) + 3.72 ( + 21 ) 49.00 ( 319 ) + 22.68 ( + 145 ) 15.36 ( 100 ) + 1.90 ( + 11 ) 100 ( 651 ) ( - 10 ) 46.09 ( 295 ) + 10.46 ( + 63 ) 53.91 ( 345 ) + 4.90 ( + 26 ) 100 ( 640 ) ( - 11 ) Perth -- Wellington MPP : Randy Pettapiece ( Elliott ) MP : John Nater ( Elliott ) 20.71 ( 111 ) 37.13 ( 199 ) 27.05 ( 145 ) 15.11 ( 81 ) 100 ( 536 ) 38.61 ( 205 ) + 1.48 ( + 6 ) 45.01 ( 239 ) + 17.96 ( + 94 ) 16.38 ( 87 ) + 1.27 ( + 6 ) 100 ( 531 ) ( - 5 ) 51.81 ( 272 ) + 13.20 ( + 67 ) 48.19 ( 253 ) + 3.18 ( + 14 ) 100 ( 525 ) ( - 6 ) Sarnia -- Lambton MPP : Bob Bailey ( Mulroney ) MP : Marilyn Gladu ( Elliott ) 24.34 ( 147 ) 27.65 ( 167 ) 28.81 ( 174 ) 19.21 ( 116 ) 100 ( 604 ) 28.45 ( 169 ) + 0.80 ( + 2 ) 49.83 ( 296 ) + 21.02 ( + 122 ) 21.72 ( 129 ) + 2.51 ( + 13 ) 100 ( 594 ) ( - 10 ) 42.91 ( 245 ) + 14.46 ( + 76 ) 57.09 ( 326 ) + 7.26 ( + 30 ) 100 ( 571 ) ( - 23 ) Northern Ontario ( edit ) show Northern Ontario Riding Ballot 1 Ballot 2 Ballot 3 Caucus / Candidate ( Supported ) Granic Allen Elliott Ford Mulroney Total h Elliott Ford Mulroney Total Elliott Ford Total Algoma -- Manitoulin 23.94 ( 45 ) 27.66 ( 52 ) 38.83 ( 73 ) 9.57 ( 18 ) 100 ( 188 ) 29.41 ( 55 ) + 1.75 ( + 3 ) 59.89 ( 112 ) + 21.06 ( + 39 ) 10.70 ( 20 ) + 1.12 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 187 ) ( - 1 ) 37.63 ( 70 ) + 8.22 ( + 15 ) 62.37 ( 116 ) + 2.47 ( + 4 ) 100 ( 186 ) ( - 1 ) Kenora -- Rainy River Candidate : Greg Rickford ( Mulroney ) 15.79 ( 30 ) 22.11 ( 42 ) 22.11 ( 42 ) 40.00 ( 76 ) 100 ( 190 ) 23.40 ( 44 ) + 1.30 ( + 2 ) 35.11 ( 66 ) + 13.00 ( + 24 ) 41.49 ( 78 ) + 1.49 ( + 2 ) 100 ( 188 ) ( - 2 ) 58.33 ( 105 ) + 34.93 ( + 61 ) 41.67 ( 75 ) + 6.56 ( + 9 ) 100 ( 180 ) ( - 8 ) Nickel Belt 11.26 ( 17 ) 27.15 ( 41 ) 38.41 ( 58 ) 23.18 ( 35 ) 100 ( 151 ) 28.48 ( 43 ) + 1.33 ( + 2 ) 48.34 ( 73 ) + 9.93 ( + 15 ) 23.18 ( 35 ) + 0.00 ( + 0 ) 100 ( 151 ) ( 0 ) 45.27 ( 67 ) + 16.79 ( + 24 ) 54.73 ( 81 ) + 6.39 ( + 8 ) 100 ( 148 ) ( - 3 ) Nipissing MPP : Vic Fedeli ( no endorsement ) 16.82 ( 56 ) 48.35 ( 161 ) 19.82 ( 66 ) 15.02 ( 50 ) 100 ( 333 ) 50.30 ( 166 ) + 1.96 ( + 5 ) 33.64 ( 111 ) + 13.82 ( + 45 ) 16.06 ( 53 ) + 1.05 ( + 3 ) 100 ( 330 ) ( - 3 ) 61.68 ( 198 ) + 11.38 ( + 32 ) 38.32 ( 123 ) + 4.68 ( + 12 ) 100 ( 321 ) ( - 9 ) Parry Sound -- Muskoka MPP : Norm Miller ( Mulroney ) MP : Tony Clement ( Mulroney ) 6.44 ( 32 ) 33.20 ( 165 ) 30.99 ( 154 ) 29.38 ( 146 ) 100 ( 497 ) 34.00 ( 169 ) + 0.81 ( + 4 ) 35.61 ( 177 ) + 4.63 ( + 23 ) 30.38 ( 151 ) + 1.01 ( + 5 ) 100 ( 497 ) ( 0 ) 59.92 ( 293 ) + 25.91 ( + 124 ) 40.08 ( 196 ) + 4.47 ( + 19 ) 100 ( 489 ) ( - 8 ) Renfrew -- Nipissing -- Pembroke MPP : John Yakabuski ( Mulroney ) 26.66 ( 169 ) 17.82 ( 113 ) 31.07 ( 197 ) 24.45 ( 155 ) 100 ( 634 ) 21.05 ( 132 ) + 3.23 ( + 19 ) 53.11 ( 333 ) + 22.04 ( + 136 ) 25.84 ( 162 ) + 1.39 ( + 7 ) 100 ( 627 ) ( - 7 ) 38.29 ( 229 ) + 17.24 ( + 97 ) 61.71 ( 369 ) + 8.60 ( + 36 ) 100 ( 598 ) ( - 29 ) Sault Ste . Marie MPP : Ross Romano ( Elliott ) 23.23 ( 36 ) 41.94 ( 65 ) 23.87 ( 37 ) 10.97 ( 17 ) 100 ( 155 ) 45.03 ( 68 ) + 3.10 ( + 3 ) 43.05 ( 65 ) + 19.18 ( + 28 ) 11.92 ( 18 ) + 0.95 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 151 ) ( - 4 ) 54.00 ( 81 ) + 8.97 ( + 13 ) 46.00 ( 69 ) + 2.95 ( + 4 ) 100 ( 150 ) ( - 1 ) Sudbury 13.94 ( 29 ) 33.17 ( 69 ) 37.02 ( 77 ) 15.87 ( 33 ) 100 ( 208 ) 33.98 ( 70 ) + 0.81 ( + 1 ) 49.52 ( 102 ) + 12.50 ( + 25 ) 16.51 ( 34 ) + 0.64 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 206 ) ( - 2 ) 44.55 ( 90 ) + 10.57 ( + 20 ) 55.45 ( 112 ) + 5.93 ( + 10 ) 100 ( 202 ) ( - 4 ) Thunder Bay -- Atikokan 23.56 ( 41 ) 41.95 ( 73 ) 22.41 ( 39 ) 12.07 ( 21 ) 100 ( 174 ) 44.51 ( 77 ) + 2.56 ( + 4 ) 41.62 ( 72 ) + 19.20 ( + 33 ) 13.87 ( 24 ) + 1.80 ( + 3 ) 100 ( 173 ) ( - 1 ) 52.91 ( 91 ) + 8.40 ( + 14 ) 47.09 ( 81 ) + 5.48 ( + 9 ) 100 ( 172 ) ( - 1 ) Thunder Bay -- Superior North Candidate : Derek Parks ( Elliott ) 14.39 ( 19 ) 28.79 ( 38 ) 33.33 ( 44 ) 23.49 ( 31 ) 100 ( 132 ) 31.06 ( 41 ) + 2.27 ( + 3 ) 44.70 ( 59 ) + 11.36 ( + 15 ) 24.24 ( 32 ) + 0.76 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 132 ) ( 0 ) 48.82 ( 62 ) + 17.76 ( + 21 ) 51.18 ( 65 ) + 6.48 ( + 6 ) 100 ( 127 ) ( - 5 ) Timiskaming -- Cochrane 25.87 ( 37 ) 24.48 ( 35 ) 36.36 ( 52 ) 13.29 ( 19 ) 100 ( 143 ) 25.35 ( 36 ) + 0.88 ( + 1 ) 60.56 ( 86 ) + 24.20 ( + 34 ) 14.09 ( 20 ) + 0.80 ( + 1 ) 100 ( 142 ) ( - 1 ) 35.97 ( 50 ) + 10.62 ( + 14 ) 64.03 ( 89 ) + 3.47 ( + 3 ) 100 ( 139 ) ( - 3 ) Timmins 4.00 ( 4 ) 25.00 ( 25 ) 21.00 ( 21 ) 28.00 ( 28 ) 78 ( 78 ) 25.00 ( 25 ) + 0.00 ( + 0 ) 25.00 ( 25 ) + 4.00 ( + 4 ) 28.00 ( 28 ) + 0.00 ( + 0 ) 78 ( 78 ) ( 0 ) 49.00 ( 49 ) + 24.00 ( + 24 ) 28.00 ( 28 ) + 3.00 ( + 3 ) 77 ( 77 ) ( - 1 ) Kiiwetinoong Candidate : Clifford Bull ( Mulroney ) 3.00 ( 3 ) 3.00 ( 3 ) 11.00 ( 11 ) 17.00 ( 17 ) 34 ( 34 ) 3.00 ( 3 ) + 0.00 ( + 0 ) 13.00 ( 13 ) + 2.00 ( + 2 ) 18.00 ( 18 ) + 1.00 ( + 1 ) 34 ( 34 ) ( 0 ) 14.00 ( 14 ) + 11.00 ( + 11 ) 17.00 ( 17 ) + 4.00 ( + 4 ) 31 ( 31 ) ( - 3 ) Mushkegowuk -- James Bay Candidate : André Robichaud ( Mulroney ) 3.00 ( 3 ) 1.00 ( 1 ) 8.00 ( 8 ) 43.00 ( 43 ) 55 ( 55 ) 1.00 ( 1 ) + 0.00 ( + 0 ) 11.00 ( 11 ) + 3.00 ( + 3 ) 43.00 ( 43 ) + 0.00 ( + 0 ) 55 ( 55 ) ( 0 ) 28.00 ( 28 ) + 27.00 ( + 27 ) 15.00 ( 15 ) + 4.00 ( + 4 ) 43 ( 43 ) ( - 12 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ previously endorsed Brown Jump up ^ Also served as MPP for Niagara Falls from 1995 to 2003 Jump up ^ Also seeking the PC nomination in London West , for the upcoming Provincial election Jump up ^ Also served as Mayor of Whitby , Ontario , from 2006 to 2014 Jump up ^ Also served as MP for Oak Ridges -- Markham from 2008 to 2015 ; previously endorsed Mulroney Jump up ^ Also serving as Durham Regional Councillor for Oshawa Jump up ^ previously endorsed Brown Jump up ^ Also serving as Waterloo Catholic District School Board Trustee for Kitchener / Wilmot Jump up ^ previously endorsed Brown Jump up ^ previously endorsed Mulroney Jump up ^ Also served as MP for Brampton -- Springdale from 2011 to 2015 Jump up ^ Also served as Ottawa City Councillor for Mooney 's Bay Ward from 1994 to 1999 Jump up ^ previously endorsed Brown Jump up ^ Also serving as Markham City Councillor for Ward 7 Jump up ^ previously endorsed Brown Jump up ^ previously endorsed Brown Jump up ^ previously endorsed Brown Jump up ^ previously endorsed Brown and Mulroney Jump up ^ Also serving as Russell Township Councillor Jump up ^ Also serving as Hamilton City Councillor for Ward 7 Jump up ^ previously endorsed Brown Jump up ^ Also seeking the PC nomination in Markham -- Unionville for the upcoming Provincial election Jump up ^ Also served as MPP for Brampton West -- Mississauga from 1995 to 2003 Jump up ^ Previously endorsed Brown Jump up ^ Also served as MPP for Dufferin -- Peel -- Wellington -- Grey from 1990 to 2002 Jump up ^ former president of the PCPO Jump up ^ Also served as MPP for Halton Centre from 1995 to 1999 Jump up ^ Also served as MPP for Leeds -- Grenville from 1981 to 2010 Jump up ^ Also serving as Brant County councillor for Ward 1 Jump up ^ Also serving as Lac Seul First Nation Band Chief Jump up ^ Also served as MP for Prince Edward -- Hastings from 2004 to 2015 Jump up ^ Also served as MPP for Burlington from 2011 to 2014 Jump up ^ Also serving as Deputy Mayor of Toronto and City Councillor for Ward 34 ( Don Valley East ) Jump up ^ Also served as MP for Kenora from 2008 to 2015 Jump up ^ Also served as MP for London North Centre from 2011 to 2015 Jump up ^ previously endorsed Ford Jump up ^ previously endorsed Mulroney Jump up ^ Also served as MPP for Nipissing from 2002 and 2003 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : https://www.ontariopc.ca/statements_on_ontario_pc_leadership_race ^ Jump up to : `` Ontario PCs to hold leadership race before next election '' . CBC News . January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . All 200,000 members of the party will vote on March 24 on a new leader Jump up ^ `` Patrick Brown resigns as Ontario PC leader after sexual misconduct allegations '' . CBC News . January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zarzour , Kim ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` More trouble , controversy dog Ontario PC Party '' . Richmond Hill Liberal . Metroland Media Group . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Brown only being vetted for Ontario PC leadership because he was stripped of riding nomination : official '' . National Post . 2018 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/ontario-pcs-must-overturn-nomination-races-plagued-by-voter-fraud-complaints-officials-activists/article37957261/ Jump up ^ `` Hamilton police launch investigation into PC nomination '' . CTV Toronto News . 2018 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Furey , Anthony ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` Ontario PCs will benefit from an early leadership race '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Benzie , Robert ; Ferguson , Rob ; Rushowy , Kristin ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Tories looking for new leader after Patrick Brown sex scandal '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ferguson , Rob ; Benzie , Robert ; Rushowy , Kristin ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` Tories pick Fedeli as interim leader after Patrick Brown sex scandal , but will hold spring leadership contest '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/ontariopc/pages/2651/attachments/original/1517491181/Leadership_Rules_-_Final_and_Approved_-_2018-01-31.pdf?1517491181 Jump up ^ `` Doug Ford says Ontario PCs trying to undermine his leadership campaign by restricting new membership sign - ups '' . National Post . February 2 , 2018 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ford has ' concerns ' about membership period , online voting in PC leadership race '' . CP24.com. 2018 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Former MPP says botched online voting system could spell disaster for Ontario PC leadership election '' . National Post . 2018 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Maher , Stephen ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Ontario PC Party president Rick Dykstra resigns after sexual assault accusation '' . Maclean 's . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doug Ford to run for the leadership of Ontario 's Progressive Conservatives '' . Toronto Star . January 29 , 2018 . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doug Ford running for Ont . PC Party leadership '' . CP24 . January 29 , 2018 . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ontario PC interim leader Vic Fedeli not running for party leadership '' . CBC . January 30 , 2018 . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wallace , James ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Ontario PCs to endorse open leadership campaign Wednesday : Insiders '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Benitah , Sandie ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Elliott confirms run for PC leadership ; Source says Mulroney will also make a bid '' . CTV News Toronto . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doug Ford officially launches bid for leadership of Ontario PC Party '' . CBC News . The Canadian Press . February 3 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffords , Shawn ; Loriggio , Paola ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Caroline Mulroney joins Ontario PC leadership race '' . CTV News . The Canadian Press . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tanya Granic Allen plans to join Ontario PC leadership race '' . Global News . The Canadian Press . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ferguson , Rob ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Opponent of Ontario 's sex ed curriculum enters PC leadership race '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Rob ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Toronto to host first of two Ontario PC leadership debates '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McLaughlin , Amara ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Ex-leader Patrick Brown expelled from Ontario PC caucus '' . CBC News . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patrick Brown registers to run in PC leadership race '' . CBC News . February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Brown only being vetted for Ontario PC leadership because he was stripped of riding nomination : official '' . National Post . 2018 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/decision-made-on-former-ontario-pc-leader-patrick-browns-bid-to-run-for-party-leadership/article38050184/ ^ Jump up to : `` Patrick Brown withdraws from PC leadership race '' . CTV News Barrie . The Canadian Press . February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Important Dates '' . Leadership 2018 . Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ontario PC leadership candidates to debate in London , Ont '' . Global News . February 24 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Three PC leadership hopefuls square off in last debate before voting '' . Global News . March 1 , 2018 . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . It was attended by former Tory legislator Christine Elliott , former Toronto city councillor Doug Ford , and parental rights activist Tanya Granic Allen . Toronto lawyer Caroline Mulroney declined an invitation . Jump up ^ Tang , Justin ( March 3 , 2018 ) . `` Ontario PCs extend deadline for leadership vote sign - up '' . The Globe and Mail . The Canadian Press . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . A senior party source says the deadline to vote for Patrick Brown 's replacement has been pushed back to noon on Friday , March 9 , a half day later than the original deadline . Jump up ^ Judge rejects injunction to extend Ontario PC leadership race http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ontario-pc-leadership-injunction-denied-1.4568607 Shared via the CBC News Android App Jump up ^ `` Ontario PC Party unable to announce new leader as ' review ' underway '' . CTV News . Canadian Press . March 10 , 2018 . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FAQs - Leadership 2018 - Ontario PC Party '' . Leadership.ontariopc.ca . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Christine Elliott refuses to concede Ontario PC Party leadership to Doug Ford '' . Global News . March 11 , 2018 . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Christine Elliott refuses to concede to Doug Ford , throwing Ontario PC leadership into chaos '' . CBC News . March 11 , 2018 . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Christine Elliott meets new Ontario PC Leader Doug Ford , gives him her support http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/doug-ford-christine-elliott-meeting-1.4571798 Jump up ^ ICI.Radio-Canada.ca , Zone Politique - . `` Un premier candidat pour la direction du PC en Ontario ; Caroline Mulroney aussi pressentie '' . Radio-Canada.ca . Jump up ^ `` Board of Directors Abilities Centre '' . www.abilitiescentre.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Rob ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Mulroney prepared to change the Progressive Conservative platform '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ nurun.com . `` Elliott on board with high - speed rail '' . The London Free Press . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Benzie , Robert ; Ferguson , Rob ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Former MPP Christine Elliott joins Ontario Progressive Conservative leadership race , Caroline Mulroney to follow '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Leadership Contestants '' . Political Entities in Ontario . Elections Ontario . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ferguson , Rob ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` It 's still early , but Christine Elliott has most caucus support in PC leadership race '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fitzpatrick , Meagan ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Erin O'Toole takes pass on Ontario PC leadership , endorses Christine Elliott '' . CBC News . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Conservative MP Erin O'Toole is taking a pass on running for the Ontario Progressive Conservative leadership , CBC has learned , and is instead backing Christine Elliott . ( ... ) Jim Wilson , the Ontario PC House leader , tweeted Friday that Elliott has his `` full support , is the best person for the job and will be the next Premier of Ontario . '' Lorne Coe , the MPP for Elliott 's old riding of Whitby - Oshawa , also offered his endorsement . Jump up ^ `` Hardeman Announces Support for Christine Elliott '' . Heart FM Local News . Byrnes Communications . February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seebruch , Nick ( 20 February 2018 ) . `` MPP Jim McDonell endorses Christine Elliot '' . Cornwall Seaway News . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Werner , Kevin ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Niagara West - Glanbrook Tory MPP Sam Oosterhoff backs Christine Elliott in party leadership race '' . Stoney Creek News . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Elliott , Christine ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Thank you , @ RossRomanoSSM ! From real progress on the Ring of Fire to investing in improved health care access , I will fight for Northern Ontarians as Leader and as Premier. https://twitter.com/RossRomanoSSM/status/968877210420613120 ... '' . @ celliottability . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Thank you for your support , Laurie ... - Christine Elliott '' . Facebook . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Foot , David ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Smith supporting Elliott in PC leadership race '' . Quinte News . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dean Allison ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) . `` '' Happy to endorse Christine Elliott for OntarioPC leader . @ celliottability # onpoli # PCPOLdrâ € Ś `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Haws , Emily ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Mulroney comes out ahead with 10 Conservative caucus endorsements in Ontario PC leadership race '' . The Hill Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Steve Paikin ( 2018 - 03 - 04 ) . `` '' MP peter kent planned to stay out of the @ OntarioPCParty leadership race . But `` I 'm moved by recent personal shots - low blows - to now publicly state my support for the most experienced , most positive candidate '' : @ celliottability # onpoli # PCPOLdr `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.christine2018.ca/endorsements ^ Jump up to : Elliott , Christine ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Thank you for your support , @ AlexNuttallMP ! We need to win so that we can bring the change Ontario needs.pic.twitter.com/k9g9dHwjv6 '' . @ celliottability . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Devoy , Desmond ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Area MP , MPP endorse Christine Elliott for provincial PC leadership '' . Perth Courier . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kevin Ashe ( 2018 - 02 - 19 ) . `` '' At a great politician who will be a great Premier . I know she is for jobs too I suppose that means she will like the thousands of new jobs associated with Durham Live ... https://t.co/0mhVdAjRmo `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Donna Skelly - Flamborough Glanbrook - Home '' . Facebook . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Feb 11 ( 2018 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Steven Cooke on Twitter : `` Check out Christine Elliott . I just joined because Ontario need leadership that 's ready . https://t.co/TLuiWHAVKb '' `` . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Christine Elliott ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) . `` '' Grateful to Toronto Budget Chief and City Councillor @ CllrCrawford for your support ! And thank you for your hard work in serving the millions of residents in Ontario 's and Canada 's largest city . # PCPOLdr # PCPO # onpoli ... https://t.co/xIEXXI6K8L `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Fearrey , Murray ( @ Fearreym ) ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Great news a person of intelligence , with grass roots , political ( sic ) experience and connected to the party . ( sic ) Christine Elliot will be strong , fair ( sic ) and good for Ontario , A positive figure in the race for the Ontario PC Party '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Pat Fortini ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) . `` '' It 's an honour to support Christine Elliott @ celliottability for Ontario PC Leadership ! # ReadyNow # PCPOLdr # PCPO # onpoli ... https://t.co/OvdZSU4bGY `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Knoll , Jeff ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) . `` I am pleased to endorse Christine Elliott for the leadership of the PC Party of Ontario ! She has the experience and she is Ready Now ! @ celliottability # PCPOLdr # ReadyNow http://www.christine2018.ca/ pic.twitter.com/UQl17FOkl1 '' . @ CouncillorKnoll . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 27 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Christine Elliott ( 2018 - 02 - 21 ) . `` '' I 'm the most experienced candidate to win on June 7 . However , as far as experience goes , Milton Mayor Gordon Krantz has me beat by a mile . Gord 's the longest serving Mayor of a major municipality in Cda w / 52 yrs in politics ! Hon 'd to have your endorsement sir . # pcpoldr # onpoliâ € Ś https://t.co/SVVJgGpknv `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lishchyna , Natalia ( @ DrNataliaL ) ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` '' Proud to support Christine Elliott @ celliottability ! # readynow # PCPOLdr # onpoli # pcpo '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Maves , Bart ( @ bartmaves ) ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` '' @ celliottability : I 'm in ! # pcpo # onpoli '' Great news ! ! ! You 've always been a friend to Niagara . You 're the Leader Ontario needs ! ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Sandy McConkey ( 2018 - 03 - 03 ) . `` '' As a women I have to choose @ celliottability she has the wisdom , grace and maturity to lead our province and take on @ Kathleen_Wynne . `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Quirk , Tony ( @ tonyquirk ) ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Had to leave the tele - townhall early to attend Town Council in Grimsby , but @ celliottability is definitely Ready ! Now ! To Lead ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Jake Skinner ( 2018 - 02 - 12 ) . `` '' Friends , I am excited to announce that I am supporting Christine Elliott for Leader of our @ OntarioPCParty ! As her Lead Organizer in # LdnOnt I ask that you visit https://t.co/s9OF8VgPkT by Friday to get your Membership to vote for @ CElliottability , the next Premier of # ONpoli ! đ& # x ; TM Œâ € Ś https://t.co/z1s5CAUNQg `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Christine Elliott ( 2018 - 02 - 21 ) . `` '' Enjoyed meeting members of the PC Party in Mississauga last night . Thank you to City Councillor @ RonStarr6 for your friendship and kind words. ... https://t.co/UC9HIJCxty `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Our Team '' . Christine Elliott -- Ready . Now . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Christine ElliottVerified account ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) . `` Christine Elliott on Twitter : `` So honoured to have the support of former MPP Dianne Cunningham - the first woman to ever run for leader of our party and a role model to so many of us . # pcpoldr # pcpo # ReadyNow ... https://t.co/EGTBbRmHPv '' `` . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Christine ElliottVerified account ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) . `` Christine Elliott on Twitter : `` Thank you for your support , @ CostasMenegakis . Great to have you on our team ! # onpoli # ReadyNow # PCPOLdr ... `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Feb 27 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) . `` John Sanderson on Twitter : `` After hearing all the @ OntarioPCParty candidates & now that Patrick has stepped out , I am putting my support behind @ celliottability . We need a POSITIVE , experienced & strong leader . Christine Elliott is the right choice for # Ontario Christine is # ReadyNow # PCPOLdr # onpoli ... https://t.co/ilWa3NpW7T '' `` . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/sheajon/with_replies?lang=en Jump up ^ Feb 26 ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) . `` Deepak Anand on Twitter : `` Now more than ever , we must unite the Party . That is why I am proud to endorse @ celliottability for @ OntarioPCParty Leader . She is ready to lead , and her experience will lead us to victory on June 7th . # ReadyNow # PCPOLdr # PCPO # onpoli # AIM4Deepak # TeamMississaugaMaltonPCPO ... https://t.co/ApFxzEuds3 '' `` . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Baber , Roman ( @ Roman_Baber ) ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ANNOUNCEMENT Honoured to become co-Chair of the @ celliottability 2018 PC Leadership Campaign . With 16 candidates and 11 MPPs , we believe that Christine is the most electible and experienced person to lead us in to June 2018 ! # christine2018.ca . ( sic ) # onpoli # ontariopcldr '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Bethlenfalvy , Peter ( @ PBethlenfalvy ) ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` I 'm proud to announce my full support for @ celliottability as the next leader of the Ontario PC Party . She is ready for the job and in the best position to defeat Kathleen Wynne in 2018 . # PCPOldr # pcpo # readynow # onpoli # experience '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Michael HarrisVerified account ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Michael Harris on Twitter : `` Waterloo Region PC Candidates Endorse Christine Elliott for Leader of the PC Party # onpoli # pcpo # ReadyNow # UnitedWithChristine https://t.co/mYpgU3yeHM ... https://t.co/CJaVHjX95P '' `` . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Goldie Ghamari '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Henein Thorn , Mary ( @ HeneinThorn ) ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Electable , Relatable & Experienced ! @ celliottability our best choice for the next Premier of Ontario ! # onpoli # PCPO '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Christine Hogarth ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Christine Hogarth on Twitter : `` Proud to support @ celliottability as the next Leader of the Ontario PC Party . You must be a member to vote . The deadline to purchase your membership is February 16 . Visit https://t.co/pHlj7lXY6l . Purchase your membership today. ... https://t.co/CiPISoEEbx '' `` . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Mar 2 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) . `` Adam Ibrahim on Twitter : `` Honoured to have @ celliottability in Windsor today to address the concerns of Windsorites and ensure our voices will be always be heard . # yqg # onpoli # pcpo ... https://t.co/HoW3XzP580 '' `` . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Facebook '' . Facebook . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Mar 1 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Mohammad Latif on Twitter : `` Pleased to host @ celliottability with @ TecumsehJoe @ Andrew_Dowie @ srduquette3 tonight at our HQ . # YQG ... `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Levitt , Ben . `` It 's an honour to stand behind @ celliottability for the leadership of the Ontario PC Party in this most important election . Christine will lead our Party to victory so that we can bring about the change that Ontarians need and want . # HWAD # HamOnt # ONpoli '' . twitter.com . Twitter . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Bart Maves ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) . `` '' @ mcshane_chuck : Proud to support Christine Elliott for leadership of the Ontario PC Party . https://t.co/lOPgDzxAcU '' the right choice ! `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Reevely , David ( 20 February 2018 ) . `` Reevely : Patrick Brown 's quest for redemption starts with allies from his life in federal politics '' . Ottawa Citizen . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Nemr , Fadi ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) . `` pic.twitter.com/Ecv0PkPUlI '' . @ FadiNemr . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Christine ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Thank you , Lindsey ! https://twitter.com/lparkpc/status/968923625540562944 ... '' . @ celliottability . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Chistine2018.ca/Endorcements '' . Jump up ^ Piccini , David ( @ DavidPiccini ) ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Proud to endorse @ celliottability for @ OntarioPCParty leader ! She is ready to lead , now ! # onpoli # cdnpoli # pcpo # PCPOLdr '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Roberts - `` As a former staffer to the late Jim ... '' Facebook . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Nina Tangri ( 2018 - 03 - 03 ) . `` '' It was great to host @ celliottability today in Mississauga - Streetsville and have her discuss her vision for this province when she is elected as Premier . Thank you to @ SherefSabawyPC @ Deepak__anand @ Sue_Ward10 for coming today . https://t.co/7wtHenqAaR # PCPOLdr # PCPO ... https://t.co/Gdy7lutLoX `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Steve Paikin ( 2018 - 02 - 24 ) . `` '' a break for @ celliottability : former MP now PC candidate for milton @ ParmGill has switched his endorsement from @ C_Mulroney to @ celliottability . # onpoli # PCPOLdr `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ MSOntarioPC ( 2018 - 03 - 03 ) . `` '' BREAKING : # Mississauga - Streetsville PC candidate @ ninatangri has given her endorsement and support to @ celliottability Ready . Now. ... https://t.co/SySjskS8e4 `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Trent Conservatives ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) . `` '' We are happy to announce our endorsement of Christine Elliott ! In order to vote in this upcoming leadership election , you must purchase a PC membership by February 16th , 11 : 59 P.M. . # ReadyNow ... https://t.co/t4b7aQPc5b `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kay , Jonathan ( 22 February 2018 ) . `` Christine Elliott is the right leader for a # MeToo moment '' . Maclean 's . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ford to seek nomination for Etobicoke North '' . Toronto Sun . Postmedia News . January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brown down , who 's up ? 7 potential successors to lead Ontario PCs '' . Toronto Sun . Postmedia News . January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Codi ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Doug Ford says he is considering Ontario PC leadership run '' . CP24 . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rider , David ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Doug Ford abandons plans for mayoral election rematch , puts ' pedal to the metal ' in Ontario PC leadership race '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rushowy , Kristin ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Doug Ford tells supporters Tories must present Ontario voters with ' responsible vision ' '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Levy , Sue - Ann ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` More than 1,500 attend Doug Ford rally on a snowy night '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Toby . `` Statement '' . twitter.com . Twitter . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Crisanti , Vincent ( @ vcrisanti ) ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Thank you Laura a powerful message , I predict thousands will do the same and Join Team Ford '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Ford , Michael ( @ MichaelFordTO ) ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Today , I am proud and honored to be standing by Doug @ fordnation as he announces his bid to become the next leader of the PCPO and Premier of our great province . This is a critical moment for Ontario , a time where we need strong and reliable leadership for all '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Doug . `` Happy to have the support of two School Trustees in Ontario , Billy Pang and Allan Tam '' . twitter.com . Twitter . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Pickford , Mike ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Williams calls for Ford - led PCs to oust liberals in June election '' . Orangeville Citizen . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Doug ( 10 : 58 AM - 14 Feb 2018 ) . `` Thankful to have the support of Frank Klees , a legendary PC Party stalwart and a good friend . # pcpo # onpoli # pcpoldr https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=1574501346004157&id=636279863159648 ... '' . @ fordnation . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ; External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Vincent Ke ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) . `` '' I am proud to give @ fordnation my support for @ OntarioPCParty leader # PCPOLdr # onpoliâ € Ś `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Charity ( 10 : 40 AM - 2 Mar 2018 ) . `` Vote Doug Ford @ fordnation for PC Leader ! He will put the people of Ontario first and not the insiders. # PCPO # PCPOLdr # onpoli # FordNation # DougFordpic.twitter.com/GzUUxdiiYa '' . @ CharityMcGrath1 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ford , Doug ( @ fordnation ) ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Thank you to my friend @ MichaelATibollo the @ OntarioPCParty member for Vaughan - Woodbridge for his support and kind introduction at my Rally for a Better # Ontario . Looking forward to working with you Michael . # PCPO # onpoli '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Selley , Chris ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Doug Ford makes everything worse for Ontario PC party ' elites ' '' . National Post . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . At first blush , Ford does n't make a heck of a lot of sense as a magnet for so - con votes . But Charles McVety , head of Canada Christian College and a longtime leader on the Christian Right , is already foursquare behind him . Jump up ^ Blackwell , Tom ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Doug Ford anointed - literally - by controversial evangelical pastor as part of effort to win social conservatives '' . National Post . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Meagan ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Who is Tanya Granic Allen , the kingmaker in the Ont . PC leadership race , and what 's next for her ? '' . CBC News . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Catholic Civil Rights League ( CCRL ) Welcomes the PC Leadership Campaign of Our Board Member Tanya Granic Allen '' . News , Editorials and Events . Catholic Civil Rights League . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Abortion and politics '' . CBC News . October 10 , 2017 . Green Party Leader Elizabeth May , Campaign Life spokesperson Tanya Granic Allen and anti-abortion protesters discuss the abortion debate Jump up ^ Boesveld , Sarah ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Why many women are putting their careers on pause to have children while in their 20s '' . The National Post . Tanya Granic Allen was an upwardly mobile 20 - something woman in Toronto : She lived in a Bay Street condo , worked at least 60 hours a week as a political staffer at City Hall , went out `` constantly '' with friends , and hosted fabulous parties . ^ Jump up to : Laurence , Lianne ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Pro-family , sex - ed foe and mother of 4 runs for Ontario Conservative leadership '' . LifeSiteNews . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pro-life Catholic Tanya Granic Allen taking a run at Ontario PC leadership '' . The Catholic Register . February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gallant , Jacques ( February 24 , 2018 ) . `` White nationalist endorses Tanya Granic Allen 's Tory leadership campaign '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ontario PC leadership candidate distances campaign from online support from white nationalist '' . CBC News . February 25 , 2018 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Blackwell , Tom ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Sex - ed and other social - conservative hot buttons starting to light up Ontario Tory leadership race '' . National Post . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . The Campaign Life Coalition -- Canada 's biggest anti-abortion group -- will throw its support behind Granic Allen , said spokesman Jack Fonseca . Jump up ^ `` Caroline Mulroney named Ontario PC candidate in York - Simcoe riding '' . The Globe and Mail . The Canadian Press . September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Caroline Mulroney says she will bring major change to PC party at first campaign event '' . CP24 . The Canadian Press . February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tasker , John Paul ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Caroline Mulroney defends shifting position on carbon tax , suggests legal action against Ottawa could stop it '' . CBC News . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robert Benzie ; Rob Ferguson ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Elliott , Ford , Mulroney sound death knell for People 's Guarantee by opposing carbon tax '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Craggs , Samantha ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Mulroney pledges to honour $1 B for Hamilton 's LRT project if she wins '' . CBC News . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Caroline Mulroney 's mad scramble to make a name for herself - Macleans.ca '' . Macleans.ca. 2018 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` 3 SW Ontario Tory MPPs back Mulroney in PC leadership race '' . CBC News . February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zajac , Ronald ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` I can beat Wynne : Mulroney '' . Brockville Recorder and Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . As he introduced the Ontario Progressive Conservative leadership candidate to a crowd of about 60 at the 1000 Islands Mall , Leeds - Grenville - Thousand Islands and Rideau Lakes MP Gord Brown threw his support behind Mulroney . Jump up ^ Hambleton , Todd ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Caroline Mulroney visits St. Andrews West '' . Cornwall Standard - Freeholder . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline . `` Thank you @ Phil4Brant ! With you 're support , I 'll beat Kathleen Wynne and the Liberals in June and bring fresh leadership to Queen 's Park . # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdr '' . twitter.com . Twitter . Retrieved 9 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Harper , Tim ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Brace yourself for the return of Brian Mulroney and his legacy '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stanton , Bruce . `` # LETSGETITDONE @ C_Mulroney '' . twitter.com . Twitter . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline . `` Thank you @ SenatorNgo ! With your support , I 'll put an end to the Liberal waste at Queen 's Park . # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdr '' . twitter.com . Twitter . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Deni , Nancy ( @ deni_nancy ) ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` You can do it @ C_Mulroney ! ! You 'll have my vote ! # onpoli # timeforchange # pcpo @ OntarioPCParty '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Eric Duncan '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Snobelen , John ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` It 's simple , Ontario needs Caroline Mulroney '' . Toronto Sun . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline . `` Thank you David Turnbull for your support ! Under my leadership , we will make Ontario a place of prosperity for families once more . # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdr '' . twitter.com . Twitter . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline . `` Thank you @ BalGosal for your support ! Ontario needs fresh leadership , and with your help , I will deliver change to Ontario . # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdr '' . twitter.com . Twitter . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ McNaughton , Monte ( @ montemcnaughton ) ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` This is great news for Caroline Mulroney . Former MP @ TedOpitz endorses @ C_Mulroney . Welcome to the team , Ted . # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdr '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline ( 10 : 11 AM -- 24 February 2018 ) . `` Thank you @ PeterMacKay ! I am the only candidate in this race who can unite our Party and bring fiscal responsibility back to Ontario . # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdrpic.twitter.com/hk4APAGkmW '' . @ C_Mulroney . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Loriggio , Paola ( 5 March 2018 ) . `` Brian Mulroney hits campaign trail for daughter Caroline as PC leadership race hits final stretch '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline . `` Thank you @ Joe_Preston ! With your support , I will put an end to the Liberals ' outrageous spending and put Ontario back on a path to prosperity . # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdr '' . twitter.com . Twitter . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline . `` Thank you Terence Young for your support ! With your help , we 'll beat Kathleen Wynne and the Liberals on June 7th and bring economic prosperity back to Ontario ! # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdr '' . Twitter.com . Twitter . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline . `` Thank you Con Di Nino for your support ! With your help I 'll bring fresh leadership to Ontario . # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdr '' . twitter.com . Twitter . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline ( @ C_mulroney ) ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Thank you Senator Bob Runciman for your support ! Ontario needs fresh leadership , and with your help , we will deliver on that change . # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdr '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline . `` Thank you @ WillBoumaBrant for your support ! With your help , we 'll bring fresh leadership to Ontario . # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdr '' . twitter.com . Twitter . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline . `` Thank you Chief Clifford Bull for your support ! Together we will work to bring economic opportunity and growth back to Northern Ontario . # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdr '' . twitter.com . Twitter . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Cho , Stan ( @ VoteStanCho ) ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` So proud to be supporting @ C_Mulroney for leader ! She 's the change we need for Ontario ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline ( @ C_Mulroney ) ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Thank you @ stcrawford2 for your support ! Together we will bring about positive change for all generations of Ontarians ! # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdr '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kieran , Jon ( @ jonwkieran ) ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` 3 / 3 I express enthusiastic support for @ C_Mulroney and her quest to lead Ontario PC 's . She IS the right person for this job ! Voters keep reminding me at the door : We WILL defeat a desperate Premier on June 7 - in DVW - if Caroline is our Leader . # ONPoli # PCPOldr # Ready4Change '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Vis , Matt ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Rickford endorses Mulroney to lead Ontario PCs '' . TB News Watch . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Greg Rickford is one of five former federal MPs and current provincial PC candidates to back Caroline Mulroney to be the next leader of the Ontario Progressive Conservatives ... The other MP5 members are London North Centre 's Susan Truppe , Milton 's Parm Gill , Hastings - Lennox and Addington 's Daryl Kramp and Markham - Stoufville 's Paul Calandra . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline ( @ c_mulroney ) ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Great to be in Vaughan tonight with Team @ Sflecce ! Thank you Stephen for your endorsement . I have every confidence you will be a fantastic MPP for King - Vaughan ! # letsgetitdone # pcpo # onpoli '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ McKenna , Jane ( @ janemckennapc ) ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` I 'm supporting @ C_Mulroney to be the next # PCPO leader and # onpoli Premier . She will be the fresh start our party needs to look forward , not back . She 's got my vote ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Minnan - Wong , Denzil ( @ DenzilMW ) ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` I 'm proud to support @ C_Mulroney for # PCPOLdr She 's smart , passionate & ready to do the work ! # LetsGetItDone # onpoli '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Benzie , Robert ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` PC candidate Rod Phillips withdraws from leadership race to back Caroline Mulroney '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline ( @ C_mulroney ) ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Thank you @ krasheedpc ! With your support , we will form a PC government that brings real change to the GTA and all Ontario . # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdr '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline ( 11 : 48 AM - 19 Feb 2018 ) . `` Thank you @ AndreRobichaud1 for your support ! Together we will bring economic development and opportunity back to northern Ontario ! # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdrpic.twitter.com/pY08AhXWmJ '' . @ C_Mulroney . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sarkaria , Prabmeet S. ( @ PrabSarkaria ) ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` We must offer Ontarians a positive and forward - looking conservative to vote for , which is why I am endorsing @ C_Mulroney for @ OntarioPCParty leader ! It 's time to be bold . It 's time for a fresh and dynamic leader . It 's time for generational change . # LetsGetItDone '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Smith , Gillian ( @ gilliansmith73 ) ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` I 'm proud to support @ C_Mulroney in her bid to lead the @ OntarioPCParty . We 've been friends for 10 + years . I admire her career success , commitment to community and devotion to her young family . I want politics done differently ; Caroline is the change Ontario needs . # onpoli '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Effie Triantafilopoulos ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) . `` '' Thank you @ C_Mulroney ! It was an easy choice . I and many @ OntarioPCParty members of # Oakville North - # BurlON believe your leadership will bring # realchange to Ontario . # LetsGetItDone on June 7th and get rid of the politically corrupt @ Kathleen_Wynne . # PCPOldr ... https://t.co/aozAmzobUG `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Conrad Black : What happened to Patrick Brown was outrageous -- but also an opportunity '' . National Post . 2018 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Conrad Black : Our politics is getting silly . We can and must do better '' . National Post . 2018 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Rob ; Benzie , Robert ; Rushowy , Kristin ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Patrick Brown gets the green light to enter PC leadership race '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Brown out of PC leadership race '' . Toronto Sun . 2018 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ his leadership ' is a recipe for disaster ' , Patrick Brown tells supporters at rally `` , February 18 , 2018 , CBC News Jump up ^ `` Patrick Brown intends to drop out of Ontario PC leadership race , campaign sources say '' . National Post . February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Brown directed top Tories to ' get me the result I want ' in nomination now being probed by police '' . Toronto Star . February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ontario 's integrity watchdog to investigate ousted Tory leader Patrick Brown '' . iPolitics . February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kramp - Neuman , Shelby . `` Proud to support @ brownbarrie for PC leadership ! Let 's finish what we started ! '' . twitter.com . Twitter . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Arsalides , Mike ( 19 February 2018 ) . `` ' Support has been fantastic ' : Brown meets with supporters in Simcoe North '' . CTV News . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Crowder , Troy ( @ TroyCrowder ) ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Proud to support @ brownbarrie in the # PCPOldr race . Buy your membership before 11 : 58p. m. to vote secure.ontariopc.com/Partyjoin # onpoli '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Cuzzetto , Rudy ( @ RudyCuzzetto ) ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` I am proud to support Patrick Brown '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mark DeMontis ( 2018 - 02 - 18 ) . `` '' Standing behind @ brownbarrie today , thatâ € TM sa guarantee ... `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Johal , Jass ( @ votejohalPC ) ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` I support Patrick Brown . He is always our leader @ brownbarrie '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Pacis , Angely ( @ AngelyPacis ) ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` He Built It , He Grew It , He Filled it 's Coffers and now He 's going to be Premier . For the WIN ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Patrick Brown & Supporters : Live today at 1PM '' . YouTube . 2018 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Mulroney , Caroline ( @ C_mulroney ) ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Thank you @ DrDionneDuncan ! With your support we will once again make Ontario an affordable place to live and do business ! # LetsGetItDone # PCPOLdr '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Aaron ( @ AaronGHopkins ) ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Durham RIDING # grasroots is behind @ brownbarrie . We need more members and support then ever ! Renew and buy you membership TONIGHT before midnight . @ OntarioPCParty '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Giovannetti , Justin ; Howlett , Karen ; Stone , Laura ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` Ontario Tories to vote on new leader before province 's June election '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Moments after Mr. Dykstra 's announcement , Mr. Fedeli said he planned to run for the permanent leadership . ' I fully expect to be the leader that takes us into the election . I was made party leader by the caucus in a unanimous decision ( on Friday ) , ' he said . ^ Jump up to : Young , Gord ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' We 're all going to cheer for him ' '' . North Bay Nugget . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Rodney ( @ RodneyJackson ) ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` I 'm proud to support @ VicFedeliMPP as the permanent leader of the @ OntarioPCParty leader . Time for stable leadership is now and Vic is the man ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Leeson , Ben ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Northern PCs rally behind Fedeli '' . North Bay Nugget . Postmedia Network . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Furey , Anthony ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` After a rough week , Ontario PCs turn a page with whirlwind leadership race '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paikin , Steve ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` The surprise frontrunner for the Tory leadership '' . Steve Paikin 's Blog : TVO Current Affairs . TVOntario . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Just today , another rookie candidate , Pickering -- Uxbridge 's Peter Bethlenfalvy , confirmed to me in a phone call that he 's considering a run at the leadership ; he wants to bring his wealth of experience in the financial sector to the contest . Jump up ^ Benzie , Robert ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Fedeli tackling allegations of questionable party spending in Brown era '' . Toronto . ^ Jump up to : Ireton , Julie ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Veteran MPPs wo n't play favourites in PC leadership race '' . CBC News . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Both Clark and MacLeod were initially rumoured to be potential leadership candidates themselves , but each has decided against a run for the top job . ^ Jump up to : `` Next Ontario PC leader ' will not be me , ' says MP Lisa Raitt '' . CBC News . January 27 , 2018 . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pickford , Mike ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Sylvia Jones wo n't run , will remain neutral in PC leadership contest '' . Orangeville Citizen . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Activist shut out of Tory leadership race '' . Waterloo Region Record . February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Levy , Sue - Ann ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Brown 's successor does n't have to be a woman '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Klees , President , Klees & Associates Ltd , former PC MPP talk about the ORNGE air ambulance case . - The John Oakley Show '' . Omny.fm . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Doug Ford ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) . `` '' Thankful to have the support of Frank Klees , a legendary PC Party stalwart and a good friend . # pcpo # onpoli # pcpoldr https://t.co/AcQOk2YAL2 `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Levy , Sue - Ann ( @ SueAnnLevy ) ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Nope I 'm not interested in the job ... I just say what I believe is right , not necessarily popular ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Raymond , Ted ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Lisa MacLeod will not run for PC leadership '' . CTV News Ottawa . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Butler , Colin ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Monte McNaughton says he wo n't run for Ontario PC leadership '' . CBC News . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith Cross , Jessica ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` MP Alex Nuttall calls Brown 's downfall ' an inside ' job , rails against party 's elites '' . QP Briefing . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Local reaction to Patrick Brown 's PC leadership bid '' . CTV News Barrie . February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lawton , Andrew ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Kevin O'Leary wo n't seek Ontario PC leadership , but will be ' agitator ' in race '' . Global News Toronto . Global News . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Read , Max ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Talking Basement - Dwellers With Jordan Peterson , Reddit 's New Favorite Philosopher '' . New York . New York . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Peterson considered running for leadership of Ontario 's conservative party last week , after its leader resigned in a sexual - harassment scandal . Ultimately , he decided against it . Jump up ^ Della - Mattia , Elaine ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Romano says no to leadership race '' . Sault Star . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Ross ( @ RossRomanoSSM ) ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Patrick has continually demonstrated his commitment to the people of Northern Ontario . Together we will ensure prosperity for the North . He got knocked down but he got back up again . His fighting spirit is exactly what this province needs to defeat Kathleen Wynne ! # onpoli '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Todd Smith wo n't run for PC leadership '' . Belleville Intelligencer . February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tory , John ( @ JohnTory ) ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` I have a job here that 's keeping me fully occupied and there is so much to do here in the City of Toronto - it is the economic engine of Ontario and Canada '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Paikin , Steve ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` A whirlwind weekend for Ontario 's Tories '' . Steve Paikin 's Blog : TVO Current Affairs . TVOntario . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Blackwell , Tom ( 25 February 2018 ) . `` Brown campaign claims its internal polling shows he 's gaining support in the Ontario PC leadership race '' . National Post . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario_leadership_election,_2018&oldid=852447448 '' Categories : Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership elections 2018 elections in Canada Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 CS1 errors : dates Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 02 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is winning the ontario pc leadership race | [
"The 2018 Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership election was held on March 10, 2018,[1][2] due to the resignation of party leader Patrick Brown on January 25, 2018, following allegations of sexual misconduct.[3] Winner Doug Ford narrowly defeated runner-up Christine Elliott on the third ballot with 50.6% of allocated points.\n"
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"Doug Ford"
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-8074406546013059473 | Vicryl | Vicryl - Wikipedia Vicryl Jump to : navigation , search Vicryl ( polyglactin 910 ) is an absorbable , synthetic , usually braided suture , manufactured by Ethicon Inc. , a subsidiary of Johnson and Johnson . A monofilament version is also made for use in ophthalmic practice . It is indicated for soft tissue approximation and ligation . The suture holds its tensile strength for approximately two to three weeks in tissue , and is completely absorbed by hydrolysis within 56 -- 70 days . Vicryl and other polyglycolic - acid sutures may also be treated for more rapid breakdown ( `` Vicryl Rapide '' ) in rapidly healing tissues such as mucous membrane , or impregnated with triclosan ( `` Vicryl Plus Antibacterial '' ) to provide antimicrobial protection of the suture line . Because vicryl is slow - absorbing and often braided , its use is contraindicated in closure of any cutaneous wound exposed to the air , as it draws moisture from the healing tissue to the skin and allows bacteria and irritants to migrate into the wound . This inevitably leads to high reactivity to the contaminants , poor wound healing , and eventually infection . Vicryl is manufactured in Cornelia , GA . Although the name `` Vicryl '' is a trademark of Ethicon , the term `` vicryl '' has been used generically referring to any synthetic absorbable suture made primarily of polyglycolic acid . Other brands of polyglycolic acid suture include PolySyn , Surgicryl , Polysorb and Dexon , all of which are manufactured by different companies . Vicryl is a copolymer of lactide ( a cyclic diester of lactic acid ) and glycoside . In practice , vicryl comes as braided , dyed or undyed with the following decay schedule : 75 % at 2 weeks , 50 % at 3 weeks , and 25 % at 4 weeks ( i.e. , the sutures retain that proportion of tensile strength at those dates ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Coated VICRYL ® ( polyglactin 910 ) Suture - Ethicon '' . Jump up ^ Spano SJ , Dimock B ( 2014 ) . `` They had me in stitches : a Grand Canyon river guide 's case report and a review of wilderness wound management literature '' . Wilderness Environ Med. 25 ( 2 ) : 182 -- 9 . PMID 24418453 . doi : 10.1016 / j. wem. 2013.10. 007 . This surgery article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vicryl&oldid=796028257 '' Categories : Surgical suture material Surgery stubs Talk About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2017 , at 01 : 03 . About Wikipedia | how long does it take for vicryl sutures to dissolve | [
"Vicryl (polyglactin 910) is an absorbable, synthetic, usually braided suture, manufactured by Ethicon Inc., a subsidiary of Johnson and Johnson. A monofilament version is also made for use in ophthalmic practice. It is indicated for soft tissue approximation and ligation. The suture holds its tensile strength for approximately two to three weeks in tissue, and is completely absorbed by hydrolysis within 56–70 days.[1] Vicryl and other polyglycolic-acid sutures may also be treated for more rapid breakdown (\"Vicryl Rapide\") in rapidly healing tissues such as mucous membrane, or impregnated with triclosan (\"Vicryl Plus Antibacterial\") to provide antimicrobial protection of the suture line. Because vicryl is slow-absorbing and often braided, its use is contraindicated in closure of any cutaneous wound exposed to the air, as it draws moisture from the healing tissue to the skin and allows bacteria and irritants to migrate into the wound. This inevitably leads to high reactivity to the contaminants, poor wound healing, and eventually infection.[2]"
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"56–70 days"
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-4818637049008909169 | Honour thy father and thy mother | Honour thy father and thy mother - wikipedia Honour thy father and thy mother Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on The Ten Commandments I am the LORD thy God No other gods before me No graven images or likenesses Not take the LORD 's name in vain Remember the sabbath day Honour thy father and thy mother Thou shalt not kill Thou shalt not commit adultery Thou shalt not steal Thou shalt not bear false witness Thou shalt not covet Related articles Tablets of Stone Ritual Decalogue Catholic theology `` Honour thy father and thy mother '' is one of the Ten Commandments in the Hebrew Bible . The commandment is generally regarded in Protestant and Jewish sources as the fifth in both the list in Exodus 20 : 1 -- 21 , and in Deuteronomy ( Dvarim ) 5 : 1 -- 23 . Catholics count this as the fourth . These commandments were enforced as law in many jurisdictions , and are still considered enforceable law by some . Exodus 20 , 1 describes the Ten Commandments as being spoken by God , inscribed on two stone tablets by the finger of God , broken by Moses , and rewritten on replacement stones by the Lord . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hebrew Bible 2 Judaism 2.1 Historical beliefs 2.2 Precedence 2.3 Requirements 3 New Testament 4 Orthodox Church 5 Catholicism 6 Rewards for compliance 7 Consequences of disobedience 8 Protestantism 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Hebrew Bible ( edit ) Honour your father and your mother , so that you may live long in the land the LORD your God is giving you . -- Exodus 20 : 12 ( NIV ) In the Torah , keeping this commandment was associated with individual benefit and with the ability of the nation of Israel to remain in the land to which God was leading them . Dishonouring parents by striking or cursing them was punishable by death . In the Talmud , the commandment to honour one 's human parents is compared to honoring God . According to the prophet Malachi , God makes the analogy himself : `` A son honours his father , and a servant his master . If I am a father , where is the honour due me ? If I am a master , where is the respect due me ? '' says the LORD Almighty . `` It is you , O priests , who show contempt for my name . But you ask , ' How have we shown contempt for your name ? ' '' -- Malachi 1 : 6 ( NIV ) Judaism ( edit ) What constitutes `` honour ? '' One must provide them with food and drink and clothing . One should bring them home and take them out , and provide them with all their needs cheerfully . -- Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 143 : 7 The commandment to honour one 's human parents is compared to honouring God . The Talmud says that since there are three partners in the creation of a person ( God and two parents ) , honour showed to parents is the same as honour shown to God . It also compares a number of similarly constructed passages from the Torah and concludes that honour toward parents and honour toward God are intentionally equated : Our Rabbis taught : It says , ' Honour your father and your mother ' ( Exodus 20 : 12 ) , and it says , ' Honor God with your wealth ' ( Proverbs 3 : 9 ) . By using the same terminology , the Torah compares the honour you owe your father and mother to the honour you have to give to the Almighty . It also says , ' Every person must respect his mother and his father ' ( Leviticus 19 : 3 ) , and it says , ' God your Lord you shall respect , Him you shall serve ' ( Deuteronomy 10 : 20 ) . Here the same word , respect , is used . The Torah equates the respect you owe your parents with the respect you must show God . Furthermore it says , ' Whoever curses his father or mother shall be put to death ' ( Exodus 21 : 17 ) . And furthermore it says , ' Anyone that curses God shall bear his sin ' ( Leviticus 24. -- 15 ) . By using the same terms the Torah compares cursing of parents with cursing the Almighty . -- Talmud Kiddushin 31 Because honouring parents is part of honouring God , the mitzvah does not depend on the worthiness of the parent : `` Even if his father is wicked and a sinner , he must fear and revere him ... A convert to Judaism must not curse or despise his non-Jewish father . '' ( Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 143 : 13 , 25 ) It also requires honour to one 's stepparents or an older sibling who is raising one , and one 's teachers , though one has a greater obligation to honor a parent than a grandparent . The commandment is repeated eight times throughout the bible . Historical beliefs ( edit ) Keeping this commandment was associated by the Israelites with the ability of the nation of Israel to remain in the land to which God was leading them . According to the Torah , striking or cursing one 's father or mother was punishable by immediate death . In Deuteronomy , a procedure is described for parents to bring a persistently disobedient son to the city elders for death by stoning . Honouring one 's parents is also described in the Torah as an analogue to honouring God . According to the prophet Jeremiah , God refers to himself as Father to Israel , and according to the prophet Isaiah , God refers to Israel as his sons and daughters . According to the prophet Malachi , God calls for similar honour . According to Jeremiah , God blessed the descendants of Rechab for obeying their forefather 's command to not drink wine and uses the family as a counterexample to Israel 's failure to obey his command to not worship other gods : `` Will you not learn a lesson and obey my words ? '' declares the LORD . `` Jonadab son of Recab ordered his sons not to drink wine and this command has been kept . To this day they do not drink wine , because they obey their forefather 's command . But I have spoken to you again and again , yet you have not obeyed me . Again and again I sent all my servants the prophets to you . They said , ' Each of you must turn from your wicked ways and reform your actions ; do not follow other gods to serve them . Then you will live in the land I have given to you and your fathers . ' But you have not paid attention or listened to me . The descendants of Jonadab son of Recab have carried out the command their forefather gave them , but these people have not obeyed me . '' -- Jeremiah 35 : 12 -- 16 ( NIV ) Precedence ( edit ) According to the Mishneh Torah this commandment requires one to honour both of one 's parents equally ; there is no greater weight given to either the father or the mother . While in some parts of scripture , father is stated first , in others , mother comes first . This shows that the honour due to each is equal . While Jewish teaching holds that a married woman must honour her husband , there are also guidelines for how she may continue to honour her parents : It is the duty of both men and women to honour their parents . However , a married woman , who owes devotion to her husband , is exempt from the precept of honouring her parents . Yet , she is obliged to do for the parents , all she can , if her husband does not object . -- Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 143 : 17 Requirements ( edit ) The commandment requires one to obey one 's parents when the command given by a parent is reasonable and permissible under Jewish law . For example , if a parent asks a child to bring him / her water , he / she must obey . Because honouring God is above all mitzvot , if a parent asks a child to break a law of the Torah , s / he must refuse to obey . Everything that your father says to you , you are obliged to obey . But if he says to you : `` Let us bow down to idols '' , you must not obey him , lest you become an apostate . -- Midrash , Yalkut Shimoni , Proverbs 960 I am the Lord your God , and both you and your parents are equally bound to honour Me , therefore , you must not hearken to them to disregard My word . -- Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 143 : 15 A child is not required to obey if a parent says that s / he must marry a particular person , or must not marry a person s / he wishes to marry , provided the marriage is permissible by Jewish law . A child who is travelling has an obligation to communicate with his / her parents to let them know s / he is safe in order to prevent them from worrying . A child must continue to honour his / her parent after their deaths . This can be done by reciting kaddish for 11 months and on the yarzeit ( anniversary of the parent 's death ) , and by donating charity in the memory of the parent . The study of Torah is also considered to be reverence toward a parent , for it shows that a parent raised a worthy child . A child must never put a parent to shame , or speak arrogantly to a parent . A person who is told to do something by his / her mother for which his father does not like the result is not permitted to tell his / her father that his / her mother said to do that . This is because this could lead to his / her father cursing his / her mother . A child is not permitted to interrupt or contradict a parent , or to disturb a parent 's sleep . New Testament ( edit ) This section uncritically uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them . Please help improve this article by adding references to reliable secondary sources , with multiple points of view . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ruth honoured her widowed mother - in - law Naomi . Simeon Solomon , 1860 . In the gospels , Jesus affirmed the importance of honouring one 's father and mother ( Matthew 15 : 1 -- 9 , Matthew 19 : 17 -- 19 , Mark 10 : 17 -- 19 , Luke 18 : 18 -- 21 ) Paul quotes the commandment in his letter to the church in Ephesus : Children , obey your parents in the Lord , for this is right . `` Honour your father and mother '' ( this is the first commandment with a promise ) , `` that it may go well with you and that you may live long in the land . '' ( Ephesians 6 : 1 -- 2 , ESV . See also Colossians 3 : 20 ) -- Ephesians 6 : 1 -- 2 ( ESV ) In his letters to the Romans and Timothy , Paul describes disobedience to parents as a serious sin ( Romans 1 : 29 -- 31 , 2 Timothy 3 : 2 ) . The words of Jesus and the teaching of Paul indicate that adult children remain obligated to honour their parents by providing for material needs . In the gospels , Jesus is portrayed as angry with some people who avoided materially providing for their parents by claiming the money they would have used was given to God ( Matthew 15 : 3 -- 8 , Mark 7 : 9 -- 12 . In these passages , Jesus quotes Isaiah 29 : 13 ) According to the Gospel of John , when Jesus was on the cross , he provided for his natural mother by giving the Apostle John the charge to care for her , which John accepted . According to the gospel of Matthew , the obligation to honour one 's parents is bounded by one 's obligation to God : `` Whoever loves father or mother more than me is not worthy of me . '' ( Matthew 10 : 37 ESV ) Such boundaries , and the primacy of the first commandment itself , lead scholars to conclude that honouring one 's parents does not include breaking God 's law ( i.e. , committing a sin ) at the behest of a parent . Paul 's instructions to Timothy regarding the physical care of widows include the following : But if a widow has children or grandchildren , these should learn first of all to put their religion into practice by caring for their own family and so repaying their parents and grandparents , for this is pleasing to God . -- 1 Timothy 5 : 4 ( NIV ) Orthodox Church ( edit ) Father Seraphim Stephens sees `` Honor '' defined as `` Love and Respect '' , and notes that this commandment is positioned between those that address one 's obligations to God and those that relate to how one treats others . `` It clearly lays the foundation of our relationship to God and to all other people . '' Richard D. Andrews points out that , `` Every time we do something good , just , pure , holy , we bring honor to our parents . '' Catholicism ( edit ) The import of honouring father and mother is based on the divine origin of the parental role : The divine fatherhood is the source of human fatherhood . ( Ephesians 3 : 14 ) This is the foundation of the honour owed to parents ... It is required by God 's commandment . ( Exodus 20 : 12 ) Respect for parents ( filial piety ) derives from gratitude toward those who , by the gift of life , their love and their work , have brought their children into the world and enabled them to grow in stature , wisdom , and grace . According to the teachings of the Catholic Church , the commandment to honour father and mother reveals God 's desired order of charity -- first God , then parents , then others . Keeping the commandment to honour father and mother brings both spiritual and temporal rewards of peace and prosperity , while failure to honor parents harms the individual as well as society . The pervasive societal effect of obedience or disobedience to this command is attributed to the status of the family as the fundamental building block of society : The family is the original cell of social life ... Authority , stability , and a life of relationships within the family constitute the foundations for freedom , security , and fraternity within society . The family is the community in which , from childhood , one can learn moral values , begin to honour God , and make good use of freedom . Family life is an initiation into life in society . The Gospel of Luke notes that , as a child , Jesus was obedient to his earthly parents . For a child in the home , the commandment to honour parents is comprehensive , excluding immoral actions . Grown children , while not obligated to obedience in the same way , should continue to afford respect for parental wishes , advice and teaching . `` Filial respect is shown by true docility and obedience . ' My son , keep your father 's commandment , and forsake not your mother 's teaching ... When you walk , they will lead you ; when you lie down , they will watch over you ... ' '' ( Proverbs 6 : 20 -- 22 ) The Church teaches that adult children have a duty to honour their parents by providing `` material and moral support in old age and in times of illness , loneliness , or distress '' . This honour should be based on the son or daughter 's gratitude for the life , love and effort given by the parents and motivated by the desire to pay them back in some measure . The principle of the commandment is extended to the duty to honour others in direct authority , such as teachers , and employers . The commandment to honour father and mother also forms a basis for charity to others when each person is seen , ultimately , as `` a son or daughter of the One who wants to be called ' our Father ' . '' Thus , charitable actions are viewed as extensions of the honour owed to the heavenly Father . Rewards for compliance ( edit ) This commandment is distinct from the others in that a promise is attached to it : `` ... so that you may live long in the land the Lord your God is giving you . '' Deuteronomy 5 : 16 amplifies this : `` ... that your days may be prolonged , and that it may be well with you , in the land which the Lord your God is giving you . '' Consequences of disobedience ( edit ) As with most terms of the covenant between God and Israel , there are consequences for disobedience as well as rewards for obedience : Just as the reward for honouring father and mother is very great , the punishment for transgressing it is very great . And the one who afflicts his parents causes the shechinah ( presence of God ) to separate from him and harsh decrees fall upon him and he is given many sufferings . And even if life smiles on him in this life , he will surely be punished in the World to Come . -- Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 143 : 4 Protestantism ( edit ) John Calvin describes the sacred origin of the role of human father ( which thus demands honour ) . The analogy between the honour of parents and the honour of God himself is further strengthened by this understanding that earthly fatherhood is derived from God 's Fatherhood . Thus the duty to honour does not depend on whether the parent is particularly worthy . However , Calvin acknowledges that some fathers are outright wicked and emphasizes there is no excuse for sin in the name of honouring a parent , calling the notion `` absurd '' . Since , therefore , the name of Father is a sacred one , and is transferred to men by the peculiar goodness of God , the dishonouring of parents redounds to the dishonour of God Himself , nor can any one despise his father without being guilty of an offence against God , ( sacrilegium . ) If any should object that there are many ungodly and wicked fathers whom their children can not regard with honour without destroying the distinction between good and evil , the reply is easy , that the perpetual law of nature is not subverted by the sins of men ; and therefore , however unworthy of honour a father may be , that he still retains , inasmuch as he is a father , his right over his children , provided it does not in anywise derogate from the judgement of God ; for it is too absurd to think of absolving under any pretext the sins which are condemned by His Law ; nay , it would be a base profanation to misuse the name of father for the covering of sins . -- John Calvin , commentary on Exodus 20 : 12 and Deuteronomy 5 : 16 The commentary of John Wesley on the commandment to honour father and mother is consistent with the interpretation in the Catechism of the Catholic Church . He summarizes the actions that express honour as follows : 1 . An inward esteem of them , outwardly expressed , 2 . Obedience to their lawful commands ( Ephesians 6 : 1 -- 3 ) , 3 . Submission to their rebukes , instructions and corrections , 4 . Acting with consideration of parental advice , direction and consent , 5 . Giving comfort and providing for physical needs of aged parents . Like the Catechism , Wesley also teaches that the commandment includes honouring others in legitimate secular authority . He also encourages people toward honour of those in spiritual leadership with the question , `` Have ye all obeyed them that watch over your souls , and esteemed them highly in love for their work 's sake ? '' This question is reminiscent of Paul 's statements to the church in Galatia and to Timothy . Matthew Henry explains that the commandment to honour father and mother applies not only to biological parents but also to those who fulfill the role of mother or father . He uses the example of Esther honouring her guardian and cousin Mordecai : Mordecai being Esther 's guardian or pro-parent , we are told ... How respectful she was to him . Though in relation she was his equal , yet , being in age and dependence his inferior , she honoured him as her father -- did his commandment , v. 20 . This is an example to orphans ; if they fall into the hands of those who love them and take care of them , let them make suitable returns of duty and affection . The less obliged their guardians were in duty to provide for them the more obliged they are in gratitude to honour and obey their guardians . -- Matthew Henry , commentary on Esther 2 Esther and Mordecai writing the second letter of Purim . Arent de Gelder , ca . 1685 . Oil on canvas , RISD Museum of Art , Providence RI The commandment itself encourages obedience `` so that you may enjoy long life and that it may go well with you '' . Henry , Wesley and Calvin affirm the applicability of this promise for all who keep the commandment , though each notes that for the New Testament Christian , the promise may be fulfilled as earthly rewards and / or heavenly rewards , as God sees fit in his wisdom and love for the individual . In his commentary , Calvin notes the harsh consequences required in Exodus and Leviticus for specific failures to keep the commandment . Those who struck or cursed a parent were to be sentenced to death . Persistently disobedient sons were to be brought before the city elders and stoned by the whole community if the parents ' testimony was judged to be accurate . Calvin writes that God knew capital punishment for these offences would seem harsh and be difficult to pronounce , even for those responsible for adjudicating the situation . This is why , he argues , the text specifically places responsibility for the consequences on the offender . The severity of the sentence emphasized the importance of removing such behaviour from the community and deterring others who might imitate it . Although Calvin refers mostly to fathers in his commentary on the commandment to honour father and mother , he writes near the beginning that the commandment mentions both parents on purpose . As described above , Proverbs supports the value of guidance from both father and mother , and Paul specified that children should provide for their own widowed mothers and grandmothers , `` which is pleasing to God . '' Just as `` honor '' involves offering profound respect , the opposite of honoring someone is to trivialize him , as if of no importance . Respect is not something based solely on personal or professional qualifications , but also on the position that God has given that person . In 1 Samuel 26 David spares Saul 's life , even at the risk of losing his own , submitting to the authority God had placed over him as anointed king . See also ( edit ) Biblical law in Christianity Filial piety Pietas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ' ' Ten Commandments , ' ' New Bible Dictionary , Second Edition , Tyndale House , 1982 pp. 1174 -- 1175 Jump up ^ Posner , Richard A. , How Judges Think , Harvard University Press , 2008 , p. 322 Jump up ^ Bromiley , Geoffrey W. , The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia , 1988 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Williams , J. Rodman . Renewal theology : systematic theology from a charismatic perspective , 1996 p. 240 Jump up ^ Jersild , Paul T. , Making moral decisions : a Christian approach to personal and social ethics , 1991 , p. 24 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , § 2056 , 2003 , Doubleday Religion , ISBN 0 - 385 - 50819 - 0 Jump up ^ Matthew Henry 's Concise Commentary on Exodus 20 : 12 read online and on Ephesians 6 : 1 -- 4 read online ( both accessed 31 August 2009 ) . ^ Jump up to : Commentary on Exodus 20 : 12 , The Jewish Study Bible : Tanakh Translation , Berlin , Adele ; Brettler , Marc Zvi , and Fishbane , Michael , eds . Oxford University Press . 2004 ISBN 0 - 19 - 529751 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : See also Deuteronomy 6 : 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Exodus 21 : 15 , 17 , Leviticus 20 : 9 . See also Deuteronomy 27 : 16 and Proverbs 20 : 20 . ^ Jump up to : Mishneh Torah , Shoftim , Mamrim 6 : 1 ^ Jump up to : Kitzor Shulchan Aruch Yoreh Deah 143 : 1 Jump up ^ Talmud Kiddushin 31 Jump up ^ ( see also Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 143 : 1 and Sefer Maalot ha Middot ) Jump up ^ Mishneh Torah , Shoftim , Mamrim 6 : 17 Jump up ^ Kitzor Shulchan Aruch Yoreh Deah 143 : 19 Jump up ^ Plaut , W. Gunther and Stein , David E. The Torah : A Modern Commentary ( p. 504 ) 2005 ( revised ) . Union for Reformed Judaism ISBN 0 - 8074 - 0883 - 2 view on Google Books Jump up ^ Rossel , Seymour . The Torah : Portion by Portion ( p. 298 ) 2007 . Torah Aura Productions . ISBN 1 - 891662 - 94 - 5 view on Google Books Jump up ^ Isaacs , Ronald H. The Jewish Book of Etiquette ( p. 133 ) 1998 . Jason Aronson . ISBN 0 - 7657 - 5995 - 0 view on Google Books Jump up ^ Exodus 21 : 11 ; Deuteronomy 5 : 16 ; Leviticus 19 : 3 ; Jump up ^ Exodus 21 : 15 , 17 , Leviticus 20 : 9 . See also Deuteronomy 27 : 16 and Proverbs 20 : 20 . Jump up ^ Deuteronomy 21 : 18 -- 21 . Note that the reference to the son being a drunkard would suggest that he is not a small child . Jump up ^ Commentary on Exodus 20 : 12 , The Jewish Study Bible : Tanakh Translation Jump up ^ Jeremiah 31 : 9 Jump up ^ Isaiah 43 : 6 Jump up ^ Malachi 1 : 6 ( NIV ) Jump up ^ This family is first introduced in 2 Kings 10 : 15 -- 31 Jump up ^ Mishneh Torah , Shoftim , Mamrim 6 : 2 Jump up ^ Shulchan Aruch Yoreh Deah 240 : 14 Jump up ^ Isaacs , The Jewish Book of Etiquette ( p. 132 ) Jump up ^ Donin , Hayim Halevy . To be a Jew : A Guide to Jewish Observance in Contemporary Life . ( p. 129 ) 1991 Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 08632 - 2 view on Google Books Jump up ^ Sefer Chassidim 542 in Finkel , Avraham Yaakov. 1997 Sefer Chasidim : The Book of the Pious Jason Aaronson ISBN 1 - 56821 - 920 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Donin , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Isaacs , pp. 134 -- 135 . Jump up ^ The Little Midrash Says , Volume III , The Book of Vayikra , by M. Weissman , C 1988 , page 165 ^ Jump up to : `` Honor your father and mother '' , The Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention Jump up ^ Matthew Henry 's Concise Commentary on Exodus 20 : 12 -- 17 read online ( accessed 31 August 2009 ) Jump up ^ NIV Study Bible . 1999 . Zondervan . Note on Colossians 3 : 20 with reference to Acts 5 : 29 Jump up ^ Stephens , Seraphim . `` Honor thy Father and thy Mother '' , Orthodox America , 1996 Jump up ^ Andrews , Richard Demetrius . `` Honor thy Father and Mother '' , Orthodoxy Today , June 2 , 2007 Jump up ^ CCC § § 2214 -- 2215 . Jump up ^ CCC § 2197 . Jump up ^ CCC § 2200 . Jump up ^ CCC § 2207 . Jump up ^ CCC § 2217 . Jump up ^ CCC § 2216 . Jump up ^ CCC § 2218 . Jump up ^ CCC § 2215 . Jump up ^ CCC § 2199 . Jump up ^ CCC § 2212 . Jump up ^ Plaut and Stein , The Torah : A Modern Commentary ( p. 504 ) Jump up ^ Kioulachoglou , Anastasios . `` Honor your father and mother '' , Journal of Bible Accuracy Jump up ^ Calvin , John . Harmony of the Law , Part III , Commentary on Exodus 20 : 12 and Deuteronomy 5 : 16 read online ^ Jump up to : Calvin , John . Harmony of the Law , Part III . Commentary on Exodus 20 : 12 and Deuteronomy 5 : 16 read online Jump up ^ Wesley , John . Notes on the Bible : Notes on the Second Book of Moses , commentary on Exodus 20 : 12 read online Jump up ^ see also Matthew Henry 's Commentary on the Whole Bible , comments on Exodus 20 : 12 read online Jump up ^ Galatians 6 : 6 and 1 Timothy 5 : 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ Matthew Henry 's Commentary on Esther Chapter 2 read online Jump up ^ Deuteronomy 5 : 16 Jump up ^ Exodus 21 : 15 , 17 and Leviticus 20 : 9 Jump up ^ Deuteronomy 21 : 18 -- 21 Jump up ^ Calvin , John . Harmony of the Law , Part III . Commentary on Exodus 21 : 15 , 17 and Leviticus 20 : 9 read online Jump up ^ Proverbs 6 : 20 -- 22 Jump up ^ 1 Timothy 5 : 4 Further reading ( edit ) U.S. Catholic Church . Catechism of the Catholic Church , 2003 , Doubleday Religion , ISBN 0 - 385 - 50819 - 0 ( accessed 1 September 2009 ) External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Laws of honoring parents in the Shulchan Aruch A compilation of Jewish theology regarding the commandment to honor father and mother ( hide ) Ten Commandments Commandments I am the Lord thy God Thou shalt have no other gods before me Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain Remember the sabbath day , to keep it holy Honour thy father and thy mother Thou shalt not kill Thou shalt not commit adultery Thou shalt not steal Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour Thou shalt not covet Modern media The Ten Commandments : The Musical K10C : Kids ' Ten Commandments Les Dix Commandements ( musical ) 2007 film 2010 film The Ten Commandments ( 2007 film ) The Ten Commandments ( 1956 film ) The Ten Commandments ( 1923 film ) Related articles 613 Mitzvot Alternatives Catholic theology Finger of God Ritual Decalogue Seven Laws of Noah Tablets of Stone Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honour_thy_father_and_thy_mother&oldid=786627734 '' Categories : Ten Commandments Family Hebrew Bible words and phrases Biblical phrases Positive Mitzvoth Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Articles lacking reliable references from June 2015 All articles lacking sources Articles needing more viewpoints from June 2015 Use dmy dates from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia עברית ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 20 June 2017 , at 16 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which commandment is honor thy father and mother | [
"\"Honour thy father and thy mother\" is one of the Ten Commandments in the Hebrew Bible. The commandment is generally regarded in Protestant and Jewish sources as the fifth in both the list in Exodus 20:1–21, and in Deuteronomy (Dvarim) 5:1–23. Catholics count this as the fourth.[1]"
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"the fifth"
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6514466095952748967 | Godzilla: King of the Monsters (2019 film) | Godzilla : King of the Monsters ( 2019 film ) - wikipedia Godzilla : King of the Monsters ( 2019 film ) This article is about the upcoming 2019 film . For the 1956 film , see Godzilla , King of the Monsters ! For the unproduced film , see Godzilla : King of the Monsters in 3D . Godzilla : King of the Monsters San Diego Comic - Con poster Directed by Michael Dougherty Produced by Mary Parent Alex Garcia Brian Rogers Thomas Tull Jon Jashni Screenplay by Michael Dougherty Zach Shields Story by Max Borenstein Michael Dougherty Zach Shields Based on Godzilla , Rodan , Mothra , and King Ghidorah by Toho Starring Kyle Chandler Vera Farmiga Millie Bobby Brown Bradley Whitford Sally Hawkins Charles Dance Thomas Middleditch O'Shea Jackson Jr . Ken Watanabe Zhang Ziyi Music by Bear McCreary Cinematography Lawrence Sher Edited by Roger Barton Richard Pearson Bob Ducsay Production company Legendary Entertainment Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures ( Worldwide ) Toho ( Japan ) Release date May 31 , 2019 ( 2019 - 05 - 31 ) ( United States ) Country United States Language English Godzilla : King of the Monsters ( also known as Godzilla II : King of the Monsters in some markets ) is an upcoming American monster film directed and co-written by Michael Dougherty . It is a sequel to Godzilla ( 2014 ) and will be the 35th film in the Godzilla franchise , the third film in Legendary 's MonsterVerse , and the third Godzilla film to be completely produced by a Hollywood studio . The film stars Kyle Chandler , Vera Farmiga , Millie Bobby Brown , Bradley Whitford , Sally Hawkins , Charles Dance , Thomas Middleditch , O'Shea Jackson Jr. , Ken Watanabe , and Zhang Ziyi . The sequel was green - lit during the opening weekend of Godzilla , with original director Gareth Edwards expected to return . After Edwards left the project in May 2016 , Dougherty , who had been hired in October 2016 to re-write the script with Zach Shields , was announced as the director in January 2017 . Principal photography began in June 2017 in Atlanta and ended in September 2017 . Godzilla : King of the Monsters is scheduled to be released in the United States on May 31 , 2019 , in 2D , 3D , Dolby Cinema and IMAX . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 4 Music 5 Marketing 6 Release 7 Sequels 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) `` The new story follows the heroic efforts of the crypto - zoological agency Monarch as its members face off against a battery of god - sized monsters , including the mighty Godzilla , who collides with Mothra , Rodan , and his ultimate nemesis , the three - headed King Ghidorah . When these ancient super-species -- thought to be mere myths -- rise again , they all vie for supremacy , leaving humanity 's very existence hanging in the balance . '' -- Legendary and Warner Bros . Cast ( edit ) Kyle Chandler as Mark Russell Emma 's ex-husband . He joins a rescue mission along with Dr. Serizawa and Dr. Graham to save Emma and Madison . Vera Farmiga as Dr. Emma Russell A paleobiologist working for Monarch who is kidnapped , along with her daughter Madison , by a `` mysterious organization , with their own plans for the creatures . '' Farmiga has described her character as being a `` DJ for the monsters '' , stating , `` She has figured out a way to communicate with the creatures and potentially control them using their bioacoustics on a sonar level . '' She described the film being about `` saving the environment . '' Millie Bobby Brown as Madison Russell The daughter of Emma and Mark Russell . She is kidnapped , along with her mother . Ken Watanabe as Dr. Ishiro Serizawa A scientist working for Monarch . Sally Hawkins as Dr. Vivienne Graham A scientist working for Monarch as Serizawa 's right - hand . Bradley Whitford as Dr. Stanton Charles Dance Thomas Middleditch as Sam Coleman The communications liaison between Monarch and the U.S. government . O'Shea Jackson Jr. as Barnes A chief warrant officer who 's a part of the special military forces group run by Monarch called the G - Team , and leads soldiers in battles involving Titans . Zhang Ziyi as Dr. Chen Additionally , Anthony Ramos portrays Corporal Martinez , and Jonathan Howard portrays Asher , while Aisha Hinds , Elizabeth Ludlow and Randy Havens appear in undisclosed roles . Jason Liles , Alan Maxson and Richard Dorton portray the heads of King Ghidorah via motion capture . Production ( edit ) Production credits Michael Dougherty -- director , co-writer Zach Shields -- co-writer , executive producer Barry H. Waldman -- executive producer Dan Lin -- executive producer Roy Lee -- executive producer Yoshimitsu Banno -- executive producer Kenji Okuhira -- executive producer Alexandra Mendes -- co-producer Jay Ashenfelter -- co-producer Scott Chambliss -- production designer Louise Mingenbach -- costume designer Guillaume Rocheron -- VFX supervisor Tom Woodruff Jr. -- effects and creature designer Development ( edit ) Gareth Edwards , the director of 2014 's Godzilla , stated that he wanted Godzilla to work as a standalone film with a definitive ending , and he opposed suggestions that the ending should leave the film open for a sequel . He said that he had no problem coming back to do a sequel if the film did well , but his main concern was delivering a satisfying experience with the current film , `` I want a story that begins and ends , and you leave on a high note . That 's all we cared about when we were making this ; just this film . If this film is good , the others can come , but let 's just pay attention to this and not get sidetracked by other things . '' After a successful opening of $103 million internationally , Legendary green - lit the Godzilla sequel with plans to produce a trilogy and Edwards attached to direct . At the San Diego Comic - Con in July 2014 , Legendary confirmed that they had acquired the rights to Mothra , Rodan , and King Ghidorah from Toho . A short teaser clip showing concept art of all three with the ending tagline `` Let them fight '' was shown . Other details of their appearances in either of the two sequels were not announced . In the fall of 2014 , Legendary announced that the sequel would be released on June 8 , 2018 , and that writer Max Borenstein would return to write the screenplay . In April 2015 , Aaron Taylor - Johnson stated that he was unsure if he would reprise his role for the sequel and that his return depended on Edwards ' decision . In October 2015 , Legendary announced plans to unite Godzilla and King Kong in a film titled Godzilla vs. Kong , set for a 2020 release date . Legendary plans to create a shared cinematic franchise `` centered around Monarch '' that `` brings together Godzilla and ... King Kong in an ecosystem of other giant super-species , both classic and new . '' While Legendary will maintain its home at Universal Pictures , it will continue to collaborate with Warner Bros. for the franchise . In May 2016 , Warner Bros. announced that Godzilla 2 would be pushed back from its original June 2018 release date to March 22 , 2019 . That same month , Warner Bros. revealed that Edwards had left the sequel to work on smaller scale projects . Edwards also felt that Legendary `` needed to get on with things '' instead of waiting for him to finish work on Rogue One . In October 2016 , it was revealed that Michael Dougherty and Zach Shields ( both of whom worked on Krampus ) would write the screenplay for Godzilla 2 . A day later , it was reported that Dougherty was also in negotiations to direct Godzilla 2 . That same month , Legendary announced that production would also take place at parent company Wanda 's Qingdao Movie Metropolis facility in Qingdao , China , along with Pacific Rim Uprising . In December 2016 , Legendary revealed that the official title for Godzilla 2 would be Godzilla : King of the Monsters . In early January 2017 , Dougherty was officially confirmed as the director . Dougherty described the film as : `` The world is reacting to Godzilla in the same way we would react to any other terrifying incident , in that we are overreacting , but there 's paranoia and endless speculation about whether he is the only one out there or whether we 're threatened by others like his kind . '' Writing ( edit ) In September 2014 , it was revealed that Max Borenstein would return to write the script . Borenstein later spoke about the sequel , stating , `` The response to the first film was really exciting , but now that that world is established , we can do bigger and even better things . '' While promoting Kong : Skull Island , Borenstein mentioned that one thing he aimed to do in the Godzilla sequel is make Godzilla more empathetic for the audience , referencing the end of the first film , `` When ( Godzilla ) blows his blue flame down the throat of the other creature -- a creature we never empathized with in any way -- we 're empathizing with Godzilla . That 's the thing about the movie that I 'm most proud of , and I think Gareth did an amazing job pulling that off . I think that 's what sets up our Godzilla franchise in a way that the second Godzilla movie can pick up on to begin to make Godzilla a more relatable , emphatic figure . But it needed that groundwork because you do n't immediately invest emotionally in something that looks like a giant dragon or lizard . '' Casting ( edit ) In late January 2017 , Millie Bobby Brown was the first to be cast for the film . In February 2017 , Kyle Chandler and Vera Farmiga were cast as the parents to Brown 's character . In March 2017 , it was reported that O'Shea Jackson Jr. was in talks for a role in the film . In April 2017 , Aisha Hinds was confirmed to join the cast of the film . In May 2017 , Anthony Ramos , Randy Havens , Thomas Middleditch , and Charles Dance were added to the cast , and Sally Hawkins was confirmed to return . At the time , Ken Watanabe was named but not yet been confirmed to return but later , a press release confirmed Watanabe 's return for the sequel . In June 2017 , Bradley Whitford and Zhang Ziyi were added to the cast , with the latter playing a `` major role '' in the MonsterVerse . In July 2017 , Elizabeth Ludlow was added to the cast . In April 2018 , Jason Liles , Alan Maxson , and Richard Dorton were cast to provide the performance capture for King Ghidorah , with Liles performing the middle head and Maxson and Dorton performing the side heads . Other actors will perform the body . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on June 19 , 2017 in Atlanta , Georgia under the working title Fathom . Dougherty confirmed that the film would feature practical effects and creature designs by Tom Woodruff , Jr . A casting call confirmed that the film will feature Rodan , Mothra , and King Ghidorah . Lawrence Sher has been confirmed as director of photography . Parts of the film were shot in the Historic Center of Mexico City between August 19 -- 22 , 2017 . Dougherty announced the film had wrapped production on September 27 , 2017 . Music ( edit ) On July 21 , 2018 , Dougherty revealed that Bear McCreary will compose the film 's score , incorporating themes from Akira Ifukube 's previous Godzilla scores . Regarding his involvement , McCreary stated , `` I am thrilled to be the composer for Godzilla : King of the Monsters , and honored beyond words to have the opportunity to contribute to one of cinema 's longest - running musical legacies . '' The first trailer featured a rearrangement of Claude Debussy 's Clair de Lune by Michael Afanasyev for Imagine Music . Marketing ( edit ) In June 2017 , Legendary 's official Twitter account for Kong : Skull Island began posting videos revealing a timeline and background information of Monarch 's discoveries , which teased elements for Godzilla : King of the Monsters and Godzilla vs. Kong . During the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con , Legendary revealed an image of a stone sculpture featuring Mothra , two larvae , and an egg . On July 12 , 2018 , two first - look images featuring Godzilla unleashing his atomic breath skyward , and Millie Bobby Brown and Vera Farmiga were released , along with a few plot details . On July 18 , 2018 , a teaser clip was released featuring Millie Bobby Brown and the viral Monarch website went live with documents providing information on the monsters . On July 21 , 2018 , the first trailer was revealed at San Diego Comic - Con and later released online that same day . Release ( edit ) Godzilla : King of the Monsters is scheduled to be released on May 31 , 2019 in 2D , 3D , Dolby Cinema and IMAX by Warner Bros. Pictures , except in Japan where the film will be distributed by Toho . The film was previously scheduled to be released on June 8 , 2018 and on March 22 , 2019 . Sequels ( edit ) Main article : MonsterVerse In September 2015 , Legendary moved Kong : Skull Island from Universal to Warner Bros. , which sparked media speculation that Godzilla and King Kong will appear in a film together . In October 2015 , Legendary confirmed that they would unite Godzilla and King Kong in Godzilla vs. Kong , set for a May 29 , 2020 release date . Legendary plans to create a shared cinematic franchise `` centered around Monarch '' that `` brings together Godzilla and Legendary 's King Kong in an ecosystem of other giant super-species , both classic and new . '' While Legendary will maintain its home at Universal Pictures , it will continue to collaborate with Warner Bros. for the franchise . Godzilla vs. Kong is scheduled to follow up on May 22 , 2020 with Adam Wingard attached to direct the film . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mueller , Matthew ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Godzilla : King of the Monsters ' Has a Different International Title '' . Comic Book Movies . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Warner Bros. Pictures ' and Legendary Pictures ' MonsterVerse Kicks Into Gear as the Next Godzilla Feature Gets Underway '' . Warner Bros. ( Press release ) . June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Godzilla : King of the Monsters Official Photos From Warner Bros '' . SciFi Japan . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Collis , Clark ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` Godzilla unleashes ' atomic breath ' in Godzilla : King of the Monsters first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hermanns , Grant ( July 11 , 2018 ) . `` Vera Farmiga Offers Details On Godzilla : King of the Monsters Character '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Leston , Ryan ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` Godzilla : King of the Monsters adds Bradley Whitford '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Marks , Tom ( July 21 , 2018 ) . `` Godzilla : King of the Monsters Will Have Even More than the Four Monsters We Know About - Comic - Con 2018 '' . IGN.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Brandon ( July 22 , 2018 ) ' Godzilla King of the Monsters ' trailer reveals the return of Mothra , Rodan , Gamera and King Ghidorah The Global Dispatch Jump up ^ Nemiroff , Perri ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Gareth Edwards Talks ' Godzilla ' , Godzilla 's Origins , Making Him a Character with Layers , Hints at Additional Monsters , And More '' . Collider.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( May 18 , 2014 ) . `` ' Godzilla ' Sequel In The Works At Warner Bros. & Legendary '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` ' Star Wars ' Spinoff Hires ' Godzilla ' Director Gareth Edwards ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wickman , Kase ( July 26 , 2014 ) . `` Holy Mothra : Gareth Edwards Reveals ' Godzilla 2 ' Monsters At Comic - Con '' . MTV News . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Godzilla 2 Stomps Into Theaters June 8 , 2018 '' . ComingSoon.net . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` ' Godzilla ' Sequel To Be Scripted By Max Borenstein '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sean ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Will Aaron Taylor - Johnson Be Back For Godzilla 2 ? Here 's What He Says '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Legendary and Warner Bros. Pictures Announce Cinematic Franchise Uniting Godzilla , King Kong and Other Iconic Giant Monsters '' . Legendary Pictures ( Press release ) . October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Moves Dates For ' Godzilla 2 , ' ' Godzilla vs Kong ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Director Gareth Edwards Exits ' Godzilla 2 ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Godzilla 2 -- Gareth Edwards on Why He 's Not Directing the Sequel '' . IGN . December 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Dougherty and Zach Shields to Write ' Godzilla 2 ' for Legendary ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Britt ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Godzilla 2 ' May Be Helmed by ' Krampus ' Director Michael Dougherty '' . Screen Crush . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Wanda Unveils Plans for $8 Billion ' Movie Metropolis , ' Reveals Details About Film Incentives '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Mike Dougherty Confirms the Title is Godzilla : King of `` THE '' Monsters `` . Scified . January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Legendary Taps Herbert W. Gains As EVP Physical Production , Hires Two SVPs '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Godzilla 2 ' Finds Director in Michael Dougherty '' . Variety . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` Godzilla 2 : Expect a `` Bigger '' and `` Better '' Sequel from Screenwriter Max Borenstein `` . Collider.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McKittrick , Christopher ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` '' Every movie is its own beast . '' Max Borenstein on Kong : Skull Island `` . Creative Screenwriting . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Borys , Kit ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Breakout Millie Bobby Brown Set to Star in ' Godzilla ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Kyle Chandler to Co-Star as Millie Bobby Brown 's Dad in ' Godzilla ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` Vera Farmiga to Star as Millie Bobby Brown 's Mom in ' Godzilla ' Sequel '' . Variety . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Straight Outta Compton ' Star O'Shea Jackson Jr . Eyes ' Godzilla ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Underground 's Aisha Hinds Boards ' Godzilla : King Of The Monsters ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Anthony Ramos Books ' A Star Is Born ' & ' Godzilla ' Sequel '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Barkan , Jonathan ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things ' Randy Havens Has Joined Godzilla : King of the Monsters '' . Dread Central . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Silicon Valley ' Star Thomas Middleditch Joins ' Godzilla ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Alum Charles Dance Joins ' Godzilla : King Of The Monsters ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Bradley Whitford Joins ' Godzilla ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Zhang Ziyi Comes Aboard ' Godzilla ' And Beyond '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Godzilla : King Of The Monsters ' Adds Elizabeth Ludlow ; Kevin Chapman Cast In ' Slender Man ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Verhoeven , Beatrice ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Rampage ' Breakout Star Jason Liles Joins ' Godzilla : King of Monsters ' ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ White , James ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` Rampage 's Jason Liles Playing King Ghidorah In Godzilla : King Of Monsters '' . Empire . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moore , Debi ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Filming Kicks off for Godzilla : King of the Monsters in Georgia '' . Dread Central . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` Godzilla : King of the Monsters Begins Production This Summer '' . Dread Central . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Casting call info for ' Godzilla : King of Monsters ' '' . WXIA . May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walljasper , Matt ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` What 's filming in Atlanta now ? Avengers : Infinity War , Godzilla , The Passage , and more '' . Atlanta Magazine . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` These Three Kaiju Appear to Be Confirmed for Godzilla : King of the Monsters '' . Dread Central . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Así será el cierre vehicular por filmación de secuela de ' Godzilla ' '' . Elfinanciero.com ( in Spanish ) . August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephens , David ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Godzilla 2 is Officially Done Filming '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( July 21 , 2018 ) . `` Bear McCreary Will Compose ' Godzilla : King of the Monsters ' Score , Incorporating Classic Themes ( Comic - Con 2018 ) '' . Slash Film . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bear McCreary to Score Godzilla : King of the Monsters , Will Use Ifukube Themes Jump up ^ Barder , Ollie ( July 22 , 2018 ) . `` What 's Up With The New ' Godzilla : King Of The Monsters ' Trailer Using Debussy 's ' Clair De Lune ' ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kong : Skull Island Twitter Videos Tie Into Godzilla Sequel '' . SciFi Japan . July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking : Godzilla 2 Monsters : Our first look at Mothra '' . Scified . July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Godzilla : King of the Monsters ' : First Clip Has Millie Bobby Brown Trying to Reach Monarch '' . Collider . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shaw - Williams , Hannah ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's Every Hidden Secret On Godzilla 2 's Viral Website '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( July 21 , 2018 ) . `` Godzilla : King of the Monsters Comic - Con trailer teases a kaiju - filled sequel '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` Godzilla 2 & The Shining Sequel Get New Release Dates '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Godzilla 2 ' Gets Release Date : ' Let Them Wait ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Godzilla 2 ' Moved Back to 2019 , ' Godzilla Vs Kong ' Set for May 2020 '' . Variety . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` King Kong On Move To Warner Bros , Presaging Godzilla Monster Matchup '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Hollywood Gorilla Warfare : It 's Universal vs. Legendary Over ' Kong : Skull Island ' ( and Who Says `` Thank You '' ) `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Busch , Jenna ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Godzilla vs. Kong and More Release Date Changes From Warner Bros '' . Coming Soon . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Godzilla vs. Kong ' Finds Its Director With Adam Wingard ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Monarch Sciences website Godzilla : King of the Monsters on IMDb Godzilla : King of the Monsters at Box Office Mojo Godzilla Toho films Shōwa series Godzilla ( 1954 ) Godzilla Raids Again ( 1955 ) King Kong vs. Godzilla ( 1962 ) Mothra vs. Godzilla ( 1964 ) Ghidorah , the Three - Headed Monster ( 1964 ) Invasion of Astro - Monster ( 1965 ) Ebirah , Horror of the Deep ( 1966 ) Son of Godzilla ( 1967 ) Destroy All Monsters ( 1968 ) All Monsters Attack ( 1969 ) Godzilla vs. Hedorah ( 1971 ) Godzilla vs. Gigan ( 1972 ) Godzilla vs. Megalon ( 1973 ) Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla ( 1974 ) Terror of Mechagodzilla ( 1975 ) Heisei series The Return of Godzilla ( 1984 ) Godzilla vs. Biollante ( 1989 ) Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah ( 1991 ) Godzilla vs. Mothra ( 1992 ) Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II ( 1993 ) Godzilla vs. SpaceGodzilla ( 1994 ) Godzilla vs. Destoroyah ( 1995 ) Millennium series Godzilla 2000 ( 1999 ) Godzilla vs. Megaguirus ( 2000 ) Godzilla , Mothra and King Ghidorah : Giant Monsters All - Out Attack ( 2001 ) Godzilla Against Mechagodzilla ( 2002 ) Godzilla : Tokyo S.O.S. ( 2003 ) Godzilla : Final Wars ( 2004 ) Current series Shin Godzilla ( 2016 ) Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters ( 2017 ) Godzilla : City on the Edge of Battle ( 2018 ) Godzilla : The Planet Eater ( 2018 ) American films Adaptations Godzilla , King of the Monsters ! ( 1956 ) King Kong vs. Godzilla ( 1963 ) Godzilla 1985 ( 1985 ) TriStar Pictures Godzilla ( 1998 ) Legendary Pictures Godzilla ( 2014 ) Godzilla : King of the Monsters ( 2019 ) Television Ike ! Godman ( 1972 - 1973 ) Ike ! Greenman ( 1973 - 1974 ) Zone Fighter ( 1973 ) Godzilla : The Original Animated Series ( 1978 -- 1979 ) Godzilla Island ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Godzilla : The Series ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Video games List of Godzilla games ( 1983 -- present ) Miscellaneous Godzilla in popular culture Comics Locations The Movie Monster Game Battle Soccer : Champions of the Field Godzilla Game Aliens Godzilla ( Scott Ciencin series ) Godzilla ( Marc Cerasini series ) Bambi Meets Godzilla Godzilla vs. Charles Barkley Gotengo Miki Saegusa Monsterland and Monster Island Monster Planet of Godzilla Super X Toho Oxygen Destroyer King Kong Godzilla ( song ) Main Theme Godzilla : The Album Godzilla March SciFi Japan TV MonsterVerse Kaiju Godzilla Anguirus Rodan Moguera Varan Mothra King Kong Manda Dogora King Ghidorah Baragon Frankenstein Gaira Sanda Ebirah Mechani - Kong Gorosaurus Kamacuras Kumonga Minilla Gezora Kamoebas Hedorah Gigan Megalon Jet Jaguar King Caesar Mechagodzilla Titanosaurus Biollante Mecha - King Ghidorah Battra Godzilla Junior Bagan SpaceGodzilla Destoroyah Dagahra Orga Megaguirus Kiryu Zilla Monster X Krystalak Obsidius MUTO Trilopod Magita Related films Rodan ( 1956 ) The Mysterians ( 1957 ) Varan the Unbelievable ( 1958 ) Battle in Outer Space ( 1959 ) Mothra ( 1961 ) Gorath ( 1962 ) Atragon ( 1963 ) Dogora ( 1964 ) Frankenstein Conquers the World ( 1965 ) The War of the Gargantuas ( 1966 ) King Kong Escapes ( 1967 ) Latitude Zero ( 1969 ) Space Amoeba ( 1970 ) The War in Space ( 1977 ) Gunhed ( 1989 ) Yamato Takeru ( 1994 ) Rebirth of Mothra ( 1996 ) Rebirth of Mothra II ( 1997 ) Rebirth of Mothra III ( 1998 ) Chousei Kantai Sazer - X the Movie : Fight ! Star Warriors ( 2005 ) Always : Sunset on Third Street 2 ( 2007 ) Kong : Skull Island ( 2017 ) See also Gamera Ultraman Ultra Series The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms Godzilla : King of the Monsters in 3D Gojirasaurus Gorgo The Giant Behemoth Jana of the Jungle Reptilicus Yongary : Monster from the Deep Book MonsterVerse Films Godzilla ( 2014 ) Kong : Skull Island ( 2017 ) Godzilla : King of the Monsters ( 2019 ) Godzilla vs. Kong ( 2020 ) Related Godzilla King Kong King Ghidorah Mothra MUTO Rodan Miscellaneous Godzilla ( franchise ) Films directed by Michael Dougherty Trick ' r Treat ( 2007 ) Krampus ( 2015 ) Godzilla : King of the Monsters ( 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Godzilla:_King_of_the_Monsters_(2019_film)&oldid=854297677 '' Categories : Upcoming films 2019 films English - language films 2019 3D films 2010s sequel films American films American monster movies American sequel films Films shot in Atlanta Films shot in Mexico City Godzilla films Toho films Warner Bros. films MonsterVerse Legendary Pictures films Upcoming sequel films Kaiju films Upcoming IMAX films Films directed by Michael Dougherty Screenplays by Michael Dougherty Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages using deprecated image syntax Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 09 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when will godzilla king of the monsters come out | [
"Godzilla: King of the Monsters is scheduled to be released in the United States on May 31, 2019, in 2D, 3D, Dolby Cinema and IMAX.\n"
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"on May 31, 2019"
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-2007718475865643838 | Robert E. Jager | Robert E. Jager - wikipedia Robert E. Jager Jump to : navigation , search Robert Edward Jager ( born August 25 , 1939 ) is an American composer , music theorist and a conductor . His works are played throughout the world by various orchestras , bands , choruses and chamber ensembles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background / History 2 Works 2.1 Works for Orchestra 2.2 Works for Wind Ensemble 3 Further reading Background / history ( edit ) Jager was born in Binghamton , New York on August 25 , 1939 . From 1962 to 1965 he was arranger / composer for the US - Navy Armed Forces School of Music . He completed his studies and graduated from the University of Michigan in 1968 . He then went on to be the lecturer in composition and directing at Old Dominion University in Norfolk , Virginia . In 1971 , he left Old Dominion University to become a professor at Tennessee Technological University in Cookeville , TN from which he retired in 2001 . In his career , Jager has received numerous honors for his works , including being the only three - time winner of the American Bandmasters Association Ostwald Composition Award ( 1964 , 1968 , 1972 . ) His experiences include being a guest conductor and teacher in various countries such as Canada , Japan , England , France , Germany . and in many cities within the United States . Works ( edit ) Works for Orchestra ( edit ) 1973 A Child 's Garden of Verses for Soprano and Chamber Orchestra 1989 The Pied Piper OF Hamelin for narrator and orchestra 1994 Kokopelli Dances for flute and orchestra 1996 Suite from `` Edvard Munch '' 2000 Like A White Daisy Looks 2001 The Grandeur OF God for Chorus and Orchestra 2010 Esprit de Corps 1996 I Dream of Peace for children 's choir and chamber orchestra 2009 Of Things Remembered for string orchestra 2015 The War Prayer for narrator and orchestra Works for Wind Ensemble ( edit ) 1957 First Suite for Band 1963 Stars and Bars March 1964 Second Suite for Band 1965 Sinfonia Nobilissima 1965 Third Suite for Band 1966 Chorale and Toccata 1967 March `` Dramatic '' 1968 Diamond Variations 1968 The Tennessean March 1968 Variations on A Theme of Robert Schumann 1969 Sinfonietta 1970 Tour de Force - March 1971 Courage to Serve - March 1972 Apocalypse 1975 Preamble 1975 Shivaree 1976 Japanese Prints 1976 Prelude : Concert Liberte 1976 Symphony No. 2 1977 Concerto No. 2 for Alto Saxophone 1978 Carpathian Sketches 1978 Jubilate 1979 Pastorale and Country Dance 1981 Concerto for Tuba 1982 Tableau 1983 Prelude on an Old Southern Hymn 1984 March of the Dragonmasters 1984 Esprit de Corps 1984 Concerto for Percussion and Wind Ensemble 1985 Concerto for Euphonium and Band 1985 Triumph and Tradition 1986 Colonial Airs and Dances 1986 Eagle Rock Overture 1986 Heroic Saga 1986 Old Time Spirit 1987 Under the Big Top 1987 A Commemorative Suite 1990 Fourth Suite for Band 1991 Epilogue : `` Lest We Forget '' 1991 Uncommon Valor - March 1992 Lord , Guard and Guide 1993 Meditations on a Scottish Hymn Tune 1993 Three Chinese Miniatures : I . The Wind II . Sen Jin De Ma ( A Maiden ) III . A Love Song of Kang Ting City 1995 The Last Full Measure of Devotion 1999 Variants on the Air Force Hymn 2000 Hebraic Rhapsody 2001 Joan of Arc 2001 Mystic Chords of Memory 2004 Concert in The park 2004 Highland Fling ( originally named Covenant ) 2004 In Sunshine and Shadows for Soprano and Winds 2004 Baritone Solos for mixed choir 2006 Eternal Vigilance 2010 Scenes from `` Penn 's Woods '' 2010 A Sea of Glass Mingled with Fire I. Dance at the `` Glory Hole '' II. Of `` Sea Forms , '' Venetians and Putti '' III . The Boathouse Gang ( the above premiered at the CBDNA / Seattle , March 2011 ) Further reading ( edit ) Robert Jager 's page at Theodore Presser Company Home Site VIAF : 16145971369832331482 LCCN : n82010022 ISNI : 0000 0001 1745 5771 GND : 137363451 BNF : cb139251094 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Jager&oldid=798679452 '' Categories : American male composers American composers Living people 1939 births People from Binghamton , New York Distinguished Service to Music Medal recipients University of Michigan alumni Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Galego Nederlands 日本 語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 07 : 25 . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song the last full measure of devotion | [
"Robert Edward Jager (born August 25, 1939) is an American composer, music theorist and a conductor. His works are played throughout the world by various orchestras, bands, choruses and chamber ensembles."
] | [
"Robert Edward Jager"
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5424573685213024400 | Pandora – The World of Avatar | Pandora -- the World of Avatar - Wikipedia Pandora -- the World of Avatar Jump to : navigation , search Pandora -- The World of Avatar The floating mountains in the Valley of Mo'ara Location Disney 's Animal Kingdom Coordinates 28 ° 21 ′ 20 '' N 81 ° 35 ′ 30 '' W / 28.3554244 ° N 81.591694 ° W / 28.3554244 ; - 81.591694 Coordinates : 28 ° 21 ′ 20 '' N 81 ° 35 ′ 30 '' W / 28.3554244 ° N 81.591694 ° W / 28.3554244 ; - 81.591694 Status Operating Opening date May 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 27 ) Replaced Camp Minnie - Mickey Theme Avatar Area 12 acres ( 4.9 ha ) Attractions Attractions 2 total Pandora -- The World of Avatar is a themed area inspired by James Cameron 's Avatar , located within Disney 's Animal Kingdom theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake , Florida , near Orlando . Set a generation after the events of the Avatar films , the area is based upon the fictional exoplanetary moon , Pandora , and features Pandora 's floating mountains , alien wildlife , and bioluminescent plants . Spanning 12 acres ( 4.9 ha ) , Pandora -- The World of Avatar includes two major attractions , Avatar Flight of Passage and Na'vi River Journey , as well as retail and dining outlets . Disney began development on Pandora -- The World of Avatar in 2011 , jointly with Cameron and his production company , Lightstorm Entertainment , with the intention of transforming Animal Kingdom into a full - day operation , complete with added attraction capacity and nighttime experiences . Construction on the area began on January 10 , 2014 , and the land opened to the public on May 27 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Development 1.2 Design 2 Attractions 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links History ( edit ) Development ( edit ) An `` abandoned '' area that serves as a restroom provides an example of human interference reclaimed by the Pandoran environment . In early 2011 , James Cameron was approached by Disney executives Bob Iger and Tom Staggs , CEO and COO respectively , regarding the possibility of Avatar - themed attractions at Walt Disney Parks and Resorts properties . Originally , discussions were held about creating an Avatar - themed attraction at Disney 's Hollywood Studios , perhaps at the park 's then - functioning Studio Backlot Tour . Tom Staggs suggested to incorporate the film into a newly designed `` land '' at Disney 's Animal Kingdom to improve the park 's attraction roster . Cameron was initially surprised at Disney 's approach in scope , commenting that `` Disney 's vision when they came to me was to create a land . I thought we were going to be talking about creating an attraction . '' On September 17 , 2011 , Disney entered into an exclusive , long - term licensing agreement with Cameron 's Lightstorm Entertainment and Fox Filmed Entertainment for the worldwide theme park rights to Avatar ; Disney agreed to pay Cameron and Fox a licensing fee and a percentage of merchandise sales . The deal was officially announced to the public on September 20 , 2011 . The highlight of the announcement was that Disney 's Animal Kingdom would receive a new themed area entirely devoted to Avatar . While no specifics were announced , the new area was described as being several acres in size and costing an estimated $400 million to build , a scale similar to Cars Land at Disney California Adventure in California . The area was later estimated to cost approximately $500 million . Disney showcased a first look presentation of the land at the 2013 Japan D23 Expo . Construction began in January 2014 , with an initially planned opening date in 2016 . The deal could see Avatar attractions added to other Disney theme parks in the future -- Disneyland Paris and Hong Kong Disneyland are also in consideration -- however , there are no immediate plans to do so . The opening date was later revised to summer 2017 . In February 2017 , the official opening day was confirmed to be May 27 , 2017 . The land received a dedication ceremony on May 24 , 2017 with Iger , Cameron , Jon Landau , Fox chairman Stacey Snider , and cast members Sam Worthington , Zoe Saldana , and Sigourney Weaver , attending the dedication . Design ( edit ) The peaks of Wulingyuan in China ( top ) served as visual inspiration for the Valley of Mo'ara and its floating mountains ( bottom ) . Pandora -- The World of Avatar is designed by Walt Disney Imagineering and Lightstorm Entertainment with Avatar producers James Cameron and Jon Landau acting as creative consultants . Imagineer Joe Rohde , creative executive of Disney 's Animal Kingdom , served as creative director for the project . The area was constructed in the former location of Camp Minnie - Mickey , which was originally earmarked for the Beastly Kingdom , a never - built themed land which would have been based around mythological creatures . Instead of including characters or basing the land on existing plotlines from the films , the team emphasized issues such as conservation and environmental stewardship . Project mananger Tim Warzecha described the land as a standalone experience from the films , focusing on `` all about the people , the environment , the culture , the animals and the beauty of the world . '' Rhode cited the film 's themes and environmental message as compatible to the park 's established values . Rohde said : `` If you think about the intrinsic value of nature , transformation through adventure , and personal call to action -- these are the values of Animal Kingdom . But if you say them again , those are the themes of the film Avatar . So Avatar and Animal Kingdom will nest into each other very , very neatly . '' Animal Kingdom is a place about the kind of realism that derives from those animals . We really want to live up to that state of realism to the detail , to the complete immersion which is part of the signature of that park to the sense that these are events that are really happening to you - that it is your adventure . When we translate that into the world of Avatar it presents a whole new series of technical challenges because of the very nature of that world itself . '' -- Joe Rohde , describing Avatar 's connection to Animal Kingdom . Disney and Lightstorm decided to set the land 's timeline a generation after the warring conflict between the indigenous Na'vi and the Resources Development Administration ( RDA ) that sought to exploit Pandora for its unobtanium in the first film . According to the backstory , the Na'vi and humans have achieved peace and Alpha Centauri Expeditions ( ACE ) -- a fictional tourism company -- has partnered with the Na'vi to present Pandora as a new destination for ecotourism and scientific research . As a result , ACE established the Pandora Conservation Initiative to preserve and study the native Pandoran species . In September 2011 , Cameron confirmed that a flying attraction featuring `` 3 - D projections and creature designs that were cut from the original film '' was a concept on the drawing board for the area . Pandora -- The World of Avatar includes elements from the original Avatar film as well as its four , yet - to - be-released sequels . Rhode initially admitted difficulty in adapting the locations depicted in Avatar to the physical realm , as Pandora is portrayed in the films solely through computer - generated imagery . Therefore , Imagineering adapted the concept art and digital designs from the films and expanded upon it , with Rhode explaining that `` there was not enough detail in those images for an actual place that you 're really going to build . '' The distinct bioluminescence of Pandora is created through a combination of color lighting , fiber optics , and blacklight effects . A major visual feature of Pandora is the Valley of Mo'ara and its floating mountain ranges . The 156 foot ( 48 m ) - tall mountains employ forced perspective to appear larger than they physically are , and are held aloft by steel beams concealed with rockwork and vinery . Designers were sent to Zhangjiajie National Forest Park to study the jagged pillar peaks of the Wulingyuan region for inspiration , as well as foliage studies in Hawaii . The steel foundations for the floating mountains required a year to complete . Pandora 's bioluminescent species of flora are also found throughout the area . Imagineers created twenty species of Pandoran flora exclusively for the land . The landscaping consists of real Earth plant species mixed with sculpted Pandora flora , with each alien plant requiring its own concealed control box to create the necessary amount of illumination in bioluminesce during the evening hours . New motion sensor technology developed by Disney Research , allows the plant life to respond to tactile interaction from guests . Audio recordings of Pandoran animals create ambient noise throughout the land . Unlike other themed lands and attractions in the company 's history , Disney omitted traditional theme park attributes throughout Pandora -- The World of Avatar -- such as attraction marquees , Disney - branded merchandise , and Mickey Mouse images on the MyMagic+ scanners found in Fastpass lines -- as a way of maintaining the natural theming of the land . The parks ' cast members play ACE field experts . The area features music composed by the late James Horner and Simon Franglen based on the original score from Avatar , which was originally composed by Horner and arranged by Franglen . Guide sign welcoming guests to Pandora . Attractions ( edit ) Avatar Flight of Passage , a flying augmented reality E-ticket simulator attraction , where guests learn to fly with a mountain Banshee . Na'vi River Journey , a boat ride attraction through the Kasvapan River , showcasing the native fauna and flora of Pandora , including Audio - Animatronics and 3 - D holograms . Pandora -- The World of Avatar also contains Satu'li Canteen , a quick - service restaurant , Windtraders , the only retail shop , and Pongu Pongu , a food and beverage stand . See also ( edit ) Cars Land , a themed land at Disney California Adventure Park The Wizarding World of Harry Potter , a themed land at Universal 's Islands of Adventure and Universal Studios Florida theme park Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge , a future themed land at Disneyland Park and Disney 's Hollywood Studios References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Staggs , Tom . `` First Look : AVATAR to Come to Life at Disney 's Animal Kingdom '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Thomas . `` Na'vi River Journey adds music , energy to Pandora -- The World of AVATAR '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fickley - Baker , Jennifer ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Pandora -- The World of Avatar Set To Open Summer 2017 '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2016 . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Thomas ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Just Announced : Pandora -- The World of Avatar Will Open May 27 at Disney 's Animal Kingdom '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tribou , Richard ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` What we know about ' Avatar ' - inspired Pandora coming to Disney 's Animal Kingdom '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Thomas ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` Pandora -- The World of AVATAR will be New Land at Disney 's Animal Kingdom '' . Disney Parks Blog . The Walt Disney Company . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2015 . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Disney ' Pushing Boundaries ' with ' Avatar ' Land at Animal Kingdom Theme Park '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Richwine , Lisa ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Disney , Cameron to create theme - park `` Avatar '' `` . Reuters Canada . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Cody , Anthony ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` Disney to build Avatar attractions at its theme parks '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2011 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Disney reveals plans for ' Toy Story Land ' and ' Avatar ' and more ' Star Wars ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Staggs , Tom ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` Answering Your Questions About AVATAR at Disney Parks '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2011 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney to Build ' Avatar ' Attraction in Theme Parks '' . Fox News . Associated Press . September 21 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2011 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Jayne ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` ' Avatar ' land is coming to Disney World '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2011 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald , Brady ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` Do we really need an ' Avatar ' land ? Disney is about to answer the doubters '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Thomas . `` Construction Begins For AVATAR - Inspired Land At Disney 's Animal Kingdom '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2014 . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pandora -- The World of Avatar to Open May 27 , Star Wars Lands Coming in 2019 - The Walt Disney Company '' . The Walt Disney Company . February 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chmielewski , Dawn C. ; Keegan , Rebecca ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Disney to license rights to ' Avatar ' for theme park attractions '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2011 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Brooks ( April 25 , 2015 ) . `` Thomas Staggs : Disney 's Heir , Apparently '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Devin Leonard ; Christopher Palmeri ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's Intergalactic Theme Park Quest to Beat Harry Potter '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chmielewski , Dawn C. ; MacDonald , Brady ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` Details emerge on Disney 's plans to bring ' Avatar ' to its parks '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2011 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Thomas ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` AVATAR Coming To Disney Parks '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2011 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nakashima , Ryan . `` Disney to build ' Avatar ' attraction in theme parks '' . The Washington Times . Associated Press . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coming to Disney World : Avatar Land '' . New Zealand Herald . Australian Associated Press . September 22 , 2011 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Yee , Lawrence ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Bob Iger , James Cameron Open Pandora : World of Avatar at Walt Disney World '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Weinstein , Joshua L. ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` James Cameron on 3D , `` Titanic '' and all things `` Avatar '' `` . Reuters . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2011 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Brady ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` What to expect from Avatar Land at Disney 's Animal Kingdom '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Martens , Todd ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` A visit to Disney 's Pandora -- what we learned '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2017 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cabral , Matt ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's World of Avatar : What It 's Like to Spend a Day on Pandora '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Niles , Robert ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Joe Rohde : Why ' Avatar ' fits in Disney 's Animal Kingdom '' . Theme Park Insider . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tribou , Richard ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` What we know about ' Avatar ' - inspired Pandora coming to Disney 's Animal Kingdom '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettal , Oliver ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` James Cameron previews Avatar Disney World attraction '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` James Cameron Goes Inside Walt Disney World 's Avatar Attractions '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eades , Mark ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` This is what it looks like inside Pandora : The World of Avatar at Walt Disney World '' . OC Register . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bevil , Dewayne ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Details guide the making of Disney World 's Pandora '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mauney , Matt ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Animal Kingdom : A look at the ' floating mountain ' illusion of Pandora '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Mekado ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Inside Avatar , the Theme Park Version '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bevil , Dewayne ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Disney : James Cameron takes Whoopi Goldberg to Pandora '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alton , Elizabeth ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` New Disney Patents Hint at Bioluminescent Plants in Avatar Attraction '' . Entertainment Designer . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2016 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Franglen on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Past '' . Simon Franglen . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Avatar ' Ride Coming to Life at Disney 's Animal Kingdom '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` Here 's what Disney World 's ' Avatar ' land will be like '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tribou , Richard ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Disney reveals merchandise for Pandora - The World of Avatar '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Bishop , Bryan ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Visiting Pandora : a photo tour of Disney 's new Avatar land '' . The Verge . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pandora -- The World of Avatar . Official website Official announcement at the Disney Parks Blog Avatar Media Soundtrack album `` I See You '' Video game Art book Toruk - The First Flight Universe Fictional universe Pandoran biosphere Na'vi language Na'vi grammar Related Pandora -- The World of Avatar Avatar Flight of Passage Na'vi River Journey Awards and honors Box office records Themes Other Avatar Hallelujah Mountain `` Dances with Smurfs '' `` Treehouse of Horror XXII '' This Ai n't Avatar XXX Book Disney 's Animal Kingdom Attractions The Oasis The Oasis Exhibits Discovery Island Discovery Island Trails It 's Tough to Be a Bug ! Tree of Life Wilderness Explorers Winged Adventures - The Kingdom Takes Flight Pandora -- The World of Avatar Avatar Flight of Passage Na'vi River Journey Africa Festival of the Lion King Kilimanjaro Safaris Pangani Forest Exploration Trail Wild Africa Trek Rafiki 's Planet Watch Affection Section Conservation Station Habitat Habit ! Wildlife Express Train Asia Expedition Everest Flights of Wonder Kali River Rapids Maharajah Jungle Trek Rivers of Light DinoLand U.S.A. The Boneyard DINOSAUR Finding Nemo -- The Musical Fossil Fun Games Primeval Whirl TriceraTop Spin Themed lands of Disney theme parks A Bug 's Land Adventureland American Waterfront Arabian Coast Buena Vista Street A Bug 's Land Cars Land Critter Country Fantasyland Frontierland Front Lot Grizzly Peak Holidayland Hollywood Land Liberty Square Lost River Delta Main Street , U.S.A. Mediterranean Harbor Mermaid Lagoon Mickey 's Toontown Mysterious Island Mystic Point New Orleans Square Pandora -- The World of Avatar Paradise Pier Port Discovery Production Courtyard Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Tomorrowland Toon Studio Toy Story Land Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandora_ -- _The_World_of_Avatar&oldid = 796032878 '' Categories : Operating amusement attractions Walt Disney Parks and Resorts attractions Themed areas in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Amusement rides based on film franchises Licensed properties at Walt Disney Parks & Resorts Pandora -- The World of Avatar Amusement rides introduced in 2017 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Use American English from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Coordinates on Wikidata Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2017 , at 01 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did pandora the world of avatar open | [
"Disney began development on Pandora – The World of Avatar in 2011,[11][12] jointly with Cameron and his production company, Lightstorm Entertainment, with the intention of transforming Animal Kingdom into a full-day operation, complete with added attraction capacity and nighttime experiences.[14] Construction on the area began on January 10, 2014,[15] and the land opened to the public on May 27, 2017.[4][16]"
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"May 27, 2017"
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-4947585549211981885 | Tropical savanna climate | Tropical savanna climate - wikipedia Tropical savanna climate Worldwide zones of Tropical savanna climate ( Aw / As ) . Tropical savanna climate or tropical wet and dry climate is a type of climate that corresponds to the Köppen climate classification categories `` Aw '' and `` As '' . Tropical savanna climates have monthly mean temperatures above 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) in every month of the year and typically a pronounced dry season , with the driest month having less than 60 mm ( 2.36 inches ) of precipitation . This latter fact is in direct contrast to a tropical monsoon climate , whose driest month sees less than 60 mm of precipitation but has more than 100 -- ( total annual precipitation ( mm ) / 25 ) of precipitation . In essence , a tropical savanna climate tends to either see less rainfall than a tropical monsoon climate or have more pronounced dry season ( s ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Versions 2 Distribution 3 Some examples of tropical savanna climates 4 See also 5 References Versions ( edit ) There are generally four types of tropical savanna climates : Distinct wet and dry seasons of relatively equal duration . Most of the region 's annual rainfall is experienced during the wet season and very little precipitation falls during the dry season . A lengthy dry season and a relatively short wet season . This version features seven or more dry season months and five or fewer wet season months . There are variations within this version : On one extreme , the region receives just enough precipitation during the short wet season to preclude it from a semi-arid climate classification . This drier variation of the tropical savanna climate is typically found adjacent to regions with semi-arid climates . On the other extreme , the climate features a lengthy dry season followed by a short but extremely rainy wet season . However , regions with this variation of the climate do not experience enough rainfall during the wet season to qualify as a tropical monsoon climate . A lengthy wet season and a relatively short dry season . This version features seven or more wet season months and five or fewer dry season months . This version 's precipitation pattern is similar to precipitation patterns observed in some tropical monsoon climates , but does not experience enough rainfall during the wet season to be classified as such . A dry season with a noticeable amount of rainfall followed by a rainy wet season . In essence , this version mimics the precipitation patterns more commonly found in a tropical monsoon climate , but do not receive enough precipitation during either the dry season or the year to be classified as such . Distribution ( edit ) Tropical savanna climates are most commonly found in Africa , Asia and northern South America . The climate is also prevalent in sections of Central America , northern Australia , the Pacific Islands and southern North America , specifically in sections of Mexico and the state of Florida in the United States , and some islands in the Caribbean . Most places that have this climate are found at the outer margins of the tropical zone , but occasionally an inner - tropical location ( e.g. , San Marcos , Antioquia , Colombia ) also qualifies . Similarly , the Caribbean coast , eastward from the Gulf of Urabá on the Colombia -- Panamá border to the Orinoco river delta , on the Atlantic Ocean ( ca. 4,000 km ) , have long dry periods ( the extreme is the BSh climate ( see below ) , characterised by very low , unreliable precipitation , present , for instance , in extensive areas in the Guajira , and Coro , western Venezuela , the northernmost peninsulas in South America , which receive < 300 mm total annual precipitation , practically all in two or three months ) . This condition extends to the Lesser Antilles and Greater Antilles forming the Circumcaribbean dry belt . The length and severity of the dry season diminishes inland ( southward ) ; at the latitude of the Amazon river -- which flows eastward , just south of the equatorial line -- the climate is Af . East from the Andes , between the arid Caribbean and the ever - wet Amazon are the Orinoco river llanos or savannas , from where this climate takes its name . Sometimes As is used in place of Aw if the dry season occurs during the time of higher sun and longer days often due to a rain shadow effect that cuts off summer precipitation in a tropical area . This is the case in parts of Hawaii , East Africa ( Mombasa , Kenya , Somalia ) , Sri Lanka ( Trincomalee ) and coastal regions of Northeastern Brazil ( from Fortaleza through Natal to Maceió ) , for instance . The difference between ' summer ' and ' winter ' in such locations is usually so slight that a distinction between an As and Aw climate is a quibble . In most places that have tropical wet and dry climates , however , the dry season occurs during the time of lower sun and shorter days because of reduction of or lack of convection , which in turn is due to the meridional shifts of the Intertropical Convergence Zone during the course of the year . Some examples of tropical savanna climates ( edit ) Accra , Ghana Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 15 31 23 33 31 24 56 31 24 81 31 24 142 31 24 178 29 23 46 27 23 15 27 22 36 27 23 64 29 23 36 31 24 23 31 24 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Source : BBC Weather show Imperial conversion J J J O 0.6 87 73 1.3 88 75 88 76 3.2 88 76 5.6 87 75 7 84 74 1.8 81 74 0.6 80 71 1.4 81 73 2.5 85 74 1.4 87 75 0.9 88 75 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Monte Cristi , Dominican Republic Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 74 29 19 47 29 20 48 30 20 59 31 21 60 32 22 40 33 23 22 34 23 28 34 23 35 34 23 68 33 22 108 31 21 84 29 20 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Source : NOAA show Imperial conversion J J J O 2.9 84 67 1.9 85 67 1.9 86 68 2.3 87 70 2.4 89 72 1.6 92 73 0.8 92 74 1.1 93 74 1.4 93 73 2.7 91 72 4.3 87 70 3.3 85 68 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Brasília , Brazil Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 241 27 17 215 27 17 189 27 18 124 27 17 39 26 15 8.8 25 13 12 25 13 13 27 15 52 28 16 172 28 17 238 27 18 249 26 18 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Source : World Weather Information Service ( 1 ) show Imperial conversion J J J O 9.5 80 63 8.5 80 63 7.4 81 64 4.9 80 62 1.5 78 59 0.3 77 56 0.5 77 55 0.5 81 58 83 61 6.8 82 63 9.4 80 64 9.8 79 64 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Darwin , Australia Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 424 32 25 371 31 25 315 32 25 100 33 24 22 32 22 1.8 31 20 1.1 31 19 4.8 31 20 16 33 23 70 33 25 142 33 25 252 33 25 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Source : Australian Bureau of Meteorology ( 2 ) show Imperial conversion J J J O 17 89 77 15 89 76 12 89 76 91 75 0.9 90 72 0.1 87 68 0 87 67 0.2 89 69 0.6 91 73 2.8 92 77 5.6 92 78 9.9 91 78 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Mandalay Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 29 13 32 15 36 20 40 38 24 138 37 26 116 34 26 83 34 26 136 32 25 150 33 25 125 32 24 38 30 19 6 28 15 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm show Imperial conversion J J J O 0.2 83 56 0.1 90 59 0 96 67 1.6 101 76 5.4 98 78 4.6 94 78 3.3 94 78 5.4 90 77 5.9 92 77 4.9 90 74 1.5 86 67 0.2 83 59 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches See also ( edit ) Tropics Köppen climate classification Tropical marine climate Climate types under the Köppen climate classification Class A Tropical rainforest ( Af ) Tropical monsoon ( Am ) Tropical savanna ( Aw , As ) Class B Desert ( BWh , BWk , BWn ) Semi-arid ( BSh , BSk , BSn ) Class C Humid subtropical ( Cfa , Cwa ) Oceanic ( Cfb , Cwb , Cfc , Cwc ) Mediterranean ( Csa , Csb , Csc ) Class D Humid continental ( Dfa , Dwa , Dfb , Dwb , Dsa , Dsb ) Subarctic ( Dfc , Dwc , Dfd , Dwd , Dsc , Dsd ) Class E Tundra ( ET ) Ice cap ( EF ) Alpine ( ET , EF ) Seasons Temperate seasons Spring Summer Autumn Winter Science portal Tropical seasons Wet season Dry season Harmattan ( West Africa ) Specific Fog season Hurricane season Monsoon season References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McKnight , Tom L ; Hess , Darrel ( 2000 ) . `` Climate Zones and Types '' . Physical Geography : A Landscape Appreciation . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 020263 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Average Conditions Accra , Ghana '' . BBC Weather . May 2011 . Archived from the original on 21 October 2006 . Retrieved 9 September 2009 . Jump up ^ ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/DR/78451.TXT . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropical_savanna_climate&oldid=846391941 '' Categories : Climate Köppen climate classifications Tropics Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 13 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the tropical wet and dry climate found | [
"Tropical savanna climates are most commonly found in Africa, Asia and northern South America. The climate is also prevalent in sections of Central America, northern Australia, the Pacific Islands and southern North America, specifically in sections of Mexico and the state of Florida in the United States, and some islands in the Caribbean. Most places that have this climate are found at the outer margins of the tropical zone, but occasionally an inner-tropical location (e.g., San Marcos, Antioquia, Colombia) also qualifies. Similarly, the Caribbean coast, eastward from the Gulf of Urabá on the Colombia – Panamá border to the Orinoco river delta, on the Atlantic Ocean (ca. 4,000 km), have long dry periods (the extreme is the BSh climate (see below), characterised by very low, unreliable precipitation, present, for instance, in extensive areas in the Guajira, and Coro, western Venezuela, the northernmost peninsulas in South America, which receive Lesser Antilles and Greater Antilles forming the Circumcaribbean dry belt. The length and severity of the dry season diminishes inland (southward); at the latitude of the Amazon river—which flows eastward, just south of the equatorial line—the climate is Af. East from the Andes, between the arid Caribbean and the ever-wet Amazon are the Orinoco river llanos or savannas, from where this climate takes its name."
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"at the outer margins of the tropical zone, but occasionally an inner-tropical location (e.g., San Marcos, Antioquia, Colombia) also qualifies"
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-7502878323286277725 | List of National Basketball Association annual scoring leaders | List of National Basketball Association annual scoring Leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association annual scoring Leaders Michael Jordan has won a record ten scoring titles in his career . In basketball , points are accumulated through free throws or field goals . The National Basketball Association 's ( NBA ) scoring title is awarded to the player with the highest points per game average in a given season . The scoring title was originally determined by total points scored through the 1968 -- 69 season , after which points per game was used to determine the leader instead . Players who earned scoring titles before the 1979 -- 80 season did not record any three point field goals because the three - point line had just been implemented in the NBA at the start of that season . To qualify for the scoring title , the player must appear in at least 70 games ( out of 82 ) or have at least 1,400 points . These have been the entry criteria since the 1974 -- 75 season . Wilt Chamberlain holds the all - time records for total points scored ( 4,029 ) and points per game ( 50.4 ) in a season ; both records were achieved in the 1961 -- 62 season . He also holds the rookie records for points per game when he averaged 37.6 points in the 1959 -- 60 season . Among active players , Kevin Durant has the highest point total ( 2,593 ) and the highest scoring average ( 32.0 ) in a season ; both were achieved in the 2013 -- 14 season . Michael Jordan has won the most scoring titles , with ten . Jordan and Chamberlain are the only players to have won seven consecutive scoring titles ( this was also Chamberlain 's career total ) . George Gervin , Allen Iverson and Durant have won four scoring titles in their career , and George Mikan , Neil Johnston and Bob McAdoo have achieved it three times . Paul Arizin , Bob Pettit , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Shaquille O'Neal , Tracy McGrady , Kobe Bryant , and Russell Westbrook have each won the scoring title twice . Since the 1946 -- 47 season , five players have won both the scoring title and the NBA championship in the same season : Fulks in 1947 with the Philadelphia Warriors , Mikan from 1949 to 1950 with the Minneapolis Lakers , Abdul - Jabbar ( then Lew Alcindor ) in 1971 with the Milwaukee Bucks , Jordan from 1991 to 1993 and from 1996 to 1998 with the Chicago Bulls , and O'Neal in 2000 with the Los Angeles Lakers . Since the introduction of the three - point field goal , O'Neal is the only scoring leader to have made no three - pointers in his winning season . At 21 years and 197 days , Durant is the youngest scoring leader in NBA history , averaging 30.1 points in the 2009 -- 10 season . Russell Westbrook led the league with an average of 31.6 points in the 2016 -- 17 season , when he also became the second NBA player to average a triple - double in a season . The most recent champion is James Harden . Contents 1 Key 2 Scoring leaders 2.1 Multiple - time leaders 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Key ( edit ) Denotes player who is still active in the NBA * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Denotes player who won the MVP award that year Player ( X ) Denotes the number of times the player had been the scoring leader up to and including that season Guard Forward Center Scoring Leaders ( edit ) Joe Fulks won the first scoring title in 1947 . Wilt Chamberlain won seven consecutive scoring titles from 1960 to 1966 . Jerry West won the scoring title in 1970 , averaging 31.2 points per game . Kareem Abdul - Jabbar won scoring titles in 1971 and 1972 . Allen Iverson won scoring titles in 1999 , 2001 , 2002 and 2005 . Kobe Bryant won scoring titles in 2006 and 2007 . LeBron James won the scoring title in 2008 . Kevin Durant became the youngest scoring champion in 2010 . He won another three in 2011 , 2012 and 2014 . Russell Westbrook won in 2015 , following teammate Durant 's win a year earlier , and again in 2017 . Stephen Curry won the scoring title in 2016 . Season Player Age Pos Team Games played Field goals made 3 - point field goals made Free throws made Total points Points per game Ref 1946 -- 47 Joe Fulks * 25 F / C Philadelphia Warriors 60 475 -- 439 1,389 23.2 1947 -- 48 Max Zaslofsky 22 G / F Chicago Stags 48 373 -- 261 1,007 21.0 1948 -- 49 George Mikan * 24 Minneapolis Lakers 60 583 -- 532 1,698 28.3 1949 -- 50 George Mikan * ( 2 ) 25 Minneapolis Lakers 68 649 -- 567 1,865 27.4 1950 -- 51 George Mikan * ( 3 ) 26 Minneapolis Lakers 68 678 -- 576 1,932 28.4 1951 -- 52 Paul Arizin * 23 F / G Philadelphia Warriors 66 548 -- 578 1,674 25.4 1952 -- 53 Neil Johnston * 23 Philadelphia Warriors 70 504 -- 556 1,564 22.3 1953 -- 54 Neil Johnston * ( 2 ) 24 Philadelphia Warriors 72 591 -- 577 1,759 24.5 1954 -- 55 Neil Johnston * ( 3 ) 25 Philadelphia Warriors 72 521 -- 589 1,631 22.7 1955 -- 56 Bob Pettit * 23 F / C St. Louis Hawks 72 646 -- 557 1,849 25.7 1956 -- 57 Paul Arizin * ( 2 ) 28 F / G Philadelphia Warriors 71 613 -- 591 1,817 25.6 1957 -- 58 George Yardley * 29 F / G Detroit Pistons 72 673 -- 655 2,001 27.8 1958 -- 59 Bob Pettit * ( 2 ) 26 F / C St. Louis Hawks 72 719 -- 667 2,105 29.2 1959 -- 60 Wilt Chamberlain * 23 Philadelphia Warriors 72 1,065 -- 577 2,707 37.6 1960 -- 61 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 2 ) 24 Philadelphia Warriors 79 1,251 -- 531 3,033 38.4 1961 -- 62 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 3 ) 25 Philadelphia Warriors 80 1,597 -- 835 4,029 50.4 1962 -- 63 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 4 ) 26 San Francisco Warriors 80 1,463 -- 660 3,586 44.8 1963 -- 64 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 5 ) 27 San Francisco Warriors 80 1,204 -- 540 2,948 36.9 1964 -- 65 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 6 ) 28 San Francisco Warriors Philadelphia 76ers 73 1,063 -- 408 2,534 34.7 1965 -- 66 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 7 ) 29 Philadelphia 76ers 79 1,074 -- 501 2,649 33.5 1966 -- 67 Rick Barry * 22 San Francisco Warriors 78 1,011 -- 753 2,775 35.6 1967 -- 68 Dave Bing * 24 Detroit Pistons 79 835 -- 472 2,142 27.1 1968 -- 69 Elvin Hayes * 23 F / C San Diego Rockets 82 930 -- 467 2,327 28.4 1969 -- 70 Jerry West * 31 Los Angeles Lakers 74 831 -- 647 2,309 31.2 1970 -- 71 Lew Alcindor * 23 Milwaukee Bucks 82 1,063 -- 470 2,596 31.7 1971 -- 72 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * ( 2 ) 24 Milwaukee Bucks 81 1,159 -- 504 2,822 34.8 1972 -- 73 Nate Archibald * 24 Kansas City - Omaha Kings 80 1,028 -- 663 2,719 34.0 1973 -- 74 Bob McAdoo * 22 C / F Buffalo Braves 74 901 -- 459 2,261 30.6 1974 -- 75 Bob McAdoo * ( 2 ) 23 C / F Buffalo Braves 82 1,095 -- 641 2,831 34.5 1975 -- 76 Bob McAdoo * ( 3 ) 24 C / F Buffalo Braves 78 934 -- 559 2,427 31.1 1976 -- 77 Pete Maravich * 29 New Orleans Jazz 73 886 -- 501 2,273 31.1 1977 -- 78 George Gervin * 25 G / F San Antonio Spurs 82 864 -- 504 2,232 27.2 1978 -- 79 George Gervin * ( 2 ) 26 G / F San Antonio Spurs 80 947 -- 471 2,365 29.6 1979 -- 80 George Gervin * ( 3 ) 27 G / F San Antonio Spurs 78 1,024 32 505 2,585 33.1 1980 -- 81 Adrian Dantley * 24 F / G Utah Jazz 80 909 632 2,452 30.7 1981 -- 82 George Gervin * ( 4 ) 29 G / F San Antonio Spurs 79 993 10 555 2,551 32.3 1982 -- 83 Alex English * 29 Denver Nuggets 82 959 406 2,326 28.4 1983 -- 84 Adrian Dantley * ( 2 ) 27 F / G Utah Jazz 79 802 813 2,418 30.6 1984 -- 85 Bernard King * 28 New York Knicks 55 691 426 1,809 32.9 1985 -- 86 Dominique Wilkins * 26 Atlanta Hawks 78 888 13 577 2,366 30.3 1986 -- 87 Michael Jordan * 23 Chicago Bulls 82 1,098 12 833 3,041 37.1 1987 -- 88 Michael Jordan * ( 2 ) 24 Chicago Bulls 82 1,069 7 723 2,868 35.0 1988 -- 89 Michael Jordan * ( 3 ) 25 Chicago Bulls 81 966 27 674 2,633 32.5 1989 -- 90 Michael Jordan * ( 4 ) 26 Chicago Bulls 82 1,034 92 593 2,753 33.6 1990 -- 91 Michael Jordan * ( 5 ) 27 Chicago Bulls 82 990 29 571 2,580 31.5 1991 -- 92 Michael Jordan * ( 6 ) 28 Chicago Bulls 80 943 27 491 2,404 30.1 1992 -- 93 Michael Jordan * ( 7 ) 29 Chicago Bulls 78 992 81 476 2,541 32.6 1993 -- 94 David Robinson * 28 San Antonio Spurs 80 840 10 693 2,383 29.8 1994 -- 95 Shaquille O'Neal * 22 Orlando Magic 79 930 0 455 2,315 29.3 1995 -- 96 Michael Jordan * ( 8 ) 32 Chicago Bulls 82 916 111 548 2,491 30.4 1996 -- 97 Michael Jordan * ( 9 ) 33 Chicago Bulls 82 920 111 480 2,431 29.6 1997 -- 98 Michael Jordan * ( 10 ) 34 Chicago Bulls 82 881 30 565 2,357 28.7 1998 -- 99 Allen Iverson * 23 Philadelphia 76ers 48 435 58 356 1,284 26.8 1999 -- 00 Shaquille O'Neal * ( 2 ) 27 Los Angeles Lakers 79 956 0 432 2,344 29.7 2000 -- 01 Allen Iverson * ( 2 ) 25 Philadelphia 76ers 71 762 98 585 2,207 31.1 2001 -- 02 Allen Iverson * ( 3 ) 26 Philadelphia 76ers 60 665 78 475 1,883 31.4 2002 -- 03 Tracy McGrady * 23 G / F Orlando Magic 75 829 173 576 2,407 32.1 2003 -- 04 Tracy McGrady * ( 2 ) 24 G / F Orlando Magic 67 653 174 398 1,878 28.0 2004 -- 05 Allen Iverson * ( 4 ) 29 Philadelphia 76ers 75 771 104 656 2,302 30.7 2005 -- 06 Kobe Bryant 27 Los Angeles Lakers 80 978 180 696 2,832 35.4 2006 -- 07 Kobe Bryant ( 2 ) 28 Los Angeles Lakers 77 813 137 667 2,430 31.6 2007 -- 08 LeBron James ^ 23 Cleveland Cavaliers 75 794 113 549 2,250 30.0 2008 -- 09 Dwyane Wade ^ 27 Miami Heat 79 854 88 590 2,386 30.2 2009 -- 10 Kevin Durant ^ 21 Oklahoma City Thunder 82 794 128 756 2,472 30.1 2010 -- 11 Kevin Durant ^ ( 2 ) 22 Oklahoma City Thunder 78 711 145 594 2,161 27.7 2011 -- 12 Kevin Durant ^ ( 3 ) 23 Oklahoma City Thunder 66 643 133 431 1,850 28.0 2012 -- 13 Carmelo Anthony ^ 28 New York Knicks 67 669 157 425 1,920 28.7 2013 -- 14 Kevin Durant ^ ( 4 ) 25 Oklahoma City Thunder 81 849 192 703 2,593 32.0 2014 -- 15 Russell Westbrook ^ 26 Oklahoma City Thunder 67 627 86 546 1,886 28.1 2015 -- 16 Stephen Curry ^ 28 Golden State Warriors 79 805 402 363 2,375 30.1 2016 -- 17 Russell Westbrook ^ ( 2 ) 28 Oklahoma City Thunder 81 824 200 710 2,558 31.6 2017 -- 18 James Harden 28 Houston Rockets 72 651 265 624 2,191 30.4 Multiple - time leaders ( edit ) Ranking Player Team Times leader Years Michael Jordan Chicago Bulls 10 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 Wilt Chamberlain Philadelphia Warriors / San Francisco Warriors ( 5 ) / Philadelphia 76ers ( 2 ) 7 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 Kevin Durant George Gervin Allen Iverson Oklahoma City Thunder San Antonio Spurs Philadelphia 76ers 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 6 Neil Johnston Bob McAdoo George Mikan Philadelphia Warriors Buffalo Braves Minneapolis Lakers 1953 , 1954 , 1955 1974 , 1975 , 1976 1949 , 1950 , 1951 9 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Paul Arizin Kobe Bryant Adrian Dantley Tracy McGrady Shaquille O'Neal Bob Pettit Russell Westbrook Milwaukee Bucks Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers Utah Jazz Orlando Magic Orlando Magic ( 1 ) / Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) St. Louis Hawks Oklahoma City Thunder 1971 , 1972 1952 , 1957 2006 , 2007 1981 , 1984 2003 , 2004 1995 , 2000 1956 , 1959 2015 , 2017 See also ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ At the start of February 1st of that season . Jump up ^ The player 's primary position is listed first . Jump up ^ In the 1947 -- 48 season , Joe Fulks averaged the most points ( 22.1 ) but had only played in 43 games and totaled 949 points , the second - highest total . Jump up ^ Wilt Chamberlain holds the all - time rookie record for points per game . Jump up ^ Wilt Chamberlain holds the all - time record for total points scored and points per game in a single season . Jump up ^ In the 1967 -- 68 season , Oscar Robertson averaged the most points ( 29.2 ) but had only played in 65 games and totaled 1,896 points , the sixth - highest total . Jump up ^ Elvin Hayes is the last rookie to lead the league in scoring average . Jump up ^ In the 1969 -- 70 season , rookie Lew Alcindor had the highest point total ( 2,361 ) but was second in scoring average ( 28.8 ) . Jump up ^ Before the 1971 -- 72 season , Lew Alcindor changed his name to Kareem Abdul - Jabbar . Jump up ^ In the 1977 -- 78 season , George Gervin defeated David Thompson for the scoring title in the closest scoring duel ever ( 27.21 to 27.15 ) where Thompson scored 73 on the last day of the season and Gervin answered with 63 ( Gervin also broke Thompson 's record of 32 points set earlier on the same day in the first quarter by scoring a record 33 points in the second quarter ) . Both Thompson 's and Gervin 's games were losses . Jump up ^ In the 1984 -- 85 season , rookie Michael Jordan had the highest point total ( 2,313 ) but was third in scoring average ( 28.2 ) . Bernard King tied for the twelfth - highest point total ( 1,809 ) but had the highest scoring average ( 32.9 ) . Jump up ^ In the 1985 -- 86 season Alex English had the highest point total ( 2,414 ) but was third in scoring average ( 29.8 ) . Jump up ^ In the 1993 -- 94 season , David Robinson scored 71 points in the final game of the season to edge Shaquille O'Neal ( 29.3 ) for the scoring title . Jump up ^ In the 1997 -- 98 season , Michael Jordan defeated Shaquille O'Neal for the scoring title in the third - closest race ever ( 28.7 to 28.3 ) . Jordan , at 35 years and 60 days old , is the oldest scoring leader in NBA history . Jump up ^ The 1998 -- 99 season was shortened to 50 games due to the league 's lockout . The qualification of this season 's scoring title is to appear in at least 43 games ( out of 50 ) or to have at least 854 points . Jump up ^ In the lockout - shortened 1998 -- 99 season , Shaquille O'Neal had the highest point total ( 1,289 ) but was second in scoring average ( 26.3 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2000 -- 01 season , Jerry Stackhouse had the highest point total ( 2,380 ) but was second in scoring average ( 29.8 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2001 -- 02 season , Paul Pierce had the highest point total ( 2,144 ) but was third in scoring average ( 26.1 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2002 -- 03 season , Kobe Bryant had the highest point total ( 2,461 ) but was second in scoring average ( 30.0 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2003 -- 04 season , Kevin Garnett had the highest point total ( 1,987 ) but was third in scoring average ( 24.2 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2007 -- 08 season , Kobe Bryant had the highest point total ( 2,323 ) but was second in scoring average ( 28.3 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2009 -- 10 season , Kevin Durant defeated LeBron James for the scoring title ( 30.1 to 29.7 ) . Durant , at 21 years and 197 days old , is also the youngest scoring leader in NBA history . Jump up ^ The 2011 -- 12 season was shortened to 66 games due to the league 's lockout . The qualification of this season 's scoring title is to appear in at least 56 games ( out of 66 ) or to have at least 1127 points . Jump up ^ In the 2011 -- 12 season , Kevin Durant defeated Kobe Bryant for the scoring title in the second - closest scoring race ever ( 28.03 to 27.86 ) . Bryant , who needed to score 38 points in the final game to win , decided to sit out . Jump up ^ In the 2012 -- 13 season , Kevin Durant had the highest point total ( 2,280 ) but was second in scoring average ( 28.1 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2014 -- 15 season , James Harden had the highest point total ( 2,217 ) but was second in scoring average ( 27.4 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2015 -- 16 season , James Harden had the highest point total ( 2,376 ) but was second in scoring average ( 29.0 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2017 -- 18 season , LeBron James had the highest point total ( 2,251 ) but was third in scoring average ( 27.5 ) . References ( edit ) General `` Yearly Leaders and Records for Points Per Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . `` Yearly Leaders and Records for Points '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Basketball glossary '' . FIBA.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Robbins , Liz ( January 15 , 2006 ) . `` Around the N.B.A. ; In the N.B.A. , Scoring Titles Rarely Equal Championships '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brown , Clifton ( February 5 , 1990 ) . `` 3 - Pointer Adds Dimension To N.B.A '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Haubner , Mark ( January 2 , 2003 ) . `` The trey is the thing in today 's NBA '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rate Statistic Requirements '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt Chamberlain '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved March 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jordan '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Brian ( April 20 , 2005 ) . `` Iverson Wins Fourth Scoring Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Carr , Janis ( April 2 , 2000 ) . `` Jackson aware of the score with O'Neal '' . The Orange County Register . p . D11 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Latzke , Jeff ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Durant Becomes NBA 's Youngest Scoring Champ '' . ABC News Internet Ventures . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1946 - 47 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joe Fulks Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1947 - 48 BAA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1947 - 48 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Max Zaslofsky Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1948 - 49 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` George Mikan Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1949 - 50 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1950 - 51 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1951 - 52 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paul Arizin Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1952 - 53 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Neil Johnston Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1953 - 54 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1954 - 55 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1955 - 56 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob Pettit Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1956 - 57 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1957 - 58 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` George Yardley Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1958 - 59 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1959 - 60 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt Chamberlain Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1960 - 61 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1961 - 62 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1962 - 63 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1963 - 64 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1964 - 65 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1965 - 66 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1966 - 67 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Barry Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 - 68 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Robertson '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1967 - 68 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Bing Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1968 - 69 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Elvin Hayes Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 - 70 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1969 - 70 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry West Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kareem Abdul - Jabbar '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1970 - 71 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1971 - 72 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1972 - 73 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nate Archibald Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1973 - 74 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob McAdoo Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1974 - 75 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1975 - 76 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1976 - 77 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Maravich Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` April 9 , 1978 : Gervin beats Thompson in NBA scoring title duel '' . History Channel . A&E Television Networks . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Thompson '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` George Gervin '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( February 7 , 1996 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; Giant Leap For Gervin , Thompson '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 - 78 NBA Game Results '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1977 - 78 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` George Gervin Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1978 - 79 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1979 - 80 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1980 - 81 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adrian Dantley Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1981 - 82 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1982 - 83 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alex English Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1983 - 84 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 - 85 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1984 - 85 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bernard King Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 - 86 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1985 - 86 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dominique Wilkins Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1986 - 87 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jordan Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1987 - 88 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1988 - 89 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1989 - 90 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1990 - 91 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1991 - 92 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1992 - 93 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Robinson '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1993 - 94 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Robinson Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1994 - 9 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shaquille O'Neal Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1995 - 96 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1996 - 97 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Durant , Bryant take scoring race to wire '' . ESPN.com. April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 1997 - 98 game log '' . basketball - reference . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1997 - 98 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( February 14 , 2009 ) . `` N.B.A. and Union Are Discussing New Labor Deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 - 99 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1998 - 99 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Allen Iverson Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1999 - 2000 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 - 01 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 2000 - 01 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 - 02 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 2001 - 02 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 - 03 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 2002 - 03 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tracy McGrady Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 - 04 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 - 08 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dwyane Wade Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` Tight N.B.A. Scoring Race Comes Down to James and Durant '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin Durant Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Two Exhibition Games for N.B.A. Teams '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McMenamin , Dave ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant sits ; Kevin Durant wins '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 - 13 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Carmelo Anthony Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 - 15 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russell Westbrook Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 - 16 NBA Season Summary LLC '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 18 NBA Season Summary LLC '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` James Harden Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . NBA season scoring leaders 1947 : Fulks 1948 : Zaslofsky 1949 : Mikan 1950 : Mikan 1951 : Mikan 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Johnston 1954 : Johnston 1955 : Johnston 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Arizin 1958 : Yardley 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Chamberlain 1962 : Chamberlain 1963 : Chamberlain 1964 : Chamberlain 1965 : Chamberlain 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Barry 1968 : Bing 1969 : Hayes 1970 : West 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Archibald 1974 : McAdoo 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : McAdoo 1977 : Maravich 1978 : Gervin 1979 : Gervin 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Dantley 1982 : Gervin 1983 : English 1984 : Dantley 1985 : King 1986 : Wilkins 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Robinson 1995 : O'Neal 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Iverson 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : McGrady 2004 : McGrady 2005 : Iverson 2006 : Bryant 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Wade 2010 : Durant 2011 : Durant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Anthony 2014 : Durant 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Harden National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_annual_scoring_leaders&oldid=851415580 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latviešu 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2018 , at 03 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who scored the most points in the nba last season | [
"\n\n\nSeason\n\nPlayer\n\nAge[a]\n\nPos[b]\n\nTeam\n\nGamesplayed\n\nField goalsmade\n\n3-pointfield goalsmade\n\nFree throwsmade\n\nTotalpoints\n\nPoints pergame\n\nRef\n\n\n1946–47\n\nJoe Fulks*\n\n25\n\nF/C\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\n60\n\n475\n\n—\n\n439\n\n1,389\n\n23.2\n\n[11][12]\n\n\n1947–48\n\nMax Zaslofsky[c]\n\n22\n\nG/F\n\nChicago Stags\n\n48\n\n373\n\n—\n\n261\n\n1,007\n\n21.0\n\n[14][15]\n\n\n1948–49\n\nGeorge Mikan*\n\n24\n\nC\n\nMinneapolis Lakers\n\n60\n\n583\n\n—\n\n532\n\n1,698\n\n28.3\n\n[16][17]\n\n\n1949–50\n\nGeorge Mikan* (2)\n\n25\n\nC\n\nMinneapolis Lakers\n\n68\n\n649\n\n—\n\n567\n\n1,865\n\n27.4\n\n[17][18]\n\n\n1950–51\n\nGeorge Mikan* (3)\n\n26\n\nC\n\nMinneapolis Lakers\n\n68\n\n678\n\n—\n\n576\n\n1,932\n\n28.4\n\n[17][19]\n\n\n1951–52\n\nPaul Arizin*\n\n23\n\nF/G\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\n66\n\n548\n\n—\n\n578\n\n1,674\n\n25.4\n\n[20][21]\n\n\n1952–53\n\nNeil Johnston*\n\n23\n\nC\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\n70\n\n504\n\n—\n\n556\n\n1,564\n\n22.3\n\n[22][23]\n\n\n1953–54\n\nNeil Johnston* (2)\n\n24\n\nC\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\n72\n\n591\n\n—\n\n577\n\n1,759\n\n24.5\n\n[23][24]\n\n\n1954–55\n\nNeil Johnston* (3)\n\n25\n\nC\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\n72\n\n521\n\n—\n\n589\n\n1,631\n\n22.7\n\n[23][25]\n\n\n1955–56 \n\nBob Pettit*\n\n23\n\nF/C\n\nSt. Louis Hawks\n\n72\n\n646\n\n—\n\n557\n\n1,849\n\n25.7\n\n[26][27]\n\n\n1956–57\n\nPaul Arizin* (2)\n\n28\n\nF/G\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\n71\n\n613\n\n—\n\n591\n\n1,817\n\n25.6\n\n[21][28]\n\n\n1957–58\n\nGeorge Yardley*\n\n29\n\nF/G\n\nDetroit Pistons\n\n72\n\n673\n\n—\n\n655\n\n2,001\n\n27.8\n\n[29][30]\n\n\n1958–59 \n\nBob Pettit* (2)\n\n26\n\nF/C\n\nSt. Louis Hawks\n\n72\n\n719\n\n—\n\n667\n\n2,105\n\n29.2\n\n[27][31]\n\n\n1959–60 \n\nWilt Chamberlain*[d]\n\n23\n\nC\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\n72\n\n1,065\n\n—\n\n577\n\n2,707\n\n37.6\n\n[32][33]\n\n\n1960–61\n\nWilt Chamberlain* (2)\n\n24\n\nC\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\n79\n\n1,251\n\n—\n\n531\n\n3,033\n\n38.4\n\n[33][34]\n\n\n1961–62\n\nWilt Chamberlain* (3)[e]\n\n25\n\nC\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\n80\n\n1,597\n\n—\n\n835\n\n4,029\n\n50.4\n\n[33][35]\n\n\n1962–63\n\nWilt Chamberlain* (4)\n\n26\n\nC\n\nSan Francisco Warriors\n\n80\n\n1,463\n\n—\n\n660\n\n3,586\n\n44.8\n\n[33][36]\n\n\n1963–64\n\nWilt Chamberlain* (5)\n\n27\n\nC\n\nSan Francisco Warriors\n\n80\n\n1,204\n\n—\n\n540\n\n2,948\n\n36.9\n\n[33][37]\n\n\n1964–65\n\nWilt Chamberlain* (6)\n\n28\n\nC\n\nSan Francisco WarriorsPhiladelphia 76ers\n\n73\n\n1,063\n\n—\n\n408\n\n2,534\n\n34.7\n\n[33][38]\n\n\n1965–66 \n\nWilt Chamberlain* (7)\n\n29\n\nC\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\n79\n\n1,074\n\n—\n\n501\n\n2,649\n\n33.5\n\n[33][39]\n\n\n1966–67\n\nRick Barry*\n\n22\n\nF\n\nSan Francisco Warriors\n\n78\n\n1,011\n\n—\n\n753\n\n2,775\n\n35.6\n\n[40][41]\n\n\n1967–68\n\nDave Bing*[f]\n\n24\n\nG\n\nDetroit Pistons\n\n79\n\n835\n\n—\n\n472\n\n2,142\n\n27.1\n\n[44][45]\n\n\n1968–69\n\nElvin Hayes*[g]\n\n23\n\nF/C\n\nSan Diego Rockets\n\n82\n\n930\n\n—\n\n467\n\n2,327\n\n28.4\n\n[46][47]\n\n\n1969–70\n\nJerry West*[h]\n\n31\n\nG\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\n74\n\n831\n\n—\n\n647\n\n2,309\n\n31.2\n\n[49][50]\n\n\n1970–71 \n\nLew Alcindor*[i]\n\n23\n\nC\n\nMilwaukee Bucks\n\n82\n\n1,063\n\n—\n\n470\n\n2,596\n\n31.7\n\n[52][53]\n\n\n1971–72 \n\nKareem Abdul-Jabbar* (2)\n\n24\n\nC\n\nMilwaukee Bucks\n\n81\n\n1,159\n\n—\n\n504\n\n2,822\n\n34.8\n\n[53][54]\n\n\n1972–73\n\nNate Archibald*\n\n24\n\nG\n\nKansas City-Omaha Kings\n\n80\n\n1,028\n\n—\n\n663\n\n2,719\n\n34.0\n\n[55][56]\n\n\n1973–74\n\nBob McAdoo*\n\n22\n\nC/F\n\nBuffalo Braves\n\n74\n\n901\n\n—\n\n459\n\n2,261\n\n30.6\n\n[57][58]\n\n\n1974–75 \n\nBob McAdoo* (2)\n\n23\n\nC/F\n\nBuffalo Braves\n\n82\n\n1,095\n\n—\n\n641\n\n2,831\n\n34.5\n\n[58][59]\n\n\n1975–76\n\nBob McAdoo* (3)\n\n24\n\nC/F\n\nBuffalo Braves\n\n78\n\n934\n\n—\n\n559\n\n2,427\n\n31.1\n\n[58][60]\n\n\n1976–77\n\nPete Maravich*\n\n29\n\nG\n\nNew Orleans Jazz\n\n73\n\n886\n\n—\n\n501\n\n2,273\n\n31.1\n\n[61][62]\n\n\n1977–78\n\nGeorge Gervin*[j]\n\n25\n\nG/F\n\nSan Antonio Spurs\n\n82\n\n864\n\n—\n\n504\n\n2,232\n\n27.2\n\n[68][69]\n\n\n1978–79\n\nGeorge Gervin* (2)\n\n26\n\nG/F\n\nSan Antonio Spurs\n\n80\n\n947\n\n—\n\n471\n\n2,365\n\n29.6\n\n[69][70]\n\n\n1979–80\n\nGeorge Gervin* (3)\n\n27\n\nG/F\n\nSan Antonio Spurs\n\n78\n\n1,024\n\n32\n\n505\n\n2,585\n\n33.1\n\n[69][71]\n\n\n1980–81\n\nAdrian Dantley*\n\n24\n\nF/G\n\nUtah Jazz\n\n80\n\n909\n\n2\n\n632\n\n2,452\n\n30.7\n\n[72][73]\n\n\n1981–82\n\nGeorge Gervin* (4)\n\n29\n\nG/F\n\nSan Antonio Spurs\n\n79\n\n993\n\n10\n\n555\n\n2,551\n\n32.3\n\n[69][74]\n\n\n1982–83\n\nAlex English*\n\n29\n\nF\n\nDenver Nuggets\n\n82\n\n959\n\n2\n\n406\n\n2,326\n\n28.4\n\n[75][76]\n\n\n1983–84\n\nAdrian Dantley* (2)\n\n27\n\nF/G\n\nUtah Jazz\n\n79\n\n802\n\n1\n\n813\n\n2,418\n\n30.6\n\n[73][77]\n\n\n1984–85\n\nBernard King*[k]\n\n28\n\nF\n\nNew York Knicks\n\n55\n\n691\n\n1\n\n426\n\n1,809\n\n32.9\n\n[79][80]\n\n\n1985–86\n\nDominique Wilkins*[l]\n\n26\n\nF\n\nAtlanta Hawks\n\n78\n\n888\n\n13\n\n577\n\n2,366\n\n30.3\n\n[82][83]\n\n\n1986–87\n\nMichael Jordan*\n\n23\n\nG\n\nChicago Bulls\n\n82\n\n1,098\n\n12\n\n833\n\n3,041\n\n37.1\n\n[84][85]\n\n\n1987–88 \n\nMichael Jordan* (2)\n\n24\n\nG\n\nChicago Bulls\n\n82\n\n1,069\n\n7\n\n723\n\n2,868\n\n35.0\n\n[85][86]\n\n\n1988–89\n\nMichael Jordan* (3)\n\n25\n\nG\n\nChicago Bulls\n\n81\n\n966\n\n27\n\n674\n\n2,633\n\n32.5\n\n[85][87]\n\n\n1989–90\n\nMichael Jordan* (4)\n\n26\n\nG\n\nChicago Bulls\n\n82\n\n1,034\n\n92\n\n593\n\n2,753\n\n33.6\n\n[85][88]\n\n\n1990–91 \n\nMichael Jordan* (5)\n\n27\n\nG\n\nChicago Bulls\n\n82\n\n990\n\n29\n\n571\n\n2,580\n\n31.5\n\n[85][89]\n\n\n1991–92 \n\nMichael Jordan* (6)\n\n28\n\nG\n\nChicago Bulls\n\n80\n\n943\n\n27\n\n491\n\n2,404\n\n30.1\n\n[85][90]\n\n\n1992–93\n\nMichael Jordan* (7)\n\n29\n\nG\n\nChicago Bulls\n\n78\n\n992\n\n81\n\n476\n\n2,541\n\n32.6\n\n[85][91]\n\n\n1993–94\n\nDavid Robinson*[m]\n\n28\n\nC\n\nSan Antonio Spurs\n\n80\n\n840\n\n10\n\n693\n\n2,383\n\n29.8\n\n[93][94]\n\n\n1994–95\n\nShaquille O'Neal*\n\n22\n\nC\n\nOrlando Magic\n\n79\n\n930\n\n0\n\n455\n\n2,315\n\n29.3\n\n[95][96]\n\n\n1995–96 \n\nMichael Jordan* (8)\n\n32\n\nG\n\nChicago Bulls\n\n82\n\n916\n\n111\n\n548\n\n2,491\n\n30.4\n\n[85][97]\n\n\n1996–97\n\nMichael Jordan* (9)\n\n33\n\nG\n\nChicago Bulls\n\n82\n\n920\n\n111\n\n480\n\n2,431\n\n29.6\n\n[85][98]\n\n\n1997–98 \n\nMichael Jordan* (10) [n]\n\n34\n\nG\n\nChicago Bulls\n\n82\n\n881\n\n30\n\n565\n\n2,357\n\n28.7\n\n[85][101]\n\n\n1998–99[o]\n\nAllen Iverson*[p]\n\n23\n\nG\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\n48\n\n435\n\n58\n\n356\n\n1,284\n\n26.8\n\n[104][105]\n\n\n1999–00 \n\nShaquille O'Neal* (2)\n\n27\n\nC\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\n79\n\n956\n\n0\n\n432\n\n2,344\n\n29.7\n\n[96][106]\n\n\n2000–01 \n\nAllen Iverson* (2)[q]\n\n25\n\nG\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\n71\n\n762\n\n98\n\n585\n\n2,207\n\n31.1\n\n[105][108]\n\n\n2001–02\n\nAllen Iverson* (3)[r]\n\n26\n\nG\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\n60\n\n665\n\n78\n\n475\n\n1,883\n\n31.4\n\n[105][110]\n\n\n2002–03\n\nTracy McGrady*[s]\n\n23\n\nG/F\n\nOrlando Magic\n\n75\n\n829\n\n173\n\n576\n\n2,407\n\n32.1\n\n[112][113]\n\n\n2003–04\n\nTracy McGrady* (2)[t]\n\n24\n\nG/F\n\nOrlando Magic\n\n67\n\n653\n\n174\n\n398\n\n1,878\n\n28.0\n\n[113]\n\n\n2004–05\n\nAllen Iverson* (4)\n\n29\n\nG\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\n75\n\n771\n\n104\n\n656\n\n2,302\n\n30.7\n\n[105]\n\n\n2005–06\n\nKobe Bryant\n\n27\n\nG\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\n80\n\n978\n\n180\n\n696\n\n2,832\n\n35.4\n\n[115]\n\n\n2006–07\n\nKobe Bryant (2)\n\n28\n\nG\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\n77\n\n813\n\n137\n\n667\n\n2,430\n\n31.6\n\n[115]\n\n\n2007–08\n\nLeBron James^[u]\n\n23\n\nF\n\nCleveland Cavaliers\n\n75\n\n794\n\n113\n\n549\n\n2,250\n\n30.0\n\n[117]\n\n\n2008–09\n\nDwyane Wade^\n\n27\n\nG\n\nMiami Heat\n\n79\n\n854\n\n88\n\n590\n\n2,386\n\n30.2\n\n[118]\n\n\n2009–10\n\nKevin Durant^[v]\n\n21\n\nF\n\nOklahoma City Thunder\n\n82\n\n794\n\n128\n\n756\n\n2,472\n\n30.1\n\n[120]\n\n\n2010–11\n\nKevin Durant^ (2)\n\n22\n\nF\n\nOklahoma City Thunder\n\n78\n\n711\n\n145\n\n594\n\n2,161\n\n27.7\n\n[120]\n\n\n2011–12[w]\n\nKevin Durant^ (3)[x]\n\n23\n\nF\n\nOklahoma City Thunder\n\n66\n\n643\n\n133\n\n431\n\n1,850\n\n28.0\n\n[120]\n\n\n2012–13\n\nCarmelo Anthony^[y]\n\n28\n\nF\n\nNew York Knicks\n\n67\n\n669\n\n157\n\n425\n\n1,920\n\n28.7\n\n[124]\n\n\n2013–14 \n\nKevin Durant^ (4)\n\n25\n\nF\n\nOklahoma City Thunder\n\n81\n\n849\n\n192\n\n703\n\n2,593\n\n32.0\n\n[120]\n\n\n2014–15\n\nRussell Westbrook^[z]\n\n26\n\nG\n\nOklahoma City Thunder\n\n67\n\n627\n\n86\n\n546\n\n1,886\n\n28.1\n\n[126]\n\n\n2015–16 \n\nStephen Curry^[aa]\n\n28\n\nG\n\nGolden State Warriors\n\n79\n\n805\n\n402\n\n363\n\n2,375\n\n30.1\n\n[128]\n\n\n2016–17 \n\nRussell Westbrook^ (2)\n\n28\n\nG\n\nOklahoma City Thunder\n\n81\n\n824\n\n200\n\n710\n\n2,558\n\n31.6\n\n[126]\n\n\n2017–18 \n\nJames Harden[ab]\n\n28\n\nG\n\nHouston Rockets\n\n72\n\n651\n\n265\n\n624\n\n2,191\n\n30.4\n\n[130]\n"
] | [
"James Harden"
] |
607656188553900623 | Bridge over Troubled Water (song) | Bridge over Troubled Water ( song ) - wikipedia Bridge over Troubled Water ( song ) `` Bridge Over Troubled Water '' Single by Simon & Garfunkel from the album Bridge over Troubled Water B - side `` Keep the Customer Satisfied '' Released January 1970 ( 1970 - 01 ) Format 7 '' Recorded November 9 , 1969 Genre Pop gospel Length 4 : 55 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Paul Simon Producer ( s ) Roy Halee Paul Simon Art Garfunkel Simon & Garfunkel singles chronology `` The Boxer '' ( 1969 ) `` Bridge Over Troubled Water '' ( 1970 ) `` Cecilia '' ( 1970 ) Music video `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' ( audio ) on YouTube Audio sample file help `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' is a song by American music duo Simon & Garfunkel . Produced by the duo and Roy Halee , the song was released as the follow - up single to `` The Boxer '' in January 1970 . The song is featured on their fifth studio album , Bridge over Troubled Water ( 1970 ) . Composed by singer - songwriter Paul Simon , the song is performed on piano and carries the influence of gospel music . The original studio recording employs elements of Phil Spector 's `` Wall of Sound '' technique using L.A. session musicians from the Wrecking Crew . It was the last song recorded for their fifth and final album , but the first fully completed . The song 's instrumentation was recorded in California while the duo 's vocals were cut in New York . Simon felt his partner , Art Garfunkel , should sing the song solo , an invitation Garfunkel initially declined but later accepted . Session musician Larry Knechtel performs piano on the song , with Joe Osborn playing bass guitar and Hal Blaine closing out the song with drums . The song won five awards at the 13th Annual Grammy Awards in 1971 , including Grammy Award for Record of the Year and Song of the Year . The song became Simon & Garfunkel 's biggest hit single , and it is often considered their signature song . It was a number one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 for six weeks , and it also topped the charts in the United Kingdom , Canada , France , and New Zealand . It was a top five hit in eight other countries as well , eventually selling over six million copies worldwide , making it among the best - selling singles . It became one of the most performed songs of the twentieth century , with over 50 artists , among them Elvis Presley and Aretha Franklin , covering the song . It was ranked number 48 on Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . Contents 1 Background 2 Commercial performance 3 Awards 4 Charts and certifications 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Certifications 5 Covers 5.1 Aretha Franklin 5.2 Elvis Presley 5.3 Linda Clifford 5.4 Cantonese version 5.5 Dami Im version 5.6 Artists for Grenfell Tower charity single 5.6. 1 Artists 5.6. 2 Vocals 5.6. 3 Instruments 5.6. 4 Charts 5.7 Other notable covers 6 Notes 6.1 References 6.2 Sources 7 External links Background ( edit ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' was composed by Paul Simon very quickly , so much so that he asked himself , `` Where did that come from ? It does n't seem like me . '' The title lyric was inspired by Claude Jeter 's line `` I 'll be your bridge over deep water if you trust in me , '' which Jeter sang with his group , the Swan Silvertones , in the 1958 song `` Mary Do n't You Weep . '' According to gospel producer and historian Anthony Heilbut , Simon acknowledged his debt to Jeter in person , and handed Jeter a check . Simon wrote the song initially on guitar but transposed it to the piano to better reflect the gospel influence and suit Garfunkel 's voice . Simon told his partner , Art Garfunkel , that Garfunkel should sing it alone , the `` white choirboy way '' . Garfunkel felt it was not right for him ; he liked Simon 's falsetto on the demo and suggested that Simon sing . At the suggestion of Garfunkel and producer Roy Halee , Simon wrote an extra verse and a `` bigger '' ending , though he felt it was less cohesive with the earlier verses . The final verse was written about Simon 's then - wife Peggy Harper , who had noticed her first gray hairs ( `` Sail on , silvergirl '' ) . It does not refer to a drug abuser 's hypodermic needle , as is sometimes claimed . The verse was Garfunkel 's idea , and Simon has never cared for it . `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' was the final track to be recorded for the album but the first completed , with an additional two weeks of post-production . Simon initially composed the song in G major , but arranger and composer Jimmie Haskell transposed the song to E-flat major to suit Garfunkel 's voice . The song was recorded in California , to make it easier for Garfunkel to go to Mexico to film Catch - 22 . Simon wanted a gospel piano sound , and hired session musician Larry Knechtel . Joe Osborn played the two bass guitars , one high and the other low . A horn section rounded off the song . The drums were played by Hal Blaine in an echo chamber to achieve a hall effect and Los Angeles session percussionist Gary Coleman played the Vibraphone . The arranger , Jimmy Haskell , labeled the string arrangement as `` Like a Pitcher of Water '' . Simon and Garfunkel returned to New York to record the vocals . The vocal style in `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' was inspired by Phil Spector 's technique in `` Old Man River '' by The Righteous Brothers . After two months the song was finished . Simon said it sounded like the Beatles ' `` Let It Be '' , stating in a Rolling Stone interview : `` They are very similar songs , certainly in instrumentation . '' As their relations frayed preceding their 1970 breakup , Simon began to feel jealous that he allowed Garfunkel to sing it solo : He felt I should have done it , and many times on a stage , though , when I 'd be sitting off to the side and Larry Knechtel would be playing the piano and Artie would be singing `` Bridge '' , people would stomp and cheer when it was over , and I would think , `` That 's my song , man ... '' Commercial performance ( edit ) Despite the song 's five - minute length , Columbia decided to service `` Like a Bridge Troubled Water '' to pop radio . Bob Dylan had previously landed a song past the three - minute barrier on AM radio with `` Like a Rolling Stone '' in 1965 , which played into Columbia 's decision . It reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on February 28 , 1970 , and stayed at the top of the chart for six weeks . `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' also topped the adult contemporary chart in the US for six weeks . Billboard ranked it as the No. 1 song for 1970 . The song was certified gold for over one million copies in the US by the Recording Industry Association of America , and the song has sold over six million copies worldwide , making it among the best - selling singles . Awards ( edit ) The single won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and Song of the Year in the Grammy Awards of 1971 , with its album also winning several awards in the same year . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 -- 71 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Canada 100 ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 23 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 7 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Rank Australia 5 Canada Netherlands 30 UK 5 US Billboard Hot 100 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Covers ( edit ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' has been covered by over 50 artists , including Elvis Presley and Willie Nelson . Merry Clayton recorded a version in gospel style on her 1970 album Gimme Shelter . A cover recorded by Johnny Cash and Fiona Apple for Cash 's American IV : The Man Comes Around album was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2003 . Aretha Franklin ( edit ) Aretha Franklin 's gospel - inspired cover version was released in March 1971 on Atlantic 45 - 2796 and reached number one on the US R&B chart and number six on the pop chart . The single was certified gold by the RIAA selling two million copies and later won the Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance in the 1972 awards . The single is 3 : 18 in length . The longer studio version , 5 : 31 in length , that appears on numerous compilations was first released on Franklin 's 1971 compilation Aretha 's Greatest Hits . Her version was included on Greatest Moments , Volume III : Various Artists . Franklin also debuted her version at the 1971 Grammy Awards . Elvis Presley ( edit ) Elvis Presley recorded it in Nashville on June 5 , 1970 , and it was released on the 1970 album That 's the Way It Is ( with a false audience fade - out ) . He included it in his set list for his next engagement in Las Vegas , which included the filming of the 1970 documentary Elvis : That 's the Way It Is , and the song was included in the original theatrical release ( included version is from the August 11 dinner show ) . During that summer season in Vegas , Paul Simon attended one of the shows , and , after seeing Elvis perform the song , he was reported to have said , `` That 's it , we might as well all give up now . '' Presley continued to use this song throughout his live performances , including his final live appearance in Indianapolis on June 26 , 1977 . Another live performance was seen in the Golden Globe - winning documentary Elvis on Tour , filmed at the Greensboro Coliseum in Greensboro , North Carolina , on April 14 , 1972 . Elvis even sang it at one of his Madison Square Garden Shows back in June 1972 . On the studio version , Robert Matthew Watson wrote in his book Heartbreak Hotel : `` Presley 's outstanding singing is not disguised . This is a fabulous version , burning with sincerity and power , and finding depths not revealed by the composers . '' Linda Clifford ( edit ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' Single by Linda Clifford from the album Let Me Be Your Woman B - side `` Hold Me Close '' Released 1979 Format 7 '' single Genre Disco Length 4 : 08 ( 7 '' version ) 10 : 20 ( Album version ) Label RSO / Curtom Songwriter ( s ) Paul Simon Producer ( s ) Gil Askey Linda Clifford , Curtis Mayfield 's protegee signed on his Curtom label , released an up - tempo disco version of `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' on her album Let Me Be Your Woman in March 1979 . This epic version ( 10 : 20 in length ) was produced by Gil Askey ( jazz trumpet player and musical director for many Motown acts ) and mixed by Jimmy Simpson , brother of Valerie Simpson from Ashford and Simpson . The song has two originalities , the first one being a 132 bpm tempo ( considered the ideal tempo for disco dancing ) when the Simon and Garfunkel original is 82 bpm and Aretha Franklin 's cover is 76 bpm . It was the first time that this song was covered with a fast tempo . It also has a highly original `` Brazilian cuica on a disco beat '' break . It became a US disco # 11 , pop # 41 , R&B # 49 and UK # 28 . Cantonese version ( edit ) A rewriting of the song with Cantonese lyrics ( `` Many hearts prevail '' -- zh : 滔滔 千里 心 ) was collectively sung by many Hong Kong singers for public shows in Hong Kong to raise funds after the Eastern China flood of 1991 . In 2009 it was also used in the Artistes 88 Fund Raising Campaign for the victims of Typhoon Morakot . Dami Im version ( edit ) Dami Im covered this song during the Family Heroes - themed sixth live show of the fifth season of Australian X Factor on September 29 , 2013 . Im 's performance of the song debuted at number 15 on the Australian Singles Chart . Im later released a version of the song on her self - titled album , which debuted at number 1 in Australia , and was certified Platinum . Artists for Grenfell Tower charity single ( edit ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' Single by Artists for Grenfell Released June 21 , 2017 Format Digital download charity single Recorded June 2017 Genre Pop Length 3 : 53 Label Syco Songwriter ( s ) Paul Simon Producer ( s ) Graham Stack Tokio Myers Trevor Horn To raise money for the families of the victims of the Grenfell Tower fire in June 2017 and for The London Community Foundation , Simon Cowell arranged the recording and release of a charity single on June 21 , 2017 . London - born grime artist Stormzy featured prominently , having written a fresh 16 - line intro to the song which specifically referenced the tragedy . The recording reached number one on the UK Singles Chart on June 23 , 2017 . Artists ( edit ) The song was performed by the following artists ( in order of appearance ) : Vocals ( edit ) Aaron Neville Stormzy Robbie Williams James Blunt Rita Ora Craig David Dan Smith ( of Bastille ) Liam Payne Emeli Sandé Kelly Jones ( of Stereophonics ) Paloma Faith Louis Tomlinson Labrinth Jorja Smith WSTRN Leona Lewis Jessie J James Arthur Roger Daltrey ( of The Who ) Ella Eyre Anne - Marie Ella Henderson Louisa Johnson 5 After Midnight Clay Aiken Angel Carl Barât ( of The Libertines ) Deno Donae'o Dua Lipa Fleur East Gareth Malone and The Choir for Grenfell Geri Halliwell Gregory Porter Jessie Ware John Newman Jon McClure ( of Reverend and The Makers ) London Community Gospel Choir Matt Goss Matt Terry Mr Eazi Nathan Sykes Omar Pixie Lott Ray BLK Raye Shakka Shane Filan Tom Grennan Tony Hadley ( of Spandau Ballet ) Tulisa Instruments ( edit ) Brian May ( of Queen ) -- guitar Nile Rodgers -- guitar Tokio Myers -- piano Pete Townshend ( of The Who ) -- guitar Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 53 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 32 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 26 Finland Download ( Latauslista ) 23 France ( SNEP ) 111 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 31 Ireland ( IRMA ) 25 New Zealand Heatseekers ( RMNZ ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 28 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Other notable covers ( edit ) Buck Owens and the Buckaroos covered the song in 1971 . The version reached the top 10 of the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in March 1971 . Roberta Flack covered the song on her album Quiet Fire ( 1971 ) . BeBe & CeCe Winans covered the song in 1988 for their album Heaven , which was released as a promo single in 1989 . In 1991 , P.J.B. featuring Hannah and Her Sisters , a US group assembled by Pete Bellotte and fronted by British singer Hannah Jones , released a dance cover which reached number 21 on the UK Singles Chart . Eva Cassidy covered the song in her 1996 live album Live At Blues Alley , the final recording before her death . Willie Nelson covered the song in the closing ceremony of the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City . In 2000 , Russell Watson covered the song on the album The Voice . In 2002 , Johnny Cash and Fiona Apple covered the song for Cash 's album American IV : The Man Comes Around . This version was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2003 . In 2005 , Anthony Callea covered the song as part of a double A-sided single with `` Rain '' . It reached number one in Australia . In 2007 , Annie Lennox covered the song on Idol Gives Back . Mary J. Blige , David Foster , and Andrea Bocelli performed the song on January 31 , 2010 , during the 52nd Grammy Awards ceremony , in the context of raising awareness for the victims of the Haiti earthquake . This version reached number 75 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . In 2010 , Amber Riley - as the character of Mercedes Jones - covered the song during the third episode of the second season of Glee . This version peaked at number 73 on the Billboard Hot 100 . On December 9 , 2013 , Tessanne Chin covered the song on season 5 of NBC 's singing competition The Voice for the semifinal round . The song went to the number one spot on iTunes within 12 hours , with her becoming the first contestant to achieve the top chart position at the end of an applicable voting window that season . In 2014 , John Barrowman covered the song on the album You Raise Me Up . `` A Bridge over You '' , a charity single recorded and released independently by the Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Choir , the choir of the Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust located in south - east London , was a mashup of `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' by Simon & Garfunkel and Coldplay 's 2005 single `` Fix You '' , with additional arrangement by the choir 's conductor , Peter Mitchell . It reached number one on the UK Singles Chart at Christmas 2015 . Australian band Human Nature covered the song on their 2018 album Romance of the Jukebox . Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sold on Song -- Bridge Over Troubled Water '' . BBC Radio 2 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Hartman , Kent ( 2012 ) . The Wrecking Crew . St. Martin 's Griffin . pp. 261 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 250 - 03046 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Eliot 2010 , p. 104 . ^ Jump up to : Browne 2012 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Eliot 2010 , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Eliot 2010 , p. 111 . ^ Jump up to : Eliot 2010 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Sisario , Ben . `` Claude Jeter , Gospel Singer With Wide Influence , Dies at 94 `` , The New York Times , January 10 , 2009 . Accessed January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( 8 January 2009 ) . `` Legendary singer Claude Jeter dies '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Kingston , Victoria , Simon and Garfunkel : the Definitive Biography , Sidgwick & Jackson , UK , 1996 p. 101 - 02 Jump up ^ Dawidoff , Nicholas ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` Paul Simon 's Restless Journey '' . Rolling Stone ( 1130 ) : 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Dawidoff , Nioclas ( 25 August 2011 ) . `` Paul Simon 's Restless Journey '' . Rolling Stone India . RollingStoneIndia.com . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Bennighof 2007 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ `` Simon and Garfunkel , ' Bridge Over Troubled Water ' 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . 2011 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Ebel 2004 , pp. 58 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Giles Smith ( September 11 , 1994 ) . `` Lives of the great songs / Bridge over troubled water '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ebel 2004 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ `` Across America Promotional CD Interview With Art '' . Art Garfunkel Official Website . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Browne 2012 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Eliot 2010 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 6th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1970 ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Simon & Garfunekl -- Bridge over Troubled Water '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ Murrells , Joseph ( 1978 ) . The Book of Golden Discs ( 2 , illustrated ed . ) . Barrie & Jenkins . ISBN 0 - 214 - 20480 - 4 . Jump up ^ Moore - Gilbert , Bart ( 2002 - 03 - 11 ) . The Arts in the 1970s : Cultural Closure . Routledge . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Simon & Garfunkel -- Bridge over Troubled Water '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Simon & Garfunkel -- Bridge over Troubled Water '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ RPM ( March 14 , 1970 ) . `` Adult Contemporary -- Volume 13 , No. 4 , March 14 1970 '' ( PDF ) . RPM archives . ( Ottawa : Library and Archives Canada ) . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ RPM ( March 14 , 1970 ) . `` Top Singles -- Volume 13 , No. 4 , March 14 1970 '' ( PDF ) . RPM archives . ( Ottawa : Library and Archives Canada ) . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Simon & Garfunkel -- Bridge over Troubled Water '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Simon & Garfunkel -- Bridge over Troubled Water '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Simon & Garfunkel -- Bridge over Troubled Water '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved October 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 5 , 1970 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Simon & Garfunkel -- Bridge over Troubled Water '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Simon & Garfunkel -- Bridge over Troubled Water '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Simon & Garfunkel -- Bridge over Troubled Water '' . VG - lista . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brian Currin . `` South African Rock Lists Website -- SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( S ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Simon & Garfunkel -- Bridge over Troubled Water '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Simon & Garfunkel -- Bridge over Troubled Water '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Garfunkel Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Garfunkel Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1970 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1970 / Top 100 Songs of 1970 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Charlesworth 1997 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ https://www.discogs.com/Merry-Clayton-Gimme-Shelter/master/337524 Jump up ^ Eliot 2010 , pp. 103 , 164 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 215 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Eliot , Marc ( 2010 ) . Paul Simon : A Life . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . p. 105 . ISBN 9780470900871 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Hot Dance / Disco : 1974 - 2003 . Record Research . p. 60 . Jump up ^ `` Artists raise fund in HK for Taiwan flood victims '' . China.org.cn . Jump up ^ Hardie , Giles ( 29 September 2013 ) . `` Minogue reduced to tears on X Factor '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Discography Dami Im '' . Australian Charts Portal . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 6 November 2013 . Retrieved 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2013 Albums '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Metro.co.uk , Rebecca Lewis for ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` Simon Cowell 's Grenfell Tower charity single available from 8am on June 21 '' . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 427 '' . auspOp . July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Artists for Grenfell -- Bridge Over Troubled Water '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Artists for Grenfell -- Bridge Over Troubled Water '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Artists for Grenfell : Bridge Over Troubled Water '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés -- SNEP ( Week 25 , 2017 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ. 26 June 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Artists for Grenfell -- Bridge Over Troubled Water '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Music Database '' . Umdmusic.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` LIVE AT BLUES ALLEY : YOU ARE THERE '' . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Wise , Mike ( February 25 , 2002 ) . `` OLYMPICS : CLOSING CEREMONY ; Games End With a Mixture Of Rowdy Relief and Joy '' . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Jayson ( 1 February 2010 ) . `` Mary J. Blige , Andrea Bocelli Brought ' Heavy Emotion ' To Grammy Duet For Haiti '' . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Archived Document '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 10 . Sources ( edit ) Eliot , Marc ( 2010 ) . Paul Simon : A Life . John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 43363 - 8 . Fornatale , Pete ( 2007 ) . Simon and Garfunkel 's Bookends . Rodale . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59486 - 427 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Video recording of `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' on YouTube , Paul Simon , composer ; sung by Art Garfunkel Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Simon & Garfunkel Paul Simon Art Garfunkel Studio albums Wednesday Morning , 3 A.M. Sounds of Silence Parsley , Sage , Rosemary and Thyme Bookends Bridge over Troubled Water Live albums The Concert in Central Park Live from New York City , 1967 Old Friends : Live on Stage Live 1969 Compilation albums Simon and Garfunkel 's Greatest Hits Collected Works The Simon and Garfunkel Collection 20 Greatest Hits The Definitive Simon and Garfunkel Old Friends The Best of Simon and Garfunkel Two Can Dream Alone Tales from New York : The Very Best of Simon & Garfunkel The Columbia Studio Recordings ( 1964 -- 1970 ) Tom & Jerry The Essential Simon & Garfunkel The Collection : Simon & Garfunkel Simon & Garfunkel : The Complete Albums Collection Soundtrack albums The Graduate Videos The Concert in Central Park Old Friends : Live on Stage Discographies Simon & Garfunkel Art Garfunkel Paul Simon Other Songs recorded Paul Simon solo albums Paul Simon songs Art Garfunkel solo albums Bridge over Troubled Water ( Paul Desmond album ) Book Category Simon & Garfunkel singles Discography List of songs recorded Sounds of Silence `` The Sound of Silence '' / `` We 've Got a Groovey Thing Goin ' '' `` I Am a Rock '' / `` Flowers Never Bend with the Rainfall '' Parsley , Sage , Rosemary and Thyme `` Homeward Bound '' / `` Leaves That Are Green '' `` The Dangling Conversation '' / `` The Big Bright Green Pleasure Machine '' `` Scarborough Fair / Canticle '' / `` April Come She Will '' Bookends `` A Hazy Shade of Winter '' / `` For Emily , Whenever I May Find Her '' `` At the Zoo '' / `` The 59th Street Bridge Song ( Feelin ' Groovy ) '' `` Fakin ' It '' / `` You Do n't Know Where Your Interest Lies '' `` Mrs. Robinson '' / `` Old Friends '' / `` Bookends '' Bridge over Troubled Water `` The Boxer '' / `` Baby Driver '' `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' / `` Keep the Customer Satisfied '' `` Cecilia '' / `` The Only Living Boy in New York '' `` El Cóndor Pasa ( If I Could ) '' / `` Why Do n't You Write Me '' Other singles Hey Schoolgirl Our Song This is my Song Surrender , Please Surrender I 'm Lonesome `` America '' `` My Little Town '' `` Wake Up Little Susie '' Other songs `` Richard Cory '' `` Patterns '' `` A Simple Desultory Philippic ( or How I Was Robert McNamara 'd into Submission ) '' `` 7 O'Clock News / Silent Night '' `` Save the Life of My Child '' `` Overs '' `` Punky 's Dilemma '' `` So Long , Frank Lloyd Wright '' Category Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu ( Volare ) '' by Domenico Modugno ( 1959 ) `` Mack the Knife '' by Bobby Darin ( 1960 ) `` Theme from A Summer Place '' by Percy Faith ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' by Henry Mancini ( 1962 ) `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' by Tony Bennett ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' by Henry Mancini ( 1964 ) `` The Girl from Ipanema '' by Astrud Gilberto & Stan Getz ( 1965 ) `` A Taste of Honey '' by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass ( 1966 ) `` Strangers in the Night '' by Frank Sinatra ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up and Away '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) ( 1968 ) `` Mrs. Robinson '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) ( 1969 ) `` Aquarius / Let the Sunshine In '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) ( 1971 ) `` It 's Too Late '' by Carole King ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' by Roberta Flack ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' by Roberta Flack ( 1974 ) `` I Honestly Love You '' by Olivia Newton - John ( 1975 ) `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' by Captain & Tennille ( Daryl Dragon , Toni Tennille ) ( 1976 ) `` This Masquerade '' by George Benson ( 1977 ) `` Hotel California '' by Eagles ( Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Randy Meisner , Joe Walsh ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' by Billy Joel ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' by The Doobie Brothers ( Jeffrey Baxter , John Hartman , Keith Knudsen , Michael McDonald , Tiran Porter , Patrick Simmons ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' by Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' by Kim Carnes ( 1982 ) `` Rosanna '' by Toto ( Bobby Kimball , Steve Lukather , David Paich , Jeff Porcaro , David Hungate , Steve Porcaro ) ( 1983 ) `` Beat It '' by Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' by Tina Turner ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' by USA for Africa ( 1986 ) `` Higher Love '' by Steve Winwood ( 1987 ) `` Graceland '' by Paul Simon ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' by Bobby McFerrin ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' by Bette Midler ( 1990 ) `` Another Day in Paradise '' by Phil Collins ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' by Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston ( 1994 ) `` All I Wanna Do '' by Sheryl Crow ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' by Seal ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' by Eric Clapton ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' by Shawn Colvin ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' by Celine Dion ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' by Santana ( Rodney Holmes , Tony Lindsay , Karl Perazzo , Raul Rekow , Benny Rietveld , Carlos Santana , Chester Thompson ) featuring Rob Thomas ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) ( 2001 ) `` Walk On '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' by Norah Jones ( 2003 ) `` Clocks '' by Coldplay ( Guy Berryman , Jon Buckland , Will Champion , Phil Harvey , Chris Martin ) ( 2004 ) `` Here We Go Again '' by Ray Charles and Norah Jones ( 2005 ) `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' by Green Day ( Billie Joe Armstrong , Mike Dirnt , Frank Edwin Wright III ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' by Dixie Chicks ( Martie Maguire , Natalie Maines , Emily Robison ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' by Amy Winehouse ( 2008 ) `` Please Read the Letter '' by Alison Krauss and Robert Plant ( 2009 ) `` Use Somebody '' by Kings of Leon ( Caleb Followill , Jared Followill , Matthew Followill , Nathan Followill ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' by Lady Antebellum ( Hillary Scott , Charles Kelley , Dave Haywood ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' by Adele ( 2012 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra ( 2013 ) `` Get Lucky '' by Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams & Nile Rodgers ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) by Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` Uptown Funk '' by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' by Adele ( 2017 ) `` 24K Magic '' by Bruno Mars ( 2018 ) Grammy Award for Song of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Volare '' -- Domenico Modugno ( songwriter ) ( 1959 ) `` The Battle of New Orleans '' -- Jimmy Driftwood ( songwriter ) ( 1960 ) `` Theme from Exodus '' -- Ernest Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1962 ) `` What Kind of Fool Am I ? '' -- Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley ( songwriters ) ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1964 ) `` Hello , Dolly ! '' -- Jerry Herman ( songwriter ) ( 1965 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' -- Paul Francis Webster & Johnny Mandel ( songwriters ) ( 1966 ) `` Michelle '' -- John Lennon & Paul McCartney ( songwriters ) ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up , and Away '' -- Jimmy Webb ( songwriter ) ( 1968 ) `` Little Green Apples '' -- Bobby Russell ( songwriter ) ( 1969 ) `` Games People Play '' -- Joe South ( songwriter ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Paul Simon ( songwriter ) ( 1971 ) `` You 've Got a Friend '' -- Carole King ( songwriter ) ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Ewan MacColl ( songwriter ) ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' -- Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox ( songwriters ) ( 1974 ) `` The Way We Were '' -- Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch ( songwriters ) ( 1975 ) `` Send In the Clowns '' -- Stephen Sondheim ( songwriter ) ( 1976 ) `` I Write the Songs '' -- Bruce Johnston ( songwriter ) ( 1977 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' -- Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams ( songwriters ) / `` You Light Up My Life '' -- Joe Brooks ( songwriter ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Billy Joel ( songwriter ) ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' -- Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald ( songwriters ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' -- Christopher Cross ( songwriter ) ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon ( songwriters ) ( 1982 ) `` Always on My Mind '' -- Johnny Christopher , Mark James & Wayne Carson ( songwriters ) ( 1983 ) `` Every Breath You Take '' -- Sting ( songwriter ) ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' -- Graham Lyle & Terry Britten ( songwriters ) ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' -- Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie ( songwriters ) ( 1986 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager ( songwriters ) ( 1987 ) `` Somewhere Out There '' -- James Horner , Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil ( songwriters ) ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' -- Bobby McFerrin ( songwriter ) ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' -- Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar ( songwriters ) ( 1990 ) `` From a Distance '' -- Julie Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' -- Irving Gordon ( songwriter ) ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' -- Eric Clapton & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1993 ) `` A Whole New World '' -- Alan Menken & Tim Rice ( songwriters ) ( 1994 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' -- Bruce Springsteen ( songwriter ) ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' -- Seal ( songwriter ) ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' -- Gordon Kennedy , Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims ( songwriters ) ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' -- Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal ( songwriters ) ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- James Horner & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' -- Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas ( songwriters ) ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2001 ) `` Fallin ' '' -- Alicia Keys ( songwriter ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' -- Jesse Harris ( songwriter ) ( 2003 ) `` Dance with My Father '' -- Richard Marx & Luther Vandross ( songwriters ) ( 2004 ) `` Daughters '' -- John Mayer ( songwriter ) ( 2005 ) `` Sometimes You Ca n't Make It on Your Own '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' -- Emily Burns Erwin , Martha Maguire , Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson ( songwriters ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' -- Amy Winehouse ( songwriter ) ( 2008 ) `` Viva la Vida '' -- Guy Berryman , Jonathan Buckland , William Champion & Christopher Martin ( songwriters ) ( 2009 ) `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' -- Thaddis `` Kuk '' Harrell , Beyoncé Knowles , Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart ( songwriters ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' -- Dave Haywood , Josh Kear , Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott ( songwriters ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth ( songwriters ) ( 2012 ) `` We Are Young '' -- Jack Antonoff , Jeff Bhasker , Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess ( songwriters ) ( 2013 ) `` Royals '' -- Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor ( songwriters ) ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) -- James Napier , William Phillips & Sam Smith ( songwriters ) ( 2015 ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' -- Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge ( songwriters ) ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' -- Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin ( songwriters ) ( 2017 ) `` That 's What I Like '' -- Christopher Brody Brown , James Fauntleroy , Philip Lawrence , Bruno Mars , Ray Charles McCullough II , Jeremy Reeves , Ray Romulus & Jonathan Yip ( songwriters ) ( 2018 ) Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 1960 -- 1979 ) 1960 : `` Theme from A Summer Place '' -- Percy Faith 1961 : `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' -- Bobby Lewis 1962 : `` Stranger on the Shore '' -- Mr. Acker Bilk 1963 : `` Sugar Shack '' -- Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs `` / Surfin ' U.S.A. '' - The Beach Boys 1964 : `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' -- The Beatles 1965 : `` Wooly Bully '' -- Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs 1966 : `` Ballad of the Green Berets '' -- S / Sgt . Barry Sadler 1967 : `` To Sir , with Love '' -- Lulu 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 : `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Simon & Garfunkel 1971 : `` Joy to the World '' -- Three Dog Night 1972 : `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Roberta Flack 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` The Way We Were '' -- Barbra Streisand 1975 : `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' -- Captain & Tennille 1976 : `` Silly Love Songs '' -- Wings 1977 : `` Tonight 's the Night ( Gonna Be Alright ) '' -- Rod Stewart 1978 : `` Shadow Dancing '' -- Andy Gibb 1979 : `` My Sharona '' -- The Knack Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot 100 - 1963 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2006 . Retrieved October 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kowal , Barry . `` Billboard ( USA ) Magazine 's ( Magazine Chart ) Top 100 Singles of 1963 '' , Hits of All Decades . September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ( Fred ( 2003 ) . The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits . New York : Billboard Books . p. 138 . ISBN 0823076776 . Retrieved 20 October 2018 . ) Jump up ^ `` Top Records of 1963 '' , Billboard , Section II , December 28 , 1963 . p. 30 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kowal , Barry . Billboard Magazine 's ( USA ) Top 100 Single Recordings of 1963 , Hits of All Decades . August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bridge_over_Troubled_Water_(song)&oldid=866352678 '' Categories : 1969 songs 1970 singles 1970s ballads 1971 singles 1979 singles Songs written by Paul Simon Simon & Garfunkel songs Aretha Franklin songs Linda Clifford songs Song recordings produced by Roy Halee Song recordings produced by Paul Simon Song recordings produced by Art Garfunkel Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Scotland Grammy Award for Record of the Year Grammy Award for Song of the Year Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Columbia Records singles Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist ( s ) Inspirational songs RSO Records singles Syco Music singles RCA Records singles Sony BMG singles American pop songs Rock ballads Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Audio sample to be checked Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Finnishdownload Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Scotland All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Scots Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 20 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song like a bridge over troubled water | [
"\"Bridge over Troubled Water\" is a song by American music duo Simon & Garfunkel. Produced by the duo and Roy Halee, the song was released as the follow-up single to \"The Boxer\" in January 1970. The song is featured on their fifth studio album, Bridge over Troubled Water (1970). Composed by singer-songwriter Paul Simon, the song is performed on piano and carries the influence of gospel music. The original studio recording employs elements of Phil Spector's \"Wall of Sound\" technique using L.A. session musicians from the Wrecking Crew.[1][2]\n"
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"Paul Simon"
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-3141833596434373921 | Jeff Healey | Jeff Healey - wikipedia Jeff Healey Jump to : navigation , search `` Jeff Healy '' redirects here . For the fictional character , see Jeff Healy ( EastEnders ) . Jeff Healey Jeff Healey , live in 1999 Background information Birth name Norman Jeffrey Healey ( 1966 - 03 - 25 ) March 25 , 1966 Toronto , Ontario , Canada March 2 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 02 ) ( aged 41 ) Toronto , Ontario , Canada Genres Blues rock , blues , jazz , rock Occupation ( s ) Musician , guitarist , songwriter , DJ , actor Instruments Guitar , vocals , trumpet , piano Years active 1983 -- 2008 Labels Arista , BMG , Sony , Eagle , Sensation , Healey - O - Phonic , Stony Plain , Convexe Entertainment , Provogue , CBC , Arbor Associated acts The Jeff Healey Band , The Jazz Wizards ( aka Jeff Healey 's Jazz Wizards ) , Jeff Healey 's Blues Band ( aka The Healey 's House Band ) , Blue Direction Website jeffhealey.com Norman Jeffrey `` Jeff '' Healey ( March 25 , 1966 -- March 2 , 2008 ) was a Canadian jazz and blues - rock vocalist , guitarist , and songwriter who attained musical and personal popularity , particularly in the 1980s and 1990s . He hit Number 5 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart with `` Angel Eyes '' and reached the Top 10 in Canada with the songs `` I Think I Love You Too Much '' and `` How Long Can a Man Be Strong '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Early career and success 3 Later work and life 4 Illness and death 5 Personal life 6 Discography 6.1 Jeff Healey Band 6.2 Jeff Healey Solo & with The Jazz Wizards 6.3 Jeff Healey solo 6.4 Live albums 6.5 Compilations 6.6 Compilation inclusions 6.7 Singles 7 Film , DVD 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Early life ( edit ) Born in Toronto , Ontario , Healey was raised in the city 's west end . He was adopted as an infant ; his adoptive father was a firefighter . When he was almost one year old , Healey lost his sight to retinoblastoma , a rare cancer of the eyes . His eyes had to be surgically removed , and he was given ocular prostheses . Early career and success ( edit ) Jeff Healey & Tom Lavin ( Powder Blues Band ) Healey began playing guitar when he was three , developing his unique style of playing the instrument flat on his lap . When he was 15 , Jeff Healey formed the band Blue Direction , a four - piece which primarily played bar - band cover tunes and featured bassist Jeremy Littler , drummer Graydon Chapman , and a schoolmate , Rob Quail on second guitar . This band played various local clubs in Toronto , including the Colonial Tavern . Healey began hosting a jazz and blues show on radio station CIUT - FM where he became known for playing from his massive collection of vintage 78 rpm gramophone records . Shortly thereafter he was introduced to two musicians , bassist Joe Rockman and drummer Tom Stephen , with whom he formed a trio , The Jeff Healey Band . This band made their first public appearance at the Birds Nest , located upstairs at Chicago 's Diner on Queen Street West in Toronto . They received a write - up in Toronto 's NOW magazine , and soon were playing almost nightly in local clubs , such as Grossman 's Tavern and the famed blues club Albert 's Hall ( where Jeff Healey was discovered by guitarists Stevie Ray Vaughan and Albert Collins ) . After being signed to Arista Records in 1988 , the band released the album See the Light , featuring the hit single `` Angel Eyes '' and the song `` Hideaway '' , which was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance . While the band was recording See the Light , they were also filming ( and recording for the soundtrack of ) the Patrick Swayze film Road House . Healey had numerous acting scenes in the movie with Swayze , as his band was the house cover band for the bar featured in the movie . In 1990 , the band won the Juno Award for Canadian Entertainer of the Year . The albums Hell to Pay and Feel This gave Healey 10 charting singles in Canada between 1990 and 1994 , including a cover of The Beatles ' `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' which featured George Harrison and Jeff Lynne on backing vocals and acoustic guitar . Later work and life ( edit ) Healey performing on August 31 , 2002 By the release of the 2000 album Get Me Some , Healey began to concentrate his talent in a different musical direction closer to his heart , the appreciation for another original American music form , jazz . He went on to release three CDs of music of traditional American jazz from the 1920s and 1930s . He had been sitting in with these types of bands around Toronto since the beginning of his music career . Though known primarily as a guitarist , Healey also played trumpet during live performances . His main jazz group for touring and recording being Jeff Healey 's Jazz Wizards . Healey was an avid record collector and amassed a collection of well over 30,000 78 rpm records . Starting in 1990 he hosted a radio program of very early jazz on CIUT at the University of Toronto with Colin Bray . Later he went national on CBC Radio ` s program entitled My Kind of Jazz , in which he played records from his vast vintage jazz collection . He moved the show two years later to Jazz FM - CJRT ; as a part of ongoing celebrations for what would have been Healey 's 50th birthday in 2016 , the latter program began to air in repeats Wednesdays 9pm on jazz.fm . For many years , Healey toured throughout North America and Europe and performed at his club , `` Healey 's '' on Bathurst Street in Toronto , where he played with his blues band on Thursday nights and also with his jazz group on Saturday afternoons . The club moved to a bigger location at 56 Blue Jays Way and was rechristened `` Jeff Healey 's Roadhouse . '' Though he had lent his name to the club and often played there , Jeff Healey did not own or manage the bar . ( The name came from the 1989 film , Road House , in which Healey appeared . ) At the time of his death , he had been planning to perform a series of shows in the United Kingdom , Germany , and the Netherlands with his other band , the ' Jeff Healey Blues Band ' ( aka the ' Healey 's House Band ' ) in April 2008 . Over the years , Healey toured and sat in with many legendary performers , including The Allman Brothers , Bonnie Raitt , Stevie Ray Vaughan , Buddy Guy , BB King , ZZ Top , Steve Lukather , Eric Clapton and many more . In 2006 , Healey appeared on Deep Purple vocalist Ian Gillan 's CD / DVD Gillan 's Inn . Healey discovered and helped develop the careers of other musical artists , including Terra Hazelton and Amanda Marshall . In early 2009 , Healey 's album Mess of Blues won in The 8th Annual Independent Music Awards for Best Blues Album . In 2009 , Healey was inducted into the Terry Fox Hall of Fame . In June 2011 , Woodford Park in Toronto was renamed Jeff Healey Park in his honour . In 2014 Healey was inducted into Canada 's Walk of Fame . In September 2016 , Jeff Healey was inducted into the Mississauga Music Walk of Fame . In March 2016 the posthumous album Heal My Soul was released , followed by the companion album Holding On in December of the same year . Both records were compiled from unreleased recordings by Roger Costa . The 12 track Heal My Soul featured six covers and a number of collaborations with Marti Frederiksen , Arnold Lanni and Stevie Salas . The 15 track Holding On album contains ten live tracks recorded in 1999 at the Rockefeller Music Hall in Norway and five studio tracks . Illness and death ( edit ) On January 11 , 2007 , Healey underwent surgery to remove metastatic tissue from both lungs . In the previous eighteen months , he had two sarcomas removed from his legs . On March 2 , 2008 , Healey died of sarcoma cancer in his home town of Toronto at age 41 . Healey 's death came a month before the release of Mess of Blues , which was his first rock / blues album in eight years . Personal life ( edit ) Healey married Krista Miller in 1992 ; they had a daughter and were divorced in 1998 . He married Cristie Hall in 2003 and had a son with her . Discography ( edit ) Jeff Healey Band ( edit ) Year Album Label and Catalog Number CAN AUS UK US Certification 1988 See the Light Arista AL - 8553 25 33 58 22 RIAA - Platinum 1990 Hell to Pay Arista ARCD - 8632 5 20 18 27 RIAA - Gold 1992 Feel This Arista B000002VML 27 37 72 174 - 1995 Cover to Cover Arista B00008G71N 44 80 50 - - 2000 Get Me Some Eagle B00004T98N -- -- -- -- - Jeff Healey Solo & with The Jazz Wizards ( edit ) Year Album Label and Catalog Number US 2002 Among Friends Stony Plain B000I2KPO6 -- Adventures in Jazzland Stony Plain B000I2KPOG -- 2006 It 's Tight Like That Stony Plain B000ETRIZ2 -- 2008 Mess Of Blues Stony Plain B0016MX3F0 -- 2009 Songs From The Road Stony Plain B002F040F4 -- Last Call Stony Plain B0036WL32S -- Jeff Healey solo ( edit ) 2002 : Among Friends 2003 : Live at Healey 's ( Bolder ) 2004 : Adventures in Jazzland ( Healeyophonic ) 2006 : It 's Tight Like That ( Stony Plain ) 2008 : Mess of Blues 2009 : Songs From The Road ( Stony Plain ) 2010 : Last Call ( Stony Plain Records ) 2016 : Heal My Soul ( Convexe Entertainment ) Live albums ( edit ) 1993 : Live in Belgium ( CD & DVD ) ( Eagle Vision ) 2003 : Live at Healey 's ( Bolder ) 2005 : The Jeff Healey Band Live at Montreux 1999 ( Eagle ) 2011 : Live at Grossman 's 1994 ( Eagle Rock North / Convexe ) 2013 : As The Years Go Passing By : Live in Germany 1989 - 1995 - 2000 ( in - akustik ) 2013 : Live From NYC ( Eagle Rock ) Compilations ( edit ) 1998 The Very Best of Jeff Healey ( RCA ) 1998 The Very Best of Jeff Healey ( MSI Music Distribution ) 1999 Master Hits ( Arista ) 2004 The Platinum and Gold Collection ( Arista ) 2008 Super Hits ( Sony ) 2009 Legacy , Volume 1 ( Arbor ) 2013 House on Fire -- Demos & Rarities ( Eagle Rock North ) Compilation inclusions ( edit ) 1995 `` Let It Rock '' ( Quality Records ) Ronnie Hawkins ' 60th Birthday Bash , Live at Massey Hall , featuring members of The Hawks , The Band , Mr. Jerry Lee Lewis , Carl Perkins , Larry Gowan , & more . 1997 Hits of the 80 's 2002 While My Guitar Gently Weeps 2004 What 's Love ? A Tribute to Tina Turner ( Versailles ) 2006 Ruf Records Anthology : 12 Years of Where Blues Crosses Over ( Ruf Records ) 2006 Saturday Night Blues : 20 Years ( CBC ) Singles ( edit ) Year Single Peak chart positions Album CAN AUS UK US US Rock 1986 `` Adrianna / See the Light '' -- -- -- -- -- single only 1988 `` Confidence Man '' -- 84 76 -- 11 See the Light 1989 `` Angel Eyes '' 16 79 86 5 24 `` See the Light '' -- -- -- -- 33 `` Raising Heaven / Hoochie Coochie Man '' ( by Patrick Swayze / The Jeff Healey Band ) -- -- -- -- 29 Road House Soundtrack `` When the Night Comes Falling From the Sky '' -- -- 99 -- -- 1990 `` I Think I Love You Too Much '' 5 -- 98 -- 5 Hell to Pay `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' 27 -- 85 -- 7 `` Full Circle '' 72 -- -- -- 16 1991 `` How Long Can a Man Be Strong '' 8 -- -- -- 34 `` How Much '' 32 -- -- -- -- 1992 `` Cruel Little Number '' 17 -- -- -- Feel This `` Heart of an Angel '' 52 -- -- -- 20 `` Lost in Your Eyes '' 15 -- -- 91 -- `` Leave the Light On '' 60 -- -- -- -- `` You 're Coming Home '' 40 -- -- -- -- 1995 `` I Got a Line on You '' 34 -- -- -- -- Cover To Cover `` Angel '' 33 -- -- -- -- `` Stuck in the Middle with You '' 33 96 79 -- 39 2000 `` My Life Story '' -- -- -- -- -- Get Me Some `` I Tried '' -- -- -- -- -- `` -- '' denotes single that did not chart or was not released . Film , DVD ( edit ) 1989 Road House 1999 Live at Montreux 2004 See The Light ( BMG ) 2009 Legacy , Volume 1 ( Arbor ) 2013 : As The Years Go Passing By : Live in Germany 1989 - 1995 - 2000 ( in - akustik ) See also ( edit ) Canadian blues Canadian rock Music of Canada References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jessey Bird ( March 3 , 2008 ) . `` Award - winning musician ' followed his own passion ' '' . Ottawa Citizen . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Assayas , Michka ( ed . ) ( 2000 ) . Le dictionnaire du rock . Robert laffont , collection Bouquins . p. 775 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Jeff Healey '' . www.cbc.ca . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Road House ( 1989 ) '' . www.imdb.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Arista Records LP AL - 8632 , 1990 . Jump up ^ The 50th Celebrations Start Now ! Jump up ^ The Ultimate Amanda Marshall Homepage . Pages.infinit.net . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Independent Music Awards -- 8th Annual Winners Archived July 3 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Agency , Q.M.I. `` Park named after guitar legend Jeff Healey '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Our Consolation Is In The Stardust Of His Songs '' - Mississauga News Jump up ^ `` Heal My Soul - Jeff Healey Songs , Reviews , Credits AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Holding On : A Heal My Soul Companion - Review '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Yates , Henry ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Heal My Soul : The story of the great ' lost ' Jeff Healey album '' . The Blues Magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , John ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Jeff Healey -- Heal My Soul Album Review '' . Blues Blast Magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Healey -- Holding On -- A Heal My Soul Companion '' . All About The Rock . 2016 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Healey -- Holding On '' . The Rocking Magpie. 2016 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Blues guitarist Jeff Healey recovering from lung cancer surgery '' . CBC News . January 16 , 2007 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas Martin ( March 4 , 2008 ) . `` Jeff Healey , Guitarist and Singer , Dies at 41 '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Blind rocker Healey dies aged 41 '' , BBC News , March 3 , 2008 , Jump up ^ Greg Quill ( March 3 , 2008 ) . `` Jeff Healey , 41 : Canadian musician '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 26 . At the time of his death Healey was planning to release his first rock / blues album in eight years , Mess of Blues Jump up ^ https://prezi.com/opoiu2s0i3t1/greatest-canadian/ ^ Jump up to : Australian ( ARIA ) chart peaks : Top 50 peaks : `` australian-charts.com > Jeff Healey in Australian Charts '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01 . `` Confidence Man '' : `` Chartifacts Week Ending 11th June 1995 -- Issue No. 278 ( from The ARIA Report Issue No. 278 ) '' . Imgur.com ( original document published by ARIA ) . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01 . `` Angel Eyes '' : `` The ARIA Report ! Week Commencing : 12 July 2004 -- Issue No. 750 '' ( PDF ) . Pandora Archive ( original document published by ARIA ) . p. 2 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01 . Top 100 peaks from January 1990 to December 2010 : Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . `` Stuck in the Middle with You '' : `` The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart -- Week Ending 16 Jul 1995 '' . Imgur.com ( original document published by ARIA ) . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01 . N.B. The HP column displays the highest peak reached . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Charts > Jeff Healey Band '' . The Official UK Charts Company . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard > Artists / Jeff Healey > Chart History > Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Results for Jeff Healey '' . riaa.com . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Re-released 2006 , Stony Plain . ^ Jump up to : Subtitled `` The Thursday Night Recordings '' . Jump up ^ Jeff Healey and The Jazz Wizards . Jump up ^ Live , Love , Celebrate ! Jump up ^ The first release of archival material compiled with the participation and full approval of the Jeff Healey Estate . ( 3CD set -- also available as 3CD / 2DVD deluxe ed . ) www.jeffhealey.com Jump up ^ CD re-release 2003 on RCA Camden . However , `` ( w ) ith the 2004 merger of BMG ( RCA Victor 's parent company ) and Sony ( Columbia Records ' parent company ) , the Camden label ... ( was ) abandoned '' , implying that the re-released greatest hits package was discontinued shortly thereafter . See RCA Camden . Jump up ^ Collection issued in Germany and imported via MSI Music Distribution , based in Florida . At the time , MSI Music Distribution was one of the largest importers of recorded music in the United States . See In Other News ! Super D buys MSI Music . Entry of September 13 , 2007 ; www.myblogutopia.com . Jump up ^ A Winnipeg - based record company , distributed by EMI in Canada , Allego Music in the United States , New Music Distribution in Germany and Disques Dorn in France . See Particulars of Arbor Records Archived March 15 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. ; www.arborrecords.com . ^ Jump up to : Contains two CDs and one DVD . One CD is a collection of Healey singles , while the other CD is a collection of unreleased live material . The DVD contains `` rare footage , interviews , intimate behind the scenes moments , and unseen live performances ... ( including ) collaborations and jams with Stevie Ray Vaughan , Eric Clapton , The Rolling Stones , Tina Turner , Keith Richards , George Harrison , B.B. King , Mark Knopfler , Jeff Lynne , Sheila E , Clarence Clemons , Paul Shaffer and Dave Edmunds . '' See Legacy Product Description ; www.cduniverse.com . Jump up ^ Healey plays on `` I Ca n't Stand The Rain '' , with Alannah Myles . Jump up ^ Healey performs `` Workin ' Overtime '' with Walter Trout . Jump up ^ A compilation album of live performances from the Saturday Night Blues radio program on CBC Radio , hosted by Holger Petersen . Healey 's `` Anything For You '' ( Also known as `` I Would Do Anything For You '' , originally recorded on the Among Friends album ) is included . Jump up ^ Re-released 2005 , RED Distribution . Includes Jeff Healey Band 1999 performance at the Montreux Festival , plus 1997 performances of four songs at Stravinsky Hall , also in Montreux . Jump up ^ Three video clips and live performances of 10 songs taped April 14 , 1989 in London , England . Includes previously unreleased video clip `` When the Night Comes Falling From the Sky . '' Jump up ^ The first release of archival material compiled with the participation and full approval of the Jeff Healey Estate . ( 3CD / 2DVD deluxe ed. -- also available as 3 CD set ) www.jeffhealey.com External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jeff Healey . Official website Official Facebook Page Official Youtube Channel Official Jeff Healey Biography Jeff Healey on IMDb ( hide ) Jeff Healey Jeff Healey Band albums See the Light ( 1988 ) Hell to Pay ( 1990 ) Feel This ( 1992 ) Cover to Cover ( 1995 ) Get Me Some ( 2000 ) Solo albums Mess of Blues ( 2008 ) Songs From The Road ( 2009 ) Jeff Healey Band songs `` Angel Eyes '' `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' VIAF : 60736172 LCCN : n92031110 ISNI : 0000 0000 7251 0959 GND : 135514053 SUDOC : 156754401 BNF : cb14024101q ( data ) MusicBrainz : 14cfaf3c - af7c - 49e8 - 85d5 - 8097c7d0e675 NKC : js20020923025 IATH : w6n0444p Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeff_Healey&oldid=815537532 '' Categories : 1966 births 2008 deaths Arista Records artists Blind musicians Blind people from Canada Blues rock musicians Canadian adoptees Canadian blues guitarists Male guitarists Canadian radio personalities Canadian rock guitarists Deaths from cancer in Ontario Electric blues musicians Independent Music Awards winners Jazz radio presenters Juno Award winners Lead guitarists Musicians from Toronto People from Etobicoke Rhythm guitarists RCA Records artists Terry Fox Hall of Fame 20th - century Canadian musicians Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from July 2014 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 12 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the band that plays in roadhouse | [
"For many years, Healey toured throughout North America and Europe and performed at his club, \"Healey's\" on Bathurst Street in Toronto, where he played with his blues band on Thursday nights and also with his jazz group on Saturday afternoons. The club moved to a bigger location at 56 Blue Jays Way and was rechristened \"Jeff Healey's Roadhouse.\" Though he had lent his name to the club and often played there, Jeff Healey did not own or manage the bar. (The name came from the 1989 film, Road House, in which Healey appeared.) At the time of his death, he had been planning to perform a series of shows in the United Kingdom, Germany, and the Netherlands with his other band, the 'Jeff Healey Blues Band' (aka the 'Healey's House Band') in April 2008."
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"Jeff Healey Blues Band"
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-6854840091407883300 | Dynasty (2017 TV series) | Dynasty ( 2017 TV series ) - wikipedia Dynasty ( 2017 TV series ) Dynasty Genre Soap opera Based on Dynasty by Richard and Esther Shapiro Developed by Sallie Patrick Josh Schwartz Stephanie Savage Starring Elizabeth Gillies Nathalie Kelley James Mackay Robert Christopher Riley Sam Adegoke Rafael de la Fuente Alan Dale Grant Show Nicollette Sheridan Theme music composer Bill Conti Paul Leonard - Morgan Troy Nõka Composer ( s ) Paul Leonard - Morgan Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 22 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Richard Shapiro Esther Shapiro Stephanie Savage Josh Schwartz Brad Silberling Sallie Patrick Producer ( s ) Jeffrey Downer Location ( s ) Atlanta , Georgia Cinematography Xavier Grobet Editor ( s ) Brandi Bradburn Camera setup Single - camera Running time 40 -- 43 minutes Production company ( s ) CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Picture format HDTV 1080i Original release October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website Dynasty is an American prime time television soap opera reboot based on the 1980s series of the same name . Developed by Josh Schwartz , Stephanie Savage , and Sallie Patrick , the new series stars Elizabeth Gillies as Fallon Carrington , Grant Show as her father Blake Carrington , Nathalie Kelley as Blake 's new wife Cristal , and James Mackay as his son Steven , with Robert Christopher Riley as chauffeur Michael Culhane , Sam Adegoke as tech billionaire Jeff Colby , Rafael de la Fuente as Sam Jones , Cristal 's nephew and Steven 's fiancé , and Alan Dale as Joseph Anders , the Carrington majordomo . The pilot , which was announced in September 2016 , was ordered to series in May 2017 . Dynasty premiered on October 11 , 2017 , on The CW in the United States , and on Netflix internationally a day later . On November 8 , 2017 , The CW picked up the series for a full season of 22 episodes . On April 2 , 2018 , The CW renewed the series for a second season , which is set to premiere on October 12 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Music 5 Broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Awards and nominations 7 Home media 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) Dynasty begins with heiress Fallon Carrington unhappy to find her billionaire father Blake engaged to Cristal , a rival employee at the family company . When Fallon 's machinations to separate the couple backfire and cost her a promotion , she allies with Blake 's nemesis and former employee , Jeff Colby , and strikes out on her own . Meanwhile , the arrival of Cristal 's opportunistic nephew Sam -- who becomes romantically involved with Fallon 's wayward brother Steven -- threatens to expose her shady past . The Carringtons form a united front in the wake of the suspicious death of Cristal 's former lover , but things at the mansion do not remain harmonious for long . The reboot updates several elements from the 1980s original , including moving the setting from Denver , Colorado to Atlanta , Georgia ; making Steven 's homosexuality a nonissue to Blake ; and changing gold digger Sammy Jo from a woman to a gay man . Additionally , in the new series , both Blake 's fiancée later wife and her nephew are Hispanic , and both chauffeur Michael Culhane and the Colby family are African - American . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Dynasty ( 2017 TV series ) characters Main ( edit ) Elizabeth Gillies as Fallon Carrington , an energy executive and heiress to an Atlanta energy fortune Nathalie Kelley as Cristal Flores Carrington ( season 1 ) , Fallon 's new stepmother , a woman with a shady past James Mackay as Steven Carrington , Fallon 's gay environmentalist brother who is the older and more levelheaded of the two Robert Christopher Riley as Michael Culhane , the Carrington chauffeur and Fallon 's former lover Sam Adegoke as Jeff Colby , a young business rival to Blake Rafael de la Fuente as Samuel Josiah `` Sammy Jo '' Jones , Cristal 's wayward nephew and Steven 's fiancé Alan Dale as Joseph Anders , the Carrington majordomo Grant Show as Blake Carrington , billionaire CEO of Carrington Atlantic , married to Cristal , and the father of Steven and Fallon by his first wife Nicollette Sheridan as Alexis Carrington ( recurring , season 1 ; main , season 2 ) , Blake 's ex-wife , and the estranged mother of Steven and Fallon . Recurring ( edit ) Nick Wechsler as Matthew Blaisdel , Cristal 's former lover , a field engineer who dies in a suspicious explosion Brianna Brown as Claudia Blaisdel , Matthew 's wife , a former engineer Wakeema Hollis as Monica Colby , Jeff 's sister Dave Maldonado as Willy Santiago , Matthew 's friend and coworker at Carrington Atlantic Michael Beach as Police Chief Aaron Stansfield , a longtime friend of Blake 's Elena Tovar as Iris Machado , Cristal 's sister and Sam 's mother KJ Smith as Kori Rucks , Michael 's ex-girlfriend Michael Patrick Lane as Ted Dinard , Steven 's ex-boyfriend Arnetia Walker as Louella Culhane , Michael 's mother Darryl Booker as James Culhane , Michael 's father Luis Fernández as Alejandro Silva , Sam 's father who is operating under the alias of Diego Calastana Bill Smitrovich as Thomas Carrington , Blake 's father Hakeem Kae - Kazim as Cesil Colby , Jeff and Monica 's father Kelly Rutherford as Melissa Daniels , wife of Senator Paul Daniels , and Steven 's former lover J.R. Cacia as Rick Morales , a journalist and old friend of Cristal 's Adam Huber as Jack Lowden , a writer who marries Fallon using the name Liam Ridley Brent Antonello as Hank Sullivan , Alexis ' lover who is posing as her and Blake 's kidnapped firstborn Adam Episodes ( edit ) Main article : Dynasty ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` I Hardly Recognized You '' Brad Silberling Sallie Patrick , Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 1.26 `` Spit It Out '' Michael A. Allowitz Sallie Patrick October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 0.92 `` Guilt is for Insecure People '' Kellie Cyrus Ali Adler October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 0.72 `` Private as a Circus '' Kevin Sullivan Jenna Richman November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 0.74 5 5 `` Company Slut '' Cherie Nowlan Christopher Fife November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 0.72 6 6 `` I Exist Only for Me '' Lee Rose Kevin Garnett November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 0.64 7 7 `` A Taste of Your Own Medicine '' Matt Earl Beesley Jay Gibson November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) 0.64 8 8 `` The Best Things in Life '' Pascal Verschooris Francisca X . Hu December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 0.64 9 9 `` Rotten Things '' Brad Silberling Paula Sabbaga December 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 13 ) 0.69 10 10 `` A Well - Dressed Tarantula '' Kenny Leon Adele Lim January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) 0.63 11 11 `` I Answer to No Man '' Steven A. Adelson Gladys Rodriguez January 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) 0.56 12 12 `` Promises You Ca n't Keep '' Matt Earl Beesley Jenna Richman January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) 0.65 13 13 `` Nothing But Trouble '' Matt Earl Beesley Jenna Richman February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) 0.65 14 14 `` The Gospel According to Blake Carrington '' Dawn Wilkinson Francisca X . Hu & Paula Sabbaga March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 0.64 15 15 `` Our Turn Now '' Matt Earl Beesley Libby Wells March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) 0.60 16 16 `` Poor Little Rich Girl '' Kenny Leon Jenna Richman & Ali Adler March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) 0.63 17 17 `` Enter Alexis '' Jeffrey W. Byrd Sallie Patrick & Christopher Fife March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) 0.69 18 18 `` Do n't Con a Con Artist '' Carl Seaton Kevin A. Garnett & Paula Sabbaga April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 0.71 19 19 `` Use or Be Used '' Viet Nguyen Jake Coburn & Jay Gibson April 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) 0.56 20 20 `` A Line from the Past '' Pascal Verschooris Jenna Richman & Francisca X . Hu April 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 27 ) 0.68 21 21 `` Trashy Little Tramp '' Brandi Bradburn Christopher Fife & Kevin A. Garnett May 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 04 ) 0.55 22 22 `` Dead Scratch '' Michael A. Allowitz Sallie Patrick & Libby Wells May 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 11 ) 0.56 Production ( edit ) Elizabeth Gillies ( left ) and Grant Show ( right ) star as Fallon and Blake Carrington . James Mackay ( left ) and Rafael de la Fuente ( right ) star as Steven Carrington and Sam Jones . Development ( edit ) In September 2016 , it was announced that a reboot of the 1980s prime time soap opera Dynasty was in development at The CW , co-written by Josh Schwartz , Stephanie Savage , and Sallie Patrick . Savage said , `` All of us have worked on shows that owe a huge debt to Dynasty , so it 's kind of in our writing DNA to do this show . '' The trio discussed what they found unique and attractive about the original series , and how best to preserve those elements in an update . They also met with Richard and Esther Shapiro , the creators of Dynasty , who were ultimately attached as producers . Schwartz said , `` We are definitely living in an age of dynasties . Whether it 's the Trumps or the Clintons or the Kardashians or the Murdochs , our news is filled with the worlds of family dynasties and that was exciting for us . '' Savage added , `` When we first sat down with the Shapiros to talk about rebooting the show , they talked a lot about family . No matter the villainous things that they did , they never stopped loving each other . I think we took that core concept and then just talked about how to place the idea in the historical context of our day . '' Patrick noted that the 1980s series was progressive for its time , dealing with issues like race , women in the workplace , and gay acceptance . She said , `` We 're trying to figure out how do we respect what that show was doing then and pushing it even farther in our version . '' De la Fuente said , `` We 're trying to make it stand on its own and be its own thing . But we have to pay homage to the original and the classic stuff that people remember from Dynasty , like the fashion , the catfights and the opulence of it all , is of course in our show . It would n't be Dynasty otherwise . '' The new series finds heiress Fallon Carrington facing off against her soon - to - be stepmother Cristal , a Hispanic woman . Patrick said , `` It was important to me as a working woman to have two women fighting over the future of the dynasty . '' Schwartz said of the rival characters : Even when you watch the original , Fallon is a character who feels as if she can exist in 2017 . She just pops off the screen , and she can take on Krystle , who , in the original , was pure and the moral center of the show . With this new Cristal , we liked the idea of not letting her be quite as pure and raising some questions about her past and having her stir the pot -- making her more formidable . That really let us lean into this rivalry between Fallon and Cristal . Patrick said , `` We knew in our version -- 2017 -- we wanted Steven 's conflict with Blake to be not about him being gay , but about him being liberal . '' Savage noted , `` With Steven Carrington out and proud , it makes sense for Sammy Jo to be a man . '' Patrick said in August 2017 that Blake 's first wife Alexis would be introduced during the first season , but that the role had yet to be cast . She noted , `` We knew Alexis was coming before we even started shooting the pilot , which allowed us to pave the way for her ... throughout the season , we hear Blake , Steven , and Fallon 's memories about the woman who abandoned their family . So by the time she actually enters the series , we 've established expectations about her character -- which Alexis will happily break . '' The role was cast with Nicollette Sheridan in November 2017 , and she first appeared in episode 16 in March 2018 . The setting was also moved from Denver to Atlanta , in part because of Atlanta 's diversity . Schwartz called the city `` a realistic location of this family to be based out of '' , noting that the Shapiros had arbitrarily picked Denver for the original series and were not creatively attached to it . Patrick said that Atlanta is `` a super diverse population and a great mixture -- where there 's conflict between old money and new money . '' Kelley said , `` This modern version represents a more current picture of what 's happening in America . The diversity of the cast really represents that . '' In the update , chauffeur Michael Culhane and the Colby family are African - American . Also , Cristal 's Venezuelan origins will allow the show to explore the current geopolitics of that country . Patrick said that episode seven , `` A Taste of Your Own Medicine '' , `` brings to a head so many of the stories that we 've been slowly building . It hits the tone of the show perfectly . '' She added : We loved the original Dynasty -- the camp and the big , surprising soapy twists . We also felt very strongly that we needed to earn those . It would have been hard to come out of the gate with an episode like this . You have to be with the characters long enough to start caring about them . We 're cranking up the crazy moving forward . The episode titles are lines of dialogue from the original series . In addition to reworked characters and plotlines , the reboot contains multiple visual homages to the 1980s series , including props and wardrobe . The pilot was filmed in Atlanta . On May 10 , 2017 , the Dynasty reboot received a series order at The CW . A preview trailer was released on May 18 , 2017 . On November 8 , 2017 , The CW picked up the series for a full season of 22 episodes . Sheridan 's casting was a key factor in the decision to give Dynasty a back nine order of episodes after the initial 13 . On April 2 , 2018 , The CW renewed the series for a second season , which will premiere on October 12 , 2018 . Casting ( edit ) Nathalie Kelley was cast as Cristal in January 2017 , followed by Elizabeth Gillies as Fallon , Sam Adegoke as playboy Jeff Colby , and Robert Christopher Riley as Blake 's chauffeur Michael Culhane in February . Next cast were Grant Show as Fallon 's father Blake Carrington , and Rafael de la Fuente as Sam Jones , a gay male version of the original series ' Sammy Jo Carrington , in March . The remaining main cast members are James Mackay as Fallon 's gay brother Steven , and Alan Dale as Carrington majordomo Anders , Additional recurring performers include Nick Wechsler as Cristal 's ex-lover Matthew Blaisdel , Brianna Brown as Matthew 's wife Claudia , and Wakeema Hollis as Jeff 's sister Monica Colby . In November 2017 , Nicollette Sheridan was cast in the role of Blake 's ex-wife Alexis Carrington , and was later promoted to series regular status for season two . Other guest stars include Elena Tovar as Iris Machado , Cristal 's sister and Sam 's mother , Bill Smitrovich as Thomas Carrington , Blake 's estranged father , and Hakeem Kae - Kazim as Cesil Colby , Jeff and Monica 's father . In June 2018 , Kelley told E ! News that she would not be returning for season two . Music ( edit ) The pilot includes a flashback of a young Steven playing the original Dynasty theme by Bill Conti on piano . An updated , 15 - second version debuted as an opening credits sequence in the 1980s - themed third episode , `` Guilt is for Insecure People '' , but is only used in some episodes . Composer Paul Leonard - Morgan worked with Troy Nõka to get `` an ' 80s - rock vibe '' for the song , to match Leonard - Morgan 's soundtrack for the series . The new theme was recorded with an orchestra at Capitol Records in Hollywood , featuring Los Angeles Philharmonic lead trumpet player Tom Hooten . Broadcast ( edit ) Dynasty premiered on The CW in the United States on Wednesday , October 11 , 2017 , with the season 2 premiere of Riverdale as its lead - in . Netflix acquired the exclusive international broadcast rights to Dynasty , making it available as an original series on the platform less than a day after their original U.S. broadcast . The series moved to Fridays starting with the fourteenth episode . Season two will begin airing on October 12 , 2018 . Leslie Moonves , the head of CBS Corporation , said in 2017 , `` We own 100 percent of ( Dynasty ) , and we 've already licensed it to Netflix in 188 countries ... So this means Dynasty is profitable before it even hits the air . '' The CW 's president Mark Pedowitz said in January 2018 , `` I 'm disappointed in the ratings , I wanted it to do more , but I 'm happy with the production values that Josh , Steph and Sallie are doing . There are changes coming , I 'm thrilled to have Nicollette ( Sheridan ) ... I 'm looking forward to Nicollette and Liz ( Gillies ) really going at it as a mother - daughter situation , and I think that will add some juice to the show . '' Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( episodes 1 - 13 ) Friday 8 : 00 pm ( episodes 14 - 22 ) 22 October 11 , 2017 1.26 May 11 , 2018 0.56 2017 -- 18 203 0.97 0.3 Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 53 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.59 / 10 based on 40 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Dynasty 's revival retains enough of its predecessor 's over-the - top allure to offer a glamorous guilty pleasure in its first season , even if it never quite recaptures the magic of the original . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 52 out of 100 based on 17 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Chris Harnick of E ! Online called the pilot `` soapy and fun '' , adding that the series is `` a worthy heir to the original show and Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage 's previous offering Gossip Girl and The O.C. '' . Adweek called the pilot inferior to Gossip Girl and the original Dynasty , but suggested that its pairing with Riverdale `` could provide audiences a guilty - pleasure double - feature '' . Tierney Bricker of E ! Online dubbed Kelley `` this season 's breakout star '' , with Gillies `` hot on her Louboutin heels '' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 Dorian Awards Campy TV Show of the Year Dynasty Nominated Home media ( edit ) DVD Name Ep # Release Date Dynasty : Season One 22 September 25 , 2018 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Fall TV First Impression : Dynasty '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Showatch : Dynasty '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Champagne , Christine ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` At First Sight '' . Emmy . Vol. 39 no . 7 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nguyen , Hanh ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty : 4 Ways CW 's Reboot Has Updated the Series to Be More Inclusive and Tolerant '' . IndieWire . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Spencer , Ashley ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` This Dynasty Character Is Not Returning For Season 2 '' . E ! Online . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Dynasty Promotes Nicollette Sheridan to Series Regular for Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Empire , Survivor , Goldbergs , Blacklist adjust up , Dynasty adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Survivor , Goldbergs , SEAL Team adjust up , Criminal Minds adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Blacklist and Designated Survivor adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` World Series ends big , Survivor , Goldbergs , Blacklist , Speechless adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Empire , SVU , CMAs and others unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Goldbergs adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Empire adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Survivor , SVU and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Survivor and Speechless adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Riverdale , X-Files and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Match Game adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` The Amazing Race adjusts up , The Blacklist adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Riverdale adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Blue Bloods , Agents of SHIELD , Taken , Confronting Putin adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` NCAA Tournament adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` NCAA Tournament and Dynasty adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Blindspot adjusts up , Dynasty adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` Dynasty adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` MacGyver , Blindspot and all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Dynasty and Life Sentence adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` Blue Bloods finale adjusts up , Meghan Markle special adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ; O'Connell , Michael ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Dynasty Reboot in the Works at The CW '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Dynasty Reboot Set At the CW With Josh Schwartz & Stephanie Savage '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` 10 Ways CW 's Dynasty Reboot Will Be Different From the Original '' . Variety . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dynasty Aims To Be The Sexiest , Most Progressive Primetime Soap Ever '' . IndieWire . October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Massbrook , Nicole ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty Star Rafael De La Fuente Says Sammy Joe Is Still ' Naughty ' '' . International Business Times . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Highfill , Samantha ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Dynasty first look : Nicollette Sheridan makes her entrance as Alexis Carrington '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Michael ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Nicollette Sheridan Steps Into Joan Collins ' Shoes for CW 's Dynasty Reboot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty Casts Nicollette Sheridan as Alexis Carrington '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` The CW Boss On Supernatural 's Future & Possible Spinoff , Dynasty Tweaks , Valor 's Fate & Sabrina 's Move To Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty Boss Breaks Down Claudia 's Reveal , the Show 's New Direction : ' We 're Cranking Up the Crazy ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick , Sallie ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty showrunner reveals the Alexis Carrington cameo you might 've missed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick , Sallie ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty showrunner takes you behind the scenes of that drama - filled gala '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick , Sallie ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty showrunner shares secrets from ' Company Slut ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Newest TV shows shooting in Atlanta : 3000 Lb Family , Dynasty pilot , Queer Eye for the Straight Guy revival '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty Reboot , Military Drama Valor Land Series Orders at CW '' . Variety . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Emma ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Everything we know about the Dynasty remake '' . BBC . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty Reboot Picked Up To Series At the CW '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty Trailer : First Look At The CW Reboot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty : CW Previews Their Steamy Reboot Series '' . TVSeriesFinale.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty Gets Full - Season Pickup From the CW , No Back Order For Valor '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Riverdale , Flash , Supernatural Among 10 CW Renewals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Michael ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` CW Fall Premiere Dates : New Sunday Schedule Set for October '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty : Nathalie Kelley Cast As Lead In The CW Reboot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` The CW 's Dynasty Reboot Casts Its Star '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Elizabeth Gillies Joins The CW 's Dynasty Reboot ; William Miller Cast In Searchers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty : Sam Adegoke To Star In The CW Reboot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty : CW Reboot Casts Robert Christopher Riley ; Valor Adds Charlie Barnett '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty : Grant Show To Star As Blake Carrington In The CW Reboot Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Empire Star Cast as Hispanic , Gay Male Version of Dynasty 's Sammy Jo '' . Daytime Confidential . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty : Rafael de la Fuente Joins The CW Pilot ; W. Tré Davis In Valor '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Cassie ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ready for a catfight ? The CW to air modern - day Dynasty revival '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` The O.C. Alum Alan Dale Joins CW 's Dynasty Reboot '' . Variety . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trailer For The CW 's Dynasty -- Nick Wechsler '' . Crashdown.com . May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` The CW 's Dynasty Pilot : Devious Maids ' Brianna Brown Guest - Stars as Claudia '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` General Hospital 's Rick Hearst to Appear on Dynasty ! '' . ABC Soaps in Depth . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cushman , Dustin ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Rick Hearst Announces Dynasty Reboot Role on the CW '' . Soaps.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dynasty Episode Description : ' Rotten Things ' '' . The CW Press . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Stewart ( November 24 , 2017 ) . `` Hakeem Kae - Kazim to Play Cesil Colby in Dynasty '' . Variety . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Dynasty : Lead Cast Member Not Returning For Season 2 of the CW Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( June 23 , 2018 ) . `` Dynasty star says she ' wo n't be returning for season 2 ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , Maria Elena ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the Opening Credits for the CW 's Dynasty Reboot '' . Vulture . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For Dynasty & Valor And Returning Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty : Netflix To Distribute The CW Reboot Internationally Via Deal With CBS Studios Int'l '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 114 ) `` The Gospel According to Blake Carrington '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cancel Bear vs. The CW , week 3 : Dynasty 's slow start wo n't matter '' . TV by the Numbers . October 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , Big Bang Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dynasty : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dynasty ( 2017 ) -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rapid - Fire Reviews : All Hail Dynasty 's Soapy Return on The CW ! '' . E ! News . September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Jason ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty Could Help The CW Improve Its Batting Average This Fall '' . Adweek . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Call Me by Your Name Leads Dorian Award Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Dynasty on IMDb Dynasty Characters Blake Carrington Krystle Carrington Fallon Carrington Colby Steven Carrington Jeff Colby Claudia Blaisdel Carrington Alexis Colby Sammy Jo Carrington Adam Carrington Kirby Anders Dex Dexter Dominique Deveraux Amanda Carrington 1981 characters 2017 characters Carrington family Related topics Episodes Dynasty : The Reunion The Colbys Episodes Dynasty : The Making of a Guilty Pleasure Dynasty ( 2017 TV series ) season 1 The CW original programming Former 2000s debuts 13 : Fear Is Real 4Real 7th Heaven 90210 Aliens in America All of Us America 's Next Top Model The Beautiful Life : TBL Beauty and the Geek Crowned : The Mother of All Pageants CW Now Easy Money Everybody Hates Chris Farmer Wants a Wife The Game Gilmore Girls Girlfriends Gossip Girl Hidden Palms Hitched or Ditched In Harm 's Way Judge Jeanine Pirro Life Is Wild Melrose Place One Tree Hill Online Nation Privileged Pussycat Dolls Present Reaper Reba Runaway Smallville Stylista The Tyra Banks Show The Vampire Diaries Valentine Veronica Mars WWE Friday Night SmackDown 2010s debuts 18 to Life Beauty & the Beast The Bill Cunningham Show ( daytime ) Breaking Pointe Capture The Carrie Diaries The Catalina Cedric 's Barber Battle Containment Cult Dates Emily Owens , M.D. Famous in 12 Fly Girls Frequency H8R Hart of Dixie Hellcats High Society The L.A. Complex Life Sentence Life Unexpected Lifechangers MADtv The Messengers Nikita No Tomorrow Oh Sit ! The Next : Fame Is at Your Doorstep Perfect Score Plain Jane Reign Remodeled Ringer The Robert Irvine Show The Secret Circle Shedding for the Wedding Significant Mother Star - Crossed The Tomorrow People Valor A Wicked Offer WWE Saturday Morning Slam Current The 100 ( since 2014 ) Arrow ( since 2012 ) Black Lightning ( since 2018 ) Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ( since 2015 ) Dynasty ( since 2017 ) The Flash ( since 2014 ) iZombie ( since 2015 ) Jane the Virgin ( since 2014 ) Legends of Tomorrow ( since 2016 ) Masters of Illusion ( since 2014 ) The Originals ( since 2013 ) The Outpost ( since 2018 ) Penn & Teller : Fool Us ( since 2014 ) Riverdale ( since 2017 ) Supergirl ( since 2016 ) Supernatural ( since 2006 ) Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( since 2013 ) Upcoming All American ( 2018 ) Burden of Truth ( 2018 ) Charmed ( 2018 ) In the Dark ( TBA ) Legacies ( 2018 ) Roswell , New Mexico ( TBA ) Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dynasty_(2017_TV_series)&oldid=850492323 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2017 American television series debuts American LGBT - related television shows American television soap operas The CW shows Dynasty ( TV series ) English - language television programs Gay - related television programs LGBT - related drama television series Media portrayals of the upper class Serial drama television series Television series about dysfunctional families Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series reboots Television shows filmed in Atlanta Television shows set in Atlanta Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 06 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is season 2 of dynasty coming back | [
"The pilot, which was announced in September 2016, was ordered to series in May 2017. Dynasty premiered on October 11, 2017, on The CW in the United States, and on Netflix internationally a day later. On November 8, 2017, The CW picked up the series for a full season of 22 episodes. On April 2, 2018, The CW renewed the series for a second season, which is set to premiere on October 12, 2018.\n"
] | [
"October 12, 2018"
] |
-6935020672107755599 | Book of Common Prayer | Book of Common Prayer - wikipedia Book of Common Prayer Jump to : navigation , search `` Common Prayer '' redirects here . For the musicians , see Common Prayer ( band ) . For the novel , see A Book of Common Prayer . A 1760 printing of the 1662 Book of Common Prayer Part of a series on Anglicanism Theology Christian theology Anglican doctrine Thirty - nine Articles Books of Homilies Caroline Divines Lambeth Quadrilateral Episcopal polity Sacraments Mary Ministry and worship Ministry Music Eucharist King James Version Book of Common Prayer Liturgical year Churchmanship High Low Central Broad Monasticism Saints Christianity Jesus Christ Paul Christian Church First seven Ecumenical Councils Background and history Celtic Christianity Augustine of Canterbury Bede Medieval cathedral architecture Henry VIII English Reformation Thomas Cranmer Dissolution of Monasteries Church of England Edward VI Elizabeth I Parker Hooker James I Charles I Laud Nonjuring schism Anglo - Catholicism Oxford Movement Anglican Communion Anglican Communion history Archbishop of Canterbury Anglican Communion Primates ' Meetings Lambeth Conference Bishops Anglican Consultative Council Ecumenism Ordination of women Windsor Report Continuing Anglicanism Anglican realignment Bartonville Agreement Congress of St. Louis North American Anglican Conference Anglicanism portal The Book of Common Prayer ( BCP ) , originally The boke of the common praier and administracion of the sacramentes : and other rites and ceremonies of the Churche : after the use of the Churche of Englande , is the short title of a number of related prayer books used in the Anglican Communion , as well as by the Continuing Anglican , `` Anglican realignment '' and other Anglican Christian churches . The original book , published in 1549 in the reign of Edward VI , was a product of the English Reformation following the break with Rome . Prayer books , unlike books of prayers , contain the words of structured ( or liturgical ) services of worship . The work of 1549 was the first prayer book to include the complete forms of service for daily and Sunday worship in English . It contained Morning Prayer , Evening Prayer , the Litany , and Holy Communion and also the occasional services in full : the orders for Baptism , Confirmation , Marriage , `` prayers to be said with the sick '' , and a funeral service . It also set out in full the `` propers '' ( that is the parts of the service which varied week by week or , at times , daily throughout the Church 's Year ) : the collects and the epistle and gospel readings for the Sunday Communion Service . Old Testament and New Testament readings for daily prayer were specified in tabular format as were the Psalms ; and canticles , mostly biblical , that were provided to be said or sung between the readings ( Careless 2003 , p. 26 ) . The 1549 book was soon succeeded by a more reformed revision in 1552 under the same editorial hand , that of Thomas Cranmer , Archbishop of Canterbury . It was used only for a few months , as after Edward VI 's death in 1553 , his half - sister Mary I restored Roman Catholic worship . Mary died in 1558 and , in 1559 , Elizabeth I reintroduced the 1552 book with a few modifications to make it acceptable to more traditionally minded worshippers , notably the inclusion of the words of administration from the 1549 Communion Service alongside those of 1552 . In 1604 , James I ordered some further changes , the most significant of these being the addition to the Catechism of a section on the Sacraments . Following the tumultuous events leading to and including the English Civil War , another major revision was published in 1662 ( Church of England 1662 ) . That edition has remained the official prayer book of the Church of England , although in the 21st century , alternative provision under the title Common Worship has largely displaced the Book of Common Prayer at the main Sunday worship service of most English parish churches . A Book of Common Prayer with local variations is used in churches inside and outside the Anglican Communion in over 50 different countries and in over 150 different languages ( Careless 2003 , p. 23 ) . In many parts of the world , other books have replaced it in regular weekly worship . Traditional English Lutheran , Methodist and Presbyterian prayer books have borrowed from the Book of Common Prayer and the marriage and burial rites have found their way into those of other denominations and into the English language . Like the King James Version of the Bible and the works of Shakespeare , many words and phrases from the Book of Common Prayer have entered common parlance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Full name 2 History 2.1 Background 2.2 Prayer Books of Edward VI 2.2. 1 1549 2.2. 2 1552 2.3 English Prayer Book during the reign of Mary I 2.4 1559 Prayer Book 2.5 Changes in 1604 2.6 Changes made in Scotland 2.7 1662 2.8 Further attempts at revision 2.8. 1 1662 -- 1832 2.8. 2 1833 -- 1906 2.8. 3 1906 -- 2000 3 In the Anglican Communion 3.1 Africa 3.2 Asia 3.2. 1 China and Hong Kong 3.2. 2 India 3.2. 3 Japan 3.2. 4 Korea 3.2. 5 Philippines 3.3 Europe 3.3. 1 Ireland 3.3. 2 Portugal 3.3. 3 Spain 3.3. 4 Wales 3.3. 5 Isle of Man 3.4 Oceania 3.4. 1 Aotearoa , New Zealand , Polynesia 3.4. 2 Australia 3.5 North and Central America 3.5. 1 Canada 3.5. 2 Indigenous languages 3.5. 2.1 Ojibwa 3.5. 3 United States 4 Roman Catholic adaptations 5 Religious influence 6 Literary influence 7 Copyright status 8 See also 9 Editions 10 Notes and references 10.1 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Full name ( edit ) The full name of the 1662 Book of Common Prayer is The Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments and other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church , according to the use of the Church of England , Together with the Psalter or Psalms of David , pointed as they are to be Sung or said in churches : And the Form and Manner of Making , ordaining , and Consecrating of Bishops , Priests , and Deacons . History ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The forms of parish worship in the late medieval church in England , which followed the Latin Roman Rite , varied according to local practice . By far the most common form , or `` use '' , found in Southern England was that of Sarum ( Salisbury ) . There was no single book ; the services that would be provided by the Book of Common Prayer were to be found in the Missal ( the Eucharist ) , the Breviary ( daily offices ) , Manual ( the occasional services of Baptism , Marriage , Burial etc . ) , and Pontifical ( services appropriate to a bishop -- Confirmation , Ordination ) ( Harrison & Sansom 1982 , p. 29 ) . The chant ( plainsong , plainchant ) for worship was contained in the Roman Gradual for the Mass and in the Antiphoner for the offices . The Book of Common Prayer has never contained prescribed music or chant ; however , John Merbecke produced his Booke of Common Praier noted in 1550 which set what would have been the proper of the Mass ( Kyrie , Gloria , Creed , etc . ) in the new BCP to simple plainchant inspired by Sarum Use . The work of producing a liturgy in the English language books was largely done by Thomas Cranmer , Archbishop of Canterbury , starting cautiously in the reign of Henry VIII , and then more radically under his son Edward VI . In his early days Cranmer was somewhat conservative : an admirer , if a critical one , of John Fisher . It may have been his visit to Germany in 1532 ( where he secretly married ) which began the change in his outlook . Then in 1538 , as Henry began diplomatic negotiations with Lutheran princes , Cranmer came face to face with a Lutheran embassy ( MacCulloch 1996 , p. 215 ) . The Exhortation and Litany , the earliest English - language service of the Church of England , was the first overt manifestation of his changing views . It was no mere translation from the Latin : its Protestant character is made clear by the drastic reduction of the place of saints , compressing what had been the major part into three petitions ( Procter & Frere 1965 , p. 31 ) . Published in 1544 , it borrowed greatly from Martin Luther 's Litany and Myles Coverdale 's New Testament and was the only service that might be considered to be `` Protestant '' to be finished within the lifetime of King Henry VIII . Prayer books of Edward VI ( edit ) 1549 ( edit ) Cranmer 's 1549 Book of Common Prayer It was only on Henry 's death in 1547 and the accession of Edward VI that revision could proceed faster . Cranmer finished his work on an English Communion rite in 1548 , obeying an order of Convocation of the previous year that communion was to be given to the people as both bread and wine . The ordinary Roman Rite of the Mass had made no provision for any congregation present to receive communion in both species . So , Cranmer composed in English an additional rite of congregational preparation and communion ( based on the form of the Sarum rite for Communion of the Sick ) , to be undertaken immediately following the communion , in both kinds , of the priest . Further developed , and fully translated into English , this Communion service ' commonly called the Mass ' was included , one year later , in 1549 , in a full prayer book , set out with daily offices , readings for Sundays and Holy Days , the Communion Service , Public Baptism , of Confirmation , of Matrimony , The Visitation of the Sick , At a Burial and the Ordinal ( added in 1550 ) ( Gibson 1910 ) . The Preface to this edition , which contained Cranmer 's explanation as to why a new prayer book was necessary , began : `` There was never any thing by the wit of man so well devised , or so sure established , which in continuance of time hath not been corrupted . '' Although the work is commonly attributed to Cranmer , its detailed origins are obscure ( Procter & Frere 1965 , p. 45 ) ( MacCulloch 1996 , p. 414 ) . A group of bishops and divines met first at Chertsey and then at Windsor in 1548 , drawn from both conservatives and reformers , agreed only `` the service of the church ought to be in the mother tongue '' ( Procter & Frere 1965 , p. 47 ) . Cranmer collected the material from many sources ; even the opening of Preface ( above ) was borrowed ( MacCulloch 1996 , p. 225 ) . He borrowed much from German sources , particularly from work commissioned by Hermann von Wied , Archbishop of Cologne ; and also from Osiander ( to whom he was related by marriage ) ( MacCulloch 1996 , p. 414 ) . The Church Order of Brandenberg and Nuremberg was partly the work of the latter . Many phrases are characteristic of the German reformer Martin Bucer , or of the Italian Peter Martyr , ( who was staying with Cranmer at the time of the finalising of drafts ) , or of his chaplain , Thomas Becon . However , to Cranmer is `` credited the overall job of editorship and the overarching structure of the book '' including the systematic amendment of his materials to remove any idea that human merit contributed to their salvation ( MacCulloch 1996 , p. 417 ) . The Communion service of 1549 maintained the format of distinct rites of consecration and communion , that had been introduced the previous year ; but with the Latin rite of the Mass ( chiefly following the familiar structure in the Use of Sarum ) , translated into English . By outwardly maintaining familiar forms , Cranmer hoped to establish the practice of weekly congregational communion , and included exhortations to encourage this ; and instructions that communion should never be received by the priest alone . This represented a radical change from late medieval practice -- whereby the primary focus of congregational worship was taken to be attendance at the consecration , and adoration of the elevated consecrated host . In late medieval England , congregations regularly received communion only at Easter ; and otherwise individual lay people might expect to receive communion only when gravely ill , or in the form of a Nuptial Mass on being married . Doctrinally and most importantly Cranmer deleted any reference that the Eucharist is the Church 's offering and an objective and material sacrifice by the Church to God in union with Christ was omitted from the Prayer of Consecration as had been the belief since the mid-second century as stated in the Consecration Prayers . Although fully aware of this Cranmer demonstrated his opposition to ancient practice ( The Study of Liturgy , Editors , Jones , Wainwright , Yarnold SJ and Bradshaw , Revised Ediition 1992 , p. 101 - 105 ) by omitting oblationary language in the prayer as it continued immediately after the Words of the Institution , `` wherefore O Lord and Heavenly Father , according to the institution of thy dearly beloved Son our Saviour Jesus Christ , we , thy humble servants , do celebrate and make here thy Divine Majesty , with these they holy gifts , the memorial thy Son has willeth to make . '' Absent is an oblation of the gifts signified by language such as `` which we present unto thee , '' or `` bring before thee '' or `` offer unto thee . '' He made sure in the Second Prayer Book Rite that no possible association could be made : the Prayer of Consecration ended with the Words of Institution . He also omitted the Epiclesis from the Second Book . The recovery of oblation and the epiclesis would have to wait until the Scottish Non-Jurors in the 18th century did so , `` which we now offer unto thee , '' placed after `` holy gifts . '' The Episcopal Church USA adopted the formula in 1789 : six words added to a modified version of the 1549 Prayer in effect repudiated Cranmer 's theology of sacrifice which restricted to the communicants ' offering themselves in an optional thanksgiving prayer . As for his theology of Christ 's Presence it was Calvinistic Virtualism : Christ is present by the power of the Holy Spirit . However the 1549 Rite is ambiguous about this referring to the Eucharist as spiritual food but in to the Real Presence in the Words of Administration , `` The Body of our Lord Jesus Christ , '' `` The Blood of our Lord Jesus Christ . '' The Non-Juror Rite asserted a kind of Virtualism while making the Eucharist a proper sacrifice , op . cit . p. 108 , while the Elizabethan Settlement in one of the first moves to undo Cranmer left open the question of the Real Presence because the Queen insisted that the Words of Administration be from the 1549 Book where the doctrine was implicit and include also the words from the 1552 Book which are Receptionism . The 1559 Book retained the truncated Prayer of Consecration which omitted any notion of objective sacrifice . It would be a long road back for the Church of England with no clear indication that it would retreat from the 1559 Settlement except for minor official changes . However , from the 17th century some prominent Anglican theologians tried to cast a more traditional interpretation onto it though the words of the rite might not carry . It not be until the Oxford Movement of the 19th century and 20th century revisions that the Church of England would attempt to deal with the Eucharisitic doctrines of Cranmer - focused on Receiving Christ , Virtiual Presence , Receptionism , and the eucharistic sacrifice confined to an optional Thanksgiving Prayer said by the communicants empowered to do so by having received - by bringing the Church back to `` pre-Reformation doctrine , '' ibid . p. 108 , which among other matters sees the congregation first offering itself through the Consecrated Elements , the Gifts of God , before receiving the same . Cranmer 's work of simplification and revision was also applied to the Daily Offices , which were to become Morning , and Evening Prayer ; and which he hoped would also serve as a daily form of prayer to be used by the Laity , thus replacing both the late medieval lay observation of the Latin Hours of the Virgin , and its English equivalent , the Primer . This simplification was anticipated by the work of Cardinal Francis Quiñones , a Spanish Franciscan , in his abortive revision of the Roman Breviary published in 1537 ( Procter & Frere 1965 , p. 27 ) . Cranmer took up Quiñones 's principle that everything should be sacrificed to secure continuity in singing the Psalter and reading the Bible . His first draft , produced during Henry 's reign , retained the traditional seven distinct Canonical hours of Office prayer ; but in his second draft , while he retained the Latin , he consolidated these into two ( Procter & Frere 1965 , p. 34 ) . The 1549 book then dispensed with the Latin , and with all non-biblical readings ; and established a rigorously biblical cycle of readings for Morning and Evening Prayer ( set according to the calendar year , rather than the ecclesiastical year ) and a Psalter to be read consecutively throughout each month . The readings provided that the New Testament ( other than the Book of Revelation ) be read through three times in a year , while the Old Testament , including the Apocrypha would be read through once . Of the set canticles , only the Te Deum was retained of the non-biblical material . Introduced on Whitsunday 1549 , after considerable debate and revision in Parliament -- but there is no evidence that it was ever submitted to either Convocation -- it was said to have pleased neither reformers nor their opponents , indeed the Catholic Bishop Gardiner could say of it was that it `` was patient of a catholic interpretation '' . It was clearly unpopular in the parishes of Devon and Cornwall where , along with severe social problems , its introduction was one of the causes of the `` commotions '' , or rebellions in the summer of that year , partly because many Cornish people lacked sufficient English to understand it ( Duffy ( b ) 2003 , pp. 131ff ) , ( Caraman 1994 ) . ( It appears that it was far less significant in the other `` commotions '' in the Home Counties and the `` Eastern Rebellion '' . ) ( MacCulloch 1996 , pp. 431ff ) Particularly unpopular was the banning of processions and the sending out of commissioners to enforce the new requirements . There was widespread opposition to the introduction of regular congregational Communion , partly because the extra costs of bread and wine that would fall on the parish ; but mainly out of an intense resistance to undertaking in regular worship , a religious practice previously associated with marriage or illness . 1552 ( edit ) Cranmer 's Prayer book of 1552 The 1549 book was , from the outset , intended only as a temporary expedient , as Bucer was assured having met Cranmer for the first time in April 1549 : ' concessions ... made both as a respect for antiquity and to the infirmity of the present age ' as he wrote ( MacCulloch 1996 , p. 411 ) . Both Bucer and Peter Martyr wrote detailed proposals for modification ; Bucer 's Censura ran to 28 chapters which influenced Cranmer significantly though he did not follow them slavishly and the new book was duly produced in 1552 , making `` fully perfect '' what was already implicit ( Procter & Frere 1965 , p. 71 ) ( MacCulloch 1996 , p. 505 ) . The policy of incremental reform was now unveiled : more Roman Catholic practices were now excised , as doctrines had in 1549 been subtly changed . Thus , in the Eucharist , gone were the words Mass and altar ; the ' Lord have mercy ' was interleaved into a recitation of the Ten Commandments and the Gloria was removed to the end of the service . The Eucharistic prayer was split in two so that Eucharistic bread and wine were shared immediately after the words of institution ( This is my Body ... This is my blood ... in remembrance of me . ) ; while its final element , the Prayer of Oblation , ( with its reference to an offering of a ' Sacrifice of praise and thanksgiving ' ) , was transferred , much changed , to a position after the priest and congregation had received Communion , and was made optional to an alternative prayer of thanksgiving . The Elevation of the Host had been forbidden in 1549 ; all manual acts were now omitted . The words at the administration of Communion which , in the prayer book of 1549 described the Eucharistic species as ' The body of our Lorde Jesus Christe ... ' , ' The blood of our Lorde Jesus Christe ... ' were replaced with the words ' Take , eat , in remembrance that Christ died for thee ... ' etc . The Peace , at which in the early Church the congregation had exchanged a greeting , was removed altogether . Vestments such as the stole , chasuble and cope were no longer to be worn , but only a surplice , removing all elements of sacrificial offering from the Latin Mass ; so that it should cease to be seen as a ritual at which the priest , on behalf of the flock gave Christ to God ; and might rather be seen as a ritual whereby Christ shared his body and blood , according to a different sacramental theology , with the faithful . Cranmer recognized that the 1549 rite of Communion had been capable of conservative misinterpretation and misuse in that the consecration rite might still be undertaken even when no congregational Communion followed . Consequently , in 1552 he thoroughly integrated Consecration and Communion into a single rite , with congregational preparation preceding the words of institution -- such that it would not be possible to mimic the Mass with the priest communicating alone . He appears nevertheless , to have been resigned to being unable for the present to establish in parishes the weekly practice of receiving Communion ; so he restructured the service so as to allow ante - Communion as a distinct rite of worship -- following the Communion rite through the readings and offertory , as far as the intercessory `` Prayer for the Church Militant '' . Diarmaid MacCulloch suggests that Cranmer 's own Eucharistic theology in these years approximated most closely to that of Heinrich Bullinger ; but that he intended the Prayer Book to be acceptable to the widest range of Reformed Eucharistic belief , including the high sacramental theology of Bucer and John Calvin ( MacCulloch 1996 , p. 615 ) . At the same time , however , Cranmer intended that constituent parts of the rites gathered into the Prayer Book should still , so far as possible , be recognizably derived from traditional forms and elements . In the baptism service , the signing with the cross was moved until after the baptism and the exorcism , the anointing , the putting on of the chrysom robe and the triple immersion were omitted . Most drastic of all was the removal of the Burial service from church : it was to take place at the graveside ( Spinks 1999 , p. 187 ) . In 1549 , there had been provision for a Requiem ( not so called ) and prayers of commendation and committal , the first addressed to the deceased . All that remained was a single reference to the deceased , giving thanks for their delivery from ' the myseryes of this sinneful world ' . This new Order for the Burial of the Dead was a drastically stripped - down memorial service designed to undermine definitively the whole complex of traditional beliefs about Purgatory and intercessory prayer ( Procter & Frere 1965 , p. 81 ) ( Duffy ( a ) 1992 , pp. 472 -- 5 ) . In other respects , however , both the Baptism and Burial services imply a theology of salvation that accords notably less with Reformed teachings than do the counterpart passages in the Thirty - Nine Articles of Religion . In the Burial service , the possibility that a deceased person who has died in the faith may nevertheless not be counted amongst God 's elect , is not entertained . In the Baptism service the priest explicitly pronounces the baptised infant as being now regenerate . In both cases , conformity with strict Reformed Protestant principles would have resulted in a conditional formulation . The continued inconsistency between the Articles of Religion and the Prayer Book remained a point of contention for Puritans ; and would in the 19th century come close to tearing the Church of England apart , through the course of the Gorham judgement . The Orders of Morning and Evening Prayer were extended by the inclusion of a penitential section at the beginning including a corporate confession of sin and a general absolution , although the text was printed only in Morning Prayer with rubrical directions to use it in the evening as well . The general pattern of Bible reading in 1549 was retained ( as it was in 1559 ) except that distinct Old and New Testament readings were now specified for Morning and Evening Prayer on certain feast days . Following the publication of the 1552 Prayer Book , a revised English Primer was published in 1553 ; adapting the Offices and Morning and Evening Prayer , and other prayers , for lay domestic piety ( MacCulloch 1996 , p. 510 ) . English Prayer Book during the reign of Mary I ( edit ) The 1552 book , however , was used only for a short period , as Edward VI had died in the summer of 1553 and , as soon as she could do so , Mary I , restored union with Rome . The Latin Mass was re-established , altars , roods and statues were reinstated ; an attempt was made to restore the English Church to its Roman affiliation . Cranmer was punished for his work in the English Reformation by being burned at the stake on 21 March 1556 . Nevertheless , the 1552 book was to survive . After Mary 's death in 1558 , it became the primary source for the Elizabethan Book of Common Prayer , with subtle if significant changes only . Hundreds of Protestants fled into exile -- establishing an English church in Frankfurt am Main . A bitter and very public dispute ensued between those , such as Edmund Grindal and Richard Cox , who wished to preserve in exile the exact form of worship of the 1552 Prayer Book ; and those , such as John Knox the minister of the congregation , who regarded that book as still partially tainted with compromise . Eventually , in 1555 , the civil authorities expelled Knox and his supporters to Geneva , where they adopted a new prayer book , The Form of Prayers , which derived principally from Calvin 's French La Forme des Prières ( Maxwell 1965 , p. 5 ) . Consequently , when the accession of Elizabeth I re-asserted the dominance of the reformed Church of England , there remained a significant body of more Protestant believers who were nevertheless hostile to the Book of Common Prayer . John Knox took The Form of Prayers with him to Scotland , where it formed the basis of the Scottish Book of Common Order . 1559 Prayer Book ( edit ) Prayer book of 1559 . Under Elizabeth I , a more permanent enforcement of the reformed Church of England was undertaken and the 1552 book was republished , scarcely altered , in 1559 ( Procter & Frere 1965 , p. 94 ) . The alterations , though minor , were however to cast a long shadow in the development of the Church of England . One , the `` Ornaments Rubric '' , related to what clergy were to wear while conducting services . Instead of the banning of all vestments except the rochet for bishops and the surplice for parish clergy , it permitted `` such ornaments ... as were in use ... in the second year of K. Edward VI '' . This allowed substantial leeway for more traditionalist clergy to retain some of the vestments which they felt were appropriate to liturgical celebration ( at least until the Queen gave further instructions under the Act of Uniformity of 1559 ) . It was to be the basis of claims in the 19th century that vestments such as chasubles , albs and stoles were legal . At Holy Communion , the words from the 1549 book , `` the Body of our Lord Jesus Christ '' etc. were combined with the words of Edward 's second book , `` Take eat in remembrance '' `` suggesting on the one hand a real presence to those who wished to find it and on the other , the communion as memorial only '' , ( MacCulloch 1990 , p. 27 ) i.e. an objective presence and subjective reception . The instruction to the congregation to kneel when receiving communion was retained ; but the Black Rubric ) # 29 in the Forty - Two Articles of Faith which were reduced to 39 ) which denied any `` real and essential presence '' of Christ 's flesh and blood , was removed to `` conciliate traditionalists '' and aligned with Queen 's sensibilities , ( MacCulloch 1996 , p. 528 ) . The removal of the Black Rubric complements the dual words of administration of communion and permits an action , kneeling to receive , which people were used to doing . The Prayer Book `` ... was a masterpiece of theological engineering , '' ( arv. ( MacCulloch 1990 , p. 27 ) . The doctrines in the Prayer and the Thirty - Nine Articles of Religion would set the tone of Anglicanism which would prefer to steer a Middle Way between Roman Catholicism and radical forms of Protestantism , and avoid being identified as a Confessional Church like Calvinists and Lutherans . The conservative nature of these changes underlines the fact that reformed principles were by no means universally popular -- a fact that the Queen recognised : her revived Act of Supremacy , giving her the ambiguous title of Supreme Governor , passed without difficulty but the Act of Uniformity 1559 , giving statutory force to the Prayer Book , passed through the House of Lords by only three votes. ( Starkey 2001 , p. 284f ) It made constitutional history in being imposed by the laity alone , as all the bishops , except those imprisoned by the Queen and unable to attend , voted against it ( Guy 1988 , p. 262 ) . Convocation had made its position clear by affirming the traditional doctrine of the Eucharist , the authority of the Pope , and the reservation by divine law to clergy `` of handling and defining concerning the things belonging to faith , sacraments , and discipline ecclesiastical '' ( Clarke 1954 , p. 182 ) . After the several innovations and reversals , the new forms of worship took time to settle in . Among Cranmer 's innovations , retained in the new book was the requirement of weekly Holy Communion services . In practice , as before the English Reformation , many received communion rarely , as little as once a year in some cases ; George Herbert estimated it as no more than six times . ( Marsh 1998 , p. 50 ) . Practice , however , varied from place to place : very high attendance at festivals was the order of the day in many parishes and in some regular communion was very popular , in other places families stayed away or sent `` a servant to be the liturgical representative of their household . '' ( Maltby 1998 , p. 123 ) ( Furlong 2000 , p. 43 ) . Few parish clergy were initially licensed to preach by the bishops ; in the absence of a licensed preacher , Sunday services were required to be accompanied by reading one of the homilies written by Cranmer ( Chapman 2006 , p. 29 ) . George Herbert was , however , not alone in his enthusiasm for preaching , which he regarded as one of the prime functions of a parish priest ( Maltby 1998 , p. 67 ) . Music was much simplified and a radical distinction developed between , on the one hand , parish worship where only the metrical psalms of Sternhold and Hopkins might be sung and , on the other hand , worship in churches with organs and surviving choral foundations , where the music of John Marbeck and others was developed into a rich choral tradition ( Procter & Frere 1965 , p. 125 ) ( Marsh 1998 , p. 31 ) . The whole act of parish worship might take well over two hours ; and accordingly , churches were equipped with pews in which households could sit together ( whereas in the medieval church , men and women had worshipped separately ) . Diarmaid MacCulloch describes the new act of worship as , `` a morning marathon of prayer , scripture reading , and praise , consisting of mattins , litany , and ante - communion , preferably as the matrix for a sermon to proclaim the message of scripture anew week by week . '' ( Furlong 2000 , p. 43 ) . Many ordinary churchgoers -- that is those who could afford a copy as it was expensive -- would own a copy of the prayer book . Judith Maltby cites a story of parishioners at Flixton in Suffolk who brought their own prayer books to church in order to shame their vicar into conforming with it : they eventually ousted him ( Maltby 1998 , p. 44 ) . Between 1549 and 1642 , roughly 290 editions of the prayer book were produced ( Maltby 1998 , p. 24 ) . Before the end of the English Civil War ( 1642 - 1651 ) and the introduction of the 1662 prayer book , something like a half a million prayer books are estimated to have been in circulation ( Maltby 1998 , p. 24 ) . A ( re ) translation into Latin of the 1559 Book of Common Prayer was made in the form of Walter Haddon 's Liber Precum Publicarum of 1560 . Its use was destined for the universities . Changes in 1604 ( edit ) On Elizabeth 's death in 1603 , the 1559 book , substantially that of 1552 which had been regarded as offensive by some , such as Bishop Stephen Gardiner , as being a break with the tradition of the Western Church , had come to be regarded in some quarters as unduly Catholic . On his accession and following the so - called `` Millenary Petition '' , James I called the Hampton Court Conference in 1604 -- the same meeting of bishops and Puritan divines that initiated the Authorized King James Version of the Bible . This was in effect a series of two conferences : ( i ) between James and the bishops ; ( ii ) between James and the Puritans on the following day . The Puritans raised four areas of concern : purity of doctrine ; the means of maintaining it ; church government ; and the Book of Common Prayer . Here Confirmation , the cross in baptism , private baptism , the use of the surplice , kneeling for communion , reading the Apocrypha ; and subscription to the BCP and Articles were all touched on . On the third day , after James had received a report back from the bishops and made final modifications , he announced his decisions to the Puritans and bishops. ( Procter & Frere 1965 , pp. 138 -- 140 ) The business of making the changes was then entrusted to a small committee of bishops and the Privy Council and , apart from tidying up details , this committee introduced into Morning and Evening Prayer a prayer for the Royal Family ; added several thanksgivings to the Occasional Prayers at the end of the Litany ; altered the rubrics of Private Baptism limiting it to the minister of the parish , or some other lawful minister , but still allowing it in private houses ( the Puritans had wanted it only in the church ) ; and added to the Catechism the section on the sacraments . The changes were put into effect by means of an explanation issued by James in the exercise of his prerogative under the terms of the 1559 Act of Uniformity and Act of Supremacy . ( Procter & Frere 1965 , pp. 140 -- 143 ) The accession of Charles I ( 1625 -- 1649 ) brought about a complete change in the religious scene in that the new king used his supremacy over the established church `` to promote his own idiosyncratic style of sacramental Kingship '' which was `` a very weird aberration from the first hundred years of the early reformed Church of England '' . He questioned `` the populist and parliamentary basis of the Reformation Church '' and unsettled to a great extent `` the consensual accommodation of Anglicanism '' ( Davies 1992 , p. 2 , 3 ) and this led to the Civil War and republican Commonwealth . With the defeat of Charles I ( 1625 -- 1649 ) in the Civil War , the Puritan pressure , exercised through a much - changed Parliament , had increased . Puritan - inspired petitions for the removal of the prayer book and episcopacy `` root and branch '' resulted in local disquiet in many places and , eventually , the production of locally organized counter petitions . The parliamentary government had its way but it became clear that the division was not between Catholics and Protestants , but between Puritans and those who valued the Elizabethan settlement . ( Maltby 1998 , p. 24 ) . The 1604 book was finally outlawed by Parliament in 1645 to be replaced by the Directory of Public Worship , which was more a set of instructions than a prayer book . How widely the Directory was used is not certain ; there is some evidence of its having been purchased , in churchwardens ' accounts , but not widely . The Prayer Book certainly was used clandestinely in some places , not least because the Directory made no provision at all for burial services . Following the execution of Charles I in 1649 and the establishment of the Commonwealth under Lord Protector Cromwell , it would not be reinstated until shortly after the restoration of the monarchy to England . John Evelyn records , in Diary , receiving communion according to the 1604 Prayer Book rite : Christmas Day 1657 . I went to London with my wife to celebrate Christmas Day ... Sermon ended , as ( the minister ) was giving us the holy sacrament , the chapel was surrounded with soldiers , and all the communicants and assembly surprised and kept prisoners by them , some in the house , others carried away ... These wretched miscreants held their muskets against us as we came up to receive the sacred elements , as if they would have shot us at the altar . Changes made in Scotland ( edit ) Laud 's abortive 1637 Prayer book . In 1557 , the Scots Protestant lords had adopted the English Prayer Book of 1552 , for reformed worship in Scotland . However , when John Knox returned to Scotland in 1559 , he continued to use the Form of Prayer he had created for the English exiles in Geneva and , in 1564 , this supplanted the Book of Common Prayer under the title of the Book of Common Order . Following the accession of King James VI of Scotland to the throne of England his son , King Charles I , with the assistance of Archbishop Laud , sought to impose the prayer book on Scotland ( Perry 1922 ) . The book concerned was not , however , the 1559 book but very much that of 1549 , the first book of Edward VI . First used in 1637 , it was never accepted , having been violently rejected by the Scots . Following the Wars of the Three Kingdoms ( including the English Civil War ) , the Church of Scotland was re-established on a presbyterian basis but by the Act of Comprehension 1690 , the rump of Episcopalians were allowed to hold onto their benefices . For liturgy they looked to Laud 's book and in 1724 the first of the `` wee bookies '' was published , containing , for the sake of economy , the central part of the Communion liturgy beginning with the offertory ( Perry 1922 , Chapter 4 ) . Between then and 1764 , when a more formal revised version was published , a number of things happened which were to separate the Scottish Episcopal liturgy more firmly from either the English books of 1549 or 1559 . First , informal changes were made to the order of the various parts of the service and inserting words indicating a sacrificial intent to the Eucharist clearly evident in the words , `` we thy humble servants do celebrate and make before thy Divine Majesty with these thy holy gifts which we now OFFER unto thee , the memorial thy Son has commandeth us to make ; '' secondly , as a result of Bishop Rattray 's researches into the liturgies of St James and St Clement , published in 1744 , the form of the invocation was changed . These changes were incorporated into the 1764 book which was to be the liturgy of the Scottish Episcopal Church ( until 1911 when it was revised ) but it was to influence the liturgy of the Episcopal Church in the United States . A completely new revision was finished in 1929 and several alternative orders of the Communion service and other services have been prepared since then . 1662 ( edit ) The 1662 Prayer Book was printed only two years after the restoration of the monarchy , following the Savoy Conference between representative Presbyterians and twelve bishops which was convened by Royal Warrant to `` advise upon and review the Book of Common Prayer '' ( Procter & Frere 1965 , p. 169,170 ) . Attempts by the Presbyterians , led by Richard Baxter , to gain approval for an alternative service book failed . Their major objections ( exceptions ) were : firstly , that it was improper for lay people to take any vocal part in prayer ( as in the Litany or Lord 's Prayer ) , other than to say `` amen '' ; secondly , that no set prayer should exclude the option of an extempore alternative from the minister ; thirdly , that the minister should have the option to omit part of the set liturgy at his discretion ; fourthly , that short collects should be replaced by longer prayers and exhortations ; and fifthly , that all surviving `` Catholic '' ceremonial should be removed. ( Harrison & Sansom 1982 , p. 53 ) Title page of the 1662 Prayer Book The Savoy Conference ended in disagreement late in July 1661 , but the initiative in prayer book revision had already passed to the Convocations and from there to Parliament. ( Procter & Frere 1965 , p. 192f ) The Convocations made some 600 changes , mostly of details , which were `` far from partisan or extreme ''. ( Spurr 1991 , p. 40 ) However , Edwards states that more of the changes suggested by high Anglicans were implemented ( though by no means all ( Edwards 1983 , p. 312 ) ) and Spurr comments that ( except in the case of the Ordinal ) the suggestions of the `` Laudians '' ( Cosin and Matthew Wren ) were not taken up possibly due to the influence of moderates such as Sanderson and Reynolds . For example , the inclusion in the intercessions of the Communion rite of prayer for the dead was proposed and rejected . The introduction of `` Let us pray for the whole state of Christ 's Church militant here in earth '' remained unaltered and only a thanksgiving for those `` departed this life in thy faith and fear '' was inserted to introduce the petition that the congregation might be `` given grace so to follow their good examples that with them we may be partakers of thy heavenly kingdom '' . Griffith Thomas commented that the retention of the words `` militant here in earth '' defines the scope of this petition : we pray for ourselves , we thank God for them , and adduces collateral evidence to this end. ( Griffith Thomas 1963 , pp. 508 -- 521 ) Secondly , an attempt was made to restore the Offertory . This was achieved by the insertion of the words `` and oblations '' into the prayer for the Church and the revision of the rubric so as to require the monetary offerings to be brought to the table ( instead of being put in the poor box ) and the bread and wine placed upon the table . Previously it had not been clear when and how bread and wine got onto the altar . The so - called `` manual acts '' , whereby the priest took the bread and the cup during the prayer of consecration , which had been deleted in 1552 , were restored ; and an `` amen '' was inserted after the words of institution and before communion , hence separating the connections between consecration and communion which Cranmer had tried to make . After communion , the unused but consecrated bread and wine were to be reverently consumed in church rather than being taken away for the priest 's own use . By such subtle means were Cranmer 's purposes further confused , leaving it for generations to argue over the precise theology of the rite . One change made that constituted a concession to the Presbyterian Exceptions , was the updating and re-insertion of the so - called `` Black Rubric '' , which had been removed in 1559 . This now declared that kneeling in order to receive communion did not imply adoration of the species of the Eucharist nor `` to any Corporal Presence of Christ 's natural Flesh and Blood '' -- which , according to the rubric , were in heaven , not here . Unable to accept the new book , 936 ministers were deprived . ( Spurr 1991 , p. 43 : ) In effect , the 1662 Prayer Book marked the end of a period of just over 100 years , when a common form of liturgy served for almost all reformed public worship in England and the start of the continuing division between Anglicans and Nonconformists. ( Edwards 1983 , p. 313 ) The actual language of the 1662 revision was little changed from that of Cranmer . With two exceptions , some words and phrases which had become archaic were modernised ; secondly , the readings for the epistle and gospel at Holy Communion , which had been set out in full since 1549 , were now set to the text of the 1611 Authorized King James Version of the Bible . The Psalter , which had not been printed in the 1549 , 1552 or 1559 books -- was in 1662 provided in Miles Coverdale 's translation from the Great Bible of 1538 . It was this edition which was to be the official Book of Common Prayer during the growth of the British Empire and , as a result , has been a great influence on the prayer books of Anglican churches worldwide , liturgies of other denominations in English , and of the English people and language as a whole . Further attempts at revision ( edit ) 1662 -- 1832 ( edit ) A Collect for 5th November in the Book of Common Prayer published in London in 1689 , referring to the Gunpowder Plot and the arrival of William III . Between 1662 and the 19th century , further attempts to revise the Book in England stalled . On the death of Charles II , his brother James , a Roman Catholic , became James II . James wished to achieve toleration for those of his own Roman Catholic faith , whose practices were still banned . This , however , drew the Presbyterians closer to the Church of England in their common desire to resist ' popery ' ; talk of reconciliation and liturgical compromise was thus in the air . But with the flight of James in 1688 and the arrival of the Calvinist William of Orange the position of the parties changed . The Presbyterians could achieve toleration of their practices without such a right being given to Roman Catholics and without , therefore , their having to submit to the Church of England , even with a liturgy more acceptable to them . They were now in a much stronger position to demand changes that were ever more radical . John Tillotson , Dean of Canterbury pressed the king to set up a commission to produce such a revision ( Fawcett 1973 , p. 26 ) . The so - called Liturgy of Comprehension of 1689 , which was the result , conceded two thirds of the Presbyterian demands of 1661 ; but , when it came to convocation the members , now more fearful of William 's perceived agenda , did not even discuss it and its contents were , for a long time , not even accessible ( Fawcett 1973 , p. 45 ) . This work , however , did go on to influence the prayer books of many British colonies . 1833 -- 1906 ( edit ) Edward Bouverie Pusey , a leader of the Oxford Movement . By the 19th century , pressures to revise the 1662 book were increasing . Adherents of the Oxford Movement , begun in 1833 , raised questions about the relationship of the Church of England to the apostolic church and thus about its forms of worship . Known as Tractarians after their production of Tracts for the Times on theological issues , they advanced the case for the Church of England being essentially a part of the `` Western Church '' , of which the Roman Catholic Church was the chief representative . The illegal use of elements of the Roman rite , the use of candles , vestments and incense -- practices collectively known as Ritualism -- had become widespread and led to the establishment of a new system of discipline , intending to bring the `` Romanisers '' into conformity , through the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874 ( Carpenter 1933 , p. 234 ) . The Act had no effect on illegal practices : five clergy were imprisoned for contempt of court and after the trial of the much loved Bishop Edward King of Lincoln , it became clear that some revision of the liturgy had to be embarked upon ( Carpenter 1933 , p. 246 ) . One branch of the Ritualism movement argued that both `` Romanisers '' and their Evangelical opponents , by imitating , respectively , the Church of Rome and Reformed churches , transgressed the Ornaments Rubric of 1559 ( `` ... that such Ornaments of the Church , and of the Ministers thereof , at all Times of their Ministration , shall be retained , and be in use , as were in this Church of England , by the Authority of Parliament , in the Second Year of the Reign of King Edward the Sixth '' ) . These adherents of ritualism , among whom were Percy Dearmer and others , claimed that the Ornaments Rubric prescribed the ritual usages of the Sarum Rite with the exception of a few minor things already abolished by the early reformation . Following a Royal Commission report in 1906 , work began on a new prayer book . It took twenty years to complete , prolonged partly due to the demands of the First World War and partly in the light of the 1920 constitution of the Church Assembly , which `` perhaps not unnaturally wished to do the work all over again for itself '' ( Neill 1960 , p. 395 ) . 1906 -- 2000 ( edit ) In 1927 , the work on a new version of the prayer book reached its final form . In order to reduce conflict with traditionalists , it was decided that the form of service to be used would be determined by each congregation . With these open guidelines , the book was granted approval by the Church of England Convocations and Church Assembly in July 1927 . Since the Church of England Assembly ( Powers ) Act 1919 required measures affecting the Book of Common Prayer to be approved by Parliament before receiving royal assent , the measure authorising its use , together with an annexed copy ( a `` Deposited Book '' ) , was submitted to Parliament . The House of Lords approved the Book by a large majority , but the corresponding resolution in the House of Commons was defeated by thirty - three votes on 15 December 1927 when the MPs William Joynson - Hicks and Rosslyn Mitchell `` reached and inflamed all the latent Protestant prejudices in the House '' and argued strongly against it on the grounds that the proposed book was `` papistical '' , restored the Roman Mass and implied the doctrine of transubstantiation . Early in 1928 , a second measure , the Prayer Book Measure 1928 , was introduced in the Church Assembly proposing to authorise the use of the `` Deposited Book '' with certain amendments which were set out in a schedule to the Measure . This Measure again was approved by large majorities in both the Convocations and the Church Assembly ; but again failed to pass the House of Commons , being defeated by forty - six votes on 14 June 1928 . Writing in 1947 , Cyril Garbett comments : `` The House of Commons was within its constitutional rights in rejecting in a few hours the work of many anxious years . Nonconformist members and members from constituencies which would not have been affected by the Revised Book were only exercising their full legal rights in throwing out a Measure which was approved by the majority of English Members of Parliament . But whatever were the reasons behind the votes of the majority , the rejection of the Measures made it plain that the Church does not possess full spiritual freedom to determine its worship ... '' ( Garbett 1947 , p. 194 ) Stephen Neill points out that the Roman Catholic members of parliament abstained from voting. ( Neill 1960 , p. 397note ) In response to this rejection , the bishops issued a unanimous statement , asserting the Church of England 's right to order its forms of worship and , in 1929 , the Upper House of the Convocation of Canterbury resolved that bishops might approve the use of the 1928 book , notwithstanding the lack of parliamentary authority . It became common for prayer books to be printed with the 1662 and 1928 forms of service in parallel columns , although the legal basis of the revision remained unclear . The 1928 revised forms of Matrimony and Baptism were quite widely adopted , but those of other rites tended not to be ; the consequence , in practice , being very wide variation in liturgical practice from parish to parish , with very few clergy adhering consistently to the strict observation of either the 1662 or the 1928 forms of worship . The effect of the failure of the 1928 book was salutary : no further attempts were made to revise the Book of Common Prayer . Instead a different process , that of producing an alternative book , led to the publication of Series 1 , 2 and 3 in the 1960s , the 1980 Alternative Service Book and subsequently to the 2000 Common Worship series of books . Both differ substantially from the Book of Common Prayer , though the latter includes in the Order Two form of the Holy Communion a very slight revision of the prayer book service , largely along the lines proposed for the 1928 Prayer Book . Order One follows the pattern of modern liturgical scholarship . In the Anglican Communion ( edit ) With British colonial expansion from the 17th century onwards , Anglicanism spread across the globe . The new Anglican churches used and revised the use of the Book of Common Prayer , until they , like the English church , produced prayer books which took into account the developments in liturgical study and practice in the 19th and 20th centuries which come under the general heading of the Liturgical Movement . Africa ( edit ) In South Africa a Book of Common Prayer was `` Set Forth by Authority for Use in the Church of the Province of South Africa '' in 1954 . This prayerbook is still in use in some churches Southern Africa , however it has been largely replaced by An Anglican Prayerbook - 1989 and its translations to the other languages in use in Southern Africa . Asia ( edit ) China and Hong Kong ( edit ) The Book of Common Prayer is translated literally as 公 禱 書 in Chinese ( Mandarin : Gōng dǎo shū ; Cantonese : Gūng tóu syū ) . The former dioceses in the now defunct Chung Hua Sheng Kung Hui had their own Book of Common Prayer . The General Synod and the College of Bishops of Chung Hwa Sheng Kung Hui planned to publish a unified version for the use of all Anglican churches in China in 1949 , which was the 400th anniversary of the first publishing of the Book of Common Prayer . After the communists took over mainland China , the Diocese of Hong Kong and Macao became independent of the Chung Hua Sheng Kung Hui , and continued to use the edition issued in Shanghai in 1938 with a revision in 1959 . This edition , also called the `` Black - Cover Book of Common Prayer '' 黑 皮 公 禱 書 because of its black cover , still remains in use after the establishment of the Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui ( Anglican province in Hong Kong ) . The language style of `` Black - Cover Book of Common Prayer '' is closer to Classical Chinese than contemporary Chinese . India ( edit ) The Church of South India was the first modern Episcopal uniting church , consisting as it did , from its foundation in 1947 , at the time of Indian independence , of Anglicans , Methodists , Congregationalists , Presbyterians and Reformed Christians . Its liturgy , from the first , combined the free use of Cranmer 's language with an adherence to the principles of congregational participation and the centrality of the Eucharist , much in line with the Liturgical Movement . Because it was a minority church of widely differing traditions in a non-Christian culture ( except in Kerala , where Christianity has a long history ) , practice varied wildly . Japan ( edit ) The BCP is called `` Kitōsho '' ( Japanese : 祈祷 書 ) in Japanese . The initial effort to compile such a book in Japanese goes back to 1859 when the missionary societies of the Church of England and of the Episcopal Church of the United States started their work in Japan , later joined by the Anglican Church of Canada in 1888 . PIn 1879 , the Seikōkwai Tō Bun ( Japanese : 聖公 会 祷 文 ) , Anglican Prayer Texts ) were prepared in Japanese As the Anglican Church in Japan was established in 1887 , the Romanized Nippon Seikōkwai Kitō Bun ( Japanese : 日本 聖公 会 祈祷 文 ) were compiled in 1879 . There was a major revision of these texts and the first Kitōsho was born in 1895 , which had the Eucharistic part in both English and American traditions . There were further revisions , and the Kitōsho published in 1939 was the last revision that was done before the World War II , still using the Historical kana orthography . After the end of the War , the Kitōsho of 1959 became available , using post-war Japanese orthography , but still in traditional classical Japanese language and vertical writing . In the fifty years after World War II , there were several efforts to translate the Bible into modern colloquial Japanese , the most recent of which was the publication in 1990 of the Japanese New Interconfessional Translation Bible . The Kitōsho using the colloquial Japanese language and horizontal writing was published in the same year . It also used the Revised Common Lectionary . This latest Kitōsho since went through several minor revisions , such as employing the Lord 's Prayer in Japanese common with the Catholic Church ( 共通 口語 訳 「 主 の 祈り 」 ) in 2000 . Korea ( edit ) In 1965 , the Anglican Church of Korea first published a translation of the 1662 BCP into Korean and called it gong - dong - gi - do - mun ( 공동 기도문 ) meaning `` common prayers '' . In 1994 , the prayers announced `` allowed '' by the 1982 Bishops Council of the Anglican Church of Korea was published in a second version of the Book of Common Prayers In 2004 , the National Anglican Council published the third and the current Book of Common Prayers known as `` seong - gong - hwe gi - do - seo ( 성공회 기도서 ) '' or the `` Anglican Prayers '' , including the Daily Masses , Special Masses , Baptism , Confirmation , Funeral Mass , Wedding Mass , Rite of Ordination Mass , and all of the other events the Anglican Church of Korea celebrates . The Diction of the books has changed from the 1965 version to the 2004 version . For example , the word `` God '' has changed from classical Chinese term `` Cheon - ju ( 천주 ) '' to native Korean word `` ha - neu - nim ( 하느님 ) , '' in accordance with to the Public Christian translation , and as used in 1994 Common Translation Bible ( gong - dong beon - yeok - seong - seo ) that the Church currently uses . Philippines ( edit ) Philippine Book of Common Prayer in the Church of Saint Mary , Sagada , Mountain Province , Philippines . The diglotic English -- Chinese Book of Common Prayer used by the Filipino -- Chinese community of St Stephen 's Pro-Cathedral in Manila , Philippines . As the Philippines is connected to the worldwide Anglican Communion through the Episcopal Church in the Philippines , the main edition of the Book of Common Prayer in use throughout the islands is the same as that of the United States . Aside from the American version and the newly published Philippine Book of Common Prayer , Filipino - Chinese congregants of Saint Stephen 's Pro-Cathedral in the Diocese of the Central Philippines uses the English - Chinese Diglot Book of Common Prayer , published by the Episcopal Church of Southeast Asia . The ECP has since published its own Book of Common Prayer upon gaining full autonomy on 1 May 1990 . This version is notable for the inclusion of the Misa de Gallo , a popular Christmastide devotion amongst Filipinos that is of Catholic origin . Europe ( edit ) Ireland ( edit ) The first printed book in Ireland was in English , the Book of Common Prayer . William Bedell had undertaken an Irish translation of the Book of Common Prayer in 1606 . An Irish translation of the revised prayer book of 1662 was effected by John Richardson ( 1664 -- 1747 ) and published in 1712 . `` Until the 1960s , the Book of Common Prayer , derived from 1662 with only mild tinkering , was quite simply the worship of the church of Ireland . '' The 1712 edition had parallel columns in English and Irish languages . It has been revised several times , and the present edition has been used since 2004 . Portugal ( edit ) The Lusitanian Catholic Apostolic Evangelical Church formed in 1880 . A Portuguese language Prayer Book is the basis of the Church 's liturgy . In the early days of the church , a translation into Portuguese from 1849 of the 1662 edition of the Book of Common Prayer was used . In 1884 the church published its own prayer book based on the Anglican , Roman and Mozarabic liturgies . The intent was to emulate the customs of the primitive apostolic church . Newer editions of their prayer book are available in Portuguese and with an English translation . Spain ( edit ) The Spanish Reformed Episcopal Church or IERE ( Spanish : Iglesia Española Reformada Episcopal ) is the church of the Anglican Communion in Spain . It was founded in 1880 and since 1980 has been an extra-provincial church under the metropolitan authority of the Archbishop of Canterbury . Previous to its organization , there were several translations of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer into Spanish in 1623 and in 1707 . In 1881 the church combined a Spanish translation of the 1662 edition of the Book of Common Prayer with the Mozarabic Rite liturgy , which had recently been translated . This is apparently the first time the Spanish speaking Anglicans inserted their own `` ... historic , national tradition of liturgical worship within an Anglican prayer book . '' A second edition was released in 1889 , and a revision in 1975 . This attempt combined the Anglican structure of worship with indigenous prayer traditions . Wales ( edit ) An Act of Parliament passed in the year 1563 , entitled `` An Act for the Translating of the Bible and the Divine Service into the Welsh Tongue , '' ordered that the Old and New Testament , together with the Book of Common Prayer , were to be translated into Welsh . A translation by Richard Davies , bishop of St David 's and the scholar William Salesbury was published in 1567 by Humphrey Toy as Y Llyfr Gweddi Gyffredin . A new revision -- based on the 1662 English revision and probably by George Griffith , Bishop of St Asaph - was published in 1664. ( Muss - Arnolt 1914 , Ch VII ) Until 1966 , when trials of new services began , the 1662 book and its Welsh equivalent continued to be used , even after the Church in Wales was disestablished in 1920 . The present version was published in 1984 and is currently under revision . Isle of Man ( edit ) The first Manx translation of the Book of Common Prayer was made by John Phillips ( Bishop of Sodor and Man ) in 1610 . A more successful `` New Version '' by his successor Mark Hiddesley was in use until 1824 when English liturgy became universal on the island. ( Muss - Arnolt 1914 , Ch VII ) Oceania ( edit ) Aotearoa , new Zealand , Polynesia ( edit ) The Anglican Church of Aotearoa , New Zealand and Polynesia authorised by General Synod in 1988 A New Zealand Prayer Book , He Karakia Mihinare o Aotearoa intended to serve the needs of New Zealand , Fiji , Tonga , Samoa , and the Cook Island Anglicans . It includes passages in the Maori , Fijian , Tongan and English languages . Australia ( edit ) The Anglican Church of Australia , known officially , until 1981 , as the Church of England in Australia and Tasmania , became self - governing in 1961 . Its General Synod agreed that the Book of Common Prayer was to `` be regarded as the authorised standard of worship and doctrine in this Church '' . In 1978 , An Australian Prayer Book was produced , seeking to adhere to this principle , such that where the Liturgical Committee could not agree on a formulation , the words or expressions of the Book of Common Prayer were to be used ( The Church of England in Australia Trust Corporation 1978 ) . The result was conservative revision . A Prayer Book for Australia , produced in 1995 , departed from both the structure and wording of the Book of Common Prayer , prompting conservative reaction . Numerous objections were made and the notably conservative evangelical Diocese of Sydney drew attention to the loss of BCP wording and of an explicit `` biblical doctrine of substitutionary atonement '' . The Diocese of Sydney has developed its own small prayer book , called Sunday Services , to supplement the existing prayer book and preserve the original theology which the Sydney diocese asserts has been changed . North and central America ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) The Anglican Church of Canada , which until 1955 was known as the Church of England in the Dominion of Canada or simply the Church of England in Canada , developed its first Book of Common Prayer separately from the English version in 1918 , which received final authorization from General Synod on April 16 , 1922. ( Armitage 1922 ) The revision of 1959 was much more substantial , bearing a family relationship to that of the abortive 1928 book in England . The language was conservatively modernized , and additional seasonal material was added . As in England , while many prayers were retained though the structure of the Communion service was altered : a Prayer of Oblation was added to the Eucharistic prayer after the ' words of institution ' , thus reflecting the rejection of Cranmer 's theology in liturgical developments across the Anglican Communion . More controversially , the Psalter included in the book omitted certain sections , including the entirety of Psalm 58 . ( According to the Tables of Proper Psalms , `` The following passages in the Psalter as hitherto used are omitted : Psalm 14 . 5 - 7 ; 55 . 16 ; 58 ( all ) ; 68 . 21 - 23 ; 69 . 23 - 29 ; 104 . 35 ( in part ) ; 109 . 5 - 19 ; 136 . 27 ; 137 . 7 - 9 ; 140 . 9 - 10 ; 141 . 7 - 8 . The verses are renumbered . '' See also the Psalter from 1962 Canadian Book of Common Prayer ) . General Synod gave final authorization to the revision in 1962 , to coincide with the 300th anniversary of the 1662 Book of Common Prayer . A French translation , Le Recueil des Prières de la Communauté Chrétienne , was published in 1967 . After a period of experimentation with the publication of various supplements , the Book of Alternative Services was published in 1985 . This book ( which owes much to Roman Catholic , Lutheran , Anglican and other sources ) has widely supplanted the 1959 book , though the latter remains authorized . As in other places , there has been a reaction and the Canadian version of the Book of Common Prayer has found supporters . Indigenous languages ( edit ) The Book of Common Prayer has also been translated into these North American indigenous languages : Cowitchan , Cree , Haida , Ntlakyapamuk , Slavey , Eskimo - Aleut , Dakota , Delaware , Mohawk , Ojibwe . Ojibwa ( edit ) Joseph Gilfillan was the chief editor of the 1911 Ojibwa edition of the Book of Common Prayer entitled Iu Wejibuewisi Mamawi Anamiawini Mazinaigun ( Iw Wejibwewizi Maamawi - anami'aawini Mazina'igan ) ( Wohlers 2007 , Chapter 68 ) . United States ( edit ) The 1979 Book of Common Prayer The Episcopal Church separated itself from the Church of England in 1789 , the first church in the USA having been founded in 1607. ( Cross & Livingstone 1975 ) Its prayer book , published in 1790 , had as its sources the 1662 English book and the 1764 Scottish Liturgy ( see above ) which Bishop Seabury of Connecticut had brought over following his consecration in Aberdeen in 1784 , containing elements of each ( Perry 1922 ) . The preface to the 1789 Book of Common Prayer says , `` this Church is far from intending to depart from the Church of England in any essential point of doctrine , discipline , or worship ... further than local circumstances require . '' There were some notable differences . For example , in the Communion service the prayer of consecration follows mainly the Scottish orders derived from 1549 ( Shepherd 1965 , 82 ) and found in the 1764 Book of Common Prayer . The compilers used materials derived from ancient liturgies especially Eastern Orthodox ones such as the Liturgy of St. James. ( Shepherd 1965 , 82 ) An epiclesis was included , as in the Scottish book , though modified to meet reformist objections . Overall , the book was modelled on the English Prayer Book , the Convention having resisted attempts at deletion and revision. ( McGarvey & Gibson 1907 ) The 1789 American BCP reintroduced explicit sacrificial language in the Prayer of Consecration by adding the words `` which we now offer unto Thee '' , after `` with these thy holy gifts '' from the 1549 BCP . The insertion undid Cranmer 's rejection of the Eucharist as a material sacrifice by which the Church offers itself to God in an unbloody liturgical representation in and with the very same sacrifice of Christ who is both priest and victim , both offering and offered . This reworking thereby aligned the church 's eucharistic theology more closely to that of the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches . Further revisions occurred in 1892 and 1928 , in which minor changes were made , removing , for instance , some of Cranmer 's Exhortations and introducing such innovations as prayers for the dead . In 1979 , a more substantial revision was made . There were now two rites for the most common services , the first that kept most of the language of 1928 , and the second using only contemporary language ( some of it newly composed , and some adapted from the older language ) . Many changes were made in the rubrics and the shapes of the services , which were generally made for both the traditional and contemporary language versions . However , there was arguably a greater degree of continuity than was the case in England , which may account for the fact that all the books of the series , from 1790 to 1979 retain the same title . The 1979 book owes a good deal to the Liturgical Movement and to the 19th - century Catholic revival . Many traditionalists , both Anglo - Catholics and Evangelicals , felt alienated by the theological changes made in the 1979 BCP , and in 1991 The Church of the Good Shepherd in Rosemont , PA published a book entitled , the Anglican Service Book which is `` a traditional language adaptation of the 1979 Book of Common Prayer together with the Psalter or Psalms of David and Additional Devotions . '' Books like this are allowed in the Episcopal Church because of a rubric in the 1979 Prayer Book which allows for the translation of the contemporary language into the traditional language of the 1928 Book of Common Prayer . Even so , the revision caused some controversy and in 2000 , the General Convention of the Episcopal Church issued an apology to those `` offended or alienated during the time of liturgical transition to the 1979 Book of Common Prayer . '' Use of the 1928 Book of Common Prayer is currently discouraged . Article X of the Canons of the Episcopal Church provides that `` ( t ) he Book of Common Prayer , as now established or hereafter amended by the authority of this Church , shall be in use in all the Dioceses of this Church , '' which , of course , is a reference to the 1979 Book of Common Prayer . The Prayer Book Cross was erected in San Francisco 's Golden Gate Park in 1894 as a gift from the Church of England . Created by Ernest Coxhead , it stands on one of the higher points in Golden Gate Park . It is located between John F. Kennedy Drive and Park Presidio Drive , near Cross Over Drive . This 57 ft ( 17 m ) sandstone cross commemorates the first use of the Book of Common Prayer in California by Sir Francis Drake 's chaplain on June 24 , 1579 . Roman Catholic adaptations ( edit ) In 2003 , a Roman Catholic liturgical book , the Book of Divine Worship , was published in the United States . The book 's development began in the early 1980s for former Anglicans within the Anglican Use parishes . It was published in a single volume , primarily for their own use , in 2003 . The book is composed of material drawn from the proposed 1928 BCP , the 1979 Book of Common Prayer of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America and the Roman Missal . Since 2011 , the Book of Divine Worship has undergone additional revision to bring it more coherently in line with the language of the BCP , while also incorporating elements of the English Missal and the Anglican Missal . The updated edition was mandated for use in all personal ordinariates for former Anglicans from Advent 2013 , although further revision is expected to incorporate most of the BCP propers as well . Religious influence ( edit ) The Book of Common Prayer has had a great influence on a number of other denominations . While theologically different , the language and flow of the service of many other churches owe a great debt to the prayer book . In particular , many Christian prayer books have drawn on the Collects for the Sundays of the Church Year -- mostly freely translated or even `` rethought '' ( Neill 1960 , p. 69 ) by Cranmer from a wide range of Christian traditions , but including a number of original compositions -- which are widely recognized as masterpieces of compressed liturgical construction . John Wesley , an Anglican priest whose revivalist preaching led to the creation of Methodism wrote in his preface to The Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America ( 1784 ) , `` I believe there is no Liturgy in the world , either in ancient or modern language , which breathes more of a solid , scriptural , rational piety than the Common Prayer of the Church of England . '' cited in Westerfield Tucker ( 2006 , p. 209 ) Many Methodist churches in England and the United States continued to use a slightly revised version of the book for communion services well into the 20th century . In the United Methodist Church , the liturgy for Eucharistic celebrations is almost identical to what is found in the Book of Common Prayer , as are some of the other liturgies and services . A unique variant was developed in 1785 in Boston , Massachusetts when the historic King 's Chapel ( founded 1686 ) left the Episcopal Church and became an independent Unitarian church . To this day , King 's Chapel uniquely uses The Book of Common Prayer According to the Use in King 's Chapel in its worship . Literary influence ( edit ) Together with the King James Version of the Bible and the works of Shakespeare , the Book of Common Prayer has been one of the three fundamental underpinnings of modern English . As it has been in regular use for centuries , many phrases from its services have passed into everyday English , either as deliberate quotations or as unconscious borrowings . They have often been used metaphorically in non-religious contexts , and authors have used phrases from the prayer book as titles for their books . The Form of Solemnization of Matrimony ... Therefore if any man can shew any just cause , why they may not lawfully be joined together , let him now speak , or else hereafter for ever hold his peace ... The Second Sunday in Advent - The Collect Blessed Lord , who hast caused all holy Scriptures to be written for our learning : Grant that we may in such wise hear them , read , mark , learn , and inwardly digest them , that by patience and comfort of thy holy Word , we may embrace and ever hold fast the blessed hope of everlasting life , which thou hast given us in our Saviour Jesus Christ . Amen . Some examples of well - known phrases from the Book of Common Prayer are : `` Speak now or forever hold your peace '' from the marriage liturgy . `` Till death us do part '' , from the marriage liturgy . `` Earth to earth , ashes to ashes , dust to dust '' from the funeral service . `` From all the deceits of the world , the flesh , and the devil '' from the litany . `` Read , mark , learn , and inwardly digest '' from the collect for the second Sunday of Advent . `` Evil liver '' from the rubrics for Holy Communion . `` All sorts and conditions of men '' from the Order for Morning Prayer . `` Peace in our time '' from Morning Prayer , Versicles . References and allusions to Prayer Book services in the works of Shakespeare were tracked down and identified by Richmond Noble ( Noble 1935 , p. 82 ) . Derision of the Prayer Book or its contents `` in any interludes , plays , songs , rhymes , or by other open words '' was a criminal offence under the 1559 Act of Uniformity , and consequently Shakespeare avoids too direct reference ; but Noble particularly identifies the reading of the Psalter according to the Great Bible version specified in the Prayer Book , as the biblical book generating the largest number of Biblical references in Shakespeare 's plays . Noble found a total of 157 allusions to the Psalms in the plays of the First Folio , relating to 62 separate Psalms -- all , save one , of which he linked to the version in the Psalter , rather than those in the Geneva Bible or Bishops ' Bible . In addition , there are a small number of direct allusions to liturgical texts in the Prayer Book ; e.g. Henry VIII 3 : 2 where Wolsey states `` Vain Pomp and Glory of this World , I hate ye ! '' , a clear reference to the rite of Public Baptism ; where the Godparents are asked `` Doest thou forsake the vaine pompe and glory of the worlde ... ? '' As novelist P.D. James observed , `` We can recognize the Prayer Book 's cadences in the works of Isaac Walton and John Bunyan , in the majestic phrases of John Milton , Sir Thomas Browne and Edward Gibbon . We can see its echo in the works of such very different writers as Daniel Defoe , Thackeray , the Brontës , Coleridge , T.S. Eliot and even Dorothy L. Sayers . '' ( James 2011 , p. 48 ) James herself used phrases from the Book of Common Prayer and made them into bestselling titles -- Devices and Desires and The Children of Men -- while Alfonso Cuarón 's 2006 film Children of Men placed the phrase onto cinema marquees worldwide . Copyright status ( edit ) In England there are only three bodies entitled to print the Book of Common Prayer : the two privileged presses ( Cambridge University Press and Oxford University Press ) , and The Queen 's Printer . Cambridge University Press holds Letters Patent as The Queen 's Printer and so two of these three bodies are the same . The Latin term cum privilegio ( with privilege ) is printed on the title pages of Cambridge editions of the 1662 Book of Common Prayer ( and the King James Version of the Bible ) to denote the charter authority or privilege under which they are published . The primary function for Cambridge University Press in its role as Queen 's Printer is preserving the integrity of the text , continuing a long - standing tradition and reputation for textual scholarship and accuracy of printing . Cambridge University Press has stated that as a university press , a charitable enterprise devoted to the advancement of learning , it has no desire to restrict artificially that advancement , and that commercial restrictiveness through a partial monopoly is not part of its purpose . It therefore grants permission to use the text , and license printing or the importation for sale within the UK , as long as it is assured of acceptable quality and accuracy . The Church of England , supported by the Prayer Book Society , publishes an online edition of the Book of Common Prayer with permission of Cambridge University Press . In accordance with Canon II. 3.6 ( b ) ( 2 ) of the Episcopal Church ( United States ) , the church relinquishes any copyright for the version of the Book of Common Prayer currently adopted by the Convention of the church ( although the text of proposed revisions remains copyrighted ) . See also ( edit ) Anglicanism portal Anglican devotions Prayer Book Rebellion Prayer Book Society of Canada The Books of Homilies Editions ( edit ) Anglican Church of Canada ( 1962 ) , The Book Of Common Prayer , Toronto : Anglican Book Centre Publishing , p. 736 , ISBN 0 - 921846 - 71 - 1 Anglican Church of Canada ( 1964 ) . The Canadian Book of Occasional Offices : Services for Certain Occasions not Provided in the Book of Common Prayer , compiled by the Most Rev. Harold E. Sexton , Abp. of British Columbia , published at the request of the House of Bishops of the Anglican Church of Canada . Toronto : Anglican Church of Canada , Dept. of Religious Education . x , 162 p . Anglican Catholic Church of Canada ( 198 - ? ) . When Ye Pray : Praying with the Church , ( by ) Roland F. Palmer ( an editor of the 1959 / 1962 Canadian B.C.P. ) . Ottawa : Anglican Catholic Convent Society . N.B. : `` This book is a companion to the Prayer Book to help ... to use the Prayer Book better . '' -- Pg. 1 . Without ISBN Reformed Episcopal Church in Canada and Newfoundland ( 1892 ) . The Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church , According to the Use of the Reformed Episcopal Church in the Dominion of Canada , Otherwise Known as the Protestant Church of England ... Toronto , Ont. : Printed ... by the Ryerson Press ... for the Synod of Canada , 1951 , t.p. verso 1892 . N.B. : This is the liturgy as it had been authorized in 1891 . Church of England ( 1977 ) ( 1549 & 1552 ) , The First and Second Prayer Books of King Edward VI , London : Everyman 's Library , ISBN 0 - 460 - 00448 - 4 Church of England ( 1999 ) ( 1662 ) , The Book of Common Prayer , London : Everyman 's Library , ISBN 1 - 85715 - 241 - 7 Church in Wales ( 1984 ) . The Book of Common Prayer , for the Use in the Church in Wales . Penarth , Wales : Church in Wales Publications . 2 vol . N.B. : Title also in Welsh on vol. 2 : Y Llfr Gweddi Giffredin i'w arfer yn Yr Eglwys yng Nghymru ; vol. 1 is entirely in English ; vol. 2 is in Welsh and English on facing pages . Without ISBN Reformed Episcopal Church ( U.S.A. ) ( 1932 ) . The Book of Common Prayer , According to the Use of the Reformed Episcopal Church in the United States of America . Rev. fifth ed . Philadelphia , Penn. : Reformed Episcopal Publication Society , 1963 , t.p. 1932 . xxx , 578 p . N.B. : On p. iii : `` ( T ) he revisions made ... in the Fifth Edition ( of 1932 ) are those authorized by the ( Reformed Episcopal ) General Councils from 1943 through 1963 . '' The Episcopal Church ( 1979 ) , The Book of Common Prayer ( 1979 ) , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 528713 - 4 The Episcopal Church ( 2003 ) . The Book of Common Prayer : Selected Liturgies ... According to the Use of the Episcopal Church = Le Livre de la prière commune : Liturgies sélectionnées ... selon l'usage de l'Eglise Épiscopale . Paris : Convocation of American Churches in Europe . 373 , ( 5 ) p . N.B. : Texts in English and as translated into French , from the 1979 B.C.P. of the Episcopal Church ( U.S.A. ) , on facing pages . ISBN 0 - 89869 - 448 - 5 The Episcopal Church ( 2007 ) . The Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church Together with The Psalter or Psalms of David According to the use of The Episcopal Church `` . New York , Church Publishing Incorporated . N.B. : `` ... amended by action of the 2006 General Convention to include the Revised Common Lectionary . '' ( Gregory Michael Howe , February 2007 ) ISBN 0 - 89869 - 060 - 9 The Church of England in Australia Trust Corporation ( 1978 ) , An Australian Prayer Book , St. Andrew 's House , Sydney Square , Sydney : Anglican Information Office Press , pp. 636 p , ISBN 0 - 909827 - 79 - 6 A Book of Common Prayer : ... Set Forth by Authority for Use in the Church of the Province of South Africa . Oxford . 1965 . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Widely varying figures are quoted . Procter & Frere ( 1902 ) gave 2000 ; Neill ( 1960 , p. 165 ) , 1760 . Spurr gives the following breakdown for the period 1660 -- 63 : Total ministers forced out of English parishes about 1760 . This includes 695 parish ministers ejected under the 1660 act for settling clergy ; 936 more forced out under the 1662 Act of Uniformity . In addition 200 non-parochial ministers from lectureships , universities and schools , and 120 in Wales were excluded . He adds that 171 of the 1760 are `` known to have conformed later '' . In a footnote he cites Pruett ( 1978 , p. 17 , 18 , 23 ) . Jump up ^ See Wohlers , Charles ( 2008 - 09 - 23 ) . `` The Book of Common Prayer in other Languages '' . The Book of Common Prayer . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Some parishes continued to use the 1928 book either regularly or occasionally , for pastoral sensitivity , for doctrinal reasons and for the beauty of its language . See `` Parishes using the Historic Book of Common Prayer '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 28 . The controversies surrounding the Book of Common Prayer contrasts with the Episcopal Church 's description of it as `` the primary symbol of our unity . '' Diverse members `` come together '' through `` our common prayer . '' See `` The Book of Common Prayer '' . episcopalchurch.org. 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ A picture of the Prayer Book Cross can be seen at `` Prayer Book Cross '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ The phrase `` till death us do part '' ( `` till death us depart '' before 1662 ) has been changed to `` till death do us part '' in some more recent prayer books , such as the 1962 Canadian Book of Common Prayer . Jump up ^ See `` The Queen 's Printer 's Patent '' . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ See the `` Constitution & Canons '' ( PDF ) . generalconvention.org . The General Convention of the Episcopal Church . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Sei Kōkai Tōbun ( Japanese : 聖公 会 祷 文 , 1879 年 ) Jump up ^ The 1959 Japanese Book of Common Prayer Jump up ^ Nippon Seikōkwai Kitō Bun , Translated by the Rev. John Batcheler , 1889 Jump up ^ Japanese Translation of the Bible by Each Denomination ( 1895 Kitōsho ) ( in Japanese ) Jump up ^ Nihon Sei Ko Kwai Kitosho ( 1938 , Revised and Enlarged ) Jump up ^ Miller , Harold . `` The Church of Ireland . '' IN : The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer : A Worldwide survey . 2006 . Page 431 . Jump up ^ Richardson , John . The Book of Common Prayer , and Administration of the Sacraments , and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church , According to the Use of the Church of England ; Together with the Psalter or Psalms of David , Pointed As They Are to Be Sung or Said in Church . London : printed , by Eleanor Everingham , 1712 . Notes : In English and Irish printed in parallel columns except preliminary acts and preface in Irish only printed in roman type ; Collects , Epistles , and Gospels , and the Psalter and all following up to the Thirty - nine Articles in Irish only printed in Irish characters . Edited by John Richardson . According to T.B. Reed the only Irish fount in England until 1800 ; Robert Everingham had used this type for the second edition of William Daniel 's Irish translation of the New Testament in 1681 . Added t.p. in Irish : Leabhar na nornaightheadh ccomhchoitchionn ... ' Imprint date from colophon . Signatures : Ap4s , a-fp2s , B - Zp4s , Aa - Zzp4s , Aaa - Rrrp4s ; leaf bb1s signed d . Title pages have double rule frame borders ; text printed in double columns . The elements of the Irish language : p. ( 526 ) - ( 528 ) . Colophon : London , Printed by Eleanor Everingham , at the Seven Stars in Ave - Mary - Lane , A.D. 1712 . Jump up ^ Church of Ireland . Leabhar na hUrnaí Coitinne : agus mhineastrálacht na sacraimintí agus dheasghnátha agus shearmanais eile de chuid na hEaglaise de réir úsáid Eaglais na hÉireann maille leis an tSaltair nó Sailm Dháiví . Baile Átha Cliath : Representative Body of the Church of Ireland , 2004 . Other Titles : Book of Common Prayer . Responsibility : arna chur amach do Chumann Gaelach na hEaglaise le cead údarás na hEaglaise . Jump up ^ Rowthorn , Jeffery . `` Anglican Churches in Europe . '' Pages 439 - 442 . IN : Hefling , Charles C. , and Cynthia L. Shattuck. The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer : A Worldwide Survey . Page 440 . Jump up ^ * Iglesia Española Reformada Episcopal , and Colin Ogilvie Buchanan . Liturgies of the Spanish and Portuguese Reformed Episcopal Churches . Grove , 1985. ; Igreja Lusitana Católica Apostólica Evangélica . Eucaristia ou Ceia do Senhor . ( Pôrto ) : ( Imprensa Social ) , 1963. ; Igreja Lusitana Católica Apostólica Evangélica . O livro de oração comum ; administração dos sacramentos e outros ofícios divinos na Igreja Lusitana . Porto , Portugal : Tipo - Lito de Gonçalves & Nogueira , 1928 . Jump up ^ Church of England , and Tejeda , Fernando de n . 1595 tr . Liturgia Inglesa o Libro del rezado publico , de la administracion de los Sacramentos , y otros Ritos y ceremonias de la Iglesia de Ingalaterra ( Texto impreso ) . Augusta Trinobantum ( s.n. ) , n.d. Jump up ^ Church of England , Felix Antonio de Alvarado , William Bowyer , and Fran Coggan . Liturgia ynglesa , o El libro de oracion commun y administracion de los sacramentos ... segun el uso de la Yglesia de Inglaterra . Londres : impresso por G. Bowyer , 1707 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Juan M.C. `` The Book of Common Prayer in Spanish . '' Pages 383 - 387 . IN : Hefling , Charles C. , and Cynthia L. Shattuck. The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer : A Worldwide Survey . Page 384 . Jump up ^ Rowthorn , Jeffery . `` Anglican Churches in Europe . '' Pages 439 - 442 . IN : Hefling , Charles C. , and Cynthia L. Shattuck. The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer : A Worldwide Survey . Page 439 . Bibliography ( edit ) Armitage , William James ( 1922 ) . The Story of the Canadian Revision of the Prayer Book . The University Press . Caraman , Philip ( 1994 ) , The Western Rising 1549 : the Prayer Book Rebellion , Tiverton : Westcountry Books , ISBN 1 - 898386 - 03 - X Careless , Sue ( 2003 ) , Discovering the Book of Common Prayer : A hands - on approach ( Volume 1 : Daily Prayer ) , Toronto : Anglican Book Centre Publishing , ISBN 1 - 55126 - 398 - X Carpenter , Spencer Cecil ( 1933 ) , Church and people , 1789 - 1889 ; a history of the Church of England from William Wilberforce to `` Lux mundi '' , London : SPCK Chapman , Mark ( 2006 ) , Anglicanism : A Very Short Introduction , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 280693 - 9 Church of England ( 1662 ) , The Book of Common Prayer , London : Everyman 's Library ( published 1999 ) , ISBN 1 - 85715 - 241 - 7 Church of England ( 1957 ) , The First and Second Prayer Books of King Edward VI , London : Everyman 's Library , ISBN 0 - 460 - 00448 - 4 The Church of England in Australia Trust Corporation ( 1978 ) , An Australian Prayer Book , St. Andrew 's House , Sydney Square , Sydney : Anglican Information Office Press , ISBN 0 - 909827 - 79 - 6 Clarke , William Kemp Lowther ( 1954 ) , Liturgy and worship : a companion to the prayer book of the Anglican communion , London : SPCK Cross , F.L. ; Livingstone , E.A. ( 1975 ) , `` Protestant Episcopal Church '' , The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church Davies , Julian ( 1992 ) , The Caroline Captivity of the Church , Oxford : OUP Duffy ( a ) , Eamon ( 1992 ) , The Stripping of the Altars : Traditional Religion in England , 1400 - 1580 , Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 10828 - 1 Duffy ( b ) , Eamon ( 2003 ) , The Voices of Morebath : Reformation and Rebellion in an English Village , Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 09825 - 1 Edwards , David ( 1983 ) , Christian England : From the Reformation to the 18th Century , Collins , ISBN 0 - 00 - 215145 - 6 Fawcett , Timothy J. ( 1973 ) , The liturgy of comprehension 1689 : An abortive attempt to revise the Book of common prayer , Mayhew McCrimmon , ISBN 0 - 85597 - 031 - 6 Furlong , Monica ( 2000 ) , C of E : The State It 's In , Hodder & Stoughton , ISBN 0 - 340 - 69399 - 1 Garbett , Cyril ( Archbishop of York ) ( 1947 ) . The Claims of the Church of England . London : Hodder & Stoughton . Gibson , E.C.S ( 1910 ) , The First and Second Prayer Books of Edward VI , Everyman 's Library Griffith Thomas , W.H. ( 1963 ) , The Principles of Theology , London : Church Book Room Press Guy , John ( 1988 ) , Tudor England , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 285213 - 2 Harrison , D.E.W. ; Sansom , Michael C ( 1982 ) , Worship in the Church of England , London : SPCK , ISBN 0 - 281 - 03843 - 0 James , P.D. ( 2011 ) . `` Through all the Changing Scenes of Life : Living with the Prayer Book '' . In Prudence Dailey . The Book of Common Prayer : Past , Present and Future : A 350th Anniversary Celebration . A&C Black . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 6041 - 6 . Kings Chapel ( 2007 ) , History , archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 19 , retrieved 2007 - 10 - 10 Lewis , C.S. ( 196 - ) . `` Miserable Offenders '' : an Interpretation of ( sinfulness and ) Prayer Book Language ( about it ) , in series , The Advent Papers . Cincinnati , Ohio : Forward Movement Publications . Maltby , Judith ( 1998 ) , Prayer Book and People in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 45313 - 5 Marsh , Christopher ( 1998 ) , Popular Religion in Sixteenth - Century England : Holding their Peace , Macmillan , ISBN 0 - 312 - 21094 - 9 Maxwell , William ( 1965 ) , The Liturgical Portions of the Genevan Service Book , The Faith Press MacCulloch , Diarmaid ( 1990 ) , The Later Reformation in England , 1547 - 1603 , Palgrave MacMillan Press , ISBN 0 - 333 - 92139 - 9 MacCulloch , Diarmaid ( 1996 ) , Thomas Cranmer , Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 06688 - 0 MacCulloch , Diarmaid ( 1999 ) , `` Introduction '' , in Church of England , The Book of Common Prayer , London : Everyman 's Library , ISBN 1 - 85715 - 241 - 7 MacCulloch , Diarmaid ( 2001 ) , The Boy King : Edward VI and the Protestant Reformation , New York : Palgrave , ISBN 0 - 312 - 23830 - 4 McGarvey , William ; Gibson , Frederick ( 1907 ) , Liturgiæ Americanæ or the Book of Common Prayer as used in the United States of America compared with the proposed book of 1786 and with the Prayer Book of the Church of England and an historical account and documents , Philadelphia Church Publishing Company Muss - Arnolt , William ( 1914 ) . The Book of Common Prayer Among the Nations of the World : A History of Translations of the Prayer Book of the Church of England and of the Protestant Episcopal Church of America ... a Study Based Mainly on the Collection of Josiah Henry Benton . Society for promoting Christian Knowledge . Neill , Stephen ( 1960 ) , Anglicanism , London : Pelican / Penguin Noble , Richmond ( 1935 ) , Shakespeare 's Biblical Knowledge and Use of the Book of Common Prayer , SPCK Perry , W. ( 1922 ) , Scottish Prayer Book , Its Value & History , Mowbrays Procter , F ; Frere , WH ( 1965 ) , A New History of the Book of Common Prayer , St. Martin 's Press Pruett , J.H. ( 1978 ) , The Parish Clergy under the Later Stuarts , Urbana , Illinois Spinks , Bryan D. ( 1999 ) . `` Cranmer 's Methods of Liturgical Compilation '' . In Ayris , Paul ; Selwyn , David . Thomas Cranmer : Churchman and Scholar . Woodbridge ( UK ) : The Beydell Press . Shepherd , Massey J. jr. ( 1965 ) , El Culto de la Iglesia , CPC , San José , Costa Rica -- Original in English is The Worship of the Church Seabury Press ( 1952 ) Spurr , John ( 1991 ) , The Restoration Church of England , Yale Starkey , David ( 2001 ) , Elizabeth , Vintage Books Westerfield Tucker , Karen B. ( 2006 ) . `` John Wesley and the Methodists '' . In Charles Hefling . The Oxford Guide to The Book of Common Prayer : A Worldwide Survey . Cynthia Shattuck . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 972389 - 8 . Wohlers , Charles ( 2007 ) , `` Chapter 68 - The Algonquian '' , The Book of Common Prayer among the Nations of the World , Family , retrieved 2007 - 09 - 10 Further reading ( edit ) Chronological order of publication ( oldest first ) : Harrison , D.E.W ( 1969 ) , Common Prayer in the Church of England , London : SPCK Forbes , Dennis ( 1992 ) . Did the Almighty intend His book to be copyrighted ? , European Christian Bookstore Journal , April 1992 Hatchett , M.J. ( 1995 ) , Commentary on the American Prayer Book , Harper Collins Hefling , Charles ; Shattuck , Cynthia , eds. ( 2006 ) . The Oxford Guide to The Book of Common Prayer : A Worldwide Survey . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 972389 - 8 . Dailey , Prudence , ed. ( 2011 ) . The Book of Common Prayer : Past , Present and Future . London ; New York : Continuum International . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 4279 - 5 . Jacobs , Alan ( 2013 ) . The Book of Common Prayer : A Biography . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0691154817 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Book of Common Prayer at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Book of Common Prayer at Wikiquote Works related to Book of Common Prayer at Wikisource Full text online edition of The Book of Common Prayer at The Church of England The full text of The Book of Common Prayer according to the use of The Episcopal Church , 1979 edition The online text of The Book of Common Prayer according to the use of The Episcopal Church , 1979 edition Links to various editions of the Book of Common Prayer from various Provinces of the Anglican Communion , curated by Charles Wohlers at Society of Archbishop Justus Books of Common Prayer The Prayer Book Society ( of England ) ( hide ) Anglicanism Communions Anglican Communion Anglican realignment Continuing Anglican movement Personal ordinariate History History of Christianity in Britain Celtic Christianity Anglo - Saxon Christianity Æthelberht Edwin Offa Augustine of Canterbury Paulinus Hygeberht Bede Medieval Architecture Henry VIII English Reformation Cranmer Dissolution of Monasteries Church of England Church of Ireland Edward VI Elizabeth I Parker Hooker James I King James Version Charles I Laud Caroline Divines Nonjuring schism Oxford Movement Anglo - Catholicism Theology Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Thirty - nine Articles Lambeth Quadrilateral Affirmation of St. Louis Sacraments Eucharist Mary Saints Liturgy and worship Book of Common Prayer Morning / Evening Prayer Liturgical year Biblical canon Books of Homilies High / Low / Broad church Other topics Converts to Anglicanism Ministry Monasticism Music Anglican prayer beads Anglicanism of the Americas Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Common_Prayer&oldid=807767424 '' Categories : Book of Common Prayer 1549 books 1552 books 1559 books 1662 books 1789 books 1892 books 1918 books 1928 books 1962 books 1979 books 16th - century Christian texts 17th - century Christian texts 18th - century Christian texts 19th - century Christian texts 20th - century Christian texts Anglican liturgy Anglicanism Anglican Church of Canada Episcopal Church ( United States ) History of Christianity in the United Kingdom History of the Church of England Christian prayer books English Reformation British non-fiction literature Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text Use British English from June 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from November 2011 Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 01 : 06 . 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"The Book of Common Prayer (BCP), originally The boke of the common praier and administracion of the sacramentes : and other rites and ceremonies of the Churche : after the use of the Churche of Englande, is the short title of a number of related prayer books used in the Anglican Communion, as well as by the Continuing Anglican, \"Anglican realignment\" and other Anglican Christian churches. The original book, published in 1549 in the reign of Edward VI, was a product of the English Reformation following the break with Rome. Prayer books, unlike books of prayers, contain the words of structured (or liturgical) services of worship. The work of 1549 was the first prayer book to include the complete forms of service for daily and Sunday worship in English. It contained Morning Prayer, Evening Prayer, the Litany, and Holy Communion and also the occasional services in full: the orders for Baptism, Confirmation, Marriage, \"prayers to be said with the sick\", and a funeral service. It also set out in full the \"propers\" (that is the parts of the service which varied week by week or, at times, daily throughout the Church's Year): the collects and the epistle and gospel readings for the Sunday Communion Service. Old Testament and New Testament readings for daily prayer were specified in tabular format as were the Psalms; and canticles, mostly biblical, that were provided to be said or sung between the readings (Careless 2003, p. 26)."
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"Book of Common Prayer"
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-8738771176104310805 | Damon Salvatore | Damon Salvatore - wikipedia Damon Salvatore Damon Salvatore Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Created by L.J. Smith ( book series ) Portrayed by Ian Somerhalder Gavin Casalegno ( young / teenager ) Information Species Vampire ( seasons 1 - 8 ) Human ( season 8 ) Gender Male Family Giuseppe Salvatore ( father ) Lillian Salvatore ( mother ) Elena Gilbert ( wife ) Stefan Salvatore ( brother ) Caroline Forbes ( sister - in - law ) Zach Salvatore ( nephew ) Sarah Salvatore ( great - niece ) Significant other ( s ) Elena Gilbert ( wife ) Katherine Pierce ( ex-girlfriend ) Caroline Forbes ( ex-fling ) Status Alive Damon Salvatore is a fictional character in The Vampire Diaries novel series . He is portrayed by Ian Somerhalder in the television series . Initially , Damon is the main antagonist in the beginning of the show and later became a protagonist . After the first few episodes , Damon begins working alongside his younger brother , Stefan Salvatore , to resist greater threats and gradually Elena begins to consider him a friend . His transition was completed after his younger brother Stefan , who is also a vampire , convinces him to drink blood . Damon thus vows to make his brother 's life sorrowful -- thus further causing a century - long rift between the two brothers , centering around Katherine and eventually a love triangle with Elena Gilbert . After on - again / off - agains with both brothers , Elena chooses to be with Damon in the finale episode . Contents 1 Character development 1.1 Casting 2 Television series 2.1 Background 2.2 Season 1 2.3 Season 2 2.4 Season 3 2.5 Season 4 2.6 Season 5 2.7 Season 6 3 Relationships 3.1 Stefan Salvatore 3.2 Elena Gilbert 3.3 Alaric Zaltzman 3.4 Bonnie Bennett 4 References 5 External links Character development ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) Ian Somerhalder was cast as Damon Salvatore at the end of March 2009 , six months before the premiere of the series . The initial casting call for the character required an actor in his early - to mid-twenties to play a `` darkly handsome , strong , charming , and smug vampire who can go from casual and playful to pure evil in less than a heartbeat . '' Somerhalder had not read the books until filming began . Television series ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Damon Salvatore is a vampire , turned by Katherine Pierce 145 years prior to the series ' debut . He is the son of late Giuseppe Salvatore , ripper Lily Salvatore and older brother of Stefan Salvatore . He is portrayed as a charming , handsome and snarky person who loves tricking humans , and takes pleasure in feeding on them and killing them during the early episodes of the first season , unlike his brother , Stefan . Damon and Stefan bite humans to keep them alive since they 're vampires . Season 1 ( edit ) In the first season , Damon appears as the frightening older brother to Stefan Salvatore , and plays as the main antagonist for the first initial episodes with a hidden agenda . Slowly , Damon begins to be kinder to the other characters , showing brief moments of compassion such as erasing Jeremy 's memory of vampires and removing his `` suffering '' so Jeremy gets his life back on track . Damon apologizes for turning Vicki Donovan into a vampire and admits it was wrong . Later at the Gilbert house , Elena returns home . Damon admits that he came to the town wanting to destroy it but actually found himself wanting to protect it after everything that happened at the Founder 's Day celebrations and says he 's not a hero and does n't do good , saying it 's not in him - those traits are reserved for Stefan , Elena and Bonnie . The two begin to kiss passionately before getting interrupted - it is later revealed that it was n't Elena he kissed , but Katherine Pierce . Later in the season , it also implies that he actually feels human emotions , such as pain and love , which helps the viewer sympathize toward his character in some situations . But mostly , he likes to take care of himself and do the dirty work , in his own sadistic ways . Season 2 ( edit ) In season two , Katherine tells Damon that she never loved him and that it was always Stefan . Elena says something similar later , leaving Damon heartbroken . As an expression of his anger , pain , and hopelessness , he snaps Jeremy Gilbert 's neck , not realizing he is wearing a ring which reverses damage done by supernatural creatures or forces . Jeremy survives because of the ring , but Damon 's action incurs Elena 's wrath and pain . When Bonnie also discovers it was his blood that enabled Caroline Forbes to become a vampire , the two declare their hatred for him , leaving angrier than ever . After saving Elena with Stefan in episode 8 of season 2 , Damon shows up in Elena 's room with the vervain necklace that was ripped from her neck earlier in the episode . Before he gives it back , he tells Elena that he is in love with her , and because he is in love with her , he can not be selfish with her . He also states that he does n't deserve her , but that his brother does . He kisses her forehead and says he wishes she could remember this , but she ca n't . As the camera shows a close up of Damon 's eye as he is compelling Elena to forget , a tear slips . Elena blinks and her vervain necklace is back around her neck , Damon is gone and her window is open with the curtains blowing . She had no recollection as to how the necklace was returned to her . In one episode , Damon joins Rose to find out why the originals are after Elena ; after some time and clever banter , the two have sex , stating that they could rid themselves of emotion . However , when Rose , Damon 's old friend who turned Katerina , suffers from a werewolf bite , he gives her the memory of her life prior to becoming a vampire , and helps her remember how good it felt to be able to walk and feel the sunlight , without it burning her . During this meaningful moment , Damon mercifully kills her , leaving him to mourn the death of his one of very few friends . Elena and Damon then begin to mend fences , and Elena gives him an affectionate hug to help comfort him after Rose 's death . Damon begins showing another side of himself in small acts that help build what once was an impossible friendship between Elena and himself , after she clearly stated that he has lost her forever . After he spares Caroline 's mother , Elena says how that was the person she was once friends with . And it 's hard for Damon to accept that he has to change to have her in his life , which he explains to Andy Star , his compelled girlfriend a few more episodes in . Damon is bitten by Tyler the werewolf at the end of the season . Elena takes care of him , and right before he is cured by the blood of Klaus , the original hybrid , she gives him a `` goodbye '' kiss , because she was sure he was going to die . She even forgives him , telling him that she cares for him through grief - stricken tears . Season 3 ( edit ) In the third season , Damon helps Elena in bringing his brother , Stefan , back to Mystic Falls after Stefan becomes Klaus ' henchman . The arrangement transpired after a bargain for his blood that would cure Damon of the werewolf bite he had received from Tyler . At first , he is reluctant to involve Elena in the rescue attempts , employing Alaric Saltzman , Elena 's guardian , instead as Klaus does not know that Elena is alive after the sacrifice which frees Klaus ' hybrid side . However , Elena involves herself , desperate to find Stefan . Damon , though hesitant at first , is unable to refuse her because of his love for her . He also points out to her that she once turned back from finding Stefan since she knew Damon would be in danger , clearly showing that she also has feelings for him . He tells her that `` when ( he ) drag ( s ) ( his ) brother from the edge to deliver him back to ( her ) , ( he ) wants her to remember the things ( she ) felt while he was gone . '' When Stefan finally returns to Mystic Falls , his attitude is different from that of the first and second seasons . This causes a rift between Elena and Stefan whereas the relationship between Damon and Elena becomes closer and more intimate . A still loyal Elena , however , refuses to admit her feelings for Damon . In ' Dangerous Liaisons ' , Elena , frustrated with her feelings for him , tells Damon that his love for her may be a problem , and that this could be causing all their troubles . This incenses Damon , causing him to revert to the uncaring and reckless Damon seen in the previous seasons . The rocky relationship between the two continues until the sexual tension hits the fan and in a moment of heated passion , Elena -- for the first time in the three seasons -- kisses Damon of her own accord . This kiss finally causes Elena to admit that she loves both brothers and realize that she must ultimately make her choice as her own ancestress , Katherine Pierce , who turned the brothers , once did . In assessment of her feelings for Damon , she states this : `` Damon just sort of snuck up on me . He got under my skin and no matter what I do , I ca n't shake him . '' In the season finale , a trip designed to get her to safety forces Elena to make her choice : to go to Damon and possibly see him one last time ; or to go to Stefan and her friends and see them one last time . She chooses the latter when she calls Damon to tell him her decision . Damon , who is trying to stop Alaric , accepts what she says and she tells him that maybe if she had met Damon before she had met Stefan , her choice may have been different . This statement causes Damon to remember the first night he did meet Elena which was , in fact , the night her parents died - before she had met Stefan . Not wanting anyone to know he was in town and after giving her some advice about life and love , Damon compels her to forget . He remembers this as he fights Alaric and seems accepting of his death when Alaric , whose life line is tied to Elena 's , suddenly collapses in his arms . Damon is grief - stricken , knowing that this means that Elena has also died and yells , `` No ! You are not dead ! '' A heartbroken Damon then goes to the hospital demanding to see Elena when the doctor , Meredith Fell , tells him that she gave Elena vampire blood . The last shot of the season finale episode shows Elena in transition . Season 4 ( edit ) Damon starts season 4 at Elena 's bedside after finding out about her dying with vampire blood in her system , causing her to start the transition to Vampire . Damon decides to firstly try to kill Rebekah with a White Oak Stake , yet she overpowers him . Rebekah is shot at through the Window and Damon escapes . Later in part of a plan with the Sheriff and Meredith Fell , Damon uses Matt as bait to draw out the deputies and Pastor Young . After dispatching the deputies , Damon decides to take out some aggression on Matt and is about to snap his neck when stopped by the new vampire Elena . After Elena and Stefan go hunting on animals the next morning and Elena has her first feed on a deer she pukes the blood out . Meanwhile , it seems a new vampire hunter is in town . Elena goes to Damon for help , he pulls her with him to the bathroom and makes her drink his blood because he says `` You need warm blood from the vein , so maybe this 'll do the trick . '' He says it 's personal and Elena wonders why but no answer was given . She drinks his blood but pukes hours later . When Stefan finds out Damon has feed Elena his blood he 's very angry and hits Damon who just got in a fight with the vampire hunter . Damon has decided to leave town , but through the early episodes of Season 4 seems to be looking for reasons to stay . Meredith Fell seems to be one who convinces him in ' The Rager ' to stay to help Elena with her transition to Vampire . Indeed , a renewed conflict over ideology and what sort of Vampire Elena will become drives Damon and Stefan apart . The Five , shows Damon tasking Stefan with learning more about the Vampire Hunter , Connor while Damon decides to accompany both Bonnie and Elena to College . This trip is ostensibly about teaching Elena the ' hunt ' : how to catch , feed and erase . After some initial problems , Elena has a Frat Party gets success and seems to enjoy herself causing friction with Bonnie . She leaves the party and later states that she does n't want to be like Damon . In the next episode , she begins to believe that Stefan is lying to her and takes things into her own hands to kill the vampire hunter who is holding her brother , Matt , and April captive . She does , and begins to suffer from hallucinations at the end of the episode . After asking Stefan why he wants to cure Elena , Damon tells him that he loves Elena as a vampire or human . In the episode ' We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes ' , Damon helps Elena in dealing with her hallucinations and saves her from committing suicide . He also helps uncover the mystery about the hunter 's curse with the help of Bonnie and Professor Shane . At the end of the episode , he reveals the truth about the cure to Elena and explains how Stefan has been lying to her only to find this possible cure for vampirism . However , Elena breaks up with Stefan at the end of the episode after confessing her gradually growing feelings for Damon . In the following episode `` My Brother 's Keeper '' , Elena tells Damon he is the reason she and Stefan broke up and at the end of the episode Damon and Elena finally have sex . After that it turns out Elena is sired with Damon , first they think it is the reason why Elena loves Damon , but in episode `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' they found out that it only affects how you act , not how you feel . The sire - bond can only be broken when Damon leaves Elena and tells her to stop caring about him according to a witch in New Orleans named Nandi . In the following episode Damon goes with Elena to her family 's lake house to help with Jeremy 's Hunter instincts . In the episode Elena tries to act like a couple with Damon , but he refuses to even kiss her out of his guilt about the sire bond and worry that he 's taking advantage of her . In the end of the episode Damon invokes the sire bond telling Elena to return to Mystic Falls while he trains Jeremy `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' . Elena kisses him goodbye . In ' After School Special ' , Damon is at the Lake House training Jeremy , along with Matt Donovan . Klaus shows up and threatens Damon , wanting him to get Jeremy 's mark completed earlier rather than later . Damon is shown to be reluctant , not wanting to hurt innocents for Elena 's sake , but Klaus follows through with his plans regardless . Later in the episode Elena calls Damon and confesses she 's in love with him and it 's the ' most real thing she 's ever felt in her entire life ' , in a moment of weakness Damon tells her to come see him . Afterward Damon is confronted with a bar of newly turned vampires for Jeremy to kill concedes that it 's the quickest way , however balks when Klaus takes control and compels the newly turned vamps to kill Matt Donovan . In Catch Me If You Can Damon tells the boys to run since Jeremy is n't ready to take on all these vampires . Later when Elena arrives her and Damon argue over the killing of innocents and tells her to take Matt home while he and Jeremy take care of Klaus 's newly turned vampires . However Kol shows up and has killed all the vampires , determined to stop them from finding the cure & waking Silas , and threatens Jeremy 's life . Kol compels Damon to stake himself and later to kill Jeremy and to forget what Kol compelled him to do . Upon arriving back in Mystic Falls Damon begins to seek out Jeremy due to the compulsion , however when he sees him in the grill he realizes what Kol compelled him to do and tells Jeremy to run . Damon chases Jeremy throughout Mystic Falls and advises Jeremy that he is compelled and he needs to kill him . Jeremy shoots Damon in the head and when Damon awakens later starts cursing the youngest Gilbert , calling him stupid for not killing him . At the end of the episode Damon catches up with Jeremy Elena follows and urges Damon to fight it because `` You love me and I love you '' , but he tells her that he ca n't , falls to his knees and urges Jeremy to kill him . Stefan shows up just in time to break Damon 's neck and lock him up until they can take care of Kol . Damon spends the next episode locked up and bled dry by a jealous and snarky Stefan and engages in a conversation with Klaus about Caroline , Rebekah and Elena . When the group goes to the mysterious island to find the Cure , Damon continues to be suspicious of Professor Shane . When Jeremy goes missing and Bonnie and Shane stay behind to try a locator spell , Damon stays to keep an eye on Shane . He later begins torturing Shane for information , but Shane starts analyzing Damon and telling him Elena will go back to Stefan once she 's cured . Elena interrupts the torture session and Damon storms out and Elena follows . She tells Damon that she 's sure her feelings for him are real and asks him to become human with her , however Damon tells her he has no desire to be human and that human / vampire relationships are doomed and stalks off . Afterward he is captured by Vaughn , another member of the Five , who tortures Damon and leads him around with a noose around his neck . Damon goes with Vaughn to the cavern close to where Silas is buried and eventually overpowers him , but not before Vaughn injures Rebekah . Elena and Stefan come across the injured Damon and Rebekah , Stefan stays while Elena rushes to find Jeremy . Damon urges Stefan to go get the cure for Elena , uncaring that there is only enough for one , because he wants it for the girl he loves . After Stefan leave Rebekah comments that Damon did something selfless and remarks that he will always love Elena . An exhausted Damon admits that he ca n't control everything and is tired . After Katherine kills Jeremy in ' Down the Rabbit Hole ' Damon stays behind determined to find the missing Bonnie , telling Stefan he ca n't come home without her . Eventually he finds Bonnie , hugging her in relief , but when the two arrive back in Mystic Falls in informs Stefan Bonnie has lost her mind . Elena , who had been in denial about Jeremy 's death , comes into reality and demands Damon bring Jeremy 's body downstairs . When Elena starts breaking down Stefan urges Damon to help her , indicating he should invoke the sire bond to take away her pain , however instead Damon tells Elena to shut off her emotions . In the next episode Damon begins trying to track Katherine in order to find the cure while Rebekah attempts to tag along . He finds an old friend from his past , Will , dying from a werewolf bite and kills him out of mercy . He arrives back home just in time to stop Elena from killing Caroline and takes her with to New York . While in NY Damon begins investigating Katherine 's whereabouts and tries to keep that he 's looking for the cure from Elena . Elena finds out and attempts to play him all the while Damon tells her and Rebekah about his time here in the 1970s . He admits that he had his emotions off and Lexi had come to help him on Stefan 's behalf , however he tricks her into believing he fell in love with her only to leave her trapped on the roof during the day as revenge . He reveals that the reason he killed Lexi in season one was out of the guilt she stirred in him . Elena kisses Damon and attempts to steal Katherine 's address out of his pocket , however Damon was aware she was trying to play him the entire time , and attempts to convince her to turn her emotions back on . Rebekah shows up and snaps his neck . He then calls Stefan and the brothers attempt to track down Elena . The decide to give up on the cure after Elena kills a waitress and threatens to kill people . In ' Pictures of You ' Damon , along with Stefan , decide they 're going to try making Elena turn her emotions back on . The Salvatore brothers decide to take Elena to the prom , where Damon asks Elena why she told him she was in love with him and it 's the most real thing she ever felt . Elena tells Damon that she only said it because of the sire bond and she feels nothing for him . However , later when Bonnie nearly kills Elena , she cries out for Damon to help her and he locks her up in the Salvatore basement . Damon then manipulates Elena 's dreams in an attempt to remind how much she loves her friends in family , however when it does n't work the Salvatore brothers ( per Stefan 's advice ) try torturing Elena to get her to feel emotion . Elena however calls their bluff and attempts to kill herself , knowing Damon would never really hurt her and let her die . Damon realizes that Elena is smart and that torture will not work . After Katherine frees Elena Damon comes up with a plan , killing Matt in front of her ( while he wore the Gilbert ring ) and it works to get Elena 's emotions back on . When Elena focuses her hate on Katherine Damon tells Elena where Katherine is , but tells her she should n't try and kill her . Damon admits he hates Katherine , however he knows once Elena kills her all her other emotions ( grief & guilt ) will all come flooding back in . Elena stakes Damon in the stomach when he attempts to stop her . In the season finale ' Graduation ' , he tries to give the cure to Elena , but Elena refuses , which tells him that there is no more sire bond . He gets shot by Vaughn with a bullet laced with werewolf venom , and almost dies , but Klaus comes back to Mystic Falls and saves him . At the end of the episode , Elena proclaims her love for him stating that of all the decisions she has made choosing him will prove to be the worse one . Season 5 ( edit ) Not aware of Stefan 's absence and Bonnie 's death , Damon and Elena are having the time of their lives before Elena leaves for Whitmore college . College brings a lot of ups and downs to the on screen romance . Katherine begs Damon to protect her as she feels someone is after her , Damon by the help of Jeremy 's vampire hunter instincts that Silas is possessing as Stefan . Silas gives Damon a crash course on why he looks like Stefan and tells where was he the whole summer , shocked to know about this he starts to search Stefan with the help of Stefan . Silas mind - controlled Elena to kill Damon but Elena resists it by thinking about her worries for Stefan . Both Elena and Damon , with the help of Sheriff Forbes , finds the safe where Stefan was drowning the whole summer , but only to find a dead body . Due to both Elena and Katherine having same nightmare of Stefan all three , Damon , Elena and Katherine search for Stefan . Damon finally finds Stefan inside a hut where he is tied up in the chair and Qetsiyah makes a link of Stefan with Silas which fries Stefan 's brain . Qetsiyah reveals to Damon that his relationship with Elena is doomed . Damon and Elena take Stefan where both of them finds out that he has memory loss and ca n't remember anything . Damon , to make Stefan remember about his past life , gives him his journals and spends quality time with him . Jeremy tells Damon that Bonnie is dead and Damon finally tells Elena about Bonnie . At Bonnie 's funeral , Damon consoles Elena . Damon wants to help Silas so that Silas can do a spell to swap his life with Bonnie as Silas wants to die . Silas had seen Qetsiyah going to the party therefore both Damon and Silas goes to the ball party at Whitmore College . Silas needs Damon to kill Stefan , so that he can get back his power . Stefan , after waking up , tricked Damon and snapped his neck . At Salvatore 's mansion they bring a desiccated Silas , to trade Silas 's life with Bonnie he must become mortal ( witch ) . The only way is by the cure so Elena and Damon calls Katherine who has the cure in her blood and after she arrives her blood is drained by Silas , but still Katherine lived . Amara is then awakened and revealed to be the mystic anchor . She then cures herself of her immortality by feeding off Silas . Season 6 ( edit ) At the beginning of season 6 , Damon is still trapped in the 1994 snapshot with Bonnie , forced to relive the same day over and over again . As the season progresses , the duo meet Kai Parker who 's provides them with clues on how to get back home . In a truly selfless act , Bonnie manages to send Damon back while she remains in 1994 with Kai . Back home , things are n't as Damon expected them to be . Elena has compelled her memories of their time together and moved on . After a few initial set backs , Damon sets his mind to wooing her back . As the season progresses , Elena falls for Damon all over again as they search for a way to free Bonnie and she becomes a large part of his support as his good friend Liz Forbes becomes more and more ill with cancer . Kai , who escaped the Prison World without Bonnie and merged with Luke , has absorbed some of Luke 's qualities and is now moved by guilt to help free Bonnie . With his help , he , along with Damon , Elena , and Jeremy , are able to visit the Prison World and remind Bonnie that there is still magic residing in Qetsiyah 's headstone in Nova Scotia . After the death of Liz , Caroline is unable to bear the pain of losing her mother and chooses to turn off her humanity just as Bonnie returns . Bonnie brought back with her a strange video she 'd caught while leaving a second Prison World she 'd been moved to set in October 31 , 1903 . She shows the video to Damon and he recognizes his own mother , Lillian Salvatore , standing in the background . Troubled with the news that his mother is still alive after believing she 'd been dead since 1858 , Damon 's informed by Kai that his mother was placed in a Prison World due to being a Ripper and the heinous number of deaths she 'd caused . Unfortunately , Stefan is forced by Caroline to turn off his humanity and Kai , Bonnie , Damon , and Elena have to travel to Lily 's 1903 Prison World to retrieve her and use her as a means to get Stefan back . Damon is disturbed to learn when he gets to Lily that she has been trapped with other vampires and they allowed her to drink their portions of blood to stay alive . She is reluctant to leave without them , but Damon threatens to leave her behind if she does n't go . Bonnie , Damon , and Elena leave with Lily , leaving Kai behind . When they return , Bonnie gives Damon a gift she 'd gotten for him during her trip to Nova Scotia in the 1994 Prison World : the cure to vampirism . He struggles with whether or not to give it to Elena and provide her with the life she 'd been robbed of . After using Lily to get Stefan 's humanity back and he is used to bring Caroline back , Lily is adamant about returning to her Prison World to retrieve what she considers to be her family . Damon confronts Bonnie , who had taken the Ascendant , and tells her that Lily is threatening to destroy the cure if he does n't return with the means to get her `` family '' back . However , when he decides to let Bonnie destroy the Ascendant , he comes home to find that Lily had actually given the cure to Elena instead . He confesses that he was selfish and afraid of losing her but agrees that she should take it and that he 'll take it with her . Elena takes the cure and , unexpectedly , her memories return and she remembers when she 'd traveled to Nova Scotia with Damon in search of the cure the first time , he 'd told her that he used to miss being human , but , now , he could n't imagine anything more miserable . She tells him he needs to think about it before making that decision and enlists Stefan to try to make sure Damon is certain of his choice to become human . Damon almost decides he 'd rather stay a vampire until he witnesses an interaction between an older couple . Before Jo and Ric 's wedding , he tells Elena he 'd made his choice to live one lifetime with her . During the wedding , Kai shows up and stabs Jo before causing an explosion . The second to last episode ends with Elena lying unconscious on the ground . In the last episode of the 6th season titled `` I 'm Thinking Of You All The While '' Damon rushes Elena to the hospital after vampire blood fails to heal and awaken her . At the hospital the doctors tell him that she is medically healthy and they see no reason why she 's not awake . Kai stumbles into the hospital injured . After consuming Lily 's blood and killing himself , Kai 's ability to siphon magic allowed him to become another Heretic ( vampire with witch - like power ) , but he was soon bitten by a transforming Tyler , who had re-triggered his werewolf curse . Kai tells Damon and he 's linked Elena 's life to Bonnie 's and as long as Bonnie lives , Elena will remain asleep but perfectly healthy . He also tells him that the spell is permanent and any attempt to find a loophole in the spell will result in the death of both Bonnie and Elena . Damon returns to the wedding to find Bonnie badly injured on the floor and Kai 's reminder that letting Bonnie die will allow Elena to regain consciousness . Damon tells Bonnie he 's sorry and leaves the room . Kai is irritated that his plan to torture Damon with an impossible choice had failed and , while he 's distracted , Damon decapitates him from behind . Damon saves Bonnie 's life and they go to the Salvatore boarding house to say their goodbyes to Elena , deciding that they will allow Bonnie to live her life and , when she dies , Elena will wake . Damon allows himself to enter Elena 's subconscious to say his goodbye , dancing with her and telling her that he 'll never be ready to live the next 60 years of his life without her . Stefan and Damon move the coffin holding Elena to a crypt and have Bonnie seal the door magically to keep away those seeking the Cure . The season ends with the impression that quite a bit of time has passed . Mystic Falls is desolate and run down after the return of the other Heretics , Lily 's `` family '' . The last scene shows Damon looking torn standing on the clock tower he once sat on with Elena . Relationships ( edit ) At the start of season 1 , Damon was a self - proclaimed loner , often keeps to himself . Despite his initially antagonistic relationships with humans such as Alaric Saltzman and Sheriff Elizabeth Forbes , Caroline 's mother . Damon gradually involved himself into the lives of many people in Mystic Falls by developing friendships with several humans . After spending time with Elena Gilbert , Damon becomes more empathetic and falls deeply , madly and passionately in love with her . He always puts her safety first before anyone else , even his . Somerhalder with his Vampire Diaries co-stars Paul Wesley ( Stefan ) and Nina Dobrev ( Elena ) at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International Damon 's most prominent love , aside from Elena , was Rose . He met her while searching for Klaus and hooked up with her shortly after . Unfortunately Damon ticked off Jules , a werewolf , and she showed up on a full moon for revenge . Stefan Salvatore ( edit ) Damon has had a challenging relationship with his younger brother Stefan Salvatore for over a century . Before they became vampires , they both loved the vampire Katherine Pierce . Damon shows that he has nurtured a long - standing desire to reunite with Katherine throughout the first season . In the first season , we learn that it was Stefan who convinced Damon to feed and complete his transformation after Katherine turned both brothers into vampires . Despite the feud between the Salvatore brothers , both Damon and Stefan always have each other 's backs . Damon is always there for Stefan when it really matters , e.g. , saving him from being tortured , helping him through withdrawal , and working with him to kill common enemies . And Stefan will still give up his own life for Damon 's survival . They both actually love each other but wo n't admit it , however : Elena Gilbert ( edit ) After learning of Katherine 's deceit , Damon starts to fall for , Elena . In general , Damon is fiercely protective of Elena and always puts her safety ahead of all else . Damon comes to Elena 's rescue at the Miss Mystic Falls pageant when Elena is left stranded without a partner , and the two dance . In the episode `` Rose '' , Damon confesses his love for her only to compel her to forget about it because he does n't believe he is worthy of her . Throughout the third season his relationship with Elena grows ; she learns to fully trust him , and they begin to rely on each other as a team . They share two passionate kisses , but Elena remains in denial about her feelings for him . After a long struggle , Elena still chooses Stefan much to Damon 's dismay . In the following season , however , Elena realizes that her feelings for Damon can not be denied any longer . She and Stefan break up , and in the following episode Damon and Elena finally get together and have sex . Damon and Elena then both individually discover that Elena is sired to Damon , making Elena 's feelings unfortunately known ; however , Elena insists that her love for Damon is the most real thing that she 's ever felt in her entire life . Damon remains doubtful , so in `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' he sets her `` free '' . In an interview before the season finale , Julie Plec stated that `` This year , she 's had a very traumatic roller coaster of life experience and it 's changed her irrevocably -- and at the center of it all was the diehard belief that she loved Damon , that she loved him more than she 'd ever loved anyone . '' In `` Graduation '' , after the sire bond is broken and there remains no doubt about Elena 's feelings , she reveals that she is in love with Damon . Damon and Elena spend the next few months together , having the summer of their lives . When Elena has to leave for college , Damon stays behind in Mystic Falls and they have a functional long distance relationship . However , in the episode `` Original Sin '' , Tessa , who is revealed to be Qetsiyah , tells Damon that the doppelgangers are fated to fall in love and that he is only a bump in the road that makes their story interesting . Damon refuses to believe in this and assures Elena that he will fight for her and their future together as she is his life . It is later revealed that there is nothing fated about Stefan and Elena , but that they were merely drawn together by a spell . After a tumultuous , back and forth relationship , Damon and Elena get back together at the end of the season , and they choose to sacrifice themselves together to save Stefan and Alaric and their other friends on the Other Side . When Elena makes it back but Damon is trapped on the collapsing Other Side , Elena is devastated . Damon says his last goodbye to Elena , telling her that she is by far the best thing that has ever happened to him , and that being loved by her is `` the epitome of a fulfilled life '' , as Elena sobs inconsolably . In season 6 , Elena is unable to move on from Damon 's death months later . She pretends to be happy , but she is secretly taking witch herbs to hallucinate Damon . When the herbs make her dangerous to humans , Elena decides to have Alaric compel away her memories of Damon , because she will never be able to move on otherwise . When Damon returns , he attempts to help her remember their love story , but the compulsion will not break . Not remembering any of the good things about Damon , Elena still decides to give him another chance . She slowly falls in love with him again , ultimately declaring that no matter whether she has memories of him or not , she always finds her way back to him . When Bonnie returns from the prison world , she gifts Damon with the cure for vampirism , knowing that he wanted to give it to Elena . However , Damon is afraid that this will mean losing Elena . They discuss what a human life together would be like . Elena initially rejects the cure , but Damon decides to take it with her so that they can have a human life together , including children . Damon always wanted Elena to have the human life she always dreamed of . Elena takes the cure , which breaks the compulsion , and her memories of Damon return to her . She recalls a memory from season 4 , where Damon declares that there would be nothing more miserable than becoming human again . Elena is afraid that Damon would regret taking the cure , so she challenges him to think it through carefully . Stefan attempts to convince Damon that becoming human would be a bad decision , but Damon ultimately realizes that one lifetime with Elena is infinitely better than an immortal one without her , and confidently believes her to be his soulmate . Damon and Elena excitedly anticipate the beginning of their human future together , until Kai puts Elena under a sleeping spell , tied to Bonnie 's life . Damon spends the next two seasons devoted to Elena , waiting for her to wake up . He repeatedly states that he is miserable without her , and will spend the next 60 or so years unhappily until Bonnie dies . However , Damon is committed to staying true to Elena , and doing right by her . Elena is shown to be Damon 's moral compass , and his guiding force throughout the two seasons . When Damon is in the Phoenix Stone 's version of hell , a vision of Stefan asks Damon `` What would Elena do ? '' and this prompts Damon to forgive his mother , freeing him from hell . The phoenix stone 's influence remains , and Damon accidentally lights Elena 's coffin on fire ( or so he thinks ) . Believing that he has unwittingly killed the love of his life , Damon becomes suicidal . When confronted with the hunter Rayna , Damon commands her to kill him because he is already in hell in a world without Elena . Enzo then reveals to Damon that Elena is still alive , renewing Damon 's hope . When Damon realizes that he is a potential danger to his friends and family because he does not believe he is good without Elena , he decides to desiccate himself next to her . He write to Alaric that before Elena , he did n't know what it was like to be happy , fulfilled or complete , and that he does n't want to continue living without that feeling . After Stefan wakes Damon from his desiccation , Damon continues to be devoted to his future with Elena . At the end of season 7 , he is lured into a trap by a siren , hearing Elena 's voice calling out to him . When the siren takes control of Damon 's mind in season 8 , Damon spends a significant amount of time sleeping , seeking refuge in dreams of his memories of Elena . When Sybil erases Elena from Damon 's consciousness only to insert herself into their memories , Damon fights back , instinctively drawn back to Elena . His love for her prevails , and he breaks the siren 's mind control , regaining his memories of Elena . Julie Plec stated that `` I think the only hope that he 's holding on to is the idea of the two of them living in Tribeca in their brownstone and raising kids and having a life together as humans when this is all said and done . '' After Stefan gives Damon the cure to vampirism , turning him into a human , and Bonnie unbreaks the spell on Elena , Damon and Elena finally reunite . They begin their life together , getting married while Elena goes to medical school and becomes a doctor . Eventually they return to Mystic Falls to grow old together , where they died together of old age . We last see them walking hand in hand in the afterlife before reuniting with their respective families . Alaric zaltzman ( edit ) Alaric is a vampire hunter looking to avenge his wife by killing the vampire that killed her . It is soon revealed that the vampire that Alaric is hunting is actually Damon . Before killing Alaric , he confesses that he did n't kill Isobel but turned her . Alaric is brought back to life by the Gilbert ring . The two remain enemies but work together on occasion . Eventually , the two become best friends and drinking buddies . Even after Alaric is turned into a vampire who kills other vampires , Damon does his best to ensure that they do n't have to kill him . But with Elena 's death , Alaric dies as well while Damon holds him . In the episode , `` Memorial '' , it 's clear that Damon still misses his friend as he talks to Alaric at his grave . Unknown to him , Alaric listens to the whole thing and even responds with `` I miss you too , buddy '' . Damon 's best friend . Bonnie Bennett ( edit ) Bonnie first saw Damon in Friday Night Bites when he dropped Caroline off at cheerleading practice . They first interacted in Haunted , when Damon learned that Bonnie had come into possession of the Bennett Talisman . He needed this to open the tomb which Katherine was locked in ( for 145 years or so he believed ) . At first , Bonnie did n't want to have anything to do with Damon , saving his life only for Elena 's sake and soon blaming him for Caroline 's transition into a vampire . However , as time went on , Bonnie was put into situations where she had to work with Damon to achieve what they both wanted ( albeit reluctantly at first ) . Their teamwork has often proved to be beneficial for the both of them . Their relationship has even come to a point where Damon is visibly worried for Bonnie 's well - being and was devastated when he found out about her death . The improvement of their relationship is seen in Damon 's efforts to help bring Bonnie back from the dead . However , their unique friendship hit a speed bump when Damon reverted to his old ways . Finally , they stood side by side with each other as The Other Side collapsed , holding each other 's hand and at peace with what is to come for the both of them . They later discover that they are trapped in a 1994 Prison World . During that time , they start to bond and form a close alliance to take down Kai . Before sending Damon back home , she mentions that he 's not exactly the last person she would wan na be stuck with . When Damon returns home , he does everything he can to find a way to bring Bonnie back , including a long road trip to Oregon to seek the Gemini Coven , and also compelling Alaric to steal the Ascendant from Jo . They finally reunite at the Salvatore Boarding House with a hug after Sheriff Forbes 's funeral . It 's shown that Damon and Bonnie genuinely care about each other and have made sacrifices for each other . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Somerhalder joins ' Vampire Diaries ' by Michael Schneider of Variety , March 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Meet The Cast -- Vampire Diaries Casting Calls by Matej Jelic of Spoilers Guide , June 17 , 2009 Jump up ^ Ian Somerhalder talks ' Vampire Diaries ' by Mandi Bierly of Entertainment Weekly , September 17 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : The Vampire Diaries episode `` 162 Candles '' aired November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` Haunted '' aired October 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : The Vampire Diaries episode `` '' aired May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` Katerina '' aired November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` The Departed , '' aired May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` Do Not Go Gentle , '' aired April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` Kill or Be Killed , '' aired October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` 1912 , '' aired March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` Masquerade , '' aired October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` As I Lay Dying , '' aired May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.eonline.com/ca/news/418990/the-vampire-diaries-finale-julie-plec-teases-elena-s-choice-bonnie-s-sacrifice-and-dynasty-style-fight Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/news/the-vampire-diaries-spoilers-damon-elena-human/ External links ( edit ) Official website of the show The Vampire Diaries at TV.com The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters Legacies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damon_Salvatore&oldid=856231189 '' Categories : Characters in American novels of the 20th century Fictional characters introduced in 1991 Fictional American Civil War veterans Fictional mass murderers Fictional people of the Confederate States of America Fictional vampires The Vampire Diaries characters Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Official website not in Wikidata TV.com template with ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Português Română Slovenčina Suomi Türkçe Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 19 : 38 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | vampire diaries who does damon end up with | [
"Damon Salvatore is a fictional character in The Vampire Diaries novel series. He is portrayed by Ian Somerhalder in the television series. Initially, Damon is the main antagonist in the beginning of the show and later became a protagonist. After the first few episodes, Damon begins working alongside his younger brother, Stefan Salvatore, to resist greater threats and gradually Elena begins to consider him a friend. His transition was completed after his younger brother Stefan, who is also a vampire, convinces him to drink blood. Damon thus vows to make his brother's life sorrowful – thus further causing a century-long rift between the two brothers, centering around Katherine and eventually a love triangle with Elena Gilbert. After on-again/off-agains with both brothers, Elena chooses to be with Damon in the finale episode.\n"
] | [
"Elena"
] |
-7658613089432250162 | Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007 film) | Sweeney Todd : the Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 film ) - wikipedia Sweeney Todd : the Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Theatrical release poster Directed by Tim Burton Produced by Richard D. Zanuck Walter Parkes Laurie MacDonald John Logan Screenplay by John Logan Based on Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street by Stephen Sondheim and Hugh Wheeler Starring Johnny Depp Helena Bonham Carter Alan Rickman Timothy Spall Sacha Baron Cohen Music by Stephen Sondheim Cinematography Dariusz Wolski Edited by Chris Lebenzon Production companies DreamWorks Pictures Parkes / MacDonald Productions The Zanuck Company Distributed by Paramount Pictures ( North America ) Warner Bros. Pictures ( International ) Release date December 3 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 03 ) ( New York City ) December 21 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 21 ) ( United States ) January 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 25 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 116 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $50 million Box office $152.5 million Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( also known simply as Sweeney Todd ) is a 2007 musical period horror film directed by Tim Burton and an adaptation of Stephen Sondheim and Hugh Wheeler 's Tony Award - winning 1979 musical of the same name . The film re-tells the Victorian melodramatic tale of Sweeney Todd , an English barber and serial killer who murders his customers with a straight razor and , with the help of his accomplice , Mrs. Lovett , processes their corpses into meat pies . The film stars Johnny Depp as the titular character , and Helena Bonham Carter as Mrs. Lovett . Having been struck by the cinematic qualities of Sondheim 's musical while still a student , Burton had entertained the notion of a film version since the early 1980s . However , it was not until 2006 that he had the opportunity to realize this ambition , when DreamWorks announced his appointment as replacement for director Sam Mendes , who had been working on such an adaptation . Sondheim , although not directly involved , was extensively consulted during production . Depp , not known for his singing , took lessons in preparation for his role , which producer Richard D. Zanuck acknowledged was something of a gamble . However , Depp 's vocal performance , despite being criticized as lacking certain musical qualities , was generally thought by critics to suit the part . Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street was released in the United States on December 21 , 2007 and in the United Kingdom on January 25 , 2008 to largely positive reviews from critics . The film was chosen by National Board of Review as one of the top ten films of 2007 and won a number of awards , including Golden Globes for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy and Best Actor -- Musical or Comedy , as well as the Academy Award for Best Art Direction . Carter was herself nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , and Depp received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor . Although it was not an outstanding financial success in the U.S. , it performed well worldwide , and has spawned a soundtrack album and various DVD releases . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Music 5 Marketing 6 Release 6.1 Critical reception 7 Awards and nominations 8 Home media release 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1846 , Benjamin Barker , a barber , arrives in London , accompanied by sailor Anthony Hope . Fifteen years earlier , he was falsely convicted and exiled by the corrupt Judge Turpin , who lusted after Barker 's wife Lucy . Barker adopts the alias `` Sweeney Todd '' and returns to his old Fleet Street shop , situated above Mrs. Nellie Lovett 's meat pie shop , where she sells the `` worst pies in London '' . Lovett tells him that Turpin raped Lucy , who then poisoned herself with arsenic . The couple 's daughter , Johanna , is now Turpin 's ward . Todd vows revenge , and re-opens his barber shop after Mrs. Lovett , who loves him unrequitedly , presents him with his old straight razors . Anthony becomes enamored with Johanna , but is caught by Turpin and driven away by his henchman , Beadle Bamford . Todd denounces faux - Italian barber Adolfo Pirelli 's hair tonic as a fraud and humiliates him in a public shaving contest judged by Bamford . A few days later , Pirelli arrives at Todd 's shop , with his boy assistant Tobias Ragg . Pirelli identifies himself as Todd 's former assistant , Davy Collins , and threatens to reveal Todd 's secret unless Todd gives him half his earnings . Todd kills Collins , and hides his body in a trunk . After receiving advice from Bamford , Turpin visits Todd for grooming , intent on marrying Johanna . Todd shaves Turpin , preparing to slit his throat ; they are interrupted by Anthony , who reveals his plan to elope with Johanna before noticing Turpin . An angered Turpin renounces Todd 's service and leaves . Todd swears revenge on the entire world , vowing to kill as many people as he can while he waits for another chance to kill Turpin . Mrs. Lovett gets the idea to bake Todd 's victims into pies . Anthony searches for Johanna , whom Turpin has sent to an insane asylum upon discovering her plans to elope with Anthony . The barbering and pie - making businesses prosper , and Mrs. Lovett takes Toby as her assistant . She tells an uninterested Todd of her plans to marry him and move to the seaside . Anthony discovers Johanna 's whereabouts and , following Todd 's suggestion , poses as a wigmaker 's apprentice to rescue her . Todd has Toby deliver a letter to Turpin , telling him where Johanna will be brought when Anthony frees her . Toby has become wary of Todd and tells Mrs. Lovett of his suspicions , vowing to protect her . Bamford arrives at the pie shop , informing Mrs. Lovett that neighbors have been complaining of the stink from her chimney . Todd distracts him with an offer of a free grooming and murders him . Mrs. Lovett informs Todd of Toby 's suspicions , and the pair search for the boy , who hid in the sewers after finding human remains in Mrs Lovett 's bakehouse . Meanwhile , Anthony brings Johanna , disguised as a sailor , to the shop , and has her wait there while he leaves to find a coach . A beggar woman enters the shop in search of Bamford , and Johanna hides in the trunk . The woman recognizes Todd , but upon hearing Turpin coming , Todd kills her and sends her through the trapdoor in the floor . As Turpin enters , Todd explains that Johanna had repented and is coming to him , then offers a free shave in the meantime . When Turpin finally recognizes Todd as Benjamin Barker , Todd stabs him several times , cuts his throat and sends his body down a trap door to the bakehouse , killing him . Johanna comes out of her hiding place , still in disguise , and Todd prepares to kill her as well , not recognizing her as his daughter . However , hearing Mrs. Lovett scream in horror in the basement after discovering Turpin 's body , Todd lets Johanna go . Todd discovers that the beggar woman was his wife Lucy , whom he believed to be dead , and that Mrs. Lovett deliberately misled him so she could have him to herself . Todd pretends to forgive her and dances with her before hurling her into the bakehouse oven , then cradles Lucy 's dead body in his arms . Toby appears , enraged at Mrs. Lovett 's death , and Todd allows Toby to slit his throat with his own razor . Toby leaves as Todd bleeds to death over his dead wife . Cast ( edit ) Johnny Depp as Benjamin Barker / Sweeney Todd Helena Bonham Carter as Nellie Lovett Alan Rickman as Judge Turpin Timothy Spall as Beadle Bamford Jayne Wisener as Johanna Barker Sacha Baron Cohen as Adolfo Pirelli Laura Michelle Kelly as Lucy Barker / Beggar Woman Jamie Campbell Bower as Anthony Hope Ed Sanders as Tobias Ragg Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Tim Burton first saw Stephen Sondheim 's 1979 stage musical , Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street , as a CalArts student in London in 1980 . Burton recalled his experience of seeing the show , saying , `` I was still a student , I did n't know if I would be making movies or working in a restaurant , I had no idea what I would be doing . I just wandered into the theatre and it just blew me away because I 'd never really seen anything that had the mixture of all those elements . I actually went three nights in a row because I loved it so much . '' Although not a fan of the musical genre , Burton was struck by how cinematic the musical was , and repeatedly attended subsequent performances . He described it as a silent film with music , and was `` dazzled both by the music and its sense of the macabre . '' When his directing career took off in the late 1980s , Burton approached Sondheim with a view to making a cinematic adaptation , but nothing came of it . In Sondheim 's words , `` ( Burton ) went off and did other things . '' Meanwhile , director Sam Mendes had been working on a film version of the story for several years , and in June 2003 Sondheim was approached to write the script . Although he turned down the offer , Mendes and producer Walter F. Parkes obtained his approval to use writer John Logan instead . Logan had previously collaborated with Parkes on Gladiator , and claimed his biggest challenge in adapting the Sondheim stage play `` was taking a sprawling , magnificent Broadway musical and making it cinematic , and an emotionally honest film . Onstage , you can have a chorus sing as the people of London , but I think that would be alienating in a movie . '' Mendes left to direct the 2005 film Jarhead , and Burton leaped at taking over the direction after his project , Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! , fell apart due to its excessive budget . On Burton 's hiring , he and Logan reworked the screenplay ; Logan felt they agreed over the film 's tone due to `` share ( d ) stunted childhoods watching Amicus movies '' . Turning a three - hour stage musical into a two - hour film required some changes . Some songs were shortened , while others were completely removed . Burton said , `` In terms of the show , it was three hours long , but we were n't out to film the Broadway show , we were out to make a movie , so we tried to keep the pace like those old melodramas . Sondheim himself is not a real big fan of movie musicals , so he was really open to honing it down to a more pacey shape . '' Burton and Logan also reduced the prominence of other secondary elements , such as the romance between Todd 's daughter Johanna and Anthony , to allow them to focus on the triangular relationship between Todd , Mrs. Lovett , and Toby . Casting ( edit ) DreamWorks announced Burton 's appointment in August 2006 , and Johnny Depp was cast as Todd . Christopher Lee , Peter Bowles , Anthony Head , and five other actors were set to play the ghost narrators , but their roles were cut ( Head does appear in an uncredited cameo as a gentleman who congratulates Depp after the shaving contest ) . According to Lee , these deletions were due to time constraints caused by a break in filming during March 2007 , while Depp 's daughter recovered from an illness . Burton 's domestic partner Helena Bonham Carter was cast in October 2006 , as well as Sacha Baron Cohen . In December 2006 , Alan Rickman was cast . In January 2007 , Laura Michelle Kelly was cast as Lucy Barker . Timothy Spall was added to the cast , and said he was urged to audition by his daughter , who wanted him to work with Depp . He recalled , `` I really wanted this one -- I knew Tim was directing and that Johnny Depp was going to be in it . My daughter , my youngest daughter , really wanted me to do it for that reason -- Johnny Depp was in it . ( She came on set to meet Depp ) and he was really delightful to her , she had a great time . Then , I took her to the junket -- and ( Depp ) greeted her like an old pal when he saw her . I 've got plenty of brownie points at the moment . '' Three members of the cast had never been in a film before : Ed Sanders was cast as Toby , Jayne Wisener as Johanna , and Jamie Campbell Bower , who auditioned , and after four days got the part of Anthony said , `` I think I weed myself . I was out shopping at the time and I got this call on my mobile . I was just like , ' OH MY GOD ! ' Honestly , I was like a little girl running around this shop like oh - my - god - oh - my - god - oh - my - god . '' Filming ( edit ) Filming began on February 5 , 2007 at Pinewood Studios , and was completed by May 11 , despite a brief interruption when Depp 's daughter was taken seriously ill . Burton opted to film in London , where he had felt `` very much at home '' since his work on Batman in 1989 . Production designer Dante Ferretti created a darker , more sinister London by adapting Fleet Street and its surrounding area . Burton initially planned to use minimal sets and film in front of a green screen , but decided against it , stating that physical sets helped actors get into a musical frame of mind : `` Just having people singing in front of a green screen seemed more disconnected '' . Depp created his own image of Todd . Heavy purple and brown make - up was applied around his eyes to suggest fatigue and rage , as if `` he 's never slept '' . Burton said of the character Sweeney Todd , `` We always saw him as a sad character , not a tragic villain or anything . He 's basically a dead person when you meet him ; the only thing that 's keeping him going is the one single minded thing which is tragic . You do n't see anything else around him . '' Depp said of the character , `` He makes Sid Vicious look like the innocent paper boy . He 's beyond dark . He 's already dead . He 's been dead for years . '' Depp also commented on the streak of white in Todd 's hair , saying , `` The idea was that he 'd had this hideous trauma , from being sent away , locked away . That streak of white hair became the shock of that rage . It represented his rage over what had happened . It 's certainly not the first time anyone 's used it . But it 's effective . It tells a story all by itself . My brother had a white spot growing up , and his son has this kind of shock of white in his hair . '' Burton insisted that the film be bloody , as he felt stage versions of the play which cut back on the bloodshed robbed it of its power . For him , `` Everything is so internal with Sweeney that ( the blood ) is like his emotional release . It 's more about catharsis than it is a literal thing . '' Producer Richard D. Zanuck said that `` ( Burton ) had a very clear plan that he wanted to lift that up into a surreal , almost Kill Bill kind of stylization . We had done tests and experiments with the neck slashing , with the blood popping out . I remember saying to Tim , ' My God , do we dare do this ? ' '' On set , the fake blood was colored orange to render correctly on the desaturated color film used , and crew members wore bin liners to avoid getting stained while filming . This macabre tone made some studios nervous , and it was not until Warner Bros. , DreamWorks and Paramount had signed up for the project that the film 's $50 million budget was covered . Burton said `` the studio was cool about it and they accepted it because they knew what the show was . Any movie is a risk , but it is nice to be able to do something like that that does n't fit into the musical or slasher movie categories . '' After the filming , Burton said of the cast , `` All I can say is this is one of the best casts I 've ever worked with . These people are not professional singers , so to do a musical like this which I think is one of the most difficult musicals , they all went for it . Every day on the set was a very , very special thing for me . Hearing all these guys sing , I do n't know if I can ever have an experience like that again . '' '' Burton said of the singing , `` You ca n't just lip synch , you 'd see the throat and the breath , every take they all had to belt it out . It was very enjoyable for me to see , with music on the set everybody just moved differently . I 'd seen Johnny ( Depp ) act in a way I 'd never seen before , walking across the room or sitting in the chair , picking up a razor or making a pie , whatever . They all did it in a way that you could sense . '' Depp said of working with Baron Cohen , when asked what he was like in real life ( meaning , not doing one of his trademark characters ) , `` He 's not what I expected . I did n't look at those characters and think , ' This will be the sweetest guy in the world ' . He 's incredibly nice . A real gentleman , kind of elegant . I was impressed with him . He 's kind of today 's equivalent of Peter Sellers . '' Music ( edit ) Main article : Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street : The Motion Picture Soundtrack Burton wanted to avoid the traditional approach of patches of dialogue interrupted by song , `` We did n't want it to be what I 'd say was a traditional musical with a lot of dialogue and then singing . That 's why we cut out a lot of choruses and extras singing and dancing down the street . Each of the characters , because a lot of them are repressed and have their emotions inside , the music was a way to let them express their feelings . '' He cut the show 's famous opening number , `` The Ballad of Sweeney Todd '' , explaining , `` Why have a chorus singing about ' attending the tale of Sweeney Todd ' when you could just go ahead and attend it ? '' Sondheim acknowledged that , in adapting a musical to film , the plot has to be kept moving , and was sent MP3 files of his shortened songs by Mike Higham , the film 's music producer , for approval . Several other songs were also cut , and Sondheim noted that there were `` many changes , additions and deletions ... ( though ) ... if you just go along with it , I think you 'll have a spectacular time . '' To create a larger , more cinematic feel , the score was re-orchestrated by the stage musical 's original orchestrator , Jonathan Tunick , who increased the orchestra from 27 musicians to 78 . The Deluxe Complete Edition soundtrack was released on December 18 , 2007 . Depp 's singing was described by a New York Times reviewer as `` harsh and thin , but amazingly forceful '' . Another critic adds that , though Depp 's voice `` does not have much heft or power '' , `` his ear is obviously excellent , because his pitch is dead - on accurate ... Beyond his good pitch and phrasing , the expressive colorings of his singing are crucial to the portrayal . Beneath this Sweeney 's vacant , sullen exterior is a man consumed with a murderous rage that threatens to burst forth every time he slowly takes a breath and is poised to speak . Yet when he sings , his voice crackles and breaks with sadness . '' Marketing ( edit ) The film 's marketing has been criticized for not advertising it as a musical . Michael Halberstam of the Writers ' Theatre said , `` By de-emphasizing the score to the extent they did in the trailer , it is possible the producers were condescending to us -- a tactic which can not ultimately end in anything but tears . '' In the UK , a number of audience members walked out of the film on realizing it was a musical , and complaints that advertisements for the film were deliberately misleading were made to both the Advertising Standards Authority and Trading Standards agency . The studios involved opted for a low - key approach to their marketing . Producer Walter Parkes stated , `` All these things that could be described as difficulties could also be the movie 's greatest strengths . '' Warner Bros. felt it should take a similar approach to marketing as with The Departed , with little early exposure and discouraging talk of awards . Release ( edit ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street officially opened at the United States box office on December 21 , 2007 in 1,249 theatres , and took $9,300,805 in its opening weekend . Worldwide releases followed during January and February 2008 , with the film performing well in the United Kingdom and Japan . The film grossed $52,898,073 in the United States and Canada , and $99,625,091 in other markets , accumulating a worldwide total of $152,523,164 . In the United States , the Marcus Theaters Corporation was not initially planning to screen the film following its premiere , because it was unable to reach a pricing agreement with Paramount . However , the dispute was resolved in time for the official release . Critical reception ( edit ) Although Sondheim was cautious of a cinematic adaptation of his musical , he was largely impressed by the results . The film received largely positive reviews , with Depp 's performance receiving critical praise -- the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 86 % of critics gave the film positive reviews , based on 221 reviews , and Metacritic gave the film an average score of 83 out of 100 , based on 39 reviews . Sweeney Todd appeared on many critics ' top ten lists of the best films of 2007 . Of the reviewers , Time rated it an A-minus and added , `` Burton and Depp infuse the brilliant cold steel of Stephen Sondheim 's score with a burning passion . Helena Bonham Carter and a superb supporting cast bring focused fury to this musical nightmare . It 's bloody great . '' Time 's Richard Corliss named the film one of its top ten movies of 2007 , placing it fifth . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave it four stars out of four , lauding Burton 's visual style . In his review in Variety , Todd McCarthy called it `` both sharp and fleet '' and `` a satisfying screen version of Stephen Sondheim 's landmark 1979 theatrical musical ... things have turned out uniformly right thanks to highly focused direction by Tim Burton , expert screw - tightening by scenarist John Logan , and haunted and musically adept lead performances from Johnny Depp and Helena Bonham Carter . Assembled artistic combo assures the film will reap by far the biggest audience to see a pure Sondheim musical , although just how big depends on the upscale crowd 's tolerance for buckets of blood , and the degree to which the masses stay away due to the whiff of the highbrow . '' Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B - plus in its Movie Reviews section and stated , `` To stage a proper Sweeney Todd , necks must be slit , human flesh must be squished into pastries , and blood ought to spurt in fountains and rivers of death . Enter Tim Burton , who ... has tenderly art - directed soup - thick , tomato - red , fake - gore blood with the zest of a Hollywood - funded Jackson Pollock . '' She went on to refer to the piece as `` opulent , attentive ... so finely minced a mixture of Sondheim 's original melodrama and Burton 's signature spicing that it 's difficult to think of any other filmmaker so naturally suited for the job . '' In its DVD Reviews section , EW 's Chris Nashawaty gave the film an A-minus , stating , `` Depp 's soaring voice makes you wonder what other tricks he 's been hiding ... Watching Depp 's barber wield his razors ... it 's hard not to be reminded of Edward Scissorhands frantically shaping hedges into animal topiaries 18 years ago ... and all of the twisted beauty we would 've missed out on had ( Burton and Depp ) never met . '' In Rolling Stone , Peter Travers awarded it 31⁄2 out of 4 stars and added , `` Sweeney Todd is a thriller - diller from start to finish : scary , monstrously funny and melodically thrilling ... ( the film ) is a bloody wonder , intimate and epic , horrific and heart - rending as it flies on the wings of Sondheim 's most thunderously exciting score . '' As with Time , the critic ranked it fifth on his list of the best movies of 2007 . Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter said , `` The blood juxtaposed to the music is highly unsettling . It runs contrary to expectations . Burton pushes this gore into his audiences ' faces so as to feel the madness and the destructive fury of Sweeney 's obsession . Teaming with Depp , his long - time alter ego , Burton makes Sweeney a smoldering dark pit of fury and hate that consumes itself . With his sturdy acting and surprisingly good voice , Depp is a Sweeney Todd for the ages . '' Harry Knowles gave the film a highly positive review , calling it Burton 's best film since Ed Wood , his favorite Burton film , and said it was possibly superior . He praised all of the cast and the cinematography , but noted it would probably not appeal to non-musical fans due to the dominance of music in the film . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street received four Golden Globe nominations for the January 2008 65th Golden Globe Awards , winning two . The film received the award for Best Motion Picture in the Musical or Comedy genre , and Depp for his performance as Sweeney Todd . Burton was nominated for Best Director , and Helena Bonham Carter was nominated for her performance as Mrs. Lovett . The film was included in the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures 's top ten films of 2007 , and Burton was presented with their award for Best Director . The film was also nominated for two BAFTA awards , in the categories of Costume Design and Make Up and Hair . Sweeney Todd further received three Oscar nominations at the 80th Academy Awards : Best Actor in a Leading Role for Depp ; Best Achievement in Costume Design ; and Best Achievement in Art Direction , which it won . Depp won the award for Best Villain at the 2008 MTV Movie Awards . He thanked his fans for `` sticking with me on this very obtuse and strange road . '' He also won the Choice Movie Villain award at the Teen Choice Awards ; and at Spike TV 's 2008 Scream Awards ( filmed on October 18 , 2008 , and aired three days later ) , the film won two awards : Best Horror Movie , and Best Actor in a Horror Movie or TV Show ( Depp ) . It was listed as number 490 on Empire 's 500 Greatest films of all time . Year Award Nominee Result 2007 London Film Critics ' Circle Award British Actress of the Year Helena Bonham Carter Nominated 2008 Academy Award Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role Johnny Depp Nominated Best Costume Design Colleen Atwood Nominated Best Art Direction Dante Ferretti and Francesca Lo Schiavo Won Evening Standard British Film Award Best Actress Helena Bonham Carter Won American Cinema Editors Best Edited Feature Film - Comedy or Musical Won British Academy Film Award Best Costume Design Colleen Atwood Nominated Best Makeup and Hair Ivana Primorac Nominated Broadcast Film Critics Association Award Best Film Nominated Best Cast Nominated Best Actor Johnny Depp Nominated Best Young Performer Ed Sanders Nominated Best Director Tim Burton Nominated Golden Globe Award Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy Won Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Johnny Depp Won Best Actress - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Helena Bonham Carter Nominated Best Director Tim Burton Nominated Italian Online Movie Award Best Actor in a Leading Role Johnny Depp Nominated Best Actress in a Supporting Role Helena Bonham Carter Nominated Best Art Direction Dante Ferretti and Francesca Lo Schiavo Won Best Costume Design Colleen Atwood Won Best Make - up Ivana Primorac Won MTV Movie Award Best Villain Johnny Depp Won National Movie Award Best Musical Nominated Best Performance ( Male ) Johnny Depp Won Best Performance ( Female ) Helena Bonham Carter Nominated Saturn Award Best Horror Film Won Best Actor Johnny Depp Nominated Best Actress Helena Bonham Carter Nominated Best Supporting Actor Alan Rickman Nominated Best Director Tim Burton Nominated Best Costume Colleen Atwood Won Best Make - up Peter Owen and Ivana Primorac Nominated Best Writing John Logan Nominated Scream Award Best Horror Actor Johnny Depp Won Best Horror Actress Helena Bonham Carter Nominated Best Director Tim Burton Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice Movie : Villain Johnny Depp Won 2009 Empire Award Best Horror Nominated Best Actor Johnny Depp Nominated Best Actress Helena Bonham Carter Won Best Director Tim Burton Nominated Home media release ( edit ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street was released on DVD in the United States on April 1 , 2008 , and the UK on May 19 . A Blu - ray was released on October 21 , 2008 . An HD DVD release was announced for the same date , but due to the discontinuation of the format , Paramount canceled this version in preference for international distribution of the Blu - ray release . The DVD was released on April 1 , 2008 and has thus far sold approximately 1,892,489 copies , bringing in more than $38 million in revenue . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 18 , 2007 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box office release data '' . Box Office Mojo , LLC. 2008 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Brownfield , Paul ( 2007 - 11 - 25 ) . `` Tim Burton 's slasher film '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter . `` Sweeny Todd '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Prince , Chris ( 2008 ) . `` Director 's Cut '' . Ultimate DVD . Visual Imagination ( 89 ) : 18 . ISSN 1468 - 6112 . ^ Jump up to : Daly , Steve ( 2007 - 10 - 31 ) . `` ' Sweeney Todd ' : A Musical on the Cutting Edge '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Gold , Sylviane ( 2007 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Demon Barber , Meat Pies and All , Sings on Screen '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Susman , Gary ( 2003 - 06 - 26 ) . `` Tuning Up '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Buckley , Michael ( December 16 , 2007 ) . `` Stage to Screens : Logan , Zanuck and Parkes of `` Sweeney Todd , '' Plus `` Atonement '' Writer Hampton `` . Playbill . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2007 . Retrieved December 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Stax ( 2006 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Believe It Not : Sweeney before Ripley '' . IGN . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Levy , Emanuel ( 2008 ) . `` Sweeney Todd : The Making of a Musical Movie '' . Emanuel Levy . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Martinfield , Seán ( December 24 , 2007 ) . `` Depp cleaves a wedge into Broadway Musical '' . San Francisco Sentinel . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2008 . Retrieved January 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sweeney Todd to Start Filming Early 2007 '' . ComingSoon.net. 2006 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` A ghost is exorcised '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . 2007 - 05 - 13 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Zap2It.com ( 2006 - 10 - 18 ) . `` Carter Lands Killer ' Sweeney Todd ' Role '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Borat And Bonham Carter Sign Up For Sweeney Todd '' . Hecklerspray.com. 2006 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Rickman Joins Sweeney Todd Cast '' . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Michelle Kelly Joins Cast of Burton 's Sweeney Todd '' . bloody-disgusting.com . January 23 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2007 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Laura Michelle Kelly has joined the cast of Tim Burton 's Sweeney Todd to play Lucy Barker , according to various sources . Jump up ^ `` Spall Took Sweeney Todd Role To Please Depp - loving Daughter '' . ContactMusic.com . January 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Vilkomerson , Sara ( 2007 ) . `` He 's 19 , He 's Beautiful And He 's Bloody Good The New York Observer '' . Observer.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Richards , Olly ( October 2007 ) . `` Sweeney Todd '' . Empire . p. 100 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Martyn ( 2007 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Johnny 's Treasure Chest '' . The Mail on Sunday . Johnny Depp Zone Interview Archive . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Daly , Steve ( 2007 - 10 - 31 ) . `` Johnny Depp : Cutting Loose in Sweeney Todd '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Prince , Chris ( 2008 ) . `` Director 's Cut '' . Ultimate DVD . Visual Imagination ( 89 ) : 20 . ISSN 1468 - 6112 . Jump up ^ Daly , Steve ( November 3 , 2007 ) . `` Johnny Depp : Cutting Loose in Sweeney Todd '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Daly , Steve ( November 3 , 2007 ) . `` Johnny Depp : Cutting Loose in Sweeney Todd '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Newgen , Heather ( 2007 - 12 - 19 ) . `` Burton , Depp on the Making of Sweeney Todd '' . ShockTillYouDrop.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Daly , Steve ( November 3 , 2007 ) . `` Johnny Depp : Cutting Loose in Sweeney Todd '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( December 21 , 2007 ) . `` Murder Most Musical '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Thomasini , Anthony ( 2008 - 01 - 12 ) . `` An Actor Whose Approach to Singing Lets the Words Take Center Stage '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Lazare , Lewis ( December 10 , 2007 ) . `` Is ' Sweeney Todd ' marketing giving moviegoers a haircut ? '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2007 . Retrieved December 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rose , Steve ( 2008 - 02 - 05 ) . `` What the Sweeney Todd trailer failed to tell us about the film '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Cinema Fans Accuse Sweeney Todd Of False Advertising '' . femalefirst.co.uk. 2008 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( 2007 - 11 - 15 ) . `` D'Works / Par seeks perfect pitch for ' Todd ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 11 . ( Subscription required . ) Jump up ^ `` Marcus Theatres and Paramount Pictures unable to reach agreement to show Sweeney Todd '' . The Business Journal , Milwaukee . January 14 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2007 . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Marcus Theatres not running ' Cloverfield ' '' . The Business Journal . 2008 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Metacritic : 2007 Film Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( 2007 - 12 - 24 ) . `` The 10 Best Movies '' . Time magazine . p. 40 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 2007 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Sweeney Todd The Demon Barber of Fleet Street '' . rogerebert.suntimes.com . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( 2007 - 12 - 03 ) . `` Sweeney Todd The Demon Barber of Fleet Street '' . Variety . variety.com . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( 2007 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Sweeney Todd The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . ew.com . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris ( 2008 - 04 - 04 ) . `` Johnny Depp and Tim Burton : A DVD Report Card '' . ew.com . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 2007 - 12 - 13 ) . `` Sweeney Todd '' . Rolling Stone . rollingstone.com . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 2007 - 12 - 19 ) . `` Peter Travers ' Best and Worst Movies of 2007 '' . Rolling Stone . rollingstone.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Honeycutt , Kirk ( 2007 - 12 - 04 ) . `` Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Knowles , Harry ( 2007 - 11 - 02 ) . `` Harry loves the delicious meat pies of Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 65th Golden Globe Awards Nominations & Winners '' . goldenglobes.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Foreigh Press Association 2008 Golden Globe Awards for Year Ended December 31 , 2007 '' . goldenglobes.org. 2007 - 12 - 13 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Golden Globe Nominations ! '' . ComingSoon.net. 2007 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Awards for 2007 '' . National Board of Review of Motion Pictures . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Film Awards Nominees in 2008 -- Film -- Awards -- The Bafta site '' . bafta.co.uk. 2008 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 80th Academy Awards nominations '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Movie Awards Winners '' . mtv.com . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards Winners '' . Associated Press . 2008 - 08 - 03 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Legendary Filmmaker George Lucas Makes Surprise Appearance at Spike TV 's ' Scream 2008 ' '' . Yahoo.com . Retrieved on 2008 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Greatest films of all time '' . Empire . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Release Dates For Blu - Ray Discs '' . High - Def Digest . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount Cancels Majority of HD DVD Slate ( Updated ) '' . High - Def Digest . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The-numbers.com '' . The-numbers.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 film ) . Official website Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street on IMDb Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street at Box Office Mojo Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street at Rotten Tomatoes Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street at Metacritic Sweeney Todd Characters Sweeney Todd Johanna Barker Judge Turpin Mrs. Lovett Lucy Barker Adolfo Pirelli Tobias Ragg Films Sweeney Todd Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 1936 ) Bloodthirsty Butchers The Tale of Sweeney Todd Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) ( soundtrack ) Other The String of Pearls `` Not While I 'm Around '' Sweeney Todd ( ballet ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( musical ) `` Andy 's Play '' ( 2010 ) Musicals by Stephen Sondheim Saturday Night West Side Story Gypsy A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum Anyone Can Whistle Do I Hear a Waltz ? Evening Primrose The Race to Urga Company Follies A Little Night Music The Frogs Pacific Overtures Side by Side by Sondheim Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Marry Me a Little Merrily We Roll Along Sunday in the Park with George Into the Woods Assassins Putting It Together Passion Road Show Sondheim on Sondheim Tim Burton Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Directorial works Feature films Pee - wee 's Big Adventure ( 1985 ) Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) Batman ( 1989 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1990 ) Batman Returns ( 1992 ) Ed Wood ( 1994 ) Mars Attacks ! ( 1996 ) Sleepy Hollow ( 1999 ) Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Big Fish ( 2003 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) Corpse Bride ( 2005 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Dark Shadows ( 2012 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Big Eyes ( 2014 ) Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ( 2016 ) Dumbo ( 2019 ) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor ( 1971 ) Stalk of the Celery Monster ( 1979 ) Hansel and Gretel ( 1983 ) Vincent ( 1982 ) Frankenweenie ( 1984 ) Stainboy ( 2000 ) Music videos `` Bones '' `` Here with Me '' Produced only The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Cabin Boy ( 1994 ) Batman Forever ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) 9 ( 2009 ) Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter ( 2012 ) Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) Literature The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories ( 1997 ) Television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( `` The Jar '' , 1986 ) Faerie Tale Theatre ( `` Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp '' , 1986 ) Beetlejuice ( 1989 -- 91 ) Family Dog ( 1993 ) Works by John Logan Films Tornado ! 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( 2018 ) Awards for Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy An American in Paris ( 1951 ) With a Song in My Heart ( 1952 ) Carmen Jones ( 1954 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) The King and I ( 1956 ) Les Girls ( 1957 ) Gigi / Auntie Mame ( 1958 ) Porgy and Bess / Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) Song Without End / The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story / A Majority of One ( 1961 ) The Music Man / That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The Russians Are Coming , the Russians Are Coming ( 1966 ) The Graduate ( 1967 ) Oliver ! 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( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Walk the Line ( 2005 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Vicky Cristina Barcelona ( 2008 ) The Hangover ( 2009 ) The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) The Martian ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Lady Bird ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best Horror Film Blacula ( 1972 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1974 / 75 ) Burnt Offerings ( 1976 ) The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane ( 1977 ) The Wicker Man ( 1978 ) Dracula ( 1979 ) The Howling ( 1980 ) An American Werewolf in London ( 1981 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) Gremlins ( 1984 ) Fright Night ( 1985 ) The Fly ( 1986 ) The Lost Boys ( 1987 ) Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) Arachnophobia ( 1989 / 90 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1992 ) Army of Darkness ( 1993 ) Interview with the Vampire ( 1994 ) From Dusk till Dawn ( 1995 ) Scream ( 1996 ) The Devil 's Advocate ( 1997 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) The Sixth Sense ( 1999 ) Final Destination ( 2000 ) The Others ( 2001 ) The Ring ( 2002 ) 28 Days Later ( 2003 ) Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) The Exorcism of Emily Rose ( 2005 ) The Descent ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Hellboy II : The Golden Army ( 2008 ) Drag Me to Hell ( 2009 ) Let Me In ( 2010 ) The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) The Cabin in the Woods ( 2012 ) The Conjuring ( 2013 ) Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) Crimson Peak ( 2015 ) Do n't Breathe ( 2016 ) GND : 7604776 - 3 VIAF : 189382123 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweeney_Todd:_The_Demon_Barber_of_Fleet_Street_(2007_film)&oldid=843411164 '' Categories : 2007 films English - language films Sweeney Todd 2000s musical films British films British musical films American films American musical films Films directed by Tim Burton Screenplays by John Logan Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners Films about revenge Uxoricide in fiction Gothic horror films Films based on musicals Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films set in London Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Serial killer films Cannibalism in fiction Films about food and drink Films set in the Victorian era Films shot at Pinewood Studios Warner Bros. films DreamWorks Pictures films Paramount Pictures films Films produced by Richard D. Zanuck Films based on adaptations Films set in 1846 Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from August 2013 Film articles using image size parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Good articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 00 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did sweeney todd meet on the ship back to london | [
"In 1846, Benjamin Barker, a barber, arrives in London, accompanied by sailor Anthony Hope. Fifteen years earlier, he was falsely convicted and exiled by the corrupt Judge Turpin, who lusted after Barker's wife Lucy. Barker adopts the alias \"Sweeney Todd\" and returns to his old Fleet Street shop, situated above Mrs. Nellie Lovett's meat pie shop, where she sells the \"worst pies in London\". Lovett tells him that Turpin raped Lucy, who then poisoned herself with arsenic. The couple's daughter, Johanna, is now Turpin's ward. Todd vows revenge, and re-opens his barber shop after Mrs. Lovett, who loves him unrequitedly, presents him with his old straight razors. Anthony becomes enamored with Johanna, but is caught by Turpin and driven away by his henchman, Beadle Bamford."
] | [
"Anthony Hope"
] |
-2885639242610146854 | AT&T Stadium | AT&T Stadium - wikipedia AT&T Stadium This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 24 August 2018 . Not to be confused with AT&T Park in San Francisco ; AT&T Center in San Antonio ; AT&T Field in Chattanooga , TN ; Jones AT&T Stadium in Lubbock , TX ; AT&T Station serving Philadelphia 's Sports Complex ; or AT&T Field at War Memorial Stadium in Little Rock , AR . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) AT&T Stadium JerryWorld , the Death Star , The Palace in Dallas , Cowboys Cathedral Exterior , February 2010 Former names Cowboys Stadium ( 2009 -- 2013 ) Address 1 AT&T Way Location Arlington , Texas Coordinates 32 ° 44 ′ 52 '' N 97 ° 5 ′ 34 '' W / 32.74778 ° N 97.09278 ° W / 32.74778 ; - 97.09278 Coordinates : 32 ° 44 ′ 52 '' N 97 ° 5 ′ 34 '' W / 32.74778 ° N 97.09278 ° W / 32.74778 ; - 97.09278 Owner City of Arlington Operator Dallas Cowboys Executive suites 342 Capacity Football : 80,000 Record attendance Football : 105,121 September 21 , 2009 Dallas Cowboys vs. New York Giants Basketball : 108,713 February 14 , 2010 2010 NBA All - Star Game Boxing : 51,420 September 17 , 2016 Canelo vs. Smith Professional wrestling : 101,763 April 3 , 2016 WrestleMania 32 Surface Hellas Matrix Turf with Helix artificial turf Construction Broke ground September 20 , 2005 Opened May 27 , 2009 Construction cost $ 1.3 billion ( $1.48 billion in 2015 dollars ) Architect HKS , Inc . Project manager Blue Star Development / Jack Hill Structural engineer Walter P Moore Engineers and Consultants Campbell & Associates Consulting Engineers , Inc . Services engineer M-E Engineers , Inc . General contractor Manhattan / Rayco / 3i Tenants Dallas Cowboys ( NFL ) ( 2009 -- present ) Cotton Bowl Classic ( NCAA ) ( 2010 -- present ) AT&T Stadium , formerly Cowboys Stadium , is a retractable roof stadium in Arlington , Texas , United States . It serves as the home of the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League ( NFL ) and was completed on May 27 , 2009 . It is also the home of the Cotton Bowl Classic . The facility , owned by the city of Arlington , can also be used for a variety of other activities such as concerts , basketball games , college and high school football contests , soccer matches , rodeos and motocross and Spartan races . It replaced the partially covered Texas Stadium , which served as the Cowboys ' home from 1971 through the 2008 season . The stadium is sometimes referred to as `` Jerry World '' after Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones , who originally envisioned it as a large entertainment mecca . The stadium seats 80,000 , making it the fourth largest stadium in the NFL by seating capacity . The maximum capacity of the stadium with standing room is 105,000 . The record attendance for an NFL game was set in 2009 with a crowd of 105,121 . The Party Pass ( open areas ) sections are behind seats in each end zone and on a series of six elevated platforms connected by stairways . It also has the world 's 24th largest high definition video screen , which hangs from 20 - yard line to 20 - yard line . Contents 1 Construction and design 2 Timeline 2.1 Opening 3 Naming 4 Video board 5 Major events 5.1 NBA All - Star Weekend 5.2 NFL 5.3 College football 5.3. 1 College Football Playoff National Championship 5.3. 2 Big 12 Championship Game 5.3. 3 Cotton Bowl Classic 5.3. 4 Advocare Classic 5.3. 5 Southwest Classic 5.3. 6 Texas Farm Bureau Insurance Shootout 5.4 Basketball 5.5 Soccer 5.6 WrestleMania 32 5.7 Supercross 5.8 Concerts 5.9 Other events 6 Concessions and merchandising 7 Stadium art program 8 Transportation 8.1 Parking 8.2 Public transit 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Construction and design ( edit ) Interior Originally estimated to cost $650 million , the stadium 's current construction cost was $1.15 billion , making it one of the most expensive sports venues ever built . To aid Cowboys owner and general manager Jerry Jones in paying the construction costs of the new stadium , Arlington voters approved the increase of the city 's sales tax by 0.5 % , the hotel occupancy tax by 2 % , and car rental tax by 5 % . The City of Arlington provided over $325 million ( including interest ) in bonds as funding , and Jones covered any cost overruns . Also , the NFL provided the Cowboys with an additional $150 million loan , following its policy for facilitating financing for the construction of new stadiums . A pair of nearly 300 ft ( 91 m ) - tall arches spans the length of the stadium dome , anchored to the ground at each end . The new stadium also includes `` more than 3,000 Sony LCD displays throughout the luxury suites , concourses , concession areas and more , offering fans viewing options that extend beyond the action on the field '' . It also houses a center - hung Mitsubishi video display board that was the largest high - definition television screen in the world at the time of their installation . It has since been surpassed in size by the Panasonic `` Big Hoss '' video board ( 218 feet ( 66 m ) wide and 94.6 feet ( 28.8 m ) tall ) at Texas Motor Speedway . Glass doors , allowing each end zone to be opened , were designed and constructed by Dallas - based Haley - Greer glass systems . The retractable roof was designed by structural engineering firm Walter P Moore and the systems were implemented by mechanization consultants Uni-Systems . The electrification of Cowboys Stadium 's retractable roof was developed by VAHLE , Inc . These Kinetic Architecture fundamentals will be employed in order to create quick conversions of the facility to accommodate a variety of events . When the design was officially unveiled on December 12 , 2006 , it showed that , from inside the stadium , the roof ( membrane installed by K Post Company of Dallas ) will look very similar to the Texas Stadium roof , with its trademark hole . However , it can be covered by the retractable roof panel to protect against the elements . The football turf field was built by Hellas Construction . They developed a special SoftTop Convertible Turf System that has 26 interchangeable panels to allow the stadium to host a variety of events from concerts , dirt bike and monster truck rallies to college football , basketball , and soccer games . A Dallas Cowboys Hall of Fame is planned for the Hall of Fame level . The drawings also include a site for a large sculpture northeast of the stadium , close to Randol Mill Road . Mayor Robert Cluck claimed to use eminent domain as a last resort but most of the properties refused to sell to the city , indicating that the incentive program was not adequate according to Glenn Sodd , an attorney representing some home owners in the area . Attorney Bob Cohen , who is representing some of the property owners , said the city gave many of his clients little incentive to sell . He said he represents the owners of some rental properties who were counting on that monthly revenue for their retirement and said most homeowners can not afford to re-build or buy in that area with the incentive package . It is claimed that the stadium uses more electricity than the whole of Liberia . Timeline ( edit ) hide This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this section to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( April 2018 ) This section does not follow Wikipedia 's guidelines on the use of different tenses . Please consider copy editing to past tense if historic , present tense if not time - based ( e.g. fiction ) , or future tense if upcoming . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Play media Video of inside the stadium 1994 : Cowboys owner Jerry Jones says he wants to expand the 65,000 - seat Texas Stadium by up to 40,000 seats , add retractable roof panels and install a climate - control system to make the stadium a year - round venue for sporting events , including the Super Bowl , concerts , and conventions . 1997 -- 2000 : The Cowboys hold preliminary talks with Arlington officials about building a stadium there . The team also publicly discusses a $260 million plan to upgrade Texas Stadium . In 2000 , the Cowboys compile a list of potential stadium sites , which include Grapevine , Coppell , and Arlington . The team continues negotiating with Irving to renovate Texas Stadium . 2001 : Jones says Arlington is a leading contender for a $500 million stadium . The primary site considered is the 2,000 acres ( 810 ha ) Lakes of Arlington tract on Farm Road 157 . Other cities in the running include Grapevine and Grand Prairie . In October , Jones discusses the new stadium with the mayors of Arlington , Irving , Grapevine , and Dallas . 2003 : The Cowboys ask the Irving City Council to extend their lease at Texas Stadium , which expires at the end of the 2008 season , on a year - to - year basis . They narrow their search to sites in Las Colinas and Dallas , and state legislators file bills that would allow Dallas County to increase its hotel occupancy and car rental taxes to pay for a new stadium . 2004 : In April , the Cowboys announce plans to build a $650 million stadium at Fair Park in Dallas . The deal requires $425 million in public financing from a 3 % hotel - occupancy tax and a 6 % car - rental tax . The deal falls apart in June when Dallas County commissioners say they can not justify asking voters to approve the team 's request for $425 million in public funding . In July , the Cowboys and Arlington announce they are negotiating to locate the stadium near Globe Life Park ( then Ameriquest Field ) . In August , the Arlington City Council agrees unanimously to put before voters a tax increase that would fund the city 's $325 million portion of the project . Voters approve the tax increase on November 2 . 2005 : Arlington and the Cowboys choose the site south of Randol Mill Road and east of Collins Street for the new stadium . The city begins notifying residents and property owners of its plans to acquire their property . The Cowboys hire the HKS architectural firm to design the stadium . Early blueprints show 414 luxury suites and a two - panel retractable roof . The city completes its sale of $297.9 million in bonds to pay for its portion of the construction . Demolition of houses begins November 1 . January 2006 : The Cowboys hired Oklahoma - based Manhattan Construction as the general contractor for the stadium and the city completes its land purchases , although it still faces a number of lawsuits over land acquisition . Later that month , Tarrant County work crews begin demolition of more than 150 Arlington residences and small business structures to make room for the stadium . March 2006 : Alliance announced between Manhattan Construction and two general contractors , Rayco Construction of Grand Prairie and 3i Construction of Dallas , to manage the stadium 's construction . April 2006 : Excavation begins by Mario Sinacola and Sons Excavating . By August , they had moved over 1.4 million cubic yards of earth , shaping a 13 - to - 14 - acre ( 5.3 to 5.7 ha ) stadium bowl an average of 54 feet ( 16 m ) deep . August 2006 : Two construction cranes are raised on the site . October 2006 : The grass amphitheater on Randol Mill Road is leveled to make way for the extension of Baird Farm Road . December 2006 : The stadium 's structure begins to go up and on December 12 , Jerry Jones unveils the in - depth plans and designs of the stadium to the public . January 2007 : A construction worker is injured in a 20 ft ( 6 m ) fall . February 2007 : Masonry work begins . March 2007 : Heldenfels Enterprises awarded the contract to manufacture and erect the pre-cast / pre-stressed concrete structural components and placement of them begins in April . June 2007 : Work on the retractable roof , designed by Uni-Systems , starts . July 2007 : Exterior facade and enclosure work began . October 2007 : First steel arch is completed . Armed Forces Color Guard at Super Bowl XLV ; then Cowboys Stadium February 2008 : Second steel arch is completed . June 2008 : Jones commissions the world 's largest 1080p HDTV , to hang above field . June 2008 : An electrician is electrocuted while working on the stadium . Two days before , three people were injured while assembling a crane . 2009 : The stadium is scheduled for ' substantial completion ' in June . The artificial - turf field was brought into the stadium in July . The Cowboys played their first pre-season home game on August 21 and their first regular - season home game on Sunday , September 20 . May 13 , 2009 : Jerry Jones announced the official name of the new venue as Cowboys Stadium . June 6 , 2009 : The first event is held at the stadium with country concert showcasing Lee Ann Womack , Blake Shelton , Reba McEntire , and George Strait February 6 , 2011 : The 2010 NFL Season Super Bowl was hosted at the Cowboys Stadium , which saw the Green Bay Packers defeat the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XLV . July 25 , 2013 : Jerry Jones announced that the official name of the venue was changed to AT&T Stadium as part of a naming rights deal . April 5 -- 7 , 2014 : The stadium is home for the Final Four of the 2014 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament . January 12 , 2015 : Served as host of the first Championship game in the College Football Playoff era . Ohio State defeated Oregon , 42 - 20 . April 19 , 2015 : Served as host of the 50th Annual Academy of Country Music Awards hosted by Blake Shelton and Luke Bryan . April 3 , 2016 : Served as the host of WWE 's WrestleMania 32 . September 26 , 2016 : The Stadium Club opened which was the first public five days a week restaurant and bar located within the AT&T Stadium . Opening ( edit ) May 27 , 2009 : Completed and opened to the public . Ribbon cutting ceremony includes Cowboys players ( including Rayfield Wright , Troy Aikman , Emmitt Smith , Michael Irvin , Daryl Johnston , Preston Pearson , and Chad Hennings ) , North Texas mayors and various media personalities . June 6 , 2009 : Country music star George Strait along with Reba McEntire headlined the first event in the new stadium . Opening acts included Blake Shelton and Lee Ann Womack . July 19 , 2009 : The first sporting event is held in Cowboys Stadium . Costa Rica won in the Gold Cup Quarterfinal game versus Guadeloupe , with the first goal scored in stadium history during the 2nd minute by Celso Borges . That match was immediately followed by a sold out match between Mexico and Haiti , with 82,252 in attendance . July 26 , 2009 : The final match of the 2009 World Football Challenge is held between Chelsea F.C. and Club America . The London club won the match 2 - 0 in front of 57,229 . The event was the second sporting event held in the new stadium , but was notable as the first event held during a severe thunderstorm . August 20 , 2009 : Jody Dean , a member of the Texas Radio Hall of Fame and KLUV - FM ( 98.7 ) talk show host , will be Cowboys Stadium 's public address announcer . Dean replaces KTCK 1310 AM `` The Ticket '' 's George Dunham , the longtime voice of Texas Stadium . August 21 , 2009 : The Cowboys played the Tennessee Titans in their first preseason home game and first American football game ever played at Cowboys Stadium . The game was nationally televised on FOX at 7 PM CDT . Dallas won the game 30 -- 10 , with one play from scrimmage blown dead when a ball punted by Titans ' rookie punter A.J. Trapasso struck the main video screen after repeatedly striking it during pregame warmups . September 5 , 2009 : Brigham Young defeated Oklahoma 14 - 13 in the first `` regular season '' game played in the new stadium . September 20 , 2009 : The Cowboys played their first NFL regular season game in the new stadium , with former President and Texas resident George W. Bush handling the opening coin toss . The Cowboys lost to their long - time NFC East division rivals , the New York Giants , 33 -- 31 with Eli Manning leading them on a last second field goal by Lawrence Tynes . It was televised on NBC . This game attracted a record - breaking crowd of 105,121 . After the game , Manning signed the wall of the visitor 's locker room with the message , `` First win in the New Stadium . '' September 28 , 2009 : The Cowboys got their first home regular season win . They beat the Carolina Panthers 21 -- 7 with 90,588 in attendance . The game was televised on ESPN 's Monday Night Football and marked a record 42nd win for the Cowboys on MNF . Naming ( edit ) Although the stadium had yet to sell naming rights , many fans started referring to the project with various nicknames such as JerryWorld , the `` Death Star '' , `` The Palace in Dallas '' ( for which announcer Bob Costas was criticized by the Arlington mayor ) , `` Cowboys Cathedral '' , `` Jerrassic Park '' and others . There was also a petition by some fans to have the stadium named after longtime Cowboys ' coach Tom Landry . On May 13 , 2009 , Jerry Jones announced the official name as Cowboys Stadium . On July 25 , 2013 , Jerry Jones announced that the Dallas Cowboys had agreed to grant naming rights to AT&T . The name change from Cowboys Stadium to AT&T Stadium took effect immediately . The sponsorship deal was reported to be worth about $17 -- 19 million per year . Facility Solutions Group installed the `` AT&T Stadium '' letters on the top of the stadium . Signage includes two sets of letters 43 feet ( 13 m ) tall stretching 385 feet ( 117 m ) . The letters are made of lightweight components and aluminum and are insulated and heated to melt ice and snow . This is AT&T 's fourth major sports venue where it holds the naming rights . The others are AT&T Park in San Francisco , AT&T Center in San Antonio , and Jones AT&T Stadium in Lubbock . Video board ( edit ) Guinness World Records was on hand at the September 28 , 2009 game against the Carolina Panthers to award certificates to the Chairman of Mitsubishi Electric and Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones for the World 's Largest High - Definition Video Display . For basketball events played in Cowboys Stadium , such as the 2010 NBA All - Star Game , the video board is actually larger than the court . It has since been surpassed in size by the video boards at TIAA Bank Field . During the debut preseason game of Cowboys Stadium on August 21 , 2009 , a punt by Tennessee Titans punter A.J. Trapasso hit the 175 feet ( 53.34 m ) wide screen above the field . The punt deflected backwards and was ruled in - play until Titans coach Jeff Fisher informed the officials that the punt struck the scoreboard . By rule , the down was replayed . Jerry Jones believes that Trapasso was trying to hit the scoreboard , saying , `` If you look at how you punt the football , unless you 're trying to hit the scoreboard , you punt the ball to get downfield . You certainly want to get some hangtime , but you punt the ball to get downfield , and you sure do n't punt the ball down the middle . You punt it off to the side . '' Whether the screen would affect an opposing team 's punting strategy has been debated . For teams with strategies centered on maximizing hang - time , physicist Christopher Moore of Longwood University has shown via computer simulation that well - kicked punts have the potential to hit the screen no matter the field position . Trapasso disputed Jones ' suggestion that he was intentionally trying to hit the board , and other NFL punters have suggested that the board may pose a problem for longer hang - time punts . The screen was retrofitted with 16 custom winches using 11,000 feet ( 3.35 km ) of 1.5 inches ( 3.8 cm ) domestic galvanized wire rope from Tway Lifting Products to accomplish the safe , efficient transport of the video board in time to make room for U2 's massive set during their 360 ° Tour , and was moved back down after the concert . The video board is also the primary attachment point for up to 370,000 lb ( 168 metric tons ) of concert and theatrical rigging . On August 24 , 2013 , Cowboys punter Chris Jones became the second player to hit the scoreboard . He conceded a touchdown on the re-kick . Major events ( edit ) NBA all - Star weekend ( edit ) On February 14 , 2010 , the stadium hosted the 2010 NBA All - Star Game . With an announced crowd of 108,713 , the game became the highest - attended basketball game in history , setting a new Guinness World Record . The East squad prevailed with a 141 -- 139 victory over the West . NFL ( edit ) Cowboys playing at the stadium On January 3 , 2010 , the Cowboys defeated the Philadelphia Eagles in a 24 -- 0 shutout to win the NFC East division title and complete the first ever back - to - back shutouts in franchise history . On January 9 , 2010 , the Cowboys hosted their first playoff game in the new stadium , again playing the Eagles . Dallas won 34 -- 14 , breaking their infamous 13 - year playoff win drought . On February 6 , 2011 , the stadium hosted Super Bowl XLV in which the Green Bay Packers defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers , 31 -- 25 . Others bidding for the game 's location were the University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale , Arizona and Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis , Indiana . The Cowboys attempted to increase its capacity to 105,000 seats in hopes of setting the record for attendance at a Super Bowl . In a last - minute rush to add seats during one of the area 's notorious ice storms , 7 construction workers were injured by ice sliding off of the stadium roof . Hours before kickoff , over 1,200 seats were blocked off in the interest of safety ; according to a police officer in the affected area , the seats had n't been finished in time for the fire marshal to inspect them . Approximately 800 people were given other seats inside the stadium , thus costing the NFL any chance of setting the Super Bowl attendance record ( the final figure of 103,219 came 766 short of the record set in Super Bowl XIV ) . However , about 400 people were unable to be seated and were given a letter from the NFL that could be exchanged for three times the face value of the ticket . Those people were also given the option to either watch on a TV in one of the stadium 's lounges , where they would be unable to see the field in person , or watch on screens outside the stadium . The NFL also announced that those 400 people would receive free tickets to the next year 's Super Bowl . On February 9 , 2011 , the first lawsuit was filed against the NFL and Jerry Jones . College football ( edit ) College football playoff national Championship ( edit ) Main article : College Football Playoff National Championship January 12 , 2015 : The ( 4 ) Ohio State Buckeyes defeated the ( 2 ) Oregon Ducks 42 -- 20 , before a crowd of 85,689 in the inaugural 2015 College Football Playoff National Championship . Big 12 Championship game ( edit ) See also : Big 12 Championship Game University of Texas marching band during the Big 12 Championship game AT&T Stadium , then known as Cowboys Stadium , was the site of the 2009 and 2010 Big 12 Championship Games , the last two held prior to the 2010 -- 13 Big 12 Conference realignment . On December 5 , 2009 , the Texas Longhorns defeated the Nebraska Cornhuskers 13 -- 12 in the 2009 Big 12 Championship Game , the first to be held in the stadium with attendance announced at 76,211 . The following year , on December 4 , 2010 , the Oklahoma Sooners and Nebraska Cornhuskers rekindled their rivalry as the Sooners won 23 -- 20 in the final Big 12 Championship game to date and will return starting with the 2017 season . The stadium was scheduled to host the games through the 2013 season , but the realignment of the Big 12 Conference to 10 teams meant they were not allowed to host a championship game because of NCAA rules requiring conferences to have at least 12 teams divided into two divisions in order to stage a championship game . Cotton Bowl Classic ( edit ) Main article : Cotton Bowl Classic January 2 , 2010 : In the first bowl game played at the stadium , the Ole Miss Rebels defeated the Oklahoma State Cowboys , 21 -- 7 in the 74th installment of the AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic . Attendance was 77,928 and was the third largest attendance of any preceding Cotton Bowl game . With Oklahoma State having played in the Cotton Bowl , all Big 12 South Teams have played at least one game in the Cowboys Stadium . January 7 , 2011 : In the 75th installment of the AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic , the LSU Tigers by a score of 41 -- 24 defeated the Texas A&M Aggies with an outstanding attendance of 83,514 making it the second largest attendance in Cotton Bowl history . LSU finished with an 11 -- 2 record and Texas A&M finished 9 -- 4 making it their 49th meeting all time . January 6 , 2012 : The Arkansas Razorbacks defeated Kansas State Wildcats , 29 -- 16 . Attendance was 80,956 , currently the third - highest attendance in Cotton Bowl history . During the game , Arkansas receiver Joe Adams returned a punt 51 yards for a touchdown , which was the first punt return for a touchdown in the Cotton Bowl since former Arkansas Razorback Lance Alworth returned a punt 49 yards for a touchdown in a 7 - 6 loss to Duke in 1961 . The win also propelled the Razorbacks to a # 5 ranking in the final AP poll and gave them their first 11 - win season since joining the Southeastern Conference in 1991 . Kansas State ended the season with a 10 - 3 record and ranked # 15 in the final AP poll . January 4 , 2013 : The ( 10 ) Texas A&M Aggies defeated the ( 12 ) Oklahoma Sooners 41 -- 13 to finish the season with an 11 -- 2 record . Johnny Manziel rushed for 229 yards ( on just 17 carries ) during the game , a Cotton Bowl record and national bowl record for a quarterback , rushing for two touchdowns and throwing for two more . Manziel totaled 516 total yards also a Cotton Bowl Classic record . Though the halftime score was 14 -- 13 Texas A&M , the Aggies went on to score 27 unanswered second half points to win the game . The game 's attendance of 87,025 is the second highest in Cotton Bowl Classic history , behind the 2009 game between Mississippi - Texas Tech at 88,175 . January 3 , 2014 : The ( 9 ) Missouri Tigers defeated the ( 13 ) Oklahoma State Cowboys 41 -- 31 in front of an attendance of 72,690 . January 1 , 2015 : The ( 7 ) Michigan State Spartans rallied from a 20 - point deficit to defeat the ( 4 ) Baylor Bears 42 -- 41 in front of an attendance of 71,464 . This was the first Cotton Bowl Classic game to be featured as one of the `` New Year 's Six '' bowls of the College Football Playoff . January 2 , 2016 : The ( 8 ) Wisconsin Badgers defeated the ( 15 ) Western Michigan Broncos in front of 59,615 . December 29 , 2017 : The ( 5 ) Ohio State Buckeyes defeated the ( 8 ) USC Trojans by a score of 24 - 7 in front of 67,510 . Advocare Classic ( edit ) Main article : Advocare Classic September 5 , 2009 : The ( 20 ) Brigham Young University Cougars and ( 3 ) Oklahoma Sooners played the first college football game in the new stadium , with the Cougars upsetting the Sooners , 14 -- 13 , in front of 75,437 spectators . So BYU holds the distinction of being the first college team to win a game in the stadium , and the team to win the first ( non-preseason ) game in the stadium . September 4 , 2010 : ( 6 ) TCU defeated ( 24 ) Oregon State 30 -- 21 , before a crowd of 46,138 , in a season - opening encounter between ranked teams . September 3 , 2011 : ( 4 ) LSU defeated ( 3 ) Oregon 40 -- 27 , before a crowd of 87,711 in the third installment of the Cowboys Classic . September 1 , 2012 : Defending 2011 champion ( 2 ) Alabama defeated ( 8 ) Michigan 41 - 14 , before a crowd of 90,413 in the fourth installment of the Cowboys Classic . August 31 , 2013 : ( 12 ) LSU defeated ( 20 ) TCU 37 - 27 , before a crowd of 80,230 in the fifth installment of the Cowboys Classic . August 30 , 2014 : Defending 2013 champion ( 1 ) Florida State defeated unranked Oklahoma State 37 - 31 , before a crowd of 61,521 in the sixth installment of the Cowboys Classic . Southwest Classic ( edit ) Main article : Arkansas -- Texas A&M football rivalry The Arkansas Razorbacks vs. Texas A&M Aggies football rivalry , which began in 1903 , was renewed in 2009 as the Southwest Classic , and was played at Cowboys Stadium from 2009 through 2011 . In 2012 , Texas A&M joined Arkansas in the Southeastern Conference , and the series reverted to the schools ' home fields , Kyle Field in College Station , Texas for the 2012 game and Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium in Fayetteville , Arkansas in 2013 . The Southwest Classic returned to AT&T Stadium in 2014 and will remain there through at least 2020 . October 3 , 2009 : Cowboys owner Jerry Jones watched his alma mater , the Arkansas Razorbacks , defeat the Texas A&M Aggies 47 -- 19 in the first of ten games called the Southwest Classic to be played at the stadium . October 9 , 2010 : The Arkansas Razorbacks jumped out to an early 21 - 7 lead , and held on to defeat the Texas A&M Aggies , 24 - 17 . October 1 , 2011 : The Arkansas Razorbacks rallied from an 18 - point halftime deficit to defeat the Texas A&M Aggies 41 - 38 . September 27 , 2014 : The Texas A&M Aggies rallied from a deficit to force overtime and then scored the only TD for the 35 - 28 win to defeat the Arkansas Razorbacks . September 26 , 2015 : Texas A&M rallied from a fourth quarter deficit for the second straight year versus Arkansas , beating the Razorbacks 28 - 21 in OT . September 24 , 2016 : After being tied at halftime , the Aggies dominated the second half to defeat the Razorbacks 45 -- 24 . Texas Farm bureau insurance shootout ( edit ) Main article : Baylor -- Texas Tech football rivalry In 2009 , the Big 12 Conference game between the Baylor Bears and Texas Tech Red Raiders was held at Cowboys Stadium , the first time in the series the match - up was held on a neutral site . The game was the highest attended in the series ' history , with 71,964 in attendance . After the 2010 game was held at the Cotton Bowl in Fair Park , Dallas during the State Fair of Texas , the series returned to AT&T Stadium for the 2011 and 2012 games . The series ' neutral site contract at AT&T Stadium could continue until 2014 . Basketball ( edit ) The stadium being set up for Texas vs. North Carolina game December 19 , 2009 : In the first college basketball game at the stadium , before a crowd of 38,052 , the Texas Longhorns defeated the defending national champion North Carolina Tar Heels , 103 -- 90 . March 2013 : 2013 NCAA Tournament South Regional featuring 3 games with the winner of the third going to the NCAA Men 's Final Four 2014 : 2014 NCAA Men 's Final Four Soccer ( edit ) Main article : Soccer matches at AT&T Stadium July 19 , 2009 -- Cowboys Stadium hosted two matches in the quarterfinal round of the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup . Costa Rica defeated Guadeloupe , 5 -- 1 . Mexico shut out Haiti , 4 -- 0 in front of 85,000 fans . July 17 , 2010 -- On July 17 , 2010 , two of the top professional soccer clubs in Mexico -- Club America and San Luis F.C. -- met in a friendly at Cowboys Stadium . Club America made its second appearance at Cowboys Stadium . In 2009 , Club America played Chelsea FC in the World Football Challenge in front of 57,229 fans at Cowboys Stadium . June 5 , 2011 -- Cowboys Stadium hosted the opening matches of the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup . Costa Rica defeated Cuba 5 -- 0 in the opener , while Mexico defeated El Salvador 5 -- 0 in the nightcap in front of 80,108 fans . August 6 , 2011 -- 2011 World Football Challenge ; Club America vs FC Barcelona ; score 2 - 0 in front of 60,087 fans . June 3 , 2012 -- Cowboys Stadium hosted a soccer match in which Mexico played against 5 - time world cup champions Brazil . Mexico defeated Brazil 2 -- 0 with goals from Giovani dos Santos and Javier Hernández . July 24 , 2013 -- Cowboys Stadium hosted the semifinals matches of the 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup . United States defeated Honduras 3 -- 1 and Panama defeated Mexico 2 -- 1 . It was the last event at the venue using the name Cowboys Stadium , and was the first appearance of the U.S. soccer team at this stadium . July 22 , 2017 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup . Costa Rica defeated 0 - 2 . July 31 , 2018 2018 International Champions Cup ; FC Barcelona vs AS Roma Roma defeated Barcelona 4 - 2 WrestleMania 32 ( edit ) AT&T Stadium hosted WWE 's WrestleMania 32 on April 3 , 2016 . This marked the third WrestleMania to be hosted in Texas . The area also hosted activities throughout the region for the week - long celebration leading up to WrestleMania itself . The attendance announced was 101,763 and it was said that they had broken the attendance record of the stadium . Supercross ( edit ) AT&T Stadium has hosted a round of the AMA Supercross Championship since 2010 , replacing Texas Stadium which had been host since 1975 . Concerts ( edit ) Date Artist Opening act ( s ) Tour / Concert name Attendance Revenue Notes June 6 , 2009 George Strait Reba McEntire Blake Shelton Lee Ann Womack 60,188 / 60,188 $5,340,005 Very first concert at the stadium Stadium project was not finished yet June 20 , 2009 Jonas Brothers Honor Society Jessie James Jordin Sparks Wonder Girls Jonas Brothers World Tour 2009 N / A N / A Stadium project was not finished yet August 19 , 2009 Paul McCartney N / A Summer Live ' 09 35,903 / 35,903 $5,054,620 Stadium project complete October 12 , 2009 U2 Muse U2 360 ° Tour 70,766 / 70,766 $6,664,880 To make room for the large claw - shaped stage , the video board was raised 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) and was not used during the concert April 16 , 2011 Kenny Chesney Zac Brown Band Billy Currington Uncle Kracker Goin ' Coastal Tour 46,551 / 47,256 $4,173,338 October 8 , 2011 Taylor Swift Needtobreathe Charlie Worsham Speak Now World Tour 55,451 / 55,451 $4,337,062 B.o.B was the special guest . June 9 , 2012 Kenny Chesney Tim McGraw Grace Potter and the Nocturnals Jake Owen Brothers of the Sun Tour 47,269 / 50,425 $4,421,768 May 11 , 2013 Kenny Chesney Eric Church Eli Young Band Kacey Musgraves No Shoes Nation Tour 47,269 / 50,425 $4,421,768 May 25 , 2013 Taylor Swift Ed Sheeran Austin Mahone Florida Georgia Line The Red Tour 53,020 / 53,020 $4,589,266 June 7 , 2014 George Strait Martina McBride The Cowboy Rides Away Tour 104,793 / 104,793 $18,194,374 Jason Aldean , Kenny Chesney , Eric Church , Ronnie Dunn , Vince Gill , Faith Hill , Alan Jackson , Miranda Lambert , Lee Ann Womack , and Asleep at the Wheel joined Strait for his `` last show ever '' May 25 , 2014 Beyoncé Jay - Z N / A On the Run Tour 41,463 / 41,463 $5,050,479 July 22 , 2014 One Direction Jamie Scott Where We Are Tour 51,074 / 51,074 $4,517,012 April 19 , 2015 N / A N / A 50th Academy of Country Music Awards 70,252 N / A June 6 , 2015 The Rolling Stones N / A Zip Code Tour 47,535 / 47,535 $9,294,552 October 17 , 2015 Taylor Swift Vance Joy Shawn Mendes The 1989 World Tour 62,630 / 62,630 $7,396,733 Ellie Goulding was a special guest May 9 , 2016 Beyoncé DJ Khaled The Formation World Tour 42,235 / 42,235 $5,954,775 August 3 , 2016 Guns N ' Roses The Cult Not in This Lifetime ... Tour 39,015 / 43,449 $4,786,948 August 27 , 2016 Coldplay Alessia Cara Bishop Briggs A Head Full of Dreams Tour 52,538 / 52,538 $5,679,031 October 22 , 2016 Luke Bryan Chris Stapleton Little Big Town Dustin Lynch Kill the Lights Tour 41,638 / 45,000 $3,613,825 March 25 , 2017 Demi Lovato The Band Perry Jake Owen Cole Swindell A Concert For The Causes N / A $2,000,000 Randy Travis was a special guest May 26 , 2017 U2 The Lumineers The Joshua Tree Tour 2017 49,087 / 49,087 $6,044,330 June 16 , 2017 Metallica Avenged Sevenfold Local H Mix Master Mike WorldWired Tour 45,860 / 45,860 $5,481,881 May 19 , 2018 Kenny Chesney Thomas Rhett Old Dominion Brandon Lay The Trip Around The Sun Tour 46,274 / 48,625 $3,770,669 September 11 , 2018 Beyoncé Jay - Z Chloe X Halle and DJ Khaled On the Run II Tour TBA TBA October 5 , 2018 Taylor Swift Camila Cabello Charli XCX Taylor Swift 's Reputation Stadium Tour TBA TBA October 6 , 2018 October 27 , 2018 Ed Sheeran Snow Patrol Lauv ÷ Tour TBA TBA Other events ( edit ) September 5 , 2009 -- Led by a strong defensive effort and quarterback Max Hall 's 329 yards passing , No. 20 BYU defeated No. 3 Oklahoma 14 - 13 in the first college game played in the new Dallas Cowboys Stadium in Arlington , Texas . September 7 , 2009 -- The first high school football game played at Cowboy Stadium was between Euless Trinity and Bingham High School ( Utah ) . Trinity won , 42 -- 21 . November 12 , 2009 -- The first Texas high school football playoff game played at Cowboys Stadium was between Bowie High School ( Arlington , Texas ) and Richland High School ( North Richland Hills ; Texas ) . February 2010 -- The Professional Bull Riders hosted the Dickies Iron Cowboy Invitational in February 2010 . February 2010 -- The first MDA Muscle Walk in the Dallas - Fort Worth area took place . This event was held annually , having returned in 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 . That event has since moved to Globe Life Park in Arlington ( formerly Rangers Ballpark ) starting in 2014 . Several participants walk at the 2013 DFW MDA Muscle Walk ; then known as Cowboys Stadium . February 27 , 2010 -- The stadium hosted its first Monster Jam event with 11 trucks . This event is now held annually , having returned in 2011 and scheduled for 2012 . March 13 , 2010 -- In a fight billed as `` The Event '' , before a crowd of 50,994 , Manny Pacquiao recorded a unanimous decision over Joshua Clottey to retain his WBO welterweight title ; Humberto Soto records a unanimous decision over David Diaz to capture the vacant WBC lightweight title . November 13 , 2010 -- Manny Pacquiao defeated Antonio Margarito in Cowboys Stadium , making history as the first fighter to win world titles in 8 different weight classes . June 30 , 2011 -- The final round of the 2011 US Women 's Open in bowling was played at Cowboys Stadium , with Leanne Hulsenberg winning . Dec. 7 - Dec. 17 , 2011 -- Cowboys Stadium hosted all the Texas 11 - man football state championships for the first time . It was also the first time all 11 - man state championships were held in one location . February 2011 - The Professional Bull Riders hosted the Dickies Iron Cowboy Invitational in February 2011 . February 2012 - The Professional Bull Riders hosted the Dickies Iron Cowboy Invitational in February 2012 . February 2013 - The Professional Bull Riders hosted the Dickies Iron Cowboy Invitational in February 2013 . February 11 , 2013 -- American Sniper Chris Kyle 's memorial ceremony proceeded by a 200 - mile procession across Texas . February 2013 - The Professional Bull Riders hosted the Dickies Iron Cowboy Invitational in February 2014 . February 2014 - The inaugural The American Rodeo was held . April 26 , 2014 -- AT&T stadium hosted the senior prom of South Garland High School . June 27 -- 29 , 2014 -- International Assembly of Jehovah 's Witnesses July 6 , 2014 -- Semi-pro football ( EFL ) held its first indoor Pro-bowl game . July 25 -- 27 , 2014 -- International Assembly of Jehovah 's Witnesses February 2015 - The Professional Bull Riders hosted the Choctaw Casino Resort Iron Cowboy in February 2015 . February 2015 - The American Rodeo was held . March 7 , 2015 -- The 2015 AT&T American Cup , an FIG World Cup event , is held at the stadium . June 20 , 2015 -- AT&T Stadium hosted thousands of Spartans for Reebok 's Spartan Race . February 2016 - The Professional Bull Riders hosted the Choctaw Casino Resort Iron Cowboy in February 2016 . February 2016 - The American Rodeo was held . March 6 , 2016 -- Greg Laurie 's Harvest America took place at the stadium . It is considered the largest evangelical event ever . Special guests included Chris Tomlin , Lecrae , MercyMe , and Switchfoot . April 3 , 2016 -- WrestleMania , the premier event of the professional wrestling organization WWE , was held . September 17 , 2016 -- Saul `` Canelo '' Álvarez defeated Liam Smith by knockout in round nine , before a crowd of 51,420 , to win the WBO light middleweight title . The event broke the AT&T Stadium attendance record for boxing . February 2017 - The Professional Bull Riders hosted the Choctaw Casino Resort Iron Cowboy in February 2017 . February 2017 - The American Rodeo was held . February 2018 - The Professional Bull Riders hosted the WinStar World Casino and Resort Iron Cowboy in 2018 . February 2018 - The American Rodeo was held . April 2018 - The Stadium hosted the 2018 NFL Draft Concessions and merchandising ( edit ) On October 20 , 2008 , Cowboys owner Jones and New York Yankees owner George Steinbrenner announced a joint business venture called Legends Hospitality Management LLC which would operate the concessions and merchandising sales at the new Cowboys stadium in Arlington , Texas , and at the new Yankee Stadium in the Bronx , New York , along with the stadiums of the Yankees ' minor league affiliates . Former Pizza Hut President Michael Rawlings will run the company from its new headquarters in Newark , New Jersey . The company was also backed by Wall Street investment firm Goldman Sachs and Dallas private equity firm CIC Partners LP . Stadium art program ( edit ) The Jones family commissioned 18 contemporary artists to create site - specific artworks for the stadium . The stadium features paintings , sculptures , and installations by Franz Ackerman , Doug Aitken , Ricci Albenda , Mel Bochner , Daniel Buren , Olafur Eliasson , Teresita Fernandez , Wayne Gonzales , Terry Haggerty , Trenton Doyle Hancock , Jacqueline Humphries , Jim Isermann , Annette Lawrence , Dave Muller , Gary Simmons , and Lawrence Weiner . Transportation ( edit ) Parking ( edit ) The fees for premium parking at Dallas Cowboys games are estimated at $75 per game , based on season ticket holder parking charges . The fees to park at major concerts and other sporting events will be nearly $40 per space at the new stadium . A shuttle operates between the T&P Station and Cowboys Stadium for all Cowboys regular season and postseason games and selected college football games , which averages approximately 900 riders per game . For special events like Super Bowl XLV parking prices can increase to as much as $990 . Public Transit ( edit ) The stadium is only accessible via the Metro Arlington Xpress ( MAX ) bus system ; a 0.4 mi ( 0.64 km ) walk from the Collins and Andrews stop which connects with the Trinity Rail Express ( TRE ) station at CentrePort / DFW Airport . See also ( edit ) Dallas - Fort Worth portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Guest Info '' . Stadium.dallascowboys.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2010 . Retrieved October 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schrock , Susan ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Arlington blitzing through its stadium debt faster than expected '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ About Dallas Cowboys Project '' ( PDF ) . City of Irving . November 4 , 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 6 , 2007 . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative content '' . Archived from the original on 12 December 2015 . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` AT&T Stadium , Dallas Cowboys football stadium '' . Stadiums of Pro Football . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ King , Bill . `` Boxing 's grand stage -- SportsBusiness Daily SportsBusiness Journal SportsBusiness Daily Global '' . SportsBusiness Daily . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` WWE sets all time attendance record '' . WWE . Retrieved 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Dallas Cowboys Stadium selects SoftTop grass system from Hellas Construction '' ( PDF ) . Dallascowboysturf.com . Hellas Construction . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 26 , 2009 . Retrieved May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mosley , Matt ( September 15 , 2008 ) . `` Jones building a legacy with $1.3 billion Cowboys stadium '' . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2008 . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HKS Inc. , Architects , Engineers , Interiors '' . 29 April 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Reports Construction Industry Research and Studies Dodge Data and Analytics '' ( PDF ) . Texas.construction.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ = http://www.modernsteel.com/Uploads/Issues/December_2008/122008_30784_Dallas_Cowboys_web.pdf Jump up ^ `` Stadia '' . Me-engineers.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Rob ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Cowboys Stadium Holds Ribbon Cutting Ceremony '' . Dallas Cowboys . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What Costs $1.3 Billion , Holds 111,000 people and Has the World 's Biggest TV ? '' . twistedsifter.com . September 22 , 2009 . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stadiums in the United States : : Texas '' . World Stadiums. 2015 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL regular - season - record crowd of 105,121 sees Giants - Cowboys '' . nfl.com . September 21 , 2009 . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys Target NFL Record by Making Fans Stand for $29 '' . Bloomberg.com . August 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys ' new stadium to get over 20,000 square feet of video screen '' . Engadget . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cowboys Stadium '' . Football.ballparks.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Local Government Services Database Search '' . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys unveil plans for new stadium '' . ESPN.com . December 13 , 2006 . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys New Stadium Chock Full Of Sony HD '' . Sony Insider. April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chase , Chris ( September 28 , 2009 ) . `` Guinness World Records to Recognize Dallas Cowboys and Mitsubishi Electric Diamond Vision for World 's Largest Video Display '' . finance.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2009 . Retrieved October 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ABC News . `` Sports News '' . ABC News . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium Systems & Technology : Vahle Electrification '' . Vahleinc.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Snapshot : Key contracts awarded for Dallas Cowboys stadium '' . Dallas Business Journal . March 6 , 2009 . Retrieved April 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hellas Construction ( December 3 , 2008 ) . `` New Dallas Cowboys Stadium Selects SoftTop Synthetic Turf System from Hellas Construction '' . www.prweb.com . p. 1 . Cowboys will be the first NFL team to use removable roll - top turf with three field capabilities Jump up ^ Dallas Morning News : Arlington turning to eminent domain for stadium land . Jump up ^ `` Let 's Power Africa '' . Foreign Policy . 2013 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Demolition Started for Cowboys Stadium '' . Associated Construction Publications . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alliance Announced '' . Associated Construction Publications . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All Up From Here '' . Associated Construction Publications . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Construction Worker Remains Hospitalized '' . The Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Heldenfels Awarded Contract '' . Associated Construction Publications . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Slideshows -- Cowboys Unveil World 's Largest HDTV '' . Village Voice Media . ^ Jump up to : `` New Dallas Cowboys stadium to be called Cowboys Stadium '' . ESPN . May 13 , 2009 . Retrieved May 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.dallascowboys.com/news/2016/09/23/grand-opening-new-stadium-club-restaurant-set-monday-sept-26 Jump up ^ `` George Strait to Headline Debut of Cowboys Stadium '' . CBS 11 News / AP . February 17 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2009 . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CONCACAF Gold Cup Attendance Down Slightly From ' 07 '' . SportsBusiness Daily . July 28 , 2009 . Retrieved October 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Archer , Todd ( August 20 , 2009 ) . `` Dean Named PA Announcer for Cowboys Stadium '' . The Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2009 . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Titans to Host Bucs , Packers in Preseason '' . The City Paper . Nashville . March 31 , 2009 . Retrieved May 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` BYU vs. Oklahoma - Game Summary - September 5 , 2009 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` NFL releases full regular - season schedule '' . yahoo.com. April 14 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Sign of Conquest , Eli Manning 's Signature , Remains at Cowboys Stadium '' . The Dallas Morning News . October 25 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2010 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys shut down Panthers '' , ESPN.com , September 28 , 2009 . Retrieved on September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys Hope New Home Brings NorCal Fans News10.net Sacramento , California Sports News '' . News10.net . June 21 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Kreindler , Eric , Hoops Heaven at JerryWorld : Crews prepare for Texas basketball game , December 16 , 2009 . Retrieved January 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Drape , Joe ( January 29 , 2011 ) . `` For N.F.L. , Lockout Would Be a Risky Strategy '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Costas reference to `` the palace in Dallas '' irks Arlington mayor `` . Cowboys Stadium Blog . Stadiumblog.dallasnews.com . September 22 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2011 . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Popik , Barry ( August 7 , 2009 ) . `` The Big Apple : Cowboys Cathedral or Cathedral of Football ( Dallas Cowboys Stadium in Arlington ) '' . Barrypopik.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mosley , Matt ( May 22 , 2007 ) . `` Indy , Arizona had no chance '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys Stadium now called AT&T Stadium after deal '' . NFL.com . July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff reports ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Report : AT&T naming rights for Dallas Cowboys ' stadium $17 - 19M a year '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nagy , Monica ( 3 March 2014 ) . `` Crews finish mounting massive ' AT&T ' letters on Cowboys ' stadium '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved 22 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` Punt hits video screen at new Cowboys Stadium -- Shutdown Corner -- NFL -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Archer , Todd ( August 25 , 2009 ) . `` The Cowboys Stadium digital board is a hot topic '' . The Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pre Wk 3 Ca n't - Miss Play : Cincinnati Bengals receiver Brandon Tate returns re-punt for touchdown '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 All - Star Game recap '' . National Basketball Association . 2011 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys Schedule at '' . Nfl.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Spagnola , Mickey ( May 22 , 2007 ) . `` At Long Last , Super Bowl Coming To North Texas '' . DallasCowboys.com . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charean ( January 29 , 2012 ) . `` Super Bowl Bound to Return , But When ? '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sickles , Jason . Fans denied access to seats for Super Bowl . Yahoo ! Sports , 2011 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Seating Lawsuit : Why Jerry Jones Must Pay the Displaced Fans '' . February 9 , 2011 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cowboy Stadium , ARLINGTON , TX ( December 5 , 2009 ) . `` Texas Longhorns vs. Nebraska Cornhuskers -- Box Score -- December 05 , 2009 -- ESPN '' . Scores.espn.go.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Big 12 Conference Concludes Spring Meetings ; Future Championship Sites Approved For Football , Basketball '' . Big12sports.com : The Big 12 Conference Official Athletic Site . May 24 , 2007 . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tramel , Berry ( December 13 , 2014 ) . `` Big 12 football : Why a conference championship game is the easiest fix for Big 12 's woes '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma State Official Athletic Site -- Football '' . Okstate.com . January 2 , 2010 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NFL releases full regular - season schedule -- NFL -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com. April 26 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2009 . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Scoring Summary ( Final ) : 2010 TCU Football Statistics '' . Gofrogs.cstv.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ESPN.com , October 3 , 2009 . Retrieved on October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) ESPN.com , October 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cowboy Stadium , ARLINGTON , TX ( November 28 , 2009 ) . `` Texas Tech Red Raiders vs. Baylor Bears -- Box Score -- November 28 , 2009 -- ESPN '' . Scores.espn.go.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Baylor , Texas Tech to play football in Cowboys Stadium in 2011 Texas Tech Red Raiders News - Sports News for Dallas , Texas - SportsDayDFW '' . The Dallas Morning News . February 23 , 2011 . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official website of University of Texas Athletics -- Texas Longhorns -- Men 's Basketball '' . TexasSports.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` South regional at Cowboys Stadium features a giant TV screen -- and , oh yeah , a basketball court '' . Yahoo Sports . 28 March 2013 . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ `` Events '' . Stadium.dallascowboys.com . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AT&T Stadium to host WrestleMania 32 '' . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Series Guide '' ( PDF ) . Amasupercross.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` George Strait To Headline First Stadium Event '' . Dallas Cowboys . 2009 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Concert Boxscore for the 2009 - 06 - 25 issue '' . Reuters. 2009 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Too Big For Texas : U2 's ' Claw ' Vs. Cowboy Stadium : Monkey See '' . NPR. 2009 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` North American ÷ Tour 2018 '' . edsheeran.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Four high school playoff games scheduled for Cowboys Stadium '' . Cowboys Stadium Blog . Archived from the original on 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Professional Bull Riders Invades the Brand - New Cowboys Stadium in 2010 '' . Professional Bull Riders . www.pbr.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxing : Home '' . HBO . January 29 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Leanne Hulsenberg triumphs in the 2011 Bowling 's U.S. Women 's Open '' . Bowlingdigital.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PBR announces bracket for Dickies ' Iron Cowboy Invitational presented by WinStar World Casino '' . Professional Bull Riders . www.pbr.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mauney crowned 2012 Dickies ® Iron Cowboy '' . Professional Bull Riders . www.pbr.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PBR returns to Cowboys Stadium '' . Professional Bull Riders . www.pbr.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PBR 's Iron Cowboy returns to AT&T Stadium in 2014 '' . Professional Bull Riders . www.pbr.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` About The American '' . The American . www.theamericanrodeo.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First PBR Major Iron Cowboy takes place at AT&T Stadium on Feb. 28 '' . Professional Bull Riders . www.pbr.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PBR 's Iron Cowboy Returns to AT&T Stadium '' . Professional Bull Riders . www.pbr.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coppinger , Mike . `` Canelo Alvarez knocks out Liam Smith with punishing body shot '' . USA Today . USA Today . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Cowboy Returns to AT&T Stadium in 2017 '' . Professional Bull Riders . www.pbr.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PBR returns to AT&T Stadium for Iron Cowboy '' . Professional Bull Riders . www.pbr.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dallas Cowboys , New York Yankees form joint concessions venture ( The Dallas Morning News ) Archived June 11 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cowboys , Yankees form company for new stadiums ( Associated Press ) Archived October 29 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Art Commissions '' . 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Dickson , Gordon ( April 2 , 2009 ) . `` Dallas Cowboys , Texas Rangers Reach Deal on Parking Spots '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Bud ( June 4 , 2009 ) . `` KENNEDY : $40 for Cowboys Stadium Parking ? Sure Would Be Nice to Have Mass Transit ... '' Fort Worth Star - Telegram . ^ Jump up to : `` Special Programs '' . The T. January 7 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Weir , Tom ( January 26 , 2011 ) . `` $990 for a parking spot at the Super Bowl '' . USA Today . Game On ! ( blog ) . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to AT&T Stadium . Official website Preceded by Texas Stadium Home of the Dallas Cowboys 2009 -- present Succeeded by current Preceded by Arrowhead Stadium Home of the Big 12 Championship Game 2009 -- 2010 , 2017 Succeeded by current Preceded by Georgia Dome NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament Finals Venue 2014 Succeeded by Lucas Oil Stadium Preceded by Sun Life Stadium Host of the Super Bowl XLV 2011 Succeeded by Lucas Oil Stadium Preceded by first stadium Home of the College Football Playoff National Championship 2015 Succeeded by University of Phoenix Stadium Preceded by US Airways Center Host of the NBA All - Star Game Succeeded by Staples Center Links to related articles Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks Ford Center at The Star Stadiums Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day America 's Team Cheerleaders Doomsday Defense Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Black Sunday ( film ) King of the Hill Lore Tom Landry Tex Schramm Captain Comeback Ice Bowl Hail Mary The Catch Herschel Walker trade Dirty Dozen Ring of Honor Bounty Bowl series Rivalries New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers San Francisco 49ers Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Oilers / Texans Division championships ( 23 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1966 1967 1970 1971 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 League Championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1995 ( XXX ) Media Broadcasters Radio network KRLD - FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Arlington , Texas Education Primary and secondary schools Arlington ISD Arlington HS James Bowie HS Sam Houston HS Lamar HS Martin HS Seguin HS Mansfield ISD Summit HS Timberview HS Pantego Christian Academy Colleges and universities University of Texas at Arlington See template Other Landmarks AT&T Stadium Globe Life Park in Arlington The Parks at Arlington Six Flags Over Texas Theatre Arlington Transportation Metro Arlington Xpress Arlington Municipal Airport History Timeline This list is incomplete . Current stadiums of the National Football League American Football Conference East Gillette Stadium Hard Rock Stadium MetLife Stadium New Era Field North FirstEnergy Stadium Heinz Field M&T Bank Stadium Paul Brown Stadium South Lucas Oil Stadium Nissan Stadium NRG Stadium TIAA Bank Field West Arrowhead Stadium Broncos Stadium at Mile High Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum StubHub Center National Football Conference East AT&T Stadium FedExField Lincoln Financial Field MetLife Stadium North Ford Field Lambeau Field Soldier Field U.S. Bank Stadium South Bank of America Stadium Mercedes - Benz Stadium Mercedes - Benz Superdome Raymond James Stadium West CenturyLink Field Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Levi 's Stadium University of Phoenix Stadium Hall of Fame Game Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium Pro Bowl Camping World Stadium International Series Wembley Stadium Twickenham Stadium Estadio Azteca Both the New York Giants ( NFC ) and the New York Jets ( AFC ) share the same venue . Super Bowl stadiums 1960s Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( I ) Miami Orange Bowl ( II ) Miami Orange Bowl ( III ) 1970s Tulane Stadium ( IV ) Miami Orange Bowl ( V ) Tulane Stadium ( VI ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( VII ) Rice Stadium ( VIII ) Tulane Stadium ( IX ) Miami Orange Bowl ( X ) Rose Bowl ( XI ) Louisiana Superdome ( XII ) Miami Orange Bowl ( XIII ) Rose Bowl ( XIV ) 1980s Louisiana Superdome ( XV ) Pontiac Silverdome ( XVI ) Rose Bowl ( XVII ) Tampa Stadium ( XVIII ) Stanford Stadium ( XIX ) Louisiana Superdome ( XX ) Rose Bowl ( XXI ) San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium ( XXII ) Joe Robbie Stadium ( XXIII ) 1990s Louisiana Superdome ( XXIV ) Tampa Stadium ( XXV ) Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome ( XXVI ) Rose Bowl ( XXVII ) Georgia Dome ( XXVIII ) Joe Robbie Stadium ( XXIX ) Sun Devil Stadium ( XXX ) Louisiana Superdome ( XXXI ) Qualcomm Stadium ( XXXII ) Pro Player Stadium ( XXXIII ) 2000s Georgia Dome ( XXXIV ) Raymond James Stadium ( XXXV ) Louisiana Superdome ( XXXVI ) Qualcomm Stadium ( XXXVII ) Reliant Stadium ( XXXVIII ) Alltel Stadium ( XXXIX ) Ford Field ( XL ) Dolphin Stadium ( XLI ) University of Phoenix Stadium ( XLII ) Raymond James Stadium ( XLIII ) 2010s Sun Life Stadium ( XLIV ) Cowboys Stadium ( XLV ) Lucas Oil Stadium ( XLVI ) Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( XLVII ) MetLife Stadium ( XLVIII ) University of Phoenix Stadium ( XLIX ) Levi 's Stadium ( 50 ) NRG Stadium ( LI ) U.S. Bank Stadium ( LII ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( LIII ) 2020s Hard Rock Stadium ( LIV ) Raymond James Stadium ( LV ) Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park ( LVI ) University of Phoenix Stadium ( LVII ) Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( LVIII ) College football venues in Texas Division I FBS The American Gerald J. Ford Stadium ( SMU ) TDECU Stadium ( Houston ) Big 12 Amon G. Carter Stadium ( TCU ) Darrell K Royal -- Texas Memorial Stadium ( Texas ) Jones AT&T Stadium ( Texas Tech ) McLane Stadium ( Baylor ) C - USA Alamodome ( UTSA ) Apogee Stadium ( North Texas ) Rice Stadium ( Rice ) Sun Bowl ( UTEP ) SEC Kyle Field ( Texas A&M ) Sun Belt Bobcat Stadium ( Texas State ) Division I FCS Southland Anthony Field at Wildcat Stadium ( Abilene Christian ) Bowers Stadium ( Sam Houston State ) Gayle and Tom Benson Stadium ( Incarnate Word ) Husky Stadium ( Houston Baptist ) Homer Bryce Stadium ( Stephen F. Austin ) Provost Umphrey Stadium ( Lamar ) SWAC BBVA Compass Stadium ( Texas Southern ) Panther Stadium at Blackshear Field ( Prairie View A&M ) Division II Lone Star Javelina Stadium ( Texas A&M -- Kingsville ) Kimbrough Memorial Stadium ( West Texas A&M ) LeGrand Stadium at 1st Community Credit Union Field ( Angelo State ) Memorial Stadium ( Commerce ) ( Texas A&M -- Commerce ) Memorial Stadium ( Stephenville ) ( Tarleton State ) Memorial Stadium ( Wichita Falls ) ( Midwestern State ) Ratliff Stadium ( Texas -- Permian Basin ) Division III American Southwest Gordon Wood Stadium ( Howard Payne ) Jackson Field ( Sul Ross State ) Matador Stadium ( Texas Lutheran ) Ornelas Stadium ( East Texas Baptist ) Shelton Stadium ( Hardin -- Simmons ) Tiger Field ( Mary Hardin -- Baylor ) Wilford Moore Stadium ( McMurry ) SAA E.M. Stevens Football Stadium ( Trinity ) Jerry Apple Stadium ( Austin ) NAIA CSFL Lumpkins Stadium ( Southwestern Assemblies ) Rose Stadium ( Texas College ) AT&T Stadium Cotton Bowl Galena Park ISD Stadium Delmar Stadium NRG Stadium Current NCAA Division I FBS bowl game stadiums Alamodome ( Alamo ) Albertsons Stadium ( Famous Idaho Potato ) Aloha Stadium ( Hawaii ) Amon G. Carter Stadium ( Armed Forces ) Arizona Stadium ( Arizona ) AT&T Stadium ( Cotton ) Bank of America Stadium ( Belk ) Camping World Stadium ( Camping World , Citrus , Cure ) Chase Field ( Cheez - It ) Cotton Bowl ( First Responder ) Cramton Bowl ( Camellia ) Dreamstyle Stadium ( New Mexico ) FAU Stadium ( Boca Raton ) Ford Field ( Quick Lane ) Hard Rock Stadium ( Orange ) Independence Stadium ( Independence ) Ladd -- Peebles Stadium ( Dollar General , Senior ) Legion Field ( Birmingham ) Levi 's Stadium ( San Francisco ) Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium ( Liberty ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( Peach ) Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( New Orleans , Sugar ) Navy -- Marine Corps Memorial Stadium ( Military ) Nissan Stadium ( Music City ) NRG Stadium ( Texas ) SDCCU Stadium ( Holiday ) Raymond James Stadium ( Gasparilla , Outback ) Rose Bowl ( Rose ) Sam Boyd Stadium ( Las Vegas ) Sun Bowl ( Sun ) Thomas Robinson Stadium ( Bahamas ) TIAA Bank Field ( Gator ) Toyota Stadium ( Frisco ) Tropicana Field ( East -- West Shrine ) University of Phoenix Stadium ( Fiesta ) Yankee Stadium ( Pinstripe ) College Football Playoff games shown in italics Big 12 Championship Game Years 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 -- 2016 2017 Venues Trans World Dome ( 1996 , 1998 ) Alamodome ( 1997 , 1999 , 2007 ) Arrowhead Stadium ( 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 ) Texas Stadium ( 2001 ) Reliant Stadium ( 2002 , 2005 ) Cowboys / AT&T Stadium ( 2009 , 2010 , 2017 -- present ) Other Broadcasters Cotton Bowl Classic History & conference tie - ins History Cotton Bowl AT&T Stadium College Football Playoff Broadcasters Playoff At - Large Group of Five Games 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1966 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2015 2017 2017 2018 Notes There was a Cotton Bowl Classic in January and December in 1966 , 2015 and 2017 There was no Cotton Bowl Classic in 1967 or 2016 The game was a College Football Playoff semifinal in its December 2015 edition College Football Playoff Championships Overview College Football Playoff National Championship Games 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 2019 -- 20 2020 -- 21 Semifinal Bowls Rose 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) Sugar 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) Orange 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) Cotton 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) Peach 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) Fiesta 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) Other List of College Football Playoff games New Year 's Six College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy NCAA Division I FBS champions Mythical national championship Plus - One system Power Five conferences Championship games for each season are played in January , while semifinal games are identified by season year , alternating between December and January Venues of the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup Cowboys Stadium ( Arlington , Texas ) The Home Depot Center ( Carson , California ) Ford Field ( Detroit ) Bank of America Stadium ( Charlotte , North Carolina ) FIU Stadium ( Miami ) Raymond James Stadium ( Tampa , Florida ) Soldier Field ( Chicago ) Red Bull Arena ( Harrison , New Jersey ) Livestrong Sporting Park ( Kansas City , Kansas ) New Meadowlands Stadium ( East Rutherford , New Jersey ) RFK Stadium ( Washington , D.C. ) Reliant Stadium ( Houston ) Rose Bowl ( Pasadena , California ) Official website Venues of the 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup AT&T Stadium ( Arlington ) BBVA Compass Stadium ( Houston ) CenturyLink Field ( Seattle ) Georgia Dome ( Atlanta ) Sun Life Stadium ( Miami Gardens , Florida ) Jeld - Wen Field ( Portland ) M&T Bank Stadium ( Baltimore ) Red Bull Arena ( Harrison , New Jersey ) Rentschler Field ( East Hartford , Connecticut ) Rio Tinto Stadium ( Salt Lake City ) Rose Bowl ( Pasadena ) Soldier Field ( Chicago ) Sports Authority Field at Mile High ( Denver ) Official website Venues of the 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup Group stage Alamodome BBVA Compass Stadium FirstEnergy Stadium Nissan Stadium Qualcomm Stadium Raymond James Stadium Red Bull Arena Sports Authority Field Toyota Stadium Knockout stage AT&T Stadium Lincoln Financial Field Levi 's Stadium Rose Bowl University of Phoenix Stadium Official website AMA / FIM World Supercross venues Current ( 2017 ) Angel Stadium of Anaheim ( Anaheim ) AT&T Stadium ( Arlington ) CenturyLink Field ( Seattle ) Daytona International Speedway ( Daytona Beach ) Ford Field ( Detroit ) Lucas Oil Stadium ( Indianapolis ) MetLife Stadium ( East Rutherford ) Oakland Coliseum ( Oakland ) Petco Park ( San Diego ) Rice -- Eccles Stadium ( Salt Lake City ) Rogers Centre ( Toronto ) Sam Boyd Stadium ( Las Vegas ) The Dome at America 's Center ( St. Louis ) University of Phoenix Stadium ( Glendale ) U.S. Bank Stadium ( Minneapolis ) Former Astrodome ( Houston ) AT&T Park ( San Francisco ) Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium ( Atlanta ) BC Place ( Vancouver ) Camping World Stadium ( Orlando ) CEFCU Stadium ( San Jose ) Charlotte Motor Speedway ( Charlotte ) Chase Field ( Phoenix ) Dodger Stadium ( Los Angeles ) EverBank Field ( Jacksonville ) Georgia Dome ( Atlanta ) Gillette Stadium ( Foxborough ) Houlihan 's Stadium ( Tampa ) Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome ( Minneapolis ) Kingdome ( Seattle ) Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( New Orleans ) Levi 's Stadium ( Santa Clara ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( Los Angeles ) Mile High Stadium ( Denver ) NRG Stadium ( Houston ) Pontiac Silverdome ( Pontiac ) Qualcomm Stadium ( San Diego ) Raymond James Stadium ( Tampa ) RCA Dome ( Indianapolis ) Route 66 Raceway ( Joliet ) Sun Devil Stadium ( Tempe ) Texas Stadium ( Irving ) WrestleMania venues Madison Square Garden X XX Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena VII Allstate Arena ( Rosemont , IL ) 13 22 Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum Pontiac Silverdome III Atlantic City Boardwalk Hall IV V Rogers Centre VI X8 Hoosier Dome VIII Caesars Palace IX XL Center ( Hartford , CT ) XI Honda Center ( Anaheim ) XII 2000 TD Garden XIV Wells Fargo Center ( Philadelphia ) XV Reliant Astrodome X-Seven Safeco Field XIX Staples Center 21 Ford Field 23 Camping World Stadium ( Orlando ) XXIV 33 NRG Stadium XXV University of Phoenix Stadium ( Glendale , AZ ) XXVI Georgia Dome XXVII Hard Rock Stadium XXVIII MetLife Stadium 29 35 Mercedes - Benz Superdome XXX 34 Levi 's Stadium 31 AT&T Stadium 32 Indoor stadiums of the National Football League Current venues Fixed Ford Field ( Detroit ) Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( New Orleans ) U.S. Bank Stadium ( Minnesota ) Retractable AT&T Stadium ( Dallas ) Lucas Oil Stadium ( Indianapolis ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( Atlanta ) NRG Stadium ( Houston ) University of Phoenix Stadium ( Arizona ) Defunct venues Astrodome ( Houston ) The Dome at America 's Center ( St. Louis ) Georgia Dome ( Atlanta ) Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome ( Minnesota ) Kingdome ( Seattle ) RCA Dome ( Indianapolis ) Silverdome ( Detroit ) Temporary venues Alamodome ( New Orleans ) Rogers Centre ( Buffalo ) Music venues of Texas Outdoor venues Cynthia Woods Mitchell Pavilion Dos Equis Pavilion Toyota Music Factory Toyota Stadium Verizon Wireless Amphitheater Zilker Park Theaters and clubs AT&T Performing Arts Center Billy Bob 's Texas The Bomb Factory Cactus Cafe Charles W. Eisemann Center for Performing Arts Emo 's Gas Monkey Bar N ' Grill Gas Monkey Live Gilley 's Club Granada Theater Majestic Theater Margot and Bill Winspear Opera House McFarlin Memorial Auditorium Moody Performance Hall Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center Music Hall at Fair Park Nancy Lee and Perry R. Bass Performance Hall Texas Hall The Theatre at Grand Prairie Trees Dallas Arenas Allen Event Center American Airlines Center AT&T Center AT&T Stadium College Park Center Dr Pepper Arena Frank Erwin Center Toyota Center United Supermarkets Arena Festivals Austin City Limits Music Festival South by Southwest Wildflower ! Arts and Music Festival GND : 7726992 - 5 VIAF : 235291456 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AT%26T_Stadium&oldid=856271307 '' Categories : 2009 establishments in Texas American football venues in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex AT&T buildings Big 12 Championship Game venues Boxing venues in the United States CONCACAF Gold Cup stadiums Cotton Bowl Classic Dallas Cowboys stadiums National Football League venues NCAA bowl game venues Wrestling venues in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex Professional wrestling venues in Texas Retractable - roof stadiums in the United States Soccer venues in Texas Sports venues completed in 2009 Sports venues in Arlington , Texas Rodeo venues in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing cleanup from April 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from April 2018 Wikipedia articles with incorrect tenses Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 01 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the new dallas cowboys stadium located | [
"AT&T Stadium\nJerryWorld, the Death Star, The Palace in Dallas, Cowboys Cathedral\n\nExterior, February 2010Former names\nCowboys Stadium (2009–2013)Address\n1 AT&T Way[1]Location\nArlington, TexasCoordinates\n32°44′52″N 97°5′34″W / 32.74778°N 97.09278°W / 32.74778; -97.09278Coordinates: 32°44′52″N 97°5′34″W / 32.74778°N 97.09278°W / 32.74778; -97.09278Owner\nCity of Arlington[2][3]Operator\nDallas CowboysExecutive suites\n342[4]Capacity\nFootball: 80,000[5]Record attendance\nFootball: 105,121September 21, 2009Dallas Cowboys vs. New York GiantsBasketball:108,713February 14, 20102010 NBA All-Star Game Boxing: 51,420September 17, 2016Canelo vs. Smith[6] Professional wrestling: 101,763 April 3, 2016WrestleMania 32[7]Surface\nHellas Matrix Turf with Helix artificial turf[8]ConstructionBroke ground\nSeptember 20, 2005Opened\nMay 27, 2009[15]Construction cost\n$1.3 billion[9]($1.48 billion in 2015 dollars[10])Architect\nHKS, Inc.[11]Project manager\nBlue Star Development/Jack Hill[12]Structural engineer\nWalter P Moore Engineers and ConsultantsCampbell & Associates Consulting Engineers, Inc.[13]Services engineer\nM-E Engineers, Inc.[14]General contractor\nManhattan/Rayco/3iTenants\nDallas Cowboys (NFL) (2009–present)Cotton Bowl Classic (NCAA) (2010–present)",
"AT&T Stadium\nJerryWorld, the Death Star, The Palace in Dallas, Cowboys Cathedral\n\nExterior, February 2010Former names\nCowboys Stadium (2009–2013)Address\n1 AT&T Way[1]Location\nArlington, TexasCoordinates\n32°44′52″N 97°5′34″W / 32.74778°N 97.09278°W / 32.74778; -97.09278Coordinates: 32°44′52″N 97°5′34″W / 32.74778°N 97.09278°W / 32.74778; -97.09278Owner\nCity of Arlington[2][3]Operator\nDallas CowboysExecutive suites\n342[4]Capacity\nFootball: 80,000[5]Record attendance\nFootball: 105,121September 21, 2009Dallas Cowboys vs. New York GiantsBasketball:108,713February 14, 20102010 NBA All-Star Game Boxing: 51,420September 17, 2016Canelo vs. Smith[6] Professional wrestling: 101,763 April 3, 2016WrestleMania 32[7]Surface\nHellas Matrix Turf with Helix artificial turf[8]ConstructionBroke ground\nSeptember 20, 2005Opened\nMay 27, 2009[15]Construction cost\n$1.3 billion[9]($1.48 billion in 2015 dollars[10])Architect\nHKS, Inc.[11]Project manager\nBlue Star Development/Jack Hill[12]Structural engineer\nWalter P Moore Engineers and ConsultantsCampbell & Associates Consulting Engineers, Inc.[13]Services engineer\nM-E Engineers, Inc.[14]General contractor\nManhattan/Rayco/3iTenants\nDallas Cowboys (NFL) (2009–present)Cotton Bowl Classic (NCAA) (2010–present)"
] | [
"32°44′52″N 97°5′34″W",
"Arlington, Texas"
] |
111094916090197491 | Lok Sabha | Lok Sabha - Wikipedia Lok Sabha Jump to : navigation , search This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : this article is filled with sections with misleading titles that contain irrelevant information . Please help improve this article if you can . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Coordinates : 28 ° 37 ′ 3 '' N 77 ° 12 ′ 30 '' E / 28.61750 ° N 77.20833 ° E / 28.61750 ; 77.20833 Lok Sabha House of the People 16th Lok Sabha Emblem of India Type Type Lower house of the Parliament of India Term limits 5 years Leadership Speaker Sumitra Mahajan , BJP Since 6 June 2014 Deputy Speaker M. Thambidurai , AIADMK Since 13 August 2014 Leader of the House Narendra Modi , BJP Since 26 May 2014 Leader of the Opposition Vacant , as none of the opposition parties has more than 10 % of the seats . Structure Seats 545 ( 543 elected + 2 Nominated from the Anglo - Indian Community by the President ) Political groups Government coalition ( 335 ) National Democratic Alliance ( 335 ) BJP ( 275 ) SS ( 18 ) TDP ( 16 ) LJP ( 6 ) SAD ( 4 ) RLSP ( 3 ) AD ( 2 ) JD ( U ) ( 2 ) JKPDP ( 1 ) AINRC ( 1 ) NPF ( 1 ) NPP ( 1 ) PMK ( 1 ) SDF ( 1 ) Speaker , BJP ( 1 ) Nominated , BJP ( 2 ) Opposition Parties ( 210 ) United Progressive Alliance ( 49 ) INC ( 45 ) IUML ( 2 ) KC ( M ) ( 1 ) RSP ( 1 ) Janata Parivar Parties ( 6 ) RJD ( 2 ) INLD ( 2 ) JD ( S ) ( 2 ) Unaligned Parties ( 144 ) AIADMK ( 37 ) AITC ( 33 ) BJD ( 20 ) TRS ( 11 ) CPI ( M ) ( 9 ) YSRCP ( 9 ) NCP ( 6 ) SP ( 5 ) AAP ( 4 ) AIUDF ( 3 ) JMM ( 2 ) AIMIM ( 1 ) CPI ( 1 ) JKNC ( 1 ) SWP ( 1 ) JAP ( 1 ) Others ( 11 ) Independents ( 3 ) Vacant ( 8 ) Elections Voting system First past the post Last election 7 April -- 12 May 2014 Next election April -- May 2019 Motto धर्मचक्रपरिवर्तनाय Meeting place Lok Sabha Chambers , Sansad Bhavan , Sansad Marg , New Delhi , India Website loksabha.gov.in The Lok Sabha ( House of the People ) is the Lower house of India 's bicameral Parliament , with the Upper house being the Rajya Sabha . Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by adult universal suffrage and a first - past - the - post system to represent their respective constituencies , and they hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers . The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi . The maximum strength of the House envisaged by the Constitution of India is 552 , which is made up by election of up to 530 members to represent the states ; up to 20 members to represent the Union Territories and not more than two members of the Anglo - Indian Community to be nominated by the President of India , if , in his / her opinion , that community is not adequately represented in the House . Under the current laws , the strength of Lok Sabha is 545 , including the two seats reserved for members of the Anglo - Indian community . The total elective membership is distributed among the states in proportion to their population . A total of 131 seats ( 18.42 % ) are reserved for representatives of Scheduled Castes ( 84 ) and Scheduled Tribes ( 47 ) . The quorum for the House is 10 % of the total membership . The Lok Sabha , unless sooner dissolved , continues to operate for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting and the expiration of the period of five years . However , while a proclamation of emergency is in operation , this period may be extended by Parliament by law for a period not exceeding one year at a time and not extending , in any case , beyond a period of six months after the proclamation has ceased to operate . An exercise to redraw Lok Sabha constituencies ' boundaries has been carried out by the Delimitation Commission based on the Indian census of 2001 . This exercise , which was supposed to be carried out after every census , was suspended in 1976 following a constitutional amendment to avoid adverse effects on the family planning programme which was being implemented . The 16th Lok Sabha was elected in May 2014 and is the latest to date . The Lok Sabha has its own television channel , Lok Sabha TV , headquartered within the premises of Parliament . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Qualifications 3 Powers 4 Procedure 4.1 Procedure in the House 4.2 Sessions and Time of Sittings 4.3 Question Hour / Zero Hour 4.4 Business after Question Hour 4.5 Main Business 4.5. 1 Legislative Business 4.5. 2 Financial Business 4.5. 3 Motions and Resolutions 4.6 Half - an - Hour Discussion 4.7 Discussion on Matters of Urgent Public Importance 4.8 Debate in the House 4.8. 1 Division 4.9 Automatic Vote Recording System 4.10 Publication of Debates 5 Officers of Lok Sabha 6 Composition by states and territories 7 Lok Sabha general elections 8 Number of members by party in Lok Sabha 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1858 to 1947 . During this period , the office of the Secretary of State for India ( along with the Council of India ) was the authority through whom British Parliament exercised its rule in the Indian sub-continent , and the office of Viceroy of India was created , along with an Executive Council in India , consisting of high officials of the British government . The Indian Councils Act 1861 provided for a Legislative Council consisting of the members of the Executive Council and non-official members . The Indian Councils Act 1892 established legislatures in each of the provinces of British India and increased the powers of the Legislative Council . Although these Acts increased the representation of Indians in the government , their power still remained limited , and the electorate very small . The Indian Councils Act 1909 and the Government of India Act 1919 further expanded the participation of Indians in the administration . The Indian Independence Act , passed by the British parliament on 18 July 1947 , divided British India ( which did not include the Princely States ) into two new independent countries , India and Pakistan , which were to be dominions under the Crown until they had each enacted a new constitution . The Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the separate nations , with each new Assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it for the respective dominion . The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950 , proclaiming India to be a sovereign , democratic republic . This contained the founding principles of the law of the land which would govern India in its new form , which now included all the princely states which had not acceded to Pakistan . According to Article 79 ( Part V - The Union . ) of the Constitution of India , the Parliament of India consists of the President of India and the two Houses of Parliament known as the Council of States ( Rajya Sabha ) and the House of the People ( Lok Sabha ) . The Lok Sabha ( House of the Leaders ) was duly constituted for the first time on 17 April 1952 after the first General Elections held from 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952 . Session of Lok Sabha commenced on Date Session No . Date First 13 May 1952 Second April 1957 Third April 1962 Fourth March 1967 Fifth March 1971 Sixth March 1977 Seventh January 1980 Eighth December 1984 Ninth December 1989 Tenth June 1991 Eleventh May 1996 Twelfth March 1998 Thirteenth October 1999 Fourteenth May 2004 Fifteenth May 2009 Sixteenth ( Current ) May 2014 Qualifications ( edit ) See also : Election Commission of India Article 84 ( Part V. -- The Union ) of Indian Constitution sets qualifications for being a member of Lok Sabha , which are as follows : He / She should be a citizen of India , and must subscribe before the Election Commission of India an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule of Indian Constitution . He / She should not be less than 25 years of age . He / She possesses such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament . He / She should not be proclaimed criminal i.e. they should not be a convict , a confirmed debtor or otherwise disqualified by law ; and He / She should have his / her name in the electoral rolls in any part of the country . However , a member can be disqualified of being a member of Parliament : If he / she holds office of profit ; If he / she is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court If he / she is an undischarged insolvent ; If he / she is not a citizen of India , or has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign State , or is under any acknowledgment of allegiance or adherence to a foreign State ; If he / she is violating party discipline ( as per Tenth schedule of the constitution ) ; disqualified under Representation of People Act . A seat in the Lok Sabha will become vacant in the following circumstances : ( during normal functioning of the House ) When the holder of the seat , by writing to the speaker , resigns . When the holder of the seat is absent from 60 consecutive days of proceedings of the House , without prior permission of the Speaker . When the holder of the seat is subject to any disqualifications mentioned in the Constitution or any law enacted by Parliament . A seat may also be vacated when the holder stands disqualified under the ' Anti-Defection Law ' . Furthermore , as per article 101 ( Part V. -- The Union ) of Indian Constitution ; A person can not be : ( 1 ) a member of both Houses of Parliament and provision shall be made by Parliament by law for the vacation by a person who is chosen a member of both Houses of his seat in one House or the other. ( 2 ) a member both of Parliament and of a House of the Legislature of a State . System of elections in Lok Sabha Members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people of India , on the basis of Universal Suffrage . For the purpose of holding direct elections to Lok Sabha ; each state is divided into territorial constituencies . In this respect , the constitution of India makes the following two provisions : Each state is allotted a number of seats in the Lok Sabha in such a manner that the ratio between that number and its population is same for all the states of India . This provision does not apply for states having a population of less than 6 million ( 60 lakhs ) . Each state is divided into territorial constituencies in such a manner that the ratio between the population of each constituency and the number of seats allotted to it remain the same throughout the state . Note : The expression population here refers to the population ascertained at the preceding census ( 2001 Census ) of which relevant figure have been published . Powers ( edit ) The Lok Sabha has certain powers that make it more powerful than the Rajya Sabha . Motions of no confidence against the government can be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha . If passed by a majority vote , the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers resign collectively . The Rajya Sabha has no power over such a motion , and hence has no real power over the executive . This is because the Constitution of India has only made the Union Council of ministers responsible to the Lok Sabha , not to the Rajya Sabha . Money bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha , and upon being passed , are sent to the Rajya Sabha , where it can be deliberated on for up to 14 days . If not rejected by the Rajya Sabha , or 14 days lapse from the introduction of the bill in the Rajya Sabha without any action by the House , or recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha are not accepted by the Lok Sabha , the bill is considered passed . The budget is presented in the Lok Sabha by the Finance Minister in the name of the President of India . In matters pertaining to non-financial ( ordinary ) bills , after the bill has been passed by the House where it was originally tabled ( Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha ) , it is sent to the other house , where it may be kept for a maximum period of 6 months . If the other House rejects the bill or a period of 6 months elapses without any action by that House , or the House that originally tabled the bill does not accept the recommendations made by the members of the other house , it results in a deadlock . This is resolved by a joint session of both Houses , presided over by the speaker of the Lok Sabha and decided by a simple majority . Though the Constitution has placed both houses on the same footing in this regard , in reality it is the Lok Sabha 's opinions that mostly prevails -- due to its bigger numerical strength . Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing any Bill for Constitutional Amendment ( by a majority of the total membership of the House and at least two - thirds majority of the members present and voting ) . Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a motion for the impeachment of the President ( by two - thirds of the membership of the House ) . Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in impeachment process ( initiating and passing a motion for the removal ) of the judges of the Supreme Court and the state High Courts ( by a majority of the membership of the House and at least two - thirds majority of the members present and voting ) , who then can be removed by the President of India . Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a resolution declaring war or national emergency ( by two - thirds majority ) or constitutional emergency ( by simple majority ) in a state . If the Lok Sabha is dissolved before or after the declaration of a National Emergency , the Rajya Sabha becomes the sole Parliament . It can not be dissolved . This is a limitation on the Lok Sabha . But there is a possibility that president can exceed the term to not more than 1 year under the proclamation of emergency and the same would be lowered down to six - month if the said proclamation ceases to operate . In conclusion , it is clear that the Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha in almost all matters . Even in those matters in which the Constitution has placed both Houses on an equal footing , the Lok Sabha has more influence due to its greater numerical strength . This is typical of any Parliamentary democracy , with the lower House always being more powerful than the upper . Procedure ( edit ) Procedure in the House ( edit ) The Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha and Directions issued by the Speaker from time to time there under regulate the procedure in Lok Sabha . The items of business , notice of which is received from the Ministers / Private Members and admitted by the Speaker , are included in the daily List of Business which is printed and circulated to members in advance . For various items of business to be taken up in the House the time is allotted by the House on the recommendations of the Business Advisory Committee . The Speaker presides over the sessions of the House and regulates procedure . Sessions and time of sittings ( edit ) Three sessions of Lok Sabha take place in a year : Budget session : February to May . Monsoon session : July to September . Winter session : November to mid December . When in session , Lok Sabha holds its sittings usually from 11 A.M. to 1 P.M. and from 2 P.M. to 6 P.M. On some days the sittings are continuously held without observing lunch break and are also extended beyond 6 P.M. depending upon the business before the House . Lok Sabha does not ordinarily sit on Saturdays and Sundays and other closed holidays . Question Hour / Zero Hour ( edit ) The first hour of every sitting is called Question Hour . Asking questions in Parliament is the free and unfettered right of members , and during Question Hour they may ask questions of ministers on different aspects of administration and government policy in the national and international spheres . Every minister whose turn it is to answer to questions has to stand up and answer for his department 's acts of omission or commission . Questions are of three types -- Starred , Unstarred and Short Notice . A Starred Question is one to which a member desires an oral answer in the House and which is distinguished by an asterisk mark . An unstarred Question is one which is not called for oral answer in the house and on which no supplementary questions can consequently be asked . An answer to such a question is given in writing . Minimum period of notice for starred / unstarred question is 10 clear days . If the questions given notice of are admitted by the Speaker , they are listed and printed for answer on the dates allotted to the Ministries to which the subject matter of the question pertains . The normal period of notice does not apply to short notice questions which relate to matters of urgent public importance . However , a Short Notice Question may be answered only on short notice if so permitted by the Speaker and the Minister concerned is prepared to answer it at shorter notice . A short notice question is taken up for answer immediately after the Question Hour , popularly known as Zero Hour . Zero Hour : The time immediately following the Question Hour has come to be known as `` Zero Hour '' . It starts at around 12 noon ( hence the name ) and members can , with prior notice to the Speaker , raise issues of importance during this time . Typically , discussions on important Bills , the Budget , and other issues of national importance take place from 2 pm onwards . Business after question Hour ( edit ) After the Question Hour , the House takes up miscellaneous items of work before proceeding to the main business of the day . These may consist of one or more of the following : Adjournment Motions , Questions involving breaches of Privileges , Papers to be laid on the Table , Communication of any messages from Rajya Sabha , Intimations regarding President 's assent to Bills , Calling Attention Notices , Matters under Rule 377 , Presentation of Reports of Parliamentary Committee , Presentation of Petitions , miscellaneous statements by Ministers , Motions regarding elections to Committees , Bills to be withdrawn or introduced . Main business ( edit ) The main business of the day may be consideration of a Bill or financial business or consideration of a resolution or a motion . Legislative business ( edit ) Legislative proposals in the form of a Bill can be brought forward either by a Minister or by a private member . In the former case it is known as Government Bill and in the latter case it is known as a Private Members ' Bill . Every Bill passes through three stages -- called three readings -- before it is passed . To become law it must be passed by both the Houses of Parliament , Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha , and then assented to by the president . Financial business ( edit ) The presentation , discussion of , and voting on the annual General and Railways budgets -- followed by the passing of the Appropriations Bill and the Finance Bill -- is a long , drawn - out process that takes up a major part of the time of the House during its Budget Session every year . Motions and resolutions ( edit ) Among other kinds of business that come up before the House are resolutions and motions . Resolutions and motions may be brought forward by Government or by private members . Government may move a resolution or a motion for obtaining the sanction to a scheme or opinion of the House on an important matter of policy or on a grave situation . Similarly , a private member may move a resolution or motion in order to draw the attention of the House and of the Government to a particular problem . The last two and half hours of sitting on every Friday are generally allotted for transaction of private members ' business . While private members ' bills are taken up on one Friday , private members ' resolutions are taken up on the succeeding Friday , and so on . Half - an - Hour discussion ( edit ) A Half - an - Hour Discussion can be raised on a matter of sufficient public importance which has been the subject of a recent question in Lok Sabha irrespective of the fact whether the question was answered orally or the answer was laid on the Table of the House and the answer which needs elucidation on a matter of fact . Normally not more than half an hour is allowed for such a discussion . Usually , half - an - hour discussion is listed on Mondays , Wednesdays and Fridays only . In one session , a member is allowed to raise not more than two half - an - hour discussions . During the discussion , the member , who has given notice , makes a short statement and not more than four members , who have intimated earlier and have secured one of the four places in the ballot , are permitted to ask a question each for further elucidating any matter of fact . Thereafter , the Minister concerned replies . There is no formal motion before the House nor voting . Discussion on matters of urgent public importance ( edit ) Members may raise discussions on matters of urgent public importance with the permission of the Speaker . Such discussions may take place on two days in a week . No formal motion is moved in the House nor is there any voting on such a discussion . Debate in the House ( edit ) After the member who initiates discussion on an item of business has spoken , other members can speak on that item of business in such order as the Speaker may call upon them . Only one member can speak at a time and all speeches are directed to the Chair . A matter requiring the decision of the House is decided by means of a question put by the Speaker on a motion made by a member . Division ( edit ) A division is one of the forms in which the decision of the House is ascertained . Normally , when a motion is put to the House members for and against it indicate their opinion by saying `` Aye '' or `` No '' from their seats . The Chair goes by the voices and declares that the motion is either accepted or rejected by the House . If a member challenges the decision , the Chair orders that the lobbies be cleared . Then the division bell is rung and an entire network of bells installed in the various parts and rooms in Parliament House and Parliament House Annexe rings continuously for three and a half minutes . Members and Ministers rush to the Chamber from all sides . After the bell stops , all the doors to the Chamber are closed and nobody can enter or leave the Chamber till the division is over . Then the Chair puts the question for second time and declares whether in its opinion the `` Ayes '' or the `` Noes '' , have it . If the opinion so declared is again challenged , the Chair asks the votes to be recorded by operating the Automatic Vote Recording Equipment . Automatic vote Recording system ( edit ) With the announcement of the Speaker for recording the votes , the Secretary - General presses the button of a key board . Then a gong sounds serving as a signal to members for casting their votes . For casting a vote each member present in the Chamber has to press a switch and then operate one of the three push buttons fixed in his seat . The push switch must be kept pressed simultaneously until the gong sounds for the second time after 10 seconds . There are two Indicator Boards installed in the wall on either side of the Speaker 's Chair in the Chamber . Each vote cast by a member is flashed here . Immediately after the votes are cast , they are totalled mechanically and the details of the results are flashed on the Result Indicator Boards installed in the railings of the Speaker 's and Diplomatic Galleries . Divisions are normally held with the aid of the Automatic Vote Recording Equipment . Where so directed by the Speaker in terms of relevant provision in the Rules of Procedure etc. in Lok Sabha , Divisions may be held either by distribution of ' Aye ' / ' No ' and ' Abstention ' slips to members in the House or by the members recording their votes by going into the lobbies . There is an Indicator Board in the machine room showing the name of each member . The result of Division and vote cast by each member with the aid of Automatic Vote Recording Equipment appear on this Board also . Immediately a photograph of the Indicator Board is taken . Later the Photograph is enlarged and the names of members who voted ' Ayes ' and for ' Noes ' are determined with the help of the photograph and incorporated in Lok Sabha Debates . Publication of Debates ( edit ) Three versions of Lok Sabha Debates are prepared viz. , the Hindi version , the English version and the Original version . Only the Hindi and English versions are printed . The Original version , in cyclostyled form , is kept in the Parliament Library for record and reference . The Hindi version all Questions asked and Answers given thereto in Hindi and the speeches made in Hindi as also verbatim Hindi translation of Questions and Answers and of speeches made in English or in regional languages . The English version contains Lok Sabha proceedings in English and the English translation of the proceedings which take place in Hindi or in any regional language . The Original version , however , contains proceedings in Hindi or in English as they actually take place in the House and also the English / Hindi translation of speeches made in regional languages . If conflicting legislation is enacted by the two Houses , a joint sitting is held to resolve the differences . In such a session , the members of the Lok Sabha would generally prevail , since the Lok Sabha includes more than twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha . Officers of Lok Sabha ( edit ) Speaker and Deputy Speaker As per Article 93 of Indian Constitution , the Lok Sabha has a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker . In the Lok Sabha , the lower House of the Indian Parliament , both presiding officers -- the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker - are elected from among its members by a simple majority of members present and voting in the House . As such , no specific qualifications are prescribed for being elected the Speaker . The Constitution only requires that Speaker should be a member of the House . But an understanding of the Constitution and the laws of the country and the rules of procedure and conventions of Parliament is considered a major asset for the holder of the office of the Speaker . Vacation and resignation of , and removal from , the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker is mentioned under Article 94 of the Constitution of India . As per Article 94 of Indian Constitution . A Speaker or a Deputy Speaker , should vacate his / her office , a ) if he / she ceases to be a member of the House of the People , b ) he / she resigns , c ) removed from his office by a resolution of the House of the People passed by a majority . The Speaker of Lok Sabha is at once a member of the House and also its Presiding Officer . The Speaker of the Lok Sabha conducts the business in the house . He / she decides whether a bill is a money bill or not . He / she maintains discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behaviour by suspending them . He / she permits the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions like the motion of no confidence , motion of adjournment , motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules . The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting . It is the Speaker of the Lok Sabha who presides over joint sittings called in the event of disagreement between the two Houses on a legislative measure . Following the 52nd Constitution amendment , the Speaker is vested with the power relating to the disqualification of a member of the Lok Sabha on grounds of defection . The Speaker makes obituary references in the House , formal references to important national and international events and the valedictory address at the conclusion of every Session of the Lok Sabha and also when the term of the House expires . Though a member of the House , the Speaker does not vote in the House except on those rare occasions when there is a tie at the end of a decision . Till date , the Speaker of the Lok Sabha has not been called upon to exercise this unique casting vote . While the office of Speaker is vacant due to absence / resignation / removal , the duties of the office shall be performed by the Deputy Speaker or , if the office of Deputy Speaker is also vacant , by such member of the House of the People as the President may appoint for the purpose . Shri G.V. Mavalankar was the first Speaker of Lok Sabha ( 15 May 1952 - 27 February 1956 ) and Shri M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar was the first Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha ( 30 May 1952 -- 7 March 1956 ) . In the 16th Lok Sabha , Sumitra Mahajan was elected as the speaker on 3 June 2014 , and is its second woman speaker and Shri M. Thambidurai as the deputy speaker . The Lok Sabha has also a separate non-elected Secretariat staff . Composition by states and territories ( edit ) Main article : List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha Subdivision Type No. of constituencies Andaman and Nicobar Islands Union Territory Andhra Pradesh State 25 Arunachal Pradesh State Assam State 14 Bihar State 40 Chandigarh Union Territory Chhattisgarh State 11 Dadra and Nagar Haveli Union Territory Daman and Diu Union Territory National Capital Territory of Delhi Union Territory 7 Goa State Gujarat State 26 Haryana State 10 Himachal Pradesh State Jammu and Kashmir State 6 Jharkhand State 14 Karnataka State 28 Kerala State 20 Lakshadweep Union Territory Madhya Pradesh State 29 Maharashtra State 48 Manipur State Meghalaya State Mizoram State Nagaland State Odisha State 21 Puducherry Union Territory Punjab State 13 Rajasthan State 25 Sikkim State Tamil Nadu State 39 Telangana State 17 Tripura State Uttarakhand State 5 Uttar Pradesh State 80 West Bengal State 42 Lok Sabha general elections ( edit ) Lok Sabha is constituted after the general election as follows : Lok Sabha General Election 1st Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1951 -- 52 2nd Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1957 3rd Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1962 4th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1967 5th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1971 6th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1977 7th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1980 8th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1984 9th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1989 10th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1991 11th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1996 12th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1998 13th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1999 14th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 2004 15th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 2009 16th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 2014 Number of members by party in Lok Sabha ( edit ) Main article : List of members of the 16th Lok Sabha Currently elected members of 16th Lok Sabha by their political party ( As of 11 October 2017 ) : Alliance Party Seats National Democratic Alliance Seats : 335 Bharatiya Janata Party 275 Shiv Sena 18 Telugu Desam Party 16 Lok Janshakti Party 6 Shiromani Akali Dal Rashtriya Lok Samta Party Apna Dal Janata Dal ( United ) Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party All India N.R. Congress Naga People 's Front National Peoples Party Pattali Makkal Katchi Sikkim Democratic Front Speaker of the House , BJP Nominated Anglo - Indians , BJP United Progressive Alliance Seats : 49 Indian National Congress 45 Indian Union Muslim League Kerala Congress ( M ) Revolutionary Socialist Party Janata Parivar Seats : 6 Rashtriya Janata Dal Indian National Lok Dal Janata Dal ( Secular ) Other Parties Seats : 144 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 37 All India Trinamool Congress 33 Biju Janata Dal 20 Telangana Rashtra Samithi 11 Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 9 YSR Congress Party 9 Nationalist Congress Party 6 Samajwadi Party 5 Aam Aadmi Party All India United Democratic Front Jharkhand Mukti Morcha All India Majlis - e-Ittehadul Muslimeen Communist Party of India Jammu & Kashmir National Conference Swabhimani Paksha Jan Adhikar Party ( Expelled RJD Member ) Independents Vacant Seats Anantnag , Gurdaspur , Ajmer , Uluberia , Alwar , Araria , Phulpur and Gorakhpur constituencies . 8 Total 545 See also ( edit ) List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha Parliament of India Rajya Sabha References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` No LoP post for Congress '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha '' . parliamentofindia.nic.in . Archived from the original on 9 August 2011 . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Parliament of India : Lok Sabha '' . Archived from the original on 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Part V -- The Union . Article 81 . p. 39 Archived 24 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Part V -- The Union . Article 83 . p. 40 Archived 24 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` A decade from now , three states will contribute a third of Lok Sabha MPs '' . Archived from the original on 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Election Commission India Archived 5 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to LokSabha Website '' . Archived from the original on 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Freedom Struggle ( 1857 - 1947 ) - Culture and Heritage - Know India : National Portal of India '' . Archived from the original on 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Part V -- The Union . Article 79 . p. 38 Archived 24 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Part V -- The Union . Article 81 . p. 41 Archived 24 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Part V -- The Union . Article 81 . pp. 46 , 47 Archived 24 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Laxmikant polity Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha '' . Lok Sabha . Archived from the original on 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha Introduction '' . National Informatics Centre , Government of India . Archived from the original on 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 22 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sixteenth Lok Sabha : All Members Party-wise List '' . Lok Sabha . Archived from the original on 28 November 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lok Sabha . Lok Sabha website Description of Lok Sabha on website of Parliament of India Government of India Constitution Constitution of India Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India Federalism in India Union List State List Concurrent List Executive Union Government Prime Minister ( list ) Cabinet Ministers President ( list ) Vice President ( list ) Civil Services Cabinet Secretary of India State governments Chief Minister ( list ) Governors ( list ) Legislative Parliament Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Leader of the Opposition Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice High Courts District Courts Parliament of India President of India President of India ( List ) Lok Sabha Speaker Leader of the Lok Sabha Leader of the Opposition Constituencies 1st LS ( 1952 -- 57 ) 2nd LS ( 1957 -- 62 ) 3rd LS ( 1962 -- 67 ) 4th LS ( 1967 -- 71 ) 5th LS ( 1971 -- 77 ) 6th LS ( 1977 -- 80 ) 7th LS ( 1980 -- 84 ) 8th LS ( 1984 -- 89 ) 9th LS ( 1989 -- 91 ) 10th LS ( 1991 -- 96 ) 11th LS ( 1996 -- 98 ) 12th LS ( 1998 -- 99 ) 13th LS ( 1999 -- 2004 ) ( Members ) 14th LS ( 2004 -- 09 ) ( Members ) 15th LS ( 2009 -- 14 ) ( Members ) 16th LS ( 2014 -- 19 ) ( Members ) Rajya Sabha Members Chairman Leader of the Rajya Sabha Leader of the Opposition Legislatures of India British Raj Council of India Imperial Legislative Council Council of State Central Legislative Assembly Chamber of Princes Constituent Assembly of India Sansad Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha Vidhan Sabha Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh National Capital Territory of Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Vidhan Parishad Andhra Pradesh Bihar Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Maharashtra Telangana Uttar Pradesh Lower houses of national legislatures Federal Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Canada Ethiopia Germany India Malaysia Mexico Nigeria Pakistan Russia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Switzerland United States Unitary Afghanistan Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belize Bhutan Bolivia Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Central African Republic Chile Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Czech Republic Dominican Republic Equatorial Guinea France Gabon Grenada Haiti Indonesia Ireland Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Mauritania Morocco Myanmar Namibia Netherlands Oman Palau Paraguay Philippines Poland Romania Rwanda Saint Lucia Slovenia South Africa Spain Swaziland Tajikistan Trinidad and Tobago United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Zimbabwe Dependent and other territories American Samoa Bermuda Isle of Man Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Non-UN states Somaliland Related Bicameralism Unicameralism List of legislatures by country National upper houses National bicameral legislatures National unicameral legislatures Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lok_Sabha&oldid=804813412 '' Categories : Lok Sabha National lower houses Parliament of India Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from October 2017 Articles needing cleanup from December 2013 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from December 2013 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from December 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Infobox legislature with background color Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 09 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the maximum strength of lok sabha and rajya sabha is | [
"The maximum strength of the House envisaged by the Constitution of India is 552, which is made up by election of up to 530 members to represent the states; up to 20 members to represent the Union Territories and not more than two members of the Anglo-Indian Community to be nominated by the President of India, if, in his/her opinion, that community is not adequately represented in the House. Under the current laws, the strength of Lok Sabha is 545, including the two seats reserved for members of the Anglo-Indian community. The total elective membership is distributed among the states in proportion to their population.[3][4] A total of 131 seats (18.42%) are reserved for representatives of Scheduled Castes (84) and Scheduled Tribes (47). The quorum for the House is 10% of the total membership."
] | [
"552"
] |
-1110213645668313137 | History of the Philadelphia Eagles | History of the Philadelphia Eagles - wikipedia History of the Philadelphia Eagles Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information . Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject 's importance , use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The history of the Philadelphia Eagles begins in 1933 . In their history , the Eagles have appeared in the Super Bowl three times , losing in their first two appearances but winning the third , in 2018 . They won three NFL Championships , the precursor to the Super Bowl , in four appearances . The beginning era of the Eagles history , 1933 to 1939 , was influenced by its owner , and then also coach , Bert Bell . After Bell ostensibly sold the team , to Alexis Thompson in 1940 , the second era of the Eagles history was largely directed by their coach and future Hall of Famer , Greasy Neale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Beginnings ( 1933 - 39 ) 1.1 Formation and Early Years 1.2 Sole Owner and Coach Bell ( 1936 - 1939 ) 2 `` On the wings of Eagles '' : The golden age ( 1940 - 49 ) 3 ( 1950 - 59 ) 4 Struggles ( 1960 - 69 ) 4.1 1960 4.2 1961 - 69 5 From hopeless to hopeful ( 1970 - 79 ) 6 Mild success ( 1980 - 1990 ) 6.1 1980 6.2 1981 - 85 6.3 1986 - 88 6.4 1989 - 90 7 Kotite and Rhodes ( 1991 - 98 ) 8 The Reid era ( 1999 - 2012 ) 8.1 1999 - 2012 8.2 2003 8.3 2004 Super Bowl run 8.3. 1 4th championship appearance 8.3. 2 Super Bowl XXXIX 8.4 2005 8.5 2006 8.6 2007 8.7 2008 8.8 2009 8.9 2010 8.10 2011 : `` Dream Team '' 8.11 2012 : End of the Reid Era 9 The Chip Kelly Era ( 2013 - 2015 ) 10 The Doug Pederson era ( 2016 -- present ) 10.1 Carson Wentz era 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 Further reading Beginnings ( 1933 - 39 ) ( edit ) Formation and early years ( edit ) In 1931 , Philadelphia 's NFL franchise , the Frankford Yellow Jackets , who had won the NFL Championship in 1926 , went bankrupt and ceased operations midway through the season . After more than a year searching for a suitable replacement , the NFL granted an expansion franchise to a syndicate headed by former University of Pennsylvania teammates Lud Wray and Bert Bell . In exchange for an entry fee of $2,500 , the Bell - Wray group was awarded the assets of the failed Yellow Jackets organization . Drawing inspiration from the insignia of the centerpiece of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal , specifically the National Recovery Act 's `` blue eagle , '' Bell and Wray named the new franchise the Philadelphia Eagles , with Bell as president and general manager and Wray as head coach . Neither the Eagles nor the NFL officially regard the two franchises as the same , citing the aforementioned period of dormancy . The Eagles simply inherited the NFL rights to the Philadelphia area . Further , Wray and Bell assembled an almost entirely new team ; only a single player from the 1931 Yellow Jackets ended up with the 1933 Eagles . The new team played its first game on October 15 , 1933 , against the New York Giants at the Polo Grounds in New York City . They lost the game 56 - 0 . The Eagles struggled over the course of their first decade , never winning more than four games . Their best finish was in their second season , 1934 , when they finished tied for third in the East . For the most part , the Eagles ' early rosters were composed of former Penn , Temple and Villanova players who put in a few years before going on to other things . In 1935 , Bell proposed an annual college draft to equalize talent across the league . The draft was a revolutionary concept in professional sports . Having teams select players in inverse order of their finish in the standings , a practice still followed today , strove to increase fan interest by guaranteeing that even the worst teams would have the opportunity for annual infusions of the best college talent . Between 1927 ( the year the NFL changed from a sprawling Midwestern - based association to a narrower , major - market league ) and 1934 , a triopoly of three teams ( the Chicago Bears , New York Giants and Green Bay Packers ) had won all but one title since 1927 ( the lone exception being the Providence Steam Roller of 1928 ) . Sole owner and coach Bell ( 1936 - 1939 ) ( edit ) Having finished last in the standings , the Eagles had the first pick in the 1936 draft , an opportunity they used to select University of Chicago 's Heisman Trophy - winning back , Jay Berwanger . They then traded his rights to the Chicago Bears . Berwanger , who had no interest in playing professional football , elected to go to medical school instead . The Eagles ' first major recruiting success would come in 1939 , with the signing of Texas Christian 's All - America quarterback , Davey O'Brien ; O'Brien proceeded to shatter numerous existing single - season NFL passing records in his rookie season . That year , the Eagles participated in the first televised football game , against the Brooklyn Dodgers , at Ebbets Field in Brooklyn ( losing the game 23 - 14 ) . `` On the wings of Eagles '' : the golden age ( 1940 - 49 ) ( edit ) The 1940s would prove a tumultuous and ultimately triumphant decade for the young club . In 1940 , the team moved from Philadelphia Municipal Stadium to Shibe Park . Lud Wray 's half - interest in the team was purchased by Art Rooney , who had just sold the Pittsburgh Steelers to Alexis Thompson . Soon thereafter , Bell / Rooney and Thompson swapped franchises , but not teams . Bell / Rooney 's entire Eagles ' corporate organization , including most of the players , moved to Pittsburgh ( The Steelers ' corporate name remained `` Philadelphia Football Club , Inc . '' until 1945 ) and Thompson 's Steelers moved to Philadelphia , leaving only the team nicknames in their original cities . Since NFL franchises are territorial rights distinct from individual corporate entities , the NFL does not consider this a franchise move and considers the current Philadelphia Eagles as a single unbroken entity from 1933 . ( 1 ) After assuming ownership , Thompson promptly hired Greasy Neale as the team 's head coach . In its first years under Neale , the team continued to struggle . In 1943 , when manpower shortages stemming from World War II made it impossible to fill the roster , the team temporarily merged with the Steelers to form a team popularly known as the `` Steagles . '' The merger , never intended as a permanent arrangement , was dissolved at the end of the 1943 season . This season saw the team 's first winning season in its 11 - year history , with a finish of 5 - 4 - 1 . In 1944 , however , the Eagles finally experienced good fortune , as they made their finest draft pick to date : running back Steve Van Buren . At last , the team 's fortunes were about to change . Led by Van Buren and Neale , the Eagles became a serious competitor for the first time . They had their first winning season as a separate team in 1944 . After two more second - place finishes ( in 1945 and 1946 ) , the Eagles reached the NFL title game for the first time in 1947 . Van Buren , end Pete Pihos , and Bosh Pritchard fought valiantly , but the young team fell to the Chicago Cardinals 28 - 21 at Chicago 's Comiskey Park . Undeterred , the young squad rebounded and returned to face the Cardinals once more in the 1948 championship . With home - field advantage ( and a blinding snowstorm ) on their side , the Eagles won their first NFL Championship 7 - 0 . Due to the severity of the weather , few fans were on hand to witness the joyous occasion . That would not be the case the following season , however , when the Eagles returned to the NFL championship game for the third consecutive year and won in dominating fashion in front of a large crowd in Los Angeles , beating the Los Angeles Rams 14 - 0 . In Thompson 's final draft , Chuck Bednarik was selected as the first overall pick in the 1949 NFL Draft . An All - American lineman / linebacker from the University of Pennsylvania , Bednarik would go on to become one of the greatest and most beloved players in Eagles history . The 1949 season also saw the sale of the team by Thompson to a syndicate of 100 buyers , known as the `` Happy Hundred '' , each of whom paid a fee of $3,000 for their share of the team . While the leader of the `` Happy Hundred '' was noted Philadelphia businessman James P. Clark , one unsung investor was Leonard Tose , a name that would eventually become very familiar to Eagles fans . ( 1950 - 59 ) ( edit ) With the turn of the decade came another turn in team fortunes . The Eagles were slated to open the 1950 season against the AAFC champion Cleveland Browns , who had just ( with the other AAFC franchises ) joined the NFL . The Eagles were expected to make short work of the Browns , who were widely reckoned at the time as the dominant team in a lesser league . However , the Browns lit up the Eagles ' vaunted defense for 487 total yards , including 246 passing yards , in a 35 - 10 rout . The Eagles never really recovered , and finished 6 - 6 . Neale retired after the season and was replaced by Bo McMillin . Two games into the season , McMillin was forced to retire due to terminal stomach cancer . Wayne Millner finished out the season before being replaced by Jim Trimble . While the remnants of the great 1940s teams managed to stay competitive for the first few years of the decade , and while younger players like Bobby Walston and Sonny Jurgensen occasionally provided infusions of talent , the team lacked the stuff of true greatness for most of the 1950s . The Eagles considered trying to purchase Temple Stadium in 1952 when the team was unhappy with their lease at Shibe Park . Temple University claimed the property to have been appraised for $1 million and said they were uninterested in selling . In 1958 , however , the franchise took key steps to improve , hiring Buck Shaw as Head Coach and acquiring Norm Van Brocklin in a trade with the Los Angeles Rams . That year also saw the team move from Connie Mack Stadium ( formerly Shibe Park ) to Franklin Field , and attendance doubled . The 1959 squad showed real flashes of talent , and finished in second place in the Eastern Division . Struggles ( 1960 - 69 ) ( edit ) 1960 ( edit ) Main article : 1960 Philadelphia Eagles season 1960 remains the most celebrated year in Eagle history . Shaw , Van Brocklin and Chuck Bednarik ( each in his last season before retirement ) led a team more notable for its grit than its talent ( one observer later quipped that the team had `` nothing but a championship '' ) to its first division title since 1949 . The team was aided by their two Pro Bowl receivers , WR Tommy McDonald ( who would later pen a short autobiography titled `` They Pay Me to Catch Footballs '' ) and TE Pete Retzlaff . On December 26 , 1960 , one of the coldest days in recorded Philadelphia history , the Eagles faced Vince Lombardi 's Green Bay Packers in the NFL title game and dealt the mighty Lombardi the sole championship game loss of his storied career . Bednarik lined up at center on offense and at linebacker on defense . Fittingly , the game ended as Bednarik tackled a struggling Jim Taylor and refused to allow him to stand until the last seconds had ticked away . Flush with excitement from the 17 - 13 victory , with the talented Jurgensen poised to take the reins of the offense , the future looked promising . That promise , however , proved illusory . 1961 - 69 ( edit ) In 1961 , the Eagles finished just a half - game behind the New York Giants for first place in the Eastern Conference standings with a 10 - 4 record . Despite the on - the - field success , however , the franchise was in turmoil . Van Brocklin had come to Philadelphia and agreed to play through 1960 with the tacit understanding that , upon his retirement as a player , he would succeed Shaw as head coach . Ownership , however , opted to promote assistant Nick Skorich instead , and Van Brocklin quit the organization in a fit of pique , instead becoming head coach of the expansion Minnesota Vikings . In 1962 , the bottom dropped out as the team was decimated by injury , managed only three wins and were embarrassed at home 49 - 0 by the Packers . The off - field chaos would continue through 1963 , as the remaining 65 shareholders out of the original Happy Hundred sold the team to Jerry Wolman , a 36 - year - old millionaire Washington developer who outbid local bidders for the team , paying an unprecedented $5,505,000 for control of the club . In 1964 , Wolman hired former Cardinals and Washington Redskins coach Joe Kuharich to a 15 - year contract . Many people have heavily criticized Kuharich as a coach , as they say he wasted top - tier talent such as that of Jurgensen , Timmy Brown , Ollie Matson and Ben Hawkins and effectively ran the franchise into the ground . At Kuharich 's insistence , Jurgensen was traded to the Washington Redskins for Norm Snead in 1964 : Jurgensen would go on to a Hall of Fame career while Snead , although serviceable , lacked the talent to lift the team out of mediocrity . By 1968 , fans were in full revolt . Chants of `` Joe must go '' echoed through the increasingly empty bleachers of Franklin Field . Adding insult to injury , the Eagles managed to eke out meaningless wins in two of the last three games of the season , costing the franchise the first pick in the draft , and with it the opportunity to add O.J. Simpson to the roster . ( With the second pick , the Eagles chose Leroy Keyes , who played only four years in an Eagles uniform . ) The last game of 1968 , played on December 15 , helped cement the rowdy reputation of Philadelphia fans when some of them booed and threw snowballs at an actor playing Santa Claus . By 1969 , Wolman had lost most of his fortune and was bankrupt , leaving the franchise under the administration of a federal bankruptcy court . At the end of the bankruptcy proceedings , the Eagles were sold to Leonard Tose , the self - made trucking millionaire and original member of the Happy Hundred . Tose 's first official act was to fire Kuharich . With an earned reputation as a fast - living high - flier , Tose infused the organization with some much - needed panache . Initially , however , he ran the team with more enthusiasm than ability , as was exemplified by his choice to replace Kuharich , the hapless Jerry Williams . Tose also selected former Eagles great Pete Retzlaff as General Manager . From hopeless to hopeful ( 1970 - 79 ) ( edit ) In 1971 , the Eagles moved from Franklin Field to brand - new Veterans Stadium . In its first season , the `` Vet '' was widely acclaimed as a triumph of ultra-modern sports engineering , a consensus that would be short - lived . Equally short - lived was Williams 's tenure as head coach : after a 3 - 10 - 1 record in 1970 and three consecutive blowout losses to Cincinnati , Dallas and San Francisco to open the 1971 season , Williams was fired and replaced by assistant Ed Khayat , a defensive lineman on the Eagles ' 1960 NFL championship team . Williams and Khayat were hampered by Retzlaff 's decision to trade longtime starting quarterback Norm Snead to the Minnesota Vikings in early 1971 , leaving the Eagles a choice between journeyman Pete Liske and the raw Rick Arrington . Khayat lost his first two games , but won six of the final nine in 1971 thanks to the exploits of the defense , led by All - Pro safety Bill Bradley , who led the NFL in interceptions ( 11 ) and interception return yardage ( 248 ) . Dick Vermeil brought the Eagles back into contention . The Eagles playing against the Buccaneers in the 1979 NFC Divisional Playoff Game . The team regressed in 1972 , and Khayat was released after the Eagles finished 2 - 11 - 1 . The two wins ( both on the road ) proved to be surprises , however . Philadelphia beat Kansas City ( which had the best record in the AFC a year before ) 21 - 20 and Houston 18 - 17 on six field goals by kicker Tom Dempsey . The latter game became known as the `` Johnny Rodgers Bowl '' , because the loser would finish with the worst record in the league and obtain the # 1 draft pick of 1973 , which was then assumed to be Nebraska wingback Johnny Rodgers . The Oilers ultimately got the # 1 pick , which instead turned out to be University of Tampa defensive end John Matuszak ( who would end up facing Philadelphia in the Super Bowl several years later ) . With the second pick , the Eagles selected USC tight end Charle Young . Khayat was replaced by offensive guru Mike McCormick , who , aided by the skills of Roman Gabriel and towering young receiver Harold Carmichael , managed to infuse a bit of vitality into a previously moribund offense . New general manager Jim Murray also began to add talent on the defensive side of the line , most notably through the addition of future Pro Bowl linebacker Bill Bergey . Overall , however , the team was still mired in mediocrity . McCormick was fired after a 4 - 10 1975 season , and replaced by a college coach unknown to most Philadelphians . That coach would become one of the most beloved names in Philadelphia sports history : Dick Vermeil . Vermeil faced numerous obstacles as he attempted to rejuvenate a franchise that had not seriously contended in well over a decade . Despite the team 's young talent and Gabriel 's occasional flashes of brilliance , the Eagles finished 1976 with the same result -- a 4 - 10 record -- as in 1975 . 1977 , however , saw the first seeds of hope begin to sprout . Rifle - armed quarterback Ron Jaworski was obtained by trade with the Los Angeles Rams in exchange for popular tight end Charlie Young . The defense , led by Bergey and defensive coordinator Marion Campbell , began earning a reputation as one of the hardest hitting in the league . By the next year , the Eagles had fully taken Vermeil 's enthusiastic attitude , and made the playoffs for the first time since 1960 . Young running back Wilbert Montgomery became the first Eagle since Steve Van Buren to exceed 1,000 yards in a single season . ( 1978 also bore witness to one of the greatest , and unquestionably most surreal moment in Eagles history : `` The Miracle at the Meadowlands , '' when Herman Edwards returned a late - game fumble by Giants ' quarterback Joe Pisarcik for a touchdown with 20 seconds left , resulting in a 19 - 17 Eagles victory - the Eagles would later edge into the playoffs that year with a 9 - 7 season . ) By 1979 , in which the Eagles tied for first place with an 11 - 5 record and Wilbert Montgomery shattered club rushing records with a total of 1,512 yards , the Eagles were poised to join the NFL elite . Mild success ( 1980 - 1990 ) ( edit ) 1980 ( edit ) The Eagles defeated the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game and earned their first Super Bowl appearance . Main article : 1980 Philadelphia Eagles season In 1980 , the team , led by coach Dick Vermeil , quarterback Ron Jaworski , running back Wilbert Montgomery , wide receiver Harold Carmichael , and linebacker Bill Bergey , dominated the NFC , facing its chief nemesis , the Dallas Cowboys , in the NFC Championship . The game was played in cold conditions in front of the Birds ' faithful fans at Veterans Stadium . Led by an incredible rushing performance from Montgomery , whose long cutback TD run in the first half is surely one of the most memorable plays in Eagles history , and a gutsy performance from fullback Leroy Harris , who scored the Eagles ' only other TD that day , the Birds earned a berth in Super Bowl XV with a 20 - 7 victory . The Eagles traveled to New Orleans for Super Bowl XV and were heavy favorites to knock off the Oakland Raiders , who were merely a wild card team . Things did not go the Eagles ' way , beginning with the disastrous decision by Tose to bring comedian Don Rickles into the pregame locker room to lighten the mood . Jaworski 's first pass was intercepted by Rod Martin , setting up an Oakland touchdown . Later in the first quarter , a potential game - tying 40 - yard touchdown pass to Rodney Parker was nullified by an illegal motion penalty . The final score was 27 - 10 . Veteran journeyman quarterback Jim Plunkett was named the game 's MVP . In a bizarre coincidence , Joe Kuharich died on the same day . 1981 - 85 ( edit ) Randall Cunningham , here shown with the Minnesota Vikings , wore # 12 and played with the Eagles from 1985 - 1995 . The Eagles got off to a great start in the 1981 season , winning their first six games . They eventually ended up 10 - 6 and earned a wild card berth . However , they were unable to repeat as NFC champs when they were knocked out in the wild card round by the New York Giants , 27 - 21 . After the Eagles finished 3 - 6 in the strike - shortened 1982 season , Vermeil quit the team , citing `` burnout . '' He was replaced by defensive coordinator Marion Campbell , aka `` the Swamp Fox . '' Campbell had helped to popularize the `` bend - do n't - break '' defensive strategy in the 1970s . Under Campbell , however , the team struggled , although his stewardship was notable in that it saw the arrival of all - time football greats Reggie White and Randall Cunningham . The 1983 - 85 seasons would see the Eagles go 5 - 11 , 6 - 9 - 1 , and 7 - 9 , respectively . 1986 - 88 ( edit ) Campbell 's reign of error ended in 1986 , when Buddy Ryan was named head coach . Immediately infusing the team with his tough , hard - as - nails attitude , the Eagles quickly became known for their tough defense and tougher personalities . Ryan began rejuvenating the team by releasing several aging players , including Ron Jaworski . Randall Cunningham took his place , and despite a 5 - 10 - 1 season , he began showing considerable promise . 1987 saw another strike , reducing the season by one game . The substitutes who were filling in for the strikers turned in a poor performance , being crushed 41 - 22 by the Dallas Cowboys . After the strike ended , the regular Eagles team won a 37 - 20 revenge game against Dallas . The season record was 7 - 8 , three games having been played by substitutes . The Eagles would reach the playoffs in 1988 , but lost to the Chicago Bears 20 - 12 in what became known as the `` Fog Bowl '' , due to the weather conditions during the game . 1989 - 90 ( edit ) The following two years would see playoff appearances as well , but the team could not make it past the first round . This failure was greatly frustrating to many Eagles fans , as the team was commonly acknowledged as among the most talented in the NFL . On offense , the Eagles were led by quarterback Cunningham , one of the most exciting players of his generation ; tight end Keith Jackson ; and running back Keith Byars . The defense is commonly acknowledged as among the greatest in league history , and as the best never to win a championship . The two 1989 matches with Dallas were known as the Bounty Bowls . Both were won easily by the Eagles ( the Cowboys finished 1 - 15 that year ) , and were marked by Ryan insulting new Cowboys coach Jimmy Johnson , putting a `` bounty '' on their kicker , and for Eagles fans throwing snowballs on the season ender . On November 12 , 1990 , during a Monday Night Football game at the Vet , the Eagles crushed the Washington Redskins by a score of 28 - 14 , with the defense scoring three of the team 's four touchdowns . More lopsided than its score would indicate , the game quickly acquired the sobriquet `` the Body Bag Game '' , attesting to the physical damage inflicted by the tougher Eagles squad . The Eagles knocked out the starting Washington quarterback , and then seriously injured his replacement as well . Running back Brian Mitchell , who would later be signed by the Eagles , was forced to play quarterback for the Redskins . Unfortunately , the Redskins returned to Veterans stadium in the first round of the playoffs and defeated the Eagles 20 - 6 , ending their season . Buddy Ryan was fired at the end of the season . Despite his tough talk , the Eagles failed to win a playoff game in the five years he had been head coach . Kotite and Rhodes ( 1991 - 98 ) ( edit ) In 1991 , the Eagles became the first NFL team since 1975 to rank first in the league in both rushing and passing yardage allowed , but competing in a strong division were unable to reach the playoffs despite a 10 - 6 record . Along with White , notable defensive stars included Jerome Brown , Clyde Simmons , Seth Joyner , Eric Allen , Wes Hopkins , and Andre Waters . With Ryan 's firing by Norman Braman , Ryan 's former Offensive Coordinator , Rich Kotite , took the helm of the franchise . Although Cunningham suffered a season - ending ACL tear in the season opener , the Eagles still made a respectable showing , missing the playoffs on a tiebreaker . In 1992 , Kotite led the Eagles back into the postseason with an 11 - 5 record . In the Wild Card Round , the Eagles soundly defeated the New Orleans Saints by a final score of 36 - 20 . The Eagles were eliminated by Dallas in the next round ( 34 - 10 ) . At the end of the season , DE Reggie White would leave the team through free agency . In the 1992 NFL Off - season , DT Jerome Brown died in a high - speed automobile crash on June 25 . In 1993 and 1994 , Kotite 's Eagles would fall apart after initially promising starts , and missed the playoffs in each season , going 8 - 8 and 7 - 9 . By this point , Braman had become unpopular among most local fans and a polarizing presence in the front office . Under rising scrutiny and deflating optimism , he sold the team to current owner Jeffrey Lurie . Almost Lurie 's first act was to fire Kotite . Lurie 's choice to replace Kotite was San Francisco 49ers Defensive Coordinator Ray Rhodes , who successfully lobbied 49ers star Ricky Watters to join the team as a free agent . In 1995 , Rhodes 's first season , the Eagles got off to a slow start by losing 3 out their first 4 games : they subsequently rebounded , finishing with a 10 - 6 record and a playoff spot . In the Wild Card Round , the Eagles played at home and overwhelmed the Detroit Lions 58 - 37 , with 31 of Philadelphia 's points coming in the second quarter alone . Despite this dominating performance , yet again , the Eagles were eliminated in the next round by the Cowboys ( 30 - 11 ) . Ironically , this would be Randall Cunningham 's last game as an Eagle . Cunningham would score the only touchdown of the game and the last Eagles post season touchdown for six years . 1995 was perhaps most notable in that it signaled the end of Cunningham 's tenure as starting quarterback . Rhodes benched Cunningham in favor of Rodney Peete , leading to friction between the two . Before the benching , news reports circulated that Lurie and Rhodes tried to trade Cunningham to the Arizona Cardinals . However , no such trade was executed and Cunningham retired shortly after the season . In 1996 , the Eagles donned new uniforms featuring a darker shade of green . They got off to a good start , winning three of their first four games . However , a week - 5 Monday night game at Veterans Stadium against the hated Cowboys would witness a season - ending knee injury to Peete and the loss of the team 's momentum , and the transition to an offense led by Ty Detmer and Watters . While Detmer played well and Watters rushed for 1,411 yards , the season followed an all - too - familiar pattern : 10 - 6 record , and early elimination ( a 14 - 0 shutout by the 49ers ) in the playoffs . The continued early playoff exits led to fans and local media blaming the high priced free agent signings ( Irving Fryar , Watters , Troy Vincent , and Guy McIntyre ) for not stepping up in big games , most notably the postseason . Rhodes gradually deteriorated under the stress of the job , and players were beginning to grow tired of his brash demeanor and often autocratic coaching style . After an up - and - down 6 - 9 - 1 campaign in 1997 , the bottom fell out in 1998 . The Eagles suffered a 3 - 13 record -- the worst in franchise history . They were ranked dead last in numerous offensive statistics . Home game attendance was declining , a quarterback controversy was deteriorating an already rudderless locker room , and the players had all but tuned out the embattled coaching staff . Left with little choice after a disastrous season , fan revolt and sagging team morale , Lurie fired Rhodes . The Reid era ( 1999 - 2012 ) ( edit ) 1999 - 2012 ( edit ) Resurgence would come under the leadership of new head coach Andy Reid , who began by drafting Syracuse QB Donovan McNabb with the # 2 pick in the 1999 draft ( the Eagles would have had the # 1 pick , but it was awarded to the rebooted Cleveland Browns ) . Despite clearing up roster space for new talent by releasing unpopular , aging veterans ( such as Watters and Irving Fryar ) , Reid was still a virtual unknown at the time of his selection as head coach , and his appointment was met with considerable skepticism in Philadelphia . McNabb was also not considered a good choice to draft by Eagles fans . When he was drafted , many Eagles fans booed the selection , believing that the Eagles should draft Ricky Williams . The choices proved wise , however : with Reid leading the way and McNabb emerging as one of the game 's great players . However , 1999 was a rebuilding year and so the Eagles only won five games and game attendance was still looking stale as two home games were not sold out - resulting in local TV blackouts - while the other 6 were only sold out due to several small business owners purchasing the remainder of the unsold tickets to spare TV viewers . The Week 5 game , on Sunday , October 10 , 1999 , in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , saw Dallas WR Michael Irvin suffer a career - ending spinal injury where Eagles fans stood up and cheered as he lay on the field . Even the TV commentators expressed their disgust at this behavior . The 2000 season saw the team go 11 - 5 , reaching the playoffs as a wildcard which rejuvenated the fan base and optimism . After brushing aside the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 21 - 3 , the Eagles moved to the second round of the playoffs , only to lose a 20 - 10 game against the Giants . Andy Reid was brought in to coach the Eagles in 1999 . The 2000 regular season opener in Dallas ( September 3 ) , became known in NFL lore as the `` Pickle Juice Game '' . Kickoff temperature in Texas Stadium was 109 degrees Fahrenheit and soared to nearly 120 , making it the hottest game in league history , beating a previous record set during the 1997 Cowboys - Cardinals match in Arizona . The nickname came about because a certain Eagles trainer had been preparing for the projected high temperatures by having the players drink the juice from jars of dill pickles in order to retain body moisture and stave off cramps and heat exhaustion . The experiment proved a success as the Cowboys lost the game 44 - 14 and had multiple players benched for inability to handle the brutal temperatures ( the Eagles had no players benched ) . The game also had significance because it marked the beginning of Philadelphia 's domination of the NFC East and the end of the Cowboys ' dominance . Brian Dawkins in 2007 . After compiling an 11 - 5 record in 2001 , the Eagles reached the playoffs again , this time at the top of their division . In a near - rerun of the previous year , they disposed of the Buccaneers in a 31 - 9 game . In the second round , the Eagles defeated the Bears 33 - 19 at Soldier Field . Reaching the NFC Championship game , they were unable to stop the St. Louis Rams , who defeated them 29 - 24 Despite injuries , McNabb led the Eagles to a 12 - 4 season in 2002 . Once again , they reached the NFC Championship , but lost at home 27 - 10 to the eventual Super Bowl champion Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the last game at Veterans Stadium . 2003 ( edit ) Main article : 2003 Philadelphia Eagles season The 2003 team lost its first two games , both at their new home . In the opening game of the 2003 season , the Eagles were shut out 17 - 0 by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the first regular - season game ever played at Lincoln Financial Field . Once again , the team went 12 - 4 for the season . By reaching the conference championship game in the same year as this defeat , they became the first team in modern history to get that far in the postseason after having been shut out at home in its first game . They achieved that distinction despite getting only five touchdown catches all year from their wide receivers , which tied the league low since the regular - season schedule was lengthened to its present 16 games in 1978 ( this record would be broken in 2004 when the New York Giants ' wide receivers caught only two touchdown passes ) . The Eagle receivers even went through both September and October without a TD catch -- the last time an NFL team had done that was in 1945 . 2004 Super Bowl run ( edit ) Main article : 2004 Philadelphia Eagles season The Eagles actively pursued premier wide receiver Terrell Owens , and acquired him in a controversial three - way deal with the Baltimore Ravens and the San Francisco 49ers , on March 16 , 2004 . Owens would often feud with McNabb , and was released by the Eagles after the 2005 season . Terrell Owens spent two controversial years with the Philadelphia Eagles . Donovan McNabb in 2004 . The 2004 season began with a bang as Owens caught three touchdown passes from McNabb in their season opener against the New York Giants . Owens would end up with exactly 1,200 receiving yards and 14 touchdown receptions , although his season ended prematurely with an ankle injury on December 19 , 2005 against the Dallas Cowboys . Their 12 - 7 victory in this game gave them home field advantage throughout the conference playoffs for the third year in a row . ( This distinction also includes a `` bye '' in the first round ( also known as the Wild Card Round ) of the playoffs , which the top two teams in each conference receive . ) The Eagles tied a record by clinching the NFC East division crown ( their fourth straight such title ) after only their eleventh game of the season , matching the mark set by the 1985 Chicago Bears and the 1997 San Francisco 49ers . Their final two regular - season games thus rendered meaningless , the Eagles sat out most of their first - string players in these games and lost them both , yet still finished with a 13 - 3 record , their best 16 - game season ever . McNabb had his finest season to date , passing for 3,875 yards and 31 touchdowns , with only eight interceptions . This made him the first quarterback in NFL history to throw 30 or more TD passes and fewer than 10 interceptions in a single regular season . They then began their playoff run with the Divisional round at home against the sixth - seeded Minnesota Vikings . The Eagles led from the start and never looked back , as McNabb led a very efficient passing attack ( 21 of 33 for 286 yards and 2 TDs ) , Brian Westbrook dominated on the ground with 70 rushing yards , and Freddie Mitchell performed very well on the receiving corps ( 5 receptions for 65 yards and a TD ) , as Philadelphia won 27 - 14 , setting up their fourth - straight NFC Championship appearance . The Eagles ' futility in Conference Championship games had become notorious . In 2002 , the Eagles had fallen in the NFC Championship Game against the Rams in St. Louis , 29 - 24 . In 2003 , the Eagles hosted the Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Veterans Stadium and were widely viewed as the overwhelming favorites -- this view no doubt accentuated by the expected emotional boost that many anticipated would power the team , given that the game was to be the last at `` the Vet . '' After a promising start , however , the game slipped away , and the ensuing 27 - 10 loss devastated a fan base that had already become too accustomed to disappointment . In 2004 , a banged - up Eagles squad managed to overcome numerous injuries , particularly to its defense , to reach the NFC Championship for the third year in a row , only to suffer a heartbreaking 14 - 3 loss against the Carolina Panthers . 4th Championship appearance ( edit ) On January 23 , 2005 , the Eagles reached a fourth consecutive conference championship game ( the first time this happened in the salary cap era of the NFL ) . At long last , the Eagles justified the hopes of their long - suffering fan base , defeating Michael Vick 's much - hyped Atlanta Falcons , 27 - 10 , sending them to their first Super Bowl in 24 years . The victory sent the city of Philadelphia into wild celebrations . Super Bowl xxxix ( edit ) Main article : Super Bowl XXXIX With two Super Bowl wins under their belt , the defending champion New England Patriots were heavily favored . McNabb had a great game with 357 yards and three touchdowns , but he also threw three interceptions . Terell Owens returned despite his injury , and caught 122 yards on 9 catches . The game was a defensive struggle through the third quarter , but in the fourth , the Patriots took the lead , with the Eagles trailing ten points . The early game struggle left everyone exhausted , and for his best efforts , McNabb scored one touchdown , but could not get the team within field goal range on the final drive . He was picked off in the closing seconds of the game . The final score was 24 - 21 , and the Patriots had won their third Super Bowl in four years . 2005 ( edit ) Main article : 2005 Philadelphia Eagles season The defending NFC Champions did not fare well the next year . The 2005 season began in a strange and erratic fashion with a 14 - 10 road loss to the Atlanta Falcons on Monday Night Football , a game in which Donovan McNabb suffered a chest bruise . In addition , Eagles linebacker Jeremiah Trotter was ejected prior to kick - off for getting involved in an altercation with Falcons cornerback Kevin Mathis . In the Week 2 home opener in Philadelphia , the Eagles defeated the San Francisco 49ers in a rout 42 - 3 ; however , McNabb was diagnosed with a sports hernia following the game . Weeks 3 and 4 saw the Eagles struggle somewhat but still manage to defeat the Oakland Raiders ( 23 - 20 ) and mount a stunning comeback from an 18 - point deficit to defeat the Kansas City Chiefs at Arrowhead Stadium ( 37 - 31 ) . In week 5 , the Eagles were manhandled by the Dallas Cowboys in Texas Stadium , losing by 23 points ( 33 - 10 ) . Following a bye week , the Eagles pulled off a miraculous 20 - 17 win against the San Diego Chargers when cornerback Matt Ware returned a blocked field goal for a touchdown in the fourth quarter . Fans hoped the play would `` wake up '' the Eagles and save the season similar to Brian Westbrook 's fourth quarter punt return against the New York Giants in 2003 . However , in the next week , the Eagles were unable to stop the running and passing attack of the Denver Broncos , losing 49 - 21 . Week after week , Andy Reid had come under criticism for the Eagles ' lack of dedication to a running game and overworking an injured Donovan McNabb , who was on pace to break the records for all - time passing attempts and completions . The Eagles had also allowed themselves to get behind in the first quarters of games , only to end up fighting from behind in the remaining quarters . Some analysts speculated the Eagles ' problems were due to not finding replacements for former defensive linemen Corey Simon and Derrick Burgess , poor pass rush , poor special teams , and the contract disputes with Brian Westbrook and Terrell Owens , along with Owens ' virtually weekly controversies . They had also been hindered by injuries to McNabb , Correll Buckhalter , Todd Pinkston , Lito Sheppard , Dirk Johnson , and David Akers . Brian Westbrook was not only a solid Eagles runningback , but a receiving threat out of the backfield . Lito Sheppard signing autographs in 2005 . On November 4 , 2005 , on ESPN , Terrell Owens criticized the Eagles front office for not recognizing his 100th touchdown catch . He also agreed with Michael Irvin 's statement that the Eagles would be undefeated had Brett Favre been the quarterback . Despite Owens 's apology the next day to the front office ( but not to McNabb ) , he was suspended indefinitely . There were also reports that he got into a fist fight with Hugh Douglas and challenged other players in the locker room which contributed to his suspension . At Andy Reid 's press conference after the Washington loss , he announced T.O. would no longer be playing this year for the Eagles due to conduct detrimental to the team . Things only got worse for the Eagles . They lost a Sunday night match - up to their division rival , the Washington Redskins 17 - 10 . Then , when they went home and played a rematch with their much - hated rival , the Cowboys , on Monday Night Football , a late game interception by Roy Williams sealed their doom . Not only did they lose 21 - 20 , but the already suffering Donovan McNabb got shoved to the ground , worsening his sports hernia and ending his season . On November 20 , former Detroit quarterback Mike McMahon was named the Eagles starter . However , his wild gun passing did n't do much to phase the Giants , as the Eagles went down again 27 - 17 . Then , on November 21 Donovan McNabb announced that he would undergo surgery for his sports hernia . The Eagles would finish the season without at least eight of their projected starters heading into the season , including Pinkston , Hank Fraley , Dirk Johnson , and Pro Bowlers McNabb , Brian Westbrook , Lito Sheppard , Tra Thomas , and the exiled Owens . Their next - to - last win of the season came a week later against the injury - ravaged Green Bay Packers 19 - 14 . At a home game on December 5 , on Monday Night Football , the Eagles retired # 92 , which had belonged to the late Reggie White . Unfortunately , they got shut out by the NFC West and eventual NFC champion Seattle Seahawks 42 - 0 . Afterwards , they lost to the Giants at home 26 - 2 . Their last win of the season came on the road against the St. Louis Rams 17 - 16 . Then they lost their last two games of the season to the Arizona Cardinals on the road 27 - 21 and then at home to the wild card Washington Redskins 31 - 20 . They ended their 2005 season at 6 - 10 , which marked the first time since 1999 that the Eagles failed to make the playoffs . After expectations of a return to the Super Bowl , it appeared the Eagles would have to retool in the 2006 off - season to make another run for the Vince Lombardi Trophy . 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 Philadelphia Eagles season In 2006 , the Eagles started off hot , beating the Houston Texans in Houston 24 - 10 . And they kept the streak going , jumping to a 24 - 7 lead against the Giants before losing 30 - 24 in overtime . They won their next two games easily , beating the 49ers in San Francisco and then returning home to limit Brett Favre 's Packers to three field goals . The Birds ' 3 - 1 record set the stage for Terrell Owens ' return to Philadelphia . Owens return to Philadelphia was being promoted by Fox as the `` game of the year '' . The game had more at stake , because the winner would take the lead in the NFC East . Owens received boos and jokes about his accidental overdose from a sell - out crowd . Lito Sheppard 's game - winning interception for a touchdown sealed the game for the Eagles , 38 - 24 . McNabb 's season was already considered one of the finest in Eagles history and his career . After the win against Owens ' Cowboys , they faced the upstart New Orleans Saints , with critics claiming the winner would be the NFC favorite . The Eagles ended up losing 27 - 24 on a last second field goal . The next week at Tampa , the Eagles would once again lose on a last second field goal . This time the field goal was an improbable 62 yarder by Matt Bryant - the second longest in NFL History . Jeff Garcia played with the Eagles in 2006 . He threw 10 touchdowns and only two interceptions . One week before their bye , the Eagles faced the Jacksonville Jaguars and failed to score a touchdown in a 13 - 6 loss . After their bye , they routed the Redskins , which not only kept Reid / McNabb perfect after the bye week , it put them back on track after three consecutive losses . The Birds were on a roll going into their match with Vince Young 's Titans , but were dominated throughout the game , losing 31 - 13 . The bigger loss however was Donovan McNabb - who suffered a season ending injury for the second straight year . With Donovan McNabb going down to injury , the Eagles called on Jeff Garcia to lead the team . The move was a highly unpopular one , because fans believed A.J. Feeley was their best bet . After falling to Peyton Manning 's Indianapolis Colts , the Eagles ' record stood at 5 - 6 , and they did not appear to be in playoff contention . However , Garcia led the team to an improbable five - game winning streak , which included a three - game NFC East road trip and a Christmas showdown in Dallas . The Eagles finished the season 10 - 6 , but lost the tie - breaker to the Saints , meaning they would be the third seed . The Eagles won their home wild card game against the Giants 23 - 20 , on a David Akers ' field goal . The game officially sent Tiki Barber into retirement . Their divisional playoff game was a Week 6 rematch against the Saints . The Eagles lost by the same score as in the regular season : 27 - 24 . Andy Reid made the controversial decision to punt with less than two minutes remaining . 2007 ( edit ) Main article : 2007 Philadelphia Eagles season 2007 marked the Eagles ' 75th season . The Eagles drafted quarterback Kevin Kolb from Houston , signaling a possible life beyond Mcnabb . McNabb delivered average performances , and missed three games due to an injury . The team only achieved an 8 - 8 record and missed the playoffs . Kevin Kolb spent time as the Eagles starting quarterback from 2007 - 2010 . 2008 ( edit ) Main article : 2008 Philadelphia Eagles season The beginning of 2008 presented a good opportunity for the Eagles . Donovan McNabb got a good start to the season , Brian Westbrook ran for many touchdowns , and rookie receiver DeSean Jackson became an important figure in the Eagles ' passing game . However , the Eagles went against the 1 - 8 Bengals in Week 10 and McNabb played horribly , throwing consistent interceptions and leading the Eagles to a ten - point deficit at the half . Despite being able to score those ten points , the game went into overtime . A Bengals missed field goal led to Eagles ball , but McNabb 's ' Hail Mary ' was deflected with seconds left in overtime , and the game ended in a 13 - 13 tie , the first since 2002 . McNabb then sparked controversy by admitting that he was unaware that an NFL game could end in a tie . Against Baltimore , things were even worse . At halftime , due to bad performance , McNabb was benched . However , the Eagles needed him , and it would show . His backup , Kevin Kolb , managed to get the Eagles to the Baltimore two - yard line ; he then threw an interception in the end zone that was returned by Ed Reed for a record 107 - yard touchdown . By this time , it was obvious that the Eagles needed a good quarterback for the next week 's match - up against the Arizona Cardinals , who for the first time in several decades seemed poised to win their division . The game was scheduled for Thanksgiving night , and the decision was eventually made to start Donovan McNabb , but if he played like he did in the last couple of weeks , he would probably be benched for the season . But McNabb surprised everyone and lead the Eagles to what was perhaps one of the greatest games in franchise history , a 48 - 21 blowout in which McNabb threw for four touchdowns . The Eagles went on a three - game win streak following up the Cardinals victory with wins over the Giants and Browns . The Eagles then lost to a mediocre at best Redskins team , 10 - 3 and putting their post season prospects in serious doubt . However , getting the help that they needed earlier in the day , the Eagles were able to run over the Dallas Cowboys 44 - 6 on December 28 , 2008 and advanced to the playoffs . The Eagles then defeated the Minnesota Vikings 26 - 14 in the first round of the playoffs on January 4 , 2009 . They defeated their division rival and the defending Super Bowl champions the New York Giants 23 - 11 in the NFC Divisional Round to advance to their fifth NFC Championship game in nine years . For the third time in a decade , an all - Pennsylvania Super Bowl seemed possible , as the Pittsburgh Steelers won the AFC Championship against the Baltimore Ravens . However , the Eagles lost 32 - 25 to the Arizona Cardinals . 2009 ( edit ) Main article : 2009 Philadelphia Eagles season In August , the team stirred up controversy by signing ex-Falcons quarterback Michael Vick , who had recently been released from prison for federal dogfighting charges . On the regular season opener against Carolina , McNabb sustained a broken rib and sat out the next two games , with Kevin Kolb taking his place as starter . Afterwards , Philadelphia endured a bad loss to New Orleans , but then beat Kansas City the following week . McNabb returned , and Vick also began playing ( as he had been barred from the first two games ) . He got off to a slow start and was used sparingly for much of the season . After a 13 - 9 loss in Oakland , the Eagles defeated the Redskins 27 - 17 on Monday Night Football . During this game , running back Brian Westbrook suffered a severe concussion and was knocked unconscious . He returned to play in the Week 10 game against San Diego , but was felled by a second concussion . Afterwards , Philadelphia went on a five - game winning streak and clinching a playoff berth after defeating the Broncos in Week 16 , which marked Brian Westbrook 's return to action after an absence of five weeks . However , the season ended with a whimper , as they were shut out by a resurgent Cowboys squad the following week . This put Dallas at the top of the NFC East and giving the Eagles a wild card spot . The two teams then had to play again the following week , but Philadelphia went down to defeat a second time , the score being 34 - 14 . Eagles ' defensive tackle Antonio Dixon tackles Chris Johnson of the Tennessee Titans , October 24 , 2010 . Main article : 2010 Philadelphia Eagles season On January 11 , 2010 , General Manager Tom Heckert was hired by the Cleveland Browns in the same role . He was replaced by Howie Roseman , who was promoted from Vice President of Player Personnel . On February 23 , 2010 the Eagles released starting running back Brian Westbrook , Eagles ' all - time leader in yards from scrimmage with 9,785 yards . A bigger surprise came on Easter Sunday , when the team traded quarterback Donovan McNabb to their division rival Washington Redskins for a second - round ( 37th overall ) pick in the 2010 NFL Draft , and a third - or fourth - round pick in the 2011 NFL Draft . Kevin Kolb was named team 's starting quarterback . The Kolb era did not begin on a positive note as the Eagles donned their throwback kelly green jerseys and hosted the Green Bay Packers in their opening game as both teams performed poorly in the first half , although that was partially because of weather conditions and damaged turf in Lincoln Financial Field . Kolb was thrown to the ground by Packers linebacker Clay Matthews and was forced to sit out the game after it was determined that he suffered a concussion . Five other Packers and Eagles players were also injured in the game . Michael Vick replaced Kolb , but the Packers ended up winning the game , 27 - 20 , the Packers ' first win in Philadelphia since 1962 and their first - ever win on Lincoln Financial Field . DeSean Jackson was a valuable receiver and returner for the Eagles . With Vick taking over as starter , the Eagles traveled and defeated the Detroit Lions 35 - 32 in week 2 with Vick 's impressive performance in the team 's offense . Although Kolb was presumed to be the starter after he recovered from injury , Andy Reid named Vick as the starting quarterback instead . The team then traveled to Jacksonville . Vick scored four touchdowns ( three passing and one rushing ) and no interceptions in a 28 - 3 rout of the Jaguars . Week 4 saw the return of McNabb to Philadelphia . He was generally given a warm reception , and the Redskins got a touchdown early in the first quarter . After that , both offenses sputtered and the Eagles had to settle for two field goals . But things rapidly fell apart when Vick was injured late in the first quarter with chest and rib injuries he suffered when two Redskins defensive backs crushed him from both sides while running near to the endzone . Kolb was once again brought out as starter , but delivered an uninspired performance . He did manage a touchdown pass in the fourth quarter , but it was too little too late . A two - point conversion attempt after the touchdown failed , and Washington won 16 - 12 . Afterward , Vick was diagnosed with cracked cartilage and forced to sit out at least one game . Michael Vick eventually took over the starting quarterback spot . With Kolb starting , the Eagles headed to San Francisco for a Sunday Night Football match against the 0 - 4 49ers . Kolb passed for 253 yards and one touchdown to lead his team to a 27 - 24 victory . Philadelphia won its first home game in week 6 by overpowering the Falcons 31 - 17 . Kolb continued to improve , passing for 326 yards , three touchdown passes , and one interception . However , he was not able to sustain this momentum in the week 8 game against Tennessee , throwing two interceptions and only one touchdown . The Eagles lost 37 - 19 to enter their bye week at 4 - 3 , and once again Vick was brought out as starter prior to hosting Indianapolis in week 10 . This game proved an intense , highly physical contest as Vick scored two touchdowns ( one passing and one rushing ) and Philadelphia overcame stubborn resistance by the Colts to win 27 - 24 . Afterwards , the Eagles headed to Washington , where , for the second year in a row , they faced the Redskins on Monday Night Football . Philadelphia quickly marched out to two touchdowns in the first quarter , putting them up at 14 - 0 within five minutes . By the second quarter , they had scored another two , leading by 28 points . Four more touchdowns followed in a 59 - 28 blowout of Washington . All in all , there were eight ( four passing , three rushing , and one interception return ) , six of which were from Michael Vick , who had 333 passing and 80 rushing yards for one of the finest performances of his career . For the third season in a row , the Eagles traveled to Chicago , a team that Michael Vick had a career 0 - 4 record against . This time would be no different as the Bears ' defense slowed him down to win 31 - 26 . Vick also threw his first interception of the season . The Eagles rebounded with a Thursday game against Houston . Despite winning 34 - 24 , Philadelphia 's defense turned in a relatively mediocre performance , which may have had to do with the fact that the team had played four games in a 17 - day stretch . On Sunday Night in Week 14 , the Eagles headed to Dallas for a game with their arch - rivals . However , the Cowboys were a considerably weaker team than when they defeated Philadelphia three times in 2009 . Their QB Tony Romo was out of commission from an injury , they had had their head coach Wade Phillips fired halfway through the season , and they were barely clinging to life at 4 - 9 . Michael Vick delivered an average performance , although one of the game 's highlights was a 90 - yard TD pass to DeSean Jackson . Although Andy Reid had gained a reputation as a pass - happy coach , the Eagles ' scoring was mainly based on run plays and long field goals . Despite a close game , they prevailed 30 - 27 and eliminated Dallas from playoff contention . In Week 15 , the Eagles beat New York in a shocking upset by overcoming a 21 - point deficit in the second half . In the closing seconds of the game , DeSean Jackson returned a punt 65 yards for a touchdown to win 38 - 31 . This became known as the Miracle at the New Meadowlands . After locking up their first division title in four years , the Eagles played a surprisingly bad game against Minnesota and lost . The team lost a meaningless season ender against Dallas before preparing to host Green Bay again in the wild card round of the playoffs . Despite playing the Packers hard , Philadelphia 's first home playoff game since 2006 ended in defeat 21 - 16 as Vick threw a hail mary interception in the closing minute of the 4th quarter . Pro bowler David Akers , who had one of the best seasons ever by a kicker , also contributed to the loss having a rare poor game going 1 for 3 , missing from 34 & 41 yards . LeSean McCoy in 2011 . 2011 : `` Dream team '' ( edit ) The off - season was marred by a lockout that began in March after the NFL 's collective bargaining agreement expired , making practices , trades , and free agency impossible . During the draft , the Eagles did comparatively little . After the lockout ended in July , the team embarked on a rash of high - profile FA signings , including Raiders CB Nnamdi Asomugha , Dolphins RB Ronnie Brown , Giants WR Steve Smith , Packers TE Donald Lee , Titans DE Jason Babin , Packers DT Cullen Jenkins , and Cardinals CB Dominique Rodgers - Cromartie . Meanwhile , Kevin Kolb , displeased at losing the starting QB job to Michael Vick in 2010 , was traded to Arizona for Cromartie . Replacing him as 2nd - stringer was ex-Titans QB Vince Young . Vince Young made a lot of hype by calling Philadelphia the `` Dream Team '' . Although the Eagles won their 2011 opener in St. Louis , the Dream Team failed to deliver as Michael Vick fell victim to injuries and turnovers . The Eagles lost four straight games . With Vince Young taking over , Philadelphia beat the Washington Redskins at last in Week 6 . In Week 8 , Vick returned to help crush the Cowboys at home 34 - 7 . After further losses to Chicago and Arizona , the Eagles beat the New York Giants and then fell to New England and Seattle before winning their final four matches and finishing 8 - 8 . 2012 : end of the Reid era ( edit ) The Eagles entered 2012 with strong hopes after winning their last 4 games of last season . When the team started 3 - 1 , including a 24 - 23 victory over the eventual Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens , the fans were thinking playoffs , even Super Bowl . However , these hopes came to a crashing halt as the team lost their next 8 and 11 of their next 12 to finish 4 - 12 , their worst record since 1998 . The Eagles proceeded to fire Andy Reid , the longest - tenured and winningest coach in team history . Reid would later join the Kansas City Chiefs as head coach . The Chip Kelly era ( 2013 - 2015 ) ( edit ) After the firing of Andy Reid , Chip Kelly was named head coach of the Eagles on January 16 , 2013 after a successful four - year reign manning the sidelines at the University of Oregon . Kelly was known for his up tempo approach to football which helped him make the University of Oregon a premier college organization . Many questioned if his methods would work in the NFL , and was met with skepticism by the fans of Philadelphia . In his first season in professional football , Kelly produced a 10 - 6 record and an NFC East championship , becoming just the second head coach in league history to win a division title in his first season in the NFL . Along the way , the Eagles set a plethora of team records , including points ( 442 ) , total net yards ( 6,676 ) , touchdowns ( 53 ) , passing yards ( 4,406 ) and fewest turnovers ( 19 ) . The Eagles also set an NFL record with 99 plays of 20 + yards and became the first team since the 1991 Buffalo Bills to lead the league in rushing while ranking last in time of possession . Individually , RB LeSean McCoy set the franchise record for rushing yards and scrimmage yards in a season in 2013 , while QB Nick Foles had the 3rd best QB rating in NFL history in 2013 . In 2014 , QB Mark Sanchez set a team record with a 64.1 completion percentage . The Doug Pederson era ( 2016 -- present ) ( edit ) Carson Wentz era ( edit ) After Chip Kelly , Doug Pederson was announced head coach on January 18 , 2016 , his first NFL head coaching job . The Eagles traded up for the second overall draft pick and chose North Dakota State quarterback Carson Wentz in the 2016 NFL Draft . In Wentz and Pederson 's first season , Philadelphia went 7 - 9 , last in the NFC East . In Wentz 's second season , the Eagles improved 13 - 3 , including two wins over the Giants . Wentz suffered a season ending knee injury in week 13 , causing him to miss the rest of the season . Backup Nick Foles replaced him winning both the divisional round home game against the Falcons and the NFC Championship against the Vikings . The Eagles defeated the Vikings 38 - 7 , to win the NFC Championship . They went on to win their first Super Bowl championship in Super Bowl LII , 41 - 33 , against the defending champions ( the New England Patriots ) on February 4 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Troan , John . `` 1933 Philadelphia Eagles '' . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chronology of Professional Football '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Didinger , Ray ; Robert S. Lyons ( 2005 ) . The Eagles Encyclopedia . Temple University Press . pp. 127 -- 128 . ISBN 1 - 59213 - 449 - 1 . Jump up ^ Didinger ; with Lyons , p. 200 . Jump up ^ NFL Flashback , `` You can get up now , Taylor . This fucking game 's over . '' : Chuck Bednarik Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Philly booed Santa , but Santa still smiles - ESPN Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ There is crying in football - ESPN Retrieved 10 July 2012 Jump up ^ Ravens , Niners compensated in settlement - ESPN Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Eagles release headache Owens Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Eagles suspend T.O. indefinitely for comments - ESPN Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Media 's Mistake Way Bigger Than Donovan McNabb 's - Bleacher Report Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Reid benches McNabb in second half vs. Ravens , starts Kolb at QB - ESPN . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Reed loses a yard , but interception return for TD still a record - ESPN Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ McNabb to Start Thursday Despite Benching vs Ravens Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Steelers , Cardinals advance to Super Bowl - Anthony Morelli News Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vick , Eagles agree to 2 - year deal - ESPN Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Maese , Rick ( 2010 - 04 - 05 ) . `` Washington Redskins acquire quarterback Donovan McNabb from Philadelphia Eagles '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Green Bay Packer 's hit on Kevin Kolb gave Michael Vick his chance Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Eagles beat 49ers , 27 - 24 - Philly Sports Central Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Miracle at the New Meadowlands sinks Giants - NBC Sports Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Vince Young declares Eagles to be a dream team - Pro Football Talk Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Didinger , Ray ; with Lyons , Robert S. ( 2005 ) . The Eagles Encyclopedia . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 1 - 59213 - 449 - 1 NFL Editors ( 2011 ) . NFL Record & Fact Book 2011 : The Official National Football League Record and Fact Book Time Home Entertainment ISBN 978 - 1 - 60320 - 887 - 1 Further reading ( edit ) Eagles record - setting game in 1934 was against doomed Cincinnati Reds Claassen , Harold ( Spike ) ( 1963 ) . The History of Professional Football . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice - Hall , Inc . Davis , Jeff ( 2005 ) . Papa Bear , The Life and Legacy of George Halas . New York : McGraw - Hill ISBN 0 - 07 - 146054 - 3 Lyons , Robert S. ( 2010 ) . On Any Given Sunday , A Life of Bert Bell . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59213 - 731 - 2 MacCambridge , Michael ( 2005 ) . America 's Game . New York : Anchor Books ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 48143 - 6 Peterson , Robert W. ( 1997 ) . Pigskin : The Early Years of Pro Football . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507607 - 9 Westcott , Rich ( 2001 ) . A Century of Philadelphia Sports . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 1 - 56639 - 861 - 4 Willis , Chris ( 2010 ) . The Man Who Built the National Football League : Joe F. Carr . Lanham , MD : Scarecrow Press , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7669 - 9 Philadelphia Eagles Founded in 1933 Based and headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Quarterbacks Players Stadiums Baker Bowl Philadelphia Municipal Stadium Connie Mack Stadium Franklin Field Veterans Stadium Lincoln Financial Field Culture Fly , Eagles Fly Swoop Curse of Billy Penn The Lombardi Curse Invincible Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Matt Guokas Sr . Dan Baker Cheerleaders Silver Linings Playbook The Garbage Picking Field Goal Kicking Philadelphia Phenomenon Lore Frankford Yellow Jackets Pennsylvania Keystoners `` Pennsylvania Polka '' Steagles `` Happy Hundred '' Miracle at the Meadowlands Buddy Ball Fog Bowl Bounty Bowl series Body Bag Game 4th and 26 Miracle at the New Meadowlands Philly Special Rivalries Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Washington Redskins Pittsburgh Steelers Division championships ( 13 ) 1947 1948 1949 1980 1988 2001 2002 2003 2006 2013 2017 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1960 1980 2017 League championships ( 4 ) 1948 1949 1960 2017 ( LII ) Retired numbers 5 15 20 40 44 60 70 92 99 Media Broadcasters WTEL WIP - FM Merrill Reese Mike Quick Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 86 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold History of the National Football League American Football Conference AFC East Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets AFC North Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers AFC South Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans AFC West Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders National Football Conference NFC East Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins NFC North Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings NFC South Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers NFC West Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Defunct teams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philadelphia_Eagles&oldid=830990440 '' Categories : Philadelphia Eagles National Football League history by team Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from November 2010 All articles that may contain original research Articles with peacock terms from July 2016 All articles with peacock terms Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 02 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the philadelphia eagles became a team | [
"The 1940s would prove a tumultuous and ultimately triumphant decade for the young club. In 1940, the team moved from Philadelphia Municipal Stadium to Shibe Park. Lud Wray's half-interest in the team was purchased by Art Rooney, who had just sold the Pittsburgh Steelers to Alexis Thompson. Soon thereafter, Bell/Rooney and Thompson swapped franchises, but not teams. Bell/Rooney's entire Eagles' corporate organization, including most of the players, moved to Pittsburgh (The Steelers' corporate name remained \"Philadelphia Football Club, Inc.\" until 1945) and Thompson's Steelers moved to Philadelphia, leaving only the team nicknames in their original cities. Since NFL franchises are territorial rights distinct from individual corporate entities, the NFL does not consider this a franchise move and considers the current Philadelphia Eagles as a single unbroken entity from 1933. [1]"
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"1933"
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-4179946203633313719 | Indian numbering system | Indian numbering system - wikipedia Indian numbering system Jump to : navigation , search This article is about digit grouping of numbers in India . For the symbols used to write digits in India , see Indian numerals . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article contains Indic text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks or boxes , misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text . The Indian numbering system is used in India as well as in Bangladesh , Nepal and Pakistan . The terms lakh or lac ( 100,000 or 1 , 00,000 in the Indian system ) and crore ( 10,000,000 or 1 , 00 , 00,000 in the Indian system ) are used in Indian English to express large numbers . For example , in India 150,000 rupees becomes 1.5 lakh rupees , written as ₹ 1 , 50,000 or INR 1 , 50,000 , while 30,000,000 ( thirty million ) rupees becomes 3 crore rupees , written as ₹ 3 , 00 , 00,000 with commas at the thousand , lakh , and crore levels , and 1,000,000,000 ( one billion ) rupees ( one hundred crore rupees or one arab ارب ) is written ₹ 1 , 00 , 00 , 00,000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Use of separators 2 Names of numbers 3 Vedic numbering systems 4 Usage in different languages 5 References Use of separators ( edit ) The Indian numbering system uses separators differently from the international norm ; in such numbers of at least one lakh ( one hundred thousand ) , a comma divides every two rather than every three digits to the left of the last three , thus : Indian system Western system 5 , 00,000 500,000 12 , 12 , 12,123 121,212,123 7 , 00 , 00 , 00,000 7,000,000,000 This accords with the Indian numbering system , which has units for thousands , hundreds of thousands , tens of millions , etc . Names of numbers ( edit ) The table below follows the short scale usage of one billion being one thousand million . In India , Bangladesh and Pakistan , following former British usage , the long scale was used , with one billion equivalent to one million million . Hindi / Urdu / Bengali ( transliteration ) South Asian English Indian figure Power notation International figure Short scale Western ( long scale Western ) एक / ایک ( ek ) / এক ( êk ) one 10 One दस / دس ( das ) / দশ ( dôsh ) ten 10 10 10 Ten Scientific ( SI prefix ) : deca - सौ / سو ( sau ) / একশ ( êkshô ) one hundred 100 10 100 One hundred SI prefix : hecto - सहस्र ( sahasra ) / हज़ार / ہزار ( hazār ) / হাজার ( hazar ) one thousand 1,000 10 1,000 One thousand SI prefix : kilo - दस हज़ार / دس ہزار ( das hazār ) / দশ হাজার ( dôsh hazar ) ten thousand 10,000 10 10,000 Ten thousand लाख / لاکھ ( lākh ) / লাখ ( lakh ) one lakh ( also lac ) 1 , 00,000 10 100,000 One hundred thousand अदन्त / ادنت ( adant ) / दस लाख / دس لاکھ ( das lākh ) / দশ লাখ ( dôsh lakh ) ten lakh 10 , 00,000 10 1,000,000 One million SI prefix : mega - करोड़ / کروڑ ( karoṛ ) / কোটি ( koti ) one crore 1 , 00 , 00,000 10 10,000,000 Ten million दस करोड़ / دس کروڑ ( das karoṛ ) / দশ কোটি ( dôsh koti ) ten crore 10 , 00 , 00,000 10 100,000,000 One hundred million अरब / ارب ( arab ) / सौ करोड़ ( sau karoṛ ) / একশ কোটি ( êkshô koti ) one arab / one hundred crore 1 , 00 , 00 , 00,000 10 1,000,000,000 One billion ( one milliard ) SI prefix : giga - एक हज़ार करोड़ ( ek hazār karoṛ ) / دس ارب ( das arab ) / এক হাজার কোটি ( êk hazar koti ) one thousand crore / ten arab 10 , 00 , 00 , 00,000 10 10,000,000,000 Ten billion ( ten milliard ) खरब / کھرب ( kharab ) / দশ হাজার কোটি ( dôsh hazar koti ) ten thousand crore / one kharab / one hundred arab 1 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00,000 10 100,000,000,000 One hundred billion ( one hundred milliard ) एक लाख करोड़ ( ek lākh karoṛ ) / دس کھرب ( das kharab ) / এক লাখ কোটি ( êk lakh koti ) one lakh crore / ten kharab / one thousand arab 10 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00,000 10 1,000,000,000,000 One trillion ( one billion ) SI prefix : tera - नील / نیل ( nīl ) / দশ লাখ কোটি ( dôsh lakh koti ) ten lakh crore / one neel / one hundred kharab / ten thousand arab 1 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00,000 10 10,000,000,000,000 Ten trillion ( ten billion ) एक करोड़ करोड़ ( ek karoṛ karoṛ ) / دس نیل ( das nīl ) / শত লাখ কোটি ( shôtô lakh koti ) one crore crore / ten neel 10 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00,000 10 100,000,000,000,000 One hundred trillion ( one hundred billion ) पद्म / پدم ( padma ) / হাজার লাখ কোটি ( hajar lakh koti ) one padma / one hundred neel / ten crore crore 1 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00,000 10 1,000,000,000,000,000 One quadrillion ( one billiard ) SI prefix : peta - दस पद्म / دس پدم ( das padm ) / দশ হাজার লাখ কোটি ( dôsh hajar lakh koti ) ten padma / one hundred crore crore 10 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00,000 10 10,000,000,000,000,000 Ten quadrillion ( ten billiard ) शङ्ख / شنکھ ( śaṅkh ) / শত হাজার লাখ কোটি ( shôtô hajar lakh koti ) one shankh / one hundred padma / one thousand crore crore / one lakh lakh crore 1 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00,000 10 100,000,000,000,000,000 One hundred quadrillion ( one hundred billiard ) गुलशन / گلشن / দশ শত হাজার লাখ কোটি ( dôsh shôtô hajar lakh koti ) ( ten shankh / ten thousand crore crore ) 10 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00,000 10 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 One quintillion ( one trillion ) SI prefix : exa - Maha - sankh 100 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00,000 10 10,000,000,000,000,000,000 Vedic numbering systems ( edit ) There are various systems of numeration found in various ancient Vedic literatures of India . The following table gives one such system used in the Valmiki Ramayana . Sanskrit ( transliteration ) Indian figure Power notation Hindu figure Short scale Western एक ( eka ) 0 , 00 , 00 1 10 One दश ( daśa ) 0 , 00 , 010 10 10 Ten शत ( śata ) 0 , 00 , 100 10 100 One hundred सहस्र ( sahasra ) 0 , 01,000 10 1,000 One thousand अयुत ( ayuta ) 0 , 10,000 10 10,000 Ten thousand लक्ष ( lakṣa ) 1 , 00,000 10 1 , 00,000 One hundred thousand नियुत ( niyuta ) 1 , 00,000 daśa 10 10 , 00,000 One million कोटि ( koṭi ) 1 , 00,000 śata 10 1 , 00 , 00,000 Ten million शङ्कु ( śaṅku ) 1 , 00,000 koṭi 10 10 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00,000 One trillion महाशङ्कु ( mahā - śaṅku ) 1 , 00,000 śaṅku 10 1 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00,000 One hundred quadrillion वृन्द ( vṛnda ) 1 , 00,000 mahā - śaṅku 10 10 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00,000 Ten sextillion ( ten trilliard ) महावृन्द ( mahā - vṛnda ) 1 , 00,000 vṛnda 10 1 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00,000 One octillion पद्म ( padma ) 1 , 00,000 mahā - vṛnda 10 10 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00,000 One hundred nonillion महापद्म ( mahā - padma ) 1 , 00,000 padma 10 1 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00,000 Ten undecillion खर्व ( kharva ) 1 , 00,000 mahā - padma 10 10 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00,000 One tredecillion महाखर्व ( mahā - kharva ) 1 , 00,000 kharva 10 1 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00,000 One hundred quattuordecillion समुद्र ( samudra ) 1 , 00,000 mahā - kharva 10 10 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00,000 Ten sexdecillion ओघ ( ogha ) 1 , 00,000 samudra 10 1 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00.00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00,000 One octodecillion महौघ ( mahaugha ) 1 , 00,000 ogha 10 10 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 , 00,000 One hundred novemdecillion Usage in different languages ( edit ) Main articles : lakh and crore In Punjabi , a lakh is called lakkh ( Shahmukhi : لکھ , Gurmukhi : ਲੱਖ ) and a crore is called karoṛ ( Shahmukhi : کروڑ , Gurmukhi : ਕਰੋੜ ) . In Bengali , a lakh is called লক্ষ lokkho ( ardha - tatsama ) , or laakh ( tadbhava ) and a crore is called কোটি koti . In Gujarati , a lakh is called લાખ lākh and a crore is called કરોડ karoḍ . A hundred crore is called અબજ abaj . In Sylheti , a lakh is called লাখ lakh ( lax ) and a crore is called কোটি kuti . In Kannada , a lakh is called ಲಕ್ಷ lakṣha and a crore is called ಕೋಟಿ kōṭi . In Malayalam , a lakh is called ലക്ഷം laksham and a crore is called കോടി kodi . In Marathi , a lakh is called लाख lākh and a crore is called कोटी koṭi or करोड karoḍ , and an arab ( 10 ) is called अब्ज abja . In Nepali , a lakh is called लाख lākh and a crore is called करोड karoḍ . In Odia ( Oriya ) , a lakh is called ଲକ୍ଷ lakhya and a crore is called କୋଟି koti . In Sinhalese , a lakh is called ලක්ෂ lakṣa and a crore is called කෝටි kōṭi . In Tamil , a lakh is called நூறாயிரம் nooRaayiram as well as இலட்சம் ' ilatcham and a crore is called கோடி kodi . In Telugu , a lakh is called లక్ష lakṣa and a crore is called కోటి kōṭi . In Urdu , a lakh is called لاکھ lākh and a crore is called کروڑ karoṛ . A billion is called `` arab '' ارب . And hundred billion / arab ( ارب ) is called `` kharab '' ( کھرب ) . Lakh has entered the Swahili language as `` laki '' and is in common use . In Burmese , crore is called ကုဋေ ( ɡədè ) . Lakh is used in Burmese English . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Knowing our Numbers '' . Department Of School Education And Literacy . National Repository of Open Educational Resources . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Use of separator in digit grouping is following customs in most English speaking countries . For international standard and details cf . Decimal mark Jump up ^ Valmiki Ramayana Yuddha Kanda Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_numbering_system&oldid=799699709 '' Categories : Numerals Indian mathematics Economy of India Economy of Pakistan Economy of Nepal Numeral systems Economy of Bangladesh Economy of Sri Lanka Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Hindi - language text Articles containing Urdu - language text Articles containing Bengali - language text Articles containing Sanskrit - language text Articles containing Punjabi - language text Articles containing Gujarati - language text Articles containing Sylheti - language text Articles containing Kannada - language text Articles containing Malayalam - language text Articles containing Marathi - language text Articles containing Nepali - language text Articles containing Odia - language text Articles containing Sinhalese - language text Articles containing Tamil - language text Articles containing Telugu - language text Articles containing Swahili - language text Articles containing Burmese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Ελληνικά Español Français हिन्दी Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Romani தமிழ் Türkçe اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 09 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many millions is equal to one crore | [
"The Indian numbering system is used in India as well as in Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan. The terms lakh or lac (100,000 or 1,00,000 in the Indian system) and crore (10,000,000 or 1,00,00,000 in the Indian system)[1] are used in Indian English to express large numbers. For example, in India 150,000 rupees becomes 1.5 lakh rupees, written as ₹1,50,000 or INR 1,50,000, while 30,000,000 (thirty million) rupees becomes 3 crore rupees, written as ₹3,00,00,000 with commas at the thousand, lakh, and crore levels, and 1,000,000,000 (one billion) rupees (one hundred crore rupees or one arab ارب ) is written ₹1,00,00,00,000."
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"30,000,000 (thirty million) rupees becomes 3 crore rupees"
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7105732381983596565 | I'd Be Better Off (In a Pine Box) | I 'd be Better Off ( in a Pine Box ) - wikipedia I 'd be Better Off ( in a Pine Box ) Jump to : navigation , search `` I 'd Be Better Off ( In a Pine Box ) '' Single by Doug Stone from the album Doug Stone B - side `` It 's a Good Thing I Do n't Love You Anymore '' Released February 1 , 1990 Format CD Single , Cassingle , 7 '' single Recorded Genre Country Length 3 : 20 Label Epic 73895 Songwriter ( s ) Johnny MacRae , Steve Clark Producer ( s ) Doug Johnson Doug Stone singles chronology `` I 'd Be Better Off ( In a Pine Box ) '' ( 1990 ) `` Fourteen Minutes Old '' ( 1990 ) `` I 'd Be Better Off ( In a Pine Box ) ' '' ( 1990 ) `` Fourteen Minutes Old '' ( 1990 ) `` I 'd Be Better Off ( In a Pine Box ) '' is the title of a debut single written by Johnny MacRae and Steve Clark , and recorded by American country music artist Doug Stone . It was released in February 1990 as the first single from his self titled debut album . It peaked at # 4 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and # 5 on The Canadian RPM Tracks chart . It was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Music video 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 4.1 Year - end charts 5 References Content ( edit ) In this song , the narrator says he would rather be dead or imprisoned than live without his lover . Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by directing duo Deaton - Flanigen . The video features Stone singing the song in a motel room , with him hitchhiking for a ride . At the end of the video , it shows his former lover getting married to another man . As Stone walks away , the woman takes a glance at him as the limo that she and her new husband is in leaves the church . Critical reception ( edit ) Brian Mansfield of Allmusic praised the song by calling it `` a towering expression of self - pity that most singers could spend a career trying to top '' . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 5 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 65 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 34 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc. p. 405 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . Jump up ^ AOL Music Profile for `` I 'd Be Better Off ( In a Pine Box ) '' Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian . `` Doug Stone '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 7924 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . June 9 , 1990 . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Doug Stone -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Doug Stone . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1990 '' . RPM . December 22 , 1990 . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1990 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1990 . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . ( hide ) Doug Stone Studio albums Doug Stone I Thought It Was You From the Heart The First Christmas More Love Faith in Me , Faith in You Make Up in Love The Long Way In a Different Light My Turn Compilation albums Greatest Hits , Vol. 1 Super Hits Live at Billy Bob 's Texas Notable singles `` I 'd Be Better Off ( In a Pine Box ) '' `` Fourteen Minutes Old '' `` These Lips Do n't Know How to Say Goodbye '' `` In a Different Light '' `` I Thought It Was You '' `` A Jukebox with a Country Song '' `` Come In Out of the Pain '' `` Warning Labels '' `` Too Busy Being in Love '' `` Made for Lovin ' You '' `` Why Did n't I Think of That '' `` I Never Knew Love '' `` Addicted to a Dollar '' `` More Love '' `` Little Houses '' `` Faith in Me , Faith in You '' `` Born in the Dark '' `` Make Up in Love '' `` Take a Letter Maria '' Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27d_Be_Better_Off_(In_a_Pine_Box)&oldid=765952772 '' Categories : 1990 singles Doug Stone songs Debut singles Music videos directed by Deaton - Flanigen Productions Epic Records singles Song recordings produced by Doug Johnson ( record producer ) 1990 songs Songs written by Johnny MacRae Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 February 2017 , at 10 : 33 . About Wikipedia | who wrote i'd be better off in a pine box | [
"\"I'd Be Better Off (In a Pine Box)\" is the title of a debut single written by Johnny MacRae and Steve Clark, and recorded by American country music artist Doug Stone. It was released in February 1990 as the first single from his self titled debut album. It peaked at #4 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and #5 on The Canadian RPM Tracks chart. It was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance.",
"\"I'd Be Better Off (In a Pine Box)\" is the title of a debut single written by Johnny MacRae and Steve Clark, and recorded by American country music artist Doug Stone. It was released in February 1990 as the first single from his self titled debut album. It peaked at #4 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and #5 on The Canadian RPM Tracks chart. It was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance."
] | [
"Johnny MacRae",
"Steve Clark"
] |
3833296131353694795 | Angels from the Realms of Glory | Angels from the Realms of Glory - wikipedia Angels from the Realms of Glory Jump to : navigation , search Angels from the Realms of Glory Tune for Angels from the Realms of Glory Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Angels from the Realms of Glory '' is a Christmas carol written by Scottish poet James Montgomery . It was first printed in the Sheffield Iris on Christmas Eve 1816 , though it only began to be sung in churches after its 1825 reprinting in the Montgomery collection The Christian Psalmist and in the Religious Tract Society 's The Christmas Box or New Year 's Gift . Before 1928 , the hymn was sung to a variety of tunes , including `` Regent Square '' , `` Lewes '' by John Randall , and `` Wildersmouth '' or `` Feniton Court '' by Edward Hopkins . In the United States , the hymn is today most commonly sung to the tune of `` Regent Square '' by Henry Smart . In the United Kingdom , however , the hymn came to be sung to the French carol tune `` Iris '' ( Les anges dans nos campagnes , the tune used for `` Angels We Have Heard on High '' ) after this setting was published in the Oxford Book of Carols . Sometimes the `` Gloria in excelsis Deo '' refrain is even sung in place of Montgomery 's original lyric : `` Come and worship Christ the new - born King '' . Lyrics ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Angels , from the Realms of Glory Angels , from the realms of glory , Wing your flight o'er all the earth ; Ye who sang creation 's story , Now proclaim Messiah 's birth : Come and worship , come and worship Worship Christ , the newborn King . Shepherds , in the fields abiding , Watching o'er your flocks by night , God with man is now residing , Yonder shines the infant light : Come and worship , come and worship Worship Christ , the newborn King . Sages , leave your contemplations , Brighter visions beam afar ; Seek the great Desire of nations , Ye have seen his natal star : Come and worship , come and worship Worship Christ , the newborn King . Saints before the altar bending , Watching long in hope and fear , Suddenly the Lord , descending , In his temple shall appear . Come and worship , come and worship Worship Christ , the newborn King . Sinners , wrung with true repentance , Doomed for guilt to endless pains , Justice now revokes the sentence , Mercy calls you -- break your chains : Come and worship , come and worship Worship Christ , the newborn King . Though an infant now we view him , He shall fill his Father 's throne , Gather all the nations to him ; Every knee shall then bow down : Come and worship , come and worship Worship Christ , the newborn King . All creation , join in praising God the Father , Spirit , Son , Evermore your voices raising , To th'eternal Three in One : Come and worship , come and worship Worship Christ , the newborn King . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bradley , Ian . The Penguin Book of Carols . Penguin ( 1999 ) , p27 -- 29 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 027526 - 6 . Jump up ^ Angels from the Realms of Glory Jump up ^ Worship II : A Hymnal for Roman Catholic Parishes . Chicago , Illinois : G.I.A. Publications , Inc. 1975 . p. 23 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angels_from_the_Realms_of_Glory&oldid=816103869 '' Categories : Christmas carols 1816 songs Scottish folk songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Wikisource Italiano Русский Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 08 : 44 . About Wikipedia | who wrote angels from the realms of glory | [
"\"Angels from the Realms of Glory\" is a Christmas carol written by Scottish poet James Montgomery.[1] It was first printed in the Sheffield Iris on Christmas Eve 1816, though it only began to be sung in churches after its 1825 reprinting in the Montgomery collection The Christian Psalmist and in the Religious Tract Society's The Christmas Box or New Year's Gift.[1]"
] | [
"Scottish poet James Montgomery"
] |
-8978947387946299399 | I Will Always Love You | I Will Always Love You - wikipedia I Will Always Love You Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Dolly Parton song also recorded by Whitney Houston . For other uses , see I Will Always Love You ( disambiguation ) . `` I Will Always Love You '' 1982 re-release picture sleeve Single by Dolly Parton from the album Jolene B - side `` Lonely Comin ' Down '' ( 1974 version ) `` Do I Ever Cross Your Mind '' ( 1982 version ) Released June 6 , 1974 ( 1974 - 06 - 06 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded June 13 , 1973 Genre Country Length 2 : 53 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Dolly Parton Producer ( s ) Bob Ferguson Dolly Parton 1970s singles chronology `` Jolene '' ( 1973 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1974 ) `` Love Is Like a Butterfly '' ( 1974 ) Dolly Parton 1980s singles chronology `` Heartbreak Express '' ( 1982 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1982 ) `` Hard Candy Christmas '' ( 1982 ) The song , `` I Will Always Love You '' was originally written and recorded in 1973 by American singer - songwriter Dolly Parton . Her country version of the track was released in 1974 as a single and was written as a farewell to her one - time partner and mentor of seven years , Porter Wagoner , following Parton 's decision to pursue a solo career . Parton 's version of `` I Will Always Love You '' was a commercial success . It reached number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart twice . It first reached number one in June 1974 , and then in October 1982 , with her re-recording on the soundtrack of the movie version of The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas , making Parton the first singer ever to achieve the number one position twice with the same song . Whitney Houston recorded her version of the song for the 1992 film The Bodyguard . Her single spent 14 weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart making it one of the best - selling singles of all time . It also holds the record for being the best - selling single by a woman in music history . Houston 's version of `` I Will Always Love You '' re-entered the charts in 2012 after her death , making it the second single ever to reach the top three on the Billboard Hot 100 in separate chart runs . The song has been recorded by many other significant artists including Linda Ronstadt and John Doe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dolly Parton original version 1.1 Background and composition 1.2 Reception 1.3 Critical reception 1.4 Track listing 1.5 Credits and personnel 1.6 Charts 1.7 Controversy 2 Whitney Houston cover version 2.1 Background 2.2 Reception 2.3 Commercial performance 2.4 Critical reception 2.5 Accolades 2.6 Music video 2.7 Formats and track listings 2.8 Credits and personnel 2.9 Charts 2.10 Billboard Magazine Hot 100 Anniversary Charts 2.11 Certifications 2.12 Tributes 2.12. 1 Jennifer Hudson 2.12. 2 Beyoncé 2.12. 3 Will Ferrell 3 Other versions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Dolly Parton original version ( edit ) Background and composition ( edit ) `` I Will Always Love You '' An 18 second sample of Parton 's 1982 recording of `` I Will Always Love You '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . A-side label of the original 1974 45 rpm release Country music singer - songwriter Dolly Parton wrote the song in 1973 for her one - time partner and mentor Porter Wagoner , from whom she was separating professionally after a seven - year partnership . She recorded it in RCA 's Studio B in Nashville on June 13 , 1973 . `` I Will Always Love You '' was issued on June 6 , 1974 , as the second single from Parton 's thirteenth solo studio album , Jolene ( 1974 ) . In 1982 , Parton re-recorded the song , when it was included on the soundtrack to the film The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas . In addition to the 1982 re-recording for the soundtrack album , Parton 's original 1974 recording of the song also appeared in Martin Scorsese 's film Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore , and the 1996 film It 's My Party . The song also won Parton Female Vocalist of the Year at the 1975 CMA Awards . Author Curtis W. Ellison stated that the song `` speaks about the breakup of a relationship between a man and a woman that does not descend into unremitting domestic turmoil , but instead envisions parting with respect -- because of the initiative of the woman '' . According to sheet music published at musicnotes.com by Hal Leonard Corporation , the country love track is set in a time signature of common time with a tempo of 66 beats per minute . ( Larghetto / Adagio ) Although Parton found much success with the song , many people are unaware of its origin ; during an interview , Parton 's manager Danny Nozel said that `` one thing we found out from American Idol is that most people do n't know that Dolly Parton wrote ( the track ) '' . Reception ( edit ) During its original release in 1974 , `` I Will Always Love You '' reached number four in Canada on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart and peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart , becoming one of the best selling singles of 1974 . When Parton re-recorded the song in 1982 for the soundtrack of the film The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas , the track was issued as a single and once again charted at number one on Hot Country Songs -- making her the first artist ever to earn a number one record twice with the same song . After recording a duet with Vince Gill in 1995 for the album Something Special , `` I Will Always Love You '' re-entered the Billboard chart and peaked at number 15 . Another duet version of the song was released in 2017 with Michael Bolton from his album Songs of Cinema . When the 1974 recording of the song was reaching number one on the country charts , Elvis Presley indicated that he wanted to cover the song . Parton was interested until Presley 's manager , Colonel Tom Parker , told her that it was standard procedure for the songwriter to sign over half of the publishing rights to any song Elvis recorded . Parton refused . She recalls : I said , ' I 'm really sorry , ' and I cried all night . I mean , it was like the worst thing . You know , it 's like , Oh , my God ... Elvis Presley . ' And other people were saying , ' You 're nuts . It 's Elvis Presley . ' ... I said , ' I ca n't do that . Something in my heart says , ' Do n't do that . And I just did n't do it ... He would have killed it . But anyway , so he did n't . Then when Whitney ( Houston 's version ) came out , I made enough money to buy Graceland . Critical reception ( edit ) In Curtis W. Ellison 's book Country Music Culture : From Hard Times to Heaven ( 1995 ) , he stated : `` In the early 1990s , when ambiguity in romantic relationships accompanies changing expectations for both men and women , this song demonstrates Dolly Parton 's appeal as a songwriter in the pop music market . '' Ken Knight , author of The Midnight Show : Late Night Cable - TV `` Guy - Flicks '' of the ' 80s ( 2008 ) , commented that Parton is the only singer who can sing `` I Will Always Love You '' and `` make it memorable '' . Writer Paul Simpson criticized the singer , stating that the track was only written to `` soften the blow '' of Parton and Wagoner 's split . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' vinyl `` I Will Always Love You '' -- 2 : 53 `` Lonely Comin ' Down '' -- 3 : 09 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Dolly Parton -- vocals , guitar Jimmy Colvard -- guitar Chip Young -- guitar Stu Basore -- pedal steel guitar Bobby Dyson -- bass Larrie Londin -- drums Ralph Gallant -- drums Buck Trent -- banjo Bobby Thompson -- banjo Mack Magaha -- fiddle Johnny Gimble -- fiddle Hargus `` Pig '' Robbins -- piano Dolores Edgin -- background vocals Hershel Winginton -- background vocals Joe Babcock -- background vocals June Page -- background vocals Charts ( edit ) Weekly chart ( 1974 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Weekly chart ( 1982 ) Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 72 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 8 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 53 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 17 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Weekly chart ( 1995 ) Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 22 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 15 Controversy ( edit ) After Whitney Houston 's recording of the song became a hit in 1992 , the tabloid press began reporting on a ' feud ' between the two performers , stemming from Dolly Parton allegedly reneging on an agreement that she would not perform the song for a number of months while Houston 's version was on the charts , so as not to compete with Houston 's recording . However , both Parton and Houston dispelled any rumors , speaking glowingly of one another in interviews . Houston praised Parton for writing a beautiful song . In return , Parton thanked Houston for bringing her song to a wider audience and increasing the amount of royalties for her song in the process . Dolly Parton also gave a live interview , confirming this . When Houston won the Record of the Year award at the 1994 Grammy Awards for the recording , Parton ( along with David Foster ) presented her with the award . In a statement to Billboard on the day of Houston 's death in February 2012 , Parton said : Mine is only one of the millions of hearts broken over the death of Whitney Houston . I will always be grateful and in awe of the wonderful performance she did on my song and I can truly say from the bottom of my heart , ' Whitney , I will always love you . You will be missed . ' Whitney Houston cover version ( edit ) `` I Will Always Love You '' US CD single Single by Whitney Houston from the album The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album B - side `` Jesus Loves Me '' ( all singles ) `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' ( 12 - inch & CD singles ) Released November 3 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 03 ) Format CD single cassette single 7 - inch single 12 - inch single Recorded Spring 1992 Genre Soul Length 4 : 31 Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Dolly Parton Producer ( s ) David Foster Whitney Houston singles chronology `` We Did n't Know '' ( 1992 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1992 ) `` I 'm Every Woman '' ( 1993 ) Audio sample file help Music video `` I Will Always Love You '' on YouTube The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album track listing `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1 ) `` I Have Nothing '' ( 2 ) Background ( edit ) In 1992 , R&B singer Whitney Houston recorded a new arrangement of `` I Will Always Love You '' for the soundtrack to The Bodyguard , her film debut . The song has a saxophone solo by Kirk Whalum . She was originally to record Jimmy Ruffin 's `` What Becomes of the Brokenhearted '' as the lead single from The Bodyguard . However , when it was discovered the song was to be used for Fried Green Tomatoes , Houston requested a different song . It was her co-star Kevin Costner who suggested `` I Will Always Love You '' , playing her Linda Ronstadt 's 1975 version from her album Prisoner in Disguise . Producer David Foster re-arranged the song as a soul ballad . Her record company did not feel a song with an a cappella introduction would be as successful ; however , Houston and Costner insisted on retaining it . When Parton heard that Houston was using Ronstadt 's recording as a template , she called Foster to give him the final verse , which was missing from the Ronstadt recording , as she felt it was important to the song . The tenor saxophone solo was played by Kirk Whalum . Whitney Houston 's recording is not the only version of the song featured in the movie . In a scene where she dances with Kevin Costner , a version by John Doe can be heard playing on a jukebox . Whitney Houston covered the song for the 1992 film The Bodyguard , in which she starred with Kevin Costner . Houston 's version appears at No. 9 on NME 's Greatest No 1 Singles in History list . In 2004 , Houston 's version of `` I Will Always Love You '' finished at # 65 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema . It was also ranked at number 22 on The Guardian 's list of Britain 's favorite 100 songs , published in May 2002 . In February 2014 , the song was placed at number six on Billboard 's list of the Top 50 ' Love ' Songs of All Time . A live performance was included on the 1999 release Divas Live ' 99 , and on the 2014 CD / DVD release of Whitney Houston Live : Her Greatest Performances , a 1994 performance of the song was included as well . Reception ( edit ) The single spent 14 weeks at the top of the US Billboard Hot 100 , which at the time was a record . It became Houston 's longest run at number one , surpassing her previous record of three weeks with the `` Greatest Love of All '' in 1986 . It is also the longest running number one single from a soundtrack album . It debuted at number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and became Houston 's tenth number one entry two weeks later . It also dominated other Billboard charts , spending 14 weeks at the top of Billboard Hot 100 Single Sales chart , and 11 weeks at number one on its Hot 100 Airplay chart . The song also remained at number one for five weeks on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks , and for 11 weeks on the Hot R&B Singles chart becoming the longest running number one on the R&B charts at the time ; it remained in the top 40 for 24 weeks . It became Arista Records ' biggest hit . The song was number one on the Hot 100 , Adult Contemporary , and R&B chart simultaneously for a record - equaling five weeks ; Ray Charles ' `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' in 1962 achieved the same feat on the same charts . The song stayed at number one in the United States throughout January and February 1993 , making it the first time Billboard did not rank a new number one single until March of the new year . Houston 's `` I Will Always Love You '' was also the year - end single of 1993 in the US . Similarly , in the UK , Houston 's version was ranked the number one single of 1992 , and then made the countdown again in 1993 where it was ranked number nine , marking the first time any artist or group had the same single ranked in the top 10 of the year - end review two years in a row . In Australia , it was the number 17 single of 1992 and the number two song of 1993 . Houston 's single was also an international success , peaking at number one of the singles charts in almost all countries , including the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles , where it spent 13 weeks at the top . The single ruled the summit position for ten weeks in Australia , five weeks in Austria , seven weeks for Belgium , eight weeks in France , six weeks in Germany , eight weeks in Ireland , two weeks in Italy , six weeks in Netherlands , 11 weeks in New Zealand , nine weeks in Norway , one week in Spain , six weeks in Sweden , eight weeks in Switzerland , and ten weeks in the United Kingdom . Houston 's 10 - week reign in the UK set the record for the longest run at the top by a solo female artist in the history of the British singles chart . It is the only single to have topped the United States , the United Kingdom , and Australian singles charts for at least ten weeks . Only a few hours after Houston 's death on February 11 , 2012 , `` I Will Always Love You '' topped the US iTunes charts . Also , in the week following her death , the single returned to the Billboard Hot 100 after almost 20 years , debuting at number 7 , and becoming a posthumous top - ten single for Houston , the first one since 2001 . The song eventually peaked at No. 3 , two spots shy of becoming the first song to return to the No. 1 position after falling off the chart since `` The Twist '' by Chubby Checker . It debuted on the Billboard Hot Digital Singles Chart at number 3 on the chart dated February 25 , 2012 , with over 195,000 copies downloaded . In the United Kingdom , the song charted at number 10 the week of Houston 's death . Commercial performance ( edit ) Houston 's single sold approximately 400,000 copies in its second week at the top of the charts , making it the best - selling song in a single week surpassing Bryan Adams ' `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' . It broke its own record in the following three weeks , peaking at 632,000 copies in the week ending December 27 , 1992 . The January 9 , 1993 issue of Billboard reported it had broken its own record for most copies sold in a single week for any song in the Nielsen SoundsScan era . This record was broken by Elton John 's `` Candle in the Wind 1997 / Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' , which sold 3.4 million in the final week of September 1997 . `` I Will Always Love You '' was certified four times Platinum in the US for shipments of over 4 million copies by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on January 12 , 1993 , making Houston the first female artist with a single to reach that level in RIAA history . According to Nielsen SoundScan , as of 2009 , the single had sold 4,591,000 copies , and had become the second best - selling physical single in US alone , only behind Elton John 's single in 1997 . In the United Kingdom , the single sold over 1,550,000 copies , becoming the tenth best - selling single of the 1990s , and was certified two times Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) on January 1 , 1993 . It was certified Platinum for shipments of over 500,000 copies by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie ( BVMI ) in Germany . In Japan , `` I Will Always Love You '' sold over 810,000 copies , staying for 27 weeks on the chart , and became the best - selling single by a foreign female artist at the time , despite not topping the charts . Critical reception ( edit ) Houston 's version was later called her `` signature song '' . Stephen Holden of The New York Times said it was a `` magnificent rendition '' , commenting Houston transforms a plaintive country ballad into a towering pop - gospel assertion of lasting devotion to a departing lover . Her voice breaking and tensing , she treats the song as a series of emotional bursts in a steady climb toward a final full - out declamation . Along the way , her virtuosic gospel embellishments enhance the emotion and never seem merely ornamental . Writing for USA Today on November 17 , 1992 , James T. Jones IV called it a `` tour - de-force '' , and added `` ( Houston ) gives a 3 ⁄ - star ( out of four ) performance . Where Dolly Parton 's original ' I Will Always Love You ' was plaintive and tear - stained , Houston 's is gospel - infused and dramatic . '' Chris Willman of the Los Angeles Times stated : `` Houston has the goods to deliver on the tune 's haunting beauty and resists overpowering it -- until the finale , when the key change and stratospheric notes drain all the heart - rending sadness out of the song and make it sound like just another anthem of survival . '' Amy Linden of Entertainment Weekly wrote Houston 's version `` is artistically satisfying and uncharacteristically hip for the MOR songbird . '' Stewart Mason of AllMusic found Houston 's cover `` repulsively overwrought ... so boomingly bombastic and glutinous with self - approbation that the tenderness of Dolly Parton 's song is lost in the mire '' . Accolades ( edit ) `` I Will Always Love You '' won the 1994 Grammy Award for Record of the Year , and Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance , her third award for this category after earlier awards in 1986 and 1988 . During the Grammy Award telecast , the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female was presented to Houston by composer Dolly Parton and David Foster . The single topped the 1993 Billboard Hot 100 and Hot R&B Singles year - end charts simultaneously , becoming the first single by a female artist and the second overall to achieve that feat behind Prince 's `` When Doves Cry '' in 1984 . In addition , it received Favorite Pop / Rock Single and Favorite Soul / R&B Single awards at the 21st American Music Awards , which was the first record by a solo female artist to win both categories , and the third overall in AMA history behind `` Endless Love '' by Lionel Richie & Diana Ross in 1982 and `` Beat It '' by Michael Jackson in 1984 . `` I Will Always Love You '' won two Japan Gold Disc Awards in 1993 for International Song of the Year , and a 1994 International Song of the Year Special Award for Japanese sales of over one million units . In 2015 , `` I Will Always Love You '' was named the # 1 Song of the Rock Era in the book The Top 500 Songs of the Rock Era : 1955 - 2015 . Year Awards ceremony Award description ( s ) Results The 19th People 's Choice Awards Favorite New Music Video Won The 7th Soul Train Music Awards Best R&B / Soul Single , Female Won The 7th Japan Gold Disc Awards Song of the Year ( International ) Won The 2nd MTV Movie Awards Best Song from a Movie Won The 4th Billboard Music Awards # 1 Hot 100 Single ( Hot 100 Single of the Year ) Won # 1 Hot R&B Single ( R&B Single of the Year ) Won Special Award : Single Most Weeks at No. 1 ( 14 weeks ) Won No. 1 World Single Won No. 1 Hot 100 Singles Sales Won No. 1 Hot R&B Singles Sales Won 1994 The 21st American Music Awards Favorite Pop / Rock Single Won Favorite Soul / R&B Single Won 36th Grammy Awards Record of the Year Won Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female Won The 8th Soul Train Music Awards Best R&B Song of the Year Won The 8th Japan Gold Disc Awards Special Award Won Music video ( edit ) The single 's music video , is credited to Alan Smithee ( Nick Brandt removed his name due to the way Clive Davis re-edited the video ) , and produced by Rob Newman . It begins with the performance of the song Houston gives at the end of The Bodyguard . The video then cuts to Houston in a dark blue suit sitting in an empty theater with the spotlight shining on her , singing of her love . The video is inter-cut with scenes from The Bodyguard and gives the viewer the experience of reliving the moments with the singer . At the time of the video 's shooting Houston was pregnant with her daughter Bobbi Kristina so is shown only sitting in the theater scenes . Formats and track listings ( edit ) ' UK / Europe 12 '' vinyl single A `` I Will Always Love You '' -- 4 : 31 B1 `` Jesus Loves Me '' -- 5 : 11 B2 `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' -- 3 : 31 UK / Europe / US 7 '' vinyl single A `` I Will Always Love You '' -- 4 : 31 B `` Jesus Loves Me '' -- 5 : 11 US / Europe Maxi - CD single `` I Will Always Love You '' -- 4 : 31 `` Jesus Loves Me '' -- 5 : 11 `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' -- 3 : 31 Maxi - CD singles ( 1999 Remixes ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Hex Hector Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 50 `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Hex Hector 12 '' Club Mix ) -- 9 : 51 `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Hex Hector Anthem Dub Mix ) -- 5 : 44 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Performed by Whitney Houston Produced and arranged by David Foster Vocal arrangement -- Whitney Houston Directed by Rickey Minor Keyboards -- David Foster Sax solo -- Kirk Whalum Drums -- Ricky Lawson Guitars -- Dean Parks , Michael Landau Bass -- Neil Stubenhaus Synth programmers -- Tony Smith , Claude Gaudette String arrangements -- Ronn Huff Recording engineers -- Bill Schnee , Dave Reitzas , Peter J. Yianilos Mixing engineer -- Dave Reitzas Charts ( edit ) Weekly chart ( 1992 -- 93 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 ) Canada ( RPM ) Denmark ( IFPI ) Europe ( European Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( Musica e dischi ) Japan ( Oricon Charts ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Portugal ( AFP ) Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Weekly chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 10 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 6 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 10 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 17 France ( SNEP ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 7 Luxembourg ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 17 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) 12 Portugal ( Billboard ) Russia ( Russia Top 10 ) Scotland ( The Official Charts Company ) 19 South Korea International Singles ( Gaon ) 23 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 56 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 Weekly chart ( 2013 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 132 Weekly chart ( 2014 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 68 Weekly chart ( 2015 ) France ( SNEP ) 83 Weekly chart ( 2016 ) Position France ( SNEP ) 182 Year - end chart ( 1992 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 17 Canadian Adult Contemporary Tracks 97 Dutch Top 40 61 Italian Singles Chart 7 UK Singles Chart Year - end chart ( 1993 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart 8 Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 16 Canadian Singles Chart Canadian Adult Contemporary Singles 7 Dutch Top 40 13 Dutch Single Top 100 5 Finnish Singles Chart 5 Japanese Singles Chart 31 New Zealand Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart 7 UK Singles Chart 9 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary 18 US Hot Pop Singles US Hot R&B Singles Year - end chart ( 2012 ) Position Spanish Singles Chart 49 Decade - end chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position Dutch Top 40 14 UK Singles Chart 10 US Billboard Hot 100 7 All - time chart ( 2015 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 51 Billboard Magazine Hot 100 Anniversary Charts ( edit ) Year Title Category Position Source 1998 Billboard 40 Years of the Top 40 The Top 10 Remakes No. 2 The Top 10 `` Love '' Songs No. 2 Billboard The Hot 100 of the Hot 100 : Top Songs of Four Decades No. 6 The Top 10 Soundtrack Songs No. 1 Song with the Most Weeks at No. 1 ( 14 weeks ) No. 2 2008 Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary The Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs No. 68 The All - Time Top R&B / Hip - Hop Songs No. 27 Hot 100 Song of the Year -- 1993 No. 1 2013 Billboard Hot 100 55th Anniversary The Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs No. 49 The All - Time Top R&B / Hip - Hop Songs No. 27 Hot 100 Song of the Year -- 1993 No. 1 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 30,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 332,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 15,000 Japan 810,080 Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 250,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Platinum 75,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 10,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,638,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,591,000 Digital Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,016,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Tributes ( edit ) Since Houston 's death in 2012 , many other artists have performed tributes to the late singer 's version of the song . Jennifer Hudson ( edit ) Jennifer Hudson performed the song in front of Houston , who received The BET Honors Award for Entertainer Lifetime Achievement spanning over 25 years in the industry . The 2010 BET Honors Awards was held at the Warner Theatre in Washington , D.C. and aired on February 1 , 2010 . On February 12 , 2012 , Hudson performed the song as a tribute during the 54th Grammy Awards , the day after Houston 's death , alongside images of musicians who had died in 2011 and 2012 , including Amy Winehouse and Etta James . The song was played at Houston 's funeral as her casket was brought out of the church . Parton complimented Hudson on her performance , saying , I was brought to tears again last night , as I 'm sure many were , when Jennifer Hudson sang `` I Will Always Love You '' on the Grammys in memory of Whitney . Like everybody else , I am still in shock . But I know that Whitney will live forever in all the great music that she left behind . I will always have a very special piece of her in the song we shared together and had the good fortune to share with the world . Rest in peace , Whitney . Again , we will always love you . Beyoncé ( edit ) In 2012 , following Whitney Houston 's death , American singer Beyoncé performed a tribute to Houston during her revue Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live in Atlantic City , New Jersey at the Revel resort . She began the performance of her song `` Halo '' singing the first verse of `` I Will Always Love You '' a cappella . Later , in 2013 , during her The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour , Beyoncé also sang the opening lines of `` I Will Always Love You '' prior to the performance of `` Halo '' as the final song of the tour . Will Ferrell ( edit ) At the 2017 Commencement of the University of Southern California , Will Ferrell sang `` I Will Always Love You '' to the graduating class . See Washington Post commentary : Other versions ( edit ) In 1997 Kenny Rogers recorded a version of the song on his best selling tv - advertised collection of love songs , via QVC . Previous to this ; in 1983 , Rogers released an album called Eyes That See In The Dark which features a song called `` I Will Always Love You '' but this is a different song of the same name . The album also featured Islands In The Stream , a hit duet between Rogers & Parton . In 2002 , English pop singer Rik Waller took his own version of `` I Will Always Love You '' into the Top Ten in the UK Singles Chart , peaking at number 6 . It was the first single released from his debut studio album From Now ... following him taking part in the Pop Idol series . Melinda Schneider and Beccy Cole included the song on their album Great Women of Country ( 2014 ) . `` Forever Country '' , released in September 2016 , is a medley of the song along with `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' and `` On the Road Again '' . See also ( edit ) List of Australian number - one hits of 1993 List of Austrian number - one hits of 1993 List of number - one hits of 1993 ( Belgium Flanders ) List of RPM number - one singles of 1992 List of RPM number - one singles of 1993 Dutch Top 40 number - one hits of 1992 Dutch Top 40 number - one hits of 1993 List of European number - one hits of 1992 List of European number - one hits of 1993 List of French number - one hits of 1993 Number - one hits of 1993 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 1992 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles of 1993 ( Ireland ) List of number - one hits of 1992 ( Italy ) List of number - one singles in 1992 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one singles in 1993 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one songs in Norway List of number - one singles of 1993 ( Spain ) List of number - one singles and albums in Sweden List of number - one hits of 1993 ( Switzerland ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1990s List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1992 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1993 ( U.S. ) List of Hot 100 Airplay number - one singles of the 1990s List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of the 1990s List of Billboard Rhythmic number - one songs of the 1990s List of number - one R&B singles of 1992 ( U.S. ) R&B number - one hits of 1993 ( USA ) List of million - selling singles in the United Kingdom List of best - selling singles of the 1990s in the United Kingdom List of best - selling singles by year ( UK ) List of UK top 10 singles in 1992 List of best - selling singles in Australia List of Top 25 singles for 1992 in Australia List of Top 25 singles for 1993 in Australia Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1993 List of Hot 100 number - one singles of the 1990s ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2012 List of top 10 singles in 2012 ( France ) List of best - selling singles in Japan List of best - selling singles References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ellison 1995 , p. 195 ^ Jump up to : I Will Always Love You ( 7 vinyl liner notes ) . 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Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 over 1993 '' ( PDF ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Dutch charts portal '' . dutchcharts.nl . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2014 . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin : Levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 . Finland : Otava . p. 54 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 21053 - X . Jump up ^ `` Oricon Year - end Singles Chart of 1993 '' ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1993 '' . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - End Charts of 1993 : Singles '' . swisscharts.com . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 : Year - End USA Charts ( Singles ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . ( archived by Top40-Charts.com ) Jump up ^ `` 1993 Year - end Charts -- Top Adult Contemporary Singles '' . Billboard . December 31 , 1993 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Year - end Charts -- Top Pop Singles '' . Billboard . December 31 , 1993 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Year - end Charts -- Top R&B Singles '' . Billboard . December 31 , 1993 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Canciones Anual 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Promuiscae.es . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 -- Decenniumlijst : 90 's '' . Dutch Top 40 ( in Dutch ) . Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived October 8 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Greatest of All Time Hot 100 Singles : Page 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Billboard 40 Years of the Top 40 : The Top 10 Remakes & The Top 10 `` Love '' Songs . Billboard . September 19 , 1998 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . 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Billboard . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - Time Top R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 55th Anniversary : Hot 100 Song of the Year -- 1993 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA End Of Year Singles 1993 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . 1994 . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Whitney Houston in the field Interpret . Enter I Will Always Love You in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston `` I Will Always Love You '' `` . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Les Singles en Or '' . InfoDisc . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Whitney Houston ; ' I Will Always Love You ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . ^ Jump up to : レコード 協会 調べ 1 月度 有料 音楽 配信 認定 < 略称 : 1 月度 認定 > ( Record Association report : February 2014 digital music download certifications ( Abbreviation : 2013 Certifications ) ) . RIAJ ( in Japanese ) . February 2014 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Whitney Houston '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter I Will Always Love You in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` These are the UK 's 20 biggest selling love ballads of all time '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( August 28 , 2009 ) . `` Billboard : Battle of the Divas , Round 3 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston 's ' I Will Always Love You ' : Behind The Song '' . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 2012 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Grammy Ratings Up Thanks To Adele , Whitney Houston Tribute '' . MTV . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kyle ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Beyonce 's post-baby concerts : Whitney Houston tribute , Goo Goo Dolls and Lauryn Hill songs '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston , Maura ( May 27 , 2012 ) . `` Live : Beyoncé Brings The House Down At Atlantic City 's Newest Casino '' . The Village Voice . Village Voice Media . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ganz , Caryn ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Run the World ( Showgirls ) : Beyonce Gets Back to Business in Atlantic City '' . Spin . Spin Media LLC . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé makes nod to The Verve at London 's O2 Arena '' . NME. April 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Will Ferrell Singing Whitney Houston at USC Graduation Is Exactly What We Need Right Now '' . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 590 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 Jump up ^ Finan , Eileen ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` The Story Behind Country Music 's Epic Mash - Up ! Plus : Hear Blake , Carrie , Miranda and 36 Other Stars Sing ' Forever Country ' '' . People . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) I Will Always Love You at Discogs Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Dolly Parton version Preceded by `` Pure Love '' by Ronnie Milsap Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single June 8 , 1974 Succeeded by `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' by Charlie Rich Preceded by `` Yesterday 's Wine '' by Merle Haggard and George Jones Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single October 16 , 1982 Succeeded by `` He Got You '' by Ronnie Milsap Preceded by `` What 's Forever For '' by Michael Martin Murphey RPM Country Tracks number - one single October 23 -- 30 , 1982 Succeeded by `` Let It Be Me '' by Willie Nelson Whitney Houston version Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Australian Singles Chart number - one single December 19 , 1992 -- February 26 , 1993 ( 10 weeks ) Succeeded by `` You Do n't Treat Me No Good '' by Sonia Dada Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie Austrian Singles Chart number - one single January 24 -- February 7 , 1993 February 21 -- 28 , 1993 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Highland '' by One More Time `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie Belgian Singles Chart number - one single January 9 -- 15 , 1993 January 23 -- March 5 , 1993 ( 7 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie `` It 's OK , All Right '' by Def Dames Dope Preceded by `` Song Instead of a Kiss '' by Alannah Myles Canadian Singles Chart number - one single December 19 , 1992 -- February 26 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Steam '' by Peter Gabriel Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Dutch Singles Chart number - one single Dutch Top 40 December 12 , 1992 -- February 19 , 1993 ( 9 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Mockin ' Bird Hill '' by Roots Syndicate Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Eurochart Hot 100 number - one single December 5 , 1992 -- March 5 , 1993 ( 13 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! '' by Jordy French Singles Chart number - one single January 30 -- March 20 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Alison '' by Jordy Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie German Singles Chart number - one single January 25 -- March 7 , 1993 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` All That She Wants '' by Ace of Base Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Irish Singles Chart number - one single December 3 , 1992 -- January 23 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` This Time '' by Christy Moore Preceded by `` Do n't You Want Me '' by Felix Italian Singles Chart number - one single December 5 -- 18 , 1992 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! '' by Jordy Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie New Zealand Singles Chart number - one single December 18 , 1992 -- March 25 , 1993 ( 11 weeks ) Succeeded by `` In the Still of the Nite ( I 'll Remember ) by Boyz II Men Preceded by `` Wheel of Fortune by Ace of Base Norwegian Singles Chart number - one single 53rd week , 1992 -- 8th week , 1993 ( 9 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! '' by Jordy Spanish Singles Chart number - one single February 20 , 1993 Succeeded by `` I Feel You '' by Depeche Mode Preceded by `` House of Love '' by East 17 Swedish Singles Chart number - one single January 13 -- February 23 , 1993 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Die da ! ? '' by Die Fantastischen Vier Swiss Singles Chart number - one single January 17 -- March 13 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Somebody Dance with Me by DJ BoBo Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie UK Singles Chart number - one single December 5 , 1992 -- February 12 , 1993 ( 10 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` How Do You Talk to an Angel '' by The Heights US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single November 28 , 1992 -- March 5 , 1993 ( 14 weeks ) Succeeded by `` A Whole New World '' by Peabo Bryson & Regina Belle Preceded by `` To Love Somebody '' by Michael Bolton US Adult Contemporary number - one single December 19 , 1992 -- January 16 , 1993 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` A Whole New World '' by Peabo Bryson & Regina Belle Preceded by `` How Do You Talk to an Angel '' by The Heights US Top 40 / Mainstream number - one single December 12 , 1992 -- February 6 , 1993 ( 9 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Ordinary World '' by Duran Duran Preceded by `` If I Ever Fall In Love '' by Shai US R&B Singles number - one single December 5 , 1992 -- February 13 , 1993 ( 11 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Hip Hop Hooray '' by Naughty by Nature Dolly Parton Albums Singles Studio albums Hello , I 'm Dolly ( 1967 ) Just Because I 'm a Woman ( 1968 ) In the Good Old Days ( When Times Were Bad ) ( 1969 ) My Blue Ridge Mountain Boy ( 1969 ) The Fairest of Them All ( 1970 ) The Golden Streets of Glory ( 1971 ) Joshua ( 1971 ) Coat of Many Colors ( 1971 ) Touch Your Woman ( 1972 ) My Favorite Songwriter , Porter Wagoner ( 1972 ) My Tennessee Mountain Home ( 1973 ) Bubbling Over ( 1973 ) Jolene ( 1974 ) Love Is Like a Butterfly ( 1974 ) The Bargain Store ( 1975 ) Dolly ( 1975 ) All I Can Do ( 1976 ) New Harvest ... First Gathering ( 1977 ) Here You Come Again ( 1977 ) Heartbreaker ( 1978 ) Great Balls of Fire ( 1979 ) Dolly , Dolly , Dolly ( 1980 ) 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs ( 1980 ) Heartbreak Express ( 1982 ) Burlap & Satin ( 1983 ) The Great Pretender ( 1984 ) Real Love ( 1985 ) Rainbow ( 1987 ) White Limozeen ( 1989 ) Eagle When She Flies ( 1991 ) Slow Dancing with the Moon ( 1993 ) Something Special ( 1995 ) Treasures ( 1996 ) Hungry Again ( 1998 ) The Grass Is Blue ( 1999 ) Little Sparrow ( 2001 ) Halos & Horns ( 2002 ) For God and Country ( 2003 ) Those Were The Days ( 2005 ) Backwoods Barbie ( 2008 ) Better Day ( 2011 ) Blue Smoke ( 2014 ) Pure & Simple ( 2016 ) Compilations As Long as I Love ( 1970 ) The Best of Dolly Parton ( 1970 ) Just the Way I Am ( 1972 ) Mine ( 1973 ) Best of Dolly Parton ( 1975 ) Dolly Parton 's Greatest Hits ( 1982 ) Collector 's Series ( 1985 ) Think About Love ( 1986 ) The Best There Is ( 1987 ) Best of Dolly Parton , Vol. 3 ( 1987 ) I Will Always Love You and Other Greatest Hits ( 1996 ) Ultimate Dolly Parton ( 2003 ) Singer , Songwriter & Legendary Performer ( 2006 ) The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2007 ) 16 Biggest Hits ( 2007 ) Playlist : The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2008 ) Dolly ( 2009 ) Exclusives Precious Memories ( 1999 ) Sha - Kon - O - Hey ! Land of Blue Smoke ( 2009 ) Collaborations Just Between You And Me Just the Two of Us Always , Always Porter Wayne and Dolly Rebecca Once More Two of a Kind The Right Combination Burning the Midnight Oil Together Always We Found It Love & Music Porter ' n ' Dolly Say Forever You 'll Be Mine Porter & Dolly The Winning Hand Trio Honky Tonk Angels Trio II Songs `` Dumb Blonde '' `` Mule Skinner Blues '' `` Joshua '' `` Coat of Many Colors '' `` Touch Your Woman '' `` My Tennessee Mountain Home '' `` Jolene '' `` I Will Always Love You '' `` Love is Like a Butterfly `` The Bargain Store '' `` The Seeker '' `` We Used To '' `` All I Can Do '' `` Light of a Clear Blue Morning '' `` Here You Come Again '' `` Two Doors Down '' / `` It 's All Wrong , But It 's All Right '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Baby I 'm Burning '' `` You 're The Only One '' `` Sweet Summer Lovin ' '' `` Starting Over Again '' `` Old Flames Ca n't Hold a Candle to You '' `` 9 to 5 '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` The House of the Rising Sun '' `` Single Women '' `` Heartbreak Express '' `` Hard Candy Christmas '' `` Potential New Boyfriend '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Tennessee Homesick Blues '' `` Do n't Call It Love '' `` Real Love '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Think About Love '' `` Tie Our Love ( In a Double Knot ) '' `` We Had It All '' `` The River Unbroken '' `` Why 'd You Come in Here Lookin ' Like That '' `` Yellow Roses '' `` White Limozeen '' `` Rockin ' Years '' `` Silver and Gold '' `` Eagle When She Flies '' `` Romeo '' `` Little Sparrow '' `` Better Get to Livin ' '' `` Together You and I '' Collaboration singles `` The Last Thing on My Mind '' `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Say Forever You 'll Be Mine '' `` To Know Him Is to Love Him '' `` Telling Me Lies '' `` Those Memories of You '' `` Wildflowers '' Guest singles `` Islands in the Stream '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Love Is Strange '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` When I Get Where I 'm Going '' ( w / Brad Paisley ) Soundtracks The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas Rhinestone Straight Talk Live albums A Real Live Dolly Heartsongs : Live from Home Live and Well Live from London An Evening With ... Dolly Live ! Christmas albums Once Upon a Christmas ( w / Kenny Rogers ) Home for Christmas Children 's albums I Believe in You Films Hollywood to Dollywood The Book Lady For the Love of Dolly Dolly Parton 's Coat of Many Colors Dolly Parton 's Christmas of Many Colors : Circle of Love Tours Halos & Horns Tour Hello , I 'm Dolly Tour The Vintage Tour An Evening with Dolly Parton Backwoods Barbie Tour Better Day World Tour Blue Smoke World Tour Pure & Simple Tour Theme parks and attractions Dollywood Dollywood 's Splash Country Dolly Parton 's Dixie Stampede Related articles Awards and nominations Stella Parton Rachel Dennison Dollywood Foundation Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton discography Just Because I 'm a Woman : Songs of Dolly Parton Book Category The Bodyguard Soundtrack `` I Will Always Love You '' `` I Have Nothing '' `` I 'm Every Woman '' `` Run to You '' `` Queen of the Night '' `` Someday ( I 'm Coming Back ) '' Related Musical Whitney Houston singles Whitney Houston `` Hold Me '' `` Thinking About You '' `` You Give Good Love '' `` All at Once '' `` Saving All My Love for You '' `` How Will I Know '' `` Greatest Love of All '' Whitney `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All '' `` So Emotional '' `` Where Do Broken Hearts Go '' `` Love Will Save the Day '' `` I Know Him So Well '' I 'm Your Baby Tonight `` I 'm Your Baby Tonight '' `` All the Man That I Need '' `` Miracle '' `` My Name Is Not Susan '' `` I Belong to You '' `` We Did n't Know '' The Bodyguard `` I Will Always Love You '' `` I 'm Every Woman '' `` I Have Nothing '' `` Run to You '' `` Queen of the Night '' Waiting to Exhale `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' `` Count On Me '' `` Why Does It Hurt So Bad '' The Preacher 's Wife `` I Believe in You and Me '' `` Step by Step '' `` My Heart Is Calling '' My Love Is Your Love `` When You Believe '' `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` It 's Not Right but It 's Okay '' `` My Love Is Your Love '' `` I Learned from the Best '' Whitney : The Greatest Hits `` Could I Have This Kiss Forever '' `` If I Told You That '' `` Fine '' `` Same Script , Different Cast '' Just Whitney ... `` Whatchulookinat '' `` One of Those Days '' `` Try It on My Own '' `` Love That Man '' One Wish : The Holiday Album `` One Wish ( for Christmas ) '' I Look to You `` I Look to You '' `` Million Dollar Bill '' Sparkle `` Celebrate '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' I Will Always Love You : The Best of Whitney Houston `` I Look to You '' Other / featured / promotional singles `` One Moment in Time '' `` It Is n't , It Was n't , It Ai n't Never Gonna Be '' `` The Star Spangled Banner '' `` Something in Common '' `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' `` Memories '' Book Category Portal Vince Gill Studio albums The Things That Matter The Way Back Home When I Call Your Name Pocket Full of Gold I Still Believe in You When Love Finds You High Lonesome Sound The Key Let 's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye Next Big Thing These Days Guitar Slinger Bakersfield Down to My Last Bad Habit Compilation albums The Essential Vince Gill Souvenirs Icon Christmas albums Let There Be Peace on Earth Breath of Heaven : A Christmas Collection ' Tis the Season Extended plays Turn Me Loose Notable singles `` True Love '' `` If It Were n't for Him '' ( with Rosanne Cash ) `` Oklahoma Borderline '' `` Cinderella '' `` Let 's Do Something '' `` Everybody 's Sweetheart '' `` The Radio '' `` Never Alone '' `` Oklahoma Swing '' ( with Reba McEntire ) `` When I Call Your Name '' `` Never Knew Lonely '' `` Pocket Full of Gold '' `` Liza Jane '' `` Look at Us '' `` Take Your Memory with You '' `` I Still Believe in You '' `` Do n't Let Our Love Start Slippin ' Away '' `` No Future in the Past '' `` One More Last Chance '' `` Tryin ' to Get Over You '' `` Whenever You Come Around '' `` What the Cowgirls Do '' `` When Love Finds You '' `` Which Bridge to Cross ( Which Bridge to Burn ) '' `` You Better Think Twice '' `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' `` High Lonesome Sound '' `` Worlds Apart '' `` Pretty Little Adriana '' `` A Little More Love '' `` You and You Alone '' `` If You Ever Have Forever in Mind '' `` Kindly Keep It Country '' `` Do n't Come Cryin ' to Me '' `` My Kind of Woman / My Kind of Man '' ( with Patty Loveless ) `` Let 's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye '' `` Feels Like Love '' `` Shoot Straight from Your Heart '' `` Next Big Thing '' `` Someday '' Guest singles `` The Heart Wo n't Lie '' ( with Reba McEntire ) `` House of Love '' ( with Amy Grant ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` It 's Not Over '' ( with Mark Chesnutt and Alison Krauss `` No Place That Far '' ( with Sara Evans ) `` Building Bridges '' ( with Brooks & Dunn and Sheryl Crow ) `` Do n't Rush '' ( with Kelly Clarkson ) `` I Just Ca n't Help Believing '' ( with B.J. Thomas ) `` Sober Saturday Night '' ( with Chris Young ) Other songs `` Here We Are '' `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' Related articles Discography Pure Prairie League The Notorious Cherry Bombs The Notorious Cherry Bombs Book : Vince Gill UK Christmas number - one singles in the 1990s `` Saviour 's Day '' ( Cliff Richard , 1990 ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' / `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' ( Queen , 1991 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Whitney Houston , 1992 ) `` Mr Blobby '' ( Mr Blobby , 1993 ) `` Stay Another Day '' ( East 17 , 1994 ) `` Earth Song '' ( Michael Jackson , 1995 ) `` 2 Become 1 '' ( Spice Girls , 1996 ) `` Too Much '' ( Spice Girls , 1997 ) `` Goodbye '' ( Spice Girls , 1998 ) `` I Have a Dream '' / `` Seasons in the Sun '' ( Westlife , 1999 ) Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Grammy Award for Record of the Year ( 1990s ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' * by Bette Midler produced by Arif Mardin ( 1990 ) `` Another Day in Paradise '' by Phil Collins produced by Hugh Padgham & Phil Collins ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' * by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole produced by David Foster ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' * by Eric Clapton produced by Russ Titelman ( 1993 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston produced by David Foster ( 1994 ) `` All I Wanna Do '' by Sheryl Crow produced by Bill Bottrell ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' * by Seal produced by Trevor Horn ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' * by Eric Clapton produced by Babyface ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' * by Shawn Colvin produced by John Leventhal ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' * by Celine Dion engineered / mixed by David Gleeson , Humberto Gatica & Simon Franglen ; produced by James Horner , Simon Franglen & Walter Afanasieff ( 1999 ) Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 1980 -- 1999 ) 1980 : `` Call Me '' -- Blondie 1981 : `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Kim Carnes 1982 : `` Physical '' -- Olivia Newton - John 1983 : `` Every Breath You Take '' -- The Police 1984 : `` When Doves Cry '' -- Prince 1985 : `` Careless Whisper '' -- Wham ! featuring George Michael 1986 : `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Dionne & Friends 1987 : `` Walk Like an Egyptian '' -- The Bangles 1988 : `` Faith '' -- George Michael 1989 : `` Look Away '' -- Chicago 1990 : `` Hold On '' -- Wilson Phillips 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` End of the Road '' -- Boyz II Men 1993 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1994 : `` The Sign '' -- Ace of Base 1995 : `` Gangsta 's Paradise '' -- Coolio featuring L.V. 1996 : `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys Mix ) '' -- Los del Río 1997 : `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' / `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' -- Elton John 1998 : `` Too Close '' -- Next 1999 : `` Believe '' -- Cher Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Will_Always_Love_You&oldid=828123283 '' Categories : Christmas number - one singles in the United Kingdom Dolly Parton songs Lara Fabian songs Whitney Houston songs Vince Gill songs 1973 songs 1974 singles 1982 singles 1992 singles 1995 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Belgium Number - one singles in Denmark RPM Top Singles number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Spain Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Grammy Award for Record of the Year Country ballads Pop ballads Rhythm and blues ballads Songs written by Dolly Parton RCA Records Nashville singles Columbia Records singles Music videos directed by Alan Smithee Song recordings produced by Bob Ferguson ( music ) Song recordings produced by David Foster Arista Records singles 1970s ballads Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Pages using web citations with no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2014 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 18 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does whitney sing i will always love you in the bodyguard | [
"The single's music video, is credited to Alan Smithee (Nick Brandt removed his name due to the way Clive Davis re-edited the video), and produced by Rob Newman. It begins with the performance of the song Houston gives at the end of The Bodyguard. The video then cuts to Houston in a dark blue suit sitting in an empty theater with the spotlight shining on her, singing of her love. The video is inter-cut with scenes from The Bodyguard and gives the viewer the experience of reliving the moments with the singer. At the time of the video's shooting Houston was pregnant with her daughter Bobbi Kristina so is shown only sitting in the theater scenes.[92]"
] | [
"at the end"
] |
-2258790331973904797 | Thirteen Colonies | Thirteen colonies - wikipedia Thirteen colonies The group of British colonies on the east coast of North America which formed the United States Thirteen Colonies 1607 -- 1776 Flag of Great Britain ( 1707 -- 1776 ) The thirteen colonies ( shown in red ) in 1775 . Status Part of British America ( 1607 - 1776 ) Capital Administered from London , England Common languages English German Dutch French Indigenous languages Various other minor languages Religion Protestantism Roman Catholicism Judaism Native American religions Government Colonial constitutional monarchy Monarch 1607 -- 1625 James I & VI ( first ) 1760 -- 1776 George III ( last ) History Roanoke Colony 1585 Virginia Colony 1607 New England 1620 Rhode Island Royal Charter 1663 New Netherland ceded to England 1667 Treaty of Utrecht 1713 Province of Georgia 1732 Independence declared 1776 Treaty of Paris 1783 Population 1625 1,980 1775 2,400,000 Currency Pound sterling Colonial money Bills of credit Commodity money Preceded by Succeeded by Pre-colonial North America New Netherland United States Today part of United States Part of a series on the History of the United States Timeline ( hide ) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present By ethnicity ( show ) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Native Americans Polish American By topic ( show ) Antisemitism Civil rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women This Is America , Charlie Brown United States portal The Thirteen Colonies , also known as the Thirteen British Colonies or Thirteen American Colonies , were a group of British colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America founded in the 17th and 18th centuries . They declared independence in 1776 and formed the United States of America . The Thirteen Colonies had very similar political , constitutional , and legal systems and were dominated by Protestant English - speakers . They were part of Britain 's possessions in the New World , which also included colonies in Canada , the Caribbean , and the Floridas . Between 1625 and 1775 , the colonial population grew from roughly 2,000 to over 2.5 million , often displacing American Indians . In the 18th century , the British government operated its colonies under a policy of mercantilism , in which the central government administered its possessions for the economic benefit of the mother country . Slavery was introduced during the colonial period . The Thirteen Colonies had a high degree of self - governance and active local elections , and they resisted London 's demands for more control . Indeed Rhode Island and Connecticut had always elected their own governors . Before the fighting started in 1775 the majority Whigs and the minority Tories , who both favored the connection with the Mother Country and were Loyal to the Crown , were opposed to Parliamentary interference in local affairs . The French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 63 ) against France and its Indian allies led to growing tensions between Britain and the Thirteen Colonies . In the 1750s , the colonies began collaborating with one another instead of dealing directly with Britain . These inter-colonial activities cultivated a sense of shared American identity and led to calls for protection of the colonists ' `` Rights as Englishmen '' , especially the principle of `` no taxation without representation '' . Grievances with the British government led to the American Revolution , in which the colonies collaborated in forming the Continental Congress . The colonists fought the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 83 ) with the aid of France , the Dutch Republic , and Spain . Contents 1 Colonies 1.1 New England colonies 1.2 Middle colonies 1.3 Southern colonies 2 17th century 2.1 Southern colonies 2.2 New England 2.3 Middle Colonies 3 18th century 3.1 Global trade and immigration 3.2 French and Indian War 3.3 Growing dissent 4 American Revolution 5 Population 5.1 Slaves 6 Religion 6.1 Education 7 Government 7.1 British role 7.2 Self - government 7.3 Economic policy 8 Other British colonies 9 Historiography 10 See also 11 Notes 12 Further reading 12.1 Government 12.2 Primary sources 12.3 Online primary sources 13 External links Colonies ( edit ) In 1606 , King James I of England granted charters to both the Plymouth Company and the London Company for the purpose of establishing permanent settlements in North America . The London Company established the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1607 , the first permanently settled English colony on the North American continent . The Plymouth Company founded the Popham Colony on the Kennebec River , but it was short - lived . The Plymouth Council for New England sponsored several colonization projects , culminating with Plymouth Colony in 1620 which was settled by the English Puritans , known today as the Pilgrims . The Dutch , Swedish , and French also established successful North American colonies at roughly the same time as the English , but they eventually came under the English crown . The Thirteen Colonies were complete with the establishment of the Province of Georgia in 1732 , although the term `` Thirteen Colonies '' became current only in the context of the American Revolution . In London beginning in 1660 , all colonies were governed through a state department known as the Southern Department , and a committee of the Privy Council called the Board of Trade and Plantations . In 1768 , a specific state department was created for America , but it was disbanded in 1782 when the Home Office took responsibility . New England colonies ( edit ) Main article : New England colonies Province of New Hampshire , established in the 1620s , chartered as crown colony in 1679 Province of Massachusetts Bay , established in the 1620s , a crown colony 1692 Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , established 1636 , chartered as crown colony in 1663 Connecticut Colony , established 1636 , chartered as crown colony in 1662 Middle colonies ( edit ) Main article : Middle Colonies Province of New York , proprietary colony 1664 -- 1685 , crown colony from 1686 Province of New Jersey , proprietary colony from 1664 , crown colony from 1702 Province of Pennsylvania , a proprietary colony established 1681 Delaware Colony ( before 1776 , the Lower Counties on Delaware ) , a proprietary colony established 1664 Southern colonies ( edit ) Main article : Southern Colonies Province of Maryland , a proprietary colony established 1632 Colony and Dominion of Virginia , proprietary colony established 1607 , a crown colony from 1624 Province of Carolina , a proprietary colony established 1663 Divided into the Province of North - Carolina and Province of South Carolina in 1712 , each became a crown colony in 1729 Province of Georgia , proprietary colony established 1732 , crown colony from 1752 . 17th century ( edit ) See also : Colonial history of the United States , British colonization of the Americas , and Timeline of Colonial America The 1606 grants by James I to the London and Plymouth companies . The overlapping area ( yellow ) was granted to both companies on the stipulation that neither found a settlement within 100 miles ( 160 km ) of each other . The location of the Jamestown Settlement is shown by `` J '' . Southern colonies ( edit ) The first successful English colony was Jamestown , established May 14 , 1607 near Chesapeake Bay . The business venture was financed and coordinated by the London Virginia Company , a joint stock company looking for gold . Its first years were extremely difficult , with very high death rates from disease and starvation , wars with local Indians , and little gold . The colony survived and flourished by turning to tobacco as a cash crop . In 1632 , King Charles I granted the charter for Province of Maryland to Cecil Calvert , 2nd Baron Baltimore . Calvert 's father had been a prominent Catholic official who encouraged Catholic immigration to the English colonies . The charter offered no guidelines on religion . The Province of Carolina was the second attempted English settlement south of Virginia , the first being the failed attempt at Roanoke . It was a private venture , financed by a group of English Lords Proprietors who obtained a Royal Charter to the Carolinas in 1663 , hoping that a new colony in the south would become profitable like Jamestown . Carolina was not settled until 1670 , and even then the first attempt failed because there was no incentive for emigration to that area . Eventually , however , the Lords combined their remaining capital and financed a settlement mission to the area led by Sir John Colleton . The expedition located fertile and defensible ground at what became Charleston , originally Charles Town for Charles II of England . New England ( edit ) The Pilgrims were a small group of Puritan separatists who felt that they needed to physically distance themselves from the corrupt Church of England . After initially moving to the Netherlands , they decided to re-establish themselves in America . The initial Pilgrim settlers sailed to North America in 1620 on the Mayflower . Upon their arrival , they drew up the Mayflower Compact , by which they bound themselves together as a united community , thus establishing the small Plymouth Colony . William Bradford was their main leader . After its founding , other settlers traveled from England to join the colony . The non-separatist Puritans constituted a much larger group than the Pilgrims , and they established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629 with 400 settlers . They sought to reform the Church of England by creating a new , pure church in the New World . By 1640 , 20,000 had arrived ; many died soon after arrival , but the others found a healthy climate and an ample food supply . The Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies together spawned other Puritan colonies in New England , including the New Haven , Saybrook , and Connecticut colonies . During the 17th century , the New Haven and Saybrook colonies were absorbed by Connecticut . Providence Plantation was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams on land provided by Narragansett sachem Canonicus . Williams was a Puritan who preached religious tolerance , separation of Church and State , and a complete break with the Church of England . He was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony over theological disagreements , and he and other settlers founded Providence Plantation based on an egalitarian constitution providing for majority rule `` in civil things '' and `` liberty of conscience '' in religious matters . In 1637 , a second group including Anne Hutchinson established a second settlement on Aquidneck Island , also known as Rhode Island . Other colonists settled to the north , mingling with adventurers and profit - oriented settlers to establish more religiously diverse colonies in New Hampshire and Maine . These small settlements were absorbed by Massachusetts when it made significant land claims in the 1640s and 1650s , but New Hampshire was eventually given a separate charter in 1679 . Maine remained a part of Massachusetts until achieving statehood in 1820 . In 1685 , King James II of England closed the legislatures and consolidated the New England colonies into the Dominion of New England , putting the region under firm royal control of Governor Edmund Andros . In 1688 , the colonies of New York , West Jersey , and East Jersey were added to the dominion . Andros was overthrown and the dominion was closed in 1689 , after the Glorious Revolution deposed King James II ; the former colonies were re-established . According to Guy Miller : The Rebellion of 1689 was the climax of the 60 year old struggle between the government in England and the Puritans of Massachusetts over the question of who was to rule the Bay colony . From its foundation in 1629 the colony had in fact been ruled by the ministers , who controlled church membership and , consequently , the franchise , and by the magistrates , who administered the state as the secular arm of the church . Middle colonies ( edit ) Beginning in 1609 , Dutch traders explored and established fur trading posts on the Hudson River , Delaware River , and Connecticut River , seeking to protect their interests in the fur trade . The Dutch West India Company established permanent settlements on the Hudson River , creating the Dutch colony of New Netherland . In 1626 , Peter Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from the Lenape Indians and established the outpost of New Amsterdam . Relatively few Dutch settled in New Netherland , but the colony came to dominate the regional fur trade . It also served as the base for extensive trade with the English colonies , and many products from New England and Virginia were carried to Europe on Dutch ships . The Dutch also engaged in the burgeoning Atlantic slave trade , supplying enslaved Africans to the English colonies in North America and Barbados . The West India Company desired to grow New Netherland as it became commercially successful , yet the colony failed to attract the same level of settlement as the English colonies did . Many of those who did immigrate to the colony were English , German , Walloon , or Sephardim . Peter Minuit served as the governor of New Netherland and helped establish New Sweden In 1638 , Sweden established the colony of New Sweden in the Delaware Valley . The operation was led by former members of the Dutch West India Company , including Peter Minuit . New Sweden established extensive trading contacts with English colonies to the south , and shipped much of the tobacco produced in Virginia . The colony was conquered by the Dutch in 1655 , while Sweden was engaged in the Second Northern War . Beginning in the 1650s , the English and Dutch engaged in a series of wars , and the English sought to conquer New Netherland . Richard Nicolls captured the lightly defended New Amsterdam in 1664 , and his subordinates quickly captured the remainder of New Netherland . The 1667 Treaty of Breda ended the Second Anglo - Dutch War and confirmed English control of the region . The Dutch briefly regained control of parts of New Netherland in the Third Anglo - Dutch War , but surrendered claim to the territory in the 1674 Treaty of Westminster , ending the Dutch colonial presence in North America . After the Second Anglo - Dutch War , the British renamed the colony `` York City '' or `` New York '' . Large numbers of Dutch remained in the colony , dominating the rural areas between New York City and Albany , while people from New England started moving in as well as immigrants from Germany . New York City attracted a large polyglot population , including a large black slave population . In 1674 , the proprietary colonies of East Jersey and West Jersey were created from lands formerly part of New York . Pennsylvania was founded in 1681 as a proprietary colony of Quaker William Penn . The main population elements included Quaker population based in Philadelphia , a Scotch Irish population on the Western frontier , and numerous German colonies in between . Philadelphia became the largest city in the colonies with its central location , excellent port , and a population of about 30,000 . 18th century ( edit ) In 1702 , East and West Jersey were combined to form the Province of New Jersey . The northern and southern sections of the Carolina colony operated more or less independently until 1691 , when Philip Ludwell was appointed governor of the entire province . From that time until 1708 , the northern and southern settlements remained under one government . However , during this period , the two halves of the province began increasingly to be known as North Carolina and South Carolina , as the descendants of the colony 's proprietors fought over the direction of the colony . The colonists of Charles Town finally deposed their governor and elected their own government . This marked the start of separate governments in the Province of North - Carolina and the Province of South Carolina . In 1729 , the king formally revoked Carolina 's colonial charter and established both North Carolina and South Carolina as crown colonies . The Thirteen Colonies and neighboring polities in 1748 In the 1730s , Parliamentarian James Oglethorpe proposed that the area south of the Carolinas be colonized with the `` worthy poor '' of England to provide an alternative to the overcrowded debtors ' prisons . Oglethorpe and other English philanthropists secured a royal charter as the Trustees of the colony of Georgia on June 9 , 1732 . Oglethorpe and his compatriots hoped to establish a utopian colony that banned slavery and recruited only the most worthy settlers , but by 1750 the colony remained sparsely populated . The proprietors gave up their charter in 1752 , at which point Georgia became a crown colony . The colonial population of Thirteen Colonies grew immensely in the 18th century . According to historian Alan Taylor , the population of the Thirteen Colonies stood at 1.5 million in 1750 , which represented four - fifths of the population of British North America . More than 90 percent of the colonists lived as farmers , though some seaports also flourished . In 1760 , the cities of Philadelphia , New York , and Boston had a population in excess of 16,000 , which was small by European standards . By 1770 , the economic output of the Thirteen Colonies made up forty percent of the gross domestic product of the British Empire . As the 18th century progressed , colonists began to settle far from the Atlantic coast . Pennsylvania , Virginia , Connecticut , and Maryland all laid claim to the land in the Ohio River valley . The colonies engaged in a scramble to purchase land from Indian tribes , as the British insisted that claims to land should rest on legitimate purchases . Virginia was particularly intent on western expansion , and most of the elite Virginia families invested in the Ohio Company to promote the settlement of Ohio Country . Global trade and immigration ( edit ) The British colonies in North America became part of the global British trading network , as the value tripled for exports from British North America to Britain between 1700 and 1754 . The colonists were restricted in trading with other European powers , but they found profitable trade partners in the other British colonies , particularly in the Caribbean . The colonists traded foodstuffs , wood , tobacco , and various other resources for Asian tea , West Indian coffee , and West Indian sugar , among other items . American Indians far from the Atlantic coast supplied the Atlantic market with beaver fur and deerskins . British North America had an advantage in natural resources and established its own thriving shipbuilding industry , and many North American merchants engaged in the transatlantic trade . Improved economic conditions and easing of religious persecution in Europe made it more difficult to recruit labor to the colonies , and many colonies became increasingly reliant on slave labor , particularly in the South . The population of slaves in British North America grew dramatically between 1680 and 1750 , and the growth was driven by a mixture of forced immigration and the reproduction of slaves . Slaves supported vast plantation economies in the South , while slaves in the North worked in a variety of occupations . There were some slave revolts , such as the Stono Rebellion and the New York Conspiracy of 1741 , but these uprisings were suppressed . A small proportion of the English population migrated to British North America after 1700 , but the colonies attracted new immigrants from other European countries . These immigrants traveled to all of the colonies , but the Middle Colonies attracted the most and continued to be more ethically diverse than the other colonies . Numerous settlers immigrated from Ireland , both Catholic and Protestant -- particularly `` New Light '' Ulster Presbyterians . Protestant Germans also migrated in large numbers , particularly to Pennsylvania . In the 1740s , the Thirteen Colonies underwent the First Great Awakening . French and Indian war ( edit ) In 1738 , an incident involving a Welsh mariner named Robert Jenkins sparked the War of Jenkins ' Ear between Britain and Spain . Hundreds of North Americans volunteered for Admiral Edward Vernon 's assault on Cartegena de Indias , a Spanish city in South America . The war against Spain merged into a broader conflict known as the War of the Austrian Succession , but most colonists called it King George 's War . In 1745 , British and colonial forces captured the town of Louisbourg , and the war came to an end with the 1748 Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle . However , many colonists were angered when Britain returned Louisbourg to France in return for Madras and other territories . In the aftermath of the war , both the British and French sought to expand into the Ohio River valley . The French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 63 ) was the American extension of the general European conflict known as the Seven Years ' War . Previous colonial wars in North America had started in Europe and then spread to the colonies , but the French and Indian War is notable for having started in North America and spread to Europe . One of the primary causes of the war was increasing competition between Britain and France , especially in the Great Lakes and Ohio valley . The French and Indian War took on a new significance for the British North American colonists when William Pitt the Elder decided that major military resources needed to be devoted to North America in order to win the war against France . For the first time , the continent became one of the main theaters of what could be termed a `` world war '' . During the war , it became increasingly apparent to American colonists that they were under the authority of the British Empire , as British military and civilian officials took on an increased presence in their lives . The war also increased a sense of American unity in other ways . It caused men to travel across the continent who might otherwise have never left their own colony , fighting alongside men from decidedly different backgrounds who were nonetheless still American . Throughout the course of the war , British officers trained Americans for battle , most notably George Washington , which benefited the American cause during the Revolution . Also , colonial legislatures and officials had to cooperate intensively in pursuit of the continent - wide military effort . The relations were not always positive between the British military establishment and the colonists , setting the stage for later distrust and dislike of British troops . At the 1754 Albany Congress , Pennsylvania colonist Benjamin Franklin proposed the Albany Plan which would have created a unified government of the Thirteen Colonies for coordination of defense and other matters , but the plan was rejected by the leaders of most colonies . Territorial changes following the French and Indian War ; land held by the British before 1763 is shown in red , land gained by Britain in 1763 is shown in pink In the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) , France formally ceded to Britain the eastern part of its vast North American empire , having secretly given to Spain the territory of Louisiana west of the Mississippi River the previous year . Before the war , Britain held the thirteen American colonies , most of present - day Nova Scotia , and most of the Hudson Bay watershed . Following the war , Britain gained all French territory east of the Mississippi River , including Quebec , the Great Lakes , and the Ohio River valley . Britain also gained Spanish Florida , from which it formed the colonies of East and West Florida . In removing a major foreign threat to the thirteen colonies , the war also largely removed the colonists ' need of colonial protection . The British and colonists triumphed jointly over a common foe . The colonists ' loyalty to the mother country was stronger than ever before . However , disunity was beginning to form . British Prime Minister William Pitt the Elder had decided to wage the war in the colonies with the use of troops from the colonies and tax funds from Britain itself . This was a successful wartime strategy but , after the war was over , each side believed that it had borne a greater burden than the other . The British elite , the most heavily taxed of any in Europe , pointed out angrily that the colonists paid little to the royal coffers . The colonists replied that their sons had fought and died in a war that served European interests more than their own . This dispute was a link in the chain of events that soon brought about the American Revolution . Growing dissent ( edit ) The British were left with large debts following the French and Indian War , so British leaders decided to increase taxation and control of the Thirteen Colonies . They imposed several new taxes , beginning with the Sugar Act of 1764 . Later acts included the Currency Act of 1764 , the Stamp Act of 1765 , and the Townshend Acts of 1767 . The British also sought to maintain peaceful relations with those Indian tribes that had allied with the French by keeping them separated from the American frontiersmen . To this end , the Royal Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains , as this was designated an Indian Reserve . Some groups of settlers disregarded the proclamation , however , and continued to move west and establish farms . The proclamation was soon modified and was no longer a hindrance to settlement , but the fact angered the colonists that it had been promulgated without their prior consultation . Join , or Die by Benjamin Franklin was recycled to encourage the former colonies to unite against British rule . Parliament had directly levied duties and excise taxes on the colonies , bypassing the colonial legislatures , and Americans began to insist on the principle of `` no taxation without representation '' with intense protests over the Stamp Act of 1765 . They argued that the colonies had no representation in the British Parliament , so it was a violation of their rights as Englishmen for taxes to be imposed upon them . Parliament rejected the colonial protests and asserted its authority by passing new taxes . Colonial discontentment grew with the passage of the 1773 Tea Act , which reduced taxes on tea sold by the East India Company in an effort to undercut competition , and Prime Minister North 's ministry hoped that this would establish a precedent of colonists accepting British taxation policies . Trouble escalated over the tea tax , as Americans in each colony boycotted the tea , and those in Boston dumped the tea in the harbor during the Boston Tea Party in 1773 when the Sons of Liberty dumped thousands of pounds of tea into the water . Tensions escalated in 1774 as Parliament passed the laws known as the Intolerable Acts , which greatly restricted self - government in the colony of Massachusetts . These laws also allowed British military commanders to claim colonial homes for the quartering of soldiers , regardless whether the American civilians were willing or not to have soldiers in their homes . The laws further revoked colonial rights to hold trials in cases involving soldiers or crown officials , forcing such trials to be held in England rather than in America . Parliament also sent Thomas Gage to serve as Governor of Massachusetts and as the commander of British forces in North America . By 1774 , colonists still hoped to remain part of the British Empire , but discontentment was widespread concerning British rule throughout the Thirteen Colonies . Colonists elected delegates to the First Continental Congress which convened in Philadelphia in September 1774 . In the aftermath of the Intolerable Acts , the delegates asserted that the colonies owed allegiance only to the king ; they would accept royal governors as agents of the king , but they were no longer willing to recognize Parliament 's right to pass legislation affecting the colonies . Most delegates opposed an attack on the British position in Boston , and the Continental Congress instead agreed to the imposition of a boycott known as the Continental Association . The boycott proved effective and the value of British imports dropped dramatically . The Thirteen Colonies became increasingly divided between Patriots opposed to British rule and Loyalists who supported it . American Revolution ( edit ) Main article : American Revolution Map of the Thirteen Colonies in 1775 In response , the colonies formed bodies of elected representatives known as Provincial Congresses , and Colonists began to boycott imported British merchandise . Later in 1774 , 12 colonies sent representatives to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia . During the Second Continental Congress , the remaining colony of Georgia sent delegates , as well . Massachusetts Governor Thomas Gage feared a confrontation with the colonists ; he requested reinforcements from Britain , but the British government was not willing to pay for the expense of stationing tens of thousands of soldiers in the Thirteen Colonies . Gage was instead ordered to seize Patriot arsenals . He dispatched a force to march on the arsenal at Concord , Massachusetts , but the Patriots learned about it and blocked their advance . The Patriots repulsed the British force at the April 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord , then lay siege to Boston . By spring 1775 , all royal officials had been expelled , and the Continental Congress hosted a convention of delegates for the 13 colonies . It raised an army to fight the British and named George Washington its commander , made treaties , declared independence , and recommended that the colonies write constitutions and become states . The Second Continental Congress assembled in May 1775 and began to coordinate armed resistance against Britain . It established a government that recruited soldiers and printed its own money . General Washington took command of the Patriot soldiers in New England and forced the British to withdraw from Boston . In 1776 , the Thirteen Colonies declared their independence from Britain . With the help of France and Spain , they defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War . In the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) , Britain officially recognized the independence of the United States of America . Population ( edit ) Population of the American colonies Year Population 1625 1,980 1641 50,000 1688 200,000 1702 270,000 1715 435,000 1749 1,000,000 1754 1,500,000 1765 2,200,000 1775 2,400,000 The colonial population rose to a quarter of a million during the 17th century , and to nearly 2.5 million on the eve of the American revolution . Perkins ( 1988 ) notes the importance of good health for the growth of the colonies : `` Fewer deaths among the young meant that a higher proportion of the population reached reproductive age , and that fact alone helps to explain why the colonies grew so rapidly . '' There were many other reasons for the population growth besides good health , such as the Great Migration . By 1776 , about 85 % of the white population 's ancestry originated in the British Isles ( English , Irish , Scottish , Welsh ) , 9 % of German origin , 4 % Dutch and 2 % Huguenot French and other minorities . Over 90 % were farmers , with several small cities that were also seaports linking the colonial economy to the larger British Empire . These populations continued to grow at a rapid rate during the late 18th and early 19th centuries , primarily because of high birth rates and relatively low death rates . Immigration was a minor factor from 1774 to 1830 . The Federal Census Bureau study of 2004 gives the following population estimates for the colonies : 1610 350 ; 1620 2,302 ; 1630 4,646 ; 1640 26,634 ; 1650 50,368 ; 1660 75,058 ; 1670 111,935 ; 1680 151,507 ; 1690 210,372 ; 1700 250,888 ; 1710 331,711 ; 1720 466,185 ; 1730 629,445 ; 1740 905,563 ; 1750 170,760 ; 1760 1,593,625 ; 1770 2,148,076 ; 1780 2,780,369 . CT970 p. 2 - 13 : Colonial and Pre-Federal Statistics , United States Census Bureau 2004 , p. 1168 . Slaves ( edit ) Main article : Slavery in the colonial United States Slavery was legal and practiced in many of the Thirteen Colonies . In most places , it involved house servants or farm workers . It was of economic importance in the export - oriented tobacco plantations of Virginia and Maryland and on the rice and indigo plantations of South Carolina . About 287,000 slaves were imported into the Thirteen Colonies over a period of 160 years , or 2 % of the estimated 12 million taken from Africa to the Americas via the Atlantic slave trade . The great majority went to sugar colonies in the Caribbean and to Brazil , where life expectancy was short and the numbers had to be continually replenished . By the mid-18th century , life expectancy was much higher in the American colonies . Slaves imported into Colonial America 1620 -- 1700 1701 -- 1760 1761 -- 1770 1771 -- 1780 total 21,000 189,000 63,000 15,000 287,000 The numbers grew rapidly through a very high birth rate and low mortality rate , reaching nearly four million by the 1860 census . From 1770 until 1860 , the rate of natural growth of North American slaves was much greater than for the population of any nation in Europe , and was nearly twice as rapid as that in England . Religion ( edit ) Protestantism was the predominant religious affiliation in the Thirteen Colonies , although there were also Catholics , Jews , and deists , and a large fraction had no religious connection . The Church of England was officially established in most of the South . The Puritan movement became the Congregational church , and it was the established religious affiliation in Massachusetts and Connecticut into the 18th century . In practice , this meant that tax revenues were allocated to church expenses . The Anglican parishes in the South were under the control of local vestries and had public functions such as repair of the roads and relief of the poor . The colonies were religiously diverse , with different Protestant denominations brought by British , German , Dutch , and other immigrants . The Reformed tradition was the foundation for Presbyterian , Congregationalist , and Continental Reformed denominations . French Huguenots set up their own Reformed congregations . The Dutch Reformed Church was strong among Dutch Americans in New York and New Jersey , while Lutheranism was prevalent among German immigrants . Germans also brought diverse forms of Anabaptism , especially the Mennonite variety . Reformed Baptist preacher Roger Williams founded Providence Plantations which became the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations . Jews were clustered in a few port cities . The Baltimore family founded Maryland and brought in fellow Catholics from England . Catholics were estimated at 1.6 % of the population or 40,000 in 1775 . Of the 200 - 250,000 Irish who came to the Colonies between 1701 and 1775 less than 20,000 were Catholic , many of whom hid their faith or lapsed because of prejudice and discrimination . Between 1770 - 1775 3,900 Irish Catholics arrived out of almost 45,000 white immigrants ( 7,000 English , 15,000 Scots , 13,200 Scots - Irish , 5,200 Germans ) , Jon Butler , Becoming America , The Revolution before 1776 , 2000 , p. 35 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 00091 - 9 . Most Catholics were English Recusants , Germans , Irish and blacks who lived in Maryland where half the Catholic population lived , New York and Pennsylvania . Presbyterians were chiefly immigrants from Scotland and Ulster who favored the back country and frontier districts . Quakers were well established in Pennsylvania , where they controlled the governorship and the legislature for many years . Quakers were also numerous in Rhode Island . Baptists and Methodists were growing rapidly during the First Great Awakening of the 1740s . Many denominations sponsored missions to the local Indians . Education ( edit ) Higher education was available for young men in the North , and most students were aspiring Protestant ministers . The oldest colleges were Harvard College , College of New Jersey ( Princeton ) , Yale College , and College of Rhode Island ( Brown ) . Others were King 's College ( Columbia ) , the College of Philadelphia ( University of Pennsylvania ) , and Dartmouth College in New Hampshire . South of Philadelphia , there was only the College of William and Mary which trained the secular elite in Virginia , especially aspiring lawyers . Most New England towns sponsored public schools for boys , but public schooling was rare elsewhere . Girls were educated at home or by small local private schools , and they had no access to college . Aspiring physicians and lawyers typically learned as apprentices to an established practitioner , although some young men went to medical schools in Scotland . Government ( edit ) Main article : Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies The three forms of colonial government in 1776 were provincial ( royal colony ) , proprietary , and charter . These governments were all subordinate to the King of England with no representation in the Parliament of Great Britain . The administration of all British colonies was overseen by the Board of Trade in London beginning late in the 17th century . The provincial colony was governed by commissions created at pleasure of the king . A governor and his council were appointed by the crown . The governor was invested with general executive powers and authorized to call a locally elected assembly . The governor 's council would sit as an upper house when the assembly was in session , in addition to its role in advising the governor . Assemblies were made up of representatives elected by the freeholders and planters ( landowners ) of the province . The governor had the power of absolute veto and could prorogue ( i.e. , delay ) and dissolve the assembly . The assembly 's role was to make all local laws and ordinances , ensuring that they were not inconsistent with the laws of England . In practice , this did not always occur , since many of the provincial assemblies sought to expand their powers and limit those of the governor and crown . Laws could be examined by the British Privy Council or Board of Trade , which also held veto power of legislation . New Hampshire , New York , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia were crown colonies . Massachusetts became a crown colony at the end of the 17th century . Proprietary colonies were governed much as royal colonies , except that lord proprietors appointed the governor rather than the king . They were set up after the English Restoration of 1660 and typically enjoyed greater civil and religious liberty . Pennsylvania ( which included Delaware ) , New Jersey , and Maryland were proprietary colonies . Charter governments were political corporations created by letters patent , giving the grantees control of the land and the powers of legislative government . The charters provided a fundamental constitution and divided powers among legislative , executive , and judicial functions , with those powers being vested in officials . Massachusetts , Providence Plantation , Rhode Island , Warwick , and Connecticut were charter colonies . The Massachusetts charter was revoked in 1684 and was replaced by a provincial charter that was issued in 1691 . Providence Plantations merged with the settlements at Rhode Island and Warwick to form the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , which also became a charter colony in 1636 . British role ( edit ) After 1680 , the royal government in London took an increasing interest in the affairs of the colonies , which were growing rapidly in population and wealth . In 1680 , only Virginia was a royal colony ; by 1720 , half were under the control of royal governors . These governors were appointees closely tied to the government in London . Historians before the 1880s emphasized American nationalism . However , scholarship after that time was heavily influenced by the `` Imperial school '' led by Herbert L. Osgood , George Louis Beer , Charles McLean Andrews , and Lawrence H. Gipson . This viewpoint dominated colonial historiography into the 1940s , and they emphasized and often praised the attention that London gave to all the colonies . In this view , there was never a threat ( before the 1770s ) that any colony would revolt or seek independence . Self - government ( edit ) British settlers did not come to the American colonies with the intention of creating a democratic system ; yet they quickly created a broad electorate without a land - owning aristocracy , along with a pattern of free elections which put a strong emphasis on voter participation . The colonies offered a much freer degree of suffrage than England or indeed any other country . Any property owner could vote for members of the lower house of the legislature , and they could even vote for the governor in Connecticut and Rhode Island . Voters were required to hold an `` interest '' in society ; as the South Carolina legislature said in 1716 , `` it is necessary and reasonable , that none but such persons will have an interest in the Province should be capable to elect members of the Commons House of Assembly '' . The main legal criterion for having an `` interest '' was ownership of real estate property , which was uncommon in Britain , where 19 out of 20 men were controlled politically by their landlords . ( Women , children , indentured servants , and slaves were subsumed under the interest of the family head . ) London insisted on this requirement for the colonies , telling governors to exclude from the ballot men who were not freeholders -- that is , those who did not own land . Nevertheless , land was so widely owned that 50 % to 80 % of the men were eligible to vote . The colonial political culture emphasized deference , so that local notables were the men who ran and were chosen . But sometimes they competed with each other and had to appeal to the common man for votes . There were no political parties , and would - be legislators formed ad - hoc coalitions of their families , friends , and neighbors . Outside of Puritan New England , election day brought in all the men from the countryside to the county seat to make merry , politick , shake hands with the grandees , meet old friends , and hear the speeches -- all the while toasting , eating , treating , tippling , and gambling . They voted by shouting their choice to the clerk , as supporters cheered or booed . Candidate George Washington spent £ 39 for treats for his supporters . The candidates knew that they had to `` swill the planters with bumbo '' ( rum ) . Elections were carnivals where all men were equal for one day and traditional restraints were relaxed . The actual rate of voting ranged from 20 % to 40 % of all adult white males . The rates were higher in Pennsylvania and New York , where long - standing factions based on ethnic and religious groups mobilized supporters at a higher rate . New York and Rhode Island developed long - lasting two - faction systems that held together for years at the colony level , but they did not reach into local affairs . The factions were based on the personalities of a few leaders and an array of family connections , and they had little basis in policy or ideology . Elsewhere the political scene was in a constant whirl , based on personality rather than long - lived factions or serious disputes on issues . The colonies were independent of one other long before 1774 ; indeed , all the colonies began as separate and unique settlements or plantations . Further , efforts had failed to form a colonial union through the Albany Congress of 1754 led by Benjamin Franklin . The thirteen all had well - established systems of self - government and elections based on the Rights of Englishmen which they were determined to protect from imperial interference . Economic policy ( edit ) The British Empire at the time operated under the mercantile system , where all trade was concentrated inside the Empire , and trade with other empires was forbidden . The goal was to enrich Britain -- its merchants and its government . Whether the policy was good for the colonists was not an issue in London , but Americans became increasingly restive with mercantilist policies . Mercantilism meant that the government and the merchants became partners with the goal of increasing political power and private wealth , to the exclusion of other empires . The government protected its merchants -- and kept others out -- by trade barriers , regulations , and subsidies to domestic industries in order to maximize exports from and minimize imports to the realm . The government had to fight smuggling -- which became a favorite American technique in the 18th century to circumvent the restrictions on trading with the French , Spanish or Dutch . The tactic used by mercantilism was to run trade surpluses , so that gold and silver would pour into London . The government took its share through duties and taxes , with the remainder going to merchants in Britain . The government spent much of its revenue on a superb Royal Navy , which not only protected the British colonies but threatened the colonies of the other empires , and sometimes seized them . Thus the British Navy captured New Amsterdam ( New York ) in 1664 . The colonies were captive markets for British industry , and the goal was to enrich the mother country . Britain implemented mercantilism by trying to block American trade with the French , Spanish , or Dutch empires using the Navigation Acts , which Americans avoided as often as they could . The royal officials responded to smuggling with open - ended search warrants ( Writs of Assistance ) . In 1761 , Boston lawyer James Otis argued that the writs violated the constitutional rights of the colonists . He lost the case , but John Adams later wrote , `` Then and there the child Independence was born . '' However , the colonists took pains to argue that they did not oppose British regulation of their external trade ; they only opposed legislation which affected them internally . Other British colonies ( edit ) Main article : British America British colonies in North America , c. 1750 . Newfoundland Nova Scotia Thirteen Colonies Bermuda Bahamas British Honduras Jamaica British Leeward Islands and Barbados Besides these thirteen colonies , Britain had another dozen in the New World . Those in the British West Indies , Newfoundland , the Province of Quebec , Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island , Bermuda , and East and West Florida remained loyal to the crown throughout the war ( although Spain reacquired Florida before the war was over , and later sold it to the United States ) . There was a certain degree of sympathy with the Patriot cause in several of the other colonies , but their geographical isolation and the dominance of British naval power precluded any effective participation . The British crown had only recently acquired those lands , and many of the issues facing the Thirteen Colonies did not apply to them , especially in the case of Quebec and Florida . At the time of the war Britain had seven other colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America : Newfoundland , Rupert 's Land ( the area around the Hudson Bay ) , Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island , East Florida , West Florida , and the Province of Quebec . There were other colonies in the Americas as well , largely in the British West Indies . These colonies remained loyal to the crown . Newfoundland stayed loyal to Britain without question . It was exempt from the Navigation Acts and shared none of the grievances of the continental colonies . It was tightly bound to Britain and controlled by the Royal Navy and had no assembly that could voice grievances . Nova Scotia had a large Yankee element that had recently arrived from New England , and shared the sentiments of the Americans about demanding the rights of the British men . The royal government in Halifax reluctantly allowed the Yankees of Nova Scotia a kind of `` neutrality . '' In any case , the island - like geography and the presence of the major British naval base at Halifax made the thought of armed resistance impossible . Quebec was inhabited by French Catholic settlers who came under British control in the previous decade . The Quebec Act of 1774 gave them formal cultural autonomy within the empire , and many priests feared the intense Protestantism in New England . The American grievances over taxation had little relevance , and there was no assembly nor elections of any kind that could have mobilized any grievances . Even so , the Americans offered membership in the new nation and sent a military expedition that failed to capture Canada in 1775 . Most Canadians remained neutral but some joined the American cause . In the West Indies the elected assemblies of Jamaica , Grenada , and Barbados formally declared their sympathies for the American cause and called for mediation , but the others were quite loyal . Britain carefully avoided antagonizing the rich owners of sugar plantations ( many of whom lived in London ) ; in turn the planters ' greater dependence on slavery made them recognize the need for British military protection from possible slave revolts . The possibilities for overt action were sharply limited by the overwhelming power of Royal Navy in the islands . During the war there was some opportunistic trading with American ships . In Bermuda and the Bahamas local leaders were angry at the food shortages caused by British blockade of American ports . There was increasing sympathy for the American cause , including smuggling , and both colonies were considered `` passive allies '' of the United States throughout the war . When an American naval squadron arrived in the Bahamas to seize gunpowder , the colony gave no resistance at all . East Florida and West Florida were territories transferred from Spain to Britain after the French and Indian War by treaty . The few British colonists there needed protection from attacks by Indians and Spanish privateers . After 1775 , East Florida became a major base for the British war effort in the South , especially in the invasions of Georgia and South Carolina . However , Spain seized Pensacola in West Florida in 1781 , then recovered both territories in the Treaty of Paris that ended the war in 1783 . Spain ultimately transferred the Florida provinces to the United States in 1819 . Historiography ( edit ) Further information : Historiography of the British Empire The first British Empire centered on the Thirteen Colonies , which attracted large numbers of settlers from Britain . The `` Imperial School '' in the 1900 -- 1930s took a favorable view of the benefits of empire , emphasizing its successful economic integration . The Imperial School included such historians as Herbert L. Osgood , George Louis Beer , Charles M. Andrews , and Lawrence Gipson . The shock of Britain 's defeat in 1783 caused a radical revision of British policies on colonialism , thereby producing what historians call the end of the First British Empire , even though Britain still controlled Canada and some islands in the West Indies . Ashley Jackson writes : The first British Empire was largely destroyed by the loss of the American colonies , followed by a `` swing to the east '' and the foundation of a second British Empire based on commercial and territorial expansion in South Asia . Much of the historiography concerns the reasons why the Americans rebelled in the 1770s and successfully broke away . Since the 1960s , the mainstream of historiography has emphasized the growth of American consciousness and nationalism and the colonial republican value - system , in opposition to the aristocratic viewpoint of British leaders . Historians in recent decades have mostly used one of three approaches to analyze the American Revolution : The Atlantic history view places North American events in a broader context , including the French Revolution and Haitian Revolution . It tends to integrate the historiographies of the American Revolution and the British Empire . The new social history approach looks at community social structure to find issues that became magnified into colonial cleavages . The ideological approach centers on republicanism in the Thirteen Colonies . The ideas of republicanism dictated that the United States would have no royalty or aristocracy or national church . They did permit continuation of the British common law , which American lawyers and jurists understood , approved of , and used in their everyday practice . Historians have examined how the rising American legal profession adapted the British common law to incorporate republicanism by selective revision of legal customs and by introducing more choice for courts . See also ( edit ) British Empire portal United States portal North America portal Atlantic history British America British colonization of the Americas Colonial American military history Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies Colonial history of the United States Colonial South and the Chesapeake Credit in the Thirteen Colonies Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) Shipbuilding in the American colonies State cessions , post -- Revolutionary War resolution of conflicting colonial land claims between the 13 former colonies Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : U.S. Bureau of the Census , A century of population growth from the first census of the United States to the twelfth , 1790 -- 1900 ( 1909 ) p. 9 . Jump up ^ Galloway , Joseph ( 1780 ) . Cool thoughts on the consequences of American independence , &c . printed for J. Wilkie . London . p. 57 . OCLC 24301390 . OL 19213819M . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ South Carolina . Convention ( 1862 ) . Journal of the Convention of the people of South Carolina . published by order of the Convention . Columbia , S.C. : R.W. Gibbes . p. 461 . OCLC 1047483138 . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Richard Middleton and Anne Lombard , Colonial America : A History to 1763 ( 4th ed. 2011 ) , Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 152 -- 53 Jump up ^ The number 13 is mentioned as early as 1720 by Abel Boyer , The Political State of Great Britain vol. 19 , p. 376 : `` so in this Country we have Thirteen Colonies at least severally govern 'd by their repective Commanders in Chief , according to their peculiar Laws and Constitutions . '' This includes Carolina as a single colony and does not include Georgia , but instead counts Nova Scotia and Newfoundland as British colonies . Also see John Roebuck , An Enquiry , Whether the Guilt of the Present Civil War in America , Ought to be Imputed to Great Britain Or America , p. 21 : `` though the colonies be thus absolutely subject to the parliament of England , the individuals of which the colony consist , may enjoy security , and freedom ; there is not a single inhabitant , of the thirteen colonies , now in arms , but who may be conscious of the truth of this assertion '' . The critical review , or annals of literature vol. 48 ( 1779 ) , p. 136 : `` during the last war , no part of his majesty 's dominions contained a greater proportion of faithful subjects than the Thirteen Colonies . '' Jump up ^ Foulds , Nancy Brown . `` Colonial Office '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Alan Taylor , American Colonies , , 2001 . Jump up ^ Ronald L. Heinemann , Old Dominion , New Commonwealth : A History of Virginia , 1607 -- 2007 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sparks , Jared ( 1846 ) . The Library of American Biography : George Calvert , the first Lord Baltimore . Boston : Charles C. Little and James Brown . pp. 16 -- . Jump up ^ Robert M. Weir , Colonial South Carolina : A History ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick , Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community , and War Paperback ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Francis J. Bremer , The Puritan Experiment : New England Society from Bradford to Edwards ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Benjamin Woods Labaree , Colonial Massachusetts : a history ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ Michael G. Hall , Lawrence H. Leder , Michael Kammen , eds. ( 1 December 2012 ) . The Glorious Revolution in America : Documents on the Colonial Crisis of 1689 . UNC Press Books . pp. 3 -- 4 , 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3866 - 2 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Guy Howard Miller , `` Rebellion in Zion : The Overthrow of the Dominion of New England . '' Historian 30 # 3 ( 1968 ) : 439 -- 59 . online Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 138 -- 40 Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 159 -- 60 Jump up ^ Richter pp. 212 -- 13 Jump up ^ Richter pp. 214 -- 15 Jump up ^ Richter pp. 215 -- 17 Jump up ^ Richter , p. 150 Jump up ^ Richter p. 213 Jump up ^ Richter , p. 262 Jump up ^ Richter pp. 247 -- 48 Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 248 -- 49 Jump up ^ Richter , p. 249 Jump up ^ Richter p. 261 Jump up ^ Michael G. Kammen , Colonial New York : A History ( 1974 ) . Jump up ^ John E. Pomfret , Colonial New Jersey : A History ( 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Joseph E. Illick , Colonial Pennsylvania : a history ( 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Russell F. Weigley , ed. , Philadelphia : a 300 year history ( 1982 ) . excerpt Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 319 -- 22 Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 323 -- 24 Jump up ^ Colonial charters , grants and related documents Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 358 -- 59 Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2016 ) , p. 20 Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2016 ) , p. 23 Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2016 ) , p. 25 Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 373 -- 74 Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 376 -- 77 Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 329 -- 30 Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 332 -- 36 Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 330 -- 31 Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 346 -- 47 Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 351 - 52 Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 353 -- 54 Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2016 ) , pp. 18 -- 19 Jump up ^ Richter , p. 360 Jump up ^ Richter , p. 361 Jump up ^ Richter , p. 362 Jump up ^ Middlekauff , pp. 46 -- 49 Jump up ^ Richter , p. 345 Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 379 -- 80 Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 380 -- 81 Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 383 -- 85 ^ Jump up to : Fred Anderson , The War That Made America : A Short History of the French and Indian War ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 390 -- 91 Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2016 ) , pp. 51 - 53 Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2016 ) , pp. 94 -- 96 , 107 Jump up ^ Colin G. Calloway , The Scratch of a Pen : 1763 and the Transformation of North America ( 2006 ) , pp. 92 -- 98 Jump up ^ W.J. Rorabaugh , Donald T. Critchlow , Paula C. Baker ( 2004 ) . `` America 's promise : a concise history of the United States '' . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 92 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 1189 - 8 Jump up ^ Woody Holton , `` The Ohio Indians and the coming of the American revolution in Virginia '' , Journal of Southern History , ( 1994 ) 60 # 3 pp. 453 -- 78 Jump up ^ J.R. Pole , Political Representation in England and the Origins of the American Republic ( London ; Melbourne : Macmillan , 1966 ) , 31 , https://www.questia.com/read/89805613 . Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2016 ) , pp. 112 -- 14 Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2016 ) , pp. 137 -- 21 Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2016 ) , pp. 123 -- 27 Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2016 ) , pp. 137 -- 38 Jump up ^ T.H. Breen , American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) pp. 81 -- 82 Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2016 ) , pp. 132 -- 33 Jump up ^ Robert Middlekauff , The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Note : the population figures are estimates by historians ; they do not include the Indian tribes outside the jurisdiction of the colonies . They do include Indians living under colonial control , as well as slaves and indentured servants . U.S. Bureau of the Census , A century of population growth from the first census of the United States to the twelfth , 1790 -- 1900 ( 1909 ) p. 9 Jump up ^ Edwin J. Perkins ( 1988 ) . The Economy of Colonial America . Columbia UP . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Smith , Daniel Scott ( 1972 ) . `` The Demographic History of Colonial New England '' . The Journal of Economic History . 32 ( 1 ) : 165 -- 83 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700075458 . JSTOR 2117183 . PMID 11632252 . Jump up ^ Betty Wood , Slavery in Colonial America , 1619 -- 1776 ( 2013 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ Paul Finkelman ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of African American History , 1619 - 1895 . Oxford UP . pp. 2 : 156 . Jump up ^ Source : Miller and Smith , eds . Dictionary of American Slavery ( 1988 ) p . 678 Jump up ^ Stephen Foster , The Long Argument : English Puritanism and the Shaping of New England Culture , 1570 -- 1700 ; ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi , Under the cope of heaven : Religion , society , and politics in Colonial America ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Sister M. Rita , `` Catholicism in colonial Maryland , '' Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia 51 # 1 ( 1940 ) pp. 65 -- 83 Online Jump up ^ Bryan F. Le Beau , Jonathan Dickinson and the Formative Years of American Presbyterianism ( 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Gary B. Nash , Quakers and Politics : Pennsylvania , 1681 -- 1726 ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd , and Barry Hankins , Baptists in America : A History ( 2015 ) ch 1 . Jump up ^ Laura M. Stevens , The poor Indians : British missionaries , Native Americans , and colonial sensibility ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Wayne J. Urban and Jennings L. Wagoner Jr. , American Education : A History ( 5th ed. 2013 ) pp 11 -- 54 . Jump up ^ John Andrew Doyle , English Colonies in America : Volume IV The Middle Colonies ( 1907 ) online Jump up ^ Louise Phelps Kellogg , The American colonial charter ( 1904 ) online Jump up ^ Max Savelle , `` The Imperial School of American Colonial Historians '' . Indiana Magazine of History ( 1949 ) : 123 -- 34 in JSTOR also online ^ Jump up to : Robert J. Dinkin , Voting in Provincial America : A Study of Elections in the Thirteen Colonies , 1689 -- 1776 ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ Thomas Cooper and David James McCord , eds . The Statutes at Large of South Carolina : Acts , 1685 -- 1716 ( 1837 ) p. 688 Jump up ^ Alexander Keyssar , The Right to Vote ( 2000 ) pp. 5 -- 8 Jump up ^ Daniel Vickers , A Companion to Colonial America ( 2006 ) p. 300 Jump up ^ Greene and Pole , eds. ( 2004 ) , p. 665 Jump up ^ Max Savelle , Seeds of Liberty : The Genesis of the American Mind ( 2005 ) pp. 204 -- 11 Jump up ^ George Otto Trevelyan , The American revolution : Volume 1 ( 1899 ) p. 128 online Jump up ^ William R. Nester , The Great Frontier War : Britain , France , and the Imperial Struggle for North America , 1607 -- 1755 ( Praeger , 2000 ) p , 54 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Unreasonable Searches and Seizures ( 2006 ) p. 306 Jump up ^ Jack P. Greene and J.R. Pole , eds . ' `` A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2004 ) ch. 63 Jump up ^ Lawrence Gipson , The British Empire Before the American Revolution ( 15 volumes , 1936 -- 1970 ) , highly detailed discussion of every British colony in the New World in the 1750s and 1760s Jump up ^ Lawrence Gipson , The British Empire Before the American Revolution ( 15 volumes , 1936 -- 1970 ) Jump up ^ Meinig pp. 313 -- 14 ; Greene and Pole ( 2004 ) ch. 61 Jump up ^ Meinig pp 314 -- 15 ; Greene and Pole ( 2004 ) ch 61 Jump up ^ Andrew Jackson O'Shaughnessy , An Empire Divided : The American Revolution and the British Caribbean ( 2000 ) ch 6 Jump up ^ Meinig pp. 315 -- 16 ; Greene and Pole ( 2004 ) ch. 63 Jump up ^ Meinig p 316 Jump up ^ P.J. Marshall , ed . The Oxford History of the British Empire : Volume II : The Eighteenth Century ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Robert L. Middlekauff , `` The American Continental Colonies in the Empire '' , in Robin Winks , ed. , The Historiography of the British Empire - Commonwealth : Trends , Interpretations and Resources ( 1966 ) pp. 23 -- 45 . Jump up ^ William G. Shade , `` Lawrence Henry Gipson 's Empire : The Critics '' . Pennsylvania History ( 1969 ) : 49 -- 69 online . Jump up ^ Brendan Simms , Three victories and a defeat : the rise and fall of the first British Empire 2008 Jump up ^ Ashley Jackson ( 2013 ) . The British Empire : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford UP . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Ian Tyrrell , `` Making Nations / Making States : American Historians in the Context of Empire '' , Journal of American History , ( 1999 ) 86 # 3 1015 -- 44 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Winks , Historiography 5 : 95 Jump up ^ Francis D. Cogliano , `` Revisiting the American Revolution '' , History Compass ( 2010 ) 8 # 8 : 951 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Eliga H. Gould , Peter S. Onuf , eds . Empire and Nation : The American Revolution in the Atlantic World ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Compare : David Kennedy ; Lizabeth Cohen ( 2015 ) . American Pageant . Cengage Learning . p. 156 . ( ... ) the neoprogressives ( ... ) have argued that the varying material circumstances of American participants led them to hold distinctive versions of republicanism , giving the Revolution a less unified and more complex ideological underpinning than the idealistic historians had previously suggested . Jump up ^ Ellen Holmes Pearson . `` Revising Custom , Embracing Choice : Early American Legal Scholars and the Republicanization of the Common Law '' , in Gould and Onuf , eds . Empire and Nation : The American Revolution in the Atlantic World ( 2005 ) pp. 93 -- 113 Jump up ^ Anton - Hermann Chroust , Rise of the Legal Profession in America ( 1965 ) vol. 2 . Further reading ( edit ) Adams , James Truslow ( 1922 ) . The Founding of New England . Atlantic Monthly Press ; full text online . Adams , James Truslow . Revolutionary New England , 1691 -- 1776 ( 1923 ) Andrews , Charles M. The Colonial Period of American History ( 4 vol. 1934 -- 38 ) , the standard political overview to 1700 Carr , J. Revell ( 2008 ) . Seeds of Discontent : The Deep Roots of the American Revolution , 1650 -- 1750 . Walker Books . Chitwood , Oliver . A history of colonial America ( 1961 ) , older textbook Cooke , Jacob Ernest et al. , ed . Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies. ( 3 vol. 1993 ) ; 2397 pp. ; comprehensive coverage ; compares British , French , Spanish & Dutch colonies Elliott , John ( 2006 ) . Empires of the Atlantic World : Britain and Spain in America 1492 -- 1830 . Yale University Press . Foster , Stephen , ed . British North America in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries ( 2014 ) doi : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780199206124.001. 0001 Gipson , Lawrence . The British Empire Before the American Revolution ( 15 volumes , 1936 -- 1970 ) , Pulitzer Prize ; highly detailed discussion of every British colony in the New World Greene , Evarts Boutelle et al. , American Population before the Federal Census of 1790 , 1993 , ISBN 0 - 8063 - 1377 - 3 Greene , Evarts Boutell ( 1905 ) . Provincial America , 1690 -- 1740 . Harper & brothers ; full text online . Hawke , David F. ; The Colonial Experience ; 1966 , ISBN 0 - 02 - 351830 - 8 . older textbook Hawke , David F. Everyday Life in Early America ( 1989 ) excerpt and text search Middlekauff , Robert ( 2005 ) . The Glorious Cause : the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . Oxford University Press . Middleton , Richard , and Anne Lombard . Colonial America : A History to 1763 ( 4th ed. 2011 ) , the newest textbook excerpt and text search Richter , Daniel ( 2011 ) . Before the Revolution : America 's ancient pasts . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Belknap Press . Taylor , Alan . American colonies ( 2002 ) , 526 pages ; recent survey by leading scholar Taylor , Alan . American Revolutions : A Continental History , 1750 -- 1804 ( 2016 ) recent survey by leading scholar Vickers , Daniel , ed . A Companion to Colonial America . ( Blackwell , 2003 ) 576 pp. ; topical essays by experts excerpt Government ( edit ) Andrews , Charles M. Colonial Self - Government , 1652 -- 1689 ( 1904 ) full text online Dinkin , Robert J. Voting in Provincial America : A Study of Elections in the Thirteen Colonies , 1689 -- 1776 ( 1977 ) Miller , John C. Origins of the American Revolution ( 1943 ) Osgood , Herbert L. The American colonies in the seventeenth century , ( 3 vol 1904 -- 07 ) vol. 1 online ; vol 2 online ; vol 3 online Osgood , Herbert L. The American colonies in the eighteenth century ( 4 vols , 1924 -- 25 ) Primary sources ( edit ) Kavenagh , W. Keith , ed . Foundations of Colonial America : a Documentary History ( 6 vol. 1974 ) Sarson , Steven , and Jack P. Greene , eds . The American Colonies and the British Empire , 1607 -- 1783 ( 8 vol , 2010 ) ; primary sources Online primary sources ( edit ) 840 + volumes of colonial records ; useful for advanced scholarship External links ( edit ) Media related to Thirteen Colonies at Wikimedia Commons Thirteen Colonies ( 1607 -- 1776 ) New England Colonies Middle Colonies Chesapeake Colonies Tobacco colonies Southern Colonies Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts - Bay New Hampshire New - Jersey New - York North - Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island South - Carolina Virginia Early English colonial entities Carolina East Jersey Maine Massachusetts - Bay New England New Haven Plymouth Saybrook West Jersey Category Territorial expansion of the United States Thirteen Colonies ( 1776 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) Louisiana Purchase ( 1803 ) Red River Cession ( 1818 ) Adams -- Onís Treaty ( 1819 ) Texas Annexation ( 1845 ) Oregon Treaty ( 1846 ) Mexican Cession ( 1848 ) Gadsden Purchase ( 1853 ) Guano Islands Act ( 1856 ) Alaska Purchase ( 1867 ) Annexation of Hawaii ( 1898 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) Tripartite Convention ( 1899 ) Treaty of Cession of Tutuila ( 1900 ) Treaty of Cession of Manuʻa ( 1904 ) Treaty of the Danish West Indies ( 1917 ) Concept : Manifest destiny History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Confederation Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did the 13 colonies declared independence from | [
"By spring 1775, all royal officials had been expelled, and the Continental Congress hosted a convention of delegates for the 13 colonies. It raised an army to fight the British and named George Washington its commander, made treaties, declared independence, and recommended that the colonies write constitutions and become states.[71] The Second Continental Congress assembled in May 1775 and began to coordinate armed resistance against Britain. It established a government that recruited soldiers and printed its own money. General Washington took command of the Patriot soldiers in New England and forced the British to withdraw from Boston. In 1776, the Thirteen Colonies declared their independence from Britain. With the help of France and Spain, they defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War. In the Treaty of Paris (1783), Britain officially recognized the independence of the United States of America.\n"
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5218691681436287420 | I Wanna Be the Only One | I Wanna Be the Only One - wikipedia I Wanna Be the Only One `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' Single by Eternal featuring BeBe Winans from the album Before the Rain Released 19 May 1997 Recorded Genre R&B , gospel Length 4 : 18 ( album version ) 3 : 36 ( radio edit ) Label EMI Songwriter ( s ) BeBe Winans and James `` Rhett '' Lawrence Producer ( s ) Nigel Lowis Eternal featuring BeBe Winans singles chronology `` Do n't You Love Me '' ( 1997 ) `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' ( 1997 ) `` Angel of Mine '' ( 1997 ) `` Do n't You Love Me '' ( 1997 ) `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' ( 1997 ) `` Angel of Mine '' ( 1997 ) Alternative Cover UK CD2 `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' is a song by British R&B girl group Eternal and American R&B and gospel singer BeBe Winans . It was the third single released from their album Before the Rain . Topping the UK Singles Chart , the release became the group 's third collaboration with BeBe Winans , who produced 1994 's `` Crazy '' ( from Always & Forever ) and 1995 's `` It Will Never End '' ( from Power of a Woman ) . The single became the group 's 11th non-consecutive top ten entry on the UK Singles Chart . `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' became Eternal 's biggest hit to date : it was the third most played song on British radio and the most played song on European radio by a UK act in 1997 . It earned Eternal a MOBO Award and Capital FM Award for Best Single . It was also nominated for Best Single at the BRIT Awards . As of May 2017 , the song has sold 650,000 copies in the UK . Contents 1 Track listing 2 Charts 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Certifications 4 References 5 External links Track listing ( edit ) CD1 `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' ( Radio Edit ) 3 : 36 ( Horns by Gary Barnacle , Stuart Brooks and Andy Rogers ) `` A Friend Is a Friend '' 4 : 10 `` Show Me '' 4 : 28 `` Do n't You Love Me '' ( French Remix ) 3 : 37 CD2 `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' ( Black Box Lelewel ' Til The End Mix ) `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' ( Paul Gotel Dark Skies Mix ) `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' ( SPS Cained Mix ) `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' ( Blacksmith `` Eternal 's Mix Tape '' ) Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 10 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 16 France ( SNEP ) 6 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 14 Hungary ( Mahasz ) 7 Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) 27 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 6 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 34 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 58 France ( SNEP ) 32 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 61 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 12 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 14 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 11 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 Chart ( 1998 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 66 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 25,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 10,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/27722/eternal/ Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 25 May 2017 ) . `` Official Chart Flashback 1997 : Eternal score their long - awaited Number 1 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 28 May 2015 ) . `` Number 1 today in 1997 : Eternal -- I Wanna Be The Only One '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans -- I Wanna Be The Only One '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans -- I Wanna Be The Only One '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans -- I Wanna Be The Only One '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans -- I Wanna Be The Only One '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans -- I Wanna Be The Only One '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Eternal Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Hungary '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn NR. 230 Vikuna 17.7. ' 97 - 23.7. ' 97 '' ( PDF ) . Dagblaðið Vísir. 18 July 1997 . p. 22 . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts ( Search by artist : Eternal ) '' . Irish Singles Chart . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans -- I Wanna Be the Only One '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans -- I Wanna Be the Only One '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans -- I Wanna Be the Only One '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans -- I Wanna Be the Only One '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans -- I Wanna Be the Only One '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Eternal : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be - ULTRATOP BELGIAN CHARTS : jaaroverzichten 1997 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be - ULTRATOP BELGIAN CHARTS : rapports annuels 1997 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles - année 1997 '' ( in French ) . SNEP . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP 100 SINGLE - JAHRESCHARTS ( 1997 ) '' . Official German Charts . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JAAROVERZICHTEN - SINGLE 1997 '' . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1997 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year End Charts 1997 '' . Swiss Music Charts . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2004 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1997 - UK Music Charts '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 1998 '' . ARIA Charts . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1998 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 1997 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Eternal -- I Wanna Be the Only One '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Eternal -- I Wanna Be the Only One '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Eternal -- I Wanna Be the Only One '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter I Wanna Be the Only One in the search field and then press Enter . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Wanna_Be_the_Only_One&oldid=853726682 '' Categories : 1997 singles Eternal ( band ) songs Number - one singles in Scotland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Songs written by Rhett Lawrence Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use dmy dates from April 2011 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Flanders ) Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Wallonia ) Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart usages for UKrandb Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Kiswahili Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 16 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang i want to be the only one | [
"\"I Wanna Be the Only One\" is a song by British R&B girl group Eternal and American R&B and gospel singer BeBe Winans. It was the third single released from their album Before the Rain. Topping the UK Singles Chart, the release became the group's third collaboration with BeBe Winans, who produced 1994's \"Crazy\" (from Always & Forever) and 1995's \"It Will Never End\" (from Power of a Woman). The single became the group's 11th non-consecutive top ten entry on the UK Singles Chart. [1]\n"
] | [
"British R&B girl group Eternal and American R&B and gospel singer BeBe Winans"
] |
-5330448901877080419 | The Mummy Returns | The Mummy Returns - Wikipedia The Mummy Returns Jump to : navigation , search The Mummy Returns Theatrical release poster Directed by Stephen Sommers Produced by James Jacks Sean Daniel Written by Stephen Sommers Starring Brendan Fraser Rachel Weisz John Hannah Arnold Vosloo Oded Fehr Patricia Velásquez Dwayne Johnson Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Adrian Biddle Edited by Bob Ducsay Kelly Matsumoto Production company Alphaville Films Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date April 29 , 2001 ( 2001 - 04 - 29 ) ( Universal Amphitheatre ) May 4 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 04 ) ( United States ) Running time 130 minutes Country United States Language English Arabic Budget $98 million Box office $433 million The Mummy Returns is a 2001 American action - adventure fantasy film written and directed by Stephen Sommers , starring Brendan Fraser , Rachel Weisz , John Hannah , Arnold Vosloo , Oded Fehr , Patricia Velásquez , and Dwayne `` The Rock '' Johnson . The film is a sequel to the 1999 film The Mummy . The Mummy Returns inspired the 2002 prequel film The Scorpion King which is set 5,000 years prior and whose eponymous character , played by Dwayne Johnson ( The Rock ) , was introduced in this film . It was followed by the 2008 sequel The Mummy : Tomb of the Dragon Emperor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Box office 3.2 Critical response 3.3 Awards and nominations 4 Soundtrack 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) In 3067 BC , the Scorpion King leads his army on a campaign to conquer the world . After fighting for seven years , his army is defeated while attacking Thebes and exiled to the desert of Ahm Shere , where his men die of heat exhaustion . After vowing to give Anubis his soul for the power to defeat his enemies , an oasis forms to hide the Scorpion King 's pyramid and he is given a legion of jackal warriors in return . The Army of Anubis sweeps across Egypt , but once their task is finished , Anubis claims the Scorpion King 's soul and his army . In 1933 , Rick and Evelyn O'Connell explore a ruined mortuary temple in ancient Thebes with their son , Alex , where they find the Bracelet of Anubis . In London , the bracelet locks onto Alex , showing him a vision directing him to Ahm Shere . Alex has seven days to reach the oasis , or the bracelet will kill him when the sun 's rays shine on the Scorpion King 's pyramid . Evelyn is captured by an Egyptian cult who resurrect Imhotep ; they wish to use his power to defeat the Scorpion King , giving him command of Anubis 's army to take over the world . The cult , led by Baltus Hafez , the British Museum 's curator , includes a warrior named Lock - Nah and Meela Nais ; the latter being a reincarnation of Imhotep 's love interest Anck - su - namun . Rick sets out to rescue Evelyn , accompanied by her brother Jonathan and the Medjai Ardeth Bay . Hafez attempts to sacrifice Evelyn but a fight ensues between Rick and Imhotep . Imhotep calls on the help of mummified soldiers to kill Rick and the others . After freeing Evelyn , they flee on a double - decker bus with the soldiers in pursuit . After defeating them , Alex is kidnapped by Lock - Nah , and along with the cult travels to Egypt . The O'Connells pursue them to rescue Alex , along with Rick 's associate from his past adventures , Izzy , a pilot , who provides the group with transportation . The bracelet gives Alex directions to Ahm Shere that Imhotep follows and they travel there by train . At each location , Alex leaves clues for his parents , who follow in Izzy 's dirigible . Imhotep uses the Book of the Dead to give Meela Nais the soul of Anck - su - namun , but by doing so he allows Evelyn to recover her memories of her previous life as Princess Nefertiri , the bracelet 's keeper and Pharaoh Seti I 's daughter . Lock - Nah finds Alex leaving clues , so Imhotep makes a wall of water that attacks the dirigible , causing the O'Connells to crash into the jungle of Ahm Shere . Izzy stays with the dirigible in hopes to repair it . By nightfall , the O'Connells attack the cult , and both groups are attacked by pygmy mummies . Rick retrieves Alex while Ardeth Bay kills Lock - Nah . They escape the pygmies , who kill the cult except for Baltus . Imhotep and Anck - su - namun escape unharmed . Rick and Alex eventually make it to the pyramid before sunrise , where the bracelet detaches from Alex 's arm . Ardeth regroups with the Medjai in case Anubis 's army rises . Soon , Evelyn is stabbed by Anck - su - namun who kills her and escapes with Imhotep . Determined to avenge the death of Evelyn , Rick gets revenge on Imhotep by pursuing him . Inside the pyramid , Baltus puts the bracelet on and revives the army for the battle with the Medjai . As Imhotep steps into a trap , his powers are taken by Anubis who is wanting Imhotep to fight as a mortal . Rick finds Imhotep summoning the Scorpion King and fights him , but suddenly , the Scorpion King interrupts them , and Imhotep lies to him that Rick was sent to kill him . At the same time , the Medjai battle Anubis 's army of jackal warriors . While Rick and the Scorpion King fight , Baltus is killed . Jonathan and Alex steal the Book of the Dead from Anck - su - namun and use it to resurrect Evelyn , who confronts Anck - su - namun while Alex and Jonathan go to help Rick . The scepter Jonathan has been carrying extends into a spear that can kill the Scorpion King . The Medjai defeat Anubis ' army , but find they have only defeated the vanguard ; the full army charges toward them . Rick sends the Scorpion King and his army back to the Underworld by killing the Scorpion King with the spear of Osiris , causing the oasis to be sucked back into the pyramid . Rick and Imhotep hang above a pit that leads to the underworld . Evelyn risks her life to save Rick , but Anck - su - namun abandons a heartbroken Imhotep , who chooses to fall to his death . While escaping , Anck - su - namun is fallen into a pit of scorpions and stung to death . The O'Connells reach the top of the desert - sinking pyramid , and Izzy arrives with a modified dirigible and rescues the O'Connells just as the oasis and the pyramid disappear completely . They depart into the sunset , with Ardeth Bay saluting them , before riding off . Cast ( edit ) Brendan Fraser as Richard `` Rick '' O'Connell Rachel Weisz as Evelyn `` Evie '' Carnahan / Nefertiri Arnold Vosloo as Imhotep / The Mummy John Hannah as Jonathan Carnahan Oded Fehr as Ardeth Bay Patricia Velásquez as Meela Nais / Anck - Su - Namun Dwayne `` The Rock '' Johnson as Mathayus / The Scorpion King Freddie Boath as Alex O'Connell Alun Armstrong as Baltus Hafez Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje as Lock - Nah Shaun Parkes as Izzy Buttons Bruce Byron as Red Joe Dixon as Jacques Tom Fisher as Spivey Aharon Ipalé as Pharaoh Seti I Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The Mummy Returns earned a gross profit ( the worldwide box office minus the budget ) of $335,013,000 , which , taking inflation into account , is a few percent lower than The Mummy 's gross profit ( $335,933,000 ) . On its opening day , the film earned $24,134,667 . The film grossed $202,019,785 in the United States and Canada box offices and $230,993,489 elsewhere , totaling $433,013,274 worldwide . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 47 % based on 140 reviews with an average rating of 5.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` In The Mummy Returns , the special effects are impressive , but the characters seem secondary to the computer generated imagery . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 48 out of 100 based on 31 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale . Roger Ebert , who awarded the first film three stars , gave the second film only two , saying that `` The mistake of The Mummy Returns is to abandon the characters , and to use the plot only as a clothesline for special effects and action sequences . '' James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film two and a half stars ( out of four ) , calling it `` hollow , lightweight entertainment -- not unpleasant , but far from the summer 's definitive action / adventure flick . '' Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a positive review , praising its `` constant plot turns , cheeky sensibility and omnipresent action sequences . '' Todd McCarthy of Variety praised `` the nonstop action of the final hour '' , saying that it `` bursts with visual goodies . '' Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal gave the film a negative review , saying that it `` has all of the clank but none of the swank of the previous version . '' Charles Taylor of Salon.com was also not impressed , calling The Mummy Returns `` everything the first Mummy was fun for not being . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Subject Nominee Result Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Nominated Best Makeup Aileen Seaton , Nick Dudman and Jane Walker Nominated Best Special Effects John Andrew Berton , Jr. , Daniel Jeannette , Neil Corbould and Thomas Rosseter Nominated Best Young Actor Freddie Boath Nominated Young Artist Awards Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actor Brendan Fraser Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actor : Action Nominated Choice Movie : Villain Dwayne `` The Rock '' Johnson Won Choice Movie : Action Nominated Golden Trailer Awards Best Title Sequence Nominated Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing - Effects & Foley Leslie Shatz , Malcolm Fife , Ann Scibelli , Jon Olive and Jonathan Klein Nominated Empire Awards Best British Actress Rachel Weisz Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) The Mummy Returns : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Alan Silvestri Released May 1 , 2001 Genre Soundtrack Length 1 : 13 : 26 Label Decca Records The Mummy soundtrack chronology The Mummy ( 1999 ) The Mummy 1999 The Mummy Returns ( 2001 ) The Mummy Returns2001 Tomb of the Dragon Emperor ( 2008 ) Tomb of the Dragon Emperor 2008 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Empire Filmtracks Tracksounds The Mummy Returns : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on May 1 , 2001 by Decca Records . It contains the score composed and conducted by Alan Silvestri , as well as a version of the song `` Forever May Not Be Long Enough '' performed by Live played over the end credits of the film . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=mummyreturns.htm Jump up ^ `` The Mummy Returns ( 2001 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` The Mummy Returns '' . Rotten Tomatoes . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mummy Returns '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert . `` Review '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ James Berardinelli . `` Review '' . ReelViews . Jump up ^ Kenneth Turan . `` Review '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Todd McCarthy ( May 3 , 2001 ) . `` Review '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Charles Taylor . `` Review '' . Salon.com . 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About Wikipedia | who plays the mummy in the mummy returns | [
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1698945823738046014 | Daisy of Love | Daisy of Love - Wikipedia Daisy of Love Jump to : navigation , search This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( June 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Daisy of Love The cast of Daisy of Love Created by Cris Abrego Mark Cronin Starring Daisy de la Hoya Riki Rachtman Opening theme Best of Me Composer ( s ) Morningwood Country of origin United States No. of seasons No. of episodes 12 Production Executive producer ( s ) Cris Abrego Mark Cronin Ben Samek Running time 60 minutes ( including commercials ) Release Original network VH1 Original release April 26 -- July 26 , 2009 Chronology Preceded by Rock of Love 2 Followed by I Love Money External links Website vh1.com/shows/daisy_of_love/series.jhtml Daisy de la Hoya attending the premiere of VH1 's `` Daisy of Love '' at My House , Hollywood , CA on April 26 , 2009 Daisy of Love is an American reality television dating show which stars Daisy de la Hoya , Oscar De La Hoya 's niece and also the runner - up of the VH1 reality dating show Rock of Love 2 . The show premiered on April 26 , 2009 , at 9 : 00 pm ET on VH1 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 2 Elimination Order 3 Episodes 3.1 Do n't Be Stupid 3.2 True Bromance 3.3 Should I Stay or Should I Go ? 3.4 Bring in ' Da Boyz , Bring in ' Da Skunk 3.5 Things Are Getting Spicy 3.6 Call 's Fair in Love and War 3.7 Still Have n't Found What I 'm Cooking For 3.8 The Return of the Fling 3.9 The Past and the Furious 3.10 Clip Show 3.11 Leid and Neutered 4 After the show 5 References 6 External links Contestants ( edit ) Nickname Real Name Age Eliminated London Joshua Lee 30 13 ! Winner episode 4 ( withdrew ) , brought back episode 9 Flex TJ Markiewicz 22 12 ! Episode 12 ( 2nd ) 12 Pack ( Dave ) David Amerman 26 11 ! Episode 12 ( 3rd ) Sinister Derrick Tribbett 24 10 ! Episode 10 Chi Chi Branden Mathena 29 09 ! Episode 9 Big Rig Jeremiah Riggs 26 08 ! Episode 8 Fox Daniel Alfonso 29 07 ! Episode 7 6 Gauge Chris Kummer 29 06 ! Episode 6 Cage Aric 25 05 ! Episode 5 ( Withdrew ) Tool Box Miguel 29 03 ! Episode 3 Cable Guy Randall 33 03 ! Episode 3 Brooklyn Christopher 23 03 ! Episode 3 ( Withdrew ) Professor Brandon 22 02 ! Episode 2 Weasel Pauly 36 02 ! Episode 2 Flipper Mike Gaboff 22 02 ! Episode 2 ( Withdrew ) Torch Kenn 36 01 ! Episode 1 Dropout Tristan Trouble 22 01 ! Episode 1 ' 86 Nisse `` Izzy '' Landeberg 25 01 ! Episode 1 ' 85 Pelle `` Rock '' Landeberg 25 01 ! Episode 1 ' 84 Calle `` Kelii '' Landeberg 25 01 ! Episode 1 ^ ( a ) In Episode 7 , `` 12 Pack '' asked to be called by his real name , Dave . ^ ( b ) In Episode 4 , London withdrew from the competition , but in Episode 9 , he was brought back into the competition . Elimination order ( edit ) Daisy 's Call - out Order # Contestants Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 6 Gauge Fox Chi Chi Flex Cage 6 Gauge Flex 12 Pack Flex London 12 Pack London London 12 Pack Flex London Sinister Chi Chi 12 Pack Sinister Big Rig 12 Pack 12 Pack London Flex Flex ' 84 6 Gauge Flex London 12 Pack Big Rig Big Rig Chi Chi Sinister Flex Flex 12 Pack ' 85 Chi Chi Fox 6 Gauge Flex Chi Chi Chi Chi Flex Chi Chi Sinister Sinister 5 ' 86 Sinister 6 Gauge 12 Pack Big Rig Flex 12 Pack Sinister Big Rig Chi Chi 6 Big Rig Big Rig 12 Pack Big Rig 6 Gauge Fox Fox Fox 7 Brooklyn Flipper Cable Guy Cage Fox Sinister 6 Gauge 8 Cable Guy 12 Pack Cage Chi Chi Sinister Cage 9 Cage Cage Sinister Fox London 10 Chi Chi Professor Big Rig Tool Box 11 Dropout Cable Guy Tool Box Cable Guy 12 Flex Brooklyn Brooklyn Brooklyn 13 Flipper Tool Box Professor 14 Fox Weasel Weasel 15 London London Flipper 16 Professor Torch 17 Sinister Dropout 18 Tool Box ' 84 19 Torch ' 85 20 Weasel ' 86 Contestants in bold indicates that they received V.I.P. Access / Passes . The contestant won the competition . The contestant went on a solo date with Daisy . The contestant went on a group date with Daisy . The contestant was eliminated . The contestant went on a date with Daisy , but was eliminated . The contestant went on a date with Daisy , but voluntarily withdrew from the competition . The contestant was going to receive a chain , but was eliminated . The contestant voluntarily withdrew from the competition . The contestant was eliminated outside the house . The contestant did not receive a chain , but was allowed to stay due to another contestant quitting the competition . The contestant was supposed to be eliminated , but Daisy decided to keep the contestant . The contestant was brought back into the competition . In episode four , Daisy left the elimination ceremony before distributing all of the chains . 6 Gauge , Fox , and Sinister each did not receive a chain , but was allowed to stay due to London quitting the competition . In episode five , there was no elimination . Names are listed in alphabetical order since Daisy informed the guys that Cage has left the competition . In episode seven , Daisy eliminated Fox at the beginning of the elimination ceremony and no chains were given out . The remaining contestants are listed in alphabetical order . In episode nine , London was brought back into the competition while the rest of the guys went on dates with Daisy . Episode 11 was a recap episode . Episodes ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Do n't be stupid ( edit ) First aired April 26 , 2009 ( 2M viewers ) After leaving Mexico with a broken heart , Daisy returns to find a man that is compatible with her . This time she brings Riki Rachtman to help her pluck out the fakes from the real . Although there are 20 men in the show , one of them is very familiar ; 12 Pack , who has appeared on I Love New York and I Love Money . The men meet Daisy after she performs a song on stage for them . She says she is building a career for herself as a `` singer , model , and all around bad ass '' . After the show , the men become situated and later , Daisy gives them nicknames to show off their personalities . The men are then led to the `` mixer '' . As all the guys vie for her attention during the mixer , Flipper , who wants to grab the attention of Daisy , decides to jump off the stage bars and into the pool . Daisy confronts Tool Box for saying `` Where the bitches at ? '' and warns him that she will not tolerate that kind of behavior . Weasel , London , and Torch become too intoxicated to form a connection with Daisy . Dropout fails to impress Daisy and she thinks that he is trying too hard to act cool . ' 84 , ' 85 , and ' 86 tell Daisy that they are only interested in having a good time and dating her together . After the party , Daisy gathers the men together , telling them that she knows who is there for her . She sends the triplets ( ' 84 , ' 85 , and ' 86 ) packing before the elimination ceremony saying that she thought they were awesome , but that she is serious about finding love and will not share men or be shared by men . Riki invites them to take home with them all the food they can carry . Although the rest of the men think they are safe , Daisy tells them that two more people still have to go . After London and Weasel fall asleep , the guys decide to sabotage Weasel by drawing on his face . They are then gathered in the elimination room as Daisy gives chains one by one to the guys and asks them if they `` will stay and be her rockstar '' . After many chains are passed out , it is soon down to Dropout , London , Torch , and Weasel . She decides to give Weasel and London another chance , and eliminates Torch and Dropout . Bottom 4 : Dropout , London , Torch , Weasel Eliminated : ' 84 , ' 85 , ' 86 , Dropout , Torch Elimination Notes : The triplets of the band Snake of Eden ( ' 84 , ' 85 , and ' 86 ) were eliminated before the elimination ceremony after they revealed that they were basically there just for the free food and liquor , and that they were only interested in dating Daisy together as a set . Dropout was eliminated for being a `` Goofball '' and seeming too much like a cartoon character . Torch was eliminated because Daisy did not feel a connection , and she could not understand him , especially because `` he clicked like a dolphin '' . True bromance ( edit ) First aired May 10 , 2009 The guys wake up the next morning and as they ready themselves , 12 Pack reads them a letter from `` Daisy 's Diary '' which tells them about their next challenge . The guys are upset about the events concerning Brooklyn and are all very angry that he received a chain . Brooklyn is aware of this and states he will `` keep his distance from the other guys '' . When the guys reach the area of their next challenge , they are surprised to find it takes place in a desert . Ricki tells the guys that today 's challenge is all about protecting Daisy . They learn that they must protect a symbolic Daisy mannequin from several sharp - shooting paintballers as they take it from the limo , to the `` red carpet '' , and then to the `` stage door '' . The men are divided into three teams of four and the teams must run their Daisy mannequin from location to location and the team with the least damaged Daisy mannequin will win the challenge and a date with Daisy . The Beige Team goes first with Cage as the first runner . Cage tries to protect the mannequin , but after getting hit so many times with paintballs , he says he begins to black out and the mannequin splits in half . Cage hands it to Brooklyn , who screams and soon hands it off to 6 Gauge. 6 Gauge hands it off to Cable Guy and Cable Guy actually falls on top of the mannequin , crushing many of its parts . The Orange Team goes and Big Rig , Flex , Fox , and Tool Box do a decent job of defending the mannequin . The Black Team defends the mannequin the best so , Sinister , London , Chi Chi and 12 Pack all win a date with Daisy and grants Sinister a VIP date for his good performance . After the challenge , Brooklyn thanks Daisy for his second chance , but says he lied to Daisy because he was drunk and says he is still in love with his ex-girlfriend . He says he is `` throwing in the towel '' . Riki becomes infuriated and accuses Brooklyn of lying and criticizes him for hurting Daisy . Daisy says he was just wasting her time and that she does not need him . Daisy decides to bring all the guys to a club where they can all `` let loose '' . While most of the guys battle for her attention and spend time with her , she forgets Sinister 's VIP date , but he says he will let it go because it was the `` rockstar thing to do '' . She also gets angry with Fox because she says that everyone was trying to spend time with her except for him . When confronted about it , Fox told her he does not want to compete with twelve other guys . The next day , Daisy has a romantic art date with 12 Pack , Sinister , Chi Chi , and London , where she paints on their bodies and they paint on her . 12 Pack opens up a lot and talks about his past love life . Sinister connects with Daisy and kisses her , which makes Chi Chi jealous . Chi Chi then kisses Daisy all over her body , which she found creepy . London connects very well with Daisy and she says he could be the one she is looking for . After the date , Cable Guy connects with Daisy and she likes his honesty , but says that he is not aggressive enough for this competition . Flex and Daisy share one - on - one time , and he makes her laugh a lot and Daisy forms a strong connection with him . Toolbox gets drunk and tells the other contestants that he is not `` feeling Daisy for shit '' and does not have a connection with her , which angers Flex . At elimination , she gives the first chain to Flex , followed by Sinister , London , 6 Gauge , 12 Pack , Big Rig , Cage , Chi Chi , and Fox . She sends home Cable Guy due to his lack of aggression . She was going to give Tool Box the last chain , but is informed by Flex that Tool Box said he did not have a connection with her . Daisy asks Toolbox if he wants to stay , and Tool Box said he wanted to stay , but that it was her decision . Daisy said she did not believe him and decided to eliminate him . Team leaders Teams Team colors Win / Lose Cage 6 Gauge , Brooklyn , Cable Guy , Cage Beige Lose Tool Box Big Rig , Flex , Fox , Tool Box Orange Lose Sinister 12 Pack , Chi Chi , London , Sinister Black Win The team won the challenge and went on a group date with Daisy . The team lost the challenge . Challenge : Paintball Obstacle Course Beige Team : 6 Gauge , Brooklyn , Cable Guy , Cage Orange Team : Big Rig , Flex , Fox , Tool Box Black Team : 12 Pack , Chi Chi , London , Sinister Challenge Winners : Black Team Quit : Brooklyn Bottom 3 : Fox , Cable Guy , Tool Box Eliminated : Cable Guy , Toolbox Elimination notes : Brooklyn withdrew because he still had feelings for his ex-girlfriend . Cable Guy was eliminated because he was not trying hard enough to connect with Daisy . Toolbox was going to receive a chain , but after being informed by Flex that Tool Box said he had no connection with Daisy , Daisy decided to eliminate him . Should I stay or Should I go ? ( edit ) First aired May 17 , 2009 Team Leaders Teams Band Name Assigned Song Win / Lose 6 Gauge 6 Gauge , Big Rig , Flex Chip and Daisy Twinkle , Twinkle Little Star Lose London Cage , Chi Chi , London The Daisy Blades Row , Row , Row Your Boat Win Sinister 12 Pack , Fox , Sinister The Daisy Train Old McDonald Had a Farm Lose The contestant won the challenge and went on a group date with Daisy . The contestant lost the challenge . Challenge : Nursery Rhyme Re-write Challenge Winners : The Daisy Blades Quit : London Bottom 3 : 6 Gauge , Fox , Sinister Eliminated : None Elimination Notes : Prior to the elimination ceremony , London was hesitant about whether or not he wanted to remain in the competition because he felt that he and Daisy were `` no longer connecting '' . Daisy informed him that he was going to be given a chain at the elimination ceremony that night , and that she hoped he would accept it . When Daisy offered London his chain , he said he could not accept it because he said he did not want to hurt Daisy . Daisy did not return to the elimination ceremony after she left crying , leaving 6 Gauge , Fox , and Sinister without chains . The episode closes with the elimination ceremony still unfinished . Bring in ' da boyz , bring in ' da skunk ( edit ) First aired May 24 , 2009 Challenge : Photoshoot for Daisy 's Album Cover Team 1 : 12 Pack , Big Rig , Cage , Chi Chi Team 2 : 6 Gauge , Flex , Sinister , Fox Challenge Winners : Team 2 MVP : Fox Quit : Cage Elimination Notes : Cage got into a fight with 6 Gauge before the elimination ceremony , and Flex intervened and jumped on Cage to stop him . The episode closes with Daisy asking Cage if he can stay in the house without fighting the other contestants . Cage replies that he can not promise her that and says it would be best if he went home . Daisy tells him she has to let him go because she does not want the house to be an unsafe environment for any of the contestants . Daisy goes into the elimination room to inform the other contestants that Cage has left the house . Riki tells the contestants that they can leave the elimination ceremony and that they are all safe for that night . Things are getting spicy ( edit ) First aired June 7 , 2009 Fight # Match Up Winner 1st Chi Chi vs. Fox Chi Chi 2nd 12 Pack vs. Big Rig Big Rig 3rd 6 Gauge vs. Flex Flex 4th Chi Chi vs. Sinister Chi Chi The contestant won the challenge and went on a group date with Daisy . The contestant was named MVP and won a solo date with Daisy . ^ * Daisy allowed Sinister to join the group date despite Chi Chi winning the fight because he fought well . Challenge : Fight For Daisy 's Love First Fight : Chi Chi vs. Fox Second Fight : Big Rig vs. 12 Pack Third Fight : Flex vs. 6 Gauge Fourth Fight : Chi Chi vs. Sinister Challenge Winners : Big Rig , Chi Chi , Flex , Sinister MVP : Big Rig Bottom 3 : 6 Gauge , 12 Pack , Fox Eliminated : 6 Gauge Elimination Notes : 6 Gauge was eliminated because Daisy felt that she and 6 Gauge were not connecting . Call 's fair in Love and war ( edit ) First aired June 14 , 2009 Challenge : None There was no challenge in this episode because Daisy felt the contestants had been working hard enough , but she took several of them on dates . She and 12 Pack went to a lingerie store , and she had dinner with Big Rig , Chi Chi , and Fox later on that night . MVP : 12 Pack Bottom 3 : None Eliminated : Fox Elimination Notes : No chains were given out during this episode because Daisy told Fox to leave at the beginning of the elimination , as her suspicions that he had a girlfriend were confirmed when she called the house . Still have n't found what I 'm cooking for ( edit ) First aired June 21 , 2009 Contestant Assigned Meal Win / Lose 12 Pack Red Velvet Cake 12 Pack Big Rig Zucchini Quiche Big Rig Chi Chi French Onion Soup Chi Chi Flex Chicken Cordon Bleu Flex Sinister Lasagna Sinister The contestant won the challenge , but did not go on a date with Daisy . The contestant won the challenge , but was named most compatible for Daisy by the other contestants and won a solo date with her . The contestant won the challenge and went on a date with Daisy because they named the least compatible with Daisy by the other contestants . Challenge : Cook A Meal For Daisy Challenge Winner : None ( all meals were good ) Bottom 2 : Big Rig , Chi Chi Eliminated : Big Rig Elimination Notes : Daisy said that she was not falling in love with Big Rig and felt that he was not that compatible with her . The return of the fling ( edit ) First aired June 28 , 2009 Match Up Match up Date Bottom 2 Chi Chi Flex Off Road Vehicle Riding Chi Chi 12 Pack Sinister Dinner Sinister The contestant earned a chain , and was not eliminated . The contestant was eliminated . Challenge : None Date 1 : Off Road Vehicle Riding with Chi Chi and Flex Date 2 : Dinner with 12 Pack and Sinister MVP : 12 Pack Special Guest / Brought Back : London Bottom 2 : Chi Chi , Sinister Eliminated : Chi Chi Elimination Notes : Daisy said that she felt Chi Chi was more of a close friend and hoped they could remain friends . The past and the furious ( edit ) First aired July 12 , 2009 Contestant Ex Girlfriend MVP / Eliminated 12 Pack Kat 12 Pack Sinister Ashley Sinister London Natasha London Flex Kia Flex The contestant had some MVP time with Daisy . The contestant was eliminated . The contestant was asked to go to Maui with Daisy . The contestant was supposed to be eliminated , but Daisy decided to keep the contestant and bring him to Maui with her . The Special Guest was a friend , instead of an Ex Girlfriend . Challenge : None MVP : N / A Special Guest : Boys Ex Girlfriends Bottom 2 : Flex and Sinister Eliminated : Sinister Elimination Notes : Daisy felt that she was keeping Sinister in the house to protect him and not to hurt his feelings , making her feel like she led him on . Clip show ( edit ) First aired July 19 , 2009 Daisy reviews her `` Rules of Dating '' to the viewers based on her many experiences in the house , featuring memorable moments and clips not aired in the main episodes . Including : The `` Bromances '' going on in the house . Fox 's `` not so deep '' thoughts on love . Additional drama footage . The guys `` primping '' themselves . Extended footage of the skunk in the house . Leid and neutered ( edit ) First aired July 26 , 2009 3rd Place : 12 Pack 2nd Place : Flex Winner : London The final three head to Maui to spend some quality time in the world 's most romantic island . But there is trouble in paradise when Daisy narrows the field to 2 in a tear - filled elimination on a desolate airstrip . The two remaining guys go on emotional final dates with Daisy . Only one guy can be her Rockstar , while the other finds out that `` aloha '' also means `` goodbye '' . After the show ( edit ) ' 84 , ' 85 , and ' 86 appeared in Lady Gaga 's music video for her single `` Paparazzi '' . Big Rig and Marcia from VH1 's Rock of Love Bus and Charm School with Ricki Lake dated for a brief time , but are now separated . VH1 has officially confirmed that Daisy and London are no longer together . Daisy also had posted a MySpace Blog about it . Professor ( Brandon ) , Weasel ( Pauly ) , Fox ( Daniel ) , Big Rig ( Jeremiah ) , and Sinister ( Derrick ) were contestants on the canceled third season of I Love Money . 6 Gauge ( Chris ) , Brooklyn ( Christopher ) , and Chi - Chi ( Branden ) appeared on the fourth season of I Love Money . Big Rig appeared as a contestant on the revival of WWE Tough Enough , he placed 3rd overall in the competition . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Daisy of Love : Meet the Cast '' . VH1 Blog . March 13 , 2009 . Retrieved March 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Daisy of Love : Cast Bios '' . VH1 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Markiewicz : Model Profile '' . Modelmayhem.com . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( 29 April 2009 ) . `` ' Anatomy ' not in good shape '' . USA Today . p . D2 . Retrieved 26 September 2010 . 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"\n\nNickname[1]\nReal Name[2]\nAge\nEliminated\n\n\nLondon\nJoshua Lee\n30\n13 !Winner[b] episode 4 (withdrew), brought back episode 9\n\n\nFlex\nTJ Markiewicz[3]\n22\n12 !Episode 12 (2nd)\n\n\n12 Pack (Dave)[a]\nDavid Amerman\n26\n11 !Episode 12 (3rd)\n\n\nSinister\nDerrick Tribbett\n24\n10 !Episode 10\n\n\nChi Chi\nBranden Mathena\n29\n09 !Episode 9\n\n\nBig Rig\nJeremiah Riggs\n26\n08 !Episode 8\n\n\nFox\nDaniel Alfonso\n29\n07 !Episode 7\n\n\n6 Gauge\nChris Kummer\n29\n06 !Episode 6\n\n\nCage\nAric\n25\n05 !Episode 5 (Withdrew)\n\n\nTool Box\nMiguel\n29\n03 !Episode 3\n\n\nCable Guy\nRandall\n33\n03 !Episode 3\n\n\nBrooklyn\nChristopher\n23\n03 !Episode 3 (Withdrew)\n\n\nProfessor\nBrandon\n22\n02 !Episode 2\n\n\nWeasel\nPauly\n36\n02 !Episode 2\n\n\nFlipper\nMike Gaboff\n22\n02 !Episode 2 (Withdrew)\n\n\nTorch\nKenn\n36\n01 !Episode 1\n\n\nDropout\nTristan Trouble\n22\n01 !Episode 1\n\n\n'86\nNisse \"Izzy\" Landeberg\n25\n01 !Episode 1\n\n\n'85\nPelle \"Rock\" Landeberg\n25\n01 !Episode 1\n\n\n'84\nCalle \"Kelii\" Landeberg\n25\n01 !Episode 1\n\n"
] | [
"episode 9"
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1799479548915942838 | List of alcohol laws of the United States | List of alcohol laws of the United states - wikipedia List of alcohol laws of the United states Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Beer at a Walmart in Kissimmee , Florida . Some states permit alcoholic beverages to be sold at all stores selling groceries while others have more restrictive laws , with laws of many states specifying different restrictions for different categories of alcoholic beverages . The following table of alcohol laws of the United States provides an overview of alcohol - related laws by first level jurisdictions throughout the US . This list is not intended to provide a breakdown of such laws by local jurisdiction within a state ; see that state 's alcohol laws page for more detailed information . On July 17 , 1984 , Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act . The bill would force all states to raise their drinking age from 18 , 19 , or 20 to 21 . States that did not choose to raise their drinking age to 21 would risk losing 8 % ( 10 % before 2012 ) of federal highway funding as a penalty . As of July 1988 , all 50 states and the District of Columbia had a minimum purchase age of 21 , with some grandfather clauses , and with the exception of Louisiana 's complicated legal situation that was not resolved until July 2 , 1996 . Prior to 1988 , the minimum purchase age varied by jurisdiction . After Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act in July 1984 , states not in compliance had a portion of their federal highway budget withheld . South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply , in mid-1988 . However , most states continue to allow those under 21 to drink in certain circumstances . Examples are some states like Tennessee and Washington , which allow those under 21 to drink for religious purposes . States including Oregon and New York allow those under 21 to drink on private non-alcohol selling premises . Unlike on the mainland , the U.S. territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands have a minimum purchase and drinking age of 18 . The minimum purchase age is 21 in the Northern Mariana Islands , Guam , American Samoa , and US Minor Outlying Islands . U.S. military reservations are exempt under federal law from state , county , and locally enacted alcohol beverage laws . Class Six stores in a base exchange facility , officers ' or NCO clubs , as well as other military commissaries which are located on a military reservation , may sell and serve alcohol beverages at any time during their prescribed hours of operation to authorized patrons . While the installation commander is free to set the drinking age , with some exceptions , most stateside military bases have a drinking age that mirrors the local community . Individual states remain free to restrict or prohibit the manufacture of beer , mead , hard cider , wine , and other fermented alcoholic beverages at home . Homebrewing beer became legal in all 50 states in 2013 as the governor of Mississippi signed a bill legalizing homebrewing on March 19 , 2013 and as the governor of Alabama signed a bill legalizing homebrewing of beer and wine which came into effect on May 9 , 2013 . The Mississippi bill went into effect July 1 , 2013 . Most states allow brewing 100 US gallons ( 380 L ) of beer per adult per year and up to a maximum of 200 US gallons ( 760 L ) per household annually when there are two or more adults residing in the household . Because alcohol is taxed by the federal government via excise taxes , homebrewers are prohibited from selling any beer they brew . This similarly applies in most Western countries . In 1979 , President Jimmy Carter signed into law a bill allowing home beers , which was at the time not permitted without paying the excise taxes as a holdover from the prohibition of alcoholic beverages ( repealed in 1933 ) . This change also exempted home brewers from posting a `` penal bond '' ( which is currently $1000.00 ) . Production of distilled alcohols is regulated at the National level under USC Title 26 subtitle E Ch51 . Numerous requirements must be met to do so and production carries an excise tax . Owning or operating a distillation apparatus without filing the proper paperwork and paying the taxes carries federal criminal penalties . In land or property that is being rented or owned by the federal government , state , territory , and federal district alcohol laws do not apply . Instead , only laws made by the federal government apply . Contents ( hide ) 1 Table 1.1 Alabama -- Hawaii 1.2 Idaho -- Massachusetts 1.3 Michigan -- New Mexico 1.4 New York -- South Dakota 1.5 Tennessee -- Wyoming , Puerto Rico 2 See also 3 Footnotes 4 References 5 External links Table ( edit ) Alabama -- Hawaii ( edit ) State Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery store sales Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On - premises Off - premises Beer Wine Distilled spirits Purchasing Consumption Alabama Yes Prohibited between midnight until noon on Sundays in some counties . Private clubs , which require a membership fee and a membership card , have no day or time restrictions . Yes No 21 21 No exceptions to the law 13.9 % ABV cap on beer Beer containers may not exceed 25.4 ounces ( 0.75 l ) ABV > 14.9 % wine sold in state stores Alcohol may be served 24 hours a day unless restricted by local ordinances . Twenty - six of Alabama 's 67 counties do not allow the sale of alcohol . However , possession and consumption remain legal within those 26 counties . Of the 26 `` dry '' counties , 23 have at least one `` wet '' city ; these are considered `` moist '' dry counties . Within those 23 counties there are 43 wet cities . State law allows any city with a population greater than 1,000 located within a dry county to `` go wet '' if a referendum is passed by 50 % of voters . State retains monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only . Distilled spirits ( liquor ) are purchasable in either state - owned retail liquor stores , known as ABC Stores , or privately - owned retail liquor stores . Privately - owned retail liquor stores tend to be open on Sundays , public ( federal & state ) holidays , and later hours than state - owned liquor stores . Alaska No 8 a.m. -- 5 a.m. , except election days ( liquor stores may not open until polls close ) No ( although many grocery stores have separate areas that sell all forms of alcoholic beverages and many bars sell packaged liquor as well ) 21 21 Exception : Underage drinking allowed for medical purposes , and on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent Most communities have more restrictive laws , ranging from restrictions on operating hours to bans on sale and possession . Sellers / servers may not , for any reason , give a person alcohol for free or sell it for less than its cost . Sellers / servers may drink while on duty , but no intoxicated person may remain on the premises , so an impaired server could be arrested . Arizona No 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. seven days a week -- no election day nor holiday restrictions Yes 21 21 Exception : Underage drinking allowed for religious and medical purposes Sales of any type of alcohol are legal at any store that has an off - premises liquor license , including but not limited to convenience stores and grocery stores . Bars may sell closed containers of alcohol for consumption off the premises . Drive - through liquor stores are allowed . Everclear Grain Alcohol Proof 190 ( 95 % alcohol ) is legal . A large percentage of the land area of Arizona is in Indian reservations , many of which have liquor laws considerably more restrictive than state law , up to and including total prohibition . `` Beer busts '' ( all the beer / liquor one can drink for a set price ) in bars are illegal . Persons 19 years of age or older may work in bars and liquor stores serving and selling alcohol . Patrons may not purchase for on premises consumption more than 40 ounces of beer , 1 liter of wine or 4 ounces of distilled spirits at one time . DUI penalties are some of the most severe in the nation . A person convicted of a DUI ( even first offense ) must have an interlock installed in his car for one year . Arizona has an ' Impaired to the Slightest Degree ' law that can convict a person even if his BAC is less than . 08 % . Arkansas No Sale prohibited Sundays , Mondays between 12 : 00 a.m. and 1 : 00 a.m. , or on any other days between the hours of 1 : 00 a.m. and 7 : 00 a.m. The governing body of any city or town may fix later closing hours for the permitted premises of a hotel or restaurant which in no event shall be later than two ( 2 ) hours after midnight on Saturday night . Yes No 21 21 No exceptions to the law Has numerous dry counties and other dry areas , but private clubs can serve even in dry areas . Alcohol sales are generally prohibited on Sundays , but exceptions can be made through local option ( usually for restaurants and private clubs ) . No sales on Christmas Day . California No 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. Yes 21 21 Exception : A minor will not be penalized for consuming alcohol if discovered or reported through a medical emergency . Relatively unrestricted ; beer , wine and liquor available at grocery stores , convenience stores , gas stations , and warehouse clubs . No statewide holiday restrictions . Motor vehicles entering from Mexico may only import 1 liter of alcohol ( duty - free ) . Sale or distribution of alcoholic beverages higher than 60 % ABV is illegal ( B&P 23403 ) . You may serve alcohol if you are at least 21 years of age . City and county governments can set different sale hours . 18 - , 19 - and 20 - year - old wine and beer production students can taste -- but not consume -- what they are making and studying . Colorado No 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. Beer , wine , and liquor : 8 a.m. -- midnight 3.2 beer : 5 a.m. - midnight 3.2 only * No * 21 21 Exception : Underage consumption allowed on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent , for religious , medical , and educational purposes . Spirituous , vinous & malt liquor available in liquor stores and liquor - licensed drug stores only . Liquor stores closed on Christmas Day . Sunday sales restriction lifted on July 1 , 2008 . Liquor stores and liquor - licensed drug stores may have only one location , while 3.2 % beer may be sold in gas stations , supermarkets , and convenience stores . Appropriately licensed businesses may also sell 3.2 % beer for both on and off - premises consumption . A small number of grocery stores are licensed as drug stores and sell full strength beer , wine , and spirits . As an example , a chain grocery store that has pharmacy services at most or all locations may elect a single location in the chain as the licensed establishment to sell beer , wine , and spirits . Connecticut No 9 a.m. -- 1 a.m. ( Mon. -- Thurs . ) 9 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Fri. -- Sat . ) 11 a.m. -- 1 a.m. ( Sun . ) 8 a.m. -- 10 p.m. ( Mon. -- Sat . ) 10 a.m. -- 6 p.m. ( Sun . ) Yes No 21 Exception : No explicit age if a present legal guardian is 21 or older 21 Exception : Underage consumption is allowed on private non alcohol selling premises with parental consent , for medical and religious puroposes , and on alcohol selling premises with parental consent . Sunday off - premises sales allowed as of May 20 , 2012 ; Sunday on - premises sales subject to local ordinances . Beer can be purchased at grocery / convenience stores . Spirits and wine can be purchased only at liquor stores . No off - premises alcohol sales on Thanksgiving , Christmas Day , and New Year 's Day . Open container law applies only to drivers , not passengers . Delaware No 9 a.m. -- 1 a.m. 9 a.m. -- 1 a.m. ( Mon. -- Sat . ) noon -- 8 p.m. ( Sun . ) Municipalities with a population over 50,000 persons may impose stricter hours of sale by local ordinance . No 21 21 Exception : A minor will not be penalized for if discovered consuming alcohol through a medical emergency . Underage drinking allowed on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent , for religious purposes . For off - premises consumption , alcohol may be purchased only in a liquor store , taproom , or a brew pub that has an off - premises license . Unless accompanied by a parent or guardian over 21 , no person under 21 may enter a liquor store or taproom for any reason , even for the intent of purchasing only tobacco or lottery tickets . No sales of alcohol by liquor stores or taprooms are permitted during designated holidays including Thanksgiving , Easter or Christmas . District of Columbia No 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m. Sun. -- Thu. , 8 a.m. -- 3 a.m. Fri. -- Sat . Liquor Stores : 9 a.m. -- midnight daily * Grocery Stores : 9 a.m. - 12 a.m. daily Yes No 21 21 Exception : A minor will not be penalized for if discovered consuming alcohol through a medical emergency . * Liquor stores can begin applying for licenses to open on Sunday as of January 16 , 2013 . No singles sold , but stores in some areas may apply for an exemption . Certain wards may be made dry by the decision of the local ANC , but as of 2005 none are The day before a federal or district holiday , on - premises retailers may sell / serve from 8 a.m. - 3 a.m. On New Yer 's Eve , on - premises retailers may sell / serve until 4 a.m. on January 1 . Florida No State law prohibits selling of alcohol between midnight and 7 a.m. , unless the county chooses to change the operating hours later ( FS 562.14 ( 1 ) ) ; such as for Sunday morning ; Ormond Beach stays open until 7pm on Sundays . Miami - Dade County liquor stores may operate 24 hours a day . Yes No 21 21 Exception : 18 for educational purposes Sale , processing , or consumption of any liquor or spirit of greater than 153 proof is illegal . ( FSS 565.07 ) No retail sale of wine in containers larger than 1 gallon . FS 564.05 Supermarkets and other licensed business establishments may sell beer , low - alcohol liquors , and wine . Liquor must be sold in dedicated liquor stores which may be in a separate part of a grocery or a drug store . As of July 1 , 2015 , the restriction on 64 ounce refillable containers , or growlers , has been lifted and beer may be sold in quantities of 64 ounces , in addition to the previously legal 32 and 128 ounce sizes . Georgia No Hours of sale determined by local jurisdiction . No alcohol sales on Christmas Day . Yes No 21 21 Exception : Underage drinking allowed on non-alcoholic premises with parental consent , and for religious and medical purposes . 14 % ABV cap on beer . Sunday off - premises sales from 12 : 30 p.m. to 11 : 30 p.m. allowed only by local referendum . In general , one may not be drunk in public . Though there is no state law prohibiting drinking in public , most municipal corporations and political subdivisions limit the possession of open containers of alcohol to private property , with notable exceptions being Savannah and Roswell . A charge of public drunkenness is only warranted when one is drunk in public and his acts are either loud or disorderly . Hawaii No Bars and restaurants stop serving alcohol at 2 a.m. , but some hold a special ' cabaret license ' that allows them to continue serving alcohol until 4 a.m. 6 a.m. to 12 a.m. Within Honolulu County 6 a.m. to 11 p.m. Within Kauai , Maui , and Hawaii counties Yes 21 21 Exception : Underage consumption allowed for religious purposes Idaho -- Massachusetts ( edit ) State Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery Store Sales Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On - premises Off - premises Beer Wine Distilled Spirits Purchasing Consumption Idaho No Yes 6 : 00 a.m. to 2 : 00 a.m. , 7 : 00 a.m. to 1 : 00 a.m. in some counties Yes No Alcoholic beverages exceeding 16 % ABV can only be sold in Idaho State Liquor Dispensary stores , or contracted stores . Illinois No Depending on local government ; 24 - hour bars are permitted in Cicero ; a handful of 21 - to 22 - hour bars exist in Cook County , and the Metro East . In Rock Island County , many establishments sell alcohol 24 hours a day . Yes Opening / closing hours are up to the decision of counties or municipalities . Indiana No 7 a.m. -- 3 a.m. 7 a.m. -- 3 a.m. Noon - 8 p.m. on Sunday . Yes Indiana prohibits the sales of cold beer by grocery stores or gas stations , but allows cold beer to be sold from liquor stores ( IC 7.1 - 5 - 10 - 11 ) . Minors , including babies , are not allowed to enter a liquor store . Indiana has a photo identification requirement for all off - premises transactions to anyone who is or reasonably appears to be less than forty ( 40 ) years of age . ( See IC 7.1 - 5 - 10 - 23 ) . Public intoxication is a class B misdemeanor . ( IC 7.1 - 5 - 1 - 3 ) Iowa No Yes 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. Mon -- Sat 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m. Sun Yes If a controlled substance is detected in a person 's system at or near the time they were operating a motor vehicle , they can be charged and potentially convicted of operating while intoxicated ( OWI ) even if they were not `` impaired '' by that substance . Kansas Yes 9 a.m. - 2 a.m. ( in counties which allow on - premises sales ) 9 a.m. - 11 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) ( in counties which allow off - premises sales ) noon - 7 p.m. or 8 p.m. ( Sun ) ( in communities which allow Sunday off - premises sales ) 3.2 only No Kansas 's alcohol laws are among the strictest in the United States . Kansas prohibited all alcohol from 1881 to 1948 , and continued to prohibit on - premises sales of alcohol from 1949 to 1987 . Sunday sales only have been allowed since 2005 . Today , 29 counties still do not permit the on - premises sale of alcohol . 59 counties require a business to receive at least 30 % of revenue from food sales to allow on - premises sale of alcohol . Only 17 counties allow general on - premises sales . Not all communities which allow off - premises sales allow sales on Sunday . Sales are prohibited on Christmas and Easter . The only alcoholic beverage which grocery stores and gas stations may sell is beer with no more than 3.2 % alcohol by weight . Other liquor sales only are allowed at state - licensed retail liquor stores . Kansas has comprehensive open container laws for public places and vehicles , public intoxication laws , and requirements for prospective on - premises or off - premises licensees . Kentucky No 6 a.m. to 4 a.m. on Monday through Saturday 1 p.m. to 4 a.m. on Sundays Yes No Local ordinance may vote to permit Sunday sales at restaurants . Sales 2 -- 4 a.m. only in Louisville . As of 2005 Sunday sales were allowed per state law , but may still be prohibited in some areas by local ordinance ( as of early 2006 , such a situation existed with smaller cities within Louisville Metro , though these cities have since changed local ordinances ) . Alcohol sale restriction and wet / dry ( both by drink and package ) allowed by both county and city local option . Approximately 39 counties in the state ( mostly eastern and southern counties ) are dry , all alcohol sale and possession prohibited ; 22 `` moist '' counties ( with `` wet '' cities allowing package liquor sales in counties otherwise dry ) ; 29 counties that are otherwise dry but have communities with local option that allow sales of liquor by the drink or under special exemptions allowing sales at wineries . Majority of wet counties are around major metropolitan areas ( Louisville , Lexington , Covington , Bowling Green ) . Note : Beginning in 2013 Liquor by the drink and beer by the drink are available on Sundays in Louisville , KY beginning at 10 : 00 am . Bowling Green , KY recently began allowing Sunday sales in December 2013 for carry - out beer , wine , and liquor . Prohibition on liquor sales on Election Day was repealed effective June 24 , 2013 . Kentucky was one of only two states to still have Election Day prohibition , the other being South Carolina . Louisiana No No state imposed restrictions on on - premises hours . `` 24 hour '' bars are common in New Orleans and in Jefferson Parish . Some municipalities and parishes ( including Baton Rouge and East Baton Rouge Parish ) require on - premises service to stop at 2 : 00 am . No statewide restrictions on hours of package sales . Yes 21 Exceptions to state law include : For an established religious purpose ; When a person under twenty - one years of age is accompanied by a parent , spouse , or legal guardian twenty - one years of age or older ; For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication , or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician , pharmacist , dentist , nurse , hospital , or medical institution ; In a private residence , which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres , on which the dwelling is located , owned by the same person who owns the dwelling ; The sale , handling , transport , or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty - one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer , wholesaler , or retailer of beverage alcohol . Packaged alcoholic beverages of any strength may be sold in supermarkets , drug stores , gas stations , and convenience stores . Local municipalities may not restrict this . As a result , dedicated `` liquor stores '' are mostly specialty stores in larger cities , and some supermarkets have large selections of liquors and wines , and compete on the basis of liquor prices and selection . Alcohol can be consumed in the streets of New Orleans as long as it is in an `` unbreakable container '' ( no glass ) and may be taken from club to club if both establishments allow it . Otherwise , it depends on the locality . Most parishes other than Orleans Parish do not permit alcoholic beverages served on premises to be carried out . However , many parishes and municipalities permit consumption of packaged beverages ( for example , cans of beer ) on the street . Glass bottles on the streets are prohibited . One can enter most bars at 18 years of age but must be 21 years old to purchase or consume alcohol . Also , it is legal in the state of Louisiana for a legal parent or guardian to purchase alcoholic beverages for their underaged child . Drive - thru frozen daiquiri stands are legal and common , but the police can arrest you for driving with an open container , if you have put the straw in the cup Maine No Yes 6 a.m. to 1 a.m. ( Mon -- Sun ) Yes 21 21 ABV > Alcohol may not be purchased after 1 a.m. any day of the week , may not be purchased prior to 6 a.m. Monday through Saturday , and not prior to 9 a.m. on Sunday . Bars and restaurants may serve until 1 : 15 a.m. On New Year 's Day alcohol may be sold one hour later in all establishments . When St. Patrick 's Day falls on a Sunday , bars and restaurants may serve alcohol starting at 6 a.m that day . Wholesaling through state - licensed monopoly . Municipalities may prohibit the sale of alcohol by referendum ; 56 towns have done so . Maryland Variable by locality Variable by locality Variable by locality Variable by locality Baltimore County prohibits the sale on Sunday in some areas . In the counties of Montgomery , Somerset , Wicomico , and Worcester sale of alcoholic beverages are controlled directly by the county Liquor Control Boards , there are exceptions in Montgomery where some liquors are still sold in grocery store due to being grandfathered before the change of the law . Garrett County prohibits the sale on Sunday except in some areas . The sale of alcohol at grocery and convenience stores varies by county . There are no dry counties , but some individual voting districts within counties restrict or prohibit alcohol on a local - option basis . Massachusetts No 8 : 00 a.m. -- 2 : 00 a.m. by state law , although individual cities and towns may prohibit sales before 11 : 00 a.m. and after 11 : 00 p.m. Not before 11 : 00 a.m. on Sunday . 8 : 00 a.m. -- 11 : 00 p.m. , or 8 : 00 a.m. -- 11 : 30 p.m. on the day before a holiday . Not before 10 : 00 am on Sunday . Yes . 21 21 As of January 2016 , no individual , partnership , or corporation may have more than seven off - premises licences in the state , nor more than two in any city , nor more than one in any town . No individual , partnership , or corporation not resident or headquartered in Massachusetts may apply for a license , although one may devolve thereupon . As of 2012 - 10 - 29 , a Massachusetts driver 's license , Massachusetts Liquor ID card , RMV - issued Massachusetts non-driver ID card , passport ( issued by the US or a US - recognized foreign entity ) , US - issued Passport Card , and military identification card are the only acceptable proofs of age under state law . Out of state or Canadian driver 's licenses / ID 's and other forms of identification do not grant the establishment legal protection if accepted as proof of age ( and many establishments will not accept out of state licenses for this reason ) . On - premises regulations : No discounts at specific times ( i.e. no `` Happy Hour '' discounts ) or for specific individuals , no fixed - price open bar or all - you - can - drink ( except at private functions ) , no more than two drinks per individual at any one time , no pitchers for fewer than two people , no drinking contests , no drinks as prizes , no free drinks . Off - premises sale of alcohol is prohibited on the last Monday in May ( Memorial Day ) , Thanksgiving Day , Christmas Day , and the day after Christmas if Christmas falls on a Sunday . Sale of alcohol is prohibited during polling hours on election days ( subject to local exceptions ) . `` Malt beverages '' defined as having not more than 12 % alcohol by weight . Michigan -- New Mexico ( edit ) State Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery Store Sales Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On - premises Off - premises Beer Wine Distilled Spirits Purchasing Consumption Michigan No Yes 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon. -- Sat . ) noon - 2 a.m. ( Sunday ) * sales may begin at 7 a.m. with special license extension 7 a.m. - 2 a.m. ( Mon - Sat ) noon - 2 a.m. ( Sunday ) * sales may begin at 7 a.m. with special license extension , Yes The Michigan Liquor Control Commission allows the sale of alcoholic beverages until 11 : 59 p.m. on December 24 and after 12 : 00 p.m. on December 25 . On - premises sales are permitted on January 1 until 4 : 00 a.m. Local or county ordinance may restrict Sunday or Sunday morning sales . State does not operate retail outlets ; maintains a monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only . Minnesota No ( but see note ) 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m. seven days 8 : 00 a.m. - 10 : 00 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) ; 11 : 00 a.m. - 6 : 00 p.m. ( Sun ) 3.2 % Only No Local or County ordinance prevails for hours of operation for off - sale licenses . Growler sales allowed until 10 p.m. 7 days a week . Certain municipalities may establish municipal liquor stores ; they are permitted , but not required , to exclude privately owned stores . Off - premises sales on Sundays became legal on July 1 , 2017 . Mississippi No Yes Local authorities fix hours of alcohol sale Yes No ABW > 5 % wine and sparkling wine sold in state - contracted stores which are open from 10 : 00 am until 10 : 00 pm ( Closed Sundays ) statewide . Beer and light wine ( ABW < 5 % , ABV < ~ 6.3 % ) sold in convenience stores / supermarkets . Beer and light wine ( ABW < 5 % ) may be consumed by persons age 18 - 20 with parental supervision . Governor Phil Bryant signed a bill permitting beer with 8 % ABW / 10 % ABV on April 9 , 2012 . The bill went into effect on July 1 , 2012 . No sales on Christmas Day . No state open container laws . Complimentary alcohol all day and night in coastal casinos . In most counties , alcohol can not be sold on Sundays . There are many dry counties in which it is illegal to possess alcoholic beverages , though some cities within dry counties have voted in beer sales . Missouri No Most establishments : ( Mon -- Sat ) 6 : 00am -- 1 : 30am ( Sunday ) 9 : 00am -- 12 : 00pm Special licenses in Kansas City and St. Louis : ( Daily ) 6 : 00am -- 3 : 00am ( Mon -- Sat ) 6 : 00am -- 1 : 30am ( Sunday ) 9 : 00am -- 12 : 00am Sales permitted until 3 : 00 am in those Kansas City and St. Louis bars grandfathered into the ability to double as liquor stores . Yes One of the most alcohol - permissive states , perhaps only behind Nevada and Louisiana : No open container law . No state public intoxication law . Liquor control law covers all beverages containing more than 0.5 % alcohol , without further particularities based on percentage . Cities and counties are prohibited from banning off - premises alcohol sales . No dry jurisdictions . State preemption of local alcohol laws which do not follow state law . Certain bars in Kansas City and St. Louis grandfathered into the ability to double as liquor stores . Special licenses available for bars and nightclubs which allow selling alcohol until 3 : 00am in Kansas City , Jackson County , North Kansas City , St. Louis , and St. Louis County . Grocery stores , drug stores , and even gas stations may sell liquor without limitation other than hours . Patrons allowed to take open containers out of bars in Kansas City 's Power & Light District . Parents and guardians may furnish alcohol to their children . Missourians over 21 may manufacture up to 100 gallons of any liquor per year for personal use , without any further state limitation , state taxation , or state license . ( Obtaining a permit from the Federal Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau and meeting other requirements under federal law probably still is required for private citizens to manufacture distilled alcohol - but not wine or beer - for personal use . ) Missouri law recognizes two types of alcoholic beverage : liquor , which is any beverage containing more than 0.5 % alcohol except `` non-intoxicating beer '' ; and `` non-intoxicating beer , '' which is beer containing between 0.5 % and 3.2 % alcohol . Liquor laws apply to all liquor , and special laws apply to `` non-intoxicating beer . '' Montana No Yes Closing 2am Yes No ABV > 16 % wine sold in state - contracted stores , ABV < 16 % may be sold in grocery stores . Nebraska No 6 a.m. -- 1 a.m. Legislation passed in 2010 allows for municipalities to extend on - premises sales to 2 a.m. with two - thirds approval of city or county councils . Yes No on - or off - premises sales of spirits before noon on Sundays . All beer , wine , and champagne can be sold starting at 6 a.m. Nevada No 24 hours Yes There are few restrictions on the sale and consumption of alcohol in Nevada except for age . The maximum abv of alcohol sold is 80 % . State law also renders public intoxication legal , and explicitly prohibits any local or state law from making it a public offence . Alcohol purchase is only controlled in Panaca . New Hampshire No Yes 6 a.m. -- 1 a.m. 6 a.m. -- 11 : 45 p.m. Yes No Liquor sold in state - run stores , many found at highway rest areas . 14 % ABV cap on beer . State is wholesaler of wine . State taxes beer $0.30 / gal at the wholesale level . New Jersey No Each municipality can control hours by local ordinance . Most municipalities have a last call of 2 or 3 a.m. Atlantic City , Brigantine , Absecon , Elwood , Pomona , Smithville , Galloway , and Mullica ( All in Atlantic County ) serve 24 hours . There are some dry towns in the southern part of the state , including Ocean City . 9 a.m. - 10 p.m. for liquor . Beer and wine can be sold at any time on - premise sales are permitted in that municipality . This causes most liquor stores to close at 10 PM , however some will stay open an hour later selling only beer and wine . Cities of the first class ( e.g. Jersey City and Newark ) are exempt from this law and may set their own hours for liquor sales . Rarely 21 21 ( unless provided by parent or guardian in private ) Some dry communities in historically Methodist and Quaker communities in the southern part of the state . Though there is not a ban on selling alcoholic beverages at grocery stores , New Jersey limits each chain to two licenses , so with only a few exceptions , most supermarkets / convenience stores / gas stations / pharmacies do not sell alcoholic beverages . In addition , liquor sales are only permitted in a separate department or attached sister store . Bars are allowed to off - sale packaged goods . With the exception of Jersey City and Newark , all municipalities MUST allow off - sales of beer and wine at any time on - sales are permitted . However , since alcoholic beverages are generally only found in package stores , this right is rarely exercised . Alcoholic beverages by the drink as well as off - sales of beer and wine are permitted 24 hours a day in Atlantic City and Brigantine . New Mexico No 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. , except Sundays , for establishments with full dispenser license . 7 a.m. -- 11 p.m. , except Sundays , for restaurants with beer and wine license . 7 a.m. -- midnight except Sundays Yes New Mexico issues two types of license for consumption on - premises : a full dispenser license allowing sale of all types of alcohol , or a restaurant license permitting sale of beer and wine only . An additional Sunday permit is available which allows sale ( on or off premises ) on Sundays from noon until midnight . Exceptions are the prohibition of alcohol sale on Christmas , regardless of the day it falls on , and a Sunday permit allowing of sale ( on or off premises ) until 2 : 00 a.m. January 1 , if December 31 falls on a Sunday . Sunday permits are only available where approved by voters within a local option district . Selling , serving and giving alcohol to a minor is a class 4 felony punishable by up to 18 months in prison , except when `` a parent , legal guardian or adult spouse of a minor serves alcoholic beverages to that minor on real property , other than licensed premises , under the control of the parent , legal guardian or adult spouse '' , or for religious purposes . New York -- South Dakota ( edit ) State Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery Store Sales Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On - premises Off - premises Beer Wine Distilled Spirits Purchasing Consumption New York No 8 a.m. -- 4 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 4 a.m. ( Sun ) Some counties have more restrictive hours . Beer : 24 hours Wine & spirits : 8 a.m. -- midnight ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 9 p.m. ( Sun ) . Yes No 21 Off - premises sale of wine and spirits is only at liquor stores , and beer is not sold at liquor stores ; it must be sold at supermarkets and convenience stores . Exchanges for returned items are permitted ( at store owners ' discretion ) . Some counties may retain the Sunday morning beer prohibition which the state discontinued as of July 30 , 2006 . Twelve dry towns , mostly in western region of state . Many counties have more restrictive off - premises hours , such as bans on beer sales overnight ( hours vary ) . All liquor stores must be owned by a single owner , who owns that store and lives within a certain distance of it -- effectively banning chain liquor stores from the state . New York City law does not allow open containers of alcohol in public . North Carolina No Yes 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) 10 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Sun ) Beer and wine : 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) 10 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Sun ) Liquor : 9 a.m. -- 9 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Yes No 21 15 % ABV cap on beer , 16 % cap on unfortified wine , 24 % cap on fortified wine . No `` happy hour , '' `` buy one get one free , '' or `` ladies night '' style specials allowed . North Dakota No 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 2 a.m. ( Sun ) 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 2 a.m. ( Sun ) No 21 No off - sale on Thanksgiving Day . No Christmas Day on - sale , nor sales on Christmas Eve after 6 p.m. Ohio No Yes 5 : 30 a.m. -- 2 : 30 a.m. 5 : 30 a.m. -- 1 a.m. Yes , under 21 % ABV 21 21 or older , unrestricted under supervision of individual 's parent or legal guardian or legal age spouse 12 % ABV cap on beer was removed on May 31 , 2016 . 21 % ABV cap on wine . Some counties have more restrictive off - premises hours . The Division of Liquor Control does not operate retail outlets ; it appoints private businesses to act as its agents and sell its products in exchange for a commission . Normal proof spirits ( > 21 % ABV ) are sold only in a limited number of agent stores . Many retail outlets sell diluted spirits ( diluted by water to 21 % ABV ) under a more readily obtained permit . No intoxicating liquor shall be handled by any person under twenty - one years of age , except that a person eighteen years of age or older employed by a permit holder may handle or sell beer or intoxicating liquor in sealed containers in connection with wholesale or retail sales , and any person nineteen years of age or older employed by a permit holder may handle intoxicating liquor in open containers when acting in the capacity of a server in a hotel , restaurant , club , or night club ... Beverages with less than 0.5 % ABV can be sold / given to people under the age of eighteen if given by a physician in the regular line of his practice or given for established religious purposes , or the underage person is accompanied by a parent , spouse who is not an underage person , or legal guardian . Oklahoma No 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. 10 a.m. -- 9 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) 3.2 % only No 21 4.0 % ABV / 3.2 ABW or higher only sold at room temperature in liquor stores , Liquor Stores closed on Sundays and some holidays . As of 2007 , liquor stores are now open on election days . State law prohibits public intoxication , many counties and cities also prohibit public intoxication . Oregon No Yes 7 a.m. -- 2 : 30 a.m. 7 a.m. -- 2 : 30 a.m. Yes No 21 Liquor , all of which is state - owned prior to sale to consumers , is sold in private liquor stores . These stores are approved by Oregon 's Liquor Commissioners to act as sales agents on the state 's behalf . Pennsylvania No Yes Restaurants , and bars : 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) 11 a.m. - 2 a.m. ( Sun ) Clubs : 7 a.m. -- 3 a.m. Beverage Centers and State Run Stores : 9 a.m. -- 10 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 5 p.m . ( Sun ) Grocery Stores : 7 a.m. - 10 p.m. ( Mon - Sat ) 9 a.m. - 10pm ( Sun ) Yes * No 21 Spirits can only be sold at state - operated stores . All persons must be at least 21 years of age to enter a state - operated liquor store alone . Beer is not sold at state - operated liquor stores . Beer ( but not wine ) to go can be purchased at beverage outlets in any quantity . Prior to 2015 beverage centers could only sell 24 pack cases or greater . The rules were relaxed to permit sales of beer in any quantity in 2016 . * Beer and wine to go can be purchased in restaurants and grocery stores ( at a separate point of purchase for alcohol and prepared foods sales in grocery stores ) ( six and 12 packs / 192oz max . purchase ( two six packs ) ) with Liquor Control Board -- issued licenses Sunday sales were prohibited in LCB stores until 2003 ( selected locations ) and beverage outlets ( owner 's option ) until 2005 . Special permits may be purchased for certain organizations for fundraisers once per calendar year , and are valid for a total of six days under the same rules governing restaurants . Grain alcohol prohibited as a beverage . Rhode Island No 9 am -- 1 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 1 a.m. ( Sun ) 9 a.m. -- 10 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) 10 a.m. -- 6 p.m. ( Sun ) No 21 21 All alcohol may be sold only in liquor stores . Bars may stay open until 2 a.m. in Providence only on Friday and Saturday nights and nights before a state - recognized holiday . South Carolina No Yes Liquor : 10 AM - 2 AM . Beer and Wine : Local Option . Beer and low - alcohol wine : 24 hours Liquor : 9 a.m. -- 7 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat . ) Yes No 21 14 % ABW ( 17.5 % ABV ) cap on beer Wine > 16 % ABV sold in liquor stores No hard liquor sales after 7 p.m. and none on Sundays . No off - premises alcohol sales after midnight Saturday until 7 a.m. Monday , except in Aiken , Greenville , Pendleton , Spartanburg , Horry County , Colleton County , Richland County , Charleston County / city , Beaufort County , York County , and Newberry County . South Dakota No Yes 21 14 % ABV cap on beer Tennessee -- Wyoming , Puerto Rico ( edit ) State Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery Stores Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On - premises Off - premises Wine Beer Distilled Spirits Purchasing Consumption Tennessee No Mon - Sat : 8 a.m. to 3 a.m. ; Sun : Noon to 3 a.m. Hours of alcohol sale can be modified by local jurisdictions if approved by the alcohol control commission . Beer : By municipality . Wine & Spirits : 8 a.m. to 11 p.m. Mon -- Sat Yes No 21 Wine may be sold in grocery stores . Sales of wine and liquor are limited to on - premises in restaurants on Sundays . Retail stores must be closed for business on Christmas , Thanksgiving Day , Labor Day , New Year 's Day , and the Fourth of July . Beer above 8 % ABW / 10.1 % ABV must be sold in liquor stores . Open container law only applies to drivers , not passengers.It is legal to carry alcohol in a non-glass container on the Beale Street stretch in Memphis . While most clubs allow drinks to be carried outside , many do not allow drinks from outside . Texas No Monday - Friday : 7am - midnight Saturday : 7am - 1am Sunday : Noon to 12 midnight . Some cities / counties permit sale until 2am ( with license ) . Beer / Non-hard liquor : 7 a.m. to midnight ( Mon. - Fri . ) 7 a.m. to 1 : 00 a.m. ( Sat . ) Noon to midnight ( Sun . ) Hard Liquor : 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. ( Mon. - Sat . ) Yes No 21 No alcohol cap but ABV > 15.5 % requires additional license , so many places are beer / wine only . Wet / dry issues determined by city / county election . Liquor stores statewide closed all day Sunday . An alcoholic beverage served ( on - premises ) to a customer between 10 a.m. and noon on Sunday may only be provided during the service of food to the customer . Eleven Texas counties are completely dry . In many counties , public intoxication laws are vigorously upheld . Texas law permits consumption by minors ( any age under 21 ) if in the `` visible presence '' of a parent , guardian or adult spouse . ( Section 106.04 ) Possession by minors is permitted as part of employment or education , or in the visible presence of an adult parent , guardian or spouse , or supervision of a commissioned peace officer . ( Section 106.05 ) There are also exemptions for minors requesting or receiving medical attention . Utah Yes Restaurants : Noon to midnight for liquor , 10 : 00 a.m. to 1 : 00 a.m. for beer . Bars may serve liquor from 10 : 00 a.m. to 1 : 00 a.m. Varies by state liquor store hours 3.2 only No 21 ABV > 4.0 + % sold in state - controlled stores only . 3.2 % ABW ( 4.0 % ABV ) beer may be sold at grocery stores and convenience stores . State - controlled stores close on Sundays and cease operations no later than 10 p.m. the rest of the week . Restaurants must buy from the state - controlled store ( no delivery ) at retail prices . No alcohol is served in restaurants without purchase of food . Sales of kegs prohibited . Importation of alcohol into the state by private individuals generally prohibited . Vermont No Yes 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m. 6 a.m. -- midnight Yes No 21 ABV > 16 % beer and ABV > 16 % wine are only available through state liquor stores ( most of which are integrated within grocery and beverage stores ) . A 2008 bill allows the sale of beer in grocery and convenience stores up to ABV 16 % . Virginia No Yes 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. No restrictions at any time for club licensees . 6 a.m. -- 11 : 59 p.m. except local blue law . Yes No 21 Licensed supermarkets , convenience stores , and gas stations may sell beer and wine . Off - premises sales no later than 12 midnight . Liquor stores are owned and operated by the Commonwealth and are generally open 10am - 9pm Monday - Saturday and from 12pm - 6pm on Sunday . Washington No 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( A local government subdivision may establish later opening hours or earlier closing hours . ) Yes 21 Beer and wine are available in specialty stores , grocery stores , convenience stores , department stores , taverns , and other locations licensed by the Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board . Spirits are available in stores greater than 10,000 sq ft ( grocery stores , big box liquor chains ) . There are two exceptions to the 10,000 - sq - ft rule : 1 ) Former State and Contract Liquor Stores that reopened under private ownership may also sell spirits provided they have been issued a new license from the state . 2 ) Cities , mostly in rural areas , that do not have a store that meets the minimum floor space may be allowed to sell spirits if the Liquor Control Board deems that there are no sufficient establishments within the trade area . West Virginia No Yes Beer / Wine : Mon - Sat : 7 am - 2 am , Sun : 1 pm - 2 am Liquor : Mon - Sat : 8 am - Midnight , Sun : Prohibited Mon - Fri : 7 am - 3 : 30 am , Sat : 7A - 3 : 00A , Sun : 1 pm - 3 am Yes 21 12 % ABV Cap on Beer . 75 % ABV spirits Permitted . Liquor , wine and beer products that are not already in closed packaging must be bagged before exiting retail locations . State no longer operates retail stores ( formerly State ABC Stores ) ; Number of privately owned stores restricted according to county or city population . All stores are state contracted ; Bars and clubs must purchase liquor from state contracted private stores in person . State retains monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only . Wisconsin No 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. Sunday -- Thursday , 2 : 30 a.m. Friday -- Saturday , no closing time on New Year 's Day . 6 a.m. -- midnight for beer ( some counties and municipalities only allow sales until 9 p.m. for beer ) , 6 a.m. -- 9 p.m. for liquor and wine By local ordinance 21 Wisconsin permits the consumption of alcohol by minors , provided they are being supervised by parents / guardians / spouses . Most municipalities have a uniform 9 p.m. restriction on all alcohol sales . Notable exceptions : Kenosha , Green Bay , La Crosse , Maple Bluff ( near Madison ) , Baraboo ( near the Dells ) . Supermarkets , liquor stores , and gas stations may sell liquor , wine , and beer . Law changed effective 12 / 7 / 2011 to allow all liquor sales to begin at 6 a.m. Nonalcoholic beer is not regulated by state law . Wyoming No Yes 6.00 a.m. -- 2.00 a.m. No 21 Clubs holding liquor licenses may be exempt from the hours of operation here specified by local ordinance or regulation of the appropriate licensing authority , but it does not seem to happen in practice Puerto Rico No No territory - wide mandated last call No territory - wide mandated hours of operation for liquor stores , but sales prohibited on Election Day and during hurricane emergencies ; some municipalities prohibit sales after midnight weekdays or 2 : 00 weekends . Beer , wine and spirits available for sale in supermarkets , convenience stores and drug stores as well as liquor stores . 18 Minimum drinking age is 18 . Drinking on the street is illegal in San Juan ( except in designated areas during selected street festivals ) but not in all cities . See also ( edit ) Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States Alcohol exclusion laws Blue laws in the United States Drunk driving in the United States Last call Liquor store List of dry communities by U.S. state Shoulder tap ( alcohol ) United States open container laws Wine shipping laws in the United States Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The U.S. Department of Defense defines Authorized Patron as a person who is an active member of or a member who has the status of honorably retired from the U.S. Army , U.S. Air Force , U.S. Coast Guard , U.S. Marine Corps , and the U.S. Navy , and their direct dependents with proper military identification / dependents identification . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bragg , Rick ( 1996 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Louisiana Stands Alone on Drinking at 18 '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Court Upholds Drinking Age of 21 '' . The New York Times . 1996 - 07 - 03 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Government Affairs '' . American Homebrewers Association . Retrieved March 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Phillip Rawls / The Associated Press ( 2013 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Home brewing legal in Alabama '' . Tuscaloosa News . Jump up ^ Chris Elkins ( 2013 - 03 - 19 ) . `` Gov. Bryant signs bill to allow home brewing Daily Journal '' . Djournal.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 27 CFR 25.205 - Production . LII / Legal Information Institute '' . Law.cornell.edu. 2014 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Donald J. Smith , Life , liberty and the pursuit of homebrewing , The Birmingham News , May 21 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` TTBGov General Alcohol FAQ '' . Alcohol and Tobacco Trade Bureau . Retrieved December 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` United States Code : Title 26 , 5601 . Criminal penalties '' . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved December 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Alaska Alcoholic Beverage Control Board ( 1 ) . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 21 . Archived February 6 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Alaska Alcoholic Beverage Control Board Local Option List Archived 2010 - 06 - 02 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Arizona Department of Liquor Licenses and Control . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Arizona Revised Statute 4 - 249 Jump up ^ ( 3 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Arizona Revised Statute 4 - 244 ( 23 ) Jump up ^ `` Arkansas DFA Title 3 , Subtitle E Prohibited Conduct and Activities '' . www.dfa.arkansas.gov . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ 2010 California Code Business and Professions Code . `` Article 3 . Rights And Obligations Of Licensees '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Governor signs ' sip and spit ' bill '' . UC Davis . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : ( 6 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Zalaznick , Matt . `` Norwalk Liquor Stores Can Open Sunday '' . The Norwalk Daily Voice . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Alissa . `` Norwalk Welcomes Sunday Liquor Sales '' . The Norwalk Daily Voice . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 7 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ ( 8 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Title 4 '' . delcode.delaware.gov . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : ( 9 ) Archived 2013 - 05 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . DC ABRA Laws and Regulations FAQs Jump up ^ ( 10 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ ( 11 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ ( 12 ) The Omnibus Alcoholic Beverage Regulation Emergency Amendment Act of 2012 Takes Effect Jump up ^ ( 13 ) DC ABRA Exception to Single Sales Moratorium Jump up ^ ( 14 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ ( 15 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday alcohol sales begin in Winder '' . AccessNorthGa. 2011 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii Alcohol Laws '' . AlcoholLaws.org . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ ( 16 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Iowa ABD . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://www.legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=78725 Jump up ^ ( 17 ) Jump up ^ `` Current Active Agency Liquor Stores '' . Maine Liquor Licensing and Compliance Division . Augusta , ME , USA : Maine State Police . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LePage signs St. Patrick 's Day bill '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Maine Bureau of Alcoholic Beverages & Lottery Operations : Alcoholic Beverages '' . Maine Bureau of Alcoholic Beverages & Lottery Operations . Retrieved 29 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Title 28 - A , § 123 : Local option questions '' . Jump up ^ Moretto , Mario ( March 13 , 2010 ) . `` Voters pave way for expanded liquor service in Sedgwick '' . Bangor Daily NEws . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` General Laws '' . ^ Jump up to : http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/138-33.htm Massachusetts General Law M.G.L. - Chapter 138 , Section 33 ^ Jump up to : http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/138-15.htm Massachusetts General Law M.G.L. - Chapter 138 , Section 15 Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts Alcoholic Beverages Control Commission ( ABCC ) '' . Mass.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts Alcoholic Beverages Control Commission ( ABCC ) '' . Mass.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ 2012 ABCC Identification Card Advisory Jump up ^ `` Administration '' . Jump up ^ `` General Laws '' . Jump up ^ Michigan Alcohol Laws ( 18 ) . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` LARA - Liquor Control Commission '' . www.michigan.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Coolican , J. Patrick . `` Gov. Dayton signs bill legalizing sale of alcohol on Sundays '' . Star Tribune . Star Tribune . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ 340A. 601 , Minn . Stats. ( 19 ) . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ ( 20 ) Jump up ^ Justin Roberts , `` Missouri State and Local Open Container Laws , '' Archived 2008 - 06 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . University of Missouri Institute of Public Policy , June 2005 Jump up ^ Chapter 311 , Revised Statutes of Missouri ( R.S. Mo . ) Jump up ^ Section 311.020 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Section 311.170 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Section 311.174 , R.S. Mo . ^ Jump up to : Ibid . Jump up ^ Section 311.176 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Section 311.178 , R.S. Mo Jump up ^ Section 311.200 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Section 311.086 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Section 311.310 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Section 311.055 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Try This at Home '' . Energy . Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. 5179 Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. 5601 Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. 5602 Jump up ^ 27 CFR Part 19 ^ Jump up to : Chapter 312 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Chapter 311 R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Bill 861 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` NRS 202.065 Sale of alcoholic beverage containing more than 80 percent of alcohol by volume '' . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada Revised Statutes : Chapter 458 , Section 260 '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Panaca '' . Nevada Commission on Tourism . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.nj.gov/oag/abc/downloads/abchandbook02.pdf Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7A - 1 Section A Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7A - 1 Section B Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7A - 1 Section D Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7A - 1 Section C , H Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7A - 1 Section E Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7B - 1A Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7B - 1B1 Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Jump up ^ `` Product Approval : North Carolina ABC Commission '' . Abc.nc.gov . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Hour FAQs '' ( PDF ) . Abc.nc.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/4301.69 Jump up ^ Armon , Rick . `` Ohio governor signs bill doing away with state 's ABV limit '' . www.ohio.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio Revised Code '' TITLE ( 43 ) XLIII LIQUOR '' CHAPTER 4301 : LIQUOR CONTROL LAW `` . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio Revised Code '' TITLE ( 43 ) XLIII LIQUOR '' CHAPTER 4301 : LIQUOR CONTROL LAW `` . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Law Orientation for Retailers '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` http://www.oregon.gov/OLCC/index.shtml '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 24 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Liquor License Company '' . Pennsylvanialiquorlicense.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Liquor License Company '' . Pennsylvanialiquorlicense.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Store Locations '' . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20081207030427/http://www.lcb.state.pa.us/plcb/cwp/view.asp?a=1327&q=556216&plcbNav . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ANNOUNCEMENT REGARDING CHANGE TO R.I. GEN . LAWS § 3 - 8 - 1 '' ( PDF ) . Department of Business Regulation . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ https://archive.is/20130119111119/http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2012/11/06/3648466/york-county-council-chair-fends.html . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20130615101517/http://www.newberryobserver.com/view/full_story/20734686/article-Sunday-alcohol-sales-gets-go-ahead-from-voters . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` TN Alcoholic Beverage Commission '' . Jump up ^ `` LexisNexis ® Legal Resources '' . Jump up ^ `` TABC Local Option Elections General Information '' . Tabc.state.tx.us . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Public Intoxication Laws '' . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Your Vermont State Liquor Stores '' . Vt . Dept. of Liquor Control . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 13 . External links ( edit ) National Alcohol Beverage Control Association Alcohol Policy Information System , U.S. National Institute of Health Federation of Tax Administrators - State Excise Taxes National Restaurant Association - State laws on alcohol sales ( Word document ) Alcohol and Public Health FAQ , U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention Alcohol laws of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Alcoholic beverage authorities of the United States Federal authorities Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives State authorities Alabama * Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho * Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine * Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi * Missouri Montana * Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire * New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina * North Dakota Ohio * Oklahoma Oregon * Pennsylvania * Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah * Vermont * Virginia * Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Territorial authorities District of Columbia Local authorities Hawaii County , Hawaii City and County of Honolulu Kauai County , Hawaii Maui County , Hawaii Montgomery County , Maryland * An * indicates an alcoholic beverage control state or county . 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"\n\nState\nAlcoholic beverage control state\nAlcohol sale hours\nGrocery store sales\nAge\nNotes\n\n\nBeer\nWine\nDistilled spirits\nOn-premises\nOff-premises\nBeer\nWine\nDistilled spirits\nPurchasing\nConsumption\n\n\nAlabama\nYes\nProhibited between midnight until noon on Sundays in some counties. Private clubs, which require a membership fee and a membership card, have no day or time restrictions.\nYes\nNo\n21\n21 No exceptions to the law\n13.9% ABV cap on beer\nBeer containers may not exceed 25.4 ounces (0.75 l)\nABV > 14.9% wine sold in state stores\nAlcohol may be served 24 hours a day unless restricted by local ordinances. Twenty-six of Alabama's 67 counties do not allow the sale of alcohol. However, possession and consumption remain legal within those 26 counties. Of the 26 \"dry\" counties, 23 have at least one \"wet\" city; these are considered \"moist\" dry counties. Within those 23 counties there are 43 wet cities. State law allows any city with a population greater than 1,000 located within a dry county to \"go wet\" if a referendum is passed by 50% of voters. State retains monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only.\nDistilled spirits (liquor) are purchasable in either state-owned retail liquor stores, known as ABC Stores, or privately-owned retail liquor stores. Privately-owned retail liquor stores tend to be open on Sundays, public (federal & state) holidays, and later hours than state-owned liquor stores.\n\n\n\nAlaska\nNo\n8 a.m. – 5 a.m.,[10] except election days (liquor stores may not open until polls close)\nNo (although many grocery stores have separate areas that sell all forms of alcoholic beverages and many bars sell packaged liquor as well)\n21\n21 Exception: Underage drinking allowed for medical purposes, and on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent [11]\nMost communities have more restrictive laws, ranging from restrictions on operating hours to bans on sale and possession.[12] Sellers/servers may not, for any reason, give a person alcohol for free or sell it for less than its cost. Sellers/servers may drink while on duty, but no intoxicated person may remain on the premises, so an impaired server could be arrested.[10]\n\n\nArizona\nNo\n6 a.m. – 2 a.m. seven days a week—no election day nor holiday restrictions [13]\nYes\n21\n21 Exception: Underage drinking allowed for religious[14] and medical purposes[15]\nSales of any type of alcohol are legal at any store that has an off-premises liquor license, including but not limited to convenience stores and grocery stores. Bars may sell closed containers of alcohol for consumption off the premises. Drive-through liquor stores are allowed. Everclear Grain Alcohol Proof 190 (95% alcohol) is legal. A large percentage of the land area of Arizona is in Indian reservations, many of which have liquor laws considerably more restrictive than state law, up to and including total prohibition. \"Beer busts\" (all the beer/liquor one can drink for a set price) in bars are illegal. Persons 19 years of age or older may work in bars and liquor stores serving and selling alcohol. Patrons may not purchase for on premises consumption more than 40 ounces of beer, 1 liter of wine or 4 ounces of distilled spirits at one time.[16] DUI penalties are some of the most severe in the nation. A person convicted of a DUI (even first offense) must have an interlock installed in his car for one year. Arizona has an 'Impaired to the Slightest Degree' law that can convict a person even if his BAC is less than .08%.\n\n\nArkansas\nNo\nSale prohibited Sundays, Mondays between 12:00 a.m. and 1:00 a.m., or on any other days between the hours of 1:00 a.m. and 7:00 a.m. The governing body of any city or town may fix later closing hours for the permitted premises of a hotel or restaurant which in no event shall be later than two (2) hours after midnight on Saturday night.[17]\nYes\nNo\n21\n21 No exceptions to the law\nHas numerous dry counties and other dry areas, but private clubs can serve even in dry areas.\nAlcohol sales are generally prohibited on Sundays, but exceptions can be made through local option (usually for restaurants and private clubs).\nNo sales on Christmas Day.\n\n\nCalifornia\nNo\n6 a.m. – 2 a.m.\nYes\n21\n21 Exception: A minor will not be penalized for consuming alcohol if discovered or reported through a medical emergency.[18]\nRelatively unrestricted; beer, wine and liquor available at grocery stores, convenience stores, gas stations, and warehouse clubs. No statewide holiday restrictions.\nMotor vehicles entering from Mexico may only import 1 liter of alcohol (duty-free). Sale or distribution of alcoholic beverages higher than 60% ABV is illegal (B&P 23403).[19]\nYou may serve alcohol if you are at least 21 years of age.\nCity and county governments can set different sale hours.\n18-, 19- and 20-year-old wine and beer production students can taste—but not consume—what they are making and studying.[20]\n\n\nColorado\nNo\n7 a.m. – 2 a.m.\nBeer, wine, and liquor: 8 a.m. – midnight\n3.2 beer: 5 a.m.-midnight\n\n3.2 only*\nNo*\n21\n21 Exception: Underage consumption allowed on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent, for religious, medical, and educational purposes.[21]\nSpirituous, vinous & malt liquor available in liquor stores and liquor-licensed drug stores only.\nLiquor stores closed on Christmas Day. Sunday sales restriction lifted on July 1, 2008. Liquor stores and liquor-licensed drug stores may have only one location, while 3.2% beer may be sold in gas stations, supermarkets, and convenience stores. Appropriately licensed businesses may also sell 3.2% beer for both on and off-premises consumption. A small number of grocery stores are licensed as drug stores and sell full strength beer, wine, and spirits. As an example, a chain grocery store that has pharmacy services at most or all locations may elect a single location in the chain as the licensed establishment to sell beer, wine, and spirits.\n\n\nConnecticut\nNo\n9 a.m. – 1 a.m. (Mon.–Thurs.)\n9 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Fri.–Sat.)\n11 a.m. – 1 a.m. (Sun.)\n8 a.m. – 10 p.m. (Mon.–Sat.) 10 a.m. – 6 p.m. (Sun.)\nYes\nNo\n21 Exception: No explicit age if a present legal guardian is 21 or older[22]\n21 Exception: Underage consumption is allowed on private non alcohol selling premises with parental consent, for medical and religious puroposes, and on alcohol selling premises with parental consent.[22]\nSunday off-premises sales allowed as of May 20, 2012;[23][24] Sunday on-premises sales subject to local ordinances.\nBeer can be purchased at grocery/convenience stores. Spirits and wine can be purchased only at liquor stores.\nNo off-premises alcohol sales on Thanksgiving, Christmas Day, and New Year's Day.\nOpen container law applies only to drivers, not passengers.\n\n\n\nDelaware\nNo\n9 a.m. – 1 a.m.\n9 a.m. – 1 a.m. (Mon.–Sat.)\nnoon–8 p.m. (Sun.) Municipalities with a population over 50,000 persons may impose stricter hours of sale by local ordinance.\nNo\n21\n21 Exception: A minor will not be penalized for if discovered consuming alcohol through a medical emergency. Underage drinking allowed on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent, for religious purposes.[25][26]\nFor off-premises consumption, alcohol may be purchased only in a liquor store, taproom, or a brew pub that has an off-premises license. Unless accompanied by a parent or guardian over 21, no person under 21 may enter a liquor store or taproom for any reason, even for the intent of purchasing only tobacco or lottery tickets. No sales of alcohol by liquor stores or taprooms are permitted during designated holidays including Thanksgiving, Easter or Christmas.[27]\n\n\nDistrict of Columbia\nNo\n8 a.m. – 2 a.m. Sun.–Thu.,\n8 a.m. – 3 a.m. Fri.–Sat.\n[28]\n\nLiquor Stores:\n9 a.m. – midnight daily*\nGrocery Stores:\n9 a.m.-12 a.m. daily\n[28]\n\nYes\nNo\n21\n21 Exception: A minor will not be penalized for if discovered consuming alcohol through a medical emergency.[29][30]\n*Liquor stores can begin applying for licenses to open on Sunday as of January 16, 2013.[31]\nNo singles sold, but stores in some areas may apply for an exemption.[32]\nCertain wards may be made dry by the decision of the local ANC, but as of 2005[update] none are\nThe day before a federal or district holiday, on-premises retailers may sell/serve from 8 a.m.-3 a.m. On New Yer's Eve, on-premises retailers may sell/serve until 4 a.m. on January 1.[28]\n\n\n\nFlorida\nNo\nState law prohibits selling of alcohol between midnight and 7 a.m., unless the county chooses to change the operating hours later (FS 562.14(1)) ; such as for Sunday morning; Ormond Beach stays open until 7pm on Sundays. Miami-Dade County liquor stores may operate 24 hours a day.\nYes\nNo\n21\n21 Exception: 18 for educational purposes[33]\nSale, processing, or consumption of any liquor or spirit of greater than 153 proof is illegal. (FSS 565.07)\nNo retail sale of wine in containers larger than 1 gallon. FS 564.05 Supermarkets and other licensed business establishments may sell beer, low-alcohol liquors, and wine. Liquor must be sold in dedicated liquor stores which may be in a separate part of a grocery or a drug store. As of July 1, 2015, the restriction on 64 ounce refillable containers, or growlers, has been lifted and beer may be sold in quantities of 64 ounces, in addition to the previously legal 32 and 128 ounce sizes.\n\n\n\nGeorgia\nNo\nHours of sale determined by local jurisdiction. No alcohol sales on Christmas Day.\nYes\nNo\n21\n21 Exception: Underage drinking allowed on non-alcoholic premises with parental consent, and for religious and medical purposes.[34]\n14% ABV cap on beer.\nSunday off-premises sales from 12:30 p.m. to 11:30 p.m. allowed only by local referendum.[35]\nIn general, one may not be drunk in public. Though there is no state law prohibiting drinking in public, most municipal corporations and political subdivisions limit the possession of open containers of alcohol to private property, with notable exceptions being Savannah and Roswell. A charge of public drunkenness is only warranted when one is drunk in public and his acts are either loud or disorderly.\n\n\n\nHawaii\nNo\nBars and restaurants stop serving alcohol at 2 a.m., but some hold a special ‘cabaret license’ that allows them to continue serving alcohol until 4 a.m.[36]\n6 a.m. to 12 a.m. Within Honolulu County\n6 a.m. to 11 p.m. Within Kauai, Maui, and Hawaii counties\nYes\n21\n21 Exception: Underage consumption allowed for religious purposes[37]\n\n\n"
] | [
"2 a.m."
] |
4610919288337906719 | Selina Meyer | Selina Meyer - wikipedia Selina Meyer Selina Meyer Veep character Julia Louis - Dreyfus as Selina Meyer in a DVD cover for season 1 of Veep First appearance `` Fundraiser '' ( April 22 , 2012 ) Created by Armando Iannucci Portrayed by Julia Louis - Dreyfus Information Gender Female Occupation President of the United States ( former ) Vice President of the United States ( former ) Senator from Maryland ( former ) Congresswoman ( former ) Family Gordon Dunn Eaton ( father , deceased ) Catherine Calvert Eaton ( mother , deceased ) Spouse ( s ) Andrew Meyer ( ex-husband ) Significant other ( s ) Ted Cullen ( dated ) Ray ( fling ) Charlie Baird Jr. ( dated ) Children Catherine Selina Meyer ( daughter ) Nationality American Alma Mater Smith College Selina Catherine Meyer ( / ˈmaɪ. ər / MY - ər ; née Eaton ) is a fictional character portrayed by Julia Louis - Dreyfus on the HBO television comedy series Veep . Louis - Dreyfus has been critically acclaimed for the role , earning a record - breaking six consecutive Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series awards and five Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy nominations . Meyer is a former United States Senator and the Vice President of the United States following an unsuccessful run for President . During the first season , as Vice President she was powerless and disregarded by most other important officials , leading to various humiliations and indignities . During the second season she begins to amass some power and influence . In the third season , she contemplates challenging the incumbent president for their unnamed party 's nomination in light of his political weakness , but the issue is mooted when he abruptly resigns , allowing her to become the president . In the fourth season , she has assumed office but is facing strong primary and general - election challengers of her own . The general election results in a tie , setting the stage for the fifth season , as the United States House of Representatives prepares to choose the president . The role garnered Louis - Dreyfus several milestone accolades : her fourteenth Primetime Emmy Award nomination for a role in the regular cast of a comedy series surpassed Lucille Ball as the most ever . Her Primetime Emmy Award for her third different regular cast role also was a record - setting achievement for a comedy actress . Her five consecutive Primetime Emmy Lead Actress wins break a record and her six overall Primetime Emmy Lead Actress wins also break a record . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fictional biography 2 Character 3 Reception 4 Notes 5 External links Fictional biography ( edit ) Meyer was born Selina Catherine Eaton to mother Catherine Calvert Eaton and Gordon Dunn Eaton . In her childhood , she loved her father ( whom she affectionately called Daddy ) , but resented her narcissistic mother . It is later revealed that Selina 's father was an adulterer who died from a heart attack while having sex with his secretary , and that her mother only stayed with him to provide for her . Selina attended Smith College , and Yale Law School . As a young woman , she married Andrew Meyer , a shady real estate developer , with whom she has a daughter , Catherine . She eventually divorces Andrew for repeatedly cheating on her , and shows little ( if any ) maternal instinct towards her daughter . The show 's original opening sequence details some of her career . She was a United States Senator from Maryland ( where she was born and raised ) . She announced her candidacy for the 2012 presidential election . Media outlets initially praised her and had high hopes for her becoming the President , with headlines such as `` Magic Meyer '' and `` Is this Meyer 's Moment ? '' . Despite strong initial victories , she ultimately is defeated by primary challenger Stuart Hughes on Super Tuesday , and suspends her campaign . He then selects her as his running mate , and is elected to the presidency . As the Vice President , Meyer finds herself increasingly ignored by the President , and often demoted to trivial matters . When the sitting President decides that he will not seek a second term , his Chief of Staff Ben Cafferty encourages Meyer to run , which she ultimately does . She faces a primary challenge from war veteran and Governor of Minnesota Danny Chung , Secretary of Defense George Maddox , freshman Congressman Owen Pierce , and baseball coach Joe Thornhill . During the course of the primary season , President Hughes resigns abruptly to care for his ailing wife , and Meyer ascends to the presidency . Headlines question whether Meyer will be `` the 8 - month president '' , confirming that Hughes ' term was near over , and Meyer is constitutionally eligible to serve two full terms as President . Though she chooses Senator Andrew Doyle to become her Vice President , he declines to serve as her running mate for a full term as Vice President . She offers the running mate position to both Chung and Maddox , but both decline , and she ultimately chooses popular Senator Tom James when she secures the party nomination . Meyer is challenged in the general election by Southern Senator Bill O'Brien . The election ends in an Electoral College tie , but with Meyer having won the popular vote . After an ambiguous result in Nevada , the Meyer campaign successfully lobbies for a recount . The recount backfires , and O'Brien keeps Nevada as a victory , as well as overtakes the popular vote . Congress must then decide who will be the President . After the House of Representatives fails to elect the President , Meyer agrees to be Vice President for her running mate Tom James , however the Senate instead elects O'Brien's running mate Laura Montez as Vice President . Due to the tied vote in the House , the office of the President is left vacant , meaning that Vice President Montez immediately ascends to the presidency . As a result , James makes plans to return to the private sector while Meyer , now completely out of office , contemplates her future . Character ( edit ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus who plays fictional Vice President of the United States Selina Meyer , with Joe Biden , the ( then ) real Vice President of the United States . The show 's premise is that Meyer is a former United States Senator who runs a failed Presidential campaign before being asked to be the winning candidate 's Vice President . As Vice President , her world is kept in balance by her assistants : Amy Brookheimer ( Anna Chlumsky ) is the Vice President 's chief of staff , while Gary Walsh ( Tony Hale ) is Meyer 's grovelling personal aide . Selina also hires Dan Egan ( Reid Scott ) , who threatens Amy 's place in the staff , and Mike McLintock ( Matt Walsh ) , a press spokesman . Meyer has no significant other , and requires that her daughter Catherine , from a past marriage , make appointments to see her . Some suggest that Meyer is likely a Republican , while others feel she is a Democrat . Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times notes that Meyer 's party affiliation is unknown because the show focuses on bullying and ego rather than ideology . James Poniewozik of Time explains the ambiguity as follows : Veep is `` almost all politics and almost no political issues '' . Robert Lloyd of Los Angeles Times explains the lack of need for party affiliations , or even political ideology in a similar manner , saying that Veep is `` less a show about politics than about politicking . '' In an interview with The New Yorker Radio Hour , Julia Louis - Dreyfus suggested that Meyer 's associated political party is intentionally left unknown to the audience . Louis - Dreyfus later elaborated : `` ( Selina Meyer 's ) politics are all about her and staying alive ... she will hold any position if it keeps her in office . '' In the episode Election Night , CNN represents states won by Meyer as blue . In the same episode , she also comments winning the ' blue wall ' states of Connecticut and Vermont with `` A bowl of hair could win those states '' . Poniewozik describes the season 1 Meyer as a `` bumbling and overwhelmed '' shadow of her former self . Merissa Marr of The Wall Street Journal describes Meyer as `` inept '' . James Parker of The New York Times describes her as animated , powerless , prone to fits , and at times distracted . He notes that she motorcades and entourages with importance , but also passes time rotating dreamily in her swivel chair . Parker opines that Meyer `` swears her head off '' because that is what the modern `` gaffe - phobic , linguistically constipated '' public servant who has sold his / her soul to a lobbyist group does behind closed doors after public speeches about `` ceaseless , toneless platitudes '' . Variety television critic Brian Lowry describes Meyer as `` easily flustered , foul - mouthed '' , saying that her `` over-reliance on profanity '' is a comedic crutch . David Renshaw of The Guardian describes Meyer as `` a perfect combination of ineptness and amorality '' . T.A. Frank of The New Republic says that in season 1 she is completely ignored by the president and dismissed by Congress as she endures repeated indignities with a high degree of cynicism . According to Frank , Meyer slowly gains some respect and power , but it is not without effort . Entertainment Weekly 's Ken Tucker , noted that the premise of a politician without influence striving for it suited itself well to a comedy and that her frequent cursing should not have been much of an issue given that it was an HBO production . Laura Bennett of The New Republic states that in season 1 Meyer is `` a hapless buffoon , fluffing her hair and running in circles '' , who endures marginalization and irrelevance , but in season 2 , which is set during midterm elections , she is `` a player in the administration with concrete involvement in foreign policy '' . Reception ( edit ) Louis - Dreyfus in 2012 The role has established Louis - Dreyfus as the all - time most Primetime Emmy Award decorated actress in terms of regular cast roles in a comedy series ( i.e. , not counting guest acting Emmys ) . It is the third character ( Elaine Benes on Seinfeld and Christine Campbell on The New Adventures of Old Christine being the first two ) for which Louis - Dreyfus has earned a Primetime Emmy Award ( Outstanding Lead Actress or Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series ) . When Louis - Dreyfus earned the second Emmy nomination for this role it marked her fourteenth Primetime Emmy nomination for either Outstanding Lead Actress or Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series , surpassing Lucille Ball 's all - time record . The win tied her with Ball with a total of four and made her the first actress to win Primetime Emmy Awards for three different regular cast comedy roles . Her second win also made her the first actress to become a two - time awardee as a comedy actress for HBO . She earned Primetime Emmy Awards for her season 1 and season 2 performances in 2012 and 2013 at the 64th Primetime Emmy Awards and 65th Primetime Emmy Awards ceremonies . She was nominated at the 70th Golden Globe Awards and 71st Golden Globe Awards for her season 1 and season 2 performances . Her season 2 performance also earned a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series award at the 20th Screen Actors Guild Awards . Louis - Dreyfus has earned a wide range of additional nominations and awards for this role including nominations for Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series , Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Comedy Series , TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Comedy , Satellite Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy , and Women 's Image Network Award for Best Actress in a Comedy Series . In season 3 , Meyer continued to be a critically acclaimed role . Louis - Dreyfus earned a Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Comedy Series nomination at the 4th Critics ' Choice Television Awards . At the 30th TCA Awards , Dreyfus won TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Comedy . Louis - Dreyfus again won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series at the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards . She was also nominated again for the Female Actor in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series at the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards as well as Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards . The season 4 portrayal of Meyer continued to earn praise . At the 67th Primetime Emmy Awards Louis - Dreyfus won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for a fourth consecutive time . She was also nominated again for the Female Actor in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series at the 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards as well as Best Actress -- Television Series Comedy at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards . She also received acting nominations at the 5th Critics ' Choice Television Awards , 20th Satellite Awards , and 31st TCA Awards . In earning her fourth consecutive and fifth overall Lead Actress Emmy , Louis - Dreyfus tied Mary Tyler Moore and Candice Bergen with five wins in the category and tied Helen Hunt for four consecutive wins in the category . The season 5 performance earned a nomination for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series at the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards , which she ultimately won and dedicated to her recently deceased father . The win gave her the record of five consecutive wins in the category , surpassing Hunt as well as six total wins in the category surpassing Bergen and Moore . She received acting nominations at the 32nd TCA Awards . and 7th Critics ' Choice Television Awards . She also wins again for the Female Actor in a Comedy Series and nominated for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series at the 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards as well as Best Actress -- Television Series Comedy at the 74th Golden Globe Awards . Louis - Dreyfus ' performance as Meyer in season 6 again won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series at the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards , extending her records set the prior year . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mother '' . May 15 , 2016 -- via IMDb . Jump up ^ Solymon1 ( October 6 , 2012 ) . `` Veep Opening Theme '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Veep : `` Some New Beginnings '' `` . April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Veep : `` Debate '' `` . June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Veep : `` Crate '' / `` New Hampshire '' `` . June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Aberturas de Séries ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` HBO : Veep ( Season 4 ) Intro / Opening Credits '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Veep : `` Convention '' `` . May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Veep returns as sharp and gloriously unsentimental as ever '' . April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kulzik , Kate ( May 15 , 2016 ) . `` Julia Louis - Dreyfus shines as Veep introduces Selina 's `` Mother '' `` . AV Club . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Poniewozik , James ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` TV Weekend : Veep '' . Time . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Renshaw , David ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Veep -- box set review : Julia Louis - Dreyfus is fantastic as a politically impotent vice-president in Armando Iannucci 's enjoyably silly sitcom '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McElvoy , Anne ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` All the single ladies : Borgen 's Katrine joins the small - screen power mothers '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Ken ( April 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' Veep ' premiere review : Julia Louis - Dreyfus was great , but did you actually laugh much ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Four Eccentric Senators as Capitol Hill Roomies : ' Alpha House ' Is Garry Trudeau 's TV Comedy From Amazon '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` Review : Julia Louis - Dreyfus makes a first - rate , funny ' Veep ' : It 's a treat to watch Julia Louis - Dreyfus put her smart comedic skills to the political test as Selina Meyer in Armando Iannucci 's ' Veep ' on HBO '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Remnick , David ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Episode 21 : Julia Louis - Dreyfus on the Presidential Race , and Malcolm Gladwell on School Shootings '' . The New Yorker Radio Hour ( Podcast ) . WNYC Studios . Event occurs at 10 : 35 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Veep '' Election Night ( TV Series ) `` . IMDb . June 14 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marr , Merissa ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` A Place Where Pols are Popular : ' Alpha House ' is the latest in a flurry of shows '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Parker , James ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` What 's It Like Having Power ? How Would I Know ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( April 8 , 2013 ) . `` TV Review : ' Veep ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Frank , T.A. ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` America 's Least - Favorite City Has Become Television 's Favorite Subject '' . The New Republic . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Donovan , Gerard ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Veep , Series 2 Episode 1 , Sky Atlantic , review : The second series of Veep , the Emmy - winning US political drama , set off at a blistering pace , says Gerard O'Donovan '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Laura ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` The Sneaky Feminism of ' Veep ' Selina Meyer and the problem with female characters in political comedies '' . The New Republic . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Itzkoff , David ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` Artsbeat ; HBO Orders Third ' Veep ' Season '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Stacey ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Emmys : 12 Categories With Potentially Historic Wins '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Maria Elena ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` Julia Louis - Dreyfus is on the trail to tie Lucille Ball in Emmy wins '' . Today . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hilary ( September 22 , 2013 ) . `` Emmys 2013 : Julia Louis - Dreyfus Wins With Record - Breaking 14th Nomination '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , David ( September 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Modern Family ' Take Top Honors in a Tribute - Heavy Emmy Awards '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Patrick ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Julia Louis Dreyfus : Joe Biden congratulated me on Emmy win '' . Politico . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Farley , Christopher John ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Golden Globes Nominations 2014 : ' 12 Years a Slave , ' ' American Hustle ' Lead Field '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ King , Susan and Rene Lynch ( January 18 , 2014 ) . `` SAG Awards 2014 : ' American Hustle ' cast takes top honors '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards 2014 : The complete list of winners and nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . December 11 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Breaking Bad ' score Critics ' Choice Awards '' . United Press International . June 11 , 2013 . Retrieved December 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Raftery , Liz ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` TCA Award Nominations Announced '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` ' 12 Years a Slave ' Tops Satellite Award Nominations '' . The Wrap . Retrieved December 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Women 's Image Network ( WIN ) Awards 14 NOMINATIONS Announced '' . PR Log . September 19 , 2012 . Retrieved December 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice TV Awards 2014 : And the nominees are ... '' Entertainment Weekly . May 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( July 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad , ' ' True Detective ' Win at TCA Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Primetime Emmy Awards 2014 : The winners list '' . CNN . August 26 , 2014 . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` SAG Awards : Modern Family , Thrones , Homeland , Boardwalk , Cards Lead Noms ; Mad Men Shut Out ; HTGAWM , Maslany and Aduba Get Nods '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Golden Globes : Fargo , True Detective Lead Nominations ; Jane the Virgin , Transparent Score Multiple Nods '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( September 20 , 2015 ) . `` Emmys : Julia Louis - Dreyfus Wins Best Actress , Comedy For ' Veep ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Carol , ' Netflix Lead Golden Globes Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` SAG Awards : Game of Thrones , Homeland , House of Cards Lead Noms ; Empire , Inside Amy Schumer Shut Out ; Mr. Robot 's Rami Malek Sneaks In '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Li , Shirley ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` The Critics ' Choice TV Awards 2015 : And the nominees are ... '' Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Awards ( 2015 ) '' . International Press Academy . IPA . December 2 , 2015 . pressacademy.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 TCA Award Nominees Include ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Empire ' , ' The Americans ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Daniel ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( ' Veep ' ) is 1 - to - 10 favorite to set Emmy record with 5th consecutive win '' . GoldDerby.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` It 's Time to Add New Actresses to the Emmy Comedy Mix '' . Variety . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emmys 2016 : Tatiana Maslany , Rami Malek , ' Game of Thrones ' and Jimmy Kimmel lead a gala that reflects TV 's bold new age '' -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ `` Emmys 2016 : The Full List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whipp , Glenn ( 2016 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Julia Louis - Dreyfus makes Emmy history '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Mr. Robot , ' ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' Lead TCA Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Critics ' Choice TV Nominations Unveiled '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards 2017 gets political '' . CNN . 30 January 2017 . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2017 : Complete list of nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . 12 December 2016 . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Veep Wins Outstanding Comedy Series at 2017 Emmys , Thanks `` Trump White House '' `` . E ! Online . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official character bio at HBO Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selina_Meyer&oldid=845452770 '' Categories : Comedy television characters Female characters in television Fictional characters from Maryland Fictional characters introduced in 2012 Fictional Presidents of the United States Fictional Vice Presidents of the United States Fictional United States Senators Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2016 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 22 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | in the show veep what state did selina myers represent in the us senate | [
"The show's original opening sequence details some of her career. She was a United States Senator from Maryland (where she was born and raised). She announced her candidacy for the 2012 presidential election. Media outlets initially praised her and had high hopes for her becoming the President, with headlines such as \"Magic Meyer\" and \"Is this Meyer's Moment?\". Despite strong initial victories, she ultimately is defeated by primary challenger Stuart Hughes on Super Tuesday, and suspends her campaign. He then selects her as his running mate, and is elected to the presidency.[2]"
] | [
"Maryland"
] |
-5409521913630141666 | Good Luck Charlie | Good Luck Charlie - wikipedia Good Luck Charlie This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 5 November 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search For the 2007 romantic comedy film , see Good Luck Chuck . Good Luck Charlie Genre Sitcom Created by Phil Baker Drew Vaupen Starring Bridgit Mendler Leigh - Allyn Baker Bradley Steven Perry Mia Talerico Eric Allan Kramer Jason Dolley Theme music composer Jeanne Lurie Chen Neeman Aris Archontis Opening theme `` Hang In There Baby '' by Bridgit Mendler Composer ( s ) Stephen R. Phillips & Tim P . Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 97 ( and 1 film ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Phil Baker Drew Vaupen Dan Staley Producer ( s ) Pixie Wespiser Camera setup Videotape ( filmized ) Multi-camera Running time 23 -- 49 minutes Production company ( s ) It 's a Laugh Productions Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network Disney Channel Picture format HDTV 720p Original release April 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 04 ) -- February 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 16 ) Chronology Related shows Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! External links Website disneychannel.disney.com/good-luck-charlie Good Luck Charlie is an American sitcom that originally aired on Disney Channel from April 4 , 2010 , to February 16 , 2014 . The series ' creators , Phil Baker and Drew Vaupen , wanted to create a program that would appeal to entire families , not just children . It focuses on the Duncan family of Denver as they adjust to the births of their fourth and fifth children , Charlotte `` Charlie '' ( Mia Talerico ) and Toby ( Logan Moreau ) . In each episode , Teddy Duncan ( Bridgit Mendler ) adds to a video diary that contains advice for Charlie about their family and life as a teenager . Teddy tries to show Charlie what she might go through when she is older for future reference . Each video diary ends with Teddy ( or another family member , even Charlie ) saying the eponymous phrase , `` Good luck , Charlie '' . Among other decisions , executives included adult - centric scenes and changed the series title from Oops to Love , Teddy and finally to Good Luck Charlie in order to ensure the series would appeal to all family members . Good Luck Charlie premiered on Disney Channel in the United States on April 4 , 2010 , in Canada on April 5 , 2010 , in the United Kingdom and Ireland on May 14 , 2010 , and in Australia and New Zealand on July 23 , 2010 . In March 2011 , a feature - length Christmas Disney Channel Original Movie based on the series , entitled Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! , began production for a December 2011 premiere . In June 2013 , Disney Channel announced that the series would end its run after four seasons . The finale aired on February 16 , 2014 , with a one - hour episode . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Development and production 3.1 Naming 3.2 Casting 4 Episodes 5 Film 6 Indian adaptation 7 Broadcast 8 Music 9 Reception 9.1 Viewership 9.2 Protest 10 Awards and nominations 11 References 12 External links Premise ( edit ) Set in Denver , Colorado , the series focuses on the Duncan family , who are still adjusting to the birth of their fourth child , Charlotte `` Charlie '' Duncan ( Mia Talerico ) . When parents Amy ( Leigh - Allyn Baker ) , a nurse , and Bob ( Eric Allan Kramer ) , an exterminator , return to work , they ask their three older children -- PJ ( Jason Dolley ) , Teddy ( Bridgit Mendler ) , and Gabe ( Bradley Steven Perry ) -- to help raise their little sister . At the same time , Teddy , PJ , and Gabe try to deal with school and general social challenges in their lives . The events in each episode become material for a video diary that Teddy is making for Charlie . Teddy hopes the videos will provide useful advice for Charlie after they have both grown up and Teddy has moved out . At the end of each video , she ( and / or other cast members ) says , `` Good luck , Charlie '' or may even say it indirectly such as `` Wish them good luck , Charlie . '' During the movie , Amy reveals to Teddy that she is pregnant with her fifth child , but this story plot is not brought into the series until the third season , during which Amy gives birth to a baby boy , Toby . Each episode ends , after the video diary , with an event that is weird and usually can not happen in real life . Characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) The season four cast of Good Luck Charlie ( The Duncan family , from left to right ) , Mia Talerico as Charlie Duncan , Bradley Steven Perry as Gabe Duncan , Bridgit Mendler as Teddy Duncan , Leigh - Allyn Baker as Amy Duncan , Jason Dolley as PJ Duncan , Eric Allan Kramer as Bob Duncan and Logan Moreau as Toby Duncan Teddy Duncan Teddy R. Duncan ( Bridgit Mendler ) , Charlie 's only sister , is the second - oldest Duncan sibling . Feeling that she will not be around as much when Charlie is grown , she produces and directs video diaries for her , hoping they will give her advice that will help her be successful as a teenager . She produces these video diaries at the end of every episode , and at the end of every video diary she says `` Good luck Charlie '' . Her best friend is Ivy Wentz . It was mentioned in `` Sun Show : Part 1 '' , that her parents were expecting a boy , hence the generally masculine name `` Teddy '' . She dated Spencer Walsh in season one , but they broke up after she caught him two - timing both her and a pretty , dim - witted brunette named Skyler , breaking her heart . She and Skyler later become friends . She and Spencer get back together in season two . Throughout the show Teddy has had numerous boyfriends . Teddy shows much care towards her brothers , such as saving PJ from falling out of the treehouse window , or offering to help Gabe deal with Jo , who has given him a black eye . Teddy 's best friend Ivy often calls her G.G. for `` goody - goody . '' She and Spencer get back together in `` Can You Keep A Secret ? '' . In `` All Fall Down '' Teddy and Spencer break up because they do n't want to be in a long - distance relationship while Spencer attends the Boston Institute for Performing Arts ( BIPA ) . But when Bob 's newest employee Beau admits that he likes Teddy , they begin dating . The two break up when he decides to move home . In `` Accepted '' , Teddy finds out that she is on the waiting list for Yale after Victor ; later she is accepted . Later in the last episode , Spencer and Teddy get back together and kiss , and she shoots the final entry in her video diary before leaving for Yale . It was never revealed what her middle initial `` R '' stands for . Amy Duncan Amy B. Duncan -- ( née Blankenhooper ) ( Leigh - Allyn Baker ) is Bob 's wife and the mother of PJ , Teddy , Gabe , Charlie , and Toby . She worked as a hospital nurse and is often portrayed as dutiful , protective and comedic . She loves her family and does everything to care for and protect them . She appears out - of - her - element when she is n't nurturing them , especially Charlie , but as the series progresses , she begins to feel assured that her youngest children are in good hands and trusts that her husband and 3 eldest children can look after Charlie and Toby . She is notoriously conceited and enjoys bragging about her accomplishments , be they admirable , real , or otherwise . Amy used to be on the local news team and was also a poet in her high - school days . A running gag on the show is that she was involved in virtually every extracurricular activity at Southwest Denver Community College but still earned a nursing degree . She lets special opportunities , such as being on TV or singing in front of a group , go to her head . She has a habit of taking any chance of any publicity that may shine on her family to focus onto her , but this never works out well ; usually she ends up being cut from the project or tossed out of certain groups . Amy seldom accepts her children 's misbehavior . It is revealed in the movie , that she is pregnant again with her fifth child . In the middle of the third season , Amy quit her nursing job to be a stay - at - home mother to Charlie and Toby . In the final episode , Amy is chosen to be the new anchor on `` Good Morning , Denver '' , thanks to Charlie calling in during her on - air audition . Gabe Duncan Gabriel `` Gabe '' Duncan ( Bradley Steven Perry ) is the middle Duncan sibling , being both the younger brother of Teddy and PJ and the older brother of Charlie and Toby . From the beginning Gabe does n't approve of Charlie 's arrival and is the last one of the family to get used to her , but finally he reaches the point of reluctantly assisting in her care and demonstrating some fondness of her . He is a prankster and troublemaker , often sarcastic and lazy , but can also be dutiful and determined at times . He is front - man when it comes to the Duncans ' running rivalry with their neighbor Mrs. Dabney , who is often the target of Gabe 's pranks and stunts -- which is the only time the family does n't mind them . Although he does n't like Mrs. Dabney , he ends up dating a relative of Mrs. Dabney , Lauren . He and Toby are the only brown - haired Duncans ; all of the others are blondes . A running gag in the show is that he insults Bob 's weight and baldness , Amy 's cooking , PJ being a goofball , Teddy being a `` goody - goody , '' and occasionally Charlie . He also likes to harass and tease Mrs. Dabney , whom he finds annoying . He also won the right to name his baby brother Toby ; in one episode , he tried to impress a girl by making video diaries for Toby , ending them with `` Good Fortune , Toby ! '' . It has been revealed that Gabe was a calm and docile baby . Charlie Duncan Charlotte `` Charlie '' Duncan ( Mia Talerico ) is the title character and the second - youngest Duncan sibling . She is generally portrayed as being happy . It sometimes takes a few tries to get her to do the right thing . Charlie can also be mischievous at times . Many of the Duncan family 's adventures revolve around Charlie . Both her older brothers , PJ and Gabe , are often seen using Charlie for their own benefit , although PJ shows that he cares about her deeply . Gabe seems to dislike Charlie the most although , in some episodes , he is seen being quite fond of her . Amy thinks of Charlie as the perfect baby . It was revealed in `` Charlie is 1 '' , that it was Teddy 's idea to nickname her Charlie . Charlie speaks more often in later episodes of seasons two and three . Toby was born on her birthday ; she responded to this by `` I like this present . '' In season three , her personality begins to develop , as she is seen as sneaky and mischievous , such as pretending to like a doll Amy bought for her to like Toby , then throwing it away when she was not looking ; and also telling Amy 's `` friends '' what she really thinks of them , causing her to lose them all . Also , she can be seen as not liking Toby as in the episode `` Doppel Date '' when she asks Bob if Toby is going to stay at the hotel and he says no and Charlie asks if they can talk about it . Bob Duncan Bob William Duncan ( Eric Allan Kramer ) is the father of Teddy , PJ , Gabe , Charlie , and Toby , and husband of Amy . He owns a pest control company , `` Bob 's Bugs Be Gone '' . He sometimes refers to his business as the `` Triple B-G '' . He loves bugs and attends the Bug Convention every year . Bob is the coach of Gabe 's basketball team , but he was temporarily replaced by his wife . It is also mentioned in `` Snow Show : Part 1 '' that Bob and Amy are not legally married because they were scammed by a con man who impersonated a judge ; they have a legal ceremony with all 4 children present . His childhood dream was to be a professional wrestler named `` Bobzilla '' , which he showed in his company 's commercial . Bob gets made fun of a lot throughout the series because of his weight and baldness , usually by Gabe . He is barely more intelligent than the bugs he kills , and breeds much resentment among his kids by being very `` cheap '' and `` tight '' with his money . He wants his family to know him as a `` fix - it '' man , though his projects never seem to work out . He is slightly afraid of Amy , but he calls it a `` strong respect '' . He has two positions of authority when it comes to the children : driving lessons and barbecuing . He can be lazy but is determined to spend quality time with his wife and children . He has issues with his mother - in - law , Petunia . It is revealed he has apologized to Amy at least 162 times , while Amy just soaks it up . In `` Baby Steps , '' it is revealed that he dropped all of his kids including Toby . In multiple episodes Bob brags about having his own band in high school , `` The Bob Duncan Experience '' , which made a grand total of one record ( an LP , no copies ) . He can still play bass guitar and occasionally sits in with PJ & The Vibe . Late in the third season , Bob began exercising and dropped a massive amount of fat , replacing most of it with muscle . After Amy and the kids staged an intervention to stop his more - revealing wardrobe choices , he admits the catalyst for his getting back in shape was someone in the park mistaking him for Toby 's grandfather . It is revealed in `` Amy Needs a Shower '' that his middle name is William . In the final episode , PJ 's culinary talents motivates Bob to pry open his wallet and invest in his son 's business . PJ Duncan PJ Duncan ( Jason Dolley ) is the eldest Duncan sibling . He and Teddy often fight , although they care about each other , and he usually gets along well with his younger brother Gabe . He often appears awkward , somewhat careless , and childish , but on numerous occasions has been known to be resourceful , creative , and intelligent . He has also been shown to be a good cook , and Bob once tricked Amy ( who is n't a very good cook ) into working later so that PJ would cook . He and his best friend Emmett have their own band entitled `` PJ and the Vibe '' . PJ occasionally uses his younger sister Charlie for his personal gain , like when he uses her to make big tips while working for Kwikki Chikki by saying that his mother was in the hospital when she actually worked there ( customers just assumed she was ill ) . He dated Teddy 's friend Skyler , who has his type of scatterbrain , but they broke up in `` PJ in the City '' , when Skyler had to move to New York City because of her father 's new job . He was originally intended to be named after his great - grandfather , Patrick John , but Bob was nervous as he was writing on his birth certificate , resulting in the legal name of `` Potty John '' instead of the intended `` Patty John '' . Despite Bob trying to correct this in the season two episode `` Can You Keep a Secret ? '' , he accidentally changed the intended name to `` PP Duncan '' . It is revealed in the `` Special Delivery '' episode that his middle name is Darth . In season three , PJ moves into an apartment shared with Emmett , but is still in the Duncan house a lot . In the season - four episode `` Good Luck Jessie : NYC Christmas '' he gets back together with Skyler , who will be attending college in Denver . In the final episode , PJ has graduated cooking school , buys a food truck , hires Emmett to work for him , and makes Bob his business partner . Also in the last episode , PJ finds Skyler in Denver , who forgot to mention she moved back to Denver to go to college . Recurring ( edit ) Ivy Wentz Ivy Renee Wentz ( Raven Goodwin ) is Teddy 's best friend , and is one of the major recurring characters in the series . She is seen spending most of her time with Teddy at the Duncan 's residence and often accompanies her on her dutiful , or personal , excursions . Ivy is energetic and witty and has proven to be quite intuitive ; although she does not receive the best grades in school . She is passionate , if not obsessed , about clothes , money , popularity , boys , and texting ; but on numerous occasions has proven to be a loyal and comforting friend . Ivy briefly dated Emmett when they were younger , and now never misses a chance to insult him , but went to the school dance with him so she and Teddy could have a ride in `` Dance Off '' . It is revealed that she loves country music and animal - print clothes . At one point , it is implied that Ivy has ( or had ) an addiction to chocolate . Spencer Walsh Spencer Walsh ( Shane Harper ) is Teddy 's ex-boyfriend . At first , they started dating after they begin studying together . He cheated on her in the episode `` Girl Bites Dog '' , and Teddy broke up with him . In `` Snow Show '' , he goes to the lodge that the Duncan family is staying at to get back together with Teddy . They share a kiss on the ski lift . At the end , they just decide to stay friends . He and Emmett share similar dancing abilities that rival each other , and they eventually become friends . In the episode , `` Can You Keep a Secret ? '' , he and Teddy get back together but they break up in `` All Fall Down '' because Spencer goes to college in Boston . Later , on Teddy 's birthday , he returns , asking to get back together . However , Teddy turns him down as she ends up with Beau . He leaves devastated . He and Teddy end up back together in the series finale . Emmett Emmett ( Micah Stephen Williams ) is PJ 's best friend . He is slender , comedic , and has a desperate , misguided & very one - sided attraction to Teddy , though Teddy constantly rejects him . Emmett accompanies PJ on the drums in his band `` PJ and the Vibe '' , and sometimes assists PJ on his problematic excursions . Emmett has a nephew named Mason who , he claimed , was better than Charlie , until Charlie beat Mason in a `` baby race '' by learning to walk . Emmett is also an incredible dancer , with skills matched only by Spencer . He once went out with Ivy when they were younger . In his mind , he sees himself as being suave , sophisticated , and very attractive to girls . In season three , Emmett and PJ get an apartment together . Mrs. Dabney Mrs. Estelle Dabney ( Patricia Belcher ) is the Duncans ' strict and easily annoyed neighbor . In `` The Curious Case of Mr. Dabney '' , she was mistakenly accused of killing her husband . In `` Kit and Kaboodle '' , it is mentioned that Mrs. Dabney and her four sisters were born in Sheboygan , Wisconsin , in 1958 . She wanted the Duncans ' tree , which housed PJ and Teddy 's tree house , cut down ; but the family fought back . It is revealed that Estelle is one of quintuplets ; her four sisters are played by Belcher via split screen ; and her four sisters all love children and get along well with Gabe , accusing her of being the black sheep . Mrs. Dabney is often suspicious of Gabe , because his pranks and troublemaking are often directed towards her . She is often antagonistic towards the Duncans -- Bob , PJ , and Gabe especially - but is fairly tolerant of Charlie . She was also a big fan of the fictional Higgins and Zork television show when she was younger . She loves her son and her cat more than her husband , and some wonder why she married Mr. Dabney if she hated him so much . It is also revealed that she has a granddaughter named Lauren who ends up dating Gabe . In `` It 's A Charlie Duncan Thanksgiving '' , it is revealed that she and Mr. Dabney had recently divorced . In the same episode , she flirted with the Duncan kids ' grandfather , but broke up with him not much later . It is revealed that in `` Make Room for Baby '' that she does not know about the Internet . Debbie Dooley Debbie Dooley ( Ericka Kreutz ) is the Duncans ' new neighbor . Her husband is Deputy Doug Dooley and has a daughter named Dede . She speaks with a strong Upper Midwestern accent . She first appears in `` Monkey Business '' where she becomes friends with Amy . Teddy and Ivy then takes Charlie and Dede to Make - a-Monkey , but Teddy ends up taking her diamond earrings . She then ends up losing them in Dede 's monkey . Teddy then sneaks into her house and rips up Dede 's monkey to find the earring , but is secretly watched by Debbie and Amy through a hidden security camera . She next appears in `` Amy Needs a Shower '' where Amy invites her to her baby shower but only because she can bake . Charlie then tells Debbie that Amy thinks she talks funny , causing her to storm out . She then appears in `` All Fall Down '' where it is revealed that she has a mommy blog , where she blogs about her family . She appears in `` Rock Enroll '' where Teddy invites her , Mrs. Dabney , and an old neighbor to help her with a question on her college enrollment essay , but instead , the 3 of them end up getting into an argument and they all storm out . She recently appeared in `` The Unusual Suspects '' where after a playdate with Dede , Charlie ends up getting an attitude with Amy . Amy then decides to talk with Debbie about it , but Debbie blames Charlie for Dede 's attitude problem , causing the two to start telling fruit - related insults at each other and Debbie then storms out . Bob and her husband , Doug decide to talk to sort it out but the two end up getting into a fight . While Amy and Debbie try to break them up , they find out that Charlie and Dede got their attitudes from Mrs. Dabney . Beau Beau Landry ( Luke Benward ) is the newest employee at Bob 's company Bob 's Bugs Be Gone . He moved from Tennessee and was first seen in `` Rat - A-Teddy '' . In `` Charlie 4 , Toby 1 '' Teddy helped him break up with his girlfriend in Tennessee . After the breakup , they hug . At the end of the episode , Teddy smiled in her video diary when she said Beau was single , showing that the two like each other . In `` Teddy 's Choice '' , it is revealed that Beau and Teddy are dating . Teddy and Beau break up in the episode `` Bob 's Beau Be Gone '' because Beau moved back to Tennessee to work for another exterminating company . Jo Jo Keener ( G. Hannelius ) is Gabe 's tomboyish bully - turned - friend . She was introduced in `` Boys Meets Girls '' , bullying Gabe before revealing she has a crush on him . Since that episode , she appears friendly with Gabe , assisting him with certain situations with an occasional wise - crack and insult at his expense . It is demonstrated that she is good with babies after taking care of Charlie . It is also revealed that Gabe also has a small crush on her but does n't show it . In `` Duncan 's Got Talent '' , Jo played a trick on Gabe that almost ruined his chance of being class president . Earlier in that episode , Gabe revealed that he had had a dream about Jo , but he stopped himself before he could say what she did in it . In season 2 , Gabe and Jo settle their differences in `` Duncan vs. Duncan '' . According to Jo , she and Gabe have a complicated relationship . Jo no longer appeared in the series , since G. Hannelius started playing Avery Jennings in another Disney Channel sitcom , Dog With a Blog . Mary Lou Wentz Mary Lou Wentz ( Ellia English ) is Ivy Wentz 's mother and Amy Duncan 's friend . She first appears to be rather bland ; but as the series progresses , she becomes more entertaining and vibrant . She is a skilled knitter ; and , in `` Ally Oops '' , she is shown to be a talented singer , performing the national anthem at a game . She has appeared in six episodes . In season 1 , she appeared in `` The Curious Case of Mr. Dabney '' and `` Butt Dialing Duncans ; '' and , in season 2 , she has appeared in `` Gabe 's 12 1 / 2 Birthday '' , `` Appy Days '' , `` Ally Oops '' , `` Amazing Gracie '' , and `` Teddy on Ice '' . She is married to Harry Wentz , and their highly conservative and traditional ways easily creep out Ivy and Teddy . In one episode , Teddy visits their home ; and they invite her to participate in a family sing - a-long of Row , Row , Row Your Boat ( first in English then latter in German ) , eat liver and onions , and put together a big puzzle causing Teddy to leave the house in the middle of a snowstorm . Teddy arrives home practically frozen . In `` Amy Needs A Shower '' , she hosts Amy 's baby shower . Amy Duncan describes her as too perky . Harry Wentz Harry Wentz ( William Allen Young ) is the husband of Mary Lou Wentz and the father of Ivy Wentz , Teddy 's best friend . Throughout the series , he has appeared in four episodes , three in Season Two : `` Gabe 's 12 - 1 / 2 Birthday '' , `` Amazing Gracie '' , and `` Teddy on Ice '' . Harry and Mary Lou do numerous creepy things which easily annoy Teddy and Ivy such as singing rounds of Row , Row , Row Your Boat ( in German ) and eating liver and onions . It is shown in `` Amazing Gracie '' that he had a car named Gracie that he was extremely attached to . He reluctantly sold it to Teddy before she crashed it . It is also shown that he and Mary Lou own a small cabin by a lake in `` Teddy on Ice . '' In Season 3 , Harry quits his plumbing job and starts a weather - themed restaurant . Skyler Skyler ( Samantha Boscarino ) is Teddy 's friend and P.J. 's girlfriend . She first appears and was introduced in the episode `` Girl Bites Dog '' , as a complete stranger to Teddy . Later Teddy finds out that she is Spencer 's other girlfriend and they break up with him . She then appeared in `` Teddy 's Broken Heart Club Band '' , where she and Teddy record a mean song about Spencer to get back at him . Teddy and Skyler become good friends . She and PJ become a couple when she and Teddy enter a battle of the bands contest to compete against PJ and Emmett and also Spencer . She and PJ broke up in `` PJ in the City '' , when Skyler had to move to New York due to her father 's new job which required him to relocate . Skyler is a gifted guitarist and pianist , a talented singer , and is able to write incredible poems and songs . She has not been seen onscreen in season 3 , but is mentioned by P.J. in `` All Fall Down '' when he was comforting Teddy over her breakup with Spencer . However , she is briefly seen in Season 4 in the episode `` Good Luck Jessie : NYC Christmas '' in which she gets back together with PJ because she was moving back to Denver for college . Jake Jake ( Tucker Albrizzi ) is Gabe 's empty - headed best friend . He first appeared in `` Pushing Buttons '' , where he bought Gabe 's bike from him for $10 . He then appeared in `` Baby 's New Shoes '' , where he went to a movie theater with Gabe and Teddy to help her expose an employee selling children age - inappropriate movie tickets in exchange for money . He also appeared faking a broadcast with Gabe at the end of the episode . He made another appearance in `` Termite Queen '' , where he helps Gabe shoot a monster movie , and `` Special Delivery '' , where he convinces Gabe to buy a video game over a toy for Charlie . Toby Duncan Toby Duncan ( uncredited season 3 , Logan Moreau season 4 ) is the fifth and youngest Duncan sibling . He was born in the back of an ice - cream truck Bob and Amy were riding in on the way to the hospital and Teddy helped deliver him . He and Charlie share the same birthday but she is three years older . Gabe came up with his name , and Gabe started to make a video diary for him to impress a girl . At the end he says `` Good Fortune , Toby '' . In the episode Special Delivery , Amy said `` Welcome to the World Toby Wan Kenobi Duncan , '' suggesting his middle name is Wan Kenobi , a reference to the Star Wars character Obi - Wan Kenobi . The July 12 , 2012 , Disney press release announcing season four stated that the role of Toby would be cast for that season ( as by then he would be a toddler ) . Logan Moreau ( born January 27 , 2012 in Los Angeles , California ) was selected for the role in season four . In the series finale , after thanking Gabe , Mrs. Dabney claims to see the same evil twinkle in Toby 's eye that she saw in Gabe 's and runs off , shouting that Toby is another devil - child , implying that Toby will grow up to become a troublemaker like Gabe . Lauren Lauren Dabney ( Jaylen Barron ) is Mrs. Dabney 's grand daughter and later Gabe 's girlfriend . They went on a date , but it did not go so well . Mrs. Dabney did not like them being together , but later approved . In `` Futuredrama '' Gabe broke up with her thinking she was going to dump him . After Teddy spoke to Lauren , she gave Gabe a second chance . It is shown that Lauren is very nice , which is what Charlie said when she found out Lauren was Mrs. Dabney 's grand daughter , because the Duncans think Mrs. Dabney is mean . Karen Karen ( Brooke Dillman ) is Amy 's heartless boss at the hospital . She first appears in `` Monkey Business '' where Gabe gives Bob a fake lottery ticket , causing him and Amy to think they are rich . Amy then quits her job but when Gabe finds out , he tries to convince Karen to let Amy return . When that backfires , Gabe gives her a fake lotto ticket , causing her to think she is rich so she then quits her job . She next appears in `` Amy Needs a Shower '' where Amy invites her to her baby shower to get an expensive gift because she married a rich guy . Charlie ends up telling Karen the reason Amy invited her , causing her to storm out of the house . She recently appears in `` Teddy and the Bambino '' where Amy returns to work and finds out that Karen is working there again as well because she 's divorced . In the end , Amy quits her job again to become a stay - at - home mom . She is shown in season 4 episode `` Bug Prom '' where she is shown to be Beau 's aunt . In this episode , Amy and Karen are shown to still hate each other . Vonnie Vonnie ( Cyrina Fiallo ) is a girl who is friends with Teddy . She first appears in the Season 3 episode , `` T. Wrecks '' , when Teddy joins the girls ' volleyball team . She later appears in the episode `` Team Mom '' , when the volleyball team is on a losing streak and Amy is their new Team Mom . She is also friends with Kelsey ( Coco Jones ) . In `` Nurse Blakenhooper '' , she teams up with Teddy to do a project because she knows Teddy can get them a good grade . Kelsey Kelsey ( Coco Jones ) is a friend of Teddy who first appears in `` Team Mom '' , where she becomes a member of Teddy 's girls ' volleyball team . She is shown to be an extremely perky airhead . She next appears in `` Go Teddy ! '' where she gets Teddy to join the cheer - leading squad with her to go on their trip to the cheer - leading competition in Oahu . Teddy makes the team but it turns out that the competition is actually in Ohio . It is also shown that Gabe has a crush on her . She recently appears in `` Rat - A-Teddy '' where she asks PJ for advice on how to tell if a guy likes you , and actually receives good advice . Victor Victor DeLeseur ( Kevin Covais ) is the only friend of Teddy 's who is smarter than her , but this given him a much bigger ego . He first appears in the episode , `` Baby 's First Vacation '' when he helps Teddy put video feed in the home security system so she can have a party while the family is on vacation . He is dating Victoria . He reappears in `` Teddy and the Bambino '' to help Teddy win the Student U.N. Competition . Finally , in `` Study Buddy '' , he preps Teddy for the SAT 's since he got a perfect score . In `` Baby 's First Vacation '' , he is shown to have some dislike for Spencer , and also , Ivy does not get along with him . In the final episode `` Good - Bye , Charlie '' , Victor goes to Yale with Teddy . Linda Duncan Linda Duncan ( Shirley Jones ) is Bob 's despicable and overly perky mother , who regularly upstages Amy , and gives her son a great deal of attention and praise , two things Amy can not stand ( this could well explain Amy 's disturbed need to steal the spotlight from all other family members ) . She has appeared twice , in the episode following Toby 's birth and the third season Christmas episode , in which she brags about how she will be singing the same carol at the family talent show as Amy ( probably after eavesdropping from the front porch ) , even trying to silence Amy during their agreed duet . Her cruel tactics include faint praise by her favorite expression `` and whatnot , '' and making fun of Amy 's `` Ba - Bam ! '' catchphrase . Frank Duncan Frank Duncan ( Alan Rachins ) is Bob 's father who appears in `` It 's a Charlie Duncan Thanksgiving '' . He falls in love with the mean neighbor Mrs. Dabney just after she divorced her husband . In the end of the episode they get into a fight and break up . He then goes back to Arizona and does not appear in anymore episodes . Development and production ( edit ) `` A lot of the high - concept shows have kids in an extraordinary situation where the parent or adult takes a backseat , and sometimes the adult is n't as smart as the kid , or it 's all about the kids putting one over on the adults . But we have a new show called `` Good Luck Charlie '' that has a very different kind of concept . It is very grounded , very relatable , and it 's not about the parents being dumber than the kids . We try and mine as much comedy out of the parents as possible , but it does n't mean the kids ca n't learn from the parents and get guidance from the parents `` . Adam Bonnett , senior Vice President of original programming for Disney . The Good Luck Charlie pilot , entitled `` Study Date '' , was shot in February 2009 , at Sunset Bronson Studios ( where Hannah Montana was taped ) and the series was picked up later that year . The show 's production occurs at Sunset Bronson Studios in Los Angeles even though the show is set in Denver , Colorado . Starting with the 2nd season , the series is taped at Los Angeles Center Studios , where Shake It Up is also taped . The show operates on a weekly schedule . Scripts for a new episode are issued on Monday before a read - through , Wednesdays are rehearsal and network run - through day , final scripts are issued on Thursday , and the episode is shot in front of a live studio audience on Friday night . According to Mendler , occasionally `` episodes are too big to handle with a live audience ( and are ) taped without an audience , but mostly they 're live '' . Good Luck Charlie was created by Phil Baker and Drew Vaupen , who have been writing together since 1993 on shows ranging from Suddenly Susan to Sonny with a Chance . The pair aspired to create a program that would appeal to entire families rather than simply kids . Inspired by the success of reruns of shows such as Full House and George Lopez with young audiences , Vaupen and Baker turned to family sitcoms . `` We wanted to do a show about a family , to bring back a family sitcom and make it about a real family , not wizards , nobody 's a pop star , nobody has a TV show '' , said Vaupen , referring to Wizards of Waverly Place , Hannah Montana , and Sonny with a Chance . Veteran writer - producer Dan Staley ( Cheers ) later joined the show as executive producer . Disney 's Gary Marsh said `` because most network television abandoned the traditional sitcom , Disney has been able to snatch up a lot of experienced talent for behind the camera , including executive producer Dan Staley ... '' Good Luck Charlie 's central family , the Duncans from Denver , Colorado , was carefully crafted for broad appeal . While the series is still told primarily through the view point of the Duncan children , the children 's parents , Amy and Bob , are less on the periphery and writers attempt to add scenes that adult viewers can relate to . For example , in one scene in the pilot episode Amy confesses to Bob that she is overwhelmed with becoming a working new mother again . `` She 's not sure she can pull this off '' , says Bonnet . `` And just playing that scene the way we did , a very real scene between husband and wife , kind of makes this show different '' . The writers also try to include jokes for adult viewers while remaining chaste enough for their young target audience . Unlike most previous Disney Channel series such as Sonny with a Chance , Hannah Montana , or Cory in the House , both parents are seen in the Duncan family . `` It felt like the right time to have a show with two parents , to debunk the myth that Disney never has the mom in the picture '' , says Adam Bonnett , Senior Vice President of original programming for Disney Channel . `` Because it is a myth '' . Because a series about the rich and famous might alienate viewers in a troubled economy , the Duncans were made middle class . According to Gary Marsh , Entertainment President of Disney Channel Worldwide , `` What we want to do is acknowledge the reality of the times in which we live , where two parents work , where kids are expected to help out around the house in meaningful ways . Real - life issues happen . Everyone is n't living ' The Life of Riley ' all the time . '' Naming ( edit ) Broadening Disney Channel 's appeal was a concern when choosing the names of the characters and the title of the program . `` You want a title that says , a ) this is a sitcom and , b ) this is something that will interest the main demographic but also we 're trying to expand the Disney brand beyond just girls '' , Vaupen commented . The series ' title was originally `` Love , Teddy '' , the phrase Teddy had used to end her video diary entries during development . However , `` Love , Teddy '' immediately felt feminized and almost excludes boys `` , Vaupen said . `` We also did n't want to have the word ' Baby ' in the title because that would exclude certain people '' . The Duncan baby was originally named `` Daisy '' during development , but producers thought that `` Charlie '' , which is generally a masculine name , would attract more boys . Casting ( edit ) As Good Luck Charlie is low concept and character - driven , `` the actors not only had to carry the show , they also had to have `` pitch - perfect '' chemistry with each other to make the family dynamic believable `` . Bonnet says Disney Channel executives `` just fell in love with '' Bridgit Mendler , who stars as teenaged Teddy Duncan . `` She has all the attributes of a Disney star '' , said Bonnet . Mendler first heard about Good Luck Charlie in late November 2008 . After several rounds of auditions and cast reads , she finally secured the part in January 2009 . Mendler and Jason Dolley , who plays Teddy 's older brother PJ , have starred in preceding Disney Channel series and movies before both were cast in Good Luck Charlie ; Mendler had a recurring role on Wizards of Waverly Place and Dolley starred in Cory in the House and numerous Disney Channel television movies . Variety magazine 's Brian Lowry says their careers `` ( reflect ) the Disney Channel 's knack for identifying young performers and rolling them from one project to the next , in a fashion reminiscent of the old studio system '' . Both Eric Allan Kramer , who plays Bob Duncan , and Leigh - Allyn Baker , who plays Amy Duncan , have also guest starred in preceding Disney Channel shows , and both Kramer and Baker had respectively guest starred in one episode each of the NBC sitcom My Name Is Earl , where Charlie writers Erika Kaestle & Patrick McCarthy had served as writers and supervising producers . Both Baker and Kramer were in the same episode of the NBC sitcom Will and Grace , entitled `` Sour Balls '' . Baker says Disney had been `` courting ( her ) for awhile to play a mom '' , but she had always felt too young . `` I kind of feel like hey , you know what ? When I 'm done with this stint , I 'll actually be the age everyone thinks I am to be able to play the part '' . Baker , who was a new mother herself , was nine months pregnant at the time she was auditioning for the role . Mia Talerico -- Like most series featuring baby actors , producers of Good Luck Charlie had originally intended to have identical twins play Charlie Duncan , the title character and the Duncans ' new baby . Hiring two babies would allow for longer work days without violating child labor laws as well as the ability to substitute one child for the other if one was unavailable . However , the show makers were unsuccessful in finding the proper set of twins and decided to cast Mia Talerico instead . Marsh says casting Talerico , who was ten months old at the time of her casting for the role , was their highest risk while creating the show : `` It 's like flying without a net . She may have a bad day and we ca n't shoot and it 'll cost us tens of thousands of dollars . But so far , so good . She 's the most obedient actor I 've ever worked with '' . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Good Luck Charlie episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 26 April 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 04 ) January 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 30 ) 30 February 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 20 ) November 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 27 ) Film December 2 , 2011 21 May 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 06 ) January 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 20 ) 20 April 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) February 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 16 ) Film ( edit ) Main article : Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! also known as `` Good Luck Charlie : The Road Trip Movie '' is a 2011 Christmas film based on the series . The film premiered December 2 , 2011 , on the Disney Channel . The film was directed by Arlene Sanford and written by Geoff Rodkey . The Disney Channel Original Movie follows the Duncan family on their road trip to Amy Duncan 's parents ' house for Christmas . Indian adaptation ( edit ) An Indian adaptation of the show titled Best of Luck Nikki , premiered on Disney Channel India on April 3 , 2011 . Sheena Bajaj plays Dolly Singh , a character similar to that of Teddy Duncan , Ananya Kolvankar portrays Nikita `` Nikki '' Singh a character similar to that of Charlie and Gurdeep Kohli portrays Himani Singh , a character similar to that of Amy . The series ran successfully for 4 seasons , 104 episodes and 3 special episodes and ended on April 16 , 2016 . Broadcast ( edit ) Worldwide the series airs on Disney Channel . In Canada it previewed on April 5 , 2010 and premiered on May 14 , 2010 . In Australia and New Zealand it previewed on May 14 , 2010 and premiered on July 23 , 2010 . In the United Kingdom and Ireland it previewed on the same date and premiered on June 12 , 2010 . It premiered in Singapore , Malaysia , and the Philippines on August 14 , 2010 . Music ( edit ) Although a soundtrack for the show was not released , several songs were produced for the show . `` Hang in There Baby '' , performed by Bridgit Mendler , was written by Aris Archontis , Jeannie Lurie , and Chen Neeman . The premiere was on Radio Disney in March 26 , 2010 . It was included in the Walt Disney compilation Make Your Mark : Ultimate Playlist , in 2012 `` One Step Closer '' , performed by Shane Harper , is featured in the episode `` Battle of the Bands '' as the song that Spencer performs in a Battle of the Bands contest that Teddy , Skyler , PJ , and Emmett also compete in . The song can be found on Harper 's self - titled album . `` I 'm Gonna Run to You '' , performed by Mendler , was and featured in the movie Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! . It was written by Mendler and Jamie Houston and produced by Houston . The song was released as promotional single on November 18 , 2011 . The official music video premiered on Disney Channel in December 2 , 2011 . It was directed by Arlene Sanford . `` You 're Something Beautiful '' , performed by Mendler , was featured in the 1 - hour special episode , `` Special Delivery '' . The song has not been released in any form . `` My Song for You '' , performed by Mendler and Harper , was featured in the Season 3 Christmas episode `` A Duncan Christmas '' . The song included in the Christmas compilation Holiday Playlist , in 2012 . `` My Song for You '' peaked at number two on Billboard Kid Digital Songs and three on Holiday Songs `` Your Song '' , originally by Elton John , was covered by Mendler and Harper to Season 4 episode `` Good Bye Charlie '' . The song has not be released in any form . Reception ( edit ) The series earned positive reviews . Robert Lloyd of The Los Angeles Times described it as a `` professional sitcom from sitcom professionals '' with efficient jokes and typical sitcom characters , and situations which are `` willfully arranged '' . However , Lloyd praised the series for offering a `` contextually novel picture of a teenage girl taking care of her baby sister with a persuasive nonchalance and practical ease that transcends the strenuous comedy that surrounds it '' . Neal Justin of the Star Tribune said the `` slapstick heavy , laugh - track fueled sitcom '' had no redeeming qualities other than `` keeping your 11 - year - old sedated for a half hour '' . Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette said Good Luck Charlie would appeal to kids , but not adults . `` Parents have seen the same sort of show done before and better in ABC 's 1980s - era TGIF lineup '' , wrote Owen . Contrarily , Brian Lowry of Variety magazine said Good Luck Charlie was `` a surprisingly refreshing throwback to ABC 's `` TGIF '' - style sitcoms `` . He commented that while the series did not `` push sitcom boundaries '' , it was `` sprightly '' and `` pleasantly handled '' . Viewership ( edit ) The series premiered to 4.7 million viewers , making it the highest - rated series premiere for a Disney Channel Original Series since The Suite Life on Deck in 2008 , and the week 's highest - rated cable program . Maclean 's reported that overall , the first season `` has been doing about as well as Disney 's more successful shows -- The Suite Life and so on '' . On June 24 , 2012 , the episode `` Special Delivery '' became the most watched episode ever of Good Luck Charlie , earning 7.48 million viewers , surpassing the episode `` Snow Show ( Part 1 ) '' which had 7.24 million viewers as well as the episode `` Good Luck Jessie NYC Christmas '' that garnered 5.8 million viewers and the series ' pilot episode `` Study Date '' which had 4.68 million viewers . The most - watched episode of the series was `` Special Delivery '' with 7.5 million viewers . The least watched episode was `` The Unusual Suspects '' with 1.9 million viewers . The most viewed episode in the United Kingdom and Ireland was `` Special Delivery '' with 602,000 viewers when it aired on October 12 , 2012 . Protest ( edit ) On January 28 , 2014 , Disney Channel announced that a television episode of Good Luck Charlie , `` Down a Tree '' , would feature a same - sex couple . This decision caused a protest from the conservative group `` One Million Moms '' asking Disney Channel not to air the episode . One of Disney 's spokespersons told TV Guide the episode was `` developed to be relevant to kids and families around the world and to reflect themes of diversity and inclusiveness . '' Disney aired the episode as planned . Other people including actors Miley Cyrus and Evan Rachel Wood expressed their support . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipient Result Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Female Breakout Star Bridgit Mendler Nominated Hollywood Teen TV Awards Teen Pick Actor : Comedy Jason Dolley Nominated Teen Show Pick : Comedy Good Luck Charlie Nominated 2011 Young Artist Award Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Supporting Young Actor Bradley Steven Perry Nominated Best Performance in a TV Series -- Guest Starring Young Actor Ten and Under Tucker Albrizzi Won Best Performance in a TV Series -- Guest Starring Young Actress 11 -- 15 Ryan Newman Nominated British Academy Children 's Awards BAFTA Kid 's Vote : TV Good Luck Charlie Won 2012 2012 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Nominated Favorite TV Actress Bridgit Mendler Nominated Young Artist Award Best Performance in a TV Series -- Supporting Young Actor Bradley Steven Perry Nominated Best Performance in a TV Series -- Guest Starring Young Actor 18 -- 21 Booboo Stewart Nominated British Academy Children 's Awards BAFTA Kid 's Vote : TV Good Luck Charlie Won Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Children 's Program Nominated 2013 Producers Guild of America Award Outstanding Children 's Program Nominated 2013 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Nominated Favorite TV Actress Bridgit Mendler Nominated Young Artist Award Best Performance in a TV Series -- Guest Starring Young Actress 14 -- 16 Isabella Palmieri Won Best Performance in a TV Series -- Guest Starring Young Actress Ten and Under Gianna Gomez Nominated 2014 2014 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Good Luck Charlie Nominated Favorite TV Actress Bridgit Mendler Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Disney Channel , Disney XD Present Programming Plans for 2010 -- 11 '' . Disney Channels Worldwide . March 3 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel Orders Third Season of Hit Comedy Series Good Luck Charlie '' ( Press release ) . Disney Channel Medianet . August 31 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` Disney Channel 's ' Good Luck Charlie ' To End Its Run '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Disney Channel Schedules Good Luck Charlie Finale '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Chmielewski , Dawn C. ( December 31 , 2009 ) . `` A new Disney Channel niche : adults '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lowry , Brian ( April 4 , 2010 ) . `` Good Luck Charlie '' . Variety . Retrieved April 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Good Luck Charlie -- Disney Channel '' . Tv.disney.go.com . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Special Delivery '' . Good Luck Charlie . Season 3 . Episode 7 . June 24 , 2012 . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ `` Teddy Rebounds '' . Good Luck Charlie . Season 1 . Episode 22 . November 28 , 2010 . 09 : 02 minutes in . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ `` A L.A.R.P. in the Park '' . Good Luck Charlie . Season 2 . Episode 6 . March 27 , 2011 . 14 : 00 minutes in . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ `` Snow Show : Part 2 '' . Good Luck Charlie . Season 1 . Episode 25 . January 23 , 2011 . 05 : 00 minutes in . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Did It ! '' . Good Luck Charlie . Season 1 . Episode 6 . May 9 , 2010 . 06 : 38 minutes in . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ `` Amy Needs a Shower '' . Good Luck Charlie . Season 3 . Episode 3 . May 13 , 2012 . 15 : 30 minutes in . Disney Channel . ^ Jump up to : `` Can You Keep a Secret ? '' . Good Luck Charlie . Season 2 . Episode 27 . November 6 , 2011 . 11 : 40 & 17 : 45 minutes in . Disney Channel . In the episode it is revealed that PJ was supposed to be named after his great - grandfather Patrick `` Patty '' John , but as a result of Bob 's mistake on PJ 's birth certificate , he was named Potty John Duncan instead . Later in the episode , the birth certificate is changed , but as a result of another mistake , it was changed to PP Duncan instead of the intended PJ Duncan . Jump up ^ `` Teddy 's Broken Heart Club Band '' . Good Luck Charlie . Season 1 . Episode 21 . November 21 , 2010 . 14 : 12 minutes in . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ `` Kit and Kaboodle '' . Good Luck Charlie . Season 1 . Episode 12 . July 11 , 2010 . 11 : 28 minutes in . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ `` Duncan 's Got Talent '' . Good Luck Charlie . Season 1 . Episode 16 . September 12 , 2010 . 9 : 27 minutes in . Disney Channel . I 'm Jo Keener Jump up ^ Disney Press Release ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Good Luck Charlie ' Renewed by Disney Channel for Season 4 '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LOGAN MOREAU -- `` Toby Duncan '' `` . Disney Channel Medianet. 2013 . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2013 . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bond , Paul ( March 30 , 2010 ) . `` Q&A : Adam Bonnett '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg , Alex ( March 2010 ) . `` Former Tam student turned starlet '' . Tamalpais High School . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Maria ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` Bridgit Mendler Bites Back on ' Wizards of Waverly Place ' '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved April 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Pilot Production Listings '' . Backstage.com. April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Weinman , Jaime ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Disney Channel News , In Which The Name `` Jonas '' Is Rarely Mentioned -- TV Guidance , Uncategorized `` . Macleans.ca . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Owen , Rob ( April 4 , 2010 ) . `` Tuned In : Disney Channel hopes `` Good Luck Charlie '' will appeal to both kids and parents `` . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kinon , Cristina ( April 3 , 2010 ) . `` Disney Channel 's ' Good Luck Charlie ' harks back to traditional family sitcoms '' . Daily News ( New York ) . Retrieved April 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bond , Paul ( July 14 , 2009 ) . `` Disney eyes another teen star '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 7 , 2010 . ( subscription required ) Bond , Paul ( July 15 , 2009 ) . `` Disney eyes another teen star '' . dapsmagic.com . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Arbios , Traci ( April 4 , 2010 ) . `` Interview with TV Mom Leigh - Allyn Baker '' . News & Observer . Retrieved April 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bergstrom , Elaine ( March 31 , 2010 ) . `` ' Good Luck Charlie ' : Leigh - Allyn Baker stars in a family - friendly winner '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FAMILY CHANNEL Family Channel welcomes its newest addition : Disney Channel 's Good Luck Charlie '' . Newswire.ca . May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Newsome , Brad ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` Pay TV - Friday , July 23 '' . The Age . p. 34 . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . section = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Programmes '' . BARB . January 26 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2014 . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lilo and Stitch . `` What 's On TV Disney Channel UK Disney UK '' . Disney.co.uk . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hang In There Baby Music Video -- Good Luck Charlie -- Disney Channel Asia '' . YouTube . August 11 , 2010 . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BRIDGIT MENDLER : ' HANG IN THERE BABY ' MUSIC VIDEO '' . Shine on Media . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Make Your Mark : Ultimate Playlist '' . Amazon . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! ( 2011 ) Trilha sonora '' . Ringos Track . August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Gonna Run to You -- Single by Bridgit Mendler ( GB ) '' . iTunes . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ashley Kline ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` '' Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! , '' A Disney Channel Original Movie Premieres Friday , December 2 `` . The Walt Disney Company . Archived from the original ( DOC ) on June 16 , 2012 . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` You 're Something Beautiful -- Bridgit Mendler '' . SoundCloud . cambio . May 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' Good Luck Charlie '' Video : Bridgit Mendler And Shane Harper `` Song For You '' `` . Disney 411 . September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bridgit Mendler And Shane Harper `` My Song For You '' `` . Disney Dreaming . September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` December 22 , 2012 -- Kid Digital Songs '' . Billboard . September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Holiday Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Bridgit Mendler and Shane Harper Sing Elton John 's ' Your Song ' In ' Good Luck Charlie ' Series Finale '' . Classicalite . cambio . May 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ neal justin television ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` TV critic 's picks : Friday '' . StarTribune.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Owen - TV : Good luck finding parents to watch ' Charlie ' '' . ScrippsNews . March 31 , 2010 . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( April 7 , 2010 ) . `` ' Idol , ' Fox top week in demos '' . Variety . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ zap2it.com Jump up ^ The Futon Critic Staff ( June 11 , 1013 ) . `` Saturday 's Cable Ratings '' . Futon Critic . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Viewing Figures 8 -- 14 October 2012 '' . barb.co.uk . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nichols , James ( February 3 , 2014 ) . `` One Million Moms Responds To Lesbian Couple On Disney Channel 's ' Good Luck Charlie ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ August 8 , 2010 by Corinne Heller . `` Teen Choice Awards 2010 : Check out the nominees -- 08 / 08 / 2010 Entertainment News from '' . OnTheRedCarpet.com . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Teen Choice Awards Winners List -- Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV.com . August 9 , 2010 . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hollywood Teen TV Awards '' . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2013 . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 32nd Annual Young Artist Awards -- Nominations / Special Awards '' . Youngartistawards.org . March 13 , 2011 . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's in 2011 BAFTA Awards '' . Awards.bafta.org . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2012 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards -- Winners '' . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 33rd Annual Young Artist Awards -- Nominations / Special Awards '' . Youngartistawards.org . May 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's in 2012 BAFTA Awards '' . Awards.bafta.org . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Primetime Emmy Awards nominations for 2012 -- Outstanding Children 's Program '' . Emmys.com . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2012 . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Producers Guild Awards 2013 -- Nominees '' . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Producers Guild Awards Winners : Argo , Homeland , Modern Family & More '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2013 TV nominees - EXCLUSIVE '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 34th Annual Young Artist Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . ^ Jump up to : `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2014 '' . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Good Luck Charlie Disney portal Television portal Official website Good Luck Charlie on IMDb Good Luck Charlie at TV.com Good Luck Charlie at TV Guide Disney Channel original programming Former 1990s debuts Flash Forward ( 1995 -- 97 ) The Famous Jett Jackson ( 1998 -- 2001 ) So Weird ( 1999 -- 2001 ) The Jersey ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2000s debuts Totally Circus ( 2000 ) Even Stevens ( 2000 -- 03 ) In a Heartbeat ( 2000 -- 01 ) Totally Hoops ( 2001 ) Lizzie McGuire ( 2001 -- 04 ) The Proud Family ( 2001 -- 05 ) Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 07 ) Totally in Tune ( 2002 ) That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 07 ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 06 ) Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 06 ) Dave the Barbarian ( 2004 -- 05 ) Brandy & Mr. Whiskers ( 2004 -- 06 ) American Dragon : Jake Long ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Disney Channel Games ( 2006 -- 11 ) The Replacements ( 2006 -- 09 ) Shorty McShorts ' Shorts ( 2006 -- 07 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2007 -- 15 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Stitch ! ( 2008 -- 15 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s debuts Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Fish Hooks ( 2010 -- 14 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) PrankStars ( 2011 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Code : 9 ( 2012 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Win , Lose or Draw ( 2014 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Descendants : School of Secrets ( 2015 , short - form ) Walk the Prank ( 2016 ) Mech - X4 ( 2016 ) Current Mickey Mouse ( since 2013 , short - form ) K.C. Undercover ( since 2015 ) Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Descendants : Wicked World ( since 2015 , short - form ) Stuck in the Middle ( since 2016 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Elena of Avalor ( since 2016 ) Tangled : The Series ( since 2017 ) Andi Mack ( since 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( since 2017 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Right Hand Guy ( Fall 2017 ) Bug Juice ( 1998 -- 2001 , early 2018 ) See also It 's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Brookwell McNamara Entertainment Crossovers Disney Channel Storytellers It 's a Laugh Productions Series Current K.C. Undercover ( since 2015 ) Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Former The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) I 'm in the Band ( 2009 -- 11 ) Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Pair of Kings ( 2010 -- 13 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) Kickin ' It ( 2011 -- 15 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Lab Rats ( 2012 -- 16 ) Crash & Bernstein ( 2012 -- 14 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Mighty Med ( 2013 -- 15 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Gamer 's Guide to Pretty Much Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Lab Rats : Elite Force ( 2016 ) Films Hannah Montana : The Movie ( 2009 ) Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie ( 2009 ) The Suite Life Movie ( 2011 ) Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! ( 2011 ) Crossovers `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana '' ( 2006 ) `` Take This Job and Love It '' ( 2007 ) `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' ( 2009 ) `` Weasels on Deck '' ( 2010 ) `` Charlie Shakes it Up '' ( 2011 ) `` Austin & Jessie & Ally All Star New Year '' ( 2012 ) `` Good Luck Jessie : NYC Christmas '' ( 2013 ) `` Jessie 's Aloha - holidays with Parker and Joey '' ( 2014 ) `` Karate Kid - tastrophe '' ( 2015 ) `` Lab Rats vs. Mighty Med '' ( 2015 ) TV specials The Wizards Return : Alex vs. Alex ( 2013 ) Related ABC Kids Disney Channel Disney XD Disney Channel Original Series Disney Channel Original Movies Toon Disney ( 1998 -- 2009 ) Disney Channel Storytellers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Good_Luck_Charlie&oldid=808872196 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy television series 2010 American television series debuts 2014 American television series endings American children 's comedy television series American teen sitcoms Bridgit Mendler Disney Channel shows English - language television programs Family Channel shows Television shows set in Colorado Television series by It 's a Laugh Productions Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2011 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with dead external links from October 2010 CS1 errors : chapter ignored Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use mdy dates from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Boarisch Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 18 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does teddy end up with in good luck charlie | [
"Teddy R.[9] Duncan (Bridgit Mendler), Charlie's only sister, is the second-oldest Duncan sibling. Feeling that she will not be around as much when Charlie is grown, she produces and directs video diaries for her, hoping they will give her advice that will help her be successful as a teenager. She produces these video diaries at the end of every episode, and at the end of every video diary she says \"Good luck Charlie\". Her best friend is Ivy Wentz. It was mentioned in \"Sun Show: Part 1\", that her parents were expecting a boy, hence the generally masculine name \"Teddy\". She dated Spencer Walsh in season one, but they broke up after she caught him two-timing both her and a pretty, dim-witted brunette named Skyler, breaking her heart. She and Skyler later become friends. She and Spencer get back together in season two. Throughout the show Teddy has had numerous boyfriends. Teddy shows much care towards her brothers, such as saving PJ from falling out of the treehouse window, or offering to help Gabe deal with Jo, who has given him a black eye. Teddy's best friend Ivy often calls her G.G. for \"goody-goody.\" She and Spencer get back together in \"Can You Keep A Secret?\". In \"All Fall Down\" Teddy and Spencer break up because they don't want to be in a long-distance relationship while Spencer attends the Boston Institute for Performing Arts (BIPA). But when Bob's newest employee Beau admits that he likes Teddy, they begin dating. The two break up when he decides to move home. In \"Accepted\", Teddy finds out that she is on the waiting list for Yale after Victor; later she is accepted. Later in the last episode, Spencer and Teddy get back together and kiss, and she shoots the final entry in her video diary before leaving for Yale. It was never revealed what her middle initial \"R\" stands for."
] | [
"Spencer"
] |
3906510228689586357 | Autocracy | Autocracy - wikipedia Autocracy Jump to : navigation , search Part of the Politics series Basic forms of government Power structure Unitary state Empire Hegemony Administrative division Devolution Federation Confederation Dominion Associated state Supranational union Separatism Power source Democracy power of many Direct Representative Liberal Social Demarchy others Oligarchy power of few Aristocracy Plutocracy Kraterocracy Stratocracy Timocracy Meritocracy Technocracy Geniocracy Noocracy Theocracy Kritarchy Particracy Ergatocracy Netocracy Autocracy power of one Despotism Dictatorship Military dictatorship Others Anocracy Anarchy Power ideology Monarchy vs. Republic socio - political ideologies Absolute Legalist Constitutional Parliamentary Directorial Semi-presidential Presidential Authoritarian vs. Libertarian socio - economic ideologies Tribalism Despotism Feudalism Colonialism Capitalism Minarchism Distributism Anarchism Socialism Communism Totalitarianism Global vs. Local geo - cultural ideologies Commune City - state National government Intergovernmental organisation World government Politics portal An autocracy is a system of government in which supreme power ( social and political ) is concentrated in the hands of one person , whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regularized mechanisms of popular control ( except perhaps for the implicit threat of a coup d'état or mass insurrection ) . Absolute monarchy ( such as Saudi Arabia , the United Arab Emirates , Oman , Brunei and Swaziland ) and dictatorships ( such as Cuba , China , and North Korea ) are the main modern day forms of autocracy . In earlier times , the term `` autocrat '' was coined as a favorable feature of the ruler , having some connection to the concept of `` lack of conflicts of interests '' as well as an indication of grandeur and power . The Russian Tsar for example was styled , `` Autocrat of all the Russias '' , as late as the early 20th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and etymology 2 Comparison with other forms of government 3 Origin and development 4 Maintenance 5 Autocracy promotion 6 Historical examples 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History and etymology ( edit ) In the Medieval Greek language , the term Autocrates was used for anyone holding the title emperor , regardless of the actual power of the monarch . Some historical Slavic monarchs , such as Russian tsars and emperors , included the title Autocrat as part of their official styles , distinguishing them from the constitutional monarchs elsewhere in Europe . Comparison with other forms of government ( edit ) Both totalitarianism and military dictatorship are often identified with , but need not be , an autocracy . Totalitarianism is a system where the state strives to control every aspect of life and civil society . It can be headed by a supreme dictator , making it autocratic , but it can also have a collective leadership such as a commune , junta , or single political party . In an analysis of militarized disputes between two states , if one of the states involved was an autocracy the chance of violence occurring doubled . Origin and development ( edit ) Examples from early modern Europe suggests early statehood was favorable for democracy . But , according to Jacob Hariri , outside Europe , history shows that early statehood has led to autocracy . The reasons he gives are : continuation of the original autocratic rule and absence of `` institutional transplantation '' or European settlement . This may be because of the country 's capacity to fight colonization or the presence of state infrastructure that Europeans did not need to build new institutions to rule . In all the cases , representative institutions were unable to get introduced in these countries and they sustained their autocratic rule . European colonization was varied and conditional on many factors . Countries which were rich in natural resources had an extractive and indirect rule , whereas other colonies saw European settlement . Because of this settlement , these countries possibly experienced setting up of new institutions . Colonization also depended on factor endowments and settler mortality . Mancur Olson theorizes the development of autocracies as the first transition from anarchy to state . Anarchy for Olson is characterized by a number of `` roving bandits '' who travel around many different geographic areas extorting wealth from local populations leaving little incentive for populations to invest , and produce . As local populations lose the incentive to produce , there is little wealth for either the bandits to steal or the people to use . Olson theorizes autocrats as `` stationary bandits '' who solve this dilemma by establishing control over a small fiefdom and monopolize the extortion of wealth in the fiefdom in the form of taxes . Once an autocracy is developed , Olson theorizes that both the autocrat and the local population will be better off as the autocrat will have an `` encompassing interest '' in the maintenance and growth of wealth in the fiefdom . Because violence threatens the creation of rents , the `` stationary bandit '' has incentives to monopolize violence and to create a peaceful order . Douglass North , John Joseph Wallis and Barry R. Weingast describe autocracies as limited access orders that arise from this need to monopolize violence . In contrast to Olson , these scholars understand the early state not as a single ruler , but as an organization formed by many actors . They describe the process of autocratic state formation as a bargaining process among individuals with access to violence . For them , these individuals form a dominant coalition that grants each other privileges such as the access to resources . As violence reduces the rents , members of the dominant coalition have incentives to cooperate and to avoid fighting . A limited access to privileges is necessary to avoid competition among the members of the dominant coalition , who then will credibly commit to cooperate and will form the state . Maintenance ( edit ) Because autocrats need a power structure to rule , it can be difficult to draw a clear line between historical autocracies and oligarchies . Most historical autocrats depended on their nobles , the military , the priesthood or other elite groups . Some autocracies are rationalized by assertion of divine right . According to Douglass North , John Joseph Wallis and Barry R. Weingast , in limited access orders the state is ruled by a dominant coalition formed by a small elite group that relates to each other by personal relationships . In order to remain in power , this elite hinders people outside the dominant coalition to access organizations and resources . Autocracy , then , is maintained as long as the personal relationships of the elite continue to forge the dominant coalition . These scholars further suggest that once the dominant coalition starts to become broader and allow for impersonal relationships , limited access orders can give place to open access orders . For Daron Acemoglu , Simon Johnson and James Robinson , the allocation of political power explains the maintenance of autocracies , which they usually refer to as `` extractive states '' . For them , the de jure political power comes from political institutions , whereas the de facto political power is determined by the distribution of resources . Those holding the political power in the present will design the political and economic institutions in the future according to their interests . In autocracies , both de jure and de facto political powers are concentrated in one person or a small elite that will promote institutions for keeping the de jure political power as concentrated as the de facto political power , thereby maintaining autocratic regimes with extractive institutions . Autocracy promotion ( edit ) It has been argued that authoritarian regimes , such as China and Russia , have attempted to export their system of government to other countries through `` autocracy promotion '' . A number of scholars are skeptical that China and Russia have successfully exported authoritarianism abroad . Historical examples ( edit ) The Roman Empire : In 27 B.C. , Augustus founded the Roman Empire following the end of the Roman Republic . Augustus officially kept the Roman Senate while effectively consolidating all of the real power in himself . Rome was peaceful and prosperous until the dictatorial rule of Commodus starting in 161 A.D. The third century saw invasions from the barbarians as well as economic decline . Both Diocletian and Constantine ruled as totalitarian leaders , strengthening the control of the emperor . The empire grew extremely large , and was ruled by a tetrarchy , instituted by Diocletian . Eventually , it was split into two halves : the Western ( Roman ) and the Eastern ( Byzantine ) . The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 after civic unrest , further economic decline , and invasions led to the surrender of Romulus Augustus to Odoacer , a German king . Aztec Empire : In Mesoamerica , the Aztecs were a tremendous military powerhouse that earned a fearsome reputation of capturing prisoners during battle to be used for sacrificial rituals . The priesthood supported a pantheon that demanded human sacrifice , and the nobility consisted mainly of warriors who had captured many prisoners for these sacrificial rites . The Aztec Emperor hence functioned both as the sole ruler of the empire and its military forces , and as the religious figurehead behind the empire 's aggressive foreign policy . People 's Republic of China under Mao Zedong . Tsarist and Imperial Russia : Shortly after being crowned as ruler , Tsar Ivan immediately removed his political enemies by execution or exile and established dominance over an Empire , expanding the borders of his kingdom dramatically . To enforce his rule , Ivan the Terrible established the Streltzy as Russia 's standing army , and he developed two cavalry divisions that were fiercely loyal to the Tsar ; the Cossacks , and the Oprichniki . In his later years , Ivan made orders for his forces to sack the city of Novgorod in fear of being overthrown . The ideology Orthodoxy , Autocracy , and Nationality was introduced by Emperor Nicholas I of Russia . Soviet Union : During Joseph Stalin 's rule . Tokugawa Shogunate : Medieval Japan was caught in a vicious series of skirmishes between warring clans , states , and rulers , all of them vying for power in a mad scramble . While many of these lords struggled against each other openly , Ieyasu Tokugawa seized mastery of all of Japan through a mix of superior tactics and cunning diplomacy , until he became the dominant power of the land . By establishing his shogunate as the sole ruling power in Japan , Ieyasu Tokugawa controlled all aspects of life , closing the borders of Japan to all foreign nations and ruling with a policy of isolationism . Nazi Germany : After the failed Beer Hall Putsch , the National Socialist German Worker 's Party began a more subtle political strategy to take over the government . Following a tense social and political environment in the 1930s , the Nazis under Adolf Hitler took advantage of the civil unrest of the state to seize power through cunning propaganda and by the charismatic speeches of their party leader . By the time Hitler was appointed chancellor , the Nazi party began to restrict civil liberties on the public following the Reichstag Fire . With a combination of cooperation and intimidation , Hitler and his party systematically weakened all opposition to his rule , transforming the Weimar Republic into a fascist dictatorship where Hitler alone spoke and acted on behalf of Germany . Nazi Germany is an example of an autocracy run primarily by a single leader , but many decisions made by Hitler coincided with the interests and ideology of the Nazi Party in mind , also making an example of an autocracy ruled by a political party rather than solely one man . See also ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Autocracy . Anocracy Authoritarianism Centralisation Führerprinzip Theocracy Tsarist autocracy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Paul M. Johnson . `` Autocracy : A Glossary of Political Economy Terms '' . Auburn.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Pinker , Steven ( 2011 ) . The Better Angels Of Our Nature . Penguin . p. 341 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 141 - 03464 - 5 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Charles . `` Western - state Making and Theories of Political Transformation '' . ^ Jump up to : Hariri , Jacob . `` The Autocratic Legacy of Early Statehood '' . Jump up ^ Acemoglu , Daron ; Johnson , Simon ; A. Robinson , James . `` Reversal of Fortune : Geography and Institutions in the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution '' . Jump up ^ Olson , Mancur ( 1993 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Dictatorship , Democracy , and Development '' . The American Political Science Review . 87 ( 3 ) : 567 -- 576 . doi : 10.2307 / 2938736 . ^ Jump up to : Douglass C. North ; John Joseph Wallis ; Barry R. Weingast ( 2008 ) . `` Violence and the Rise of Open - Access Orders '' . Journal of Democracy . 20 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 68 . doi : 10.1353 / jod. 0.0060 . Jump up ^ Tullock , Gordon . `` Autocracy '' , Springer Science + Business , 1987 . ISBN 90 - 247 - 3398 - 7 Jump up ^ Acemoglu , Daron ; Johnson , Simon ; Robinson , James A. ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 6 Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long - Run Growth '' . Handbook of Economic Growth . Elsevier . 1 , Part A : 385 -- 472 . Jump up ^ Kurlantzick , Joshua ( 2013 - 03 - 30 ) . `` A New Axis of Autocracy '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Tansey , Oisín ( 2016 - 01 - 02 ) . `` The problem with autocracy promotion '' . Democratization. 23 ( 1 ) : 141 -- 163 . doi : 10.1080 / 13510347.2015. 1095736 . ISSN 1351 - 0347 . Jump up ^ Way , Lucan ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) . `` Weaknesses of Autocracy Promotion '' . Journal of Democracy . 27 ( 1 ) : 64 -- 75 . doi : 10.1353 / jod. 2016.0009 . ISSN 1086 - 3214 . Jump up ^ Brownlee , Jason ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) . `` The limited reach of authoritarian powers '' . Democratization. 0 ( 0 ) : 1 -- 19 . doi : 10.1080 / 13510347.2017. 1287175 . ISSN 1351 - 0347 . Jump up ^ `` The limits of autocracy promotion : The case of Russia in the ' near abroad ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Password Logon Page '' . ic.galegroup.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Felix Bethke : Research on Autocratic Regimes : Divide et Impera , Katapult - Magazine ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) ( hide ) Authoritarian and totalitarian forms of government Forms Absolute monarchy Benevolent dictatorship Enlightened absolutism Fascism Imperialism Military dictatorship Nazism Ochlocracy Self - coup Stalinism Theocracy Concepts Illiberal democracy Totalitarian democracy Inverted totalitarianism Authoritarian democracy Authoritarian socialism Autocracy Constitutional dictatorship Corporate republic Despotism Dictatorship Dominant - party state Tsarist autocracy Tyranny Oligarchy One - party state Police state Counterintelligence state Mafia state Right - wing authoritarianism Third Positionism Tyranny of the majority GND : 4206090 - 4 NDL : 00570749 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autocracy&oldid=815743650 '' Categories : Forms of government Authoritarianism Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Võro 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 21 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who makes most of the important government decisions in an autocracy | [
"An autocracy is a system of government in which supreme power (social and political) is concentrated in the hands of one person, whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regularized mechanisms of popular control (except perhaps for the implicit threat of a coup d'état or mass insurrection).[1] Absolute monarchy (such as Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Brunei and Swaziland) and dictatorships (such as Cuba, China, and North Korea) are the main modern day forms of autocracy."
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"one person, whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regularized mechanisms of popular control (except perhaps for the implicit threat of a coup d'état or mass insurrection)"
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4680477067748136194 | Key (basketball) | Key ( basketball ) - wikipedia Key ( basketball ) Jump to : navigation , search The different shapes of the key in different basketball disciplines ( yellow , from left to right ) : NBA , NCAA , FIBA 1956 -- 2010 , and FIBA since 2010 . The key , officially referred to as the free throw lane by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) , the restricted area by the international governing body FIBA , and colloquially as the lane or the paint , is a marked area on a basketball court surrounding the basket . It is bounded by the endline , the free - throw line and two side lines ( freebody lines ) , and usually painted in a color different than the rest of the floor . It is a critical area on the court where much of the action takes place in a game . Dimensions of the key area have varied through the history of the game . Starting with 2010 FIBA 's rule amendments ( first implemented after the 2010 FIBA World Championship ) , it is rectangular for all games , being 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) wide for both NBA and FIBA keys , while NCAA keys are narrower at 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) . Prior to 2006 , the key in FIBA - sanctioned tournaments was trapezoidal in shape . The most - commonly enforced rule on the key is the `` three seconds rule '' in which a player from the offensive team is prohibited from staying on the key for more than three seconds , or else the player 's team will lose possession of the ball . Another rule enforced is the lane violation in which players from both teams are prohibited to enter the lane until after the free - throw shooter releases the ball from his hands . A recent innovation is the introduction of the restricted area arc directly underneath the basket where the defending player can not force an offensive foul on the opposing player . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dimensions 2 History 3 Rules 3.1 Three - second violation 3.2 Lane violation 3.3 Restricted area arc 4 Terms 5 References Dimensions ( edit ) Each level of play has different specifications for the size and shape of the key : in American leagues , where the basketball court is measured in imperial units , the shape is rectangular , while in FIBA - sanctioned events , which use the metric system , the shape was trapezoidal , before being changed to a rectangle as well . In addition to the bounding rectangle , the key includes a free - throw circle at its `` head '' or `` top '' . The width of the key in the NBA is 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) , including the 2 - foot ( 0.6 m ) wide foul lanes ; in U.S. college ( NCAA ) and high - school play , it is 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) . Beginning after the 2010 FIBA World Championship , all FIBA - administered tournaments use a rectangular key 4.9 meters ( 16 ft ) wide . From 1956 until 2010 , FIBA - sanctioned tournaments used a trapezoidal key . The narrower end was on the free - throw line , where it was 3.6 meters ( 12 ft ) , while the wider end , at the end line , measured 6 meters ( 20 ft ) . The free throw circle has a six - foot ( 1.8 m ) radius and is centered at the midpoint of the free throw line ; the half of that circle on the mid-court side of the free throw line is painted solid . In the NBA and ULEB , the boundary of the half closer to the basket is traced in a broken line in order to space players properly for jump balls . NBA Rule 1 ( g ) requires the key to contain two 6 inches ( 15 cm ) long hash marks , 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) from the free throw line ; the marks indicate the so - called lower defensive box . The free throw line is 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) from the perpendicular projection of the face of the backboard onto the court ; this projection is 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) from the end - line for NBA and NCAA . The projection of the center of the basket onto the court is a perpendicular distance of 1.575 meters ( 5.17 ft ) from the end line in FIBA tournaments , but 4.75 feet ( 1.45 m ) in NBA and NCAA tournaments . NBA NCAA ( U.S. ) FIBA ( until 2010 ) FIBA ( since 2010 ) On NBA basketball courts the key is rectangular , with a restricted area arc nearest to the basket . In the NBA the half - circle nearest the basket 's hash marks are displayed to facilitate jump balls in the free throw lane . In the example above , both the NBA and NCAA keys are marked with their appropriate key lines to allow use of the same floor by either entity ; this also is common for college arenas also used for NBA exhibition games or the NBA G League . On NCAA basketball courts the free throw circle 's half nearest the basket 's hash marks are not marked because there is no jump ball held in the free throw lane . Prior to 2010 , in FIBA - affiliated leagues , courts such as the Nokia Arena had trapezoidal keys . Until 2003 , the half circle was displayed , but many sponsors use that section of the arc for advertising . After the changes ordered by FIBA took effect on 2010 , all FIBA - spec arenas ( like the Nokia Arena ) changed to rectangular keys ( just like in the NBA ) , but the lines used to denote the 12 - foot boundary in NBA keys are not present ; sponsors may use the inside arc for advertising in FIBA play . For Euroleague play , the half - circle is required since jump balls are conducted in the free throw lane ( as of 2013 ) . History ( edit ) Demetri McCamey ( left ) and Sherron Collins ( right ) drive the key . Originally , the key was narrower than it is today and had the shape of a keyhole , measuring six feet ( 1.8 m ) wide , hence its name `` the key '' , with the free - throw circle as the head , and the shaded lane as the body . It has been also called `` cup '' or `` bottle '' in other languages , because of how it looks from other perspectives . Due to the narrowness of the key , imposing centers , such as George Mikan , dominated the paint , scoring at will . To counter this , the key was widened into 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) from 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) at the onset of the 1951 -- 52 NBA season . Men 's professional basketball in the United States ( notably the National Basketball Association ) widened it further to 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) in the 1964 -- 65 NBA season to lessen the effectiveness of centers , especially Wilt Chamberlain . The NCAA retains the 12 ‐ foot key to this day . On April 25 , 2008 , the FIBA Central Board approved rule changes that included the changes in the shape of the key ; the key is now rectangular and has virtually the same dimensions as the key used in the NBA . In addition , the no - charge semicircle formally called the restricted area arc was also created . The change took effect in 2010 . Rules ( edit ) Three - second violation ( edit ) Main articles : Three seconds rule and Defensive three - second violation The lane is a restricted area in which players can stay for only a limited amount of time . On all levels , a team on the offensive ( in possession of the ball ) is prohibited to stay inside the lane for more than three seconds ; after three seconds the player will be called with a three - second violation which will result in a turnover . In FIBA - sanctioned tournaments , defending team players are allowed to stay on the key for an unlimited amount of time . In American professional basketball , defending team players are also prohibited from staying in the key for more than three seconds , unless a player is directly guarding an offensive player . If a player surpasses that time , the defending team will be charged with a defensive three - second violation , which will result in a technical foul where the team with the ball shoots one free throw plus ball possession and a reset of the shot clock . In all cases , the count resets if the shot hits the rim or if the player steps out of the lane . Lane violation ( edit ) Main article : Free throw Wally Szczerbiak shoots a free throw ; in most leagues , the team of the free throw shooter has at most two players ( aside from the free throw shooter ) on the sides of the key , while the opposing team has three . Jason Bohannon shoots a free throw ; in the American NCAA , there can be at most three players on each side of the key during a free throw . When a player is shooting free throws , there is a certain number of players at the boundaries of the key , each occupying a slot traced at the boundaries of the key . In most cases , the free throw shooter is behind the free throw line , while three of his opponents are along the sides of the key , one side with two players , the other with one . Two of his opponents are situated nearest to the basket on both sides , while his two teammates are beside the two opponents closest to the basket , with the other player from the opposing team situated farthest from the basket . In the U.S. NCAA , there are as many as six players along the key , with the opposing team allowed to have as many as four players , with the same arrangement as in the NBA and FIBA but with another player facing his teammate farthest to the basket . ( See photographs to the right . ) No player along the lane may enter the key until the shot is released ; the player shooting the free throw , and anyone on top of the key , should not pass the free throw line until the ball hits the rim . If any of the offensive players violate the rule , no points are awarded for the shot and , if there are no more shots remaining , the ball is given to the defending team . If a defending player is in the lane too soon , an extra shot will be awarded regardless of whether the shot was made or missed . Note that in FIBA play , if the shooter commits the violation , it is an automatic turnover . If the shot is successful and the shooter does not commit a violation , but other players do commit a violation , all violations are discarded . If players from the opposing teams enter the key prior to the release of the ball , a jump ball would be done to determine who gets the possession of the ball ( NBA ) or the possession arrow rule ( for all other levels ) ; in FIBA play , that only applies if the shooter misses , since a successful attempt negates all other penalties . In all situations , lane violation penalties can not occur if there are further free throws to be awarded . Restricted area arc ( edit ) In the NBA , Euroleague , and starting in 2010 , in FIBA and NCAA play , the key has an additional area , measured as an arc three feet from the basket ( collegiate ) , four feet from the basket ( NBA ) , or 1.25 meters ( approximately 4.1 feet ) ( FIBA ) . The area is officially known as the `` restricted area '' ( RA ) in the NBA , the `` restricted area arc '' in the NCAA and the `` no - charge semicircles '' in FIBA . Its purpose is to stop secondary defenders from taking a position under the basket in an attempt to draw the offensive foul when a player is driving to the basket . If an offensive player drives past his primary defender on the way to the basket and a secondary defender comes over , he must establish a legal position outside the RA to draw an offensive foul . If the drive starts inside the Lower Defensive Box ( LDB -- this is the area from the bottom tip of the free throw circle to the end line between the two 3 ‐ foot posted - up marks ) , the secondary defender is legally allowed to be positioned inside the RA . The restricted area also does not apply if the secondary defender jumps in attempting to block the shot , the offensive player leads with his leg or knee in an unnatural motion or uses his off arm to prevent the defender from blocking his shot . The RA does not extend from below the backboard to the baseline . Therefore , if a player drives the baseline and is not attempting to go directly to the rim , the RA does not apply . The restricted area arc rule was first used and appeared in the NBA for the 1997 - 98 season . It would be implemented in NCAA men 's basketball for the 2010 -- 2011 season . The NCAA approved adding a visible restricted - area arc three feet from the center of the basket in Division I men 's and women 's games for the 2011 -- 2012 season . The panel delayed implementation of the arc until the 2012 - 2013 season for Divisions II and III to allow those schools time to plan and place the restricted - area arc in their home arenas . Starting with the 2015 - 2016 season , the NCAA raised the RA arc to four feet from the center of the basket . Terms ( edit ) Points made on the key are termed as points in the paint or inside points . Historically , the area of the key where offensive players are prohibited from remaining longer than three seconds has been painted to distinguish the area from the rest of the court ; hence the phrase `` points in the paint . '' The area around the free throw circle 's farthest point from the basket is called the `` top of the key '' , and several plays revolve around this area , such as screens and pick and rolls . In American women 's collegiate basketball ( and for men until 2008 ) , the three - point arc intersects at the top of the key , which could translate plays conducted in this area into three - point field goal conversions . The intersection of the free throw line and the free throw lane is referred to as the elbow of the key . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Official Rules of the National Basketball Association 2007 -- 08 '' ( PDF ) . NBA.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` NCAA Basketball : 2008 Men 's and Women 's Rules and Interpretations '' ( PDF ) . http://www.rolltide.com/ . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 04 . External link in publisher = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Official Basketball Rules 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIBA.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Basketball Rules 2006 '' ( PDF ) . FIBAAmericas.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Jeramie McPeek . `` George Mikan vs. The Knicks '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Rules History '' . NBA.com. 2008 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The FIBA Central Board approves historic rule changes '' . FIBA.com. 2008 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` GLOBAL Basketball DIRECTORY ( Tha - Tid ) '' . eba-stats.com. 2007 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` GLOBAL Basketball DIRECTORY '' . eba-stats.com. 2007 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Men 's and Women 's Basketball 3 - Foot Restricted Area Arc '' ( PDF ) . NCAA.org. 2011 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ http://www.nba.com/nba101/misunderstood_0708.html Jump up ^ `` Shaq and the No Charge Zone Rule '' . Factuation . Factuation . July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . In the 1997 - 1998 season , NBA added the `` no charge zone '' or the `` restricted area '' . This is the portion of the key , denoted by an arc in the painted area that is positioned four feet from the basket . The arc is important because a defending player can not force a charging foul within this area . It was designed to provide benefit offensive post-up player like O'Neal , players who drive to the basket and limit collisions . Jump up ^ `` Rules panel approves restricted - area arc for Div . I '' . Ncaa.org . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Newll , Pete ; Nater , Swen ( 2008 ) . Pete Newell 's Playing Big . Human Kinetics . p. 26 . ISBN 9780736068093 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . ( hide ) Basketball ( outline ) General topics History of basketball James Naismith Variations of basketball Leagues Statistics Glossary of terms Index of articles Rules Bonus Jump ball Officials Turnover Violation 3 seconds Offense Defense 5 seconds Basket interference Carrying Double dribble Goaltending Shot clock Traveling Foul Flagrant Personal Technical Game play Air ball Alley - oop Assist Backboard shattering Ball hog Block Buzzer beater Cherry picking Dribble Crossover Dunk Euro step Fadeaway Fast break Fly Flop Jump shot Layup Finger roll Field goal Four - point play Free throw Hook shot Moves Pick and roll Positions Posterized Playbook Rebound Point Screen Back screen Slashing Steal Three - pointer Three - point play Uncontested shot Strategy General Sixth man Offense Continuity offense Flex Shuffle UCLA High Post Wheel Dribble drive motion Four corners Motion Princeton Run and gun Grinnell System Nellie Ball Small ball Triangle Defense 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 1 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 3 zone Amoeba Box - and - one Double team Full - court press Hack - a-Shaq Jordan Rules Line Man - to - man Match - up zone Triangle - and - two Zone Equipment Backboard Ball Breakaway rim Court Half court Key Net Possession arrow Whistle Clothing Basketball sleeve Finger sleeve Air Jordan Chuck Taylor All - Stars Miscellaneous 100 - point scorers 50 -- 40 -- 90 club AAU All - Americans AAU champions Mikan Drill Player tracking Shootaround Tip drill Winning streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Key_(basketball)&oldid=834552314 '' Categories : Basketball terminology Basketball equipment Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 日本 語 Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 10 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | basketball how long can you stay in the paint | [
"The most-commonly enforced rule on the key is the \"three seconds rule\" in which a player from the offensive team is prohibited from staying on the key for more than three seconds, or else the player's team will lose possession of the ball. Another rule enforced is the lane violation in which players from both teams are prohibited to enter the lane until after the free-throw shooter releases the ball from his hands. A recent innovation is the introduction of the restricted area arc directly underneath the basket where the defending player cannot force an offensive foul on the opposing player."
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"three seconds"
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-5358797620506267696 | San Diego | San Diego - wikipedia San Diego Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the city in California . For the county in California , see San Diego County , California . For other uses , see San Diego ( disambiguation ) . `` San Diegan '' redirects here . For the historical train , see San Diegan ( train ) . San Diego , California City in California City of San Diego Images from top , left to right : San Diego Skyline , Coronado Bridge , House of Hospitality in Balboa Park , Serra Museum in Presidio Park and the Old Point Loma lighthouse Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : America 's Finest City Motto ( s ) : Semper Vigilans ( Latin for `` Ever Vigilant '' ) Location of San Diego within San Diego County San Diego , California Location in the United States Coordinates : 32 ° 42 ′ 54 '' N 117 ° 09 ′ 45 '' W / 32.71500 ° N 117.16250 ° W / 32.71500 ; - 117.16250 Coordinates : 32 ° 42 ′ 54 '' N 117 ° 09 ′ 45 '' W / 32.71500 ° N 117.16250 ° W / 32.71500 ; - 117.16250 Country United States of America State California County San Diego Established July 16 , 1769 Incorporated March 27 , 1850 Named for Saint Didacus of Alcalá Government Type Strong mayor Body San Diego City Council Mayor Kevin Faulconer City Attorney Mara Elliott City Council List ( show ) Barbara Bry D - District 1 Lorie Zapf R - District 2 Chris Ward D - District 3 Myrtle Cole D - District 4 Mark Kersey R - District 5 Chris Cate R - District 6 Scott Sherman R - District 7 David Alvarez D - District 8 Georgette Gomez D - District 9 State Assembly Members List ( show ) Brian Maienschein R - 77th District Todd Gloria D - 78th District Shirley Weber D - 79th District Lorena Gonzalez Fletcher D - 80th District State Senators List ( show ) Joel Anderson R - 38th District Toni Atkins D - 39th District Ben Hueso D - 40th District Area Total 372.39 sq mi ( 964.50 km ) Land 325.19 sq mi ( 842.25 km ) Water 47.20 sq mi ( 122.24 km ) 12.68 % Elevation 62 ft ( 19 m ) Highest elevation 1,591 ft ( 485 m ) Lowest elevation 0 ft ( 0 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 1,307,402 Estimate ( 2016 ) 1,406,630 Rank 2nd in California 8th in the United States Density 4,325.50 / sq mi ( 1,670.08 / km ) Urban 2,956,746 ( 15th ) Metro 3,317,749 ( 17th ) Demonym ( s ) San Diegan Time zone Pacific ( UTC − 8 ) Summer ( DST ) PDT ( UTC − 7 ) ZIP Codes 92101 -- 92124 , 92126 -- 92132 , 92134 -- 92140 , 92142 , 92143 , 92145 , 92147 , 92149 -- 92155 , 92158 -- 92161 , 92163 , 92165 -- 92179 , 92182 , 92186 , 92187 , 92190 -- 92199 Area codes 619 , 858 FIPS code 06 - 66000 GNIS feature IDs 1661377 , 2411782 Website www.sandiego.gov San Diego ( / ˌsæn diˈeɪɡoʊ / ; Spanish for ' Saint Didacus ' ; Spanish : ( san ˈdjeɣo ) ) is a major city in California , United States . It is in San Diego County , on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Southern California , approximately 120 miles ( 190 km ) south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico . With an estimated population of 1,406,630 as of July 1 , 2016 , San Diego is the eighth - largest city in the United States and second - largest in California . It is part of the San Diego -- Tijuana conurbation , the second - largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit -- Windsor , with a population of 4,922,723 people . The city is known for its mild year - round climate , natural deep - water harbor , extensive beaches , long association with the United States Navy , and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center . San Diego has been called `` the birthplace of California '' . Historically home to the Kumeyaay people , it was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States . Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542 , Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain , forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later . The Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá , founded in 1769 , formed the first European settlement in what is now California . In 1821 , San Diego became part of the newly independent Mexico , which reformed as the First Mexican Republic two years later . California became part of the United States in 1848 following the Mexican -- American War and was admitted to the union as a state in 1850 . The city is the seat of San Diego County and is the economic center of the region as well as the San Diego -- Tijuana metropolitan area . San Diego 's main economic engines are military and defense - related activities , tourism , international trade , and manufacturing . The presence of the University of California , San Diego ( UCSD ) , with the affiliated UCSD Medical Center , has helped make the area a center of research in biotechnology . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Pre-colonial period 1.2 Spanish period 1.3 Mexican period 1.4 American period 2 Geography 2.1 Communities and neighborhoods 2.2 Cityscape 2.3 Climate 2.4 Ecology 3 Demographics 4 Economy 4.1 Defense and military 4.2 Tourism 4.3 International trade 4.4 Companies 4.5 Top employers 4.6 Real estate 5 Culture 6 Sports 6.1 Major League teams 6.2 Minor League teams 6.3 College teams 7 Government 7.1 Local government 7.2 State and federal representation 7.3 Major scandals 7.4 Crime 8 Education 8.1 Colleges and universities 8.2 Libraries 9 Media 10 Infrastructure 10.1 Utilities 10.2 Street lights 10.3 Transportation 11 Notable people 12 Sister cities 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 15.1 Bibliography 16 External links History See also : History of San Diego and Timeline of San Diego Historical affiliations Spanish Empire 1769 -- 1821 First Mexican Empire 1821 -- 1823 United Mexican States 1823 -- 1848 California Republic 1846 United States 1848 -- present Pre-colonial period Kumeyaay people lived in San Diego before Europeans settled there . The original inhabitants of the region are now known as the San Dieguito and La Jolla people . The area of San Diego has been inhabited by the Kumeyaay people . Spanish period Namesake of the city , Didacus of Alcalá : Saint Didacus in Ecstasy Before the Cross by Murillo ( Musée des Augustins ) The first European to visit the region was explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo , sailing under the flag of Castile but possibly born in Portugal . Sailing his flagship San Salvador from Navidad , New Spain , Cabrillo claimed the bay for the Spanish Empire in 1542 , and named the site `` San Miguel '' . In November 1602 , Sebastián Vizcaíno was sent to map the California coast . Arriving on his flagship San Diego , Vizcaíno surveyed the harbor and what are now Mission Bay and Point Loma and named the area for the Catholic Saint Didacus , a Spaniard more commonly known as San Diego de Alcalá . On November 12 , 1602 , the first Christian religious service of record in Alta California was conducted by Friar Antonio de la Ascensión , a member of Vizcaíno 's expedition , to celebrate the feast day of San Diego . Mission San Diego de Alcalá Permanent colonization of California and of San Diego began in 1769 with the arrival of four contingents of Spaniards from New Spain and the Baja California peninsula . Two seaborne parties reached San Diego Bay : the San Carlos , under Vicente Vila and including as notable members the engineer and cartographer Miguel Costansó and the soldier and future governor Pedro Fages , and the San Antonio , under Juan Pérez . An initial overland expedition to San Diego from the south was led by the soldier Fernando Rivera and included the Franciscan missionary , explorer , and chronicler Juan Crespí , followed by a second party led by the designated governor Gaspar de Portolà and including the mission president ( and now saint ) Junípero Serra . In May 1769 , Portolà established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River . It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California . In July of the same year , Mission San Diego de Alcalá was founded by Franciscan friars under Serra . By 1797 , the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California , with over 1,400 neophytes living in and around the mission proper . Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in Alta California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real . Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks . Mexican period In 1821 , Mexico won its independence from Spain , and San Diego became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California . In 1822 , Mexico began attempting to extend its authority over the coastal territory of Alta California . The fort on Presidio Hill was gradually abandoned , while the town of San Diego grew up on the level land below Presidio Hill . The Mission was secularized by the Mexican government in 1834 , and most of the Mission lands were granted to former soldiers . The 432 residents of the town petitioned the governor to form a pueblo , and Juan María Osuna was elected the first alcalde ( `` municipal magistrate '' ) , defeating Pío Pico in the vote . ( See , List of pre-statehood mayors of San Diego . ) However , San Diego had been losing population throughout the 1830s and in 1838 the town lost its pueblo status because its size dropped to an estimated 100 to 150 residents . Beyond town Mexican land grants expanded the number of California ranchos that modestly added to the local economy . In 1846 , the United States went to war against Mexico and sent a naval and land expedition to conquer Alta California . At first they had an easy time of it capturing the major ports including San Diego , but the Californios in southern Alta California struck back . Following the successful revolt in Los Angeles , the American garrison at San Diego was driven out without firing a shot in early October 1846 . Mexican partisans held San Diego for three weeks until October 24 , 1846 , when the Americans recaptured it . For the next several months the Americans were blockaded inside the pueblo . Skirmishes occurred daily and snipers shot into the town every night . The Californios drove cattle away from the pueblo hoping to starve the Americans and their Californio supporters out . On December 1 the Americans garrison learned that the dragoons of General Stephen W. Kearney were at Warner 's Ranch . Commodore Robert F. Stockton sent a mounted force of fifty under Captain Archibald Gillespie to march north to meet him . Their joint command of 150 men , returning to San Diego , encountered about 93 Californios under Andrés Pico . In the ensuing Battle of San Pasqual , fought in the San Pasqual Valley which is now part of the city of San Diego , the Americans suffered their worst losses in the campaign . Subsequently , a column led by Lieutenant Gray arrived from San Diego , rescuing Kearny 's battered and blockaded command . Stockton and Kearny went on to recover Los Angeles and force the capitulation of Alta California with the `` Treaty of Cahuenga '' on January 13 , 1847 . As a result of the Mexican -- American War of 1846 -- 48 , the territory of Alta California , including San Diego , was ceded to the United States by Mexico , under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 . The Mexican negotiators of that treaty tried to retain San Diego as part of Mexico , but the Americans insisted that San Diego was `` for every commercial purpose of nearly equal importance to us with that of San Francisco , '' and the Mexican -- American border was eventually established to be one league south of the southernmost point of San Diego Bay , so as to include the entire bay within the United States . American period Namesake of Horton Plaza , Alonzo Horton developed `` New Town '' which became Downtown San Diego . The state of California was admitted to the United States in 1850 . That same year San Diego was designated the seat of the newly established San Diego County and was incorporated as a city . Joshua H. Bean , the last alcalde of San Diego , was elected the first mayor . Two years later the city was bankrupt ; the California legislature revoked the city 's charter and placed it under control of a board of trustees , where it remained until 1889 . A city charter was reestablished in 1889 , and today 's city charter was adopted in 1931 . The original town of San Diego was located at the foot of Presidio Hill , in the area which is now Old Town San Diego State Historic Park . The location was not ideal , being several miles away from navigable water at its port at La Playa . In 1850 , William Heath Davis promoted a new development by the bay shore called `` New San Diego '' , several miles south of the original settlement ; however , for several decades the new development consisted only of a pier , a few houses and an Army depot for the support of Fort Yuma . After 1854 , the fort became supplied by sea and by steamboats on the Colorado River and the depot fell into disuse . From 1857 to 1860 , San Diego became the western terminus of the San Antonio - San Diego Mail Line , the earliest overland stagecoach and mail operation from the Eastern United States to California , coming from Texas through New Mexico Territory in less than 30 days . In the late 1860s , Alonzo Horton promoted a move to the bayside area , which he called `` New Town '' and which became Downtown San Diego . Horton promoted the area heavily , and people and businesses began to relocate to New Town because its location on San Diego Bay was convenient to shipping . New Town soon eclipsed the original settlement , known to this day as Old Town , and became the economic and governmental heart of the city . Still , San Diego remained a relative backwater town until the arrival of a railroad connection in 1878 . Balboa Park on the cover of a guidebook for the World Exposition of 1915 In the early part of the 20th century , San Diego hosted two World 's Fairs : the Panama - California Exposition in 1915 and the California Pacific International Exposition in 1935 . Both expositions were held in Balboa Park , and many of the Spanish / Baroque - style buildings that were built for those expositions remain to this day as central features of the park . The buildings were intended to be temporary structures , but most remained in continuous use until they progressively fell into disrepair . Most were eventually rebuilt , using castings of the original façades to retain the architectural style . The menagerie of exotic animals featured at the 1915 exposition provided the basis for the San Diego Zoo . During the 1950s there was a citywide festival called Fiesta del Pacifico highlighting the area 's Spanish and Mexican past . In the 2010s there was a proposal for a large - scale celebration of the 100th anniversary of Balboa Park , but the plans were abandoned when the organization tasked with putting on the celebration went out of business . The southern portion of the Point Loma peninsula was set aside for military purposes as early as 1852 . Over the next several decades the Army set up a series of coastal artillery batteries and named the area Fort Rosecrans . Significant U.S. Navy presence began in 1901 with the establishment of the Navy Coaling Station in Point Loma , and expanded greatly during the 1920s . By 1930 , the city was host to Naval Base San Diego , Naval Training Center San Diego , San Diego Naval Hospital , Camp Matthews , and Camp Kearny ( now Marine Corps Air Station Miramar ) . The city was also an early center for aviation : as early as World War I , San Diego was proclaiming itself `` The Air Capital of the West '' . The city was home to important airplane developers and manufacturers like Ryan Airlines ( later Ryan Aeronautical ) , founded in 1925 , and Consolidated Aircraft ( later Convair ) , founded in 1923 . Charles A. Lindbergh 's plane The Spirit of St. Louis was built in San Diego in 1927 by Ryan Airlines . During World War II , San Diego became a major hub of military and defense activity , due to the presence of so many military installations and defense manufacturers . The city 's population grew rapidly during and after World War II , more than doubling between 1930 ( 147,995 ) and 1950 ( 333,865 ) . During the final months of the war , the Japanese had a plan to target multiple U.S. cities for biological attack , starting with San Diego . The plan was called `` Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night '' and called for kamikaze planes filled with fleas infected with plague ( Yersinia pestis ) to crash into civilian population centers in the city , hoping to spread plague in the city and effectively kill tens of thousands of civilians . The plan was scheduled to launch on September 22 , 1945 , but was not carried out because Japan surrendered five weeks earlier . After World War II , the military continued to play a major role in the local economy , but post-Cold War cutbacks took a heavy toll on the local defense and aerospace industries . The resulting downturn led San Diego leaders to seek to diversify the city 's economy by focusing on research and science , as well as tourism . From the start of the 20th century through the 1970s , the American tuna fishing fleet and tuna canning industry were based in San Diego , `` the tuna capital of the world '' . San Diego 's first tuna cannery was founded in 1911 , and by the mid-1930s the canneries employed more than 1,000 people . A large fishing fleet supported the canneries , mostly staffed by immigrant fishermen from Japan , and later from the Portuguese Azores and Italy whose influence is still felt in neighborhoods like Little Italy and Point Loma . Due to rising costs and foreign competition , the last of the canneries closed in the early 1980s . Downtown San Diego was in decline in the 1960s and 1970s , but experienced some urban renewal since the early 1980s , including the opening of Horton Plaza , the revival of the Gaslamp Quarter , and the construction of the San Diego Convention Center ; Petco Park opened in 2004 . Geography See also : List of beaches in San Diego , California and Parks in San Diego Urban aerial of San Diego and Tijuana , Mexico According to SDSU professor emeritus Monte Marshall , San Diego Bay is `` the surface expression of a north - south - trending , nested graben '' . The Rose Canyon and Point Loma fault zones are part of the San Andreas Fault system . About 40 miles ( 64 km ) east of the bay are the Laguna Mountains in the Peninsular Ranges , which are part of the backbone of the American continents . The city lies on approximately 200 deep canyons and hills separating its mesas , creating small pockets of natural open space scattered throughout the city and giving it a hilly geography . Traditionally , San Diegans have built their homes and businesses on the mesas , while leaving the urban canyons relatively wild . Thus , the canyons give parts of the city a segmented feel , creating gaps between otherwise proximate neighborhoods and contributing to a low - density , car - centered environment . The San Diego River runs through the middle of San Diego from east to west , creating a river valley which serves to divide the city into northern and southern segments . During the historic period and presumably earlier as well , the river has shifted its flow back and forth between San Diego Bay and Mission Bay , and its fresh water was the focus of the earliest Spanish explorers . Miguel Costansó , a cartographer , wrote in 1769 , `` When asked by signs where the watering - place was , the Indians pointed to a grove which could be seen at a considerable distance to the northeast , giving to understand that a river or creek flowed through it , and that they would lead our men to it if they would follow . '' That river was the San Diego River . Several reservoirs and Mission Trails Regional Park also lie between and separate developed areas of the city . Mission Valley facing Northwest , taken from Arista Street . Mission Bay can be seen in the distance . Notable peaks within the city limits include Cowles Mountain , the highest point in the city at 1,591 feet ( 485 m ) ; Black Mountain at 1,558 feet ( 475 m ) ; and Mount Soledad at 824 feet ( 251 m ) . The Cuyamaca Mountains and Laguna Mountains rise to the east of the city , and beyond the mountains are desert areas . The Cleveland National Forest is a half - hour drive from downtown San Diego . Numerous farms are found in the valleys northeast and southeast of the city . In its 2013 ParkScore ranking , The Trust for Public Land reported that San Diego had the 9th - best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities . ParkScore ranks city park systems by a formula that analyzes acreage , access , and service and investment . Communities and neighborhoods Main article : List of communities and neighborhoods of San Diego Normal Heights , a neighborhood of San Diego The City of San Diego recognizes 52 individual areas as Community Planning Areas . Within a given planning area there may be several distinct neighborhoods . Altogether the city contains more than 100 identified neighborhoods . Downtown San Diego is located on San Diego Bay . Balboa Park encompasses several mesas and canyons to the northeast , surrounded by older , dense urban communities including Hillcrest and North Park . To the east and southeast lie City Heights , the College Area , and Southeast San Diego . To the north lies Mission Valley and Interstate 8 . The communities north of the valley and freeway , and south of Marine Corps Air Station Miramar , include Clairemont , Kearny Mesa , Tierrasanta , and Navajo . Stretching north from Miramar are the northern suburbs of Mira Mesa , Scripps Ranch , Rancho Peñasquitos , and Rancho Bernardo . The far northeast portion of the city encompasses Lake Hodges and the San Pasqual Valley , which holds an agricultural preserve . Carmel Valley and Del Mar Heights occupy the northwest corner of the city . To their south are Torrey Pines State Reserve and the business center of the Golden Triangle . Further south are the beach and coastal communities of La Jolla , Pacific Beach , Mission Beach , and Ocean Beach . Point Loma occupies the peninsula across San Diego Bay from downtown . The communities of South San Diego , such as San Ysidro and Otay Mesa , are located next to the Mexico -- United States border , and are physically separated from the rest of the city by the cities of National City and Chula Vista . A narrow strip of land at the bottom of San Diego Bay connects these southern neighborhoods with the rest of the city . For the most part , San Diego neighborhood boundaries tend to be understood by its residents based on geographical boundaries like canyons and street patterns . The city recognized the importance of its neighborhoods when it organized its 2008 General Plan around the concept of a `` City of Villages '' . Cityscape Main article : List of tallest buildings in San Diego Downtown San Diego skyline at day and night . View from Coronado in November 2007 . San Diego was originally centered on the Old Town district , but by the late 1860s the focus had shifted to the bayfront , in the belief that this new location would increase trade . As the `` New Town '' -- present - day Downtown -- waterfront location quickly developed , it eclipsed Old Town as the center of San Diego . The development of skyscrapers over 300 feet ( 91 m ) in San Diego is attributed to the construction of the El Cortez Hotel in 1927 , the tallest building in the city from 1927 to 1963 . As time went on , multiple buildings claimed the title of San Diego 's tallest skyscraper , including the Union Bank of California Building and Symphony Towers . Currently the tallest building in San Diego is One America Plaza , standing 500 feet ( 150 m ) tall , which was completed in 1991 . The downtown skyline contains no super-talls , as a regulation put in place by the Federal Aviation Administration in the 1970s set a 500 feet ( 152 m ) limit on the height of buildings within a one - mile ( 1.6 km ) radius of the San Diego International Airport . An iconic description of the skyline includes its skyscrapers being compared to the tools of a toolbox . Climate Main article : Climate of San Diego Palms at Pacific Beach San Diego has one of the top - ten best climates according to the Farmers ' Almanac and has one of the two best summer climates in America as scored by The Weather Channel . Under the Köppen -- Geiger climate classification system , the San Diego area has been variously categorized as having either a semi-arid climate ( BSh in the original classification and BSn in modified Köppen classification ) or a Mediterranean climate ( Csa and Csb ) . San Diego 's climate is characterized by warm , dry summers and mild winters , with most of the annual precipitation falling between December and March . The city has a mild climate year - round , with an average of 201 days above 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) and low rainfall ( 9 -- 13 inches ( 230 -- 330 mm ) annually ) . The climate in San Diego , like most of Southern California , often varies significantly over short geographical distances , resulting in microclimates . In San Diego , this is mostly because of the city 's topography ( the Bay , and the numerous hills , mountains , and canyons ) . Frequently , particularly during the `` May gray / June gloom '' period , a thick `` marine layer '' cloud cover keeps the air cool and damp within a few miles of the coast , but yields to bright cloudless sunshine approximately 5 -- 10 miles ( 8.0 -- 16.1 km ) inland . Sometimes the June gloom lasts into July , causing cloudy skies over most of San Diego for the entire day . Even in the absence of June gloom , inland areas experience much more significant temperature variations than coastal areas , where the ocean serves as a moderating influence . Thus , for example , downtown San Diego averages January lows of 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) and August highs of 78 ° F ( 26 ° C ) . The city of El Cajon , just 10 miles ( 16 km ) inland from downtown San Diego , averages January lows of 42 ° F ( 6 ° C ) and August highs of 88 ° F ( 31 ° C ) . A sign of global warming , the average surface temperature of the water at Scripps Pier in the California Current has increased by almost 3 degrees since 1950 , according to scientists at Scripps Institution of Oceanography . Surfers at Pacific Beach Annual rainfall along the coast averages 10.65 inches ( 271 mm ) and the median is 9.6 inches ( 240 mm ) . The months of December through March supply most of the rain , with February the only month averaging 2 inches ( 51 mm ) or more . The months of May through September tend to be almost completely dry . Although there are few wet days per month during the rainy period , rainfall can be heavy when it does fall . Rainfall is usually greater in the higher elevations of San Diego ; some of the higher areas can receive 11 -- 15 inches ( 280 -- 380 mm ) per year . Variability from year to year can be dramatic : in the wettest years of 1883 / 1884 and 1940 / 1941 more than 24 inches ( 610 mm ) fell , whilst in the driest years there was as little as 3.2 inches ( 80 mm ) . The wettest month on record is December 1921 with 9.21 inches ( 234 mm ) . Snow in the city is so rare that it has been observed only five times in the century - and - a-half that records have been kept . In 1949 and 1967 , snow stayed on the ground for a few hours in higher locations like Point Loma and La Jolla . The other three occasions , in 1882 , 1946 , and 1987 , involved flurries but no accumulation . ( show ) Climate data for San Diego Int'l Airport ( 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1874 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 88 ( 31 ) 90 ( 32 ) 99 ( 37 ) 98 ( 37 ) 98 ( 37 ) 101 ( 38 ) 100 ( 38 ) 98 ( 37 ) 111 ( 44 ) 107 ( 42 ) 100 ( 38 ) 88 ( 31 ) 111 ( 44 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 78.4 ( 25.8 ) 79.2 ( 26.2 ) 79.8 ( 26.6 ) 82.8 ( 28.2 ) 79.0 ( 26.1 ) 81.2 ( 27.3 ) 83.2 ( 28.4 ) 85.4 ( 29.7 ) 89.5 ( 31.9 ) 86.8 ( 30.4 ) 82.9 ( 28.3 ) 76.6 ( 24.8 ) 94.1 ( 34.5 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 65.1 ( 18.4 ) 65.0 ( 18.3 ) 65.6 ( 18.7 ) 67.5 ( 19.7 ) 68.5 ( 20.3 ) 70.8 ( 21.6 ) 74.6 ( 23.7 ) 76.4 ( 24.7 ) 75.9 ( 24.4 ) 72.8 ( 22.7 ) 69.0 ( 20.6 ) 64.7 ( 18.2 ) 69.7 ( 20.9 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 49.0 ( 9.4 ) 50.7 ( 10.4 ) 53.2 ( 11.8 ) 55.9 ( 13.3 ) 59.4 ( 15.2 ) 62.0 ( 16.7 ) 65.4 ( 18.6 ) 66.7 ( 19.3 ) 65.2 ( 18.4 ) 60.6 ( 15.9 ) 53.6 ( 12 ) 48.4 ( 9.1 ) 57.5 ( 14.2 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 41.9 ( 5.5 ) 44.6 ( 7 ) 47.1 ( 8.4 ) 50.7 ( 10.4 ) 55.0 ( 12.8 ) 59.1 ( 15.1 ) 62.5 ( 16.9 ) 63.3 ( 17.4 ) 60.4 ( 15.8 ) 54.4 ( 12.4 ) 45.8 ( 7.7 ) 41.4 ( 5.2 ) 40.3 ( 4.6 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 25 ( − 4 ) 34 ( 1 ) 36 ( 2 ) 39 ( 4 ) 45 ( 7 ) 50 ( 10 ) 54 ( 12 ) 54 ( 12 ) 50 ( 10 ) 43 ( 6 ) 36 ( 2 ) 32 ( 0 ) 25 ( − 4 ) Average rainfall inches ( mm ) 1.98 ( 50.3 ) 2.27 ( 57.7 ) 1.81 ( 46 ) 0.78 ( 19.8 ) 0.12 ( 3 ) 0.07 ( 1.8 ) 0.03 ( 0.8 ) 0.02 ( 0.5 ) 0.15 ( 3.8 ) 0.57 ( 14.5 ) 1.01 ( 25.7 ) 1.53 ( 38.9 ) 10.34 ( 262.6 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 6.7 7.1 6.5 4.0 1.4 0.8 0.7 0.4 1.2 2.8 4.1 5.8 41.5 Average relative humidity ( % ) 63.1 65.7 67.3 67.0 70.6 74.0 74.6 74.1 72.7 69.4 66.3 63.7 69.0 Mean monthly sunshine hours 239.3 227.4 261.0 276.2 250.5 242.4 304.7 295.0 253.3 243.4 230.1 231.3 3,054.6 Percent possible sunshine 75 74 70 71 58 57 70 71 68 69 73 74 69 Source : NOAA ( sun and relative humidity 1961 -- 1990 ) Ecology Coastal canyon in Torrey Pines State Reserve Like much of southern California , the majority of San Diego 's current area was originally occupied on the west by coastal sage scrub and on the east by chaparral , plant communities made up mostly of drought - resistant shrubs . The steep and varied topography and proximity to the ocean create a number of different habitats within the city limits , including tidal marsh and canyons . The chaparral and coastal sage scrub habitats in low elevations along the coast are prone to wildfire , and the rates of fire increased in the 20th century , due primarily to fires starting near the borders of urban and wild areas . San Diego 's broad city limits encompass a number of large nature preserves , including Torrey Pines State Reserve , Los Peñasquitos Canyon Preserve , and Mission Trails Regional Park . Torrey Pines State Reserve and a coastal strip continuing to the north constitute one of only two locations where the rare species of Torrey Pine , Pinus torreyana , is found . San Diego viewed against the Witch Creek Fire smoke Due to the steep topography that prevents or discourages building , along with some efforts for preservation , there are also a large number of canyons within the city limits that serve as nature preserves , including Switzer Canyon , Tecolote Canyon Natural Park , and Marian Bear Memorial Park in San Clemente Canyon , as well as a number of small parks and preserves . San Diego County has one of the highest counts of animal and plant species that appear on the endangered list of counties in the United States . Because of its diversity of habitat and its position on the Pacific Flyway , San Diego County has recorded 492 different bird species , more than any other region in the country . San Diego always scores high in the number of bird species observed in the annual Christmas Bird Count , sponsored by the Audubon Society , and it is known as one of the `` birdiest '' areas in the United States . San Diego and its backcountry suffer from periodic wildfires . In October 2003 , San Diego was the site of the Cedar Fire , called the largest wildfire in California over the past century . The fire burned 280,000 acres ( 1,100 km ) , killed 15 people , and destroyed more than 2,200 homes . In addition to damage caused by the fire , smoke resulted in a significant increase in emergency room visits due to asthma , respiratory problems , eye irritation , and smoke inhalation ; the poor air quality caused San Diego County schools to close for a week . Wildfires four years later destroyed some areas , particularly within Rancho Bernardo , as well as the nearby communities of Rancho Santa Fe and Ramona . Demographics Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1850 500 -- 1860 731 46.2 % 1870 2,300 214.6 % 1880 2,637 14.7 % 1890 16,159 512.8 % 1900 17,700 9.5 % 1910 39,578 123.6 % 1920 74,361 87.9 % 1930 147,995 99.0 % 1940 203,341 37.4 % 1950 334,387 64.4 % 1960 573,224 71.4 % 1970 696,769 21.6 % 1980 875,538 25.7 % 1990 1,110,549 26.8 % 2000 1,223,400 10.2 % 1,307,402 6.9 % Est. 2016 1,406,630 7.6 % Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns , 1850 -- 1990 U.S. Decennial Census ( hide ) Racial composition 1990 1970 1940 White 58.9 % 67.1 % 88.9 % 96.9 % -- Non-Hispanic 45.1 % 58.7 % 78.9 % n / a Black or African American 6.7 % 9.4 % 7.6 % 2.0 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 28.8 % 20.7 % 10.7 % n / a Asian 15.9 % 11.8 % 2.2 % 1.0 % Map of racial distribution in San Diego , 2010 U.S. Census . Each dot is 25 people : White , Black , Asian Hispanic , or Other ( yellow ) The city had a population of 1,307,402 according to the 2010 census , distributed over a land area of 372.1 square miles ( 963.7 km ) . The urban area of San Diego extends beyond the administrative city limits and had a total population of 2,956,746 , making it the third - largest urban area in the state , after that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Francisco metropolitan area . They , along with the Riverside -- San Bernardino , form those metropolitan areas in California larger than the San Diego metropolitan area , which had a total population of 3,095,313 at the 2010 census . The 2010 population represents an increase of just under 7 % from the 1,223,400 people , 450,691 households , and 271,315 families reported in 2000 . The estimated city population in 2009 was 1,306,300 . The population density was 3,771.9 inhabitants per square mile ( 1,456.3 / km ) . The racial makeup of San Diego was 58.9 % White , 6.7 % African American , 0.6 % Native American , 15.9 % Asian ( 5.9 % Filipino , 2.7 % Chinese , 2.5 % Vietnamese , 1.3 % Indian , 1.0 % Korean , 0.7 % Japanese , 0.4 % Laotian , 0.3 % Cambodian , 0.1 % Thai ) . 0.5 % Pacific Islander ( 0.2 % Guamanian , 0.1 % Samoan , 0.1 % Native Hawaiian ) , 12.3 % from other races , and 5.1 % from two or more races . The ethnic makeup of the city was 28.8 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) ; 24.9 % of the total population were Mexican American , and 0.6 % were Puerto Rican . Median age of Hispanics was 27.5 years , compared to 35.1 years overall and 41.6 years among non-Hispanic whites ; Hispanics were the largest group in all ages under 18 , and non-Hispanic whites constituted 63.1 % of population 55 and older . A U.S. Navy vice admiral and an intelligence specialist celebrating Hispanic American Heritage Month in San Diego As of December 2012 , San Diego has the third - largest homeless population in the United States ; the city 's homeless population has the largest percentage of homeless veterans in the nation . The population of homeless veterans in San Diego has been reduced to 1,150 people in 2016 , from 2,100 in 2009 . In 2000 there were 451,126 households , out of which 30.2 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 44.6 % were married couples living together , 11.4 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 39.8 % were non-families . Households made up of individuals account for 28.0 % , and 7.4 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.61 , and the average family size was 3.30 . The U.S. Census Bureau reported that in 2000 , 24.0 % of San Diego residents were under 18 , and 10.5 % were 65 and over . As of 2011 the median age was 35.6 ; more than a quarter of residents were under age 20 and 11 % were over age 65 . Millennials ( ages 18 through 34 ) constitute 27.1 % of San Diego 's population , the second - highest percentage in a major U.S. city . The San Diego County regional planning agency , SANDAG , provides tables and graphs breaking down the city population into five - year age groups . In 2000 , the median income for a household in the city was $45,733 , and the median income for a family was $53,060 . Males had a median income of $36,984 versus $31,076 for females . The per capita income for the city was $35,199 . According to Forbes in 2005 , San Diego was the fifth wealthiest U.S. city but about 10.6 % of families and 14.6 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 20.0 % of those under age 18 and 7.6 % of those age 65 or over . San Diego was rated the fifth - best place to live in the United States in 2006 by Money magazine , although it was no longer rated in the top 100 places by 2017 . As of January 1 , 2008 estimates by the San Diego Association of Governments revealed that the household median income for San Diego rose to $66,715 , up from $45,733 in 2000 . San Diego was named the ninth-most LGBT - friendly city in the U.S. in 2013 . The city also has the seventh - highest percentage of gay residents in the U.S. Additionally in 2013 , San Diego State University ( SDSU ) , one of the city 's prominent universities , was named one of the top LGBT - friendly campuses in the nation . According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center , 68 % of the population of the city identified themselves as Christians , with 22 % professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant , and 32 % professing Roman Catholic beliefs . while 27 % claim no religious affiliation . The same study says that other religions ( including Judaism , Buddhism , Islam , and Hinduism ) collectively make up about 5 % of the population . Economy Main article : Economy of San Diego The largest sectors of San Diego 's economy are defense / military , tourism , international trade , and research / manufacturing . In 2014 , San Diego was designated by a Forbes columnist as the best city in the country to launch a small business or startup company . Defense and military F / A-18 Hornet flying over San Diego and the USS John C. Stennis The economy of San Diego is influenced by its deepwater port , which includes the only major submarine and shipbuilding yards on the West Coast . Several major national defense contractors were started and are headquartered in San Diego , including General Atomics , Cubic , and NASSCO . San Diego hosts the largest naval fleet in the world : In 2008 it was home to 53 ships , over 120 tenant commands , and more than 35,000 sailors , soldiers , Department of Defense civilian employees and contractors . About 5 percent of all civilian jobs in the county are military - related , and 15,000 businesses in San Diego County rely on Department of Defense contracts . Military bases in San Diego include US Navy facilities , Marine Corps bases , and Coast Guard stations . The city is `` home to the majority of the U.S. Pacific Fleet 's surface combatants , all of the Navy 's West Coast amphibious ships and a variety of Coast Guard and Military Sealift Command vessels '' . Tourism View on the Harbor Drive Tourism is a major industry owing to the city 's climate , beaches , and tourist attractions such as Balboa Park , Belmont amusement park , San Diego Zoo , San Diego Zoo Safari Park , and SeaWorld San Diego . San Diego 's Spanish and Mexican heritage is reflected in many historic sites across the city , such as Mission San Diego de Alcala and Old Town San Diego State Historic Park . Also , the local craft brewing industry attracts an increasing number of visitors for `` beer tours '' and the annual San Diego Beer Week in November ; San Diego has been called `` America 's Craft Beer Capital . '' San Diego County hosted more than 32 million visitors in 2012 ; collectively they spent an estimated $8 billion . The visitor industry provides employment for more than 160,000 people . San Diego 's cruise ship industry used to be the second - largest in California . Numerous cruise lines operate out of San Diego . However , cruise ship business has been in decline since 2008 , when the Port hosted over 250 ship calls and more than 900,000 passengers . By 2016 - 2017 the number of ship calls had fallen to 90 . Local sight - seeing cruises are offered in San Diego Bay and Mission Bay , as well as whale - watching cruises to observe the migration of gray whales , peaking in mid-January . Sport fishing is another popular tourist attraction ; San Diego is home to southern California 's biggest sport fishing fleet . International trade San Diego 's commercial port and its location on the United States -- Mexico border make international trade an important factor in the city 's economy . The city is authorized by the United States government to operate as a Foreign Trade Zone . The city shares a 15 - mile ( 24 km ) border with Mexico that includes two border crossings . San Diego hosts the busiest international border crossing in the world , in the San Ysidro neighborhood at the San Ysidro Port of Entry . A second , primarily commercial border crossing operates in the Otay Mesa area ; it is the largest commercial crossing on the California - Baja California border and handles the third - highest volume of trucks and dollar value of trade among all United States - Mexico land crossings . One of the Port of San Diego 's two cargo facilities is located in Downtown San Diego at the Tenth Avenue Marine Terminal . This terminal has facilities for containers , bulk cargo , and refrigerated and frozen storage , so that it can handle the import and export of many commodities . In 2009 the Port of San Diego handled 1,137,054 short tons of total trade ; foreign trade accounted for 956,637 short tons while domestic trade amounted to 180,417 short tons . Historically tuna fishing and canning was one of San Diego 's major industries , and although the American tuna fishing fleet is no longer based in San Diego , seafood companies Bumble Bee Foods and Chicken of the Sea are still headquartered there . Companies Qualcomm corporate headquarters San Diego hosts several major producers of wireless cellular technology . Qualcomm was founded and is headquartered in San Diego , and is one of the largest private - sector employers in San Diego . Other wireless industry manufacturers headquartered here include Nokia , LG Electronics , Kyocera International , Cricket Communications and Novatel Wireless . The largest software company in San Diego is security software company Websense Inc . San Diego also has the U.S. headquarters for the Slovakian security company ESET . San Diego has been designated as an iHub Innovation Center for potential collaboration between wireless and the life sciences . The University of California , San Diego and other research institutions have helped to fuel the growth of biotechnology . In 2013 , San Diego had the second - largest biotech cluster in the United States , below the Boston area and above the San Francisco Bay Area . There are more than 400 biotechnology companies in the area . In particular , the La Jolla and nearby Sorrento Valley areas are home to offices and research facilities for numerous biotechnology companies . Major biotechnology companies like Illumina and Neurocrine Biosciences are headquartered in San Diego , while many other biotech and pharmaceutical companies have offices or research facilities in San Diego . San Diego is also home to more than 140 contract research organizations ( CROs ) that provide contract services for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies . Top employers See also : List of companies headquartered in San Diego According to the City 's 2016 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , the top employers in the city are : Employer Employees United States Navy 38,455 University of California , San Diego 29,986 Sharp HealthCare 17,807 County of San Diego 17,384 San Diego Unified School District 14,120 Qualcomm , Inc . 11,600 City of San Diego 11,387 Scripps Health 10,853 Kaiser Permanente 8,385 San Diego Community College District 5,580 Real Estate Skyline view of the Village of La Jolla in San Diego San Diego has high real estate prices . As of May 2015 , the median price of a house was $520,000 . However , since February 2016 , the median home price has dropped to $455,000 . The San Diego metropolitan area had one of the worst housing affordability rankings of all metropolitan areas in the United States . Consequently , San Diego has experienced negative net migration since 2004 . A significant number of people moved to adjacent Riverside County , commuting daily to jobs in San Diego , while others are leaving the region altogether and moving to more affordable regions . San Diego home prices peaked in 2005 , and then declined along with the national trend . As of December 2010 , prices were down 36 percent from the peak . The median home price declined by more than $200,000 between 2005 and 2010 . Culture The Museum of Man Main article : Culture of San Diego See also : City of San Diego Commission for Arts and Culture Many popular museums , such as the San Diego Museum of Art , the San Diego Natural History Museum , the San Diego Museum of Man , the Museum of Photographic Arts , and the San Diego Air & Space Museum , are located in Balboa Park , which is also the location of the San Diego Zoo . The Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego ( MCASD ) is located in La Jolla and has a branch located at the Santa Fe Depot downtown . The downtown branch consists of two buildings on two opposite streets . The Columbia district downtown is home to historic ship exhibits belonging to the San Diego Maritime Museum , headlined by the Star of India , as well as the unrelated San Diego Aircraft Carrier Museum featuring the USS Midway aircraft carrier . The San Diego Symphony at Symphony Towers performs on a regular basis ; from 2004 to 2017 its director was Jahja Ling . The San Diego Opera at Civic Center Plaza , now directed by David Bennett , was ranked by Opera America as one of the top 10 opera companies in the United States . Old Globe Theatre at Balboa Park produces about 15 plays and musicals annually . The La Jolla Playhouse at UCSD is directed by Christopher Ashley . Both the Old Globe Theatre and the La Jolla Playhouse have produced the world premieres of plays and musicals that have gone on to win Tony Awards or nominations on Broadway . The Joan B. Kroc Theatre at Kroc Center 's Performing Arts Center is a 600 - seat state - of - the - art theatre that hosts music , dance , and theatre performances . The San Diego Repertory Theatre at the Lyceum Theatres in Westfield Horton Plaza produces a variety of plays and musicals . Hundreds of movies and a dozen TV shows have been filmed in San Diego , a tradition going back as far as 1898 . Sports Main article : Sports in San Diego Major League teams Club Sport Since League Venue ( capacity ) Attendance San Diego Padres Baseball 1969 Major League Baseball Petco Park ( 41,200 ) 27,103 Minor League teams Club Sport Since League Venue ( capacity ) Attendance San Diego Gulls Ice hockey 2015 American Hockey League Valley View Casino Center ( 12,920 ) 8,541 San Diego Seals Box lacrosse 2017 National Lacrosse League San Diego 1904 FC Soccer 2017 under negotiation Torero Stadium ( 6,000 ) San Diego Legion Rugby union 2018 Major League Rugby College teams Team Sport League Venue ( capacity ) Attendance San Diego State Aztecs Football NCAA D-I ( Mtn West ) SDCCU Stadium ( 54,000 ) 49,053 San Diego State Aztecs Basketball NCAA D-I ( Mtn West ) Viejas Arena ( 12,414 ) 12,414 San Diego Toreros Basketball NCAA D-I ( West Coast ) Jenny Craig Pavilion ( 5,100 ) 5,100 San Diego State Aztecs Soccer NCAA D-I ( Mtn West ) SDSU Sports Deck ( 1,000 ) 811 Qualcomm Stadium hosts a Chargers game against the St. Louis Rams . San Diego is home to one major professional team -- Major League Baseball 's San Diego Padres , who play at Petco Park . From 1961 to the 2016 season , the team hosted a National Football League franchise , the San Diego Chargers . In 2017 , they moved back to Los Angeles and became the Los Angeles Chargers . In two separate stints , the National Basketball Association had a franchise in San Diego , the San Diego Rockets from 1967 to 1971 and the San Diego Clippers from 1978 to 1984 . The franchises moved to Houston and Los Angeles respectively . From 1972 to 1975 , San Diego was home to an American Basketball Association team . First named the Conquistadors ( a.k.a. `` The Q 's '' ) the name was changed to the San Diego Sails for the 1975 -- 76 season , but the team folded before completing that campaign . In 2017 the San Diego 1904 FC club was organized as a proposed American professional Division II soccer team . The club 's founders include several major - league soccer players . They intend to build a soccer stadium in Oceanside , approximately 40 miles north of downtown San Diego , and will play at the University of San Diego 's Torero Stadium in the meantime . The team was originally announced to make its debut in the North American Soccer League in 2018 . However , due to the cancellation of the 2018 NASL season , the expansion team is negotiating an agreement to join the United Soccer League in 2019 . San Diego hosts three NCAA universities : San Diego State University ; University of California , San Diego ; and University of San Diego . NCAA Division I San Diego State Aztecs men 's and women 's basketball games are played at Viejas Arena . Other prominent Aztec sports include college football , as well as soccer , basketball and volleyball . The San Diego State Aztecs ( MWC ) and the San Diego Toreros ( WCC ) are NCAA Division I teams . The UCSD Tritons are members of NCAA Division II . San Diego has hosted several sports events . Three NFL Super Bowl championships have been held at San Diego County Credit Union ( SDCCU ) Stadium . Two of college football 's annual bowl games are also held at SDCCU Stadium : the Holiday Bowl and the Poinsettia Bowl . Parts of the World Baseball Classic were played at Petco Park in 2006 and 2009 . Petco Park in 2006 SDCCU Stadium also hosts international soccer games and supercross events . Soccer , American football , and track and field are also played in Balboa Stadium , the city 's first stadium , constructed in 1914 . Rugby union is a developing sport in the city . The San Diego Breakers played at Torero Stadium in the only PRO Rugby season before the league folded . The USA Sevens , a major international rugby event , was held there from 2007 through 2009 . San Diego is represented by Old Mission Beach Athletic Club RFC , the former home club of USA Rugby 's former Captain Todd Clever . San Diego participated in the Western American National Rugby League between 2011 and 2013 . The San Diego Surf of the American Basketball Association is located in the city . The annual Farmers Insurance Open golf tournament ( formerly the Buick Invitational ) on the PGA Tour occurs at Torrey Pines Golf Course . This course was also the site of the 2008 U.S. Open Golf Championship . The San Diego Yacht Club hosted the America 's Cup yacht races three times during the period 1988 to 1995 . The amateur beach sport Over-the - line was invented in San Diego , and the annual world Over-the - line championships are held at Mission Bay every year . Government Local government See also : Mayor of San Diego , San Diego City Council , and Government of San Diego County Mayor Kevin Faulconer The city is governed by a mayor and a nine - member city council . In 2006 , its government changed from a council -- manager government to a strong mayor government , as decided by a citywide vote in 2004 . The mayor is in effect the chief executive officer of the city , while the council is the legislative body . The City of San Diego is responsible for police , public safety , streets , water and sewer service , planning and zoning , and similar services within its borders . San Diego is a sanctuary city , however , San Diego County is a participant of the Secure Communities program . As of 2011 , the city had one employee for every 137 residents , with a payroll greater than $733 million . San Diego City Council chambers The members of the city council are each elected from single - member districts within the city . The mayor and city attorney are elected directly by the voters of the entire city . The mayor , city attorney , and council members are elected to four - year terms , with a two - term limit . Elections are held on a non-partisan basis per California state law ; nevertheless , most officeholders do identify themselves as either Democrats or Republicans . In 2007 , registered Democrats outnumbered Republicans by about 7 to 6 in the city , and Democrats currently ( as of 2017 ) hold a 5 -- 4 majority in the city council . The current mayor , Kevin Faulconer , is a Republican . San Diego is part of San Diego County , and includes all or part of the 1st , 2nd , 3rd and 4th supervisorial districts of the San Diego County Board of Supervisors , Other county officers elected in part by city residents include the Sheriff , District Attorney , Assessor / Recorder / County Clerk , and Treasurer / Tax Collector . Areas of the city immediately adjacent to San Diego Bay ( `` tidelands '' ) are administered by the Port of San Diego , a quasi-governmental agency which owns all the property in the tidelands and is responsible for its land use planning , policing , and similar functions . San Diego is a member of the regional planning agency San Diego Association of Governments ( SANDAG ) . Public schools within the city are managed and funded by independent school districts ( see below ) . State and Federal representation In the California State Senate , San Diego County encompasses the 38th , 39th and 40th districts , represented by Joel Anderson ( R ) , Toni Atkins ( D ) , and Ben Hueso ( D ) , respectively . In the California State Assembly , lying partially within the city of San Diego are the 77th , 78th , 79th , and 80th districts , represented by Brian Maienschein ( R ) , Todd Gloria ( D ) , Shirley Weber ( D ) , and Lorena Gonzalez Fletcher ( D ) , respectively . In the United States House of Representatives , San Diego County includes parts or all of California 's 49th , 50th , 51st , 52nd , and 53rd congressional districts , represented by Darrell Issa ( R ) , Duncan D. Hunter ( R ) , Juan Vargas ( D ) , Scott Peters ( D ) , and Susan Davis ( D ) , respectively . Major scandals San Diego was the site of the 1912 San Diego free speech fight , in which the city restricted speech , vigilantes brutalized and tortured anarchists , and the San Diego Police Department killed a member of the Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW ) . In 1916 , rainmaker Charles Hatfield was blamed for $4 million in damages and accused of causing San Diego 's worst flood , during which about 20 Japanese American farmers died . Then - mayor Roger Hedgecock was forced to resign his post in 1985 , after he was found guilty of one count of conspiracy and 12 counts of perjury , related to the alleged failure to report all campaign contributions . After a series of appeals , the 12 perjury counts were dismissed in 1990 based on claims of juror misconduct ; the remaining conspiracy count was reduced to a misdemeanor and then dismissed . A 2002 scheme to underfund pensions for city employees led to the San Diego pension scandal . This resulted in the resignation of newly re-elected Mayor Dick Murphy and the criminal indictment of six pension board members . Those charges were finally dismissed by a federal judge in 2010 . On November 28 , 2005 , U.S. Congressman Randy `` Duke '' Cunningham resigned after being convicted on federal bribery charges . He had represented California 's 50th congressional district , which includes much of the northern portion of the city of San Diego . In 2006 , Cunningham was sentenced to a 100 - month prison sentence . He was released in 2013 . In 2005 two city council members , Ralph Inzunza and Deputy Mayor Michael Zucchet -- who briefly took over as acting mayor when Murphy resigned -- were convicted of extortion , wire fraud , and conspiracy to commit wire fraud for taking campaign contributions from a strip club owner and his associates , allegedly in exchange for trying to repeal the city 's `` no touch '' laws at strip clubs . Both subsequently resigned . Inzunza was sentenced to 21 months in prison . In 2009 , a judge acquitted Zucchet on seven out of the nine counts against him , and granted his petition for a new trial on the other two charges ; the remaining charges were eventually dropped . In July 2013 , three former supporters of mayor Bob Filner asked him to resign because of allegations of repeated sexual harassment . Over the ensuing six weeks , 18 women came forward to publicly claim that Filner had sexually harassed them , and multiple individuals and groups called for him to resign . Filner agreed to resign effective August 30 , 2013 , subsequently pleaded guilty to one felony count of false imprisonment and two misdemeanor battery charges , and was sentenced to house arrest and probation . Crime San Diego Police Department car in the city center San Diego was ranked as the 20th - safest city in America in 2013 by Business Insider . According to Forbes magazine , San Diego was the ninth - safest city in the top 10 list of safest cities in the U.S. in 2010 . Like most major cities , San Diego had a declining crime rate from 1990 to 2000 . Crime in San Diego increased in the early 2000s . In 2004 , San Diego had the sixth lowest crime rate of any U.S. city with over half a million residents . From 2002 to 2006 , the crime rate overall dropped 0.8 % , though not evenly by category . While violent crime decreased 12.4 % during this period , property crime increased 1.1 % . Total property crimes per 100,000 people were lower than the national average in 2008 . According to Uniform Crime Report statistics compiled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) in 2010 , there were 5,616 violent crimes and 30,753 property crimes . Of these , the violent crimes consisted of forcible rapes , 73 robberies and 170 aggravated assaults , while 6,387 burglaries , 17,977 larceny - thefts , 6,389 motor vehicle thefts and 155 acts of arson defined the property offenses . In 2013 , San Diego had the lowest murder rate of the ten largest cities in the United States . Education Main article : Primary and secondary schools in San Diego Public schools in San Diego are operated by independent school districts . The majority of the public schools in the city are served by the San Diego Unified School District , the second - largest school district in California , which includes 11 K - 8 schools , 107 elementary schools , 24 middle schools , 13 atypical and alternative schools , 28 high schools , and 45 charter schools . San Diego State University 's Hepner Hall Several adjacent school districts which are headquartered outside the city limits serve some schools within the city ; these include the Poway Unified School District , Del Mar Union School District , San Dieguito Union High School District and Sweetwater Union High School District . In addition , there are a number of private schools in the city . Colleges and universities According to education rankings released by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2006 , 40.4 percent of San Diegans ages 25 and older hold bachelor 's degrees . The census ranks the city as the ninth-most educated city in the United States based on these figures . Public colleges and universities in the city include San Diego State University ( SDSU ) , University of California , San Diego ( UCSD ) , and the San Diego Community College District , which includes San Diego City College , San Diego Mesa College , and San Diego Miramar College . Private colleges and universities in the city include University of San Diego ( USD ) , Point Loma Nazarene University ( PLNU ) , Alliant International University ( AIU ) , National University , California International Business University ( CIBU ) , San Diego Christian College , John Paul the Great Catholic University , California College San Diego , Coleman University , University of Redlands School of Business , Design Institute of San Diego ( DISD ) , Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising 's San Diego campus , NewSchool of Architecture and Design , Pacific Oaks College San Diego Campus , Chapman University 's San Diego Campus , The Art Institute of California -- San Diego , Platt College , Southern States University ( SSU ) , UEI College , and Woodbury University School of Architecture 's satellite campus . There is one medical school in the city , the UCSD School of Medicine . There are three ABA accredited law schools in the city , which include California Western School of Law , Thomas Jefferson School of Law , and University of San Diego School of Law . There is also one law school , Western Sierra Law School , not accredited by the ABA . Libraries University of California , San Diego 's Geisel Library , named for Theodor Seuss Geisel ( `` Dr. Seuss '' ) The city - run San Diego Public Library system is headquartered downtown and has 36 branches throughout the city . The newest location is in Skyline Hills , which broke ground in 2015 . The libraries have had reduced operating hours since 2003 due to the city 's financial problems . In 2006 the city increased spending on libraries by $2.1 million . A new nine - story Central Library on Park Boulevard at J Street opened on September 30 , 2013 . In addition to the municipal public library system , there are nearly two dozen libraries open to the public run by other governmental agencies , and by schools , colleges , and universities . Noteworthy are the Malcolm A. Love Library at San Diego State University , and the Geisel Library at the University of California , San Diego . Media See also : Media in San Diego Published within the city are the daily newspaper , The San Diego Union Tribune and its online portal of the same name , and the alternative newsweeklies , the San Diego CityBeat and San Diego Reader . Times of San Diego is a free online newspaper covering news in the metropolitan area . Voice of San Diego is a non-profit online news outlet covering government , politics , education , neighborhoods , and the arts . The San Diego Daily Transcript is a business - oriented online newspaper . San Diego led U.S. local markets with 69.6 percent broadband penetration in 2004 according to Nielsen / / NetRatings . San Diego 's first television station was KFMB , which began broadcasting on May 16 , 1949 . Since the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) licensed seven television stations in Los Angeles , two VHF channels were available for San Diego because of its relative proximity to the larger city . In 1952 , however , the FCC began licensing UHF channels , making it possible for cities such as San Diego to acquire more stations . Stations based in Mexico ( with ITU prefixes of XE and XH ) also serve the San Diego market . Television stations today include XHTJB 3 ( Once TV ) , XETV 6 ( Canal 5 ) , KFMB 8 ( CBS , with CW on DT2 ) , KGTV 10 ( ABC ) , XEWT 12 ( Televisa Regional ) , KPBS 15 ( PBS ) , KBNT - CD 17 ( Univision ) , XHTIT - TDT 21 ( Azteca 7 ) , XHJK - TDT 27 ( Azteca 13 ) , XHAS 33 ( Telemundo ) , K35DG - D 35 ( UCSD - TV ) , KDTF - LD 51 ( Telefutura ) , KNSD 39 ( NBC ) , KZSD - LP 41 ( Azteca America ) , KSEX - CD 42 ( Infomercials ) , XHBJ - TDT 45 ( Gala TV ) , XHDTV 49 ( MNTV ) , KUSI 51 ( Independent ) , XHUAA - TDT 57 ( Canal de las Estrellas ) , and KSWB - TV 69 ( Fox ) . San Diego has an 80.6 percent cable penetration rate . Due to the ratio of U.S. and Mexican - licensed stations , San Diego is the largest media market in the United States that is legally unable to support a television station duopoly between two full - power stations under FCC regulations , which disallow duopolies in metropolitan areas with fewer than nine full - power television stations and require that there must be eight unique station owners that remain once a duopoly is formed ( there are only seven full - power stations on the California side of the San Diego - Tijuana market ) . Though the E.W. Scripps Company owns KGTV and KZSD - LP , they are not considered a duopoly under the FCC 's legal definition as common ownership between full - power and low - power television stations in the same market is permitted regardless to the number of stations licensed to the area . As a whole , the Mexico side of the San Diego - Tijuana market has two duopolies and one triopoly ( Entravision Communications owns both XHAS - TV and XHDTV - TV , Azteca owns XHJK - TV and XHTIT - TV , and Grupo Televisa owns XHUAA - TV and XHWT - TV along with being the license holder for XETV - TV , which was formerly managed by California - based subsidiary Bay City Television ) . San Diego 's television market is limited to only San Diego county . The Imperial Valley has its own market ( which also extends into western Arizona ) , while neighboring Orange and Riverside counties are part of the Los Angeles market . ( Sometimes in the past , a missing network affiliate in the Imperial Valley would be available on cable TV from San Diego . ) The radio stations in San Diego include nationwide broadcaster , iHeartMedia ; CBS Radio , Midwest Television , Entercom Communications , Finest City Broadcasting , and many other smaller stations and networks . Stations include : KOGO AM 600 , KFMB AM 760 , KCEO AM 1000 , KCBQ AM 1170 , K - Praise , KLSD AM 1360 Air America , KFSD 1450 AM , KPBS - FM 89.5 , Channel 933 , Star 94.1 , FM 94 / 9 , FM News and Talk 95.7 , Q96 96.1 , KyXy 96.5 , Free Radio San Diego ( AKA Pirate Radio San Diego ) 96.9 FM FRSD , KEGY 97.3 , KXSN 98.1 , Jack - FM 100.7 , 101.5 KGB - FM , KLVJ 102.1 , KSON 103.7 , Rock 105.3 , and another Pirate Radio station at 106.9 FM , as well as a number of local Spanish - language radio stations . Infrastructure Utilities Water is supplied to residents by the Water Department of the City of San Diego . The city receives most of its water from the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California . Gas and electric utilities are provided by San Diego Gas & Electric , a division of Sempra Energy . Street lights In the mid-20th century the city had mercury vapor street lamps . In 1978 , the city decided to replace them with more efficient sodium vapor lamps . This triggered an outcry from astronomers at Palomar Observatory 60 miles ( 97 km ) north of the city , concerned that the new lamps would increase light pollution and hinder astronomical observation . The city altered its lighting regulations to limit light pollution within 30 miles ( 48 km ) of Palomar . In 2011 , the city announced plans to upgrade 80 % of its street lighting to new energy - efficient lights that use induction technology , a modified form of fluorescent lamp producing a broader spectrum than sodium vapor lamps . The new system is predicted to save $2.2 million per year in energy and maintenance . The city stated the changes would `` make our neighborhoods safer . '' They also increase light pollution . In 2014 , San Diego announced plans to become the first U.S. city to install cyber-controlled street lighting , using an `` intelligent '' lighting system to control 3,000 LED street lights . Transportation Main articles : Transportation in San Diego and Streets and highways of San Diego I - 5 looking south toward downtown San Diego With the automobile being the primary means of transportation for over 80 percent of residents , San Diego is served by a network of freeways and highways . This includes Interstate 5 , which runs south to Tijuana and north to Los Angeles ; Interstate 8 , which runs east to Imperial County and the Arizona Sun Corridor ; Interstate 15 , which runs northeast through the Inland Empire to Las Vegas and Salt Lake City ; and Interstate 805 , which splits from I - 5 near the Mexican border and rejoins I - 5 at Sorrento Valley . Major state highways include SR 94 , which connects downtown with I - 805 , I - 15 and East County ; SR 163 , which connects downtown with the northeast part of the city , intersects I - 805 and merges with I - 15 at Miramar ; SR 52 , which connects La Jolla with East County through Santee and SR 125 ; SR 56 , which connects I - 5 with I - 15 through Carmel Valley and Rancho Peñasquitos ; SR 75 , which spans San Diego Bay as the San Diego - Coronado Bridge , and also passes through South San Diego as Palm Avenue ; and SR 905 , which connects I - 5 and I - 805 to the Otay Mesa Port of Entry . The stretch of SR 163 that passes through Balboa Park is San Diego 's oldest freeway , and has been called one of America 's most beautiful parkways . San Diego 's roadway system provides an extensive network of cycle routes . Its dry and mild climate makes cycling a convenient year - round option ; however , the city 's hilly terrain and long average trip distances make cycling less practicable . Older and denser neighborhoods around the downtown tend to be oriented to utility cycling . This is partly because of the grid street patterns now absent in newer developments farther from the urban core , where suburban style arterial roads are much more common . As a result , a majority of cycling is recreational . In 2006 , San Diego was rated the best city ( with a population over 1 million ) for cycling in the U.S. View of Coronado and San Diego from the air San Diego is served by the San Diego Trolley light rail system , by the SDMTS bus system , and by Coaster and Amtrak Pacific Surfliner commuter rail ; northern San Diego county is also served by the Sprinter light rail line . The trolley primarily serves downtown and surrounding urban communities , Mission Valley , east county , and coastal south bay . A planned mid-coast extension of the Trolley will operate from Old Town to University City and the University of California , San Diego along the I - 5 Freeway , with planned operation by 2018 . The Amtrak and Coaster trains currently run along the coastline and connect San Diego with Los Angeles , Orange County , Riverside , San Bernardino , and Ventura via Metrolink and the Pacific Surfliner . There are two Amtrak stations in San Diego , in Old Town and the Santa Fe Depot downtown . San Diego transit information about public transportation and commuting is available on the Web and by dialing `` 511 '' from any phone in the area . The city has two major commercial airports within or near its city limits . Downtown San Diego International Airport ( SAN ) , also known as Lindbergh Field , is the busiest single - runway airport in the United States . It served over 17 million passengers in 2005 , and is dealing with larger numbers every year . It is located on San Diego Bay , three miles ( 4.8 km ) from downtown , and maintains scheduled flights to the rest of the United States ( including Hawaii ) , as well as to Canada , Mexico , Japan , and the United Kingdom . It is operated by an independent agency , the San Diego Regional Airport Authority . Tijuana International Airport has a terminal within the city limits in the Otay Mesa district connected to the rest of the airport in Tijuana , Mexico via the Cross Border Xpress cross-border footbridge . It is the primary airport for flights to the rest of Mexico , and offers connections via Mexico City to the rest of Latin America . In addition , the city has two general - aviation airports , Montgomery Field ( MYF ) and Brown Field ( SDM ) . Cross Border Xpress bridge from the terminal in San Diego on the right to the main terminal of Tijuana Airport on the left Recent regional transportation projects have sought to mitigate congestion , including improvements to local freeways , expansion of San Diego Airport , and doubling the capacity of the cruise ship terminal . Freeway projects included expansion of Interstates 5 and 805 around `` The Merge '' where these two freeways meet , as well as expansion of Interstate 15 through North County , which includes new high - occupancy - vehicle ( HOV ) `` managed lanes '' . A tollway ( the southern portion of SR 125 , known as the South Bay Expressway ) connects SR 54 and Otay Mesa , near the Mexican border . According to an assessment in 2007 , 37 percent of city streets were in acceptable condition . However , the proposed budget fell $84.6 million short of bringing streets up to an acceptable level . Expansion at the port has included a second cruise terminal on Broadway Pier , opened in 2010 . Airport projects include expansion of Terminal Two . Notable people Main article : List of people from San Diego Sister cities San Diego has 17 sister cities , as designated by Sister Cities International : Alcalá de Henares , Spain Campinas , Brazil Cúcuta , Colombia Cavite City , Philippines Edinburgh , Scotland , United Kingdom Jalalabad , Afghanistan Jeonju , South Korea León , Mexico Perth , Australia Quanzhou , China Taichung City , Taiwan Tema , Ghana Tijuana , Mexico Vladivostok , Russia Warsaw , Poland Yantai , China Yokohama , Japan See also 1858 San Diego hurricane California portal New Spain portal San Diego County portal San Diego -- Tijuana portal Notes Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official precipitation records for San Diego were kept at the Weather Bureau Office in downtown from October 1850 to December 1859 at the Mission San Diego and from November 1871 to June 1939 and a variety of buildings at downtown , and at San Diego Int'l ( Lindbergh Field ) since July 1939 . Temperature records , however , only date from October 1874 . For more information on data coverage , see ThreadEx References Jump up ^ `` California Cities by Incorporation Date '' . California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions . Archived from the original ( Word ) on November 3 , 2014 . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` City of San Diego City Charter , Article XV '' ( PDF ) . City of San Diego . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor Kevin L. Faulconer '' . The City of San Diego . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the City Attorney '' . The City of San Diego . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` City Council Offices '' . 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Jump up ^ Lee , Mike ( June 18 , 2011 ) . `` Is global warming changing California Current ? '' . U-T ( San Diego Union Tribune ) . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego 's average rainfall set to lower level '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . March 16 , 2011 . Retrieved April 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rowe , Peter ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` The day it snowed in San Diego '' . San Diego Union Tribune . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Conner , Glen . History of weather observations San Diego , California 1849 -- 1948 . Climate Database Modernization Program , NOAA 's National Climatic Data Center . pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : CA San Diego Lindbergh FLD '' . National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego / Lindbergh Field CA Climate Normals 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Pryde , Philip R. 2014 . `` The Nature of the County : San Diego 's Climate , Vegetation , and Wildlife '' . In : San Diego : An Introduction to the Region , by Philip R. Pryde , pp. 29 - 45 . 5th ed . Sunbelt Publications , San Diego . Jump up ^ Wells , Michael L. ; John F. O'Leary , Janet Franklin , Joel Michaelsen , and David E. McKinsey ( November 2 , 2004 ) . `` Variations in a regional fire regime related to vegetation type in San Diego County , California ( USA ) '' . Landscape Ecology . San Diego , CA 92182 - 4493 , USA : Springer Netherlands . 19 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 152 . doi : 10.1023 / B : LAND. 0000021713.81489. a7. 1572 - 9761 . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Strömberg , Nicklas ; Michael Hogan ( November 29 , 2008 ) . `` Torrey Pine : Pinus torreyana '' . GlobalTwitcher . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tecolote Canyon Natural Park & Nature Center '' . The City of San Diego . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Marian Bear Memorial Park '' . The City of San Diego . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lee , Mike ( March 28 , 2007 ) . `` White House seeks limits to species act '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego County Bird Atlas Project '' . San Diego Natural History Museum . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Corpus Christi Recognized as Birdiest City '' . Corpus Christi Daily . December 2004 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2007 . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Corpus Christi remains ' birdiest city in America ' '' . Corpus Christi Convention and Visitors Bureau . June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Bruce Evan ( September 2007 ) . `` The Futility of Reason : Incommensurable Differences Between Sustainability Narratives in the Aftermath of the 2003 San Diego Cedar Fire '' . Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning . Blacksburg , USA : School of Public and International Affairs , Virginia Tech. 9 ( 3 & 4 ) : 227 -- 244 . doi : 10.1080 / 15239080701622766 . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CalFire website '' . Fire.ca.gov . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Viswanathan , S. ; L. Eria , N. Diunugala , J. Johnson , C. McClean ( January 2006 ) . `` An Analysis of Effects of San Diego Wildfire on Ambient Air Quality '' . Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association . 56 ( 1 ) . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2008 . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Manolatos , Tony ( October 22 , 2007 ) . `` Wildfires seen as eclipsing the Cedar fire of 2003 '' . San Diego Union Tribune . Signonsandiego.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau . `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego ( city ) , California '' . State & County QuickFacts . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference census was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : From 15 % sample Jump up ^ Census : 1,307,402 Live in San Diego ( March 8 , 2011 ) . `` Voice of San Diego , March 8 , 2011 '' . Voiceofsandiego.org . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` San Diego ( city ) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau '' . US Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2012 . Retrieved February 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego ( city ) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau '' . census.gov . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego , CA Census Profile '' . USA Today . March 8 , 2011 . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Patricia A. Cruise ( December 26 , 2012 ) . `` City 's homeless problem still needs attention '' . San Diego Union Tribune . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Steele , Jeanette ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Progress on housing homeless veterans ? '' . San Diego Union Tribune . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Census Quick Facts , City of San Diego '' . Quickfacts.census.gov . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Population '' . City of San Diego . March 1 , 2011 . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lipkin , Michael ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` San Diego Has Nation 's Second - Largest Millennial Population '' . San Diego Business Journal . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SANDAG document '' . Google . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` San Diego city , California '' . United States Census Bureau . 2000 . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Clemence , Sara ( October 28 , 2005 ) . `` Richest Cities in the U.S. '' Forbes . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Best Places to Live 2006 '' . Money . 2006 . Retrieved November 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Best Places to Live 2017 '' . Money . 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Estimates '' ( PDF ) . SANDAG : Profile Warehouse. 2008 . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Divya - NerdWallet.com ( May 30 , 2013 ) . `` NerdWallet names America 's most gay - friendly cities San Diego Gay and Lesbian News '' . Sdgln.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego State University Campus Pride The leading national organization for LGBT student leaders and campus groups '' . Campus Pride . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles , Pew Research Center Jump up ^ `` America 's Changing Religious Landscape '' . Pew Research Center : Religion & Public Life . May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` City of San Diego website : Economic Development '' . Sandiego.gov . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2011 . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Powell , Ronald W. ( October 17 , 2007 ) . `` Tourism district OK 'd by council '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Post , Tom ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` The Best Places To Launch A Startup In 2014 '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ronald D. White ( July 3 , 2011 ) . `` Full steam ahead for Nassco shipyard in San Diego '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` S.D. companies dominate defense industry rankings '' . San Diego Union Tribune . August 11 , 2010 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego '' ( PDF ) . San Diego Convention Center Corporation . City of San Diego . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Several major defense contractors are also headquartered in San Diego , including General Atomics , Cubic and NASSCO . Jump up ^ Eric Terrill ; Julia Thomas , Anne Footer . `` Submitted in response to Federal Funding Opportunity : FY 2011 Implementation of the U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System ( IOOS ) '' ( PDF ) . Southern California Coastal Ocean Observing System . University of California , San Diego . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Naval Base San Diego Thanks Navy League for Support '' . U.S. Department of the Navy . Retrieved April 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tierney Plumb ( August 24 , 2012 ) . `` San Diego companies lead state in ' 11 defense contracts '' . San Diego Daily Transcript . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . San Diego houses the largest concentration of military in the world ; it is the homeport to more than 60 percent of the ships of the U.S. Pacific Fleet and more than one - third of the combat power of the U.S. Marine Corps . Jump up ^ Dickerman , Sara ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` Beyond San Diego 's Surf and Sun : Suds '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Kicks Off First - Ever Beer Week '' . The Full Pint . August 17 , 2009 . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Glassman , Bruce . San Diego 's Top Brewers : Inside America 's Craft Beer Capital . Chef 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0981622231 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Tourism Industry Research '' . San Diego Tourism Authority . 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lori Weisberg ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Is San Diego cruise business making a comeback ? '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Whale Watching in San Diego '' . InTheCity - SanDiego Tourism. 2011 -- 2012 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sisson , Paul ( September 3 , 2015 ) . `` The big hook - up : Sportfishing 's superb season '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` City of San Diego : Foreign Trade Zone '' . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Number of border crossings stabilizes '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . July 11 , 2010 . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SANDAG : Otay Mesa Port of Entry Southbound Truck Route Improvements '' ( PDF ) . sandiegohealth.org . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Port of San Diego : 10th Avenue Marine Terminal '' . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National ranking of California ports by cargo volume '' . San Diego Daily Transcript . March 21 , 2011 . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tuna ! Celebrating San Diego 's Famous Fishing Industry '' . San Diego History Center . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roger Showley ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` Bumble Bee may buzz downtown : The tuna company considers high - profile move from Kearny Mesa '' . San Diego Union Tribune . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chicken of the Sea leases in Sorrento South '' . The Daily Transcript . August 22 , 2011 . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` City Of San Diego Largest Employers '' . San Diego Daily Transcript . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Glazer , Joyce ( October 6 , 2008 ) . `` San Diego - based LG Mobile Phones donated $250,000 to the VH1 Save the Music Foundation '' . Entrepreneur Media . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved March 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Desjardins , Doug ( January 11 , 2010 ) . `` Kyocera International to Get New Leader '' . San Diego Business Journal . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Novatel website : Corporate headquarters '' . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Websense Named Top Software Company in San Diego County '' . MSNBC . November 6 , 2007 . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Allen , Mike ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` ESET Polishes the Apple , Now Protects Macs '' . San Diego Business Journal . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` iHub San Diego '' ( PDF ) . California Governor 's Office of Economic Development . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Monica ( February 5 , 2004 ) . `` UCSD Extension Awarded A $150,000 Grant For Biotechnology Collaboration With Israel '' . UCSD News . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bradley J. Fikes ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` Report : San Diego 2nd in life sciences '' . San Diego Union Tribune . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SDBN.org '' . SDBN.org . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Walcott , Susan M. ( May 2002 ) . `` Analyzing an Innovative Environment : San Diego as a Bioscience Beachhead '' . Economic Development Quarterly . 16 ( 2 ) : 99 -- 114 . doi : 10.1177 / 0891242402016002001 . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bigelow , Bruce V. `` San Diego 's Life Sciences CROs -- The Map of Clinical Research Organizations '' , `` Xconomy '' , San Diego , January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ City of San Diego , California Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , Year ended June 30 , 2016 , page 325 Jump up ^ `` Median price of home hits $520 K in San Diego '' . FOX5 San Diego . May 8 , 2015 . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Real Estate Price Drops '' . San Diego Real Estate Hub . March 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cox , Wendell ( January 28 , 2009 ) . `` New Survey : Improving Housing Affordability -- But Still a Way to Go '' . NewGeography . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weisberg , Lori ( March 22 , 2007 ) . `` Greener pastures outside of county ? '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Mike ( December 29 , 2010 ) . `` Housing Prices Fall Again , Index Says '' . San Diego Union Tribune . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Showley , Roger ( May 9 , 2010 ) . `` Realty Revival '' . San Diego Union Tribune . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` La Jolla Playhouse '' . La Jolla Playhouse . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Old Globe Theater '' . Oldglobe.org . December 2 , 1937 . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2010 . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Journal of San Diego History , vol. 48 , no . 2 '' . Sandiegohistory.org . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The full seating capacity is 71,294 , but San Diego State normally restricts capacity to 54,000 . Jump up ^ Schrotenboer , Brent ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` What we know about Chargers ' move to Los Angeles '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zeigler , Mark ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` San Diego 's NASL soccer team unveils name '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ziegler , Mark ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` New pro soccer team to build stadium in ... '' San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NASL Announces Expansion Club In San Diego For 2018 Season '' . North American Soccer League . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1904 FC Ownership Group Issues Official Statement on Tuesday '' . 1904 FC . February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Balboa Stadium '' . Stadiums of Pro Football . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` OMBAC Rugby Home '' . Ombac.org . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` About '' . Todd Clever . January 16 , 1983 . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2010 . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RL Hopes to Move West '' . Americanrugbynews.com . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2010 . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Granberry , Mike ( July 10 , 1981 ) . `` Over-the - Line '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Over-the - Line official website '' . Ombac.org . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego City website '' . Sandiego.gov . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2010 . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grant Martin ( April 10 , 2011 ) . `` A close look at ' sanctuary cities ' '' . The Arizona Republic . Gannett Co. , Inc . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . These communities -- called `` sanctuary cities '' by both critics and defenders -- are home to many of the estimated 10.8 million illegal immigrants in the U.S. and include Austin , New York City , San Diego and Minneapolis . Jump up ^ John Coté ( May 18 , 2010 ) . `` Sheriff asks to opt out of federal immigration program '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . The program is already in place for numerous counties in California that have sanctuary cities , including Los Angeles , San Diego and Alameda . Jump up ^ Ruxandra Guidi . `` ' Secure Communities ' Program Comes Under Fire '' . KPBS . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosiak , Luke ( July 22 , 2013 ) . `` EXography : 19 U.S. cities have proportionately bigger workforces than bankrupted Detroit '' . Washington Examiner . District of Columbia . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego City website '' . Sandiego.gov . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Voter Registration in the City of San Diego '' ( PDF ) . San Diego Office of the City Clerk . August 1 , 2007 . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Registrar of voters : Maps of individual supervisorial districts '' . County of San Diego . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Communities of Interest - City '' . California Citizens Redistricting Commission . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Communities of Interest -- City '' . California Citizens Redistricting Commission . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Communities of Interest - City '' . California Citizens Redistricting Commission . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Garry ( 2005 ) . The Wizard of Sun City : The Strange True Story of Charles Hatfield , the Rainmaker Who Drowned a City 's Dreams . Thunder 's Mouth Press via Amazon Look Inside . p . Front flap . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56025 - 675 - 5 . Jump up ^ Horstman , Barry ( December 6 , 1987 ) . `` Man About Town : San Diego 's Ex-Mayor Roger Hedgecock Has n't Let His Felony Conviction Get Him Down . But This Week , the Past May Catch Up With Him '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Abrahamson , Alan ( February 2 , 1992 ) . `` Bailiff 's Bias in Hedgecock Trial Disclosed '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hedgecock has clean slate ; judge erases felony record '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . January 1 , 1991 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego 's Widening Pension Woes '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . June 13 , 2005 . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Strumpf , Daniel ( June 15 , 2005 ) San Diego 's Pension Scandal for Dummies , San Diego City Beat via Internet Archive . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hall , Matthew T. ( April 8 , 2010 ) . `` Five cleared in San Diego pension case '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cunningham Moving to Arizona Prison '' . Washington Post . January 5 , 2007 . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Greg Moran & Kelly Thornton ( July 19 , 2005 ) . `` Councilmen Guilty '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ralph Inzunza Goes to Prison ( Soon ) '' . NBC San Diego . January 20 , 2012 . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Appeals Court opinion , Sept. 1 , 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Greg Moran ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Seven Years Later , Zucchet Cleared '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Filner apologizes , gets professional help , San Diego Union Tribune , July 11 , 2013 Jump up ^ Lah , Kyung ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` Another sex harassment accusation for San Diego Mayor Bob Filner '' . CNN . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Mayor Resigns in Sexual Harassment Scandal '' . NY Times . August 23 , 2013 . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-San Diego mayor Bob Filner pleads guilty to 3 charges '' . USA Today . October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Safe Cities In America . Business Insider ( July 25 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Levy , Francesca ( September 11 , 2010 ) . `` America 's Safest Cities '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SDPD Historical Crime Actuals 1950 -- 2006 '' ( PDF ) . San Diego Police Department . April 14 , 2006 . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SDPD Historical Crime Rates Per 1,000 Population 1950 -- 2006 '' ( PDF ) . San Diego Police Department . April 14 , 2006 . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Manolatos , Tony ; Kristina Davis ( April 14 , 2006 ) . `` County crows at glowing crime report '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Crime Report for San Diego , California '' . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2011 . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` California -- Offenses Known to Law Enforcement by State by City , 2010 '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . 2010 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Davis , Kristina ( February 22 , 2014 ) . `` Murder hits near - record low in county '' . San Diego Union Tribune . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Unified School District -- Our District '' . San Diego Unified School District . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2011 . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Christie , Les ( August 31 , 2006 ) . `` America 's smartest cities '' . CNNMoney.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Branch Listing City of San Diego Official Website '' . www.sandiego.gov . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Construction begins on Skyline Hills Library '' . fox5sandiego.com . October 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Matthew T. ( April 12 , 2006 ) . `` Budget spares libraries , parks '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New main library is a creation in concrete '' , San Diego Union - Tribune , November 16 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` San Diego Area Libraries '' . San Diego State University . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2005 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hello , Guest ( January 3 , 2012 ) . `` To our readers '' . UTSanDiego.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego , Phoenix and Detroit Lead Broadband Wired Cities , According to Nielsen / / NetRatings '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen / / NetRatings . September 15 , 2004 . Retrieved April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stigall , Gary ( May 3 , 1999 ) . `` KFMB - TV Turns 50 '' . Society of Broadcast Engineers Chapter 36 San Diego . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ San Diego market in `` Market Profiles '' . Television Bureau of Advertising . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2011 . Retrieved April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FCC revives local television ownership rules '' . Federal Communications Commission . August 5 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Blakeslee , Sandra ( August 14 , 1983 ) . `` Astronomers say street lights will blind Palomar '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Outdoor lighting regulations '' ( PDF ) . City of San Diego . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` San Diego to install brighter , more efficient streetlights '' . San Diego Gay & Lesbian News . September 19 , 2011 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ City of San Diego official website , `` Street Division : Electrical Street Lights '' Retrieved February 15 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` San Diego to Link Street Lights to Industrial Internet '' . Daily Fusion . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marshall , David . San Diego 's Balboa Park . Arcadia Publishing . 2007 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego , Madison ( WI ) and Boulder ( CO ) Are Best among Cities of Their Size , While Atlanta , Boston and Houston Are Worst '' . Bicycling . January 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2009 . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SDMTS -- Trolley Information '' . San Diego Metropolitan Transit System . 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SDMTS -- Bus Routes '' . San Diego Metropolitan Transit System . 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` COASTER -- NCTD '' . North County Transit District . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Surfliner Train -- from Los Angeles to San Diego & More -- Amtrak '' . National Railroad Passenger Corporation . 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SPRINTER -- NCTD '' . North County Transit District . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 511 Overview '' . SANDAG . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Downey , Dave ( April 24 , 2006 ) . `` FAA chief says region right to consider bases '' . North County Times . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` City of San Diego : Airports '' . Sandiego.gov . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hall , Matthew ( May 2 , 2007 ) . `` City : 37 percent of streets in acceptable driving condition '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego International Airport -- Airport Development Plan '' . San Diego County Regional Airport Authority . 2011 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Online Directory : California , USA '' . Sister Cities International . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2008 . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Edinburgh -- Twin and Partner Cities '' . 2008 The City of Edinburgh Council , City Chambers , High Street , Edinburgh , EH1 1YJ Scotland . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2008 . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Twin and Partner Cities '' . City of Edinburgh Council . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2012 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 福建 省 与 国外 友 城 关系 一览表 ( List of foreign sister city relationships of Fujian Province ) ( in Chinese ) . 福建 省 人民 政府 外事 办公室 ( Foreign Affairs Office of the Fujian Provincial People 's Government ) . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2008 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miasta partnerskie Warszawy '' . um.warszawa.pl . Biuro Promocji Miasta . May 4 , 2005 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Eight Cities / Six Ports : Yokohama 's Sister Cities / Sister Ports '' . Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2009 . Retrieved July 18 , 2009 . Bibliography Engstrand , Iris Wilson ( May 30 , 2005 ) . San Diego : California 's Cornerstone . Sunbelt Publications , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 932653 - 72 - 7 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Griswold de Castillo , Richard ( 1990 ) . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo : A Legacy of Conflict . University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2478 - 4 . 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-536561900476217586 | Dumb and Dumber To | Dumb and Dumber To - Wikipedia Dumb and Dumber To Jump to : navigation , search Dumb and Dumber To Theatrical release poster Directed by Bobby Farrelly Peter Farrelly Produced by Charles B. Wessler Riza Aziz Joey McFarland Bradley Thomas Written by Peter Farrelly Bobby Farrelly Sean Anders John Morris Bennett Yellin Mike Cerrone Based on Characters by Peter Farrelly Bobby Farrelly and Bennett Yellin Starring Jim Carrey Jeff Daniels Rob Riggle Laurie Holden Don Lake Kathleen Turner Music by Empire of the Sun Cinematography Matthew F. Leonetti Edited by Steven Rasch Production company New Line Cinema Red Granite Pictures Conundrum Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date November 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 14 ) Running time 109 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $50 million Box office $169.8 million Dumb and Dumber To is a 2014 American comedy film co-written and directed by Bobby and Peter Farrelly . It is the third film in the Dumb and Dumber film series and a direct sequel to the 1994 film Dumb and Dumber . It stars Jim Carrey and Jeff Daniels reprising their roles 20 years after the events of the first film , and also features Rob Riggle , Laurie Holden and Kathleen Turner . The film tells the story of Lloyd Christmas and Harry Dunne ( played by Carrey and Daniels , respectively ) , two dimwitted but good - natured adults who set out on a cross-country road trip to locate Harry 's daughter who has been adopted . First announced in October 2011 , Dumb and Dumber To underwent a turbulent pre-production phase which included , at one point , Carrey withdrawing from the project , and Warner Bros. refusing to distribute the film . The project was eventually taken on in 2013 by Red Granite Pictures and the film was shot in the fall of the same year . Released on November 14 , 2014 , by Universal Pictures , Dumb and Dumber To received mostly negative reviews . However , the film was a success at the box office , taking in $36.1 million on its opening weekend and a total gross of over $169 million . On June 15 , 2017 , the United States Department of Justice charged that money used to produce the film was stolen from a Malaysian government investment fund . Red Granite Pictures denied knowingly accepting stolen money . Additionally the USDOJ has filed a Forfeiture Complaint in federal court to seize the rights of ownership to Dumb and Dumber To as well as the rights to the Mark Wahlberg / Will Ferrell film Daddy 's Home . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Twenty years after the events of the first film , Lloyd Christmas has been committed at Baldy View Sanitarium , a mental institution , ever since his doomed romance with Mary Swanson ( from the first film ) . During a recent visit , Harry Dunne discovers that Lloyd pranked him into thinking he was handicapped the entire time . They both laugh and head to their apartment , where Harry reveals one of his kidneys is bad and he needs a donor soon . They go to Harry 's old home , but Harry ca n't get a kidney from his parents because he was adopted . Harry 's dad gives him his mail that has been piling up since he moved out . It includes a postcard from a former girlfriend , Fraida Felcher , dating back to 1991 . It says she is pregnant and needs Harry to call . Fraida admits that she had a daughter named Fanny that she gave up for adoption . She wrote Fanny a letter , only for it to be returned and instructed to never contact her again . Hoping she can provide a kidney , Lloyd and Harry decide to find Fanny and drive in a hearse that Fraida gave them to Oxford , Maryland where she now lives . Dr. Bernard Pinchelow and his wife Adele are the adoptive parents of Fanny , who has taken up the new name Penny . She is going to a KEN Convention in El Paso to give a speech on her father 's life work . Penny is also given a package to be given to one of the convention heads , but the dim Penny ends up forgetting the package and her phone . Adele is secretly trying to poison Bernard and Penny out of jealousy , with the help of her secret lover , the family 's housekeeper , Travis Lippincott . Harry and Lloyd arrive to inform the Pinchelows of their situation , at which point Bernard realizes Penny left the package , which he says is an invention worth billions . Adele suggests that Harry and Lloyd deliver the package to Penny . So that he and Adele can get the contents of the box , Travis goes with Harry and Lloyd . Travis becomes annoyed with the duo 's antics and decides to kill them , but gets killed by train collision instead . Adele hears of the death from Travis 's twin brother Captain Lippincott , a former military man who agrees to help her kill Harry and Lloyd . The duo arrives in El Paso for the KEN Convention . While there , Harry impersonates Bernard , so he and Lloyd are invited to a seminar . They get into an argument when Harry discovers that Lloyd has developed a romantic attraction to Penny . After being escorted out of the convention due to not being on the attendance list , Lloyd gets a call from Penny to arrange a meeting after informing Penny that he is in town with her dad . They head to a restaurant , where Lloyd deduces he , not Harry , is the real biological father of Penny . Adele arrives at the convention with Lippincott and exposes Harry as a fraud , telling the convention heads he is not her husband and lies that he stole the package . Fraida also arrives and tampers with the fire alarm as a diversion after she and Penny are denied entry , causing everybody to exit . Harry runs into Fraida and Penny , only to have Lippincott and Adele draw guns on them . The villains corner the trio in a bathroom . When Lloyd returns , Lippincott and Adele are about to shoot , but three FBI agents bust in with a healthy - looking Bernard , who knew that Adele was trying to poison him , and he reveals that it was Adele who wrote `` do not contact again '' on the letter , not Penny . There was never a priceless invention and the package he gave Penny included cupcakes . Adele attempts to shoot Penny , but Harry jumps in front of the bullet and is severely injured . Adele and Lippincott are arrested . Harry is rushed to the hospital where he reveals that he was pranking Lloyd about needing a kidney and both laugh . Fraida tells Harry and Lloyd that Penny 's biological father is a dead high school friend named Pete `` Pee - Stain '' Stainer . As the duo leave El Paso , they spot two women walking in their direction and shove them into a bush as a joke . Harry and Lloyd run off and high - five each other . After the credits , Harry and Lloyd throw their milkshakes onto the windscreen of truck behind them which is being driven by Sea Bass . Angered , he prepares to ram them . Cast ( edit ) Jim Carrey as Lloyd Christmas Jeff Daniels as Harry Dunne Dalton E. Gray as Young Harry Rob Riggle as Travis and Captain Lippincott Laurie Holden as Adele Pinchelow Don Lake as Doctor Roy Baker Kathleen Turner as Fraida Felcher Steve Tom as Dr. Bernard Pinchelow Rachel Melvin as Penny Pinchelow / Fanny Felcher , Dr. Pinchelow 's adopted daughter and Fraida 's biological daughter Tembi Locke as Dr. Walcott Paul Blackthorne as Emergency Room Doctor Brady Bluhm as Billy in 4C Swizz Beatz as Ninja Leader in Lloyd 's Fantasy Sequence Bill Murray as Ice Pick , the Meth cook Derek Holland as patient in the asylum Mama June as fantasy wife of Harry Cam Neely as Sea Bass Sean Gildea as Sea Bass 's friend Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) After months of speculation , the Farrelly brothers confirmed in October 2011 that they would make a sequel to Dumb and Dumber . On October 1 , 2012 , it was reported that the script was complete and that Jim Carrey and Jeff Daniels would reprise their roles , despite Carrey having temporarily withdrawn his involvement in June 2012 due to concerns that Warner Bros. had shown little enthusiasm for the sequel , and Daniels threatening to back out of the sequel if it did not include Carrey . Regarding the progress of the sequel , Peter Farrelly explained in January 2013 , It 's going well . We have a great script and now we are just trying to get it made . I love the script . It 's exactly like the first one . We pick up 20 years later . We explain what they 've done for the last 17 or 18 years . We take off from that and it 's just a lot of laughs . It 's at Warner Bros. , and right now it 's being financed outside the studio , but it will be released by Warner Bros . And that 's all being worked out right now . If you liked Dumb and Dumber , you 'll like this because it 's the same and more . It 's really fun . It 's being made through Warner Bros. but now we have several financiers that are negotiating with the studio and trying to make the best deal . Whichever one does will make the movie . It 's going to be made through Warner Bros. and released by Warner Bros. but financed by an outside financer . On April 18 , 2013 , the Farrellys tweeted that Australian band Empire of the Sun would compose the score for the film . On June 10 , 2013 , Warner Bros. decided not to move forward with the sequel but allowed the film to be pitched to other studios . The following week , an independent company , Red Granite Pictures , agreed to finance the sequel with a $35 million budget . Universal will distribute the film in English territories , Germany and Spain . Even though Warner Bros. had no involvement in making the sequel , its New Line Cinema division , which produced the first film , and its prequel , Dumb and Dumberer : When Harry Met Lloyd , was given studio credit from Universal . On June 18 , 2013 , Peter Farrelly confirmed that the sequel would move forward in an interview with The Nerdist Podcast . In July 2013 , a lawsuit filed by Red Granite Pictures sought a declaration that Red Granite owes no contractual obligation to Dumb and Dumber producers Steve Stabler and Brad Krevoy and that the duo are not entitled to any producer fees or credits they claim they 're contractually owed on the sequel . In a counter claim , the producers of Dumb and Dumber accused the producers and Red Granite Pictures of racketeering . On July 18 , 2014 , a request for dismissal was filed in a Los Angeles Superior Court and the case was officially settled . The announcement of the settlement listed the plaintiffs as executive producers , and all claims against Red Granite , Riza Aziz and Joey McFarland of racketeering were withdrawn . The plaintiffs said in a statement , `` We apologize for naming Riza Aziz and Joey McFarland as individual defendants rather than just Red Granite . '' On July 9 , 2013 , while on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon , Daniels confirmed Carrey 's involvement , and stated that shooting would start in September 2013 for a 2014 release . On August 30 , 2013 , Kathleen Turner was confirmed to play the role of Fraida Felcher . On August 31 , 2013 , it was announced that Brady Bluhm would reprise his role as Billy in 4C for the sequel and that Farrelly brothers frequent collaborators Bennett Yellin and Mike Cerrone co-wrote the script . Screenwriting duo Sean Anders and John Morris did work on the script as well . On September 8 , 2013 , an article reported that Cam Neely agreed to reprise his role as Sea Bass for the sequel , while Boston Bruins left winger Milan Lucic would possibly make an appearance as the son of Sea Bass . Later that month , Lucic and Neely both said they have not signed on to the film , although both said they were open to do so . In June 2014 , Neely shot a scene for the film , which appears after the credits . On September 16 , 2013 , The Walking Dead star Laurie Holden , Steve Tom , and Rachel Melvin joined the cast of the film as the Pinchelow family . In September 2013 , it was reported Jennifer Lawrence would make a cameo in the film as a younger Fraida Felcher . Lawrence has said in past interviews that she is a big fan of the original film . Some sources indicate that the scene was filmed , but cut from the film after Lawrence vetoed it , a claim denied by both the Lawrence and Farrelly camps . Bobby Farrelly explained that they tried to work around her schedule , `` but we were n't able to do it . '' On November 18 , 2013 , it was announced that the film would be released on November 14 , 2014 . Filming ( edit ) On September 4 , 2013 , it was announced that filming for the sequel would begin on September 24 , 2013 . On September 8 , 2013 , Jim Carrey tweeted a picture of his iconic chipped front tooth , along with the caption , `` GESS HUUZ BAK BICHEZ ? '' On September 22 , 2013 , principal photography began in Atlanta . On September 24 , 2013 , Daniels and Carrey posted a photo of themselves on set dressed as Harry and Lloyd . On November 25 , 2013 , Daniels announced that principal photography had been completed . Music ( edit ) The opening credits are set to Apache Indian 's song `` Boom Shack - A-Lak '' , just like in the first film . The soundtrack was released by WaterTower Music on November 11 , 2014 . Empire of the Sun recorded two new tracks for the film , and used the song `` Alive '' from their 2013 album Ice on the Dune . The rest of the soundtrack consists of previously recorded tracks , including a song by The Jane Carrey Band , a group led by Carrey 's daughter Jane Carrey . Another song by The Jane Carrey Band included in the film , `` Breathing Without You '' , was not included on the album itself . ( show ) Dumb and Dumber To : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Alive '' Empire of the Sun 3 : 25 2 . `` She Got a Mind '' Natural Child 4 : 20 3 . `` Right Action '' Franz Ferdinand 3 : 04 4 . `` Mistakes of My Youth '' Eels 4 : 55 5 . `` Cinderella '' Firefall 3 : 51 6 . `` When I 'm Alone '' Lissie 3 : 42 7 . `` Me and You '' Jake Bugg 2 : 56 8 . `` On the Dark Side '' John Cafferty & The Beaver Brown Band 2 : 42 9 . `` Wandering Star '' Empire of the Sun 3 : 16 10 . `` Periwinkle Sky '' The Dahls 3 : 02 11 . `` Tonight '' Empire of the Sun 2 : 55 12 . `` Sticky Situation '' The Jane Carrey Band 3 : 31 Total length : 41 : 24 Release ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) The theatrical trailer premiered on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on June 10 , 2014 . In its first week , the trailer had 23.5 million views on YouTube , outpacing nine other trailers , whose combined views numbered 23 million . The international trailer was released on June 25 . On August 15 , 2014 , Universal released two advance posters that spoofed the theatrical release poster for Lucy , another Universal - distributed release that was then in theaters . The two spoof posters , that reversed the `` using more than ten percent of the brain '' premise of Lucy to imply Harry and Lloyd only used one percent , were made public via Tweets from the Twitter accounts of Jim Carrey and Jeff Daniels . An official TV spot was released on September 25 , 2014 . Home Media ( edit ) Dumb and Dumber To was released on Blu - ray and DVD on February 17 , 2015 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) At the end of its box office run , Dumb and Dumber To accumulated a gross of $86.2 million in North America and $83.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $169.8 million , against a budget of $50 million . North America ( edit ) Early analysts predicted that the film could gross around $30 -- 32 million in its opening weekend and as high as $36 -- 40 million in North America . The film earned $1.6 million from Thursday night previews and $14.2 million on its opening day in Friday . The film topped the box office in its opening weekend earning $38,053,000 from 3,154 theatres at an average of $12,065 per theatre . The opening weekend gross is higher than the $16.1 million debut of the original film ( $31 million adjusted for inflation ) , and is Carrey 's biggest debut weekend since Bruce Almighty in 2003 ( $67.9 million ) . The film played 47 % under the age of 25 and 55 % male . Universal distribution chief Nikki Rocco commented about the opening performance , `` This was tricky to market , '' he added , `` A lot of these kids were n't born when the first ( film ) came out . But it has been such a serious time in movies , we had great marketing , mindless humor , and we broadened the audience . '' Outside North America ( edit ) In its first weekend outside of North America , Dumb and Dumber To made over 13 million dollars . It opened number one in Brazil , Slovenia , Norway , Lebanon , South Africa , Iceland , Croatia , UAE , Uruguay . It opened number two in Poland , Austria , Colombia , Serbia , Spain , Finland , Sweden . It opened number three in Singapore , Germany , Nigeria , Netherlands , Mexico , Egypt . The largest opening was in Brazil with $3,497,325 . Outside North America , Dumb and Dumber To earned $3.2 million from four markets . The highest debut came from Germany ( $1.4 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds a rating of 29 % based on 137 reviews and an average rating of 4.3 / 10 . The general consensus states , `` Dumb and Dumber To does have its moments , but not enough of them -- and the Farrelly brothers ' brand of humor is nowhere near as refreshingly transgressive as it once seemed . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 36 out of 100 , based on 36 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . I laughed a lot at this movie , possibly even more than I did at the original film , which I enjoyed quite a bit . Peter Howell -- Toronto Star J.R. Jones of the Chicago Reader gave the film a positive review , writing : `` Seeing the two fiftysomething stars in their idiot haircuts again is a little disconcerting , like watching your favorite old band on a desperate reunion tour , but this sequel to Dumb & Dumber maintains a respectable laugh quotient . '' Colin Covert of the Star Tribune of Minnesota gave the film one out of four stars and wrote , `` The result is simply stupid . This embarrassing revival plays as if the script were written in Comic Sans . '' Andrew Barker of Variety gave the film a negative review , noting : `` Sporadically funny and mostly tedious , this 18 - years - too - late sequel nonetheless exhibits a puerile purity of purpose . '' Joe Neumaier of New York Daily News gave the film zero out of five stars , writing : `` From junky production values to the parade of unfunny supporting characters to its lazy energy , Dumb and Dumber To falls on its face . '' Jason Clark of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a C - , writing : `` The ultimate sad realization is not that Dumb & Dumber To does n't match the original 's good - time quotient , but that it might not even be as good as - yikes - Dumb and Dumberer : When Harry Met Lloyd . '' Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film one out of four stars , writing : `` If there was any doubt that most things in society have been dumbed down in the last couple of decades , Dumb and Dumber To could be exhibit A . '' The lengthy gestation period has n't resulted in an appreciably upgraded experience . James Berardinelli -- ReelViews David Ehrlich of Time Out New York gave the film three out of five stars , writing : `` Dumb and Dumber To may not be quite as funny as the first one , but it 's the funniest thing the Farrellys have made since . '' A.A. Dowd of The A.V. Club , gave the film D+ and wrote : `` A sequel as desperate , in its own `` official '' way , as the knockoff - brand origin story that previously besmirched the franchise name . '' Critic Mick LaSalle of San Francisco Chronicle scored the film one out of four stars , asking : `` Is this worse for Jim Carrey or Jeff Daniels ? That 's the sort of question that comes to mind while not laughing at Dumb and Dumber To . '' Manohla Dargis of The New York Times wrote , `` The Farrellys are still not much interested in film as a visual medium , and when Lloyd and Harry are n't smacking each other or dropping their pants , you might as well be listening to a radio play . '' The Boston Globe 's critic Ty Burr gave the film two - and - a-half stars out of four , writing : `` Everyone has piled into this dumber , sillier , more consistently funny reprise with an enthusiasm that 's infectious , and not in a low - grade medical way . '' Tom Long of The Detroit News gave the film a B+ , writing : `` In a world of ISIS , Ebola , dwindling retirement funds and severe drought , somehow this film seems needed . '' Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times wrote , `` What felt fresh in Peter and Bobby Farrelly 's original Dumb and Dumber , with the Carrey - Daniels dense duo channeling the Stooges and Jerry Lewis and something else entirely , feels strangely old - fashioned two decades later . '' Stephanie Zacharek of The Village Voice wrote , `` Dumb and Dumber To is mostly just a kick in the nuts , and not the good kind -- provided there is a good kind . '' Liam Lacey of The Globe and Mail gave the film two out of four stars and concluded , `` Over all , the movie is just funny enough to make you wish it were much better than it is . '' The Star - Ledger 's Stephen Whitty gave the film one and a half out of four stars , writing : `` The majority of it is n't just dumb and dumber , or even crude and cruder . At nearly two hours , it 's just dull - and duller . '' David Edelstein of New York Magazine wrote , `` I reckon four out of every five jokes played to silence at the preview screening . If Dumb and Dumber To were a live comedian , he 'd have said , `` Is this an audience or an oil painting ? '' He 'd have left the stage in tears . '' Wesley Morris of Grantland observed , `` The directors Bobby and Peter Farrelly cram the movie with puns and those kinds of sight gags . Almost none of them work . '' Critic Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film one - and - a-half stars out of four and wrote , `` Time can be cruel , especially to sequels . '' For Robbie Collin in The Daily Telegraph it started promisingly but `` within moments , the joke is spent ... Here , as throughout the film , every punchline is followed by a quiet pause for audience laughter , the lengths of which might kindly be described as optimistic . '' He added : `` There are scattered moments of inspiration ... But far more often , the comedy 's just spiteful , sour or sloppily executed -- or , in the case of a running joke about the hideous middle - agedness of Kathleen Turner 's character , the mother of Harry 's daughter , all three at once . '' Mark Kermode , writing in The Observer , `` counted a mere three chuckles ( one of which I 'm fairly sure was unintentional ) , leaving this several smiles shy of even the widely panned 2003 prequel Dumb and Dumberer : When Harry Met Lloyd '' . The Guardian 's Peter Bradshaw found `` the movie does deliver some laughs , and the climactic scene in which the two low - IQ boys succeed in infiltrating the equivalent of a TED talk is enjoyably bizarre , '' but concluded : `` It 's a rental , rather than a visit to the cinema '' . Accolades ( edit ) Award Recipient Result Golden Schmoes Awards Biggest Disappointment of the Year Dumb and Dumber To Nominated Golden Trailer Awards Best Teaser Poster Dumb and Dumber To Nominated Houston Film Critics Society Awards Worst Film Dumb and Dumber To Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Comedy Dumb and Dumber To Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Comedy Jim Carrey Nominated Choice Movie : Chemistry Jim Carrey and Jeff Daniels Nominated Women Film Critics Circle Awards Worst Male Images in a Movie Dumb and Dumber To Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` DUMB AND DUMBER TO ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . November 25 , 2014 . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ FilmL. A. ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` 2014 Feature Film Study '' . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dumb and Dumber To ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rottenberg , Josh . `` Farrelly Brothers developing ' Dumb & Dumber ' sequel with Jim Carrey and Jeff Daniels '' . insidemovies.ew.com/ . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike . `` TOLDJA ! ' Dumb And Dumber To ' Proves No - Brainer For Universal ; Studio Locks Deal For Farrellys , Jim Carrey , Jeff Daniels Pic '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brent Lang ( November 16 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Dumb and Dumber To ' On Top With $38.1 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Julia Horowitz ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Feds Charge That ' Dumb and Dumber To ' Was Made With Stolen Cash '' . CNN . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ United States Department of Justice Complaint To Seize Certain Assets ) Jump up ^ Goldblatt , Daniel ( September 24 , 2013 ) . `` FIRST PHOTO : Jim Carrey and Jeff Daniels on the Set of ' Dumb and Dumber To ' '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Riggle Joins the Cast of Dumb and Dumber To '' . MovieWeb.com . MovieWeb. 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 27 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dumb and Dumber 2 Adds Walking Dead Star Laurie Holden and Two Others '' . ScreenCrush. 16 September 2013 . Retrieved 16 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twitter / farrellybros : It 's official ! Billy in 4C '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Cam Neely returns as Sea Bass in ' Dumb and Dumber To ' '' . ESPN . 14 November 2014 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sean Gildea '' . IMDb . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Ward , Kate . `` Dumb & Dumber sequel ' is in motion ' : Would you see a follow - up starring Jim Carrey and Jeff Daniels ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( October 26 , 2011 ) . `` Peter And Bobby Farrelly Plan More Dumb And Dumber For Jim Carrey & Jeff Daniels '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Yo Show '' . OMG.Yahoo.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Heyman , Jessie . `` Dumb And Dumber 2 : Jim Carrey Bows Out '' . Moviefone . Retrieved 4 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. `` Dumb And Dumber To Wo n't Happen Without Jim Carrey , Jeff Daniels Says '' . MTV.com . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dumb And Dumber To Will Be ' The Same And More ' , Says Director '' . Inquistir.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / farrellybros : Empire of the Sun will be doing '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Passes on Dumb and Dumber Sequel '' . ComingSoon.net. 2013 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike . `` TOLDJA ! Dumb And Dumber To Proves No - Brainer For Universal ; Studio Locks Deal For Farrellys , Jim Carrey , Jeff Daniels Pic '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt . `` New Poster for DUMB AND DUMBER TO ; First Trailer Premieres Tonight '' . Collider.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Dumb and Dumber To Poster '' . Collider.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Nerdist Podcast : The Farrelly Announcement '' . Nerdist.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen . `` Dumb And Dumber Producers in Legal Battle Over Sequel '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Courthouse News Service Entertainment Law '' . Entlawdigest.com. 2013 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Ted ( July 19 , 2014 ) . `` Red Granite , ' Dumb and Dumber ' Producers Settle Dispute Over Sequel '' . Variety.com . Variety.com . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 2013 - 07 - 09 ) . `` Jeff Daniels Confirms Dumb & Dumber Sequel on Fallon ( VIDEO ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Farrelly Bros ( 2013 - 08 - 30 ) . `` Twitter / farrellybros : Kathleen Turner is officially '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 2013 - 08 - 30 ) . `` Kathleen Turner Joins Dumb and Dumber To ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Dumb and Dumber To Welcomes Back Billy in 4C '' . ComingSoon.net. 2013 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / farrellybros : IMPORTANT NOTE : # DumbTo was '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Sean Anders THREE MISSISSIPPI and DUMB AND DUMBER Sequel Interview '' . Collider.com. 2013 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Sea Bass Returns for Dumb & Dumber To '' . JimCarreyOnline.com. 2013 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Cox , Zack . `` Cam Neely , Milan Lucic Say They Have Not Signed on for Dumb and Dumber Sequel '' . NESN . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Cole , Mike . `` Report : Cam Neely Filmed Scene As Sea Bass For ' Dumb And Dumber To ' '' . NESN . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Nick Romano . `` Dumb and Dumber 2 Adds Walking Dead Star Laurie Holden and Two Others '' . ScreenCrush . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Houx , Damon . `` Jennifer Lawrence Will Cameo in Dumb and Dumber 2 '' . ScreenCrush . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Tessa Berenson ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence Cut Her Cameo In `` Dumb and Dumber To '' `` . TIME.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eric Eisenberg . `` Jennifer Lawrence wo n't have a cameo in ' Dumb and Dumber To ' '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team . `` Dumb And Dumber To Hit Theaters in November 2014 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Dumb and Dumber To Begins Filming , Jeff Daniels and Jim Carrey Reunite on Set -- See the Pic ! '' . EOnline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / JimCarrey : GESS HUUZ BAK BICHEZ ? '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Carrey posts first image from Dumb and Dumber To '' . metro.co.uk. 9 September 2013 . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Carrey Gives a First Look at ' Dumb & Dumber To ' '' . TheWrap.com . September 9 , 2013 . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Siobhan ( 19 September 2013 ) . `` Dumb and Dumber To filming starts in Atlanta on Monday '' . OnLocationVacations.com . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Jeff_Daniels : We 're Back ! ! ! # DumbTo '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Carrey 's photo `` How Roland Rolls comes out TODAY but it may be a little too sophisticated for Lloyd and Harry ! Yep. ... '' `` . WhoSay.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( 24 September 2013 ) . `` First Look : Jim Carrey and Jeff Daniels Return in ' Dumb and Dumber To ' '' . slashfilm.com . Retrieved 21 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Jeff_Daniels : # DumbTo has wrapped Principal Photography . Lloyd & Harry are soon to be yours once again . '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` WaterTower Music - Dumb and Dumber To : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . WaterTower Music . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Grebey , James ( 2014 - 12 - 04 ) . `` Empire of the Sun Share a Subdued New Track From ' Dumb and Dumber To ' Soundtrack '' . Spin . Spin Media . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Perricone , Kathleen ( 2014 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Ryan Seacrest - Jane Carrey Recalls First Time Hearing Music in ' Dumb and Dumber To ' '' . RyanSeacrest.com . Ryan Seacrest Productions . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Dumb and Dumber To ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) by Various Artists '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Trailer : ' Dumb And Dumber To ' And Generational Nostalgia '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Andy ( June 19 , 2014 ) . `` Trailer Report : ' Dumb and Dumber To ' Crushes Competition With 23.5 Million Views '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( 25 June 2014 ) . `` ' Dumb & Dumber To ' International Trailer Has an Annoying Sound '' . firstshowing.net . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dumb & Dumber To ' Posters Give Harry & Lloyd the ' Lucy ' Treatment '' . firstshowing.net . August 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( August 16 , 2014 ) . `` Dumb and Dumber To ' Posters Spoof Scarlett Johansson 's ' Lucy ' '' . Variety.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` Harry & Lloyd Hit the Road in First ' Dumb and Dumber To ' TV Spot '' . firstshowing.net . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dumb and Dumber To Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott Bowles ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Can ' Dumb And Dumber To ' Outwit Holdovers ? : Box Office Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : Jim Carrey Launches Comeback with ' Dumb and Dumber To ' '' . Variery . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Dumb and Dumber To ' on Fire Friday , Heads for $40 M Weekend '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Dumb and Dumber To ' Laughing Its Way to $40 Million Weekend '' . Variety . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Dumb and Dumber To ' Looks Smart with $1.6 Million Thursday Night '' . Variety . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anthony D ' Alessandro ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dumb & Dumber To ' Box Office Gets Leg Up On Weekend With Thursday Previews '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( November 15 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Dumb And Dumber To ' Nabs $14.2 M Friday '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maane Khatchatourian ( November 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dumb and Dumber To ' Tops Friday With $14.2 Mil on Its Way to $36 Mil Weekend '' . Variety . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( November 16 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Dumb and Dumber To ' Laughs Past ' Big Hero 6 ' With $38.1 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott Bowles ( November 16 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dumb and Dumber To ' Graduating Box Office Money Cum Laude '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dumb and Dumber To ( 2014 ) - International Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo '' . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil Box Office '' . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dumb and Dumber To '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dumb and Dumber To Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Howell , Peter ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Dumb and Dumber To is still dumb ( and funny ) after all these years : review '' . Toronto : thestar.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones , J.R. ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Dumb and Dumber To '' . chicagoreader.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Covert , Colin ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Two Stooges grow up in ' Dumb and Dumber To ' '' . startribune.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Dumb and Dumber To ' '' . variety.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Neumaier , Joe ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dumb and Dumber To , ' movie review '' . New York : nydailynews.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Clark , Jason ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Dumb and Dumber To ( 2014 ) '' . ew.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dumber ' gets nastier the second time around '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Dumb and Dumber To '' . reelviews.net . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Dumb and Dumber To '' . timeout.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dowd , A.A. ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` The desperate Dumb And Dumber To recycles the jokes of its predecessor '' . avclub.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dumb and Dumber To ' review : What were they thinking ? '' . sfgate.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Then We Could Swing a Cat From a Chandelier '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Happily , ' Dumber To ' is as moronic as ever '' . bostonglobe.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Long , Tom ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Carrey , Daniels bring the yuks in ' Dumber To ' '' . detroitnews.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sharkey , Betsy ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dumb and Dumber To ' just a chip off the older blockheads '' . latimes.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Dumb and Dumber To Is Missing the Original 's Magic Idiocy '' . villagevoice.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lacey , Liam ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Dumb and Dumber To : Funny enough to make you wish it were better '' . Toronto : theglobeandmail.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitty , Stephen ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dumb and Dumber To ' review : Stupid is as stupid does '' . nj.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Edelstein , David ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Dumb and Dumber To 's Badness Could Give You an Ulcer '' . vulture.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morris , Wesley ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` From Here to Stupidity : The Return of ' Dumb and Dumber ' ; Plus Some New Not - Bad Sentimental Movies '' . grantland.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Dumb and Dumber To '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( 18 December 2014 ) . `` Dumb and Dumber To , review : ' the joke is spent ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Kermode , Mark ( 21 December 2014 ) . `` Dumb and Dumber To review -- ' a mere three chuckles ' '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 18 December 2014 ) . `` Dumb and Dumber To review -- stoopid and offensive as ever '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Schmoes Winners And Nominees ( 2014 ) '' . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` ' Birdman ' and usual critical darling suspects lead Houston critics ' nominations '' . HitFix.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WINNERS OF TEEN CHOICE 2015 ANNOUNCED '' . Teen Choice Awards . FOX . August 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Women Film Critics Circle Awards 2014 ′ s Best and Worst Movies External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Dumb and Dumber To Film in the United States portal Comedy portal 2010s portal Official website Dumb and Dumber To on IMDb Dumb and Dumber To at Box Office Mojo Dumb and Dumber To at Rotten Tomatoes Dumb and Dumber To at Metacritic Dumb and Dumber Films Dumb and Dumber ( 1994 ) Dumb and Dumberer : When Harry Met Lloyd ( 2003 ) Dumb and Dumber To ( 2014 ) Television Dumb and Dumber ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Films directed by the Farrelly brothers Peter Farrelly Bobby Farrelly Dumb and Dumber ( 1994 ) Kingpin ( 1996 ) There 's Something About Mary ( 1998 ) Me , Myself & Irene ( 2000 ) Osmosis Jones ( 2001 ) Shallow Hal ( 2001 ) Stuck on You ( 2003 ) Fever Pitch ( 2005 ) The Heartbreak Kid ( 2007 ) Hall Pass ( 2011 ) The Three Stooges ( 2012 ) Dumb and Dumber To ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dumb_and_Dumber_To&oldid=800619532 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films 2010s buddy films 2010s comedy films 2010s road movies 2010s sequel films American films American buddy films American comedy films American road movies American sequel films Films directed by the Farrelly brothers Films shot in Atlanta Red Granite Pictures films New Line Cinema films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2014 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 17 : 32 . 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-2105089269246699667 | 1973 oil crisis | 1973 oil crisis - wikipedia 1973 oil crisis Jump to : navigation , search Further information : 1973 world oil market chronology The 1973 oil crisis began in October 1973 when the members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries proclaimed an oil embargo . The embargo was targeted at nations perceived as supporting Israel during the Yom Kippur War . The initial nations targeted were Canada , Japan , the Netherlands , the United Kingdom and the United States with the embargo also later extended to Portugal , Rhodesia and South Africa . By the end of the embargo in March 1974 , the price of oil had risen from US $3 per barrel to nearly $12 globally ; US prices were significantly higher . The embargo caused an oil crisis , or `` shock '' , with many short - and long - term effects on global politics and the global economy . It was later called the `` first oil shock '' , followed by the 1979 oil crisis , termed the `` second oil shock . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Background 2.1 US oil production decline 2.2 OPEC 2.3 End of the Bretton Woods currency accord 2.4 Yom Kippur War 3 Embargo 4 Chronology 5 Effects 5.1 Immediate economic effects 5.2 Price controls and rationing 5.2. 1 United States 5.3 Conservation and reduction in demand 5.3. 1 United States 5.4 Alternative energy sources 5.5 Macroeconomy 5.6 International relations 5.6. 1 United States 5.6. 2 NATO 5.6. 3 Japan 5.6. 4 Nonaligned nations 5.6. 5 Arab states 5.7 Automobile industry 5.7. 1 Western Europe 5.7. 2 United States 6 Decline of OPEC 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links Summary The embargo was a response to American involvement in the 1973 Yom Kippur War . Six days after Egypt and Syria launched a surprise military campaign against Israel , the US supplied Israel with arms . In response to this , the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OAPEC , consisting of the Arab members of OPEC plus Egypt and Syria ) announced an oil embargo against Canada , Japan , the Netherlands , the United Kingdom and the United States . The crisis had a major impact on international relations and created a rift within NATO . Some European nations and Japan sought to disassociate themselves from United States foreign policy in the Middle East to avoid being targeted by the boycott . Arab oil producers linked any future policy changes to peace between the belligerents . To address this , the Nixon Administration began multilateral negotiations with the combatants . They arranged for Israel to pull back from the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights . By January 18 , 1974 , US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger had negotiated an Israeli troop withdrawal from parts of the Sinai Peninsula . The promise of a negotiated settlement between Israel and Syria was enough to convince Arab oil producers to lift the embargo in March 1974 . Graph of oil prices from 1861 -- 2015 , showing a sharp increase in 1973 and again during the 1979 energy crisis . The orange line is adjusted for inflation . Independently , OAPEC members agreed to use their leverage over the world price - setting mechanism for oil to stabilize their incomes by raising world oil prices after the recent failure of negotiations with Western oil companies . The embargo occurred at a time of rising petroleum consumption by industrialized countries and coincided with a sharp increase in oil imports by the world 's largest oil consumer , the United States . In the aftermath , targeted countries initiated a wide variety of policies to contain their future dependency . The 1973 `` oil price shock '' , with the accompanying 1973 -- 74 stock market crash , was regarded as the first discrete event since the Great Depression to have a persistent effect on the US economy . The embargo 's success demonstrated Saudi Arabia 's diplomatic and economic power . It was the largest oil exporter and a politically and religiously conservative kingdom . Background US oil production decline In 1970 , US oil production started to decline , exacerbating the embargo 's impact . Following this , Nixon named James E. Akins as US Ambassador to Saudi Arabia to audit US production capacity . The confidential results were alarming -- no spare capacity was available and production could only decrease . USA oil production and imports . As shown , the import spike starts from the US production peak , and the embargo has little effect . The oil embargo had little effect on overall supply , according to Akins . OPEC The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) , which then comprised 12 countries , including Iran , seven Arab countries ( Iraq , Kuwait , Libya , Qatar , Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates ) , plus Venezuela , Indonesia , Nigeria and Ecuador , was formed at a Baghdad conference on September 14 , 1960 . OPEC was organized to resist pressure by the `` Seven Sisters '' ( seven large , Western oil companies ) to reduce oil prices . At first , OPEC operated as an informal bargaining unit for resource - rich third - world countries . OPEC confined its activities to gaining a larger share of the profits generated by oil companies and greater control over member production levels . In the early 1970s it began to exert economic and political strength ; the oil companies and importing nations suddenly faced a unified exporter bloc . End of the Bretton Woods currency Accord On August 15 , 1971 , the United States unilaterally pulled out of the Bretton Woods Accord . The US abandoned the Gold Exchange Standard whereby the value of the dollar had been pegged to the price of gold and all other currencies were pegged to the dollar , whose value was left to `` float '' ( rise and fall according to market demand ) . Shortly thereafter , Britain followed , floating the pound sterling . The other industrialized nations followed suit with their respective currencies . Anticipating that currency values would fluctuate unpredictably for a time , the industrialized nations increased their reserves ( by expanding their money supplies ) in amounts far greater than before . The result was a depreciation of the dollar and other industrialized nations ' currencies . Because oil was priced in dollars , oil producers ' real income decreased . In September 1971 , OPEC issued a joint communiqué stating that , from then on , they would price oil in terms of a fixed amount of gold . This contributed to the `` Oil Shock '' . After 1971 , OPEC was slow to readjust prices to reflect this depreciation . From 1947 to 1967 , the dollar price of oil had risen by less than two percent per year . Until the oil shock , the price had also remained fairly stable versus other currencies and commodities . OPEC ministers had not developed institutional mechanisms to update prices in sync with changing market conditions , so their real incomes lagged . The substantial price increases of 1973 -- 1974 largely returned their prices and corresponding incomes to Bretton Woods levels in terms of commodities such as gold . Yom Kippur War On October 6 , 1973 , Syria and Egypt , with support from other Arab nations , launched a surprise attack on Israel , on Yom Kippur . This renewal of hostilities in the Arab -- Israeli conflict released the underlying economic pressure on oil prices . At the time , Iran was the world 's second - largest oil exporter and a close US ally . Weeks later , the Shah of Iran said in an interview : `` Of course ( the price of oil ) is going to rise ... Certainly ! And how ! ... You 've ( Western nations ) increased the price of the wheat you sell us by 300 percent , and the same for sugar and cement ... You buy our crude oil and sell it back to us , refined as petrochemicals , at a hundred times the price you 've paid us ... It 's only fair that , from now on , you should pay more for oil . Let 's say ten times more . '' On October 12 , 1973 , US president Richard Nixon authorized Operation Nickel Grass , a strategic airlift to deliver weapons and supplies to Israel , after the Soviet Union began sending arms to Syria and Egypt . Embargo In response to American aid to Israel , on October 16 , 1973 , OPEC raised the posted price of oil by 70 % , to $5.11 a barrel . The following day , oil ministers agreed to the embargo , a cut in production by five percent from September 's output and to continue to cut production in five percent monthly increments until their economic and political objectives were met . On October 19 , Nixon requested Congress to appropriate $2.2 billion in emergency aid to Israel , including $1.5 billion in outright grants . George Lenczowski notes , `` Military supplies did not exhaust Nixon 's eagerness to prevent Israel 's collapse ... This ( $2.2 billion ) decision triggered a collective OPEC response . '' Libya immediately announced it would embargo oil shipments to the United States . Saudi Arabia and the other Arab oil - producing states joined the embargo on October 20 , 1973 . At their Kuwait meeting , OAPEC proclaimed the embargo that curbed exports to various countries and blocked all oil deliveries to the US as a `` principal hostile country '' . Price increases were also imposed greatly . Since short - term oil demand is inelastic , immediate demand falls little when the price rises . Thus , market prices rose from $3 per barrel to $12 per barrel to reduce demand to the new , lower level of supply . The world financial system , which was already under pressure from the Bretton Woods breakdown , was set on a path of recessions and inflation that persisted until the early 1980s , with oil prices remaining elevated until 1986 . The price of oil during the embargo . The graph is based on the nominal , not real , price of oil , and so overstates prices at the end . However , the effects of the Arab Oil Embargo are clear -- it effectively doubled the real price of crude oil at the refinery level , and caused massive shortages in the U.S. Over the long term , the oil embargo changed the nature of policy in the West towards increased exploration , alternative energy research , energy conservation and more restrictive monetary policy to better fight inflation . Chronology January 1973 -- The 1973 -- 74 stock market crash commences as a result of inflation pressure and the collapsing monetary system . August 23 , 1973 -- In preparation for the Yom Kippur War , Saudi king Faisal and Egyptian president Anwar Sadat meet in Riyadh and secretly negotiate an accord whereby the Arabs will use the `` oil weapon '' as part of the military conflict . October 6 -- Egypt and Syria attack Israeli - occupied lands in the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights on Yom Kippur , starting the 1973 Arab -- Israeli War . Night of October 8 -- Israel goes on full nuclear alert . Kissinger is notified on the morning of October 9 . United States begins to resupply Israel . October 8 -- 10 -- OPEC negotiations with major oil companies to revise the 1971 Tehran price agreement fail . October 12 -- The United States initiates Operation Nickel Grass , a strategic airlift to provide replacement weapons and supplies to Israel . This followed similar Soviet moves to supply the Arab side . October 16 -- Saudi Arabia , Iran , Iraq , Abu Dhabi , Kuwait and Qatar raise posted prices by 17 % to $3.65 per barrel and announce production cuts . October 17 -- OAPEC oil ministers agree to use oil to influence the West 's support of Israel . They recommended an embargo against non-complying states and mandated export cuts . October 19 -- Nixon requests Congress to appropriate $2.2 billion in emergency aid to Israel , which triggers a collective Arab response . Libya immediately proclaims an embargo on oil exports to the US . Saudi Arabia and other Arab oil - producing states follow the next day . October 26 -- The Yom Kippur War ends . November 5 -- Arab producers announce a 25 % output cut . A further 5 % cut is threatened . November 23 -- The Arab embargo is extended to Portugal , Rhodesia and South Africa . November 27 -- Nixon signs the Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act authorizing price , production , allocation and marketing controls . December 9 -- Arab oil ministers agree to another five percent production cut for non-friendly countries in January 1974 . December 25 -- Arab oil ministers cancel the January output cut . Saudi oil minister Ahmed Zaki Yamani promises a ten percent OPEC production rise . January 7 -- 9 , 1974 -- OPEC decides to freeze prices until April 1 . January 18 -- Israel signs a withdrawal agreement to pull back to the east side of the Suez Canal . February 11 -- Kissinger unveils the Project Independence plan for US energy independence . February 12 -- 14 -- Progress in Arab - Israeli disengagement triggers discussion of oil strategy among the heads of state of Algeria , Egypt , Syria and Saudi Arabia . March 5 -- Israel withdraws the last of its troops from the west side of the Suez Canal . March 17 -- Arab oil ministers , with the exception of Libya , announce the end of the US embargo . May 31 -- Diplomacy by Kissinger produces a disengagement agreement on the Syrian front . December 1974 -- The 1973 -- 74 stock market crash ends . Effects Immediate economic effects A man at a service station reads about the gasoline rationing system in an afternoon newspaper ; a sign in the background states that no gasoline is available . 1974 The effects of the embargo were immediate . OPEC forced oil companies to increase payments drastically . The price of oil quadrupled by 1974 to nearly US $12 per barrel ( 75 US $ / m ) . This price increase had a dramatic effect on oil exporting nations , for the countries of the Middle East who had long been dominated by the industrial powers seen to have taken control of a vital commodity . The oil - exporting nations began to accumulate vast wealth . Some of the income was dispensed in the form of aid to other underdeveloped nations whose economies had been caught between higher oil prices and lower prices for their own export commodities , amid shrinking Western demand . Much went for arms purchases that exacerbated political tensions , particularly in the Middle East . Saudi Arabia spent over 100 billion dollars in the ensuing decades for helping spread its fundamentalist interpretation of Islam , known as Wahhabism , throughout the world , via religious charities such al - Haramain Foundation , which often also distributed funds to violent Sunni extremist groups such as Al - Qaeda and the Taliban . Control of oil became known as the `` oil weapon . '' It came in the form of an embargo and production cutbacks from the Arab states . The weapon was aimed at the United States , Great Britain , Canada , Japan and the Netherlands . These target governments perceived that the intent was to push them towards a more pro-Arab position . Production was eventually cut by 25 % . However , the affected countries did not undertake dramatic policy changes . In the United States , scholars argue that there already existed a negotiated settlement based on equality between both parties prior to 1973 . The possibility that the Middle East could become another superpower confrontation with the USSR was of more concern to the US than oil . Further , interest groups and government agencies more worried about energy were no match for Kissinger 's dominance . In the US production , distribution and price disruptions `` have been held responsible for recessions , periods of excessive inflation , reduced productivity , and lower economic growth . '' The embargo had a negative influence on the US economy by causing immediate demands to address the threats to U.S. energy security . On an international level , the price increases changed competitive positions in many industries , such as automobiles . Macroeconomic problems consisted of both inflationary and deflationary impacts . The embargo left oil companies searching for new ways to increase oil supplies , even in rugged terrain such as the Arctic . Finding oil and developing new fields usually required five to ten years before significant production . Gas stealers beware , 1974 OPEC - member states raised the prospect of nationalization of oil company holdings . Most notably , Saudi Arabia nationalized Aramco in 1980 under the leadership of Saudi oil minister Ahmed Zaki Yamani . As other OPEC nations followed suit , the cartel 's income soared . Saudi Arabia undertook a series of ambitious five - year development plans . The biggest began in 1980 , funded at $250 billion . Other cartel members also undertook major economic development programs . US retail price gas prices rose from a national average of 38.5 cents in May 1973 to 55.1 cents in June 1974 . State governments requested citizens not to put up Christmas lights . Oregon banned Christmas and commercial lighting altogether . Politicians called for a national gas rationing program . Nixon requested gasoline stations to voluntarily not sell gasoline on Saturday nights or Sundays ; 90 % of owners complied , which produced long queues . The embargo was not uniform across Europe . Of the nine members of the European Economic Community ( EEC ) , the Netherlands faced a complete embargo , the UK and France received almost uninterrupted supplies ( having refused to allow America to use their airfields and embargoed arms and supplies to both the Arabs and the Israelis ) , while the other six faced partial cutbacks . The UK had traditionally been an ally of Israel , and Harold Wilson 's government supported the Israelis during the Six - Day War . His successor , Ted Heath , reversed this policy in 1970 , calling for Israel to withdraw to its pre-1967 borders . The EEC was unable to achieve a common policy during the first month of the War . It issued a statement on November 6 , after the embargo and price rises had begun . It was widely viewed as pro-Arab supporting the Franco - British line on the war . OPEC duly lifted its embargo from all EEC members . The price rises had a much greater impact in Europe than the embargo . Despite being relatively unaffected by the embargo , the UK nonetheless faced an oil crisis of its own -- a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973 -- 74 became a major factor in the change of government . Heath asked the British to heat only one room in their houses over the winter . The UK , Germany , Italy , Switzerland and Norway banned flying , driving and boating on Sundays . Sweden rationed gasoline and heating oil . The Netherlands imposed prison sentences for those who used more than their ration of electricity . A few months later , the crisis eased . The embargo was lifted in March 1974 after negotiations at the Washington Oil Summit , but the effects lingered throughout the 1970s . The dollar price of energy increased again the following year , amid the weakening competitive position of the dollar in world markets . Price controls and rationing United States Price controls exacerbated the crisis in the US . The system limited the price of `` old oil '' ( that which had already been discovered ) while allowing newly discovered oil to be sold at a higher price to encourage investment . Predictably , old oil was withdrawn from the market , creating greater scarcity . The rule also discouraged development of alternative energies . The rule had been intended to promote oil exploration . Scarcity was addressed by rationing ( as in many countries ) . Motorists faced long lines at gas stations beginning in summer 1972 and increasing by summer 1973 . In 1973 , Nixon named William E. Simon as the first Administrator of the Federal Energy Office , a short - term organization created to coordinate the response to the embargo . Simon allocated states the same amount of domestic oil for 1974 that each had consumed in 1972 , which worked for states whose populations were not increasing . In other states , lines at gasoline stations were common . The American Automobile Association reported that in the last week of February 1974 , 20 % of American gasoline stations had no fuel . Oregon gasoline dealers displayed signs explaining the flag policy in the winter of 1973 -- 74 Odd -- even rationing allowed vehicles with license plates having an odd number as the last digit ( or a vanity license plate ) to buy gas only on odd - numbered days of the month , while others could buy only on even - numbered days . In some states , a three - color flag system was used to denote gasoline availability at service stations -- green for unrationed availability , yellow for restricted / rationed sales and red for out of stock . Gasoline ration stamps printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing in 1974 , but not used . Rationing led to violent incidents , when truck drivers chose to strike for two days in December 1973 over the limited supplies Simon had allocated for their industry . In Pennsylvania and Ohio , non-striking truckers were shot at by striking truckers , and in Arkansas , trucks of non-strikers were attacked with bombs . America had controlled the price of natural gas since the 1950s . With the inflation of the 1970s , the price was too low to encourage the search for new reserves . America 's natural gas reserves dwindled from 237 trillion in 1974 to 203 trillion in 1978 . The price controls were not changed despite president Gerald Ford 's repeated requests to Congress . Conservation and reduction in demand United States To help reduce consumption , in 1974 a national maximum speed limit of 55 mph ( about 88 km / h ) was imposed through the Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act . Development of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve began in 1975 , and in 1977 the cabinet - level Department of Energy was created , followed by the National Energy Act of 1978 . On November 28 , 1995 , Bill Clinton signed the National Highway Designation Act , ending the federal 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) speed limit , allowing states to restore their prior maximum speed limit . Year - round daylight saving time was implemented from January 6 , 1974 , to October 27 , 1975 , with a break between October 27 , 1974 and February 23 , 1975 , when the country observed standard time . The move spawned significant criticism because it forced many children to travel to school before sunrise . The prior rules were restored in 1976 . Gas stations abandoned during the crisis were sometimes used for other purposes . This station at Potlatch , Washington , was turned into a revival hall . The crisis prompted a call to conserve energy , most notably a campaign by the Advertising Council using the tagline `` Do n't Be Fuelish '' . Many newspapers carried advertisements featuring cut - outs that could be attached to light switches , reading `` Last Out , Lights Out : Do n't Be Fuelish . '' By 1980 , domestic luxury cars with a 130 - inch ( 3.3 m ) wheelbase and gross weights averaging 4,500 pounds ( 2,041 kg ) were no longer made . The automakers had begun phasing out the traditional front engine / rear wheel drive layout in compact cars in favor of lighter front engine / front wheel drive designs . A higher percentage of cars offered more efficient 4 - cylinder engines . Domestic auto makers also began offering more fuel efficient diesel powered passenger cars as well . Though not regulated by the new legislation , auto racing groups voluntarily began conserving . In 1974 , the 24 Hours of Daytona was cancelled and NASCAR reduced all race distances by 10 % ; the 12 Hours of Sebring race was cancelled . In 1976 , Congress created the Weatherization Assistance Program to help low - income homeowners and renters reduce their demand for heating and cooling through better insulation . Alternative energy sources A woman uses wood in a fireplace for heat . A newspaper headline before her tells of the community 's lack of heating oil . The energy crisis led to greater interest in renewable energy , nuclear power and domestic fossil fuels . According to Peter Grossman , American energy policies since the crisis have been dominated by crisis - mentality thinking , promoting expensive quick fixes and single - shot solutions that ignore market and technology realities . He wrote that instead of providing stable rules that support basic research while leaving plenty of scope for entrepreneurship and innovation , congresses and presidents have repeatedly backed policies which promise solutions that are politically expedient , but whose prospects are doubtful . The Brazilian government implemented its `` Proálcool '' ( pro-alcohol ) project in 1975 that mixed ethanol with gasoline for automotive fuel . Israel was one of the few countries unaffected by the embargo , since it could extract sufficient oil from the Sinai . But to supplement Israel 's over-taxed power grid , Harry Zvi Tabor , the father of Israel 's solar industry , developed the prototype for a solar water heater now used in over 90 % of Israeli homes . Macroeconomy The crisis was a major factor in shifting Japan 's economy away from oil - intensive industries . Investment shifted to industries such as electronics . Japanese auto makers also benefited from the crisis . Increased fuel costs allowed their small , fuel - efficient models to gain market share from the `` gas - guzzling '' American competition . This triggered a drop in American auto sales that lasted into the 1980s . Western central banks decided to sharply cut interest rates to encourage growth , deciding that inflation was a secondary concern . Although this was the orthodox macroeconomic prescription at the time , the resulting stagflation surprised economists and central bankers . The policy is now considered by some to have deepened and lengthened the adverse effects of the embargo . Recent research claims that in the period after 1985 the economy became more resilient to energy price increases . The price shock created large current account deficits in oil - importing economies . A petrodollar recycling mechanism was created , through which OPEC surplus funds were channeled through the capital markets to the West to finance the current account deficits . The functioning of this mechanism required the relaxation of capital controls in oil - importing economies . It marked the beginning of an exponential growth of Western capital markets . Many in the public remain suspicious of oil companies , believing they profiteered , or even colluded with OPEC . In 1974 , seven of the fifteen top Fortune 500 companies were oil companies , falling to four in 2014 . International relations United States America 's Cold War policies suffered a major blow from the embargo . They had focused on China and the Soviet Union , but the latent challenge to US hegemony coming from the third world became evident . In 2004 , declassified documents revealed that the U.S. was so distraught by the rise in oil prices and being challenged by under - developed countries that they briefly considered military action to forcibly seize Middle Eastern oilfields in late 1973 . Although no explicit plan was mentioned , a conversation between U.S. Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger and British Ambassador to the United States Lord Cromer revealed Schlesinger had told him that `` it was no longer obvious to him that the U.S. could not use force . '' British Prime Minister Edward Heath was so worried by this prospect that he ordered a British intelligence estimate of U.S. intentions , which concluded America `` might consider it could not tolerate a situation in which the U.S. and its allies were at the mercy of a small group of unreasonable countries , '' and that they would prefer a rapid operation to seize oilfields in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait , and possibly Abu Dhabi in military action was decided upon . Although the Soviet response to such an act would likely not involve force , intelligence warned `` the American occupation would need to last 10 years as the West developed alternative energy sources , and would result in the ' total alienation ' of the Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World . '' NATO Western Europe began switching from pro-Israel to more pro-Arab policies . This change strained the Western alliance . The US , which imported only 12 % of its oil from the Middle East ( compared with 80 % for the Europeans and over 90 % for Japan ) , remained staunchly committed to Israel . The percentage of U.S. oil which comes from the nations bordering the Persian Gulf remained steady over the decades , with a figure of a little more than 10 % in 2008 . With the embargo in place , many developed countries altered their policies regarding the Arab - Israeli conflict . These included the UK , which refused to allow the United States to use British bases and Cyprus to airlift resupplies to Israel along with the rest of the members of the European Community . Canada shifted towards a more pro-Arab position after displeasure was expressed towards Canada 's mostly neutral position . `` On the other hand , after the embargo the Canadian government moved quickly indeed toward the Arab position , despite its low dependence on Middle Eastern oil '' . Japan Although lacking historical connections to the Middle East , Japan was the country most dependent on Arab oil . 71 % of its imported oil came from the Middle East in 1970 . On November 7 , 1973 , the Saudi and Kuwaiti governments declared Japan a `` nonfriendly '' country to encourage it to change its noninvolvement policy . It received a 5 % production cut in December , causing a panic . On November 22 , Japan issued a statement `` asserting that Israel should withdraw from all of the 1967 territories , advocating Palestinian self - determination , and threatening to reconsider its policy toward Israel if Israel refused to accept these preconditions '' . By December 25 , Japan was considered an Arab - friendly state . Nonaligned nations The oil embargo was announced roughly one month after a right - wing military coup in Chile led by General Augusto Pinochet toppled socialist president Salvador Allende on September 11 , 1973 . The response of the Nixon administration was to propose doubling arms sales . As a consequence , an opposing Latin American bloc was organized and financed in part by Venezuelan oil revenues , which quadrupled between 1970 and 1975 . A year after the start of the embargo , the UN 's nonaligned bloc passed a resolution demanding the creation of a `` New International Economic Order '' under which nations within the global South would receive a greater share of benefits derived from the exploitation of southern resources and greater control over their self - development . Arab States Prior to the embargo , the geo - political competition between the Soviet Union and the United States , in combination with low oil prices that hindered the necessity and feasibility of alternative energy sources , presented the Arab States with financial security , moderate economic growth , and disproportionate international bargaining power . The oil shock disrupted the status quo relationships between Arab countries and the US and USSR . At the time , Egypt , Syria and Iraq were allied with the USSR , while Saudi Arabia , Turkey and Iran ( plus Israel ) aligned with the US . Vacillations in alignment often resulted in greater support from the respective superpowers . When Anwar Sadat became president of Egypt in 1970 , he dismissed Soviet specialists in Egypt and reoriented towards the US . Concerns over economic domination from increased Soviet oil production turned into fears of military aggression after the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan , turning the Persian Gulf states towards the US for security guarantees against Soviet military action . The USSR 's invasion of Afghanistan was only one sign of insecurity in the region , also marked by increased American weapons sales , technology , and outright military presence . Saudi Arabia and Iran became increasingly dependent on American security assurances to manage both external and internal threats , including increased military competition between them over increased oil revenues . Both states were competing for preeminence in the Persian Gulf and using increased revenues to fund expanded militaries . By 1979 , Saudi arms purchases from the US exceeded five times Israel 's . In the wake of the 1979 Iranian Revolution the Saudis were forced to deal with the prospect of internal destabilization via the radicalism of Islamism , a reality which would quickly be revealed in the Grand Mosque seizure in Mecca by Wahhabi extremists during November 1979 , and a Shiite Muslim revolt in the oil rich Al - Hasa region of Saudi Arabia in December of the same year , which was known as the 1979 Qatif Uprising . Saudi Arabia is a near absolute monarchy , an Arabic speaking country , and has a Sunni Muslim majority , while Persian speaking Iran since 1979 is an Islamist theocracy with a Shiite Muslim majority , which explains the current hostility between Saudi Arabia and Iran . In November 2010 , Wikileaks leaked confidential diplomatic cables pertaining to the United States and its allies which revealed that the late Saudi King Abdullah urged the United States to attack Iran in order to destroy its potential nuclear weapons program , describing Iran as `` a snake whose head should be cut off without any procrastination '' . Automobile industry This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The oil crisis sent a signal to the auto industry globally , which changed many aspects of production and usage for decades to come . Western Europe After World War II , most West European countries taxed motor fuel to limit imports , and as a result most cars made in Europe were smaller and more economical than their American counterparts . By the late 1960s increasing incomes supported rising car sizes . The oil crisis pushed West European car buyers away from larger , less economical cars . The most notable result of this transition was the rise in popularity of compact hatchbacks . The only notable small hatchbacks built in Western Europe before the oil crisis were the Peugeot 104 , Renault 5 and Fiat 127 . By the end of the decade , the market had expanded with the introduction of the Ford Fiesta , Opel Kadett ( sold as the Vauxhall Astra in Great Britain ) , Chrysler Sunbeam and Citroën Visa . Buyers looking for larger cars were increasingly drawn to medium - sized hatchbacks . Virtually unknown in Europe in 1973 , by the end of the decade they were gradually replacing saloons as the mainstay of this sector . Between 1973 and 1980 , medium - sized hatchbacks were launched across Europe : the Chrysler / Simca Horizon , Fiat Ritmo ( Strada in the UK ) , Ford Escort MK3 , Renault 14 , Volvo 340 / 360 , Opel Kadett , and Volkswagen Golf . These cars were considerably more economical than the traditional saloons they were replacing , and attracted buyers who traditionally bought larger vehicles . Some 15 years after the oil crisis , hatchbacks dominated most European small and medium car markets , and had gained a substantial share of the large family car market . United States See also : Malaise era See also : Automotive industry in the United States Before the energy crisis , large , heavy , and powerful cars were popular . By 1971 , the standard engine in a Chevrolet Caprice was a 400 - cubic inch ( 6.5 liter ) V8 . The wheelbase of this car was 121.5 inches ( 3,090 mm ) , and Motor Trend 's 1972 road test of the similar Chevrolet Impala achieved no more than 15 highway miles per gallon . In the fifteen years prior to the 1973 oil crisis , gasoline prices in the U.S. had lagged well behind inflation . The crisis reduced the demand for large cars . Japanese imports , primarily the Toyota Corona , the Toyota Corolla , the Datsun B210 , the Datsun 510 , the Honda Civic , the Mitsubishi Galant ( a captive import from Chrysler sold as the Dodge Colt ) , the Subaru DL , and later the Honda Accord all had four cylinder engines that were more fuel efficient than the typical American V8 and six cylinder engines . Japanese imports became mass - market leaders with unibody construction and front - wheel drive , which became de facto standards . From Europe , the Volkswagen Beetle , the Volkswagen Fastback , the Renault 8 , the Renault LeCar , and the Fiat Brava were successful . Detroit responded with the Ford Pinto , the Ford Maverick , the Chevrolet Vega , the Chevrolet Nova , the Plymouth Valiant and the Plymouth Volaré . American Motors sold its homegrown Gremlin , Hornet and Pacer models . Some buyers lamented the small size of the first Japanese compacts , and both Toyota and Nissan ( then known as Datsun ) introduced larger cars such as the Toyota Corona Mark II , the Toyota Cressida , the Mazda 616 and Datsun 810 , which added passenger space and amenities such as air conditioning , power steering , AM - FM radios , and even power windows and central locking without increasing the price of the vehicle . A decade after the 1973 oil crisis , Honda , Toyota and Nissan , affected by the 1981 voluntary export restraints , opened US assembly plants and established their luxury divisions ( Acura , Lexus and Infiniti , respectively ) to distinguish themselves from their mass - market brands . Compact trucks were introduced , such as the Toyota Hilux and the Datsun Truck , followed by the Mazda Truck ( sold as the Ford Courier ) , and the Isuzu - built Chevrolet LUV . Mitsubishi rebranded its Forte as the Dodge D - 50 a few years after the oil crisis . Mazda , Mitsubishi and Isuzu had joint partnerships with Ford , Chrysler , and GM , respectively . Later the American makers introduced their domestic replacements ( Ford Ranger , Dodge Dakota and the Chevrolet S10 / GMC S - 15 ) , ending their captive import policy . An increase in imported cars into North America forced General Motors , Ford and Chrysler to introduce smaller and fuel - efficient models for domestic sales . The Dodge Omni / Plymouth Horizon from Chrysler , the Ford Fiesta and the Chevrolet Chevette all had four - cylinder engines and room for at least four passengers by the late 1970s . By 1985 , the average American vehicle moved 17.4 miles per gallon , compared to 13.5 in 1970 . The improvements stayed even though the price of a barrel of oil remained constant at $12 from 1974 to 1979 . Sales of large sedans for most makes ( except Chrysler products ) recovered within two model years of the 1973 crisis . The Cadillac DeVille and Fleetwood , Buick Electra , Oldsmobile 98 , Lincoln Continental , Mercury Marquis , and various other luxury oriented sedans became popular again in the mid-1970s . The only full - size models that did not recover were lower price models such as the Chevrolet Bel Air and Ford Galaxie 500 . Slightly smaller models such as the Oldsmobile Cutlass , Chevrolet Monte Carlo , Ford Thunderbird and various others sold well . Economical imports succeeded alongside heavy , expensive vehicles . In 1976 Toyota sold 346,920 cars ( average weight around 2,100 lbs ) , while Cadillac sold 309,139 cars ( average weight around 5,000 lbs ) . Federal safety standards , such as NHTSA Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 215 ( pertaining to safety bumpers ) , and compacts like the 1974 Mustang I were a prelude to the DOT `` downsize '' revision of vehicle categories . By 1977 , GM 's full - sized cars reflected the crisis . By 1979 , virtually all `` full - size '' American cars had shrunk , featuring smaller engines and smaller outside dimensions . Chrysler ended production of their full - sized luxury sedans at the end of the 1981 model year , moving instead to a full front - wheel drive lineup for 1982 ( except for the M - body Dodge Diplomat / Plymouth Gran Fury and Chrysler New Yorker Fifth Avenue sedans ) . Decline of OPEC Further information : 1980s oil glut Fluctuations of OPEC net oil export revenues since 1972 OPEC soon lost its preeminent position , and in 1981 , its production was surpassed by that of other countries . Additionally , its own member nations were divided . Saudi Arabia , trying to recover market share , increased production , pushing prices down , shrinking or eliminating profits for high - cost producers . The world price , which had peaked during the 1979 energy crisis at nearly $40 per barrel , decreased during the 1980s to less than $10 per barrel . Adjusted for inflation , oil briefly fell back to pre-1973 levels . This `` sale '' price was a windfall for oil - importing nations , both developing and developed . The embargo encouraged new venues for energy exploration including Alaska , the North Sea , the Caspian Sea , and the Caucasus . Exploration in the Caspian Basin and Siberia became profitable . Cooperation changed into a far more adversarial relationship as the USSR increased its production . By 1980 the Soviet Union had become the world 's largest producer . Part of the decline in prices and economic and geopolitical power of OPEC came from the move to alternate energy sources . OPEC had relied on price inelasticity to maintain high consumption , but had underestimated the extent to which conservation and other sources of supply would eventually reduce demand . Electricity generation from nuclear power and natural gas , home heating from natural gas , and ethanol - blended gasoline all reduced the demand for oil . The drop in prices presented a serious problem for oil - exporting countries in northern Europe and the Persian Gulf . Heavily populated , impoverished countries , whose economies were largely dependent on oil -- including Mexico , Nigeria , Algeria , and Libya -- did not prepare for a market reversal that left them in sometimes desperate situations . When reduced demand and increased production glutted the world market in the mid-1980s , oil prices plummeted and the cartel lost its unity . Mexico ( a non-member ) , Nigeria , and Venezuela , whose economies had expanded in the 1970s , faced near - bankruptcy , and even Saudi Arabian economic power was significantly weakened . The divisions within OPEC made concerted action more difficult . As of 2015 , OPEC had never approached its earlier dominance . See also Energy portal 1967 oil embargo 1970s energy crisis 1990 oil price shock 2000s energy crisis Hubbert peak theory Supply shock Petrodollar recycling References Jump up ^ Smith , Charles D. ( 2006 ) , Palestine and the Arab -- Israeli Conflict , New York : Bedford , p. 329 . ^ Jump up to : `` OPEC Oil Embargo 1973 -- 1974 '' . U.S. Department of State , Office of the Historian . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The price of oil -- in context '' . CBC News . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2007 . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Responding to Crisis '' . University of Wisconsin . April 26 , 2010 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perron , P. ( 1988 ) . `` The Great Crash , the Oil Price Shock and the Unit Root Hypothesis '' ( PDF ) . Econometric Research Program , Princeton University Princeton , New Jersey . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The hidden face of oil '' ( in French ) . Jump up ^ `` The hidden face of oil '' ( in French ) . during the interview at 24 : 10 in the documentary La face cachée du pétrole part 2 Jump up ^ Masouros 2013 , pp. 55 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Taghizadegan , Rahim ; Stöferle , Ronald ; Stöferle , Mark ( 13 Jun 2014 ) . Österreichische Schule für Anleger : Austrian Investing zwischen Inflation und Deflation ( in German ) . FinanzBuch Verlag . p. 87 . ISBN 9783862485949 . Unsere Mitgliedslander werden alle notwendigen Schritte unternehmen und / oder Verhandlungen mit den Olfirmen fuhren , am Mittel und Wege zu finden , um nachteiligen Auswirkungen auf das Realeinkommen der Mitgliedslander , die sich aus den internationalen monetaren Entwicklungen per August 15 , 1971 ergeben , entgegenzuwirken . Jump up ^ Hammes , David . and Douglas Wills . `` Black Gold : The End of Bretton Woods and the Oil - Price Shocks of the 1970s , '' The Independent Review , v. IX , n . 4 , Spring 2005 . pp. 501 -- 511 . Jump up ^ Energy Insights : News : Oil price -- speculation and international politics at play Jump up ^ Smith , William . D. `` Price Quadruples for Iranian Crude Oil at Auction '' , New York Times , December 12 , 1973 . Jump up ^ Yergin 2008 , p. 587 . Jump up ^ Yergin 2008 , p. 589 . ^ Jump up to : Lenczowski 1990 , p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : `` Significant Events in U.S. - Libyan Relations '' . 2001-2009.state.gov . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yergin 2008 , p. 590 . ^ Jump up to : Frum 2000 , p. 318 . Jump up ^ `` Energy Crisis ( 1970s ) -- Facts & Summary '' . The History Channel . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yergin 2008 , p. 597 . Jump up ^ Editorial Note : this conflicts with the 70 % price increase to $5.11 , noted by a cited reference , in the section above . Jump up ^ Butt , Yousaf ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` How Saudi Wahhabism Is the Fountainhead of Islamist Terrorism '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Licklider 1988 , p. 205 - 226 . Jump up ^ Paust , Jordan J. & Blaustein , Albert P. ( 1974 ) . `` The Arab Oil Weapon -- A Threat to International Peace '' . The American Journal of International Law . The American Journal of International Law , Vol. 68 , No. 3 . 68 ( 3 ) : 410 -- 439 ( p. 411 ) . doi : 10.2307 / 2200513 . JSTOR 2200513 . Jump up ^ Licklider 1988 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Licklider 1988 , pp. 217 , 219 . Jump up ^ Barsky , Robert B. & Kilian , Lutz ( 2004 ) . `` Oil and the Macroeconomy since the 1970s '' . The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 18 ( 4 ) : 115 -- 134 ( p. 115 ) . doi : 10.1257 / 0895330042632708 . Jump up ^ Ikenberry 1986 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Ikenberry 1986 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Robert L. ( 1987 ) . `` Impending United States Energy Crisis '' . Science . 235 ( 4795 ) : 1467 -- 1473 ( p. 1467 ) . doi : 10.1126 / science. 235.4795. 1467 . PMID 17775008 . ^ Jump up to : Frum 2000 , p. 313 . Jump up ^ Slavin , Barbara ; Freudenheim , Milt ; Rhoden , William C. ( January 24 , 1982 ) . `` The World ; British Miners Settle for Less '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Frum 2000 , p. 319 . Jump up ^ `` Oil Price Controls : A Counterproductive Effort '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review . November 1975 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Frum 2000 , p. 312 . ^ Jump up to : Frum 2000 , p. 320 . Jump up ^ `` Gas Fever : Happiness Is a Full Tank '' . Time Magazine . February 18 , 1974 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Spotty Local Starts '' . Time Magazine . February 25 , 1974 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Frum 2000 , p. 321 . Jump up ^ Ad Council -- Do n't be Fuelish . January 1975 . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2009 . Retrieved August 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The 1970s Energy Crisis Jump up ^ Grossman , Peter ( 2013 ) . U.S. Energy Policy and the Pursuit of Failure . Cambridge University Press . p. 416 . ISBN 978 - 1107005174 . Jump up ^ Milton Briquet Bastos ( June 20 , 2007 ) . `` Brazil 's Ethanol Program -- An Insider 's View '' . Energy Tribune . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved August 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ At the Zenith of Solar Energy Archived January 1 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Neal Sandler , BusinessWeek , March 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta , How Resilient Is the Modern Economy to Energy Price Shocks ? , 2006 Jump up ^ Masouros 2013 , pp. 60 -- 62 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Fortune 500 '' . April 2014 . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Peck , Michael ( 10 April 2014 ) . `` The Time America Almost Invaded OPEC '' . National Interest.org . Retrieved 10 April 2016 . Jump up ^ America , Russia , and the Cold War , 1945 -- 1975 , p. 280 , Walter LaFeber , Wiley , 1975 Jump up ^ Far Eastern Economic Review , v. 84 , Apr -- Jun 1974 , p. 8 , Review Publishing , 1974 Jump up ^ The New Tensions in Japan , Martin Collick , Richard Storry , p. 16 , Institute for the Study of Conflict , 1974 Jump up ^ Afshin Molavi , `` Obama , Gulf Oil and the Myth of America 's Addiction '' , New America Foundation , The National ( United Arab Emirates ) , January 21 , 2009 , . Retrieved August 16 , 2009 . Archived August 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Licklider 1988 , p. 216 . ^ Jump up to : Licklider 1988 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Assembly , United Nations General . `` A / RES / S - 6 / 3201 - Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order - UN Documents : Gathering a body of global agreements '' . www.un-documents.net . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Ritchie Ovendale , The Origins of the Arab - Israeli Wars ( New York : Pearson Longman , 2004 ) , p. 184 - 191 and 197 Jump up ^ George C. Wilson `` U.S. Military Sales To Saudis 5 Times Total For Israelis '' , Washington Post October 11 , 1979 , pg . A24 Jump up ^ Daniel Yergin , The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil , Money , and Power ( New York : Simon & Schuster , 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Michael Rubin , Iran and Saudi Arabia 's ' Hate - Hate ' Relationship . ( http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2011/10/11/iran-and-saudi-arabias-hate-hate-relationship/ ) . CNN , October 11 , 2011 , 8 : 00 PM ET . Jump up ^ Wikileaks and Iran. ( http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2010-11-29/news/ct-edit-wiki-20101129_1_iran-s-amb-nuclear-program-diplomats ) . Chicago Tribune . November 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Treece , James B. `` 10 ways the 1973 oil embargo changed the industry '' . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gas prices catch up to inflation '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . February 24 , 1974 . p. 6A . Jump up ^ `` Designing Cars of the 1970s : Freedoms Lost '' . Collectible Automobile . February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` GM 's full - sized cars '' . Collectible Automobile . March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` OPEC Revenues Fact Sheet '' . US Energy Information Administration . January 10 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2008 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` OPEC Revenues Fact Sheet '' . U.S. Energy Information Administration . June 14 , 2016 . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yergin 2008 , pp. 619 - 625 . Jump up ^ `` World : Saudis Edge U.S. on Oil '' in Washington Post January 3 , 1980 , pg . D2 Jump up ^ Dusko Doder `` Soviet Production of Gas , Oil Set Records Over 6 Months '' in Washington Post August 14 , 1980 , pg . A24 Jump up ^ Anderson , Patrick L. ( November 13 , 1997 ) . `` Approx . PED of Various Products ( U.S. ) '' . Mackinac.org . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Sources Ammann , Daniel ( 2009 ) . The King of Oil : The Secret Lives of Marc Rich . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 57074 - 3 . Blinder , Alan S. ( 1979 ) . Economic Policy and the Great Stagflation . New York : Academic Press . Eckstein , Otto ( 1979 ) . The Great Recession . Amsterdam : North - Holland . Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 04195 - 4 . Ikenberry , G. John ( 1986 ) . `` The Irony of State Strength : Comparative Responses to the Oil Shocks in the 1970s '' . International Organization . 40 ( 1 ) : 105 -- 137 . doi : 10.1017 / S0020818300004495 . Lenczowski , George ( 1990 ) . American Presidents and the Middle East . Duke University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 0972 - 7 . Licklider , Roy ( 1988 ) . `` The Power of Oil : The Arab Oil Weapon and the Netherlands , the United Kingdom , Canada , Japan , and the United States '' . International Studies Quarterly . 32 ( 2 ) : 205 -- 226 . doi : 10.2307 / 2600627 . JSTOR 2600627 . Masouros , Pavlos E. ( 2013 ) . Corporate Law and Economic Stagnation : How Shareholder Value and Short - termism Contribute to the Decline of the Western Economies . Eleven International Publishing . Rupert , Mark E. ; Rapkin , David P. ( 1985 ) . `` The Erosion of U.S. Leadership Capabilities '' , in Johnson , Paul M. ; Thompson , William R. , eds . Rhythms in Politics and Economics . New York : Praeger . Yergin , Daniel ( 2008 ) . The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil , Money , and Power . New York : Simon and Schuster . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1973 oil crisis . Hakes , Jay ( 2008 ) . 35 Years After the Arab Oil Embargo , Journal of Energy Security . Morgan , Oliver ; Islam , Faisal ( 2001 ) . Saudi dove in the oil slick , The Guardian . Sheikh Ahmed Zaki Yamani , former oil minister of Saudi Arabia , gives his personal account of the 1973 energy crisis . Oppenheim , V.H. ( 1976 ) . Why Oil Prices Go Up : The Past : We Pushed Them , Foreign Policy . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the cause of the opec oil embargo of 1973 | [
"The 1973 oil crisis began in October 1973 when the members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries proclaimed an oil embargo. The embargo was targeted at nations perceived as supporting Israel during the Yom Kippur War.[1] The initial nations targeted were Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States with the embargo also later extended to Portugal, Rhodesia and South Africa. By the end of the embargo in March 1974,[2] the price of oil had risen from US$3 per barrel to nearly $12 globally; US prices were significantly higher. The embargo caused an oil crisis, or \"shock\", with many short- and long-term effects on global politics and the global economy.[3] It was later called the \"first oil shock\", followed by the 1979 oil crisis, termed the \"second oil shock.\""
] | [
"targeted at nations perceived as supporting Israel during the Yom Kippur War"
] |
-6874705542604436977 | China and the United Nations | China and the United Nations - wikipedia China and the United Nations Jump to : navigation , search People 's Republic of China United Nations membership Membership Full member Since 1945 ( 1945 ) ( as ROC ) 1971 ( as PRC ) UNSC seat Permanent Permanent Representative Liu Jieyi China was one of the charter members of the United Nations and is one of five permanent members of its Security Council . It has used its veto the least of any of the permanent members . One of the victorious Allies of the Second World War ( locally known as the Second Sino - Japanese War ) , the Republic of China ( ROC ) joined the UN at its founding in 1945 . The subsequent resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the establishment of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) in 1949 . Nearly all of mainland China was soon under its control and the ROC fled to the island of Taiwan . The One - China policy advocated by both governments precluded dual representation but , amid the Cold and Korean wars , the United States and its allies opposed the replacement of the ROC at the United Nations , although they were persuaded to pressure the government of the ROC to accept international recognition of Mongolia 's independence in 1961 . The United Kingdom , France , and other American allies individually shifted their recognitions of China to the PRC and Albania brought annual votes to replace the ROC with the PRC , but these were defeated since -- after General Assembly Resolution 1668 -- a change in recognition required a two - thirds vote . Amid the Sino - Soviet split and Vietnam War , American President Nixon entered into negotiations with Communist Chairman Mao , initially through a secret 1971 trip undertaken by Henry Kissinger to visit Zhou Enlai . On October 25 , 1971 , Albania 's motion to recognize the People 's Republic of China as the sole legal China was passed as General Assembly Resolution 2758 . It was supported by most of the communist states ( including the Soviet Union ) and non-aligned countries ( such as India ) , but also by some American allies such as the United Kingdom and France . Nixon then personally visited China the next year , beginning the normalization of Sino - American relations . Since that time , the Republic of China has softened its own One - China Policy and sought international recognition . These moves have been opposed and mostly blocked by the People 's Republic of China , forcing the Republic of China to join international organizations under other names . These include `` Chinese Taipei '' at the International Olympic Committee . The Republic of China 's most recent request for admission was turned down in 2007 , but a number of Western governments -- led by the United States -- protested to the UN 's Office of Legal Affairs to force the global body and its secretary - general to stop using the reference `` Taiwan is a part of China '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Activity 2 History 2.1 Republic of China in the UN ( 1945 -- 1971 ) 2.1. 1 Efforts to reintroduce the ROC to the UN 2.2 People 's Republic of China in the UN ( 1971 -- present ) 3 See also 4 Note 5 References 6 External links Activity ( edit ) China was honored for its long struggle on the War of Resistance against Axis Power since Japanese aggression in Northeast China as the first signatory to affix the United Nations Charter on 24 August 1945 . Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek was the representative of the Republic of China . The Republic of China used its Security Council veto only once , to stop the admission of the Mongolian People 's Republic to the United Nations in 1955 on the grounds it recognized all of Mongolia as part of China . As of June 2012 , the People 's Republic of China had used its Security Council veto eight times , fewer than other countries with the veto : in 1972 to veto the admission of Bangladesh ( which it recognized as a province of Pakistan ) , in 1973 ( in conjunction with the Soviet Union ) to veto a resolution on the ceasefire in the Yom Kippur War , in 1997 to veto ceasefire observers to Guatemala ( which recognised the ROC as the legitimate government of China ) , in 1999 to veto an extension of observers to the Republic of Macedonia ( same ) , in 2007 ( in conjunction with Russia ) to veto criticizing Myanmar ( Burma ) on its human rights record , in 2008 ( with Russia ) to veto sanctions against Zimbabwe , in 2011 ( with Russia ) to veto sanctions against Syria , and in February 2012 ( with Russia ) to veto for the second time a draft resolution calling for foreign military intervention in Syria . The ROC co-founded the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration ( UNRRA ) in 1943 ( prior to the establishment of UN ) and is one of four members of its policy - making Central Committee . UNRRA provided supplies and services to areas under occupation by the Axis Powers . The largest project undertaken by UNRRA was the China program which had a total estimated cost of $658.4 million . UNRRA China Office was opened in Shanghai at the end of 1944 , and operated until the official termination of the office on December 31 , 1947 . Final work and responsibilities were finished by March , 1948 . UNRRA cooperated with Chinese National Relief and Rehabilitation Administration , led by Jiang Tingfu , to distribute relief supplies in China . UNRRA functions were later transferred to several UN agencies , including the International Refugee Organization and the World Health Organization . Peng Chun Chang of ROC was the Vice-Chairman of United Nations Commission on Human Rights that drafted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Eleanor Roosevelt , as the driving force behind the Declaration , recalled in her memoirs : Dr. Chang was a pluralist and held forth in charming fashion on the proposition that there is more than one kind of ultimate reality . The Declaration , he said , should reflect more than simply Western ideas and Dr. Humphrey would have to be eclectic in his approach ... at one point Dr. Chang suggested that the Secretariat might well spend a few months studying the fundamentals of Confucianism ! The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the UN General Assembly as Resolution 217 A ( III ) on December 10 , 1948 , as the result of the experience of the Second World War . The ROC was one of the 48 states that voted for it . On February 1 , 1951 , after cease fire negotiations failed , United Nations General Assembly passed resolution 498 and called the intervention of the People 's Republic of China in Korea an act of aggression . As of June 2012 , China had sent 3,362 military personnel to 13 UN peacekeeping operations in its first dispatch of military observers to the United Nations peacekeeping operations since military team to the Democratic Republic of the Congo . The International Criminal Court is a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide , crimes against humanity , war crimes , and the crime of aggression . The Court has jurisdiction if a situation is referred to the Court by the United Nations Security Council . As of May 2013 , 122 states have ratified or acceded to the Rome Statute that established the Court , but the PRC is not one of them . The PRC , as well its neighbouring rival India , has been critical of the Court . China ranked 7th among member states for contributing 3.93 % of United Nations Peacekeeping operations budget for 2013 -- 2015 . United States ranked first by contributing 27.14 % . The 1954 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) . The Nobel Foundation noted that UNHCR , among other contributions , was asked by UN General Assembly ( Resolution 1167 and 1784 ) , in 1957 and again in 1962 , to assist Chinese refugees in Hong Kong whose numbers are estimated at over one million . UNHCR assistance was also given to needy refugees among the Chinese refugees in Macao , and the Tibetan refugees in India and Nepal . India hosted some 110,000 Tibetan refugees as of the end of 2001 . UNHCR estimates that there are 15,000 Tibetans who arrived in Nepal prior to 1990 and were recognized by the Government as refugees . History ( edit ) Republic of China in the UN ( 1945 -- 1971 ) ( edit ) Republic of China United Nations membership Membership Former full member Dates October 24 , 1945 ( 1945 - 10 - 24 ) -- October 25 , 1971 ( 1971 - 10 - 25 ) UNSC seat Permanent Permanent Representatives Tsiang Tingfu ( first ) Quo Tai - chi Liu Chieh ( last ) The Republic of China ( ROC ) was a charter member of the United Nations and one of five permanent members of the Security Council until 1971 . The ROC joined the United Nations as a founding member on October 24 , 1945 . The `` Big Four '' victors of World War II ( Nationalist China , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States ) were the founding members of the United Nations that drafted the United Nations Charter in 1944 , which was ratified on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of 50 countries . China , in recognition of its long - standing fight against aggression , was accorded the honor of being the first to sign UN Charter . President Franklin Roosevelt had acknowledged China 's war effort in World War II and stated his desire to allow China to `` play its proper role in maintaining peace and prosperity '' in the world . Thus , despite opposition from other leaders , especially Winston Churchill , China became a permanent member of the Security Council from its creation in 1945 . In 1949 , the Communist Party of China won the Chinese Civil War in mainland China and established the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , claiming to be the sole legitimate government of China . The ROC government retreated to the island of Taiwan ( which it gained control of in 1945 at the end of hostilities in WWII ) , Quemoy Island , and the Matsu Islands . Until 1991 , the ROC also actively claimed to be the sole legitimate government of China , and during the 1950s and 1960s this claim was accepted by the United States and most of its allies . While the PRC was an ally of the Soviet Union , the U.S. sought to prevent the Communist bloc from gaining another permanent seat in the Security Council . To protest the exclusion of the PRC , Soviet representatives boycotted the UN from January to August 1950 , so they did n't veto the intervention of UN military forces in Korea . The ROC complained to the UN against the Soviet Union for violating the Sino - Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance and the United Nations Charter in 1949 ; as a result , the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 291 and 292 , referring the complaint `` to the Interim Committee of the General Assembly for continuous examination and study '' . In 1952 , the United Nations General Assembly found that the Soviet Union prevented the National Government of the ROC from re-establishing Chinese authority in Manchuria after Japan surrendered , and gave military and economic aid to the Chinese Communists , who founded the PRC in 1949 , against the National Government of the ROC . Resolution 505 was passed to condemn the Soviet Union with 25 countries supporting , 9 countries opposing , 24 countries abstaining , and 2 countries non-voting . The resolution also affirmed the ROC as the `` Central Government of China '' . The ROC used its veto only once . Recognition of the Soviets ' violation of their friendship treaty abrogated its recognition of Mongolia 's independence . It therefore vetoed its admission into the United Nations on 13 December 1955 , claiming it -- as Outer Mongolia -- to be an integral part of China . Mongolia 's application had been tabled at the UN on 24 June 1946 , but had been blocked by Western countries , as part of a protracted Cold War dispute about the admission of new members to the UN . The General Assembly , by Resolution 918 ( X ) of 8 December 1955 , had recommended to the Security Council that this dispute should be ended by the admission , in a single resolution , of a list of eighteen countries . On 14 December 1955 , the Security Council adopted a compromise proposed by the Soviet Union , and the General Assembly , by Resolution 995 ( X ) , admitted sixteen countries into UN , omitting Mongolia and Japan from the list . This postponed the admission of Mongolia until 1961 , when the Soviet Union agreed to lift its veto on the admission of Mauritania , in return for the admission of Mongolia . Faced with pressure from nearly all the other African countries , the ROC relented under protest . Mongolia and Mauritania were both admitted to the UN on 27 October 1961 . The same year , United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1668 made China 's representation an `` important question '' requiring a two - thirds majority vote to alter . From the 1960s onwards , nations friendly to the PRC , led by the People 's Republic of Albania under Enver Hoxha , moved an annual resolution in the General Assembly to expel the `` representatives of Chiang Kai - shek '' ( an implicit reference to the ROC ) and permit the PRC to represent China at the UN . Every year the United States was able to assemble enough votes to block this resolution . Both sides rejected compromise proposals to allow both states to participate in the UN , based on the One - China policy . The admission of newly independent developing nations in the 1960s gradually turned the General Assembly from being Western - dominated to being dominated by countries sympathetic to Beijing . Not only the newly founded developing countries , but also most of the Western countries eventually decided to recognise the PRC . During the 1950s and 1960s , United Kingdom , Switzerland , Sweden , and France shifted their recognition of China from Taipei to Beijing . In the early 1970s , Canada , Turkey , and more western countries established diplomatic relations with the PRC , and severed diplomatic relations with the ROC . In a Security Council meeting on 9 February 1971 , Somalia objected to the credentials of the representative of Republic of China as China representation , and ROC and the United States responded that the question of China 's representation should not be dealt with in the Security Council . Seeking to place more diplomatic pressure on the Soviet Union , American president Richard Nixon sent his national security advisor Henry Kissinger on two trips to the People 's Republic of China in July and October 1971 ( the first of which was made in secret via Pakistan ) to confer with Premier Zhou Enlai , then in charge of Chinese foreign policy . His trips paved the way for the groundbreaking 1972 summit between Nixon , Zhou , and Communist Party of China Chairman Mao Zedong , as well as the formalization of relations between the two countries , ending 23 years of diplomatic isolation and mutual hostility in favor of a tacit strategic anti-Soviet alliance between China and the United States . On 15 July 1971 , 17 UN members requested that a question of the `` Restoration of the lawful rights of the People 's Republic of China in the United Nations '' be placed on the provisional agenda of the twenty - sixth session of the UN General Assembly , claiming that the PRC , a `` founding member of the United Nations and a permanent member of the Security Council , had since 1949 been refused by systematic maneuvers the right to occupy the seat to which it is entitled ipso jure '' . On 25 September 1971 , a draft resolution , A / L. 630 and Add. l and 2 , was submitted by 23 states including 17 of the states which had joined in placing the question on the agenda , to `` restore to the People 's Republic of China all its rights and expel forthwith the representatives of Chiang Kai - shek . '' On 29 September 1971 , another draft resolution , A / L. 632 and Add. l and 2 , sponsored by 22 members , was proposed declaring that any proposal to deprive the Republic of China of representation was an important question under Article 18 of the UN Charter , and thus would require a two - thirds supermajority for approval . A / L. 632 and Add. l and 2 was rejected on 25 October 1971 by a vote of 59 to 55 , with 15 abstentions . Saudi Arabia submitted a proposition allowing the ROC to retain its seat at the UN and its affiliated organizations `` until the people of the Island of Taiwan are enabled by a referendum or a plebiscite '' under the auspices of the UN to choose among three options : continued independence as a sovereign state with a neutral status defined by a treaty recorded by the UN ; a confederation with the PRC ; or a federation with the PRC , but was not supported by the United States . On 25 October 1971 , the United States moved that a separate vote be taken on the provisions in the resolution `` to expel forthwith the representatives of Chiang Kai - shek from the place which they unlawfully occupied at the United Nations and in all the organizations related to it '' in the draft resolution . This motion would have allowed the PRC to join the UN as `` China 's representative '' , while allowing the ROC to remain a regular UN member ( if there had been enough votes for it ) . The motion was rejected by a vote of 61 to 51 , with 16 abstentions . The representative of ROC made a declaration that the rejection of the 22 - power draft resolution calling for a two - thirds majority was a flagrant violation of the United Nations Charter which governed the expulsion of Member States and that the delegation of the Republic of China had decided not to take part in any further proceedings of the General Assembly . With the support from 26 African UN Member States and in accordance with Article 18 of the UN Charter , the Assembly then adopted Resolution 2758 , with 76 countries supporting , 35 countries opposing , 17 countries abstaining , and 3 countries non-voting , withdrawing recognition of the representatives of Chiang Kai - shek as the legitimate representative of China , and recognizing the Government of PRC as the only legitimate representative of China to the United Nations . At a Security Council meeting on November 23 , 1971 , after the General Assembly passed Resolution 2758 , the President of the Council and the other representatives made statements welcoming the representatives of the People 's Republic of China . The ROC lost not only its Security Council seat , but any representation in the UN . Voting records of the United Nations General Assembly Resolutions 505 and 2758 ( show ) Voting records of the United Nations General Assembly Resolutions 505 and 2758 Member state Resolution 505 Resolution 2758 AFGHANISTAN Abstention Yes ALBANIA Not member state yet Yes ALGERIA Not member state yet Yes ARGENTINA Abstention Abstention AUSTRALIA Abstention No AUSTRIA Not member state yet Yes BAHRAIN Not member state yet Abstention BARBADOS Not member state yet Abstention BELGIUM Abstention Yes BHUTAN Not member state yet Yes BOLIVIA Yes No BOTSWANA Not member state yet Yes / BRAZIL Yes No BULGARIA Not member state yet Yes BURMA No Yes BURUNDI Not member state yet Yes BYELORUSSIAN SSR No Yes CAMEROON Not member state yet Yes / CANADA Abstention Yes CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC Not member state yet No CEYLON Not member state yet Yes CHAD Not member state yet No CHILE Yes Yes CHINA Yes Non-voting COLOMBIA Yes Abstention CONGO ( BRAZZAVILLE ) Not member state yet Yes CONGO ( LEOPOLDVILLE ) Not member state yet No COSTA RICA Yes No CUBA Yes Yes CYPRUS Not member state yet Abstention CZECHOSLOVAKIA No Yes DAHOMEY Not member state yet No DEMOCRATIC YEMEN Not member state yet Yes DENMARK Abstention Yes DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Yes No ECUADOR Yes Yes / EGYPT Abstention Yes EL SALVADOR Non-voting No EQUATORIAL GUINEA Not member state yet Yes ETHIOPIA Abstention Yes FIJI Not member state yet Abstention FINLAND Not member state yet Yes FRANCE Abstention Yes GABON Not member state yet No GAMBIA Not member state yet No GHANA Not member state yet Yes / GREECE Yes Abstention GUATEMALA Abstention No GUINEA Not member state yet Yes GUYANA Not member state yet Yes / HAITI Yes No HONDURAS Yes No HUNGARY Not member state yet Yes ICELAND Abstention Yes INDIA No Yes INDONESIA No Abstention IRAN Abstention Yes / IRAQ Yes Yes IRELAND Not member state yet Yes ISRAEL No Yes ITALY Not member state yet Yes IVORY COAST Not member state yet No JAMAICA Not member state yet Abstention JAPAN Not member state yet No JORDAN Not member state yet Abstention KENYA Not member state yet Yes KHMER REPUBLIC Not member state yet No KUWAIT Not member state yet Yes LAOS Not member state yet Yes LEBANON Yes Abstention LESOTHO Not member state yet No LIBERIA Yes No LIBYAN ARAB REPUBLIC Not member state yet Yes LUXEMBOURG Abstention Abstention MADAGASCAR Not member state yet No MALAWI Not member state yet No MALAYSIA Not member state yet Yes MALDIVES Not member state yet Non-voting MALI Not member state yet Yes MALTA Not member state yet No MAURITANIA Not member state yet Yes MAURITIUS Not member state yet Abstention / MEXICO Abstention Yes MONGOLIA Not member state yet Yes MOROCCO Not member state yet Yes NEPAL Not member state yet Yes NETHERLANDS Abstention Yes NEW ZEALAND Abstention No NICARAGUA Yes No NIGER Not member state yet No NIGERIA Not member state yet Yes NORWAY Abstention Yes OMAN Not member state yet Non-voting PAKISTAN Abstention Yes PANAMA Yes Abstention / PARAGUAY Yes No PERU Yes Yes PHILIPPINES Yes No POLAND No Yes PORTUGAL Not member state yet Yes QATAR Not member state yet Abstention ROMANIA Not member state yet Yes RWANDA Not member state yet Yes SAUDI ARABIA Abstention No SENEGAL Not member state yet Yes SIERRA LEONE Not member state yet Yes SINGAPORE Not member state yet Yes SOMALIA Not member state yet Yes SOUTH AFRICA ( UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA in 1952 ) Non-voting No / SOVIET UNION No Yes SPAIN Not member state yet Abstention SUDAN Not member state yet Yes SWAZILAND Not member state yet No SWEDEN Abstention Yes / SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC ( SYRIA in 1952 ) Abstention Yes THAILAND Yes Abstention TOGO Not member state yet Yes TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Not member state yet Yes TUNISIA Not member state yet Yes TURKEY Yes Yes UGANDA Not member state yet Yes UKRAINIAN SSR No Yes UNITED KINGDOM Abstention Yes UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA Not member state yet Yes / UNITED STATES Yes No UPPER VOLTA Not member state yet No URUGUAY Yes No / VENEZUELA Yes No / YEMEN Abstention Yes YUGOSLAVIA Abstention Yes ZAMBIA Not member state yet Yes Efforts to reintroduce the ROC to the UN ( edit ) Following the adoption of Resolution 2758 , the Republic of China was no longer represented by a Permanent Representative at the UN . In addition to losing its seat in the UN , the UN Secretary - General concluded from the resolution that the General Assembly considered Taiwan to be a province of China , and thus it does not permit the ROC to become a party treaties for which it is the depository . In 1993 the ROC began campaigning to rejoin the UN separately from the People 's Republic of China . A number of options were considered , including seeking membership in the specialized agencies , applying for observer status , applying for full membership , or having resolution 2758 revoked to reclaim the seat of China in the UN . Every year from 1993 -- 2006 , UN member states submitted a memorandum to the UN Secretary - General requesting that the UN General Assembly consider allowing the ROC to resume participating in the United Nations . This approach was chosen , rather than a formal application for membership , because it could be enacted by the General Assembly , while a membership application would need Security Council approval , where the PRC held a veto . Early proposals recommended admitting the ROC with parallel representation over China , along with the People 's Republic of China , pending eventual reunification , citing examples of other divided countries which had become separate UN member states , such as East and West Germany and North and South Korea . Later proposals emphasized that the ROC was a separate state , over which the PROC had no effective sovereignty . These proposed resolutions referred to the ROC under a variety of names : `` Republic of China in Taiwan '' ( 1993 -- 94 ) , `` Republic of China on Taiwan '' ( 1995 -- 97 , 1999 -- 2002 ) , `` Republic of China '' ( 1998 ) , `` Republic of China ( Taiwan ) '' ( 2003 ) and `` Taiwan '' ( 2004 -- 06 ) . However , all fourteen attempts were unsuccessful as the General Assembly 's General Committee declined to put the issue on the Assembly 's agenda for debate , under strong opposition from the PRC . While all these proposals were vague , requesting the ROC be allowed to participate in UN activities without specifying any legal mechanism , in 2007 the ROC submitted a formal application under the name `` Taiwan '' for full membership in the UN . On September 15 , 2007 , over 3,000 Taiwanese Americans and their supporters rallied in front of the UN building in New York City , and over 300,000 Taiwanese people rallied in Taiwan , all in support of the ROC joining the UN . The ROC also won the backing of many Members of the European Parliament on this issue . However , the application was rejected by the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs citing General Assembly Resolution 2758 , without being forwarded to the Security Council . Secretary - General of the United Nations Ban Ki - moon stated that : The position of the United Nations is that the People 's Republic of China is representing the whole of China as the sole and legitimate representative Government of China . The decision until now about the wish of the people in Taiwan to join the United Nations has been decided on that basis . The resolution ( General Assembly Resolution 2758 ) that you just mentioned is clearly mentioning that the Government of China is the sole and legitimate Government and the position of the United Nations is that Taiwan is part of China . Responding to the UN 's rejection of its application , the ROC government has stated that Taiwan is not now nor has it ever been under the jurisdiction of the PRC , and that since General Assembly Resolution 2758 did not clarify the issue of Taiwan 's representation in the UN , it does not prevent Taiwan 's participation in the UN as an independent sovereign nation . The ROC argued that Resolution 2758 merely transferred the UN seat from the ROC to the PRC , but did not address the issue of Taiwan 's representation in the UN . The ROC government also criticized Ban for asserting that Taiwan is part of China and returning the application without passing it to the Security Council or the General Assembly , contrary to UN 's standard procedure ( Provisional Rules of Procedure of the Security Council , Chapter X , Rule 59 ) . The ROC emphasized that the United Nations has never taken a formal stance regarding the sovereignty of Taiwan . On the other hand , the PRC government , which has stated that Taiwan is part of China and firmly opposes the application of any Taiwan authorities to join the UN either as a member or an observer , praised that UN 's decision `` was made in accordance with the UN Charter and Resolution 2758 of the UN General Assembly , and showed the UN and its member states ' universal adherence to the one - China principle '' . A group of UN member states put forward a draft resolution for that autumn 's UN General Assembly calling on the Security Council to consider the application . Ban Ki - moon also came under fire for this statement from the United States via non-official channels . There are unconfirmed reports that Ban 's comments prompted the US to restate its position regarding the status of Taiwan . A Heritage Foundation article suggests that the US may have presented a démarche stating among others that : If the UN Secretariat insists on describing Taiwan as a part of the PRC , or on using nomenclature for Taiwan that implies such status , the United States will be obliged to disassociate itself on a national basis from such position . '' The Wall Street Journal criticized Ban Ki - moon for rejecting the ROC 's July 2007 application and regarded Ban 's interpretation of Resolution 2758 ( that Taiwan was part of China ) as erroneous . Nevertheless , Secretary General Ban Ki - Moon 's statement reflected long - standing UN convention and is mirrored in other documents promulgated by the United Nations . For example , the UN 's `` Final Clauses of Multilateral Treaties , Handbook '' , 2003 ( a publication which predated his tenure in Office ) states : ( r ) egarding the Taiwan Province of China , the Secretary - General follows the General Assembly 's guidance incorporated in resolution 2758 ( XXVI ) of the General Assembly of 25 October 1971 on the restoration of the lawful rights of the People 's Republic of China in the United Nations . The General Assembly decided to recognize the representatives of the Government of the People 's Republic of China as the only legitimate representatives of China to the United Nations . Hence , instruments received from the Taiwan Province of China will not be accepted by the Secretary - General in his capacity as depositary . In 2008 , two referendums by the ROC on joining the UN failed because of low voter participation . That autumn the ROC took a new approach , with its allies submitting a resolution requesting that the `` Republic of China ( Taiwan ) '' be allowed to have `` meaningful participation '' in the UN specialized agencies . Again the issue was not put on the Assembly 's agenda when the United Nations subcommittee ruled it would not let the General Assembly consider the ROC 's application to join UN activities . Shortly after this , the United States and the European Union both expressed their support for `` Taiwan '' ( neither recognises the ROC ) to have `` meaningful participation '' in UN agencies that do not require statehood , such as the World Health Organization . In May 2009 , the Department of Health of the Republic of China was invited by the World Health Organization to attend the 62nd World Health Assembly as an observer under the name `` Chinese Taipei '' . This was the ROC 's first participation in an event organized by a UN-affiliated agency since 1971 , as a result of the improved cross-strait relations since Ma Ying - jeou became the President of the Republic of China a year before . In 2009 , the ROC chose not to bring the issue of its participation in the UN up for debate at the General Assembly for the first time since it began the campaign in 1993 . A 2013 United States congressional report describes US bipartisan `` One China '' policy as follows : The United States has its own `` one China '' policy ( vs. the PRC 's `` one China '' principle ) and position on Taiwan 's status . Not recognizing the PRC 's claim over Taiwan nor Taiwan as a sovereign state , U.S. policy has considered Taiwan 's status as unsettled . The Constitution of the Republic of China still claims to be the government of the whole of China . Taiwan independence supporters say that the non-assertion of the claim is mainly due to PRC 's public statement that any attempts to change the ROC constitution is interpreted as declaring independence , which will lead to `` military actions '' from the PRC . Given the PRC 's attitude , even having the General Assembly admit the ROC or `` Taiwan '' as an observer , as with Palestine , would be problematic ; the case of Palestine is different from that of the ROC because of the UN 's commitment to a two - state solution for the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict but not for the Taiwan issue . People 's Republic of China in the UN ( 1971 -- Present. ) ( edit ) Voting situation in the UN general assembly respect to resolution 2758 ( 1971 ) . The People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , commonly called China today , was admitted into the UN in 1971 on the 21st time of voting on its application . The PRC was admitted into the UN on a vote of 76 in favor , 35 opposed , and 17 abstentions . In contrast with Republic of China 's tactics to remain in the UN for past years , the PRC sees its ideological differences and national interests above international obligations enshrined by the United Nations as its national agenda to the UN in the subsequent voting records henceforth , especially when military conflicts arise for international intervention on some of world 's most oppressive and totalitarian regimes or for United Nations peacekeeping forces to take the duties , the PRC will vote supporting the opposite side of United States of America or abstaining . In the 1960s and early 1970s that the United States ' close ally , Pakistan , especially under the presidency of Ayub Khan , was carrying out messenger diplomacy to the PRC 's entry into the UN by the United States ' diplomacy to People 's Republic of China in the time of Sino - Soviet split . This involved secret visits by American officials to the PRC . In 1971 , Henry Kissinger made a secret visit to the PRC through Pakistan . Since the early 1980s , and particularly since 1989 , by means of vigorous monitoring and the strict maintenance of standards , United Nations human rights organizations have encouraged China to move away from its insistence on the principle of noninterference , to take part in resolutions critical of human rights conditions in other nations , and to accept the applicability to itself of human rights norms and UN procedures . Even though China has continued to suppress political dissidents at home , and appears at times resolutely defiant of outside pressure to reform , Ann Kent argues that it has gradually begun to implement some international human rights standards . On human rights issues , the PRC has been increasingly influential by the bargaining of its robust Macroeconomics growth for the domestic social equality . In 1995 , they won 43 percent of the votes in the General Assembly ; by 2006 they won 82 percent . In the 1991 Gulf War resolution , the PRC abstained , and it voted for the ultimatum to Iraq in the period leading up to the 2003 War in Iraq . Most observers believe that the PRC would have abstained had a resolution authorizing force against Iraq in 2003 reached the Security Council . When an enlargement of the Security Council was discussed in 1995 , China encouraged African states to demand their seats as a counter-move to Japan 's ambitions , thereby nullified the Japanese initiative . See also ( edit ) Taiwan portal China portal United Nations portal International relations portal One - China policy History of the Republic of China Nationalist government ( Republic of China ) Republic of China ( 1912 -- 49 ) History of the People 's Republic of China Note ( edit ) Jump up ^ with Hainan acquired in 1950 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` UN rejects Taiwan application for entry '' . 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United Nations General Assembly Session 51 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FIFTY - FIRST SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE INABILITY , RESULTING FROM GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 2758 ( XXVI ) , OF THE 21.3 MILLION PEOPLE ON TAIWAN , REPUBLIC OF CHINA , TO PARTICIPATE IN THE ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS A / 51 / 142 1996 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . United Nations General Assembly Session 52 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FIFTY - SECOND SESSION NEED TO REVIEW GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 2758 ( XXVI ) OF 25 OCTOBER 1971 OWING TO THE FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE IN THE INTERNATIONAL SITUATION AND TO THE COEXISTENCE OF TWO GOVERNMENTS ACROSS THE TAIWAN STRAIT A / 52 / 143 1997 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . United Nations General Assembly Session 53 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of an item in the provisional agenda of the fifty - third session Need to review General Assembly resolution 2758 ( XXVI ) of 25 October 1971 owing to the fundamental change in the international situation and to the coexistence of two Governments across the Taiwan Strait A / 53 / 145 1998 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . United Nations General Assembly Session 54 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - fourth session Need to examine the exceptional international situation pertaining to the Republic of China on Taiwan , to ensure that the fundamental right of its twenty - two million people to participate in the work and activities of the United Nations is fully respected A / 54 / 194 1999 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 20 . United Nations General Assembly Session 55 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - fifth session Need to examine the exceptional international situation pertaining to the Republic of China on Taiwan , to ensure that the fundamental right of its twenty - three million people to participate in the work and activities of the United Nations is fully respected A / 55 / 227 2000 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . United Nations General Assembly Session 56 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - sixth session Need to examine the exceptional international situation pertaining to the Republic of China on Taiwan , to ensure that the fundamental right of its twenty - three million people to participate in the work and activities of the United Nations is fully respected A / 56 / 193 2001 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . United Nations General Assembly Session 57 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - seventh session Question of the representation of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) in the United Nations A / 57 / 191 2002 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . United Nations General Assembly Session 58 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - eighth session Question of the representation of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) in the United Nations A / 58 / 197 2003 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . United Nations General Assembly Session 59 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - ninth session Question of the representation of the twenty - three million people of Taiwan in the United Nations A / 59 / 194 2004 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . 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Jump up ^ `` Taiwan attends WHA as observer '' . United Press International . 18 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Not even asking '' . The Economist. 2009 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Shirley A. Kan ; Wayne M. Morrison ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` U.S. - Taiwan Relationship : Overview of Policy Issues '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Top News , Latest headlines , Latest News , World News & U.S News '' . UPI.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` China 's Voting Behavior in the UN Security Council '' . The Jamestown Foundation . Jump up ^ Susan Tieh ( Winter 2004 ) . `` China in the UN : United with Other Nations ? '' ( PDF ) . Stanford Journal for East Asian Affairs . 4 ( 1 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ann Kent ( 1999 ) . China , the United Nations , and Human Rights - The Limits of Compliance . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1681 - 3 . Jump up ^ Vincelette , Gallina Andronova ; Manoel , Alvaro ; Hansson , Ardo ; Kuijs , Louis ( 2010 ) . `` China : Global Crisis Avoided , Robust Economic Growth Sustained '' . World Bank Group Open Knowledge Repository . World Bank Group . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Results Profile : China Poverty Reduction '' . World Bank . ^ Jump up to : Mark Leonard : Deft Moves at the UN Archived 2009 - 03 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , Adbusters.org , February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Chen , John . ( 2003 ) . China prepares to fall into line with US war on Iraq , World Socialist Website , February 6 , 2003 Jump up ^ Woods , Alan . ( 2002 ) . Iraq -- Security Council gives the green light to US aggression Archived 2009 - 03 - 17 at the Wayback Machine. , Marxist.com , November 11 , 2002 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to China and the United Nations . Jerker Hellström ( 2009 ) Blue Berets Under the Red Flag : China in the UN Peacekeeping System , ( Stockholm : Swedish Defence Research Agency ) 1998 Proposal for ROC membership 2001 Proposal for ROC membership Permanent Mission of the People 's Republic of China to the United Nations `` The UN Issue : MOFA adopts a new strategy of ' Presenting Two proposals ' '' -- from Taiwan 's Ministry of Foreign Affairs This article is part of a series on the Politics of the Republic of China Commonly known as Taiwan Government ( show ) Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China Original Constitution Law Taxation Leadership ( show ) President of the Republic of China President Tsai Ing - wen Vice President Chen Chien - jen Executive ( show ) Premier of the Republic of China Premier William Lai Vice Premier Shih Jun - ji Legislative ( show ) Speaker Su Chia - chyuan Deputy Speaker Tsai Chi - chang Ninth Legislative Yuan Judicial ( show ) President and Chief Justice Hsu Tzong - 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"One of the victorious Allies of the Second World War (locally known as the Second Sino-Japanese War), the Republic of China (ROC) joined the UN at its founding in 1945. The subsequent resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. Nearly all of mainland China was soon under its control[a] and the ROC fled to the island of Taiwan. The One-China policy advocated by both governments precluded dual representation but, amid the Cold and Korean wars, the United States and its allies opposed the replacement of the ROC at the United Nations, although they were persuaded to pressure the government of the ROC to accept international recognition of Mongolia's independence in 1961. The United Kingdom, France, and other American allies individually shifted their recognitions of China to the PRC and Albania brought annual votes to replace the ROC with the PRC, but these were defeated since—after General Assembly Resolution 1668—a change in recognition required a two-thirds vote."
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7224825327125162116 | American entry into World War I | American entry into World war I - wikipedia American entry into World war I Jump to : navigation , search The American entry into World War I came in April 1917 , after more than two and a half years of efforts by President Woodrow Wilson to keep the United States out of the war . Apart from an Anglophile element urging early support for the British , American public opinion reflected that of the president : the sentiment for neutrality was particularly strong among Irish Americans , German Americans and Scandinavian Americans , as well as among church leaders and among women in general . On the other hand , even before World War I had broken out , American opinion had been more negative toward Germany than towards any other country in Europe . Over time , especially after reports of atrocities in Belgium in 1914 and following the sinking of the passenger liner RMS Lusitania in 1915 , the American people increasingly came to see Germany as the aggressor in Europe . As U.S. President , it was Wilson who made the key policy decisions over foreign affairs : while the country was at peace , the domestic economy ran on a laissez - faire basis , with American banks making huge loans to Britain and France -- funds that were in large part used to buy munitions , raw materials and food from across the Atlantic . Until 1917 , Wilson made minimal preparations for a land war and kept the United States Army on a small peacetime footing , despite increasing demands for enhanced preparedness . He did however expand the United States Navy . In 1917 , with Russia experiencing political upheaval following widespread disillusionment there over the war , and with Britain and France low on credit , Germany appeared to have the upper hand in Europe , while Germany 's ally , the Ottoman Empire , clung stubbornly to its possessions in the Middle East . In the same year , Germany decided to resume unrestricted submarine warfare against any vessel approaching British waters ; this attempt to starve Britain into surrender was balanced against the knowledge that it would almost certainly bring the United States into the war . Germany also made a secret offer to help Mexico regain territories lost in the Mexican -- American War in an encoded telegram known as the Zimmermann Telegram , which was intercepted by British Intelligence . Publication of that communique outraged Americans just as German U-boats started sinking American merchant ships in the North Atlantic . Wilson then asked Congress for `` a war to end all wars '' that would `` make the world safe for democracy '' , and Congress voted to declare war on Germany on April 6 , 1917 . On December 7 , 1917 , the U.S. declared war on Austria - Hungary . U.S. troops began arriving on the Western Front in large numbers in 1918 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main issues 1.1 Naval blockade 1.1. 1 The strategy behind the blockade 1.2 Business considerations 1.3 Views of the elites 2 Public opinion 2.1 Parties 2.2 Workers , farmers , and African Americans 2.3 South 2.4 German Americans 2.5 Christian churches and pacifists 2.6 Jewish Americans 2.7 Irish - Americans 2.8 Pro-Allied immigrants 2.9 Popular pacifism 2.10 German agents 3 Preparedness movement 3.1 Size of military 3.2 Navy 4 Decision for war 4.1 Decision making 4.2 Zimmermann Telegram 4.3 Sinking of American merchant ships 5 Public opinion , moralism , and national interest 6 Declaration of war 6.1 Germany 6.2 Austria - Hungary 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 Bibliography 9.1 Historiography 10 Primary sources 11 External links Main issues ( edit ) Further information : Diplomatic history of World War I and Presidency of Woodrow Wilson Naval blockade ( edit ) Britain used its large navy to prevent cargo vessels entering German ports , mainly by intercepting them in the North Sea between the coasts of Scotland and Norway . The wider sea approaches to Britain and France , their distance from German harbours and the smaller size of the German surface fleet all made it harder for Germany to reciprocate . Instead , Germany used submarines to lie in wait for , and then sink , merchant ships heading for enemy ports . The United States insisted on maintaining the traditional rights of ships registered in neutral countries and protested strongly against American ships being intercepted or sunk : the British seized American ships for supposed violations , while the Germans sank them -- often without warning , in violation of international law that said sailors must be allowed an opportunity to reach their lifeboats . After several violations , Germany stopped this practice but in early 1917 she decided to resume unrestricted submarine warfare , in the hope that this would starve out the British before the Americans could make any effective military retaliation . The Strategy behind the blockade ( edit ) The British Royal Navy successfully stopped the shipment of most war supplies and food to Germany . Neutral American ships that tried to trade with Germany were seized or turned back by the Royal Navy who viewed such trade as in direct conflict with the Allies ' war efforts . The strangulation came about very slowly , because Germany and its allies controlled extensive farmlands and raw materials . It was eventually successful because Germany and Austria - Hungary had decimated their agricultural production by taking so many farmers into their armies . By 1918 , German cities were on the verge of starvation ; the front - line soldiers were on short rations and were running out of essential supplies . Germany also considered a blockade . `` England wants to starve us '' , said Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz , the man who built the German fleet and who remained a key advisor to the Kaiser Wilhelm II . `` We can play the same game . We can bottle her up and destroy every ship that endeavors to break the blockade '' . Unable to challenge the more powerful Royal Navy on the surface , Tirpitz wanted to scare off merchant and passenger ships en route to Britain . He reasoned that since the island of Britain depended on imports of food , raw materials , and manufactured goods , scaring off a substantial number of the ships would effectively undercut its long - term ability to maintain an army on the Western Front . While Germany had only nine long - range U-boats at the start of the war , it had ample shipyard capacity to build the hundreds needed . However , the United States demanded that Germany respect the international agreements upon `` freedom of the seas '' , which protected neutral American ships on the high seas from seizure or sinking by either belligerent . Furthermore , Americans insisted that the drowning of innocent civilians was barbaric and grounds for a declaration of war . The British frequently violated America 's neutral rights by seizing ships . Wilson 's top advisor , Colonel Edward M. House commented that , `` The British have gone as far as they possibly could in violating neutral rights , though they have done it in the most courteous way '' . When Wilson protested British violations of American neutrality , the British backed down . German submarines torpedoed ships without warning , causing sailors and passengers to drown . Berlin explained that submarines were so vulnerable that they dared not surface near merchant ships that might be carrying guns and which were too small to rescue submarine crews . Britain armed most of its merchant ships with medium calibre guns that could sink a submarine , making above - water attacks too risky . In February 1915 , the United States warned Germany about misuse of submarines . On April 22 , the German Imperial Embassy warned U.S. citizens against boarding vessels to Britain , which would have to face German attack . On May 7 , Germany torpedoed the British passenger liner RMS Lusitania , sinking her . This act of aggression caused the loss of 1,198 civilian lives , including 128 Americans . The sinking of a large , unarmed passenger ship , combined with the previous stories of atrocities in Belgium , shocked Americans and turned public opinion hostile to Germany , although not yet to the point of war . Wilson issued a warning to Germany that it would face `` strict accountability '' if it sank more neutral U.S. passenger ships . Berlin acquiesced , ordering its submarines to avoid passenger ships . By January 1917 , however , Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and General Erich Ludendorff decided that an unrestricted submarine blockade was the only way to achieve a decisive victory . They demanded that Kaiser Wilhelm order unrestricted submarine warfare be resumed . Germany knew this decision meant war with the United States , but they gambled that they could win before America 's potential strength could be mobilized . However , they overestimated how many ships they could sink and thus the extent Britain would be weakened . Finally , they did not foresee that convoys could and would be used to defeat their efforts . They believed that the United States was so weak militarily that it could not be a factor on the Western Front for more than a year . The civilian government in Berlin objected , but the Kaiser sided with his military . Business considerations ( edit ) The beginning of war in Europe coincided with the end of the Recession of 1913 -- 1914 in America . Exports to belligerent nations rose rapidly over the first four years of the War from $824.8 million in 1913 to $2.25 billion in 1917 . Loans from American financial institutions to the Allied nations in Europe also increased dramatically over the same period . Economic activity towards the end of this period boomed as government resources aided the production of the private sector . Between 1914 and 1917 , industrial production increased 32 % and GNP increased by almost 20 % . The improvements to industrial production in the United States outlasted the war . The capital build - up that had allowed American companies to supply belligerents and the American army resulted in a greater long - run rate of production even after the war had ended in 1918 . In 1913 , J.P. Morgan , Jr. took over the House of Morgan , an American - based investment bank consisting of separate banking operations in New York , London , and Paris , after the death of his father , J. Pierpont Morgan . The House of Morgan offered assistance in the wartime financing of Britain and France from the earliest stages of the war in 1914 through America 's entrance in 1917 . J.P. Morgan & Co. , the House of Morgan 's bank in New York , was designated as the primary financial agent to the British government in 1914 after successful lobbying by the British ambassador , Sir Cecil Spring Rice . The same bank would later take a similar role in France and would offer extensive financial assistance to both warring nations . J.P. Morgan &Co . became the primary issuer of loans to the French government by raising money from American investors . Morgan , Harjes , the House of Morgan 's French affiliated bank , controlled the majority of the wartime financial dealings between the House of Morgan and the French government after primary issuances of debt in American markets . Relations between the House of Morgan and the French government became tense as the war raged on with no end in sight . France 's ability to borrow from other sources diminished , leading to greater lending rates and a depressing of the value of the franc . After the war , in 1918 , J.P. Morgan & Co. continued to aid the French government financially through monetary stabilization and debt relief . Because America was still a declared neutral state , the financial dealings of American banks in Europe caused a great deal of contention between Wall Street and the U.S. government . Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan strictly opposed financial support of warring nations and wanted to ban loans to the belligerents in August 1914 . He told President Wilson that `` refusal to loan to any belligerent would naturally tend to hasten a conclusion of the war . '' Wilson at first agreed , but then reversed himself when France argued that if it was legal to buy American goods then it was legal to take out credits on the purchase . J.P. Morgan issued loans to France including one in March 1915 and , following negotiations with the Anglo - French Financial Commission , another joint loan to Britain and France in October 1915 , the latter amounting to US $500,000,000 . Although the stance of the U.S. government was that stopping such financial assistance could hasten the end of the war and therefore save lives , little was done to insure adherence to the ban on loans , in part due to pressure from Allied governments and American business interests . The American steel industry had faced difficulties and declining profits during the Recession of 1913 -- 1914 . As war began in Europe , however , the increased demand for tools of war began a period of heightened productivity that alleviated many U.S. industrial companies from the low - growth environment of the recession . Bethlehem Steel took particular advantage of the increased demand for armaments abroad . Prior to American entrance into the War , these companies benefitted from unrestricted commerce with sovereign customers abroad . After President Wilson issued his declaration of war , the companies were subjected to price controls created by the U.S. Trade Commission in order to insure that the U.S. military would have access to the necessary armaments . By the end of the war in 1918 , Bethlehem Steel had produced 65,000 pounds of forged military products and 70 million pounds of armor plate , 1.1 billion pounds of steel for shells , and 20.1 million rounds of artillery ammunition for Britain and France . Bethlehem Steel took advantage of the domestic armaments market and produced 60 % of the American weaponry and 40 % of the artillery shells used in the War . Even with price controls and a lower profit margin on manufactured goods , the profits resulting from wartime sales expanded the company into the third largest manufacturing company in the country . Bethlehem Steel became the primary arms supplier for the United States and other allied powers again in 1939 . Views of the elites ( edit ) Historians divide the views of American political and social leaders into four distinct groupings -- the camps were mostly informal : The first of these were the Non-Interventionists , a loosely affiliated and politically diverse anti-war movement which sought to keep the United States out of the war altogether . Members of this group tended to view the war as a clash between British imperialism and German militarism , both of which they regarded as equally corrupt . Others were pacifists , who objected on moral grounds . Prominent leaders included Democrats like former Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan , industrialist Henry Ford and publisher William Randolph Hearst ; Republicans Robert M. La Follette , Senator from Wisconsin and George W. Norris , Senator from Nebraska ; and Progressive Party activist Jane Addams . At the far - left end of the political spectrum the Socialists , led by their perennial candidate for President Eugene V. Debs and movement veterans like Victor L. Berger and Morris Hillquit , were staunch anti-militarists and opposed to any US intervention , branding the conflict as a `` capitalist war '' that American workers should avoid . However , after the US did join the war in April , 1917 a schism developed between the anti-war Party majority and a pro-war faction of Socialist writers , journalists and intellectuals led by John Spargo , William English Walling and E. Haldeman - Julius . This group founded the rival Social Democratic League of America to promote the war effort among their fellow Socialists . Next were the more moderate Liberal - Internationalists . This bipartisan group reluctantly supported a declaration of war against Germany with the postwar goal of establishing collective international security institutions designed to peacefully resolve future conflicts between nations and to promote liberal democratic values more broadly . This groups 's views were advocated by interest groups such as the League to Enforce Peace . Adherents included US President Woodrow Wilson , his influential advisor Edward M. House , former President William Howard Taft , famed inventor Alexander Graham Bell , Wall Street financier Bernard Baruch and Harvard University President Abbott Lawrence Lowell . Finally , there were the so - called Atlanticists . Ardently pro-Entente , they had strongly championed American intervention in the war since 1915 . Their primary political motivation was to both prepare the US for war with Germany and to forge an enduring military alliance with Great Britain . This group actively supported the Preparedness Movement and was strong among the Anglophile political establishment of the northeast , boasting such luminaries as former President Theodore Roosevelt , Major General Leonard Wood , prominent attorney and diplomat Joseph Hodges Choate , former Secretary of War Henry Stimson , journalist Walter Lippman and Senators Henry Cabot Lodge , Sr. of Massachusetts and Elihu Root of New York . Public opinion ( edit ) A cosmopolitan group of upper and upper - middle class businessmen based in the largest cities took the lead in promoting military preparedness and in defining how far America could be pushed around before it would fight back . Many public figures hated war -- Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan was the most prominent , and he resigned when he thought Wilson had become too bellicose . Grassroots opposition to American entry came especially from German and Irish elements . Parties ( edit ) A surprising factor in the development of American public opinion was how little the political parties became involved . Wilson and the Democrats in 1916 campaigned on the slogan `` He kept us out of war ! '' , saying a Republican victory would mean war with both Mexico and Germany . His position probably was critical in winning the Western states . Charles Evans Hughes , the GOP candidate , insisted on downplaying the war issue . The Socialist party talked peace . Socialist rhetoric declared the European conflict to be `` an imperialist war '' . It won 2 % of the 1916 vote for Eugene V. Debs , blamed the war on capitalism and pledged total opposition . `` A bayonet '' , its propaganda said , `` was a weapon with a worker at each end '' . When war began , however , about half the Socialists , typified by Congressman Meyer London , supported the decision and sided with the pro-Allied efforts . The rest , led by Debs , remained ideological and die - hard opponents . Many socialists came under investigation from the Espionage Act of 1917 and many suspected of treason were arrested , including Debs . This would only increase the Socialist 's anti-war groups in resentment toward the American government . Workers , farmers , and African Americans ( edit ) The working class was relatively quiet , and tended to divide along ethnic lines . At the beginning of the war , neither working men nor farmers took a large interest in the debates on war preparation . Samuel Gompers , head of the AFL labor movement , denounced the war in 1914 as `` unnatural , unjustified , and unholy '' , but by 1916 he was supporting Wilson 's limited preparedness program , against the objections of Socialist union activists . In 1916 the labor unions supported Wilson on domestic issues and ignored the war question . The war at first disrupted the cotton market ; Britain blockaded shipments to Germany , and prices fell from 11 cents a pound to only 4 cents . By 1916 , however , the British decided to bolster the price to 10 cents to avoid losing Southern support . The cotton growers seem to have moved from neutrality to intervention at about the same pace as the rest of the nation . Midwestern farmers generally opposed the war , especially those of German and Scandinavian descent . The Midwest became the stronghold of isolationism ; other remote rural areas also saw no need for war . The African - American community did not take a strong position one way or the other . A month after congress declared war , W.E.B. Du Bois called on African - Americans to `` fight shoulder to shoulder with the world to gain a world where war shall be no more '' . Once war began and black men were drafted , they worked to achieve equality . Many had hoped the community 's help in the war efforts abroad would earn civil rights at home . When such civil liberties were still not granted , many African - Americans grew tired of waiting for recognition of their rights as American citizens . South ( edit ) There was a strong antiwar element in the white South and border states . In rural Missouri for example , distrust of powerful Eastern influences focused on the risk that Wall Street would lead America into war . Across the South poor white farmers warned each other that `` a rich man 's war meant a poor man 's fight , '' and they wanted nothing of it . Congressman James Hay , Democrat of Virginia was the powerful chairman of the House Committee on Military Affairs . He repeatedly blocked prewar efforts to modernize and enlarge the army . Preparedness was not needed because Americans were already safe , he insisted in January 1915 : Isolated as we are , safe in our vastness , protected by a great navy , and possessed of an army sufficient for any emergency that may arise , we may disregard the lamentations and predictions of the militarists . German Americans ( edit ) German Americans by this time usually had only weak ties to Germany ; however , they were fearful of negative treatment they might receive if the United States entered the war ( such mistreatment was already happening to German - descent citizens in Canada and Australia ) . Almost none called for intervening on Germany 's side , instead calling for neutrality and speaking of the superiority of German culture . As more nations were drawn into the conflict , however , the English - languages press increasingly supporting Britain , while the German - American media called for neutrality while also defending Germany 's position . Chicago 's Germans worked to secure a complete embargo on all arms shipments to Europe . In 1916 , large crowds in Chicago 's Germania celebrated the Kaiser 's birthday , something they had not done before the war . German Americans in early 1917 still called for neutrality , but proclaimed that if a war came they would be loyal to the United States . By this point , they had been excluded almost entirely from national discourse on the subject . Once war started , they were harassed in so many ways that historian Carl Wittke noted in 1936 , it was `` one of the most difficult and humiliating experiences suffered by an ethnic group in American history . '' German - American Socialists in Milwaukee , Wisconsin actively campaigned against entry into the war . Christian Churches and pacifists ( edit ) Come on in , America , the Blood 's Fine ! ( 1917 ) by M.A. Kempf . Leaders of most religious groups ( except the Episcopalians ) tended to pacifism , as did leaders of the woman 's movement . The Methodists and Quakers among others were vocal opponents of the war . President Wilson , who was a devout Presbyterian , would often frame the war in terms of good and evil in an appeal for religious support of the war . A concerted effort was made by pacifists including Jane Addams , Oswald Garrison Villard , David Starr Jordan , Henry Ford , Lillian Wald , and Carrie Chapman Catt . Their goal was to encourage Wilson 's efforts to mediate an end of the war by bringing the belligerents to the conference table . Finally in 1917 Wilson convinced some of them that to be truly anti-war they needed to support what he promised would be `` a war to end all wars '' . Once war was declared , the more liberal denominations , which had endorsed the Social Gospel , called for a war for righteousness that would help uplift all mankind . The theme -- an aspect of American exceptionalism -- was that God had chosen America as his tool to bring redemption to the world . American Catholic bishops maintained a general silence toward the issue of intervention . Millions of Catholics lived in both warring camps , and Catholic Americans tended to split on ethnic lines in their opinions toward American involvement in the war . At the time , heavily Catholic towns and cities in the East and Midwest often contained multiple parishes , each serving a single ethnic group , such as Irish , German , Italian , Polish , or English . American Catholics of Irish and German descent opposed intervention most strongly . Pope Benedict XV made several attempts to negotiate a peace . All of his efforts were rebuffed by both the Allies and the Germans , and throughout the war the Vatican maintained a policy of strict neutrality . Jewish Americans ( edit ) Jewish American sympathies likewise broke along ethnic lines , with recently arrived Yiddish speaking Jews inclined to Zionism , and the established German - American Jewish community largely opposed to it . In 1914 -- 1916 , there were few Jewish forces in favor of American entry into the war . Many regarded Britain as hostile to Jewish interests . New York City , with its well - organized element numbering 1.5 million Jews , was the center of antiwar activism . The different Jewish communities worked together during the war years to provide relief to Jewish communities in Eastern Europe . Of greatest concern to Jews was the tsarist regime in Russia because it was notorious for tolerating pogroms and following anti-Semitic policies . As historian Joseph Rappaport reported through his study of Yiddish press during the war , `` The pro-Germanism of America 's immigrant Jews was an inevitable consequence of their Russophobia '' . The fall of the tsarist regime in March 1917 removed a major obstacle for many Jews who refused to support tsarism . The draft went smoothly in New York City , and left - wing opposition to the war largely collapsed when Zionists saw the possibility of using the war to demand a state of Israel . Irish - Americans ( edit ) The most effective domestic opponents of the war were Irish - American Catholics . They had little interest in the continent , but were neutral about helping the United Kingdom because it had recently enacted the Government of Ireland Act 1914 , allowing Irish Home Rule . However , the Act was suspended until the war ended . John Redmond and the Irish Parliamentary Party ( IPP ) declared that Irish Volunteers should support America 's pro-Allied war efforts first ; his political opponents argued that it was not the time to support Britain in its attempt to `` strengthen and expand her empire '' . The attacks on the IPP and pro-Allied press showed a firm belief that a German victory would hasten the achievement of Irish independence . Yet rather than proposing intervention on behalf of the Germans , Irish American leaders and organizations focused on demanding American neutrality . But the increased contact between militant Irish nationalists and German agents in the United States only fueled concerns of where the primary loyalties of Irish Americans lay . Nevertheless , close to 1,000 Irish - born Americans died fighting with the U.S. armed forces in WWI . The Easter Rising in Dublin in April 1916 was crushed within a week and its leaders executed by firing squad . The mainstream American press treated the uprising as foolish and misguided , and theorized it was largely inspired by the Germans . Overall public opinion remained faithfully pro-British . Irish - Americans dominated the Democratic party in many large cities so Wilson had to take account of their views . They did not prevent him from being hostile to Germany , but they did force him to keep his distance from Britain . Indeed , Irish - American pressure influenced the United States into not accepting Britain 's war aims as its own and define its own objectives , primarily self - determination . The Irish - American community thought they had Wilson 's promise to promote Irish independence in exchange for their support of his war policies , but after the war they were bitterly disappointed by his refusal to support them in 1919 . Wilson saw the Irish situation purely as an internal UK matter and did not perceive the dispute and the unrest in Ireland as comparable to the plight of the various nationalities in Europe as a fall - out from World War I . The progress of the Irish Race Conventions give a flavour of the differing and changing opinions during the war . Pro-Allied immigrants ( edit ) Some British immigrants worked actively for intervention . London - born Samuel Insull , Chicago 's leading industrialist , for example , enthusiastically provided money , propaganda , and means for volunteers to enter the British or Canadian armies . After the United States ' entry , Insull directed the Illinois State Council of Defense , with responsibility for organizing the state 's mobilization . Immigrants from eastern Europe usually cared more about politics in their homeland than politics in the United States . Spokesmen for Slavic immigrants hoped that an Allied victory would bring independence for their homelands . Large numbers of Hungarian immigrants who were liberal and nationalist in sentiment , and sought an independent Hungary , separate from the Austro - Hungarian Empire lobbied in favor of the war and allied themselves with the Atlanticist or Anglophile portion of the population . This community was largely pro-British and anti-German in sentiment . Albanian - Americans in communities such as Boston also campaigned for entry into the war and were overwhelmingly pro-British and anti-German , as well as hopeful the war would lead to an independent Albania which would be free from the Ottoman Empire . Polish , Slovak , and Czech immigrants were enthusiastically pro-war and generally pro-British . Popular pacifism ( edit ) The song `` I Did n't Raise My Boy To Be A Soldier '' was a hit in 1915 , selling 650,000 copies . Its expression of popular pacifist sentiment `` helped make the pacifist movement a hard , quantifiable political reality to be reckoned with . '' Henry Ford supported the pacifist cause by sponsoring a large - scale private peace mission , with numerous activists and intellectuals aboard the `` Peace Ship ' ( the ocean liner Oscar II ) . Ford chartered the ship in 1915 and invited prominent peace activists to join him to meet with leaders on both sides in Europe . He hoped to create enough publicity to prompt the belligerent nations to convene a peace conference and mediate an end to the war . The mission was widely mocked by the press , which wrote about the `` Ship of Fools . '' Infighting between the activists , mockery by the press contingent aboard , and an outbreak of influenza marred the voyage . Four days after the ship arrived in neutral Norway , a beleaguered and physically ill Ford abandoned the mission and returned to the United States ; he had demonstrated that independent small efforts accomplished nothing . German agents ( edit ) On July 24 , 1915 , the German embassy 's commercial attaché , Heinrich Albert , left his briefcase on a train in New York City , where an alert Secret Service agent , Frank Burke , snatched it up . Wilson let the newspapers publish the contents , which indicated a systematic effort by Berlin to subsidize friendly newspapers and block British purchases of war materials . Berlin 's top espionage agent , debonnaire Franz Rintelen von Kleist was spending millions to finance sabotage in Canada , stir up trouble between the United States and Mexico and to incite labor strikes . The British were engaged in propaganda too , though not illegal espionage . But they did not get caught . Germany took the blame as Americans grew ever more worried about the vulnerability of a free society to subversion . Indeed , one of the main fears Americans of all stations had in 1916 -- 1919 was that spies and saboteurs were everywhere . This sentiment played a major role in arousing fear of Germany , and suspicions regarding everyone of German descent who could not `` prove '' 100 % loyalty . Preparedness movement ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Preparedness Movement By 1915 , Americans were paying much more attention to the war . The sinking of the Lusitania had a strong effect on public opinion because of the deaths of American civilians . That year , a strong `` Preparedness '' movement emerged . Proponents argued that the United States needed to immediately build up strong naval and land forces for defensive purposes ; an unspoken assumption was that America would fight sooner or later . General Leonard Wood ( still on active duty after serving a term as Chief of Staff of the Army ) , former president Theodore Roosevelt , and former secretaries of war Elihu Root and Henry Stimson were the driving forces behind Preparedness , along with many of the nation 's most prominent bankers , industrialists , lawyers and scions of prominent families . Indeed , there emerged an `` Atlanticist '' foreign policy establishment , a group of influential Americans drawn primarily from upper - class lawyers , bankers , academics , and politicians of the Northeast , committed to a strand of Anglophile internationalism . Representative was Paul D. Cravath , one of New York 's foremost corporation lawyers . For Cravath , in his mid-fifties when the war began , the conflict served as an epiphany , sparking an interest in international affairs that dominated his remaining career . Fiercely Anglophile , he strongly supported American intervention in the war and hoped that close Anglo - American cooperation would be the guiding principle of postwar international organization . The advertisement of The Battle Cry of Peace film The Preparedness movement had a `` realistic '' philosophy of world affairs -- they believed that economic strength and military muscle were more decisive than idealistic crusades focused on causes like democracy and national self - determination . Emphasizing over and over the weak state of national defenses , they showed that America 's 100,000 - man Army even augmented by the 112,000 National Guardsmen , was outnumbered 20 to one by Germany 's army , which was drawn from a smaller population . Similarly in 1915 , the armed forces of Great Britain and the British empire ( the world 's most powerful military and economic power at the time ) , France , Russia , the Austro - Hungarian empire , Ottoman empire , Italy , Bulgaria , Romania , Serbia , Belgium , Japan and Greece were all larger and more experienced than the United States military , in many cases significantly so . Reform to them meant UMT or `` universal military training '' . They proposed a national service program under which the 600,000 men who turned 18 every year would be required to spend six months in military training , and afterwards be assigned to reserve units . The small regular army would primarily be a training agency . Antimilitarists complained the plan would make America resemble Germany ( which required two years ' active duty ) . Advocates retorted that military `` service '' was an essential duty of citizenship , and that without the commonality provided by such service the nation would splinter into antagonistic ethnic groups . One spokesman promised that UMT would become `` a real melting pot , under which the fire is hot enough to fuse the elements into one common mass of Americanism '' . Furthermore , they promised , the discipline and training would make for a better paid work force . Hostility to military service was strong at the time , and the program failed to win approval . In World War II , when Stimson as Secretary of War proposed a similar program of universal peacetime service , he was defeated . Underscoring its commitment , the Preparedness movement set up and funded its own summer training camps at Plattsburgh , New York , and other sites , where 40,000 college alumni became physically fit , learned to march and shoot , and ultimately provided the cadre of a wartime officer corps . Suggestions by labor unions that talented working - class youth be invited to Plattsburgh were ignored . The Preparedness movement was distant not only from the working classes but also from the middle - class leadership of most of small - town America . It had had little use for the National Guard , which it saw as politicized , localistic , poorly armed , ill trained , too inclined to idealistic crusading ( as against Spain in 1898 ) , and too lacking in understanding of world affairs . The National Guard on the other hand was securely rooted in state and local politics , with representation from a very broad cross section of American society . The Guard was one of the nation 's few institutions that ( in some northern states ) accepted blacks on an equal footing . The Democratic party saw the Preparedness movement as a threat . Roosevelt , Root and Wood were prospective Republican presidential candidates . More subtly , the Democrats were rooted in localism that appreciated the National Guard , and the voters were hostile to the rich and powerful in the first place . Working with the Democrats who controlled Congress , Wilson was able to sidetrack the Preparedness forces . Army and Navy leaders were forced to testify before Congress to the effect that the nation 's military was in excellent shape . In fact neither the Army nor Navy was in shape for war . The Navy had fine ships but Wilson had been using them to threaten Mexico , and the fleet 's readiness had suffered . The crews of the Texas and the New York , the two newest and largest battleships , had never fired a gun , and the morale of the sailors was low . In addition , it was outnumbered and outgunned by the British , German , French and Italian navies . The Army and Navy air forces were tiny in size . Despite the flood of new weapons systems unveiled by the British , Germans , French , Austro - Hungarians , Italians and others in the war in Europe , the Army was paying scant attention . For example , it was making no studies of trench warfare , poison gas , heavy artillery or tanks , and was utterly unfamiliar with the rapid evolution of Aerial warfare . The Democrats in Congress tried to cut the military budget in 1915 . The Preparedness movement effectively exploited the surge of outrage over the Lusitania in May 1915 , forcing the Democrats to promise some improvements to the military and naval forces . Wilson , less fearful of the Navy , embraced a long - term building program designed to make the fleet the equal of the British Royal Navy by the mid-1920s , although this would not be achieved until World War II . `` Realism '' was at work here ; the admirals were Mahanians and they therefore wanted a surface fleet of heavy battleships second to none -- that is , equal to Britain . The facts of submarine warfare ( which necessitated destroyers , not battleships ) and the possibilities of imminent war with Germany ( or with Britain , for that matter ) , were simply ignored . Wilson 's program for the army touched off a firestorm . Secretary of War Lindley Garrison adopted many of the proposals of the Preparedness leaders , especially their emphasis on a large federal reserves and abandonment of the National Guard . Garrison 's proposals not only outraged the localistic politicians of both parties , they also offended a strongly held belief shared by the liberal wing of the Progressive movement . They felt that warfare always had a hidden economic motivation . Specifically , they warned the chief warmongers were New York bankers ( like J.P. Morgan ) with millions at risk , profiteering munition makers ( like Bethlehem Steel , which made armor , and DuPont , which made powder ) and unspecified industrialists searching for global markets to control . Antiwar critics blasted them . These special interests were too powerful , especially , Senator La Follette noted , in the conservative wing of the Republican Party . The only road to peace was disarmament , reiterated Bryan . Garrison 's plan unleashed the fiercest battle in peacetime history over the relationship of military planning to national goals . In peacetime , War Department arsenals and Navy yards manufactured nearly all munitions that lacked civilian uses , including warships , artillery , naval guns , and shells . Items available on the civilian market , such as food , horses , saddles , wagons , and uniforms were always purchased from civilian contractors . Armor plate ( and after 1918 , airplanes ) were exceptions that have caused unremitting controversy for a century . After World War II , the arsenals and Navy yards were much less important than giant civilian aircraft and electronic firms , which became the second half of the `` military - industrial complex '' Peace leaders like Jane Addams of Hull House and David Starr Jordan of Stanford redoubled their efforts , and now turned their voices against the President because he was `` sowing the seeds of militarism , raising up a military and naval caste '' . Many ministers , professors , farm spokesmen and labor union leaders joined in , with powerful support from a band of four dozen southern Democrats in Congress who took control of the House Military Affairs Committee . Wilson , in deep trouble , took his cause to the people in a major speaking tour in early 1916 , a warmup for his reelection campaign that fall . Wilson seems to have won over the middle classes , but had little impact on the largely ethnic working classes and the deeply isolationist farmers . Congress still refused to budge , so Wilson replaced Garrison as Secretary of War with Newton Baker , the Democratic mayor of Cleveland and an outspoken opponent of preparedness . ( Garrison 's kept quiet , but felt Wilson was `` a man of high ideals but no principles '' . ) The upshot was a compromise passed in May 1916 , as the war raged on and Berlin was debating whether America was so weak it could be ignored . The Army was to double in size to 11,300 officers and 208,000 men , with no reserves , and a National Guard that would be enlarged in five years to 440,000 men . Summer camps on the Plattsburg model were authorized for new officers , and the government was given $20 million to build a nitrate plant of its own . Preparedness supporters were downcast , the antiwar people were jubilant . America would now be too weak to go to war . Colonel Robert L. Bullard privately complained that `` Both sides ( Britain and Germany ) treat us with scorn and contempt ; our fool , smug conceit of superiority has been exploded in our faces and deservedly . '' The House gutted the naval plans as well , defeating a `` big navy '' plan by 189 to 183 , and scuttling the battleships . The battle of Jutland ( May 31 / June 1 , 1916 ) was used by the navalists to argue for the primacy of seapower ; they then took control in the Senate , broke the House coalition , and authorized a rapid three - year buildup of all classes of warships . A new weapons system , naval aviation , received $3.5 million , and the government was authorized to build its own armor - plate factory . The very weakness of American military power encouraged Berlin to start its unrestricted submarine attacks in 1917 . It knew this meant war with America , but it could discount the immediate risk because the U.S. Army was negligible and the new warships would not be at sea until 1919 by which time the war would be over , with Germany victorious . The notion that armaments led to war was turned on its head : refusal to arm in 1916 led to war in 1917 . Size of military ( edit ) Americans felt an increasing need for a military that could command respect ; as one editor put it , `` The best thing about a large army and a strong navy is that they make it so much easier to say just what we want to say in our diplomatic correspondence . '' Berlin thus far had backed down and apologized when Washington was angry , thus boosting American self - confidence . America 's rights and America 's honor increasingly came into focus . The slogan `` Peace '' gave way to `` Peace with Honor '' . The Army remained unpopular , however . A recruiter in Indianapolis noted that , `` The people here do not take the right attitude towards army life as a career , and if a man joins from here he often tries to go out on the quiet '' . The Preparedness movement used its easy access to the mass media to demonstrate that the War Department had no plans , no equipment , little training , no reserves , a laughable National Guard , and a wholly inadequate organization for war . Motion pictures like The Battle Cry of Peace ( 1915 ) depicted invasions of the American homeland that demanded action . Navy ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States Navy § Preparing for war 1914 -- 1917 The readiness and capability of the U.S. Navy was a matter of controversy . The press at the time reported that the only thing the military was ready for was an enemy fleet attempting to seize New York harbor -- at a time when the German battle fleet was penned up by the Royal Navy . The Navy Secretary Josephus Daniels was a journalist with pacifist leanings . He had built up the educational resources of the Navy and made its Naval War College in Newport , Rhode Island an essential experience for would - be admirals . However , he alienated the officer corps with his moralistic reforms , including no wine in the officers ' mess , no hazing at the Naval Academy , and more chaplains and YMCAs . Daniels , as a newspaperman , knew the value of publicity . In 1915 he set up the Naval Consulting Board headed by Thomas Edison to obtain the advice and expertise of leading scientists , engineers , and industrialists . It popularized technology , naval expansion , and military preparedness , and was well covered in the media . But according to Coletta he ignored the nation 's strategic needs , and disdaining the advice of its experts , Daniels suspended meetings of the Joint Army and Navy Board for two years because it was giving unwelcome advice , chopped in half the General Board 's recommendations for new ships , reduced the authority of officers in the Navy yards where ships were built and repaired , and ignored the administrative chaos in his department . Bradley Fiske , one of the most innovative admirals in American naval history , in 1914 was Daniels ' top aide ; he recommended a reorganization that would prepare for war , but Daniels refused . Instead he replaced Fiske in 1915 and brought in for the new post of Chief of Naval Operations an unknown captain , William Benson . Chosen for his compliance , Benson proved a wily bureaucrat who was more interested in preparing for an eventual showdown with Britain than an immediate one with Germany . Benson told Sims he `` would as soon fight the British as the Germans '' . Proposals to send observers to Europe were blocked , leaving the Navy in the dark about the success of the German submarine campaign . Admiral William Sims charged after the war that in April 1917 , only ten percent of the Navy 's warships were fully manned ; the rest lacked 43 % of their seamen . Light antisubmarine ships were few in number , as if Daniels had been unaware of the German submarine menace that had been the focus of foreign policy for two years . The Navy 's only warfighting plan , the `` Black Plan '' assumed the Royal Navy did not exist and that German battleships were moving freely about the Atlantic and the Caribbean and threatening the Panama Canal . Daniels ' tenure would have been even less successful save for the energetic efforts of Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt , who effectively ran the Department . His most recent biographer concludes that , `` it is true that Daniels had not prepared the navy for the war it would have to fight . '' Decision for war ( edit ) `` Hurting Their Feelings '' : Political cartoon from November 9 , 1915 , shows the British lion and John Bull reading a newspaper about American war protests and crying , while American ships and cargo appear in the harbor behind them By 1916 a new factor was emerging -- a sense of national self - interest and American nationalism . The unbelievable casualty figures in Europe were sobering -- two vast battles caused over one million casualties each . Clearly this war would be a decisive episode in the history of the world . Every American effort to find a peaceful solution was frustrated . Decision making ( edit ) Kendrick Clements claims bureaucratic decision - making was one of the main sources pushing the United States to declaring war on Germany and aligning itself with the Allies . He cites the State Department 's demand that Germany 's submarines obey outdated , 18th century sailing laws as one of the first missteps by the United States bureaucracy regarding the war . By doing so , the United States had essentially given Germany the choice of whether or not the U.S. would enter the war . Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan spent most of the fall of 1914 out of contact with the State Department , leaving the more conservative Robert Lansing with the ability to shape American foreign policy at the time . One of these decisions was made in response to British protests that the Germans were using U.S. radio towers to send messages to their warships . Immediately prior to the war starting in 1914 , Britain had cut all cable communications leading out of Germany , including the trans - Atlantic cable . The US Government permitted German embassies to use the US cable lines for `` proper '' diplomatic business . Germany argued that usage of the towers was necessary to allow efficient contact between the U.S. and Germany . Lansing responded by requiring both sides to give the U.S. Navy copies of the messages they sent over the towers . The French and British were still able to use the cables , forcing Germany to be the only belligerent required to provide the U.S. with their messages . This and other seemingly small decisions made by Lansing during this time would eventually stack up , shifting American support towards the Allies . Zimmermann Telegram ( edit ) Main article : Zimmermann Telegram Once Germany had decided on unrestricted submarine warfare in January 1917 , and knowing it would be attacking all American ships in the North Atlantic , it tried to line up new allies , especially Mexico . Arthur Zimmermann , the German foreign minister , sent the Zimmermann Telegram to Mexico on January 16 , 1917 . Zimmerman invited Mexico ( knowing their resentment towards America since the 1848 Mexican Cession ) to join in a war against the United States . Germany promised to pay for Mexico 's costs and to help it recover the territory annexed by the U.S. in 1848 . These territories included the present day states of California , Nevada , Utah , most of Arizona , about half of New Mexico and a quarter of Colorado . British intelligence intercepted and decoded the telegram and passed it to the Wilson administration . The White House would release it to the press on March 1st . Anger grew further as the Germans began sinking American ships , even as isolationists in the Senate launched a filibuster to block legislation for arming American merchant ships to defend themselves . Sinking of American merchant ships ( edit ) In early 1917 Berlin forced the issue . Its declared decision on 31 January 1917 to target neutral shipping in a designated war - zone became the immediate cause of the entry of the United States into the war . Five American merchant ships went down in March . Outraged public opinion now overwhelmingly supported Wilson when he asked Congress for a declaration of war on April 2 , 1917 . Public opinion , moralism , and national interest ( edit ) Historians such as Ernest R. May have approached the process of American entry into the war as a study in how public opinion changed radically in three years ' time . In 1914 most Americans called for neutrality , seeing the war a dreadful mistake and were determined to stay out . By 1917 the same public felt just as strongly that going to war was both necessary and wise . Military leaders had little to say during this debate , and military considerations were seldom raised . The decisive questions dealt with morality and visions of the future . The prevailing attitude was that America possessed a superior moral position as the only great nation devoted to the principles of freedom and democracy . By staying aloof from the squabbles of reactionary empires , it could preserve those ideals -- sooner or later the rest of the world would come to appreciate and adopt them . In 1917 this very long - run program faced the severe danger that in the short run powerful forces adverse to democracy and freedom would triumph . Strong support for moralism came from religious leaders , women ( led by Jane Addams ) , and from public figures like long - time Democratic leader William Jennings Bryan , the Secretary of State from 1913 to 1916 . The most important moralist of all was President Woodrow Wilson -- the man who dominated decision making so totally that the war has been labelled , from an American perspective , `` Wilson 's War '' . In 1917 Wilson won the support of most of the moralists by proclaiming `` a war to make the world safe for democracy . '' If they truly believed in their ideals , he explained , now was the time to fight . The question then became whether Americans would fight for what they deeply believed in , and the answer turned out to be a resounding `` Yes '' . Antiwar activists at the time and in the 1930s , alleged that beneath the veneer of moralism and idealism there must have been ulterior motives . Some suggested a conspiracy on the part of New York City bankers holding $3 billion of war loans to the Allies , or steel and chemical firms selling munitions to the Allies . The interpretation was popular among left - wing Progressives ( led by Senator Robert La Follette of Wisconsin ) and among the `` agrarian '' wing of the Democratic party -- including the chairman of the tax - writing Ways and Means Committee of the House . He strenuously opposed war , and when it came he rewrote the tax laws to make sure the rich paid the most . ( In the 1930s neutrality laws were passed to prevent financial entanglements from dragging the nation into a war . ) In 1915 , Bryan thought that Wilson 's pro-British sentiments had distorted his policies , so he became the first Secretary of State ever to resign in protest . However , historian Harold C. Syrett argues that business supported neutrality . Other historians state that the pro-war element was animated not by profit but by disgust with what Germany actually did , especially in Belgium , and the threat it represented to American ideals . Belgium kept the public 's sympathy as the Germans executed civilians , and English nurse Edith Cavell . American engineer Herbert Hoover led a private relief effort that won wide support . Compounding the Belgium atrocities were new weapons that Americans found repugnant , like poison gas and the aerial bombardment of innocent civilians as Zeppelins dropped bombs on London . Even anti-war spokesmen did not claim that Germany was innocent , and pro-German scripts were poorly received . Randolph Bourne criticized the moralist philosophy claiming it was a justification by American intellectual and power elites , like President Wilson , for going to war unnecessarily . He argues that the push for war started with the Preparedness movement , fueled by big business . While big business would not push much further than Preparedness , benefitting the most from neutrality , the movement would eventually evolve into a war - cry , led by war - hawk intellectuals under the guise of moralism . Bourne believes elites knew full well what going to war would entail and the price in American lives it would cost . If American elites could portray the United States ' role in the war as noble , they could convince the generally isolationist American public war would be acceptable . Above all , American attitudes towards Germany focused on the U-boats ( submarines ) , which sank the Lusitania in 1915 and other passenger ships `` without warning '' . That appeared to Americans as an unacceptable challenge to America 's rights as a neutral country , and as an unforgivable affront to humanity . After repeated diplomatic protests , Germany agreed to stop . But in 1917 the Germany military leadership decided that `` military necessity '' dictated the unrestricted use of their submarines . The Kaiser 's advisors felt America was enormously powerful economically but too weak militarily to make a difference . Declaration of war ( edit ) Germany ( edit ) On April 2 , 1917 , Wilson asked a special joint session of Congress to declare war on the German Empire , stating , `` We have no selfish ends to serve '' . To make the conflict seem like a better idea , he painted the conflict idealistically , stating that the war would `` make the world safe for democracy '' and later that it would be a `` war to end war '' . The United States had a moral responsibility to enter the war , Wilson proclaimed . The future of the world was being determined on the battlefield , and American national interest demanded a voice . Wilson 's definition of the situation won wide acclaim , and , indeed , has shaped America 's role in world and military affairs ever since . Wilson believed that if the Central Powers won , the consequences would be bad for the United States . Germany would have dominated the continent and perhaps would gain control of the seas as well . Latin America could well have fallen under Berlin 's control . The dream of spreading democracy , liberalism , and independence would have been shattered . On the other hand , if the Allies had won without help , there was a danger they would carve up the world without regard to American commercial interests . They were already planning to use government subsidies , tariff walls , and controlled markets to counter the competition posed by American businessmen . The solution was a third route , a `` peace without victory '' , according to Wilson . On April 6 , 1917 , Congress declared war . In the Senate , the resolution passed 82 to 6 , with Senators Harry Lane , William J. Stone , James Vardaman , Asle Gronna , Robert M. La Follette , Sr. , and George W. Norris voting against it . In the House , the declaration passed 373 to 50 , with Claude Kitchin , a senior Democrat , notably opposing it . Another opponent was Jeannette Rankin , who alone voted against entry into both World War I and World War II . Nearly all of the opposition came from the West and the Midwest . Austria - Hungary ( edit ) The United States Senate , in a 74 to 0 vote , declared war on Austria - Hungary on December 7 , 1917 , citing Austria - Hungary 's severing of diplomatic relations with the United States , its use of unrestricted submarine warfare and its alliance with Germany . The declaration passed in the United States House of Representatives by a vote of 365 to 1 . See also ( edit ) World War I portal Causes of World War I Diplomatic history of World War I United States in World War I United States home front during World War I Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jeanette Keith ( 2004 ) . Rich Man 's War , Poor Man 's Fight : Race , Class , and Power in the Rural South during the First World War . U. of North Carolina Press . pp. 1 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 7589 - 6 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Harry Elmer . The Genesis of the World War ( 1925 ) pp. 590 -- 591 Jump up ^ `` World War One '' . BBC History . Jump up ^ Link , Arthur S. ( 1972 ) . Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era , 1910 -- 1917 . New York : Harper & Row . pp. 252 -- 282 . ^ Jump up to : H.J. Res. 169 : Declaration of War with Austria - Hungary , WWI , United States Senate ^ Jump up to : Jennifer K. Elsea ; Matthew C. Weed ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force : Historical Background and Legal Implications '' ( PDF ) . p. 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 10 , 2006 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eric W. Osborne , Britain 's economic blockade of Germany , 1914 -- 1919 ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Ernest May , The World War and American Isolation , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1959 ) p. 115 quote from Dec 1914 . Jump up ^ C.R.M.F. Cruttwell , A history of the Great War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 2007 ) p. 191 Jump up ^ Edward House , The intimate papers of Colonel House : Vol 2 ( 1928 ) p. 73 Jump up ^ Duffy , Michael ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` U.S. ' Strict Accountability ' Warning to Germany , 10 February 1915 '' . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker , The Great War , 1914 -- 18 ( 1997 ) p. 133 Jump up ^ Ernest May , The World War and American Isolation , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1959 ) p. 414 Jump up ^ Krakow , Ira . `` World War I - The Most Unpopular War In Our History '' . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Horn , Martin ( Spring 2000 ) . `` A Private Bank at War : J.P. Morgan &Co. and France , 1914 -- 1918 '' . Business History Review . 1 . 74 : 85 -- 112 . doi : 10.2307 / 3116353 . Jump up ^ Global Financial Data . `` Industrial Output 1909 -- 1930 '' . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kendrick , John W. ( 1961 ) . `` Productivity Trends in the United States '' . National Bureau of Economic Research : 1 -- 50 . Jump up ^ H.W. Brands ( 2003 ) . Woodrow Wilson : The American Presidents Series : The 28th President , 1913 -- 1921 . Henry Holt . pp. 55 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : Cuff , Robert D. ; Urofsky , Melvin I. ( Autumn 1970 ) . `` The Steel Industry and Price - Fixing during World War I '' . The Business History Review . 3 . 44 ( 3 ) : 291 -- 306 . doi : 10.2307 / 3112615 . ^ Jump up to : Metz , Lance E. ( November 2006 ) . `` Bethlehem Steel : The Rise and Fall of An Industrial Giant '' . Pennsylvania Legacies. 6 ( 2 ) : 10 -- 15 . Jump up ^ James Weinstein , `` Anti-War Sentiment and the Socialist Party , 1917 -- 1918 . '' Political Science Quarterly 74 # 2 ( 1959 ) : 215 -- 239 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Ross A. Kennedy , The Will to Believe : Woodrow Wilson , World War I , and America 's Strategy for Peace and Security ( Kent State University Press , 2009 ) Jump up ^ Charles Chatfield , For peace and justice : pacifism in America , 1914 -- 1941 ( 1973 ) ch 1 Jump up ^ Nicole Anderson Yanoso ( 2016 ) . The Irish and the American Presidency . Transaction Publishers . pp. 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Frederick C. Luebke , Bonds of Loyalty : German - American and World War I ( Northern Illinois University Press , 1974 ) , ch 1 . Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Jr. , Woodrow Wilson ( 2009 ) pp. 341 -- 2 , 352 , 360 Jump up ^ Merlo J. Pusey , Charles Evans Hughes ( 1951 ) vol 1 , p. 356 Jump up ^ Bernard J. Brommel , `` The pacifist speechmaking of Eugene V. Debs . '' Quarterly Journal of Speech 52.2 ( 1966 ) : 146 - 154 . Jump up ^ Seymour Martin Lipset and Gary Marks , It did n't happen here : why socialism failed in the United States ( 2001 ) p. 184 Jump up ^ John Whiteclay Chambers ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford UP . p. 203 . Jump up ^ Lawrence O. Christensen , `` World War I in Missouri , '' Missouri Historical Review , 90 ( 1996 ) , 330 - 354 , 410 - 428 . Jump up ^ Edwin Costrell , How Maine viewed the war , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1940 ) Jump up ^ John C. Crighton , Missouri and the World War , 1914 -- 1917 : a study in public opinion ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Joseph A. McCartin , Labor 's Great War : The Struggle for Industrial Democracy and the Origins of Modern American Labor Relations , 1912 -- 1921 ( 1998 ) pp. 34 , 57 Jump up ^ McCorkle , James L. , Jr. ( 1981 ) . `` Mississippi from Neutrality to War ( 1914 -- 1917 ) '' . Journal of Mississippi History . 43 ( 2 ) : 85 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Arthur S. Link , Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era ( 1954 ) pp. 169 -- 72 Jump up ^ Christopher C. Gibbs , The great silent majority : Missouri 's resistance to World War I ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Panikos Panayi , `` Minorities in Wartime : National and Racial Groupings in Europe , North America , and Australia During the Two World War '' ( 1992 ) p. 170 Jump up ^ Mark Ellis , `` America 's Black Press , 1914 -- 18 , '' History Today , Sept 1991 , Vol. 41 , Issue 9 Jump up ^ Panikos Panayi , `` Minorities in Wartime : National and Racial Groupings in Europe , North America , and Australia During the Two World Wars '' ( 1992 ) p. 171 Jump up ^ Christopher C. Gibbs , Great Silent Majority : Missouri 's Resistance to World War I ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Jeanette Keith ( 2004 ) . Rich Man 's War , Poor Man 's Fight : Race , Class , and Power in the Rural South During the First World War . U. of North Carolina Press . p. 85 . Jump up ^ George C. Herring , `` James Hay and the Preparedness Controversy , 1915 -- 1916 . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1964 ) 30 # 4 pp. 383 -- 404 quote , p. 386 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Leslie V. Tischauser , The Burden of Ethnicity : The German Question in Chicago , 1914 -- 1941 ( Garland , 1990 ) pp. 21 -- 23 Jump up ^ Frederick C. Luebke , Bonds of Loyalty : German - Americans and World War I ( 1974 ) pp. 200 -- 207 Jump up ^ Carl Wittke , German - Americans and the World War ( with Special Emphasis on Ohio 's German - Language Press ) ( Columbus , Ohio , 1936 ) , p. 209 Jump up ^ See Wisconsin Historical Society , `` World War I , at home and in the trenches '' Jump up ^ John F. Piper , The American Churches in World War I ( 1985 ) . Jump up ^ Samuel S. Hill , Charles H. Lippy , and Charles Reagan Wilson , Encyclopedia of Religion in the South ( 2005 ) p. 297 Jump up ^ Patterson , David S. ( 1971 ) . `` Woodrow Wilson and the Mediation Movement 1914 -- 1917 '' . The Historian. 33 ( 4 ) : 535 -- 556 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 6563.1971. tb01164. x . Jump up ^ Piper , John F. , Jr. ( 1970 ) . `` The American Churches in World War I '' . Journal of the American Academy of Religion . 38 ( 2 ) : 147 -- 155 . doi : 10.1093 / jaarel / XXXVIII. 2.147 . JSTOR 1461171 . Jump up ^ Gamble , Richard M. ( 2003 ) . The War for Righteousness : Progressive Christianity , the Great War , and the Rise of the Messianic Nation . Wilmington : ISI Books . ISBN 1 - 932236 - 16 - 3 . Jump up ^ Christopher M. Sterba , Good Americans : Italian and Jewish Immigrants During the First World War ( 2003 ) , 61 -- 63 Jump up ^ Mary Ann Irwin , and Ann Marie Wilson ; `` ' The Air is Becoming Full of War ' : Jewish San Francisco and World War I , '' Pacific Historical Review 74 # 3 ( 2005 ) : 331 - 66 Jump up ^ Zosa Szajkowski , `` Private and Organized American Jewish Overseas Relief ( 1914 -- 1938 ) , '' American Jewish Historical Quarterly 57 # 1 ( 1967 ) 52 -- 106 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Zosa Szajkowski , Jews , Wars , and Communism . Vol . I : The Attitude of American Jews to World War I , the Russian Revolutions of 1917 , and Communism ( 1914 -- 1945 ) ( New York : KTAV , 1973 ) includes a great deal of undigested information . Jump up ^ Joseph Rappaport , Jewish Immigrants and World War I : A Study of Yiddish Attitudes ( 1951 ) , p. 78 Jump up ^ Henry L. Feingold ( 2007 ) . `` Silent No More '' : Saving the Jews of Russia , the American Jewish Effort , 1967 -- 1989 . Syracuse UP . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Sterba , Good Americans ( 2003 ) , 68 -- 69 , 76 , 79 , 167 - 69 Jump up ^ Malcolm Campbell , Ireland 's New Worlds , ( 2008 ) , p. 164 Jump up ^ Malcolm Campbell , Ireland 's New Worlds , ( 2008 ) , p. 174 Jump up ^ Smolenyak , Megan . `` How Many Irish - Born Died in Service to the U.S. in WWI ? '' . Irish America . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Malcolm Campbell , Ireland 's New Worlds , ( 2008 ) , p. 170 Jump up ^ Leary , William M. , Jr. ( 1967 ) . `` Woodrow Wilson , Irish Americans , and the Election of 1916 '' . Journal of American History . 54 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 72 . doi : 10.2307 / 1900319 . JSTOR 1900319 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Billy . `` Woodrow Wilson '' . Ulstervirginia.com . http://www.ulstervirginia.com/woodrowwilson.asp . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Forrest ( 2004 ) . Insull : The Rise and Fall of a Billionaire Utility Tycoon . Washington : Beard Books . pp. 162 -- 187 . ISBN 1 - 58798 - 243 - 9 . Jump up ^ O'Grady , Joseph ( 1967 ) . The Immigrants ' Influence on Wilson 's Peace Policies . Lexington : University of Kentucky Press . Jump up ^ The Hungarian - Americans by Steven Béla Várdy ; Twayne Publishers , 1985 page 87 -- 99 Jump up ^ Christopher M. Sterba , Good Americans : Italian and Jewish Immigrants During the First World War , ( 2003 ) p. 31 -- 32 Jump up ^ Michael T. Urbanski , `` Money , War , and Recruiting an Army : The Activities of Connecticut Polonia During World War I , '' Connecticut History ( 2007 ) 46 # 1 pp. 45 -- 69 . Jump up ^ The Albanian - American Odyssey : A Pilot Study of the Albanian Community of Boston , Massachusetts Front Cover Dennis L. Nagi AMS Press , Jan 1 , 1989 , pp. 33 -- 35 Jump up ^ Mark W. van Wienen ( 1997 ) . Partisans and Poets : The Political Work of American Poetry in the Great War . Cambridge UP . p. 57 . Jump up ^ Barbara S. Kraft , The Peace Ship : Henry Ford 's Pacifist Adventure in the First World War ( 1978 ) p. 81 Jump up ^ Max Wallace , The American Axis ( New York , New York : St. Martin 's Press , 2003 ) , pp. 224 -- 225 . Jump up ^ H.C. Peterson , Propaganda for war : The campaign against American neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ Link 3 : 556ff Jump up ^ George C. Herring , `` James Hay and the Preparedness Controversy , 1915 -- 1916 . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1964 ) 30 # 4 pp. 383 -- 404 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Roberts , Priscilla ( 2005 ) . `` Paul D. Cravath , the First World War , and the Anglophile Internationalist Tradition '' . Australian Journal of Politics and History . 51 ( 2 ) : 194 -- 215 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8497.2005. 00370. x . Jump up ^ `` World War I facts , information , pictures Encyclopedia.com articles about World War I '' . Encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Scott Manning ( 2007 - 01 - 04 ) . `` World War I : Troop Statistics '' . Scottmanning.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Chambers 93 ; Weigley Army 345 Jump up ^ Very few young men from wealthy or prominent families considered a career in the Army or Navy then or at any time in American history . The highest social background of cadets , exemplified by George Patton , West Point 1909 , and Lucius Clay , 1918 , was oldest son of a locally prominent family . Jump up ^ Link , Woodrow Wilson , pp. 179ff Jump up ^ Herring , `` James Hay and the Preparedness Controversy , 1915 -- 1916 , '' p. 383 ^ Jump up to : Paolo Coletta , American Secretaries of the Navy ( 1980 ) 2 : 526 - 41 Jump up ^ Theodore A. Thelander , `` Josephus Daniels and the Publicity Campaign for Naval and Industrial Preparedness before World War I , '' North Carolina Historical Review ( 1966 ) 43 # 3 pp. 316 -- 332 Jump up ^ Lee A. Craig ( 2013 ) . Josephus Daniels : His Life and Times . U. North Carolina Press . pp. 364 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Kendrick A. Clements , `` Woodrow Wilson and World War I . '' Presidential Studies Quarterly ( 2004 ) 34 # 1 pp. 62 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Woodrow Wilson ( 2011 ) pp. 378 -- 79 Jump up ^ Thomas Boghardt , The Zimmermann Telegram : Intelligence , Diplomacy , and America 's Entry into World War I ( 2012 ) Excerpt and text search , summarized in Thomas Boghardt 's The Zimmermann Telegram : Diplomacy , Intelligence and The American Entry into World War I ( 2003 ) online Jump up ^ Compare : Doenecke , Justus D. ( 2011 ) . Nothing Less Than War : A New History of America 's Entry Into World War I. Studies in Conflict , Diplomacy and Peace Series . University Press of Kentucky . p. 250 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 3002 - 6 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 07 . On January 31 , Ambassador Bernstorff presented ( ... ) Germany 's response to Wilson 's recent ' peace without victory ' plea ( ... ) : his nation was about to launch an unrestricted submarine campaign , thereby declaring total maritime war against all neutrals . After February 1 , the communique noted , German U-boats would sink without warning belligerent and neutral ships found in a designated zone comprising waters around Great Britain , France , and Italy , and in the eastern Mediterranean . The Admiralty made one minor exception : it would permit one American steamer a week to sail between New York and Falmouth ( ... ) . Initially Germany would grant a period of grace , during which its submarines would not harm neutral ships that either were en route to the war zone or had already arrived . Jump up ^ Compare : Doenecke , Justus D. ( 2011 ) . Nothing Less Than War : A New History of America 's Entry Into World War I. Studies in Conflict , Diplomacy and Peace Series . University Press of Kentucky . p. 286 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 3002 - 6 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 07 . Several factors led to Wilson 's choice . Germany 's U-boat warfare was paramount . Had it not been for Berlin 's announcement of January 31 , the president probably would not have issued a call to arms . Jump up ^ Justus D. Doenecke , Nothing Less Than War : A New History of America 's Entry into World War I ( 2011 ) ch 10 ^ Jump up to : May , Ernest R. ( 1966 ) . The World War and American isolation , 1914 -- 1917 . Jump up ^ Knock , Thomas J. ( 1995 ) . To End All Wars : Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order . Jump up ^ Syrett , Harold C. ( 1945 ) . `` The Business Press and American Neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 '' . Mississippi Valley Historical Review . 32 ( 2 ) : 215 -- 230 . doi : 10.2307 / 1898209 . JSTOR 1898209 . Jump up ^ Robert W. Cherny , A righteous cause : the life of William Jennings Bryan ( 1994 ) p. 144 Jump up ^ Syrett , `` The Business Press and American Neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 , '' Jump up ^ The German army executed over 6,500 French and Belgian civilians between August and November 1914 , usually in near - random large - scale shootings of civilians ordered by junior German officers . Horne , John ; Kramer , Alan ( 2001 ) . German Atrocities , 1914 : A History of Denial . New Haven : Yale U.P. ISBN 0 - 300 - 08975 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bonadio , Felice A. ( 1959 ) . `` The Failure of German Propaganda in the United States , 1914 -- 1917 '' . Mid America . 41 ( 1 ) : 40 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Bourne , Randolph . `` The War and the Intellectuals . '' N.p. : n.p. , n.d. 133 - 46 . Print . Jump up ^ DISASTER BEARS OUT EMBASSY 'S WARNING ; German Advertisement Practically Foretold Lusitania 's Fate on Day She Sailed . AND IS REPEATED TODAY Passengers Also Said to Have Received Telegrams -- Shipping Men Heard of Threats . Jump up ^ Germany , U-Boats and the Lusitania Jump up ^ The Lusitania Jump up ^ for detailed coverage of the speech see NY Times main headline , April 2 , 1917 , President Calls for War Declaration , Stronger Navy , New Army of 500,000 Men , Full Cooperation With Germany 's Foes Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Jr. , Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2011 ) pp. 383 -- 89 Jump up ^ Simon Newton Dexter North ; et al. ( 1918 ) . The American Year Book : A Record of Events and Progress . Thomas Nelson & Sons . pp. 10 -- 11 . Bibliography ( edit ) After war was declared war bond posters demonized Germany Ambrosius , Lloyd E. `` Woodrow Wilson and George W. Bush : Historical Comparisons of Ends and Means in Their Foreign Policies , '' Diplomatic History , 30 ( June 2006 ) , 509 -- 43 . Arnett , Alex Mathews . Claude Kitchin and the Wilson War Policies. 1937 . OCLC 1278853 Kitchen was an antiwar Democrat in the House Bassett , John Spencer . Our War with Germany : A History ( 1919 ) online edition Brands , H.W. Theodore Roosevelt ( 2001 ) OCLC 50431515 , full biography online edition Clements , Kendrick A. `` Woodrow Wilson and World War I , '' Presidential Studies Quarterly 34 : 1 ( 2004 ) . pp. 62 +. online edition Clifford , J. Garry . Citizen Soldiers : The Plattsburgh Training Camp Movement , 1913 -- 1920 ( 1972 ) Cooper , John Milton . The vanity of power : American isolationism and the First World War , 1914 - 1917 ( 1969 ) . Cooper , John Milton . Woodrow Wilson . A Biography ( 2009 ) , Major scholarly biography . Costrell , Edwin . How Maine viewed the war , 1914 -- 1917 , ( 1940 ) OCLC 475605726 Crighton , John C. Missouri and the World War , 1914 -- 1917 : a study in public opinion ( University of Missouri , 1947 ) OCLC 831309569 Coffman , Edward M. The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I ( 1998 ) ISBN 0 - 8131 - 0955 - 8 OCLC 38842092 Cummins , Cedric Clisten . Indiana public opinion and the World War , 1914 -- 1917 , ( 1945 ) Davis , Allen F. American Heroine : The Life and Legend of Jane Addams . ( Oxford University Press , 1973 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 501694 - 7 OCLC 714527 Doenecke , Justus D. Nothing Less Than War : A New History of America 's Entry into World War I ( 2011 ) 433 pages ; comprehensive history online ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 3002 - 6 OCLC 682895305 Doenecke , Justus D. `` Neutrality Policy and the Decision for War . '' in Ross Kennedy ed. , A Companion to Woodrow Wilson ( 2013 ) pp. 243 -- 69 Online ; covers the historiography Early , Frances H. A World without War : How U.S. Feminists and Pacifists Resisted World War I. ( Syracuse University Press , 1997 ) ISBN 0 - 8156 - 2764 - 5 OCLC 36800616 Esposito , David M. The Legacy of Woodrow Wilson : American War Aims in World War I. ( Praeger , 1996 ) 159pp online edition ISBN 0 - 275 - 95493 - 5 OCLC 33244422 Finnegan , John P. Against the Specter of a Dragon : The Campaign for American Military Preparedness , 1914 -- 1917 . ( 1975 ) . ISBN 0 - 8371 - 7376 - 0 OCLC 983933 Floyd , M. Ryan ( 2013 ) . Abandoning American Neutrality : Woodrow Wilson and the Beginning of the Great War , August 1914 - December 1915 . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 33411 - 4 OCLC 836748335 Fordham , Benjamin O. `` Revisionism reconsidered : exports and American intervention in World War I . '' International Organization 61 # 2 ( 2007 ) : 277 - 310 . Gibbs , Christopher C. The Great Silent Majority : Missouri 's Resistance to World War I. 1988 . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 0683 - 2 OCLC 17676727 Grubbs , Frank L. The Struggle for Labor Loyalty : Gompers , the A.F. of L. , and the Pacifists , 1917 -- 1920 . 1968 . OCLC 640024383 Hannigan , Robert E. The Great War and American Foreign Policy , 1914 - 24 ( 2016 ) excerpt ; online at Questia Herman , Sondra . Eleven Against War : Studies in American Internationalist Thought , 1898 -- 1921 . 1969 . OCLC 23333 Higham , Robin and Dennis E. Showalter , eds . Researching World War I : A Handbook . 2003 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 28850 - X OCLC 51922814 , 475pp ; highly detailed historiography , online edition Hodgson , Godfrey . Woodrow Wilson 's Right Hand : The Life of Colonel Edward M. House . 2006 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09269 - 5 OCLC 61864854 335pp Kazal , Russell A. Becoming Old Stock : The Paradox of German - American Identity. 2004 . 390 , pp. ISBN 0 - 691 - 05015 - 5 OCLC 52509620 German Americans in Philadelphia ponder the war . Kazin , Michael . War Against War : The American Fight for Peace , 1914 - 1918 ( 2017 ) . Keene , Jennifer D. `` Remembering the `` Forgotten War '' : American Historiography on World War I . '' Historian 78 # 3 ( 2016 ) : 439 -- 468 . Keene , Jennifer D. `` Americans Respond : Perspectives on the Global War , 1914 - 1917 . '' Geschichte und Gesellschaft 40.2 ( 2014 ) : 266 - 286 . online Kennedy , David M. Over Here : The First World War and American Society ( 1982 ) , covers politics & economics & society online edition ISBN 0 - 19 - 502729 - 9 OCLC 6085939 Kennedy , Ross A. `` Preparedness , '' in Ross A. Kennedy ed. , A Companion to Woodrow Wilson 2013 . pp. 270 -- 86 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 3737 - 2 OCLC 808244737 Kennedy , Ross A. Woodrow Wilson , World War I , and America 's Strategy for Peace and Security ( 2009 ) . Koistinen , Paul . Mobilizing for Modern War : The Political Economy of American Warfare , 1865 -- 1919 Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 1997 . Knock , Thomas J. To End All Wars : Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order New York : Oxford University Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507501 - 3 OCLC 25317305 Lemnitzer , Jan Martin . `` Woodrow Wilson 's Neutrality , the Freedom of the Seas , and the Myth of the ' Civil War Precedents ' . '' Diplomacy & Statecraft 27.4 ( 2016 ) : 615 - 638 . Link , Arthur S. Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era , 1910 -- 1917 . 1972 . Link , Arthur S. Wilson : The Struggle for Neutrality : 1914 -- 1915 ( 1960 ) ; Wilson : Confusions and Crises : 1915 -- 1916 ( 1964 ) ; Wilson : Campaigns for Progressivism and Peace : 1916 -- 1917 ( 1965 ) all 3 volumes are online at ACLS e-books Link , Arthur S. Wilson the Diplomatist : A Look at His Major Foreign Policies Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press , 1957 . online edition OCLC 475072 Link , Arthur S. Woodrow Wilson and a Revolutionary World , 1913 -- 1921 . 1982 . online edition Link , Arthur S. Woodrow Wilson : Revolution , War , and Peace . Arlington Heights , IL : AHM Pub . Corp. , 1979 . online edition ISBN 0 - 88295 - 798 - 8 OCLC 5244770 Livermore , Seward W. Politics Is Adjourned : Woodrow Wilson and the War Congress , 1916 -- 1918 . 1966 . Luebke , Frederick C. Bonds of Loyalty : German - Americans and World War I. Dekalb : Northern Illinois University Press , 1974 . ISBN 0 - 87580 - 045 - 9 OCLC 865969 McCallum , Jack . Leonard Wood : Rough Rider , Surgeon , Architect of American Imperialism . New York : New York University Press , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 5699 - 7 OCLC 60402000 McDonald , Forrest . Insull : The Rise and Fall of a Billionaire Utility Tycoon ( 2004 ) May , Ernest R . The World War and American Isolation , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1959 ) online at ACLS e-books , highly influential study Nash , George H. Life of Herbert Hoover : The Humanitarian , 1914 -- 1917 ( Life of Herbert Hoover , Vol. 2 ) ( 1988 ) O'Toole , Patricia . When Trumpets Call : Theodore Roosevelt after the White House . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 86477 - 0 OCLC 56921011 Perkins , Bradford . The Great Rapprochement : England and the United States , 1895 -- 1914 1968 . Peterson , H.C. Propaganda for War : The Campaign Against American Neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press , 1968 . Rothwell , V.H. British War Aims and Peace Diplomacy , 1914 -- 1918 . 1971 . Safford , Jeffrey J. Wilsonian Maritime Diplomacy , 1913 -- 1921 . 1978 . Smith , Daniel . The Great Departure : The United States and World War I , 1914 -- 1920 . 1965 . Sterba , Christopher M. Good Americans : Italian and Jewish Immigrants during the First World War . 2003 . 288 pp. online edition ISBN 0 - 19 - 514754 - 5 OCLC 49576532 Tuchman , Barbara W. ( 1985 ) . The Zimmermann Telegram . ISBN 0 - 345 - 32425 - 0 . Tucker , Robert W. Woodrow Wilson and the Great War : Reconsidering America 's Neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 . 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 2629 - 2 Unger , Nancy C. Fighting Bob La Follette : The Righteous Reformer Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2545 - X OCLC 42861557 Venzon , Anne Cipriano , ed . The United States in the First World War : An Encyclopedia New York : Garland Pub. , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 8240 - 7055 - 0 OCLC 32013365 Ward , Robert D . `` The Origin and Activities of the National Security League , 1914 -- 1919 . '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review 47 ( 1960 ) : 51 -- 65 . online at JSTOR Witcover , Jules . Sabotage at Black Tom : Imperial Germany 's Secret War in America . Chapel Hill , NC : Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 912697 - 98 - 9 OCLC 18379558 Historiography ( edit ) Doenecke , Justus D. `` Neutrality Policy and the Decision for War . '' in Ross Kennedy ed. , A Companion to Woodrow Wilson ( 2013 ) pp. 243 -- 69 Online ; covers the historiography Keene , Jennifer D. `` Remembering the `` Forgotten War '' : American Historiography on World War I . '' Historian 78 # 3 ( 2016 ) : 439 -- 468 . Primary sources ( edit ) The Papers of Woodrow Wilson edited by Arthur S. Link complete in 69 vol , at major academic libraries . Annotated edition of all of WW 's letters , speeches and writings plus many letters written to him Wilson , Woodrow . Why We Are at War ( 1917 ) six war messages to Congress , Jan - April 1917 External links ( edit ) NY Times main headline , April 2 , 1917 , President Calls for War Declaration , Stronger Navy , New Army of 500,000 Men , Full Cooperation With Germany 's Foes President Wilson 's War Address Map of Europe at the time of the US declaration of war on Germany at omniatlas.com World War I : Declarations of War from Around the Globe - How America Entered the Great War Today in History : U.S. Enters World War I ( hide ) Woodrow Wilson 28th President of the United States ( 1913 -- 1921 ) 34th Governor of New Jersey ( 1911 -- 1913 ) 13th President of Princeton University ( 1902 -- 1910 ) Presidency 1913 inauguration Suffrage Parade 1917 inauguration The New Freedom Clayton Antitrust Act Farm Loan Act Federal Employees ' Compensation Act Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Act Federal Income Tax amendment Federal Trade Commission Act Federal Trade Commission Revenue Act of 1913 Flag Day National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Occupation of Haiti Bryan -- Chamorro Treaty Philippine Autonomy Act World War I entry campaigns home front Committee on Public Information Espionage Act of 1917 Selective Service Act of 1917 Four Minute Men Sedition Act of 1918 National War Labor Board The Inquiry American Commission to Negotiate Peace Paris Peace Conference , 1919 Treaty of Versailles The Big Four Fourteen Points League of Nations charter 1919 Nobel Peace Prize Wilsonian Armenia Silent Sentinels Women 's Suffrage amendment Roosevelt desk Judicial appointments Supreme Court Cabinet State of the Union Address 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1920 Life Birthplace and Presidential Library papers and manuscripts Boyhood home in Georgia Boyhood home in South Carolina Princeton University president Summer White House ( Harlakenden Shadow Lawn ) Woodrow Wilson House Gravesite Books Congressional Government When a Man Comes to Himself The New Freedom ( 1913 ) Elections New Jersey gubernatorial election , 1910 1912 Democratic National Convention 1912 U.S. presidential election 1916 Democratic National Convention 1916 U.S. presidential election Legacy Wilsonianism Woodrow Wilson Foundation Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial Woodrow Wilson Bridge Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation U.S. Postage stamps U.S. Currency Popular culture Wilson ( 1944 film ) Profiles in Courage ( 1965 series ) Wilson ( 2013 book ) Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of the American Century ( 2002 documentary ) Family Joseph Ruggles Wilson ( father ) Jessie Janet Woodrow ( mother ) Ellen Axson Wilson ( wife , 1885 -- 1914 ; death ) Edith Bolling Wilson ( wife , 1915 -- 1924 ) Margaret Wilson ( daughter ) Jessie Wilson Sayre ( daughter ) Eleanor Wilson McAdoo ( daughter ) William McAdoo ( son - in - law ) Francis Sayre , Jr. ( grandson ) James Woodrow ( maternal uncle ) Related Progressive Era Jefferson Literary and Debating Society ← William Howard Taft Warren G. Harding → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_entry_into_World_War_I&oldid=815914366 '' Categories : United States in World War I United States home front during World War I Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 01 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did america enter the first world war | [
"The American entry into World War I came in April 1917, after more than two and a half years of efforts by President Woodrow Wilson to keep the United States out of the war. Apart from an Anglophile element urging early support for the British, American public opinion reflected that of the president: the sentiment for neutrality was particularly strong among Irish Americans, German Americans and Scandinavian Americans,[1] as well as among church leaders and among women in general. On the other hand, even before World War I had broken out, American opinion had been more negative toward Germany than towards any other country in Europe.[2] Over time, especially after reports of atrocities in Belgium in 1914 and following the sinking of the passenger liner RMS Lusitania in 1915, the American people increasingly came to see Germany as the aggressor in Europe."
] | [
"April 1917"
] |
3412323145912863303 | Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5) | Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Season 5 ) - wikipedia Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Season 5 ) Jump to : navigation , search Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( season 5 ) Promotional poster Starring Clark Gregg Ming - Na Wen Chloe Bennet Iain De Caestecker Elizabeth Henstridge Henry Simmons Natalia Cordova - Buckley Country of origin United States No. of episodes 5 Release Original network ABC Original release December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes The fifth season of the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Strategic Homeland Intervention , Enforcement , and Logistics Division ) , revolves around the character of Phil Coulson and other S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and allies as they try to save humanity while in space . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films of the franchise . The season is produced by ABC Studios , Marvel Television , and Mutant Enemy Productions , with Jed Whedon , Maurissa Tancharoen , and Jeffrey Bell serving as showrunners . The season was ordered in May 2017 . Alongside Clark Gregg , who reprises his role as Coulson from the film series , principal cast members Ming - Na Wen , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , Elizabeth Henstridge , and Henry Simmons return from previous seasons , while Natalia Cordova - Buckley is promoted to the principal cast after appearing in a recurring role since season three . Due to its broadcast schedule , the season was split into two `` pods '' , the first of which saw the S.H.I.E.L.D. team transported to deep space in the year 2091 . The fifth season began airing on December 1 , 2017 , and is set to run for 22 episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guests 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.2. 1 First pod 3.3 Casting 3.4 Design 3.5 Filming 3.6 Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - ins 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Marketing 4.2. 1 `` The Road to 100 '' 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 89 90 `` Orientation '' Jesse Bochco David Solomon Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen DJ Doyle December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 2.54 An unknown group seizes Phil Coulson , Melinda May , Daisy Johnson , Jemma Simmons , Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie , and Yo - Yo Rodriguez , and transports them to a space station through a monolith ; Leo Fitz is left behind . Upon arrival , the team are heralded by Virgil , who dies soon after . They quickly regroup and meet Deke , who reveals that the space station , known as the Lighthouse , was built nearly ninety years prior . Hoping to send a message back to Earth , May and Simmons discover it is no longer habitable and appears to have been torn apart by a cataclysmic event . At the same time , Coulson discovers that the monolith not only transported them through space , but also through time . Elsewhere , Mack and Yo - Yo are held captive by the Kree , who maintain control on the station by encouraging bloodshed among its inhabitants . Back in the station , the team attempt to blend in by agreeing to work for Grill and meet Tess , who saves them during the Renewal . Coulson goes with Tess to learn more about Virgil 's message and finds a hidden notebook . Meanwhile , Simmons is taken to meet Kasius , the Kree leader of the station , and is inducted as one of his servants . Later on , Johnson confronts Deke in his framework simulation , where he reveals she is the reason the Earth was torn apart . 91 `` A Life Spent '' Kevin Hooks Nora Zuckerman & Lilla Zuckerman December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 1.93 In preparation for Lady Basha 's arrival , Simmons is given the task of helping an Inhuman champion control her abilities for her exhibition ceremony . Simmons is successful but becomes distraught when Kasius sells his champion to Lady Basha . While the team adapt to their new jobs , Grill becomes suspicious of the new arrivals and sends one of his men to spy on them . During a space expedition , Coulson , May , Mack , and Tess struggle to make sense of Virgil 's notebook and discover a radio transmission supposedly originating from the Earth 's surface . Grill 's spy reports back , only to be framed as a traitor and exiled to die on Earth . Meanwhile , Yo - Yo helps Johnson get ahold of a Kree tablet to try and save Simmons . However , her mission is thwarted by Deke , who reports her to Kasius . Johnson is captured and taken to become his new champion . 92 `` A Life Earned '' Stan Brooks Drew Z . Greenberg December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 1.84 Johnson meets Ben , one of Kasius ' other champions , capable of telepathy . Using Ben to corroborate their story , Kasius interrogates Johnson and Simmons about the others . They are able to convince Kasius they came alone , though he remains suspicious . During the interrogation , Ben learns that Kasius intends to destroy the station and everyone on it once he acquires enough profits to leave . Deke returns to the others to gather new information as they learn about the mysterious Level 35 . Recognizing his father 's voice on the radio transmission , Deke agrees to help them gain access to the restricted floor . There , they discover that Kasius is attempting to breed Inhumans . May also discovers Deke lied about Johnson 's whereabouts , but get interrupted by Sinara 's arrival . Coulson leaves with Deke , while May fights her alone . Meanwhile , Grill sends Mack to confront someone who owes him payment . Later , Fitz is revealed to be one of the bidders who 've arrived for Johnson 's exhibition . 93 5 `` Rewind '' Jesse Bochco Craig Titley December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) 2.40 Shortly after the others are taken from the diner , Fitz is taken into military custody and interrogated about their whereabouts , including the assassination attempt on General Talbot , and deaths of Jeffrey Mace and Holden Radcliffe . For the next six months , Fitz is given special privileges that would hopefully allow him to locate the team but fails . With help from Lance Hunter , Fitz escapes the military facility and tracks down Enoch , the man who took the others . Enoch explains that a prophecy foretold these events and takes them to meet Robin , the daughter of Charles from Spacetime , who can also tell the future but through drawings . Tracked by the military , Enoch helps them escape to a secret bunker , where Fitz learns that he was left behind so he could save the team . Determined to help them , Fitz and Hunter break back into the same military facility to obtain a cryogenic pod . In the warehouse , they find all their old S.H.I.E.L.D. tech , including the Zephyr , which they use to escape . Back in the secret bunker , Fitz is put to sleep for the next 74 years and is awoken by Enoch , who prepares him for their arrival at the Lighthouse . 94 6 `` Fun & Games '' Clark Gregg Brent Fletcher January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) TBD 95 7 `` Together or Not at All '' Brad Turner Matt Owens January 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) TBD 96 8 `` The Last Day '' Nina Lopez - Corrado James C. Oliver & Sharla Oliver January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) TBD The season 's 12th episode , which is also the series ' 100th , is scheduled to air on March 9 , 2018 . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters Main ( edit ) Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson Ming - Na Wen as Melinda May Chloe Bennet as Daisy Johnson / Quake Iain De Caestecker as Leo Fitz Elizabeth Henstridge as Jemma Simmons Henry Simmons as Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie Natalia Cordova - Buckley as Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez Recurring ( edit ) Jeff Ward as Deke Joel Stoffer as Enoch Eve Harlow as Tess Dominic Rains as Kasius Florence Faivre as Sinara Pruitt Taylor Vince as Grill Coy Stewart as Flint Notable guests ( edit ) Lola Glaudini as Polly Hinton Nick Blood as Lance Hunter Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In January 2017 , ahead of the mid-season premiere of the fourth season , ABC 's Channing Dungey said that she was `` very bullish '' about S.H.I.E.L.D. 's future , feeling that `` the episodes just keep getting better and stronger '' . The series was renewed for a fifth season of 22 episodes on May 11 , with ABC looking to lower the cost of the series moving forward , by reducing its budget and licensing fee . Asked whether she had considered giving the season a shorter episode order , Dungey noted that every season of the series had been 22 episodes long , and she felt its prior success in delayed viewership and overseas justified continuing that . She added that the `` show has continued to grow creatively every season . I feel like last season ( was ) its strongest creatively yet . I 'm very excited for what we have planned for Season 5 . '' It was reported that Disney , the parent company of Marvel Television , ABC Studios , and ABC , had given a mandate to ABC to renew Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. `` despite the desire by some at the network to end the series '' . Writing ( edit ) In May 2017 , ahead of the fifth season renewal , showrunner and executive producer Jed Whedon said the writers were not sure what would happen in the season , and that it would be `` by the seat of our pants . '' The season explores the ramifications of Phil Coulson making a deal with Ghost Rider at the end of the previous season , as well as the groundwork laid by Aida for humans to fear S.H.I.E.L.D. and Inhumans . Whedon stated , `` The public perception of S.H.I.E.L.D. is at an all - time low , so we have not resolved that , and there will be still more fallout from it . '' Moving beyond the Framework reality established at the end of season four , Tancharoen said the emotional impact from the characters ' experiences would `` be something that resonates throughout the season '' , especially for Fitz and Mack . When asked if the season would be broken into pods as with season four , executive producer Jeffrey Bell said , `` A 22 - episode arc is a lot for people to hold onto . By breaking it up into either smaller arcs or different pods , by introducing a set of antagonists and putting them down , or moving from space to space , our experience has been that it 's something the viewers enjoy , and it makes it a little easier to digest when you 're telling some of these stories . '' However , Whedon noted that it would depend on how the season would be aired as to where the story is broken up . The season ultimately was broken into two pod story arcs with different emphases , with Bell adding the whole season would `` have an arc that will pay off '' . The writers for the season began work at the end of May 2017 . First pod ( edit ) The first pod of the season was informally referred to by the production team as S.H.I.E.L.D. in Space . Ahead of the season premiere , executive producer Maurissa Tancharoen said that `` every year we reset the series , and this year we definitely knew that it would be the most giant reset to date ( with the characters going to space ) . Just creatively across the board for everyone , art direction , all of it , our sets , you 'll see an overhaul . '' On the move to space , Whedon commented , `` Last year was about tearing everybody apart . We spent a lot of time doing that ... So our goal this year was ... putting ( this ) family together in an intense situation ( that ) will end up causing drama internally , inevitably ... we 've spent this many years with them , let 's throw them on the craziest roller coaster adventure we could think of . '' Casting ( edit ) Main cast members Clark Gregg , Ming - Na Wen , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , Elizabeth Henstridge , and Henry Simmons return from previous seasons as Phil Coulson , Melinda May , Daisy Johnson / Quake , Leo Fitz , Jemma Simmons , and Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie , respectively . Before the 2017 New York Comic - Con , it was revealed that Natalia Cordova - Buckley had been promoted to series regular for the season , after recurring in the past two seasons as Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez . In September 2017 , it was revealed that former series regular Nick Blood would be returning to reprise his role as Lance Hunter . Blood left the series during the third season , to star on the spin - off series Marvel 's Most Wanted , which never came to fruition . Adrianne Palicki , who portrayed Bobbi Morse and also left in the third season to star on Most Wanted with Blood , expressed interest in October 2017 in returning to guest star in the season , saying she `` would absolutely come back '' if asked . Also returning from earlier in the series include Joel Stoffer as Enoch , who was simply credited as `` silhouetted man '' in his previous appearance , and Lola Glaudini as Polly Hinton . Polly 's daughter Robin also appears in the season , portrayed by multiple actresses , after the character previously made an uncredited appearance in `` Ascension '' . Lexy Kolker appears as 7 - years - old Robin , Ava Kolker appears as 12 - year - old Robin , while Willow Hale appears as an older Robin , when she is also known as The Seer . Jeff Ward was cast in a recurring role in August 2017 , and was revealed in October to be portraying Deke , alongside other newcomers Eve Harlow as Tess , Coy Stewart as Flint , and Pruitt Taylor Vince as Grill . Other recurring guests include Dominic Rains as Kasius , Florence Faivre as Sinara , and Tunisha Hubbard as Ava . Design ( edit ) After leaving the series during the fourth season , costume designer Ann Foley returned for the first two episodes of the fifth season , before handing over to Whitney Galitz , who had assisted her on the previous few seasons , and Christann Chanell . The opening for the season is reminiscent of the sequence used for the episode `` 4,722 Hours '' , forgoing the title card and having the series ' typeface silently fading onto the screen . Filming ( edit ) Filming for the season began on July 20 , 2017 . In May 2017 , Gregg expressed interest in directing an episode in the season , and confirmed that September he would be directing an episode , which will be the sixth of the season . Bennet felt Gregg was able to bring out performances from the cast `` that another director probably would n't have been able to because he knows the characters so well . '' Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - ins ( edit ) In terms of having connections to Marvel 's Inhumans , Whedon felt it was doubtful , but noted `` we also want there to be a bigger reward for people who watch all of ( the MCU series ) , so they 'll start to see that there 's lines connecting it . It 's more fun for people who are playing the whole game , but if you do n't , you 'll still have a great rollercoaster ride . '' In November 2017 , Whedon said that the season would not have moved the characters to space if the recent MCU films like Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and Thor : Ragnarok had not been exploring that part of the MCU , but that this would remain a `` thematic tie '' . He explained that they had moved on from the overt tie - ins with the MCU films that the series utilized in earlier season because `` we have our own mythology . That started to be much more interesting to us , and hopefully to the audience , just digging that stuff up . No one wants to come to see our show to see another show . '' Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season began airing in the United States on ABC on December 1 , 2017 , beginning once Inhumans finished airing its episodes . It is set to run for 22 episodes . The fifth season is moving to a Friday timeslot , alongside the seventh season of ABC 's Once Upon a Time , with ABC chief Channing Dungey explaining , `` We 've turned Friday into more of a destination for our fantasy and science fiction fans . Once Upon a Time and S.H.I.E.L.D. are airing on the same night for the first time , which is giving many fans of both shows what they 've been asking for for a long time . '' Andy Kubitz , executive vice president for program planning and scheduling at ABC , added that ABC had `` confidence that ( the S.H.I.E.L.D. ) core audience ... ( would ) travel with it '' to its new Friday time slot . He continued , `` The great thing about Friday night for these shows is it gives three days of downtime for a lot of these younger viewers to be able to catch up on it . You 've got Saturday and Sunday viewing that will be able to be counted into our C3 to help us monetize it . '' Marketing ( edit ) The main cast of the season appeared at New York Comic Con on October 7 , 2017 , where they promoted the season and debuted the first 20 minutes of the first episode of the season . A shortened version of the footage was released by ABC and Marvel on November 26 , 2017 , as a sneak peek before the season premiere later that week . `` The Road to 100 '' ( edit ) In December 2017 , Marvel announced the `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road to 100 '' art program to commemorate the series reaching 100 episodes . The program features five posters , one for each season of the series , representing `` key pivotal moments of each season '' . The art also appeared as variant covers to select titles published by Marvel Comics in March 2018 . Megan Thomas Bradner , Vice President of Development and Production , Live Action at Marvel Television , called reaching 100 episodes `` quite a feat ... and it felt special enough to share with the fans that got us here . By working with some of our favorite comic artists , we felt we could show a large variety of meaningful moments and the characters that helped get us to a 100 . '' She added that the program `` commemorates these creators , the actors , the characters and a hundred amazing stories '' . The first poster , highlighting season one , was created by Dale Keown . It features four panels , showcasing the moment Coulson and Grant Ward approached Skye in her van from the pilot , Coulson learning he survived the Battle of New York from the T.A.H.I.T.I. program and a drug from a half - dissected Kree alien corpse , the moment Grant Ward revealed he was a Hydra agent by killing Victoria Hand , and Fitz giving Simmons the last remaining oxygen tank and declaring his love for her in the season one finale . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) 1 / 2 `` Orientation '' December 1 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.54 0.6 1.72 1.3 4.27 `` A Life Spent '' December 8 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.93 0.7 1.68 3.61 `` A Life Earned '' December 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.84 TBD TBD TBD TBD 5 `` Rewind '' December 22 , 2017 0.6 / 3 2.40 TBD TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 100 % approval rating with an average rating of 8.25 out of 10 based on 5 reviews . Reviewing the premiere episodes , Merrill Barr of Forbes felt moving the series to space was not a reboot of the series , rather `` a continuation , in some form , of the story set - up at the end of last season . The show is not different . The team is still trying to save the world . They 're just doing it in a new place and new way . Overall , there 's a lot to love about what S.H.I.E.L.D. is doing in the new season . It 's a crazy ride fans are going to be glad they 've stayed aboard for . The `` Agents of Hydra '' run ( at the end of season four ) was a bit weak . The space run is so far proving to be anything but . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' The Exorcist ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blindspot , ' ' I Love Lucy ' special and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 506 ) `` Fun & Games '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 507 ) `` Together or Not at All '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 508 ) `` The Last Day '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dinh , Christine ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Debuts ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road To 100 ' Art Program '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC 's `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Star Natalia Cordova - Buckley Upped to Series Regular for Season Five of Hit Series '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . October 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Molly ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Writer 's Room Starts Work on Season 5 '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Ups Natalia Cordova - Buckley To Series Regular For Season 5 -- NY Comic - Con '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' : Jeff Ward Set To Recur In Season 5 '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the new season 5 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. cast members -- first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 501 / 502 ) `` Orientation , Part One & Part Two '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 505 ) `` Rewind '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Nick Blood returning as Lance Hunter '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ABC chief addresses Scandal - free fall lineup and the future of OUAT '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Renews ' Agents of SHIELD , ' ' American Housewife , ' ' Designated Survivor ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Fall Schedule : Once Bumped to Friday , black - ish Shifts to Tuesday , Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.M.I.A '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ; McClintock , Pamela ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 's Marvel Drama ' Inhumans ' Underwhelms in Imax Bow '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Boss On Marvel 's Inhumans Medusa Wig Backlash , Giving Agents of SHIELD a Full Season '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Braces for Deep Impact With ' Idol , ' ' Inhuman ' Challenges '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. bosses on aftermath of Framework escape '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. bosses on those shocking finale twists '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hurley , Laura ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` How The Framework Will Continue To Impact Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. In Season 5 '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Why Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. is headed to space in season 5 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ching , Albert ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` How Agents of SHIELD Season 5 Ties - In to the Marvel Studios Movies '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yehl , Joshua ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Why Agents of SHIELD Is Going To Space For Season 5 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Massabrook , Nicole ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' Star Adrianne Palicki Is Ready For ' Agents Of SHIELD ' Return '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 422 ) `` World 's End '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Towers , Andrea ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. finale recap : Absolution / Ascension '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ann Foley ( @ @ afoley24 ) ( July 30 , 2017 ) . `` I 'm back for the first 2 eps & then @ whitney_hg who assisted me S3 & 4 will be taking over w / help from @ Christann -- They 're gon na do great ! '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Goes to Infinity and Beyond in Season 5 Premiere '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wen , Ming - Na ( @ MingNa ) ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` First Day of school with these badass babes ! We 're back ! Season 5 # AgentsofSHIELD '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Tancharoen , Maurissa ( @ MoTancharoen ) ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` # TBT to last year 's # comiccon . We 're on Day 1 of S5 of # agentsofshield but we 're with you in ... '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Gregg , Clark ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` This is Clark '' . Reddit ( / r / MarvelStudios subreddit ) . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . I may direct an episode in season 5 . if I do n't pass out from exhaustion just thinking about it . Jump up ^ Gregg , Clark ( @ clarkgregg ) ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` I 'm directing my first one starting this week . # DaisyDatesanAlien '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Agard , Chancellor ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 5 premiere date revealed at NYCC '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ; McCabe , Joseph ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD boss casts doubt on crossover with Marvel 's Inhumans series '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's when Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. will return '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Why Once Upon a Time and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. are heading to Fridays '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel TV Brings Agents of SHIELD , Punisher and Runaways to NYCC '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lenker , Maureen Lee ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the first 17 minutes of the new season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 5 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barr , Merrill ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Season 5 Review : Bonkers But A Lot Of Fun '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . General references `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 5 Episode Guide '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . `` Shows A-Z -- Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on ABC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on IMDb Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. at TV.com S.H.I.E.L.D. Creators : Stan Lee Jack Kirby Characters Executive Directors George W. Bridge Sharon Carter Timothy Dugan Nick Fury Maria Hill Daisy Johnson Norman Osborn Steve Rogers Tony Stark Field Agents Clay Quartermain Victoria Hand Jasper Sitwell Al MacKenzie Mitch Carson Valentina Allegra de Fontaine Jessica Drew Clint Barton Natasha Romanova Barbara Morse Jimmy Woo Alexander Goodwin Pierce John Garrett Nick Fury Jr . Sam Wilson Antagonists A.I.M. H.A.M.M.E.R. Hand Hydra Leviathan Maggia Masters of Evil Mys - Tech Purifiers Secret Empire Squadron Supreme Thunderbolts Taskmaster Zodiac Affiliations Avengers Dark Mighty Secret Howling Commandos Project Livewire Team White ( Secret Warriors ) S.T.R.I.K.E. S.T.A.K.E. S.W.O.R.D. Bases and facilities Camp Hammond Helicarrier Stark Tower The Vault Triskelion Technology and units Life Model Decoy Mandroid SJ3RX ( Red Ronin ) Superhuman Restraint Unit SPIN Tech Iron Patriot Publications Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. 1965 feature Nick Fury vs. S.H.I.E.L.D. Fury of S.H.I.E.L.D. Kitty Pryde , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. S.H.I.E.L.D. 2010 series 2014 series Howling Commandos of S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Carter : S.H.I.E.L.D. 50th Anniversary Fury : S.H.I.E.L.D. 50th Anniversary Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. In other media Marvel Cinematic Universe Phil Coulson Brock Rumlow Item 47 Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters episodes season 1 5 Slingshot Nick Fury : Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Empyre Related Ultimate Nick Fury Peggy Carter See also : Category Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War production Ant - Man and the Wasp Untitled Avengers film production Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... 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Book Category Portal Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` 0 - 8 - 4 '' `` The Asset '' `` Eye Spy '' `` Girl in the Flower Dress '' `` FZZT '' `` The Hub '' `` The Well '' `` Repairs '' `` The Bridge '' `` The Magical Place '' `` Seeds '' `` T.R.A.C.K.S. '' `` T.A.H.I.T.I. '' `` Yes Men '' `` End of the Beginning '' `` Turn , Turn , Turn '' `` Providence `` The Only Light in the Darkness '' `` Nothing Personal `` Ragtag '' `` Beginning of the End '' Season 2 `` Shadows '' `` Heavy Is the Head '' `` Making Friends and Influencing People '' `` Face My Enemy '' `` A Hen in the Wolf House '' `` A Fractured House '' `` The Writing on the Wall '' `` The Things We Bury '' `` ... Ye Who Enter Here '' `` What They Become '' `` Aftershocks '' `` Who You Really Are '' `` One of Us '' `` Love in the Time of Hydra '' `` One Door Closes '' `` Afterlife '' `` Melinda '' `` The Frenemy of My Enemy '' `` The Dirty Half Dozen '' `` Scars '' `` S.O.S. '' Season 3 `` Laws of Nature '' `` Purpose in the Machine '' `` A Wanted ( Inhu ) man '' `` Devils You Know '' `` 4,722 Hours '' `` Among Us Hide ... '' `` Chaos Theory '' `` Many Heads , One Tale '' `` Closure '' `` Maveth '' `` Bouncing Back '' `` The Inside Man '' `` Parting Shot '' `` Watchdogs '' `` Spacetime '' `` Paradise Lost '' `` The Team '' `` The Singularity '' `` Failed Experiments '' `` Emancipation '' `` Absolution '' `` Ascension '' Season 4 `` The Ghost '' `` Meet the New Boss '' `` Uprising '' `` Let Me Stand Next to Your Fire '' `` Lockup '' `` The Good Samaritan '' `` Deals with Our Devils '' `` The Laws of Inferno Dynamics '' `` Broken Promises '' `` Self Control '' Season 5 See also Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agents_of_S.H.I.E.L.D._(season_5)&oldid=817969642 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. seasons Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 17 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does marvel's agents of shield return season 5 | [
"The fifth season began airing on December 1, 2017, and is set to run for 22 episodes."
] | [
"December 1, 2017"
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4694414239578959746 | Bates Motel (season 5) | Bates Motel ( season 5 ) - wikipedia Bates Motel ( season 5 ) Jump to : navigation , search Bates Motel ( season 5 ) Promotional poster and home media cover art Starring Vera Farmiga Freddie Highmore Max Thieriot Olivia Cooke Nestor Carbonell Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 Release Original network A&E Original release February 20 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) -- April 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 List of Bates Motel episodes The fifth and final season of Bates Motel premiered on February 20 , 2017 , and concluded on April 24 , 2017 . The season consisted of 10 episodes and aired on Mondays at 10 p.m. ET / PT on A&E . The series itself is described as a `` contemporary prequel '' to the 1960 film Psycho , following the life of Norman Bates and his mother Norma prior to the events portrayed in the Hitchcock film . However , the final season of the series loosely adapts the plot of Psycho . The series takes place in the fictional town of White Pine Bay , Oregon . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Special guest 1.3 Recurring 1.4 Guest 2 Production 2.1 Casting 2.2 Filming 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Ratings 4.3 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Bates Motel characters Main ( edit ) Vera Farmiga , Freddie Highmore , and Max Thieriot ( left to right ) portray Norma Louise Bates , Norman Bates , and Dylan Massett , respectively . Olivia Cooke , Nestor Carbonell , and Rihanna ( left to right ) portray Emma Decody , Sheriff Alex Romero , and Marion Crane , respectively . Vera Farmiga as Norma Louise Bates Freddie Highmore as Norman Bates Max Thieriot as Dylan Massett Olivia Cooke as Emma Decody Nestor Carbonell as Alex Romero Special guest ( edit ) Rihanna as Marion Crane Recurring ( edit ) Kenny Johnson as Caleb Calhoun Ryan Hurst as Chick Hogan Brooke Smith as Sheriff Jane Greene Isabelle McNally as Madeleine Loomis Austin Nichols as Sam Loomis Jillian Fargey as Maggie Summers Damon Gupton as Dr. Gregg Edwards Natalia Cordova - Buckley as Julia Ramos Guest ( edit ) Carlton Cuse as Highway Patrol Officer John Hainsworth as Jim Blackwell Antonio Cayonne as Bruce Herman Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) In June 2016 , showrunner Kerry Ehrin confirmed the return of Kenny Johnson as Caleb Calhoun for the final season , in an interview with Deadline.com . The following month , it was announced that Rihanna had been cast in the iconic role of Marion Crane . In September 2016 , Isabelle McNally joined the cast of the series , portraying the role of Madeleine Loomis , a young woman who resembles Norma . That same month , Brooke Smith joined the cast as Sheriff Jane Greene . In January 2017 , Austin Nichols was cast in the role of Sam Loomis , a prominent role in both the source material and the film adaptation . That same month , Ryan Hurst 's return as Chick Hogan was reported . In March 2017 , it was revealed that series executive producer Carlton Cuse would appear as a police officer trailing Marion Crane . That same month , Natalia Cordova - Buckley joined the cast as Julia Ramos , an attorney . Filming ( edit ) The series was filmed on location in Aldergrove , British Columbia . At the beginning of the first season , a replica of the original Bates Motel set from the film Psycho was built on 272nd Street . Freddie Highmore was tapped to write an episode for the season , as well as direct an episode , marking his directorial debut . Max Thieriot and Nestor Carbonell were also tapped to direct an episode each for season 5 . Production on the season began on September 16 , 2016 . The series filmed its final scenes at the specially - built Bates Motel set in Aldergrove on January 25 , 2017 , and production began tearing the house down the following day . Carbonell filmed his final scenes as Sheriff Alex Romero on January 27 , 2017 . Filming officially wrapped for the series on January 31 , 2017 . In February 2017 , the Bates Motel exterior set in Aldergrove was subsequently demolished . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Bates Motel episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 41 `` Dark Paradise '' Tucker Gates Kerry Ehrin February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) 1.34 It has been two years since the death of Norma . Norman is now living alone and running the Bates Motel . He stays with his hallucination , `` Mother '' , whom he believes faked her death to the rest of the world , while he is secretly keeping Norma 's preserved corpse in the basement . Dylan and Emma are now married with an infant daughter , and are unaware of Norma 's death . Caleb shows up , much to the stress of Dylan , so Emma asks Caleb to leave for Dylan 's sake . Romero is in prison and is denied parole . Romero sends a hitman to kill Norman , but Norman murders him instead . He meets Madeleine Loomis , a young store - owner who resembles Norma . While `` Mother '' and Norman dispose of the hitman 's body in a lake , the man 's phone rings . Norman answers it to hear Romero 's voice . 42 `` The Convergence of the Twain '' Sarah Boyd Alyson Evans & Steve Kornacki February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 1.28 Norman visits Romero in prison and Romero warns that he will come for Norman . Norman goes to dinner with Madeleine and her husband Sam , who is cheating on her . `` Mother '' follows Norman and asks why he is having dinner with a girl who looks like her . Caleb returns to White Pine Bay , looking for Norma , but instead learns that Norma committed suicide over a year earlier . He breaks down with grief at her grave . Later , he and Chick have an altercation in a bar . Caleb says he knows Norman killed Norma , because she would never commit suicide , and vows to get revenge . He goes back to the Bates house and discovers Norma 's frozen corpse in the basement . Norman , dressed as `` Mother '' , attacks Caleb . Chick witnesses this , shocked . 43 `` Bad Blood '' Sarah Boyd Tom Szentgyorgyi March 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) 1.28 Caleb wakes to find himself chained in the basement of the Bates house . Norman , as `` Mother '' , visits him to recount their history . This causes Caleb to slowly lose his mind . Chick , now aware of Norman 's mental condition , remains at the house to research his true - crime novel based on Norman . Madeleine admits her troubled marriage to Norman , and they become friends . Romero is granted a transfer , following his prison fight . He escapes custody , only to be shot while trying to steal a car from a farm . `` Mother '' insists that Norman should kill Caleb , as she can not do it . Norman sets Caleb free , but `` Mother '' chases him into the road , where a distracted Chick accidentally hits him with his car . 44 `` Hidden '' Max Thieriot Torrey Speer March 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 13 ) 1.25 Caleb dies from the accident and Chick cremates the body . The new sheriff is informed about Jim Blackwell skipping parole and questions Norman , as Blackwell had the house 's address . Romero tends to his gunshot wounds before showing up at Maggie Summers ' house . Chick tries to move into the Bates house , only to be turned away by Norman , who does not think Chick being there is a good idea . Norman and `` Mother '' continue to get into arguments , as Norman wants to have control over his own life . Madeleine invites Norman over to her house for dinner since Sam is out of town , and they start kissing . `` Mother '' appears and Norman visualizes Madeleine with her throat slit . He runs back home , calling for `` Mother , '' who is not there . 45 5 `` Dreams Die First '' Nestor Carbonell Erica Lipez & Kerry Ehrin March 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) 1.36 Norman awakens to find no sign of his mother . Sheriff Greene informs him that Romero may come after him . In Seattle , Dylan explains to Emma why he cut off contact with Norma , revealing that Norman is sick and Emma 's mother went missing after checking into the motel . Emma later discovers that Norma is dead . Sam 's mistress , Marion Crane , goes on the run after stealing $400,000 from her boss ; Madeleine confronts Sam about the affair . Norman encounters his old therapist , Dr. Edwards , and is faced again with the reality that Norma is dead and he assumes her persona . He visits the White Horse Bar , and is confused when the patrons recognize him from the night before . A man attempts to seduce him and Norman has a flashback of `` Mother '' and the man having sex . Panicking , he flees home just as Marion arrives at the Bates Motel . 46 6 `` Marion '' Phil Abraham Carlton Cuse & Kerry Ehrin March 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 27 ) 1.30 Norman greets Marion at the motel ; Emma informs a shocked Dylan of his mother 's death . After Norman and Marion eat dinner together , Norman spies on her as she undresses for her shower . He later reveals to her that Sam is married . When Marion sees Sam and Madeleine arguing at his house , she smashes his car windows in anger and returns to the motel . `` Mother '' tries to goad Norman into killing Marion , but Norman , unwilling to do this , fights back and forces Marion out of the motel before he can hurt her , saving her life . Marion leaves town as Sam shows up at her room . He decides to shower while waiting for her . When `` Mother '' compares Sam to Norman 's father , Norman stabs Sam to death in the shower . 47 7 `` Inseparable '' Steph Green Story by : Freddie Highmore & Erica Lipez Teleplay by : Freddie Highmore April 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 03 ) 1.26 `` Mother '' and Norman dispose of Sam 's body , though Norman does not want to hallucinate `` Mother '' anymore . Sheriff Greene reveals that Jim Blackwell 's body was recovered . Norman buries Norma 's frozen corpse in the woods in case police investigate his house . Dylan arrives at the Bates ' house and says that Norman should have told him about Norma 's death , and to let him help Norman , as he sees that Norman is sick . Dylan learns that Dr. Edwards is missing and presumed dead , even though Norman said he 'd met with him . Dylan then meets Madeleine , who is worried about a missing Sam . Dylan asks Norman about Sam and encourages him to take his medication , but `` Mother '' takes over and tries to kill Dylan . Norman intervenes , yelling that Dylan is his brother , and Dylan , in shock , watches him struggle with himself . Norman comes to , dials 911 , and confesses to Sam 's murder . 48 8 `` The Body '' Freddie Highmore Erica Lipez April 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 10 ) 1.23 Norman is anxious to be arrested , fearing that he will see `` Mother '' and she will intervene . He is interrogated , and given his medication , but `` Mother '' forces him to vomit it out and takes full control of him . `` Mother '' blames Madeleine for Sam 's murder and says Norman confessed to take the fall for her . Dylan gets a lawyer and explains that Norman is not a criminal nor a bad person - he is mentally ill and needs a mental institution . Emma 's mother 's body is also found and identified from the lake , confirming Dylan 's suspicion about Norman killing her . Romero returns to the Bates ' property and finds Chick , who has set up his writing desk in the house . Chick is killed by Romero after mocking him and the entire situation . Sam 's body is found next , and Norman , with `` Mother '' still in control , is charged with three murders . 49 9 `` Visiting Hours '' Olatunde Osunsanmi Scott Kosar April 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 17 ) 1.22 Norman 's attorney suggests entering an insanity plea , as he could be put to death if convicted . Emma arrives to see Dylan but is unsure whether the two of them will make it when Dylan takes his brother 's side . After seeing the evidence presented at Norman 's hearing , Madeleine asks Dylan how he can live with himself after knowing Norman was sick and still leaving him to do what he did . Emma decides to go back home , but not before going to see Norman . She instantly realizes he is in `` Mother 's '' persona , and so asks him to tell the real Norman that she misses him . Romero discovers where Norman is and forces the officers to release him . He forces Norman into Norman 's car and orders him to take them to Norma 's body . 50 10 `` The Cord '' Tucker Gates Kerry Ehrin & Carlton Cuse April 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) 1.41 `` Mother '' leads Romero to Norma 's body and as Romero mourns over it , Norman subdues him and shoots him with his own gun . Before Romero dies , he tells Norman that Norman will never be able to escape from the fact that he killed his own mother . `` Mother '' tells Norman that with Romero dead and now that he really knows the truth - that he killed her - there is nothing left to protect him from , and she leaves him for good . Unable to handle this , Norman 's mind regresses to when they first moved to the motel . Under that delusion , he takes Norma 's body back to the house and invites Dylan for dinner . Dylan does not inform the police . Instead , armed with a gun , he goes . After seeing Norma 's corpse at the dinner table , Dylan begs Norman to face reality but Norman is unwilling to live without his mother . Dylan is forced to fatally shoot him when Norman charges at him with a knife . Norman dies in Dylan 's arms and thanks Dylan for letting him reunite with Norma in death . The motel and house are sold , and Dylan and Emma make a happy life together with their daughter in Seattle . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The season has received positive reviews from television critics . It received 81 out of 100 from Metacritic , based on 8 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 8 out of 8 critical responses were positive , averaging a 100 % rating . Ratings ( edit ) Overall , the fifth season of Bates Motel averaged 1.29 million viewers , with a 0.5 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Dark Paradise '' February 20 , 2017 0.5 1.34 0.5 1.19 1.0 2.53 `` The Convergence of the Twain '' February 27 , 2017 0.4 1.28 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Bad Blood '' March 6 , 2017 0.5 1.28 0.5 1.31 1.0 2.60 `` Hidden '' March 13 , 2017 0.4 1.25 0.6 1.38 1.0 2.63 5 `` Dreams Die First '' March 20 , 2017 0.5 1.36 0.5 1.35 1.0 2.71 6 `` Marion '' March 27 , 2017 0.5 1.30 0.6 1.38 1.1 2.68 7 `` Inseparable '' April 3 , 2017 0.4 1.26 0.6 1.40 1.0 2.65 8 `` The Body '' April 10 , 2017 0.4 1.23 0.6 1.34 1.0 2.57 9 `` Visiting Hours '' April 17 , 2017 0.4 1.23 0.5 1.33 0.9 2.56 10 `` The Cord '' April 24 , 2017 0.5 1.41 0.4 N / A 0.9 N / A A ^ Cable Live + 3 data is used here as Live + 7 was not made available . Awards and Nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Bates Motel In its fifth and final season , Bates Motel was nominated for one award . Year Awards Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2017 8th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Actor in a Drama Series Freddie Highmore Nominated The listed years are of television release , annual ceremonies are usually held the following year References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Bates Motel ' to End After Five Seasons '' . Variety . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` Bates Motel sets final check - in date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grobar , Matt ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' On Set : Showrunners And Stars On Freddie Highmore 's Writing Debut '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna To Play Iconic ' Psycho ' Role In ' Bates Motel ' Fifth & Final Season -- Comic - Con '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ; Halterman , Jim ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna Joins ' Bates Motel ' in Janet Leigh Role '' . Variety . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Bates Motel Season 5 : House of Cards Actress Cast as Norma 's Doppelganger '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Bates Motel Elects Grey 's Anatomy Alum Brooke Smith ( New ) Sheriff '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' : ' The Walking Dead 's Austin Nichols To Recur on Season 5 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` Go a Little Mad with the Bates Motel Season 5 Trailer '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' : Carlton Cuse 's Surprising Cameo ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of Shield ' Star Natalia Cordova - Buckley Joins ' Bates Motel ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Turnquist , Kristi ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' : What 's going on in that bucolic Oregon coastal town '' . OregonLive.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BATES MOTEL Set in Aldergrove is Spitting Image of Alfred Hitchcock 's Set in Psycho -- Updated '' . YVR Shoots . November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pena , Jessica ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Bates Motel : Freddie Highmore Talks About the Final Season '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marie , April ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` # SDCC16 : Bates Motel Cast Bittersweet About Series End ; Excited for Rihanna as Marion Crane '' . Dread Central . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gittins , Susan ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` SHOOT : BATES MOTEL Final Season 's First Day at Motel & House Set in Aldergrove '' . YVR Shoots . Jump up ^ Gittins , Susan ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` SERIES FINALE : BATES MOTEL 's Last Day at its Aldergrove House & Motel Set '' . YVR Shoots . Jump up ^ Gittins , Susan ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` SERIES FINALE : BATES MOTEL Tears Down Gothic House Set . Motel Stays For Now '' . YVR Shoots . Jump up ^ Gittins , Susan ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` SERIES FINALE : Nestor Carbonell ( aka Romero ) 's Last Day on BATES MOTEL '' . YVR Shoots . Jump up ^ Saclao , Christian ( January 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' Nestor Carbonell Thanks Vera Farmiga As He Wraps Filming On A&E Series '' . Yahoo ! News . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` Bates Motel wraps filming , Vera Farmiga smooches Freddie Highmore '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Brown , Scott ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood North : The Bates Motel gets hit by the wrecking ball ( gallery ) '' . The Vancouver Sun . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Monday Night Raw ' holds steady , ' Bates Motel ' premieres low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Bates Motel ' and ' WWE Raw ' tick down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Bates Motel ' ticks up , ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' premieres on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' and ' Bates Motel ' dip '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Bates Motel ' ticks up , ' WWE Raw ' stays strong '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Street Outlaws ' ticks up , ' Bates Motel ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' leads , ' Love & Hip Hop ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' premieres low , ' Love & Hip Hop ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' hits series low , ' Bates Motel ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Bates Motel ' series finale rises , ' WWE Raw ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season 5 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season 5 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale. April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' makes its lead even bigger in cable Live + 7 ratings for Feb. 20 - 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Americans ' premiere triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 6 - 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' makes up for losses in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 13 - 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Major Crimes ' makes major gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 20 - 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Underground ' makes a big leap in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 27 - April 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Archer ' premiere doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 3 - 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' makes big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 10 - 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fargo ' premiere makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` NFL Draft leads , ' Better Call Saul ' jumps : Cable Live + 3 ratings for April 24 - 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' The Shape of Water ' Leads With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Bates Motel on IMDb Bates Motel at TV.com ( hide ) Bates Motel Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Characters Norma Louise Bates Norman Bates Marion Crane Related articles Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bates_Motel_(season_5)&oldid=825823884 '' Categories : Bates Motel ( TV series ) 2017 American television seasons Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 17 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does bates motel season 5 come out | [
"The fifth and final season[1] of Bates Motel premiered on February 20, 2017, and concluded on April 24, 2017. The season consisted of 10 episodes and aired on Mondays at 10 p.m. ET/PT on A&E.[2] The series itself is described as a \"contemporary prequel\" to the 1960 film Psycho, following the life of Norman Bates and his mother Norma prior to the events portrayed in the Hitchcock film. However, the final season of the series loosely adapts the plot of Psycho. The series takes place in the fictional town of White Pine Bay, Oregon."
] | [
"February 20, 2017"
] |
-2871743764218728748 | 1800 United States Census | 1800 United States Census - wikipedia 1800 United States Census The United States Census of 1800 was the second Census conducted in the United States . It was conducted on August 4 , 1800 . It showed that 5,308,483 people were living in the United States , of whom 893,602 were slaves . The 1800 Census included the new District of Columbia . The census for the following states were lost : Georgia , Kentucky , New Jersey , Tennessee , and Virginia . Contents 1 Questions 2 Data availability 3 State and regional populations 4 City populations 5 References 6 External links Questions ( edit ) The 1800 census asks the following information in columns , left to right : Column Title Name of the head Number of free white males under age 10 Number of free white males of age 10 and under 16 Number of free white males of age 16 and under 26 5 Number of free white males of age 26 and under 45 6 Number of free white males of age 45 and over . 7 Number of free white females under age 10 8 Number of free white females of age 10 and under 16 9 Number of free white females of age 16 and under 26 10 Number of free white females of age 26 and under 45 11 Number of free white females of age 45 and over . 12 Number of all other free persons 13 Number of slaves This census is one of the several for which some of the original data are no longer available . Original census returns for Georgia , Kentucky , Mississippi , New Jersey , Tennessee , and Virginia were lost over the years . Data availability ( edit ) No microdata from the 1800 population census are available , but aggregate data for small areas , together with compatible cartographic boundary files , can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System . State and regional populations ( edit ) District Free white males under age 10 , Free white males age 10 -- 16 Free white males age 16 -- 26 Free white males age 26 -- 45 Free white males over age 45 Free white females under age 10 Free white females age 10 -- 16 Free white females age 16 -- 26 Free white females age 26 -- 45 Free white females over age 45 All other free persons Slaves Total New Hampshire 30,694 14,881 16,379 17,589 11,715 29,871 14,193 17,153 18,381 12,142 852 8 183,858 Massachusetts 63,646 32,507 37,905 39,729 31,348 60,920 30,674 40,491 43,833 35,340 6,452 0 422,845 Maine 27,970 12,305 12,900 15,318 8,339 26,899 11,338 13,295 14,496 8,041 818 0 151,719 Connecticut 37,946 19,408 21,683 23,180 18,976 35,736 18,218 23,561 25,186 20,827 5,330 951 251,002 Vermont 29,420 12,046 13,242 16,544 8,076 28,272 11,366 12,606 15,287 7,049 557 0 154,465 Rhode Island 9,945 5,352 5,889 5,785 4,887 9,524 5,026 6,463 6,919 5,648 3,304 380 69,122 New York ( excluding Duchess , Ulster , Orange counties ) 83,161 36,953 40,045 52,454 25,497 79,154 32,822 39,086 47,710 23,161 8,573 15,602 484,065 New York ( Duchess , Ulster , Orange counties ) 16,936 7,320 9,230 9,140 6,358 16,319 6,649 9,030 8,701 5,490 1,801 5,011 101,985 New Jersey 33,900 15,859 16,301 19,956 12,629 32,622 14,827 17,018 19,533 11,600 4,402 12,422 211,149 Pennsylvania ( eastern district ) 52,767 24,438 29,393 33,864 20,824 51,176 23,427 29,879 30,892 19,329 11,253 557 327,979 Pennsylvania ( western district ) 50,459 21,623 24,869 25,469 17,761 48,448 20,362 24,095 22,954 14,066 3,311 1,149 274,566 Delaware 8,250 4,437 5,121 5,012 2,213 7,628 4,277 5,543 4,981 2,390 8,268 6,153 64,273 Maryland ( including Washington County in the District of Columbia , but excluding parts of Baltimore County ) 33,520 16,581 20,560 22,169 12,617 32,463 15,718 21,506 20,363 11,240 18,646 102,465 317,348 Maryland ( additional return for Baltimore County ) 567 226 318 343 249 517 222 375 318 199 41 847 4,276 Virginia ( eastern district ) 57,837 25,998 32,444 34,588 19,087 54,597 25,469 34,807 32,641 18,821 13,194 322,199 676,682 Virginia ( western district ) 34,601 14,502 16,264 15,674 11,134 32,726 13,366 15,923 3,632 15,169 1,930 23,597 203,518 Virginia ( Alexandria and part of Fairfax County in the District of Columbia ) 889 320 483 557 221 670 313 479 473 189 383 1,172 5,949 North Carolina 63,118 27,073 31,560 31,209 18,688 59,074 25,874 32,989 30,665 17,514 7,043 133,296 478,103 South Carolina 37,411 16,156 17,761 19,344 10,244 34,664 15,857 18,145 17,236 9,437 3,185 146,151 345,591 Georgia 19,841 8,469 9,787 10,914 4,957 18,407 7,914 9,243 8,835 3,894 1,919 59,699 162,686 Kentucky 37,274 14,045 15,705 17,699 9,238 34,949 13,433 15,524 14,934 7,075 741 40,343 220,959 Northwest Territory 9,362 3,647 4,636 4,833 1,955 8,644 3,353 3,861 3,342 1,395 337 0 45,365 Indiana Territory 854 347 466 645 262 791 280 424 393 115 163 135 5,641 Mississippi Territory 999 356 482 780 290 953 376 352 462 165 182 3,489 8,850 District Free white males under age 10 Free white males age 10 -- 16 Free white males age 16 -- 26 Free white males age 26 -- 45 Free white males over age 45 Free white females under age 10 Free white females age 10 -- 16 Free white females age 16 -- 26 Free white females age 26 -- 45 Free white females over age 45 All other free persons Slaves Total Uncorrected Total 741,367 334,849 383,423 422,795 257,526 705,024 315,354 391,848 392,167 250,296 102,685 875,626 5,172,312 Tennessee 19,227 7,194 8,282 8,352 4,125 18,450 7,042 8,554 6,992 3,491 309 13,584 105,602 Maryland corrected 36,751 17,743 21,929 23,553 13,712 34,703 16,787 22,915 21,725 12,180 19,987 107,707 349,692 Corrected Total 763,288 142,979 392,765 432,979 262,497 725,197 323,243 401,436 400,203 254,524 104,294 893,605 5,305,982 ^ a : At the time of the 1800 Census , the territory donated to form the District of Columbia was still being administered by the states of Maryland and Virginia . The state of Maryland included the population of the District under its control within its own return . The population of the District of Columbia within Maryland was 8,144 persons , including 5,672 whites , 400 free blacks , and 2,472 enslaved persons . ^ b : Persons 766 added to the particular items of this return . ^ c : This return has been received since the communication of the above Aggregate to Congress . ^ d : This return has also been since received , and is stated by the Marshal to be more correct than the first . City populations ( edit ) Rank City State Population Region ( 2016 ) 01 New York New York 60,515 Northeast 02 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 41,220 Northeast 03 Baltimore Maryland 26,514 South 04 Boston Massachusetts 24,937 Northeast 05 Charleston South Carolina 18,824 South 06 Northern Liberties Pennsylvania 10,718 Northeast 07 Southwark Pennsylvania 9,621 Northeast 08 Salem Massachusetts 9,457 Northeast 09 Providence Rhode Island 7,614 Northeast 10 Norfolk Virginia 6,926 South 11 Newport Rhode Island 6,739 Northeast 12 Newburyport Massachusetts 5,946 Northeast 13 Richmond Virginia 5,737 South 14 Nantucket Massachusetts 5,617 Northeast 15 Portsmouth New Hampshire 5,339 Northeast 16 Gloucester Massachusetts 5,313 Northeast 17 Albany New York 5,289 Northeast 17 Schenectady New York 5,289 Northeast 19 Marblehead Massachusetts 5,211 Northeast 20 New London Connecticut 5,150 Northeast 21 Savannah Georgia 5,146 South 22 Alexandria District of Columbia 4,971 South 23 Middleborough Massachusetts 4,458 Northeast 24 New Bedford Massachusetts 4,361 Northeast 25 Lancaster Pennsylvania 4,292 Northeast 26 New Haven Connecticut 4,049 Northeast 27 Portland Maine 3,704 Northeast 28 Hudson New York 3,664 Northeast 29 Hartford Connecticut 3,523 Northeast 30 Petersburg Virginia 3,521 South 31 Washington District of Columbia 3,210 South 32 Georgetown District of Columbia 2,993 South 33 York Pennsylvania 2,503 Northeast References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1800 Census Questions '' . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2010 . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dollarhide , William ( 2001 ) . The Census Book : A Genealogists Guide to Federal Census Facts , Schedules and Indexes . North Salt Lake , Utah : HeritageQuest . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia -- Race and Hispanic Origin : 1800 to 1990 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . September 13 , 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 4 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Enumeration of Persons in the several districts of The United States '' ( PDF ) . 1800 . p. 3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 11 , 2010 . Retrieved May 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States : 1790 to 1990 , U.S. Census Bureau , 1998 Jump up ^ `` Regions and Divisions '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Historic US Census data 1800 Census : 1800 United States Census for Genealogy & Family History Research United States Censuses 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 2000 2020 United States Census Bureau United States Census of Agriculture Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1800_United_States_Census&oldid=856194199 '' Categories : 1800 in the United States United States Census 1800 censuses Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Português Română Русский Simple English Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 14 : 33 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | where did the largest us population live in the early 1800s | [
"\n\n\nDistrict\n\nFree white males under age 10,\n\nFree white males age 10–16\n\nFree white males age 16–26\n\nFree white males age 26–45\n\nFree white males over age 45\n\nFree white females under age 10\n\nFree white females age 10–16\n\nFree white females age 16–26\n\nFree white females age 26–45\n\nFree white females over age 45\n\nAll other free persons\n\nSlaves\n\nTotal\n\n\nNew Hampshire\n\n30,694\n\n14,881\n\n16,379\n\n17,589\n\n11,715\n\n29,871\n\n14,193\n\n17,153\n\n18,381\n\n12,142\n\n852\n\n8\n\n183,858\n\n\nMassachusetts\n\n63,646\n\n32,507\n\n37,905\n\n39,729\n\n31,348\n\n60,920\n\n30,674\n\n40,491\n\n43,833\n\n35,340\n\n6,452\n\n0\n\n422,845\n\n\nMaine\n\n27,970\n\n12,305\n\n12,900\n\n15,318\n\n8,339\n\n26,899\n\n11,338\n\n13,295\n\n14,496\n\n8,041\n\n818\n\n0\n\n151,719\n\n\nConnecticut\n\n37,946\n\n19,408\n\n21,683\n\n23,180\n\n18,976\n\n35,736\n\n18,218\n\n23,561\n\n25,186\n\n20,827\n\n5,330\n\n951\n\n251,002\n\n\nVermont\n\n29,420\n\n12,046\n\n13,242\n\n16,544\n\n8,076\n\n28,272\n\n11,366\n\n12,606\n\n15,287\n\n7,049\n\n557\n\n0\n\n154,465\n\n\nRhode Island\n\n9,945\n\n5,352\n\n5,889\n\n5,785\n\n4,887\n\n9,524\n\n5,026\n\n6,463\n\n6,919\n\n5,648\n\n3,304\n\n380\n\n69,122\n\n\nNew York (excluding Duchess, Ulster, Orange counties)\n\n83,161\n\n36,953\n\n40,045\n\n52,454\n\n25,497\n\n79,154\n\n32,822\n\n39,086\n\n47,710\n\n23,161\n\n8,573\n\n15,602\n\n484,065\n\n\nNew York (Duchess, Ulster, Orange counties)\n\n16,936\n\n7,320\n\n9,230\n\n9,140\n\n6,358\n\n16,319\n\n6,649\n\n9,030\n\n8,701\n\n5,490\n\n1,801\n\n5,011\n\n101,985\n\n\nNew Jersey\n\n33,900\n\n15,859\n\n16,301\n\n19,956\n\n12,629\n\n32,622\n\n14,827\n\n17,018\n\n19,533\n\n11,600\n\n4,402\n\n12,422\n\n211,149\n\n\nPennsylvania (eastern district)\n\n52,767\n\n24,438\n\n29,393\n\n33,864\n\n20,824\n\n51,176\n\n23,427\n\n29,879\n\n30,892\n\n19,329\n\n11,253\n\n557\n\n327,979\n\n\nPennsylvania (western district)\n\n50,459\n\n21,623\n\n24,869\n\n25,469\n\n17,761\n\n48,448\n\n20,362\n\n24,095\n\n22,954\n\n14,066\n\n3,311\n\n1,149\n\n274,566\n\n\nDelaware\n\n8,250\n\n4,437\n\n5,121\n\n5,012\n\n2,213\n\n7,628\n\n4,277\n\n5,543\n\n4,981\n\n2,390\n\n8,268\n\n6,153\n\n64,273\n\n\nMaryland (including Washington County in the District of Columbiaa[›], but excluding parts of Baltimore County)\n\n33,520\n\n16,581\n\n20,560\n\n22,169\n\n12,617\n\n32,463\n\n15,718\n\n21,506\n\n20,363\n\n11,240\n\n18,646\n\n102,465\n\n317,348\n\n\nMaryland (additional return for Baltimore County)\n\n567\n\n226\n\n318\n\n343\n\n249\n\n517\n\n222\n\n375\n\n318\n\n199\n\n41\n\n847\n\n4,276\n\n\nVirginia (eastern district)\n\n57,837\n\n25,998\n\n32,444\n\n34,588\n\n19,087\n\n54,597\n\n25,469\n\n34,807\n\n32,641\n\n18,821\n\n13,194\n\n322,199\n\n676,682\n\n\nVirginia (western district)\n\n34,601\n\n14,502\n\n16,264\n\n15,674\n\n11,134\n\n32,726\n\n13,366\n\n15,923\n\n3,632\n\n15,169\n\n1,930\n\n23,597\n\n203,518\n\n\nVirginia (Alexandria and part of Fairfax County in the District of Columbiaa[›])\n\n889\n\n320\n\n483\n\n557\n\n221\n\n670\n\n313\n\n479\n\n473\n\n189\n\n383\n\n1,172\n\n5,949\n\n\nNorth Carolina\n\n63,118\n\n27,073\n\n31,560\n\n31,209\n\n18,688\n\n59,074\n\n25,874\n\n32,989\n\n30,665\n\n17,514\n\n7,043\n\n133,296\n\n478,103\n\n\nSouth Carolina\n\n37,411\n\n16,156\n\n17,761\n\n19,344\n\n10,244\n\n34,664\n\n15,857\n\n18,145\n\n17,236\n\n9,437\n\n3,185\n\n146,151\n\n345,591\n\n\nGeorgia\n\n19,841\n\n8,469\n\n9,787\n\n10,914\n\n4,957\n\n18,407\n\n7,914\n\n9,243\n\n8,835\n\n3,894\n\n1,919\n\n59,699\n\n162,686\n\n\nKentucky\n\n37,274\n\n14,045\n\n15,705\n\n17,699\n\n9,238\n\n34,949\n\n13,433\n\n15,524\n\n14,934\n\n7,075\n\n741\n\n40,343\n\n220,959\n\n\nNorthwest Territory\n\n9,362\n\n3,647\n\n4,636\n\n4,833\n\n1,955\n\n8,644\n\n3,353\n\n3,861\n\n3,342\n\n1,395\n\n337\n\n0\n\n45,365\n\n\nIndiana Territory\n\n854\n\n347\n\n466\n\n645\n\n262\n\n791\n\n280\n\n424\n\n393\n\n115\n\n163\n\n135\n\n5,641b[›]\n\n\nMississippi Territory\n\n999\n\n356\n\n482\n\n780\n\n290\n\n953\n\n376\n\n352\n\n462\n\n165\n\n182\n\n3,489\n\n8,850\n"
] | [
"Virginia (eastern district)"
] |
7844350190488016938 | NFC North | NFC North - wikipedia NFC North Jump to : navigation , search NFC North Conference National Football Conference League National Football League Sport American football Founded 1967 ( As NFL Western Conference Central Division ) Country United States Teams No. of teams Championships Most recent NFC North champion ( s ) Minnesota Vikings ( 20 titles ) Most NFC North titles Minnesota Vikings ( 20 titles ) The NFC North is a division of the National Football League ( NFL ) 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) , based in the Upper Midwest region of the United States . Nicknamed the `` Black & Blue Division '' for the rough and tough rivalry games between the teams , it currently has four members : the Chicago Bears , Detroit Lions , Green Bay Packers , and Minnesota Vikings . The NFC North was previously known as the NFC Central from 1970 to 2001 . The Tampa Bay Buccaneers were previously members , from 1977 , one year after they joined the league as an expansion team , until 2001 when they moved to the NFC South . The division was created in 1967 as the Central Division of the NFL 's Western Conference and existed for three seasons before the AFL -- NFL merger . After the merger , it was renamed the NFC Central and retained that name until the NFL split into eight divisions in 2002 . The four current division teams have been together in the same division or conference since the Vikings joined the league in 1961 . The Bears , Lions and Packers have been in the same division or conference since the NFL began a conference format in 1933 . Largely because the four teams have played each other at least twice a year , with the exception of the strike - shortened 1982 season , for more than half a century ( more than 80 years in the case of the Bears , Lions and Packers ) , the entire division is considered one very large rivalry . Based on the combined ages of its current teams , the NFC North is the oldest division in the NFL , at a combined 336 years old . The Bears are 96 years old ( founded in 1919 in Decatur , Illinois ; moved to Chicago in 1921 ) , the Packers are also 96 years old ( founded in 1919 , but turned professional in 1921 ) , the Lions are 88 years old ( founded 1929 in Portsmouth , Ohio ; moved to Detroit in 1934 ) , and the Vikings are 56 years old ( founded 1961 ) . The division has a total of 11 Super Bowl appearances . The Packers have the most appearances in the Super Bowl with 5 , the most recent happening at the conclusion of the 2010 season . The Bears and the Packers have the only Super Bowl wins of this division , a total of 5 ( 4 for the Packers and 1 for the Bears ) . Of the top 10 NFL teams with the highest winning percentage throughout its franchise history , three of them are in the NFC North ( the Bears , the Packers , and the Vikings ) . The Lions however , have one of the lowest winning percentages in the NFL , including the first winless 16 - game season in NFL history , in 2008 . Entering 2014 the Bears led the division with an overall record of 730 -- 534 -- 42 , victory in Super Bowl XX and eight pre-Super Bowl league titles ; Chicago 's overall playoff record is 17 -- 18 . The Packers hold an overall record of 698 -- 537 -- 36 with an overall playoff record of 30 -- 18 , four Super Bowl titles in five Super Bowl appearances , and nine pre-Super Bowl league titles - bringing the Packers to a total of 13 World Championships , currently the most in the NFL . The Lions hold a record of 517 -- 620 -- 32 , four league championships , and a 7 -- 11 playoff record . As the youngest ( in terms of franchise age ) team in the division , the Vikings hold a record of 431 -- 365 -- 9 , a playoff record of 19 -- 27 , and had won a league title the season before the merger ( although they subsequently lost Super Bowl IV ) . This division earned the moniker `` Black and Blue Division '' due to its intense rivalries and physical style of play , and this nickname is still used regularly today . It is also known as the `` Frostbite Division '' as all teams played home games in late season winter cold until the mid-1970s . The division is also humorously called the `` Frozen North '' , although Detroit has played its home games indoors since 1975 , and Minnesota also did so from 1982 to 2013 and returned to indoor home games at U.S. Bank Stadium in 2016 . ESPN sportscaster Chris Berman often refers to this division as the `` NFC Norris '' because of its geographical similarity to the National Hockey League 's former Norris Division . Contents ( hide ) 1 Division lineups 2 Division champions 3 Wild Card qualifiers 4 Total playoff berths 4.1 Total playoff berths as members of the NFC Central / North 4.2 Total playoff berths in team history 5 Schedule assignments 6 See also 7 References Division lineups ( edit ) Place cursor over year for division champ or Super Bowl team . Years NFL Western Conference Central Division NFC Central Division 1900s 2000s 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Tampa Bay Buccaneers NFC North Division 2000s 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Team not in division Division Won Super Bowl Division Won NFC Championship Division won NFL Championship , Lost Super Bowl The NFL Western Conference was divided into the Coastal and Central divisions . The Packers had won Super Bowl I in 1966 in the NFL Western Conference . Starting the 1970 season , this division became the National Football Conference Central division ( or NFC Central for short ) , due to the AFL -- NFL merger . Tampa Bay moved from the AFC West in 1977 For the 2002 season , the league realigned to have 8 four team divisions . Division renamed the NFC North . Tampa Bay moves to the NFC South . Division champions ( edit ) Season Team Record Playoff Results NFL Central ( pre-merger ) 1967 Green Bay Packers 9 -- 4 -- 1 Won 1967 NFL Championship Game Won Super Bowl II 1968 Minnesota Vikings 8 -- 6 Lost NFL Divisional Playoffs 1969 Minnesota Vikings 12 -- 2 Won 1969 NFL Championship Game Lost Super Bowl IV NFC Central ( post merger ) 1970 Minnesota Vikings 12 -- 2 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs 1971 Minnesota Vikings 11 -- 3 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs 1972 Green Bay Packers 10 -- 4 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs 1973 Minnesota Vikings 12 -- 2 Lost Super Bowl VIII Minnesota Vikings 10 -- 4 Lost Super Bowl IX Minnesota Vikings 12 -- 2 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs 1976 Minnesota Vikings 11 -- 2 -- 1 Lost Super Bowl XI 1977 Minnesota Vikings 9 -- 5 Lost NFC Championship Game 1978 Minnesota Vikings 8 -- 7 -- 1 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs 1979 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 10 -- 6 Lost NFC Championship Game 1980 Minnesota Vikings 9 -- 7 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs 1981 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 9 -- 7 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs 1982 + Green Bay Packers 5 -- 3 -- 1 Lost NFC Second Round Detroit Lions 9 -- 7 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs 1984 Chicago Bears 10 -- 6 Lost NFC Championship Game 1985 Chicago Bears 15 -- 1 Won Super Bowl XX 1986 Chicago Bears 14 -- 2 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs Chicago Bears 11 -- 4 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs 1988 Chicago Bears 12 -- 4 Lost NFC Championship Game 1989 Minnesota Vikings 10 -- 6 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs 1990 Chicago Bears 11 -- 5 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs 1991 Detroit Lions 12 -- 4 Lost NFC Championship Game 1992 Minnesota Vikings 11 -- 5 Lost NFC Wild Card Playoffs 1993 Detroit Lions 10 -- 6 Lost NFC Wild Card Playoffs 1994 Minnesota Vikings 10 -- 6 Lost NFC Wild Card Playoffs 1995 Green Bay Packers 11 -- 5 Lost NFC Championship Game Green Bay Packers 13 -- 3 Won Super Bowl XXXI 1997 Green Bay Packers 13 -- 3 Lost Super Bowl XXXII 1998 Minnesota Vikings 15 -- 1 Lost NFC Championship Game 1999 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 11 -- 5 Lost NFC Championship Game 2000 Minnesota Vikings 11 -- 5 Lost NFC Championship Game 2001 Chicago Bears 13 -- 3 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs NFC North 2002 Green Bay Packers 12 -- 4 Lost NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2003 Green Bay Packers 10 -- 6 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs Green Bay Packers 10 -- 6 Lost NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2005 Chicago Bears 11 -- 5 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs 2006 Chicago Bears 13 -- 3 Lost Super Bowl XLI 2007 Green Bay Packers 13 -- 3 Lost NFC Championship Game 2008 Minnesota Vikings 10 -- 6 Lost NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2009 Minnesota Vikings 12 -- 4 Lost NFC Championship Game Chicago Bears 11 -- 5 Lost NFC Championship Game 2011 Green Bay Packers 15 -- 1 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs 2012 Green Bay Packers 11 -- 5 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs 2013 Green Bay Packers 8 -- 7 -- 1 Lost NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2014 Green Bay Packers 12 -- 4 Lost NFC Championship Game 2015 Minnesota Vikings 11 -- 5 Lost NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2016 Green Bay Packers 10 -- 6 Lost NFC Championship Game 2017 Minnesota Vikings 13 -- 3 Lost NFC Championship Game + A players ' strike in 1982 reduced the regular season to nine games , so the league used a special 16 - team playoff tournament just for this year . Division standings were ignored ; Green Bay had the best record of the division teams . Wild card qualifiers ( edit ) Season Team Record Playoff Results NFC Central 1970 Detroit Lions 10 -- 4 -- 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs 1977 Chicago Bears 9 -- 5 -- 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs 1979 Chicago Bears 10 -- 6 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs 1982 + Minnesota Vikings Tampa Bay Buccaneers Detroit Lions 5 -- 4 -- 0 5 -- 4 -- 0 4 -- 5 -- 0 Lost NFC Second Round Lost NFC First Round Lost NFC First Round Minnesota Vikings 8 -- 7 -- 0 Lost NFC Championship Game 1988 Minnesota Vikings 11 -- 5 -- 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs 1991 Chicago Bears 11 -- 5 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs 1993 Minnesota Vikings Green Bay Packers 9 -- 7 -- 0 9 -- 7 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs Lost Divisional Playoffs 1994 Detroit Lions Chicago Bears Green Bay Packers 9 -- 7 -- 0 9 -- 7 -- 0 9 -- 7 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs Lost Divisional Playoffs Lost Divisional Playoffs 1995 Detroit Lions 10 -- 6 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs Minnesota Vikings 9 -- 7 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs 1997 Detroit Lions Minnesota Vikings Tampa Bay Buccaneers 9 -- 7 -- 0 9 -- 7 -- 0 10 -- 6 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs Lost Divisional Playoffs Lost Divisional Playoffs 1998 Green Bay Packers 11 -- 5 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs 1999 Detroit Lions Minnesota Vikings 8 -- 8 -- 0 10 -- 6 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs Lost Divisional Playoffs 2000 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 10 -- 6 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs 2001 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Green Bay Packers 9 -- 7 -- 0 12 -- 4 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs Lost Divisional Playoffs NFC North Minnesota Vikings 8 -- 8 -- 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs 2009 Green Bay Packers 11 -- 5 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs Green Bay Packers 10 -- 6 -- 0 Won Super Bowl XLV 2011 Detroit Lions 10 -- 6 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs 2012 Minnesota Vikings 10 -- 6 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs 2014 Detroit Lions 11 -- 5 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs 2015 Green Bay Packers 10 -- 6 -- 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs 2016 Detroit Lions 9 -- 7 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs + A players ' strike in 1982 reduced the regular season to nine games , so the league used a special 16 - team playoff tournament just for this year . Total playoff berths ( edit ) Total playoff berths as members of the NFC Central / North ( edit ) ( 1966 -- 2016 seasons ) Team Division Championships Playoff Berths NFL League Titles Super Bowl Appearances Super Bowl Wins Minnesota Vikings 20 29 0 Green Bay Packers 15 22 5 Chicago Bears 10 14 0 Detroit Lions 12 0 0 0 To sort table above , click button to right of heading . Total playoff berths in team history ( edit ) ( 1920 -- 2016 seasons ) Team Division Championships Playoff Berths NFL League Titles ( pre-merger ) Conference Wins Super Bowl Wins Total Championships Minnesota Vikings 20 29 0 Green Bay Packers 18 31 11 9 13 Chicago Bears 18 25 8 9 Detroit Lions 18 0 To sort table above , click button to right of heading . From 1966 to 1969 , this means winning both the NFL Championship game AND the Super Bowl . Hence , the Vikings ' NFL Championship victory in 1969 is n't counted . The Packers had 2 NFL titles during this time frame and also won Super Bowl I and II . Schedule assignments ( edit ) Year Opponents Interconf . Intraconf . 2017 AFC North NFC South 2018 AFC East NFC West 2019 AFC West NFC East 2020 AFC South NFC South 2021 AFC North NFC West 2022 AFC East NFC East 2023 AFC West NFC South 2024 AFC South NFC West 2025 AFC North NFC East 2026 AFC East NFC South 2027 AFC West NFC West 2028 AFC South NFC East See also ( edit ) Bears -- Packers rivalry Bears -- Lions rivalry Bears -- Vikings rivalry Lions -- Packers rivalry Lions -- Vikings rivalry Packers -- Vikings rivalry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lions complete 1st 0 - 16 season in league history - NFL - NBC Sports '' . Nbcsports.msnbc.com. 2008 - 12 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XX Game Recap '' . Nfl.com. 1986 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 08 . National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Chicago Bears Founded in 1919 Formerly the Decatur Staleys ( 1919 -- 20 ) and the Chicago Staleys ( 1921 ) Based in Chicago , Illinois Headquartered in Lake Forest , Illinois Franchise History Coaches Seasons Current season Records Records and statistics Franchise records All - time record versus NFL Team awards and honors Players Head coaches Pro Football Hall of Famers First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Stadiums Staley Field Wrigley Field Soldier Field Memorial Stadium Soldier Field II Lore Staley Swindle 1932 Playoff Game First NFL Championship Game `` The Sneakers Game '' 73 -- 0 15 -- 1 46 defense Super Bowl XX Fog Bowl 75th Anniversary League Team NFL All - Time Team Cardiac Kids 2006 game vs. Arizona Cardinals Monsters of the Midway T formation George S. Halas Trophy Brian Piccolo Award Culture Brian 's Song 1971 2001 `` Bear Down , Chicago Bears '' `` The Super Bowl Shuffle '' Bill Swerski 's Superfans Chuck Swirsky Staley Da Bear Logos and uniforms Halas Hall A.E. Staley Jack Brickhouse Papa Bear Da Coach Roosevelt / Wabash 85386 Payton Chicago Honey Bears Jim Cornelison Rivalries Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Retired numbers 5 7 28 34 40 41 42 51 56 61 66 77 89 Key personnel Chairman : George McCaskey President / CEO : Ted Phillips General Manager : Ryan Pace Head Coach : Matt Nagy Division championships ( 18 ) 1933 1934 1937 1940 1941 1942 1943 1946 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990 2001 2005 2006 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1956 1963 1985 2006 League championships ( 9 ) 1921 1932 1933 1940 1941 1943 1946 1963 1985 ( XX ) Media Broadcasters Radio : WBBM ( AM ) WCFS - FM ( FM simulcast of WBBM ) Personnel : Jeff Joniak ( play - by - play ) Tom Thayer ( analyst ) Zach Zaidman ( sideline reporter and radio coach 's show host ) Television : WFLD ( pre-season and most regular season games through Fox , official pre-game and post-game ) NBC Sports Chicago ( in - season team programming ) Personnel : Lou Canellis ( gameday television host , pre-season sideline reporter ) Sam Rosen ( pre-season play - by - play ) Jim Miller ( pre-season analyst ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 98 ) 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Book : Chicago Bears : Category : Chicago Bears WikiProject Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Founded in 1930 Formerly the Portsmouth Spartans ( 1930 -- 33 ) Based in Detroit , Michigan Headquartered in Allen Park , Michigan Franchise Franchise Team history Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Coaches Stadiums Universal Stadium University of Detroit Stadium Tiger Stadium Pontiac Silverdome Ford Field Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day Paper Lion ( film ) `` What 's Going On '' ( Marvin Gaye song ) Beverly Hills Cop Home Improvement Cheerleaders Lore 1932 Playoff Game Curse of Bobby Layne Mike Utley gives a thumbs up Marty Mornhinweg takes the wind `` Fire Millen '' 0 -- 16 `` Calvin Johnson rule '' Miracle in Motown Rivalries Chicago Bears Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Notable people William Clay & Martha Firestone Ford Barry Sanders Bobby Layne Glenn Presnell Calvin Johnson Wayne Fontes Division championships ( 4 ) 1935 1991 1993 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1952 1953 1954 1957 League championships ( 4 ) 1935 1952 1953 1957 Media Broadcasters Radio : Radio network Dan Miller Jim Brandstatter Tony Ortiz WJR TV : Television network Matt Shepard Chris Spielman Jennifer Hammond WJBK Fox Sports Detroit Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 88 ) 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Green Bay Packers Founded in 1919 Based and headquartered in Green Bay , Wisconsin Franchise Franchise Team history Green Bay Packers , Inc . Board of Directors Records Seasons Coaches Players A -- D E -- K L -- R S -- Z Starting quarterbacks Pro Football Hall of Famers Retired numbers First - round draft picks Records Pro Bowlers Stadiums Draft history Stadiums Hagemeister Park Bellevue Park City Stadium Borchert Field Wisconsin State Fair Park Marquette Stadium Milwaukee County Stadium Lambeau Field Training facilities Don Hutson Center Clarke Hinkle Field Ray Nitschke Field St. Norbert College ( training camp ) Rockwood Lodge ( former ) Culture Cheesehead Lambeau Leap Hall of Fame Packers Fan Hall of Fame `` Bang the Drum All Day '' Cheerleaders Fight song Lumberjack Band Pigskin Champions Vernon Biever Hungry Five George Whitney Calhoun The Dope Sheet Curly Lambeau Vince Lombardi Ron Wolf Receiver Statue Lombardi Pitch Perfect 2 Packers Heritage Trail Packers Pro Shop Lore Dolly Gray impostor The Ice Bowl The Snow Bowl The Mud Bowl 4th and 26 Fail Mary Miracle in Motown Rivalries Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Minnesota Vikings Dallas Cowboys Division championships ( 18 ) 1936 1938 1939 1944 1967 1972 1995 1997 2002 2003 2007 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 9 ) 1960 1961 1962 1965 1966 1967 1997 League championships ( 13 ) 1929 1930 1931 1936 1939 1944 1961 1962 1965 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 2010 ( XLV ) does not include 1966 or 1967 NFL championships Retired numbers 14 15 66 92 Media Broadcasters Radio : Packers Radio Network WTMJ WKTI - HD2 WIXX WTAQ Television ( pre-season & official in - season team programming ) : WGBA - TV WTMJ - TV Personnel : Wayne Larrivee ( play - by - play ) Larry McCarren ( color / analysis ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1921 -- present ) Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 99 ) 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Minnesota Vikings Founded in 1961 Based in Minneapolis , Minnesota Headquartered in Eden Prairie , Minnesota Franchise Franchise History Expansion draft Players First - round draft picks Quarterbacks Head coaches Seasons Statistics Draft Broadcasters Stadiums Metropolitan Stadium Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome TCF Bank Stadium U.S. Bank Stadium Culture Purple People Eaters `` Skol , Vikings '' Herschel Walker trade Love Boat scandal `` Little Minnesota '' ( How I Met Your Mother episode ) Cheerleaders Lore The Wrong Way Run Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy Miracle at the Met Gary Anderson 's missed field goal Hail Mary 2010 Metrodome roof collapse Minneapolis Miracle Rivalries Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Division championships ( 20 ) 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 1976 1977 1978 1980 1989 1992 1994 1998 2000 2008 2009 2015 2017 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1969 1973 1976 League championships ( 0 ) does not include 1969 NFL championship Retired numbers 10 53 70 77 80 88 Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 57 ) 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NFC_North&oldid=821708266 '' Categories : National Football League divisions Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1967 establishments in the United States Sports in the Midwestern United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Galego Íslenska Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 04 : 10 . About Wikipedia | when was the last time the vikings won the division | [
"\n\nSeason\nTeam\nRecord\nPlayoff Results\n\n\nNFL Central (pre-merger)\n\n\n1967\nGreen Bay Packers\n9–4–1\nWon 1967 NFL Championship Game\nWon Super Bowl II\n\n\n1968\nMinnesota Vikings\n8–6\nLost NFL Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1969\nMinnesota Vikings\n12–2\nWon 1969 NFL Championship Game\nLost Super Bowl IV\n\n\nNFC Central (post merger)\n\n\n1970\nMinnesota Vikings\n12–2\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1971\nMinnesota Vikings\n11–3\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1972\nGreen Bay Packers\n10–4\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1973\nMinnesota Vikings\n12–2\nLost Super Bowl VIII\n\n\n1974\nMinnesota Vikings\n10–4\nLost Super Bowl IX\n\n\n1975\nMinnesota Vikings\n12–2\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1976\nMinnesota Vikings\n11–2–1\nLost Super Bowl XI\n\n\n1977\nMinnesota Vikings\n9–5\nLost NFC Championship Game\n\n\n1978\nMinnesota Vikings\n8–7–1\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1979\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\n10–6\nLost NFC Championship Game\n\n\n1980\nMinnesota Vikings\n9–7\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1981\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\n9–7\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1982+\nGreen Bay Packers\n5–3–1\nLost NFC Second Round\n\n\n1983\nDetroit Lions\n9–7\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1984\nChicago Bears\n10–6\nLost NFC Championship Game\n\n\n1985\nChicago Bears\n15–1\nWon Super Bowl XX\n\n\n1986\nChicago Bears\n14–2\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1987\nChicago Bears\n11–4\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1988\nChicago Bears\n12–4\nLost NFC Championship Game\n\n\n1989\nMinnesota Vikings\n10–6\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1990\nChicago Bears\n11–5\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1991\nDetroit Lions\n12–4\nLost NFC Championship Game\n\n\n1992\nMinnesota Vikings\n11–5\nLost NFC Wild Card Playoffs\n\n\n1993\nDetroit Lions\n10–6\nLost NFC Wild Card Playoffs\n\n\n1994\nMinnesota Vikings\n10–6\nLost NFC Wild Card Playoffs\n\n\n1995\nGreen Bay Packers\n11–5\nLost NFC Championship Game\n\n\n1996\nGreen Bay Packers\n13–3\nWon Super Bowl XXXI\n\n\n1997\nGreen Bay Packers\n13–3\nLost Super Bowl XXXII\n\n\n1998\nMinnesota Vikings\n15–1\nLost NFC Championship Game\n\n\n1999\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\n11–5\nLost NFC Championship Game\n\n\n2000\nMinnesota Vikings\n11–5\nLost NFC Championship Game\n\n\n2001\nChicago Bears\n13–3\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\nNFC North\n\n\n2002\nGreen Bay Packers\n12–4\nLost NFC Wild Card Playoffs\n\n\n2003\nGreen Bay Packers\n10–6\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n2004\nGreen Bay Packers\n10–6\nLost NFC Wild Card Playoffs\n\n\n2005\nChicago Bears\n11–5\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n2006\nChicago Bears\n13–3\nLost Super Bowl XLI\n\n\n2007\nGreen Bay Packers\n13–3\nLost NFC Championship Game\n\n\n2008\nMinnesota Vikings\n10–6\nLost NFC Wild Card Playoffs\n\n\n2009\nMinnesota Vikings\n12–4\nLost NFC Championship Game\n\n\n2010\nChicago Bears\n11–5\nLost NFC Championship Game\n\n\n2011\nGreen Bay Packers\n15–1\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n2012\nGreen Bay Packers\n11–5\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n2013\nGreen Bay Packers\n8–7–1\nLost NFC Wild Card Playoffs\n\n\n2014\nGreen Bay Packers\n12–4\nLost NFC Championship Game\n\n\n2015\nMinnesota Vikings\n11–5\nLost NFC Wild Card Playoffs\n\n\n2016\nGreen Bay Packers\n10–6\nLost NFC Championship Game\n\n\n2017\nMinnesota Vikings\n13–3\nLost NFC Championship Game\n\n"
] | [
"2017"
] |
5505383782477573051 | Pretty Little Liars (season 2) | Pretty Little Liars ( season 2 ) - wikipedia Pretty Little Liars ( season 2 ) Jump to : navigation , search Pretty Little Liars ( season 2 ) Season 2 DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 25 Release Original network ABC Family Original release June 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 14 ) -- March 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 19 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 Next → Season 3 List of Pretty Little Liars episodes The second season of Pretty Little Liars , based on the books of the same name by Sara Shepard , premiered on June 14 , 2011 and concluded on March 19 , 2012 on ABC Family . On January 10 , 2011 , ABC Family renewed the series for a second season . The season premiere brought in 3.68 million viewers , which was higher than the season 1 premiere . The Halloween special aired on October 19 , 2011 , drawing 2.5 million total viewers . The second half of season 2 premiered on January 2 , 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest cast 3 Episodes 4 Development and production 5 Casting 6 Ratings 6.1 Live + SD ratings 7 DVD release 8 References Overview ( edit ) The second season continues from the season finale of the previous season , in which Ian Thomas ( Ryan Merriman ) , Spencer 's brother - in - law , is presumed to have been killed in an incident at the top of a bell tower but is also accused of murdering Alison . Following the incident , the girls are forced to keep their friendship a secret and to attend therapy sessions , making them feel more alone than ever . The girls found themselves unable to open up to their therapist , Dr. Sullivan , about ' A ' . Spencer begins suspecting that Ian is alive when Melissa receives messages from her phone and lies about her whereabouts . When they follow Melissa , they discover Ian 's dead body , along with a suicide note , admitting that he killed Alison , however the girls later discover that Ian 's suicide note was A-orchestrated and that it was n't Ian who killed Alison . They also discover that Garrett can not be trusted after finding out his connection to Jenna . Eventually the girls confess to Dr. Sullivan about ' A ' . Just when Dr. Sullivan was able to identify who ' A ' was , she disappears . Later ' A ' reveals that she has Dr. Sullivan and made the girls think she was in danger , however this is revealed to be a trap , as the girls were arrested for tampering with the weapon used to kill Alison . The second half deals with the girls being more determined to find out who ' A ' is . They set up a plan that tricked ' A ' . The plan had moderate success as the girls were able to steal A 's phone . The girls ( except Hanna ) enlists Caleb 's help on hacking to A 's phone ; however , A tries to shut down the phone , but before A shuts the phone , they were able to discover some clues . Their investigation later leads them to Lost Woods resort , locating A 's lair in one of the rooms . Meanwhile , Garrett is arrested for Alison 's murder after Jenna hands the ripped page 5 of Alison 's autopsy report to the police . After finding more clues , Spencer discovers that ' A ' may be her sister , Melissa , but when she and Mona head to A 's lair , she finds clues that lead to the identity of ' A ' : Mona . Mona is admitted to Radley , and Dr. Sullivan returns after revealing it was Mona who threatened her . Later Maya is found dead near Emily 's house , devastating Emily . In Radley , Mona is visited by a woman in a red coat and Mona reports back to the figure , revealing that the A-Team has a new leader . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Pretty Little Liars characters Main cast ( edit ) Troian Bellisario as Spencer Hastings Ashley Benson as Hanna Marin Holly Marie Combs as Ella Montgomery Lucy Hale as Aria Montgomery Ian Harding as Ezra Fitz Bianca Lawson as Maya St. Germain Laura Leighton as Ashley Marin Chad Lowe as Byron Montgomery Shay Mitchell as Emily Fields Sasha Pieterse as Alison DiLaurentis Recurring cast ( edit ) Tyler Blackburn as Caleb Rivers Janel Parrish as Mona Vanderwaal Keegan Allen as Toby Cavanaugh Yani Gellman as Garrett Reynolds Tammin Sursok as Jenna Marshall Drew Van Acker as Jason DiLaurentis Torrey DeVitto as Melissa Hastings Brendan Robinson as Lucas Gottesman Cody Allen Christian as Mike Montgomery Nolan North as Peter Hastings Roark Critchlow as Tom Marin Brant Daugherty as Noel Kahn Nia Peeples as Pam Fields Julian Morris as Wren Kingston Lesley Fera as _́ Veronica Hastings Annabeth Gish as Anne Sullivan Shane Coffey as Holden Strauss Bryce Johnson as Darren Wilden Paloma Guzmán as Jackie Molina Natalie Hall as Kate Randall Guest cast ( edit ) Ryan Merriman as Ian Thomas Claire Holt as Samara Cook Heather Mazur as Isabel Randall Marin Jim Titus as Barry Maple Eric Steinberg as Wayne Fields Lindsey Shaw as Paige McCullers Lachlan Buchanan as Duncan Albert Amanda Schull as Meredith Sorenson Andrea Parker as Jessica DiLaurentis Betty Buckley as Regina Marin Tilky Jones as Logan Reed Anthony Tyler Quinn as Ron Notes Cast member Bianca Lawson is credited as a series regular from episode 11 until episode 20 . Unlike the other series regulars , Lawson is only credited in the episodes she appears in . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Pretty Little Liars episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 23 `` It 's Alive '' Ron Lagomarsino I. Marlene King June 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 14 ) 3.68 The girls ' parents have gathered for an intervention to send the girls to group therapy . Aria finally considers reconciling and visits Ezra 's apartment , their relationship worsens when Ezra admits that he was still in love with his ex , Jackie , when he and Aria first met . Lucas brings Caleb back to Rosewood for Hanna but she 's too hurt to take him back . Caleb explains that he wrote her a letter and gave it to Mona , who threw it away . Hanna confronts Mona about the letter , but leaves when she realizes to her shock that Noel Khan and Mona are dating . Emily is struggling to deal with her impending move to Texas and losing her friends , including Toby , who she re-bonds with as they wait for Spencer to join them in secret . Spencer then cancels as she is having some difficulties with family at home : Melissa , distraught over her missing husband , Ian , threatens not to let Spencer anywhere near the baby . She decides to make up with Spencer , however , even telling her the unborn baby 's name , Taylor . The girls resolve to spill at least some of their secrets to Dr. Sullivan . The girls then notice that Ezra 's diploma , the missing piece from his apartment , is sitting on a shelf in the doctor 's office . The girls freak out and leave before they can tell Dr. Sullivan their secrets . Dr. Sullivan later contacts the girls ' parents and recommends that they take some time apart due to their `` unstable '' behavior during their last therapy session . After Spencer finds a text message on Melissa 's phone , she suspects that the caller is Ian . ' A ' ending : ' A ' is in Emily 's room , deleting files of A 's messages and the copy of the video . 24 `` The Goodbye Look '' Norman Buckley Joseph Dougherty June 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 21 ) 2.66 The Liars find that Jason Dilaurentis has moved back into Rosewood , with a very suspicious attitude . Samara and Emily start to hang out , but Emily struggles with her family 's impending move to Texas . However , when a college athletic scout approaches her after a swim meet , she sees an opportunity that could keep her in Rosewood . She tries to convince her parents that the athletic scout `` basically offered '' her a scholarship to college , but she has to have a record of continuity . When she asks for a formal letter of this offer , the scout tells her there 's no guarantee she 'll get it . Pam tells Emily that someone has been breaking into everyone 's houses stealing camping supplies . Hanna 's father returns to town , but Hanna does n't trust him after seeing him marry into a new family . Mona tries to get Hanna 's forgiveness by talking to Aria for advice ; -- but Aria tells her that she 's not allowed to talk to Hanna , so Mona 's on her own . Mona also asks Aria to pick a goodbye present for Ezra 's last day , since she knows him better `` from the play . '' Spencer thinks that her sister is hiding something to protect Ian . She also discovers that Toby , much to her dismay , has a new job with the Rosewood construction company ; -- so that he can be free of his parents with the money he earns ; -- only to be let go on his first day due to a conflict with the clients over Toby 's reputation . Spencer tries to find out what Jason is up to , only to be interrogated by Jason about Ian 's apparent death . The Liars discuss the fact that the only evidence they had has been deleted . ' A ' ending : ' A ' pets the puppy at the front yard . 25 `` My Name Is Trouble '' Elodie Keene Oliver Goldstick June 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 28 ) 2.78 Spencer dreams that `` A '' is about to attack all the girls as they are hanging out together in a movie theater . Melissa rudely awakens Spencer as she searched for her lost wedding ring . Spencer then begins to suspect that Melissa has been talking to Ian since she leaves the room to take calls and lies about leaving the house . Hanna 's dad is staying in Rosewood , and Hanna is confused to how she feels and why her mother is not reacting in romantic manners to Tom 's appearance . Emily creates a fake letter saying she will be accepted into Danby University if she continues to swim anchor for Rosewood Swim Team . Aria takes a pottery class at Hollis but she runs into Jenna . Toby begins to work for Jason DiLaurentis , in order to save up for a truck so he can begin his job in Yardley and finally get away from his parents and step - sister . Spencer suspects that Jason is housing Ian because of the shadows in the upstairs windows and the bloody gauze in the garbage . ' A ' ending : ' A ' buys Melissa 's ring in the pawn shop . 26 `` Blind Dates '' Dean White Charlie Craig July 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 05 ) 2.42 To celebrate Emily 's `` acceptance '' to Danby University , Pam invites Samara over for dinner . Samara is able to convince Pam that Danby wo n't be the only school interested in offering Emily a scholarship , giving Emily time to figure out what to do next . Lucas worries about his upcoming date with Danielle , so he asks Hanna to double with him and tells her to bring Caleb . Unfortunately , Danielle thinks that Hanna is interested in Lucas . To convince Danielle that there is nothing between her and Lucas , Hanna and Caleb pretend to be on a real date . Hanna goes to the therapist alone for the first time , but is n't willing to open up to her . However , after Lucas thanks her for helping him with Danielle , Hanna realizes that she ca n't allow Ali to control her life anymore . She goes to see Dr. Sullivan again and confronts her past . Meanwhile , Aria learns that Mike has been lying about playing basketball after school every day . Spencer goes to Wren to ask him for help in tracking down Ian , but he refuses . She is finally able to convince him to trick Melissa into bringing him to Ian , so Spencer can follow them there . When Wren gets the word , the Liars follow Melissa in a car to a cabin in the woods , a few seconds later Melissa screams , and when they enter the cabin , they see Ian 's dead body sitting up against the wall , along with a gun and a suicide note , in which he has confessed to Alison 's murder . ' A ' ending : ' A ' puts Ian 's phone in Spencer 's backpack . 27 5 `` The Devil You Know '' Michael Grossman Maya Goldsmith July 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 12 ) 2.42 Emily , Aria , Hanna , and Spencer learn that Ian 's suicide note was n't real ; it was just made up of `` A '' text messages . Aria 's brother Mike is caught trying to break into Jason DiLaurentis ' house and is also the one that stole things from Emily 's garage and pushed Aria in Spencer 's house . Melissa tells Spencer that her baby is a girl and while talking to Melissa , Ian 's phone goes off in Spencer 's bag making it look like Spencer was pretending to be Ian by texting Melissa . Hanna meets Caleb 's foster mom , Janet , and says that if she does n't continue giving Caleb his money until he is 18 , then Hanna is going to bring Janet to court . While Emily is at a delivery store , she comes across Logan Reed , Logan then tells Emily that he never met Ian and that a woman on the phone hired him . At Ian 's funeral , Aria talks to Jason who tells her he thought he could have possibly killed Alison while he was drunk the night of her death and his suspicions were raised when he woke up the next morning with a note that read , `` I know what you did . '' Emily 's clues from A 's texts lead the girls to Alison 's grave where A plays the video of Ian presumably killing Alison with the added part of Ali shown to be unharmed revealing she was still alive . ' A ' ending : ' A ' walks by the girls with the projector in the hand . 28 6 `` Never Letting Go '' J. Miller Tobin Bryan M. Holdman July 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 19 ) 2.53 Spencer hears her dad on the phone with someone , yelling and specifically complaining that Jason is home . Spencer tries to strike up a conversation with her father , as he searches for an unhealthy night - time snack . The Liars meet with Jessica DiLaurentis for lunch shortly afterwards , despite their awkward reservations . She then presents the girls with presents ; four high fashion dresses and asks the girls to model them in the fashion show . Just before the show , Spencer hands Noel the disc Mona asked her to deliver to him . In the corner of the room , Jessica and Peter have an argument . The fashion shows starts , and later the tribute to Alison begins , with her image prominent on the runway screen and the girls walking the runway in her dresses . Suddenly , the image changes so as to make Alison look like the devil , with fire around and peeling black eyes . The screen flashes `` the bitch is dead , '' and the music changes from sentimental to hellish . Spencer runs to Noel to make him turn it off , but he claims he ca n't . She unplugs all the wires around his equipment until the images and sound effects stop . ' A ' ending : ' A ' buys a pair of black women boots online . 29 7 `` Surface Tension '' Norman Buckley Joseph Dougherty July 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 26 ) 2.36 Aria 's parents throw a dinner party , putting Aria face - to - face with both Ezra and Jason . The awkward night is interrupted when Mike gets arrested for breaking into another house . Emily tries to get used to living with the Marins , while Hanna tries to come to terms with Caleb 's `` sketchy '' business . While doing landscaping work for the Hastings , Toby finds an old hockey stick buried in the backyard , and Spencer 's father becomes visibly nervous but burns it in the fire saying it does n't mean anything . Toby later tells Spencer about it , and she thinks it might be the weapon used to kill Ali . Ashley and Ella begin to wonder if there is n't something more serious going on in the girls ' lives that they do n't know . After searching through Mike 's bag of stolen items , Aria realizes that Officer Garrett can not be trusted , just as Spencer sits in the car telling Garrett she does n't know if she believes that Ian killed Ali anymore . ' A ' ending : ' A ' injects steroids into Emily 's lotion . 30 8 `` Save the Date '' Chris Grismer Matt Witten August 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 02 ) 2.41 Emily has been juggling a lot of secrets and lies lately , and with a surprise visit from her father before a big swim meet , the pressure gets to be too much for her -- sending her to the hospital with an ulcer . But with the prospect of having to come clean to her father about Danby , Emily realizes she has bigger problems when `` A '' reveals his / her part in Emily 's swim career . Wren turns out to be her doctor in the hospital . While visiting Emily , Spencer and Aria take the opportunity to try and do more digging around about the cause of Alison 's death and how the broken field hockey stick may play a part in the last few moments of their friend 's life . Spencer discovers that Ali had been buried alive because Ali 's autopsy report mentions her having dirt in her lungs . She also discovers that Ali 's report is missing a page . Meanwhile , Hanna struggles with the prospect of losing both men in her life when her father 's wedding `` Save the Date '' arrives , and the possibility of Caleb running out of Rosewood before his past can come back to haunt him . ' A ' ending : In the morgue , after the janitor passes by , ' A ' rises under the sheets , revealing to be in the room at the same time as the Liars . 31 9 `` Picture This '' Patrick Norris Jonell Lennon August 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 09 ) 2.54 Spencer begins to suspect Jason after finding his broken hockey stick in her yard , and deciding that he was the one who stole the missing page in Alison 's autopsy file . While spying on him in his front yard and seeing how protective he is over the shed in his yard , she and Emily decide to break in . While in the shed , they find pictures of Aria while she is sleeping , and a box of cameras and spying equipment . This leads the girls to realizing that Jason is spying on Aria , and could be spying on all of them . Meanwhile , A put steroids in Emily 's pain cream which caused her blood tests to show signs of human growth hormones . Hanna 's mom allows Emily to have Samara and some of Samara 's friends over for a small get together , and A forces Emily to give her phone number to one of Samara 's friends , Zoey . Samara 's other friend catches Emily giving Zoey her number and then later tells Samara , which ends Emily 's relationship with her . Aria begins to have continuous dreams about Jason , which she feels is threatening her relationship with Ezra . Later at the park , Jason kisses Aria , but she tells him she is already taken , leading Jason to think she 's afraid of him . Hanna discovers that the man following Caleb is not a policeman , but instead a private investigator hired by his birth mother to find him . Caleb receives her phone number and is not sure whether to call her but Hanna convinces him that he should . Caleb leaves Rosewood and go to California to see her . Spencer and Emily return to Jason 's shed , only to find that he has discovered someone was in it and he has removed everything . ' A ' ending : ' A ' develops a photograph of Spencer and Emily entering Jason 's shed in Jason 's darkroom . 32 10 `` Touched by an A-ngel '' Chad Lowe Charlie Craig & Maya Goldsmith August 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 16 ) 2.30 Aria finds herself in a difficult position when trying to process Spencer and Emily 's news about Jason . Aria reveals to Emily and Spencer that Jason kissed her , but she rejected him , and in turn , Emily and Spencer reveal that Jason has been taking pictures of her while she was sleeping ; as well as having a darkroom in his shed . Aria talks to Jason about what her friends told her about him . He tells Aria that Ali was the one who took the pictures of Aria , and he had found the pictures in a box underneath Ali 's floorboards in her room when he was renovating it . Spencer reveals to Ezra that she knows about his and Aria 's relationship , and Aria 's mother suspects that Spencer and Ezra are hooking up when she sees them conversing in his car . Ella tells Aria that she thinks Spencer and Ezra have something going on ; Aria finds out that she would feel betrayed if Aria told her about her relationship with Ezra ; Ella decides to send Mike to a therapist . Mona pushes Hanna to try to play nice with her future step - sister , Kate , at her bridesmaids fitting , which ends up with the two riding horses at an equestrian club . Meanwhile , Spencer and Toby find Ian 's old yearbook while packing up his belongings and they find out that Jason , Ian , and Garrett were all in the `` NAT Club . Jenna pays a visit to Spencer 's house and demands she stop digging for information . ' A ' ending : ' A ' is seen talking to the girls ' therapist , Dr. Anne Sullivan . 33 11 `` I Must Confess '' Norman Buckley Oliver Goldstick August 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 23 ) 2.63 After being pushed around , threatened and more by `` A , '' Emily is at a breaking point and her friends know that something drastic has to be done to save her . The girls turn to the only person they have come to trust and know that she ca n't let their secrets out ; -- Dr. Sullivan . Finally being able to reveal the torment that `` A '' has put them through to someone outside of the tight - knit group gives the girls a sense of relief and Emily a new sense of courage . Hanna 's grandmother arrives in town for Tom 's rehearsal dinner , making sure to let it be known that she does n't want the wedding to happen . Kate seeks her revenge on Hanna for what she said at the ranch . Byron and Ella continue to argue about how to help Mike , while Mike finally manages to open up to Aria . Spencer 's father tells her that he committed a crime to help the DiLaurentis family and that Jason had motive to kill Alison , and he inadvertently tells her that the DiLaurentis family has some dirt against them . Emily , still feeling more courageous because of her talk with Dr. Sullivan , calls Maya and they meet for dinner . During that dinner , Dr. Sullivan studies her files and soon figures out who `` A '' is . ' A ' ending : ' A ' removes the files and the bug from Dr. Sullivan 's office . 34 12 `` Over My Dead Body '' Ron Lagomarsino I. Marlene King August 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 30 ) 2.98 `` A '' has given each of the four girls a task to save Dr. Sullivan . They each receive wind - up dolls that speak out their missions . Aria 's task is to get rid of Jackie with proof of Jackie 's plagiarism . Spencer must break up with Toby in order to keep him safe from `` A '' . Hanna must stop her father 's wedding by telling Isabel about her parents ' affair . Emily has to follow A 's directions , and winds up getting trapped in a barn with a car engine running . Emily passes out and is later saved from the death of carbon monoxide poisoning by `` A '' and dragged out of the barn . Emily has a conversation with Alison in a dream . Emily then wakes up to find the other three girls beside her . Emily notices a shovel that had n't been present when she arrived at the barn . A message on the shovel reveals the coordinates of Dr. Sullivan 's location in the forest . The four assume that Dr. Sullivan was buried alive , but when they dig up the `` burial ground '' , they only find her boots and a dummy . They are cornered by the police and taken into custody . Garrett gives Jenna the missing page 5 of Alison 's autopsy report which he plans for Jenna to burn . ' A ' ending : ' A ' meets Dr. Sullivan at a diner and gives her an envelope after Dr. Sullivan claims to have done everything ' A ' has asked her to , and leaves . 35 13 `` The First Secret '' Dana W. Gonzales I. Marlene King October 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 19 ) 2.47 It 's the Halloween before Alison disappeared and where all of the secrets and lies began for Aria , Emily , Hanna , and Spencer . After meeting Jenna , Alison gets an anonymous text from a blocked number . Later , Aria and Alison go out for frozen yogurt . While they are walking , Mona sees them and calls out to join them . Aria and Alison run off in attempt to lose Mona . They turn a corner and stop in when they see Byron and Meredith making out in his car . The gang goes to a Halloween party hosted by Noel . Some time later , Emily is sitting outside alone . Hanna joins her , wondering where Alison is . The other Liars join up , and they get a text that reads , `` I 'm in trouble , come alone '' from Ali , directing them to the scary house 's address . They find Ali in a locked room . Seemingly terrified , she recounts that someone grabbed her and brought her there threatening to kill her with a knife . Nobody can get a signal to dial 911 from their cell phones , so Ali goes out alone . Then she screams , but the door is now bolted . Through the keyhole they see a big fight with her and costumed guy with a knife . Ali knees him and runs off , and the Liars get out through a conveniently open window . They go back in the house , and Ali is rocking in a chair , brandishing a knife and looking completely insane , but she says it was all a hoax . Noel was the zombie , and the blood was ketchup . Back at the party , Noel then approaches Ali to apologize , but she tells him it was perfect -- but then realizes he 's apologizing because he did n't make it to the plot ; he was stuck at the party , not because he had been too rough with her . 36 14 `` Through Many Dangers , Toils and Snares '' Norman Buckley Joseph Dougherty January 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 02 ) 3.34 It 's exactly a month after `` A '' framed the girls for Alison 's murder . Spencer rejects Toby and the gift he made her , Caleb returns to Hanna , and Ezra and Aria reveal their relationship to Aria 's parents . The relationship between Aria , Emily , Hanna , and Spencer changes following their arrest . Spencer and Emily fight to trick ' A ' into believing that the girls were falling apart . The girls fool `` A '' into believing that they know something which was hidden in Alison 's box that Jason gave to Aria . Emily meets `` A '' and shows them an empty box , making the girls ' charade known to `` A '' . `` A '' attacks Emily and tries to stab her with a nearby tool , but Aria and Spencer show up and corner them before they are able to use it . `` A '' shatters the glass from the ceiling by throwing up a pot and makes a run for it . As `` A '' exits the greenhouse they were in , Hanna pulls up , and `` A '' is hit by her car . The girls chase after `` A , '' but lose them and , just when Spencer declares they have nothing , they notice `` A 's '' cell phone lying on the ground . ' A ' ending : ' A ' punches the car in anger and glass shatters from the window and side view mirror when realizing to have lost the cellphone . 37 15 `` A Hot Piece of ' A ' '' Michael Grossman Oliver Goldstick January 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 09 ) 2.95 The girl 's head back into the greenhouse to look for the box and decide what to do next . Spencer suggests calling Caleb to help them recover information from the phone . While Caleb downloads the information on the computer from the phone , the owner shuts the phone down . Caleb works on decrypting the files on his laptop at school , which concerns Hanna . Spencer approaches Emily , hoping to enlist her help in snooping around Jason 's house . Emily starts community service at the crisis hotline that afternoon , Aria is on lockdown and Hanna is unhappy with Spencer for dragging Caleb into their `` A '' investigation . Emily suggests Spencer let Hanna use her lake house with Caleb . At Hanna 's house , Hanna tries to study while Lucas seems distracted . She gets a text from Spencer offering her the lake house . She gets the brilliant idea to use it to throw Caleb a surprise birthday party and enlists Lucas ' help in planning it . Emily attends her first training session at the crisis hotline center . While reading a training transcript , Emily realizes the caller seems likely to be `` A 's '' helper . Emily shows Spencer and Aria the transcript she swiped from the crisis center . At the crisis center , Emily 's supervisor tells her to listen in on the call that just came in because it is the transcript caller calling back . Spencer and Emily listen together and recognize the caller 's voice as Lucas ' . Spencer and Emily learn from Mona that Hanna took the rowboat out with Lucas to set up the fireworks across the lake . Halfway across the lake , Lucas stops rowing . Hanna flips , pushes him overboard , and takes the oars but later falls overboard . Emily to go inside and call the police as Hanna swims to the shore . ' A ' ending : ' A ' fishes up Lucas ' shoes from the lake . 38 16 `` Let the Water Hold Me Down '' Chris Grismer Bryan M. Holdman January 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 16 ) 2.78 Spencer finds an old receipt in her lake house attic , and assumes that `` A '' had been there . The receipt shows an address in Philadelphia , which Aria and Spencer agree to visit . At school , Aria confesses to Spencer that her mom thinks she made a date with Holden when she really called Ezra . Ezra tells her that she ca n't call him anymore . Holden asks Aria out despite her being grounded . Aria buys tickets for a play for her and Holden 's date . Hanna argues with Caleb when Caleb wants to go look for Lucas but she does n't want to . In Philly , Spencer notices a rehab center for the blind near the address on the receipt . This was where Jenna used to go before moving back to Rosewood . Spencer goes in to ask about Jenna , and notices Garrett checked Jenna out of the rehab center the night after Ali died , and never checked back in . Spencer steals the patient logbook from which the year Jenna was there , and leaves after pretending to sign - in . Holden figures out that Aria and Ezra have a relationship , and understands this because he hides stuff from his parents too . Maya reveals to Emily that while she was at `` sober camp '' , she hooked up with a guy , and Emily is unstirred . Hanna encounters Lucas in her house , and Lucas tells her he never wanted to hurt her . Caleb shows up and asks where Lucas was . Lucas reveals he was on the crisis hotline because he lost Caleb 's money in a bet . He was missing because he drove around all night selling his comic books to get the money back , and he took Hanna out onto the lake to ask her to soften the blow of the news for Caleb . ' A ' ending : ' A ' is seen loosening the hinges on some unknown scaffolding . 39 17 `` Blond Leading the Blind '' Arlene Sanford Charlie Craig January 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 23 ) 3.17 The girls check out what Caleb got from A 's cell phone . They see a video from Alison 's bedroom . Ian sets up a video camera , and then Garrett leads Jenna into the room . Ian and Garrett argue over getting videos from Alison and the girls realize this was the night Alison was murdered . Hanna notices a piece of paper inside the dolls from the box . It is a series of threatening notes , one of them making reference to a pumpkin . The girls flash back to Halloween coming home with Alison after Noel 's party . A jack - o - lantern on her front porch had a knife stuck in its head . Toby climbs the scaffolding at the Hastings ' house and falls off causing him to break his arm . Spencer tells Emily she thinks she 's putting Toby in danger . She wants Emily to do something that might make him hate Spencer but there is only one thing she could think of that could save Toby . Emily sees Toby 's and tells him that the guy Spencer was seeing before him is back . Emily says she 's telling him because Spencer could n't . Ezra eventually shows up to meet Aria . In his car he says what they are doing is dangerous . He wants her to be safe and happy and wants her to make sure that being together is what she wants . Caleb tells Spencer and Emily that the only way he 's going to continue working is if they let him know what Hanna is so afraid of . Spencer gave Caleb a streamlined version of what has been happening , but Hanna does n't know they have told him anything . Spencer , Emily , and Aria watch the rest of the video . Ian tells Garrett he 's `` going down '' and pulls out the camera . Garrett and Ian fight just as Alison enters the room . ' A ' ending : ' A ' is seen cutting up a picture of Spencer and Toby and burning it . A does the same with Ezra and Aria 's picture cutting it in half . 40 18 `` A Kiss Before Lying '' Wendey Stanzler Maya Goldsmith January 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 30 ) 2.55 Hanna thinks that the girls are icing her out because she destroyed the memory card from A 's phone . Caleb agreed to continue decrypting the information from A 's phone if Spencer , Aria , and Emily agrees to not tell Hanna about it . A knows that Caleb is working on decrypting the phone , so A threatens Hanna to make Caleb stop or else she 'd expose her mother 's secret about stealing money from the bank . Hanna decides to tell Caleb about her mother 's secret , in hoping that he 'd stop working on A 's phone . Caleb finds a photo of a fake ID of a brunette Alison . Hanna sees this picture and tells Spencer that she saw Alison in a brunette wig , with the alias of Vivian Darkbloom . Hanna and Spencer find a claim ticket in one of Alison 's books . Spencer , pretending to be Vivian , calls the number . Hanna 's step - sister Kate is now in Rosewood . When Spencer meets Kate , she realizes that she knows her from a summer camp that Melissa used to work at . Spencer had a photo of Kate with a bunch of bug bites from camp , and threatened to show it to the school if Kate is n't nice to Hanna . Meanwhile , Emily hopes that her mother 's visit to Rosewood will be a good opportunity to re-introduce her to Maya and hope that things will turn out better than they did the last time . However , Maya is still upset about how Pam ratted her out , so she goes out of her way to make the dinner extremely uncomfortable for Emily and her mother . Ezra gets offered a job that would require him to move . He finds out that Aria 's father had set up this job offer for him in hoping that Ezra would be out of Aria 's life . ' A ' ending : ' A ' breaks into Peter Hastings ' office and takes a gun out of his desk drawer . 41 19 `` The Naked Truth '' Elodie Keene Oliver Goldstick & Francesca Rollins February 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 06 ) 2.25 It 's Truth Up Day at Rosewood High , and it seems some will have more to spill than others . Spencer , Aria , Emily and Hanna deal with their own personal problems , before A exposes everything . When they see that Kate has a birthmark right above her waist , they know that the photo that was sent to everyone else was photoshopped . Hanna realizes that A had n't sent that photo with Hanna 's phone , because there was no reason for A to help Kate . In the bathroom , Hanna pushes Kate to tell the truth , which Aria and Emily record while hiding in the stalls . They prove to the principal that Hanna is innocent . Aria is suspicious about Holden , who she thinks is `` hurting himself '' . When Aria gets locked out on the rooftop of the school and is attacked by Noel , who is now Jenna 's boyfriend , Holden rescues her by kicking Noel in the face in a very professional matter , thus revealing more about his secret . Mona and Emily become closer when Mona volunteers to find a way to get Emily back on the swim team since the principal felt Emily would tarnish the team 's reputation , due to the Liars ' trouble with the police . Jason comes back to Rosewood looking for Spencer 's father . During the school 's Truth Up Day event , Spencer overhears Jason and her mom arguing about how everyone should `` know the truth . '' It is then revealed that Jason and Spencer share the same father . Later on , the number they found in Vivian Darkbloom 's jacket returns their call and asks to meet up face - to - face to answer some questions . ' A ' ending : ' A ' is seen approaching a sleeping Caleb during the night and taking his laptop out of his bag . 42 20 `` CTRL : A '' Ron Lagomarsino Joseph Dougherty & Lijah J. Barasz February 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 13 ) 2.11 Garrett gives Caleb a court order to obtain his computer as says someone is hacking into the school 's files and he traced it back to his IP address . In the computer lab , Caleb tells Hanna that Garrett ca n't get past his firewall without his help and the files from A are all on flash drives . Aria finally finds out what Holden is doing on their `` dates '' - he is doing martial arts but his parents forbid it as Holden has a heart condition . Spencer visits Jason where he tells her that he found another one of Ali 's boxes under the floorboards at their grandma 's house . There were love letters and $15,000 . Later , the girls go to meet Jonah , someone with information about Alison 's alter ego , Vivian . He says Vivian told him about a friend called Alison who was getting texts from somebody with a blocked number and she would pay to find out whom . Ashley and Hanna are called to the police station where they reveal a photo of Emily , Spencer , and Hanna in nurse dresses outside the morgue . Hanna tells Ashley it was a practical joke and they do n't know anything about the missing page . Spencer talks with her dad about Jason and admits he cheated and got Jessica DiLaurentis pregnant . Spencer asks about the letters and money , but he says he never gave money to the DiLaurentis family . In her bedroom , Hanna is trying to hack into Caleb 's computer to delete the files , but ca n't remember his password . Wilden and Garrett go through Caleb 's files while Hanna successfully logs into Caleb 's account and finds the files `` A '' planted and deletes them clearing Caleb 's name . Spencer tells Jason Ali needed the money to find someone she was afraid of and that the girls intend to as well . ' A ' ending : Emily is in the kitchen while ' A ' watches her through the window . 43 21 `` Breaking the Code '' Roger Kumble Jonell Lennon February 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 20 ) 2.54 Spencer tells the girls she got the money for Jonah from a relative and her and Aria meet Jonah at the park at 6 o'clock . They give him the money and he gives them an address , but Jonah wo n't disclose anything else . As the girls leave , they notice Garrett watching them in his car . Aria tells the girls that `` A '' sent her dad a note trying to catch Ezra and Aria and now Ella wants to find out who `` A '' is , and admits she and Ezra are still seeing each other . Caleb sends the girls an email with another part of Ian 's video . Melissa walks into Alison 's room , angrily asking where Alison is . Spencer wants to talk to Melissa first before the other girls turn her in . Mona shows Hanna an incident report from when Hanna shoplifted the sunglasses , sent by `` A '' . `` A '' threatened Mona to give the report and picture to the newspaper or else she 'll be filling out a police report . Hanna tells Mona about `` A '' and Mona asks what to do about the report . Aria , Hanna , and Emily go to the address Jonah gave of a law firm but the girls leave in a hurry when an alarm is set off . The next morning , Mona reveals to Hanna she returned the jewellery she stole saving Hanna and her mom . Ezra tells Aria he has to move away and take the job or else Aria 's dad will know what 's making him stay . Ella goes to Ezra 's apartment saying she wants to understand . Melissa says she needs to tell Spencer something that she wanted to tell her at Ian 's funeral . In Hanna 's bedroom , Ashley spots the letter Aria picked up from the law firm and mentions Melissa worked there as a summer intern . ' A ' ending : ' A ' uses Mr. Hastings ' stolen gun for target practice . 44 22 `` Father Knows Best '' Chad Lowe Charlie Craig & Bryan M. Holdman February 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 27 ) 2.49 The cops tell Emily that Maya is missing , and that her parents do n't know where she is . Rosewood high hosts a father daughter dance and the girls make plans for their dates . Byron and Aria 's relationship is strained , Hanna 's father is MIA so her mother offers to go with her , and Emily 's father comes back from Texas to attend with her . After Spencer tells Melissa that she saw her get into a car with Garrett , Melissa tells her that Garrett was helping her , as he was a close friend of Ian 's . She also reveals that she sent texts to Alison telling her to back off . Emily discovers , with help from her father , that Maya bought a ticket to San Francisco , but may not have gotten on the train . After Ashley tries to figure out who could have blackmailed Hannah with the police report , the girls decide that they should lie and say that they did it to get their parents off of `` A 's '' trail . Aria is nominated for the job , and lies to Hanna 's mother about sending the shoplifting report to Hanna saying that she did it in order to get Hannah to stop shoplifting . Spencer finds her father 's check book and a check stub for $15,000 in cash . She also finds a folder with pictures of Ali in it . When Spencer confronts her father , he confesses he paid $15,000 for a private investigator to find Ali . He did this to keep Melissa safe , who was harassing Alison with vicious text messages about Ian . ' A ' ending : ' A ' reads a newspaper with the headline showing a picture of Maya who is listed as missing . 45 23 `` Eye of the Beholder '' Melanie Mayron Joseph Dougherty March 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 05 ) 2.58 The liars are on the hunt for answers of what Alison knew before she died . The girls meet a boy named Duncan from Alison 's past , he explains how he and Ali were good friends during the summer before she returned to Rosewood and went missing . He reveals he was with Ali the day she was murdered and Ali had returned home earlier than she led the girls to believe . Toby returns to Rosewood still angry at Spencer and helping Jenna again although he suffered from her in the past . After a confrontation with Hanna , he assures her he knows what he 's doing . Jenna undergoes her eye surgery but the effectiveness of the surgery is still unknown for the time being . Jason gives the girls a bag of Ali 's personal items which the girls do n't seem to understand until Spencer notices the box was covered with highlighted newspapers from the summer Ali died and realizes there is some pattern to it all . Jenna is injured in a fire at Jason 's house but is saved by Hanna . ' A ' ending : ' A ' places a police badge at Jason 's house . 46 24 `` If These Dolls Could Talk '' Ron Lagomarsino Oliver Goldstick & Maya Goldsmith March 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 12 ) 2.47 Ezra tells Aria he 's worried about the fallout from him not taking the job Byron lined up for him . Jenna takes off the bandage covering her surgically repaired eye and it seems her surgery failed . Spencer finds out that Alison and `` A '' had been communicating via newspaper classified ads and was set to meet up . The girls decide to go to Brookhaven where the meeting was supposed to take place . Mona gets a text from `` A '' that says if she does n't break up Hanna and Caleb she 'll go back to being a loser . Aria finds an application for a boarding school in Vermont that Byron has left for Ella . The girls go to the doll store in Brookhaven and they speak with a boy named Seth , who tells them that Alison was in the store a year ago looking for a voodoo doll . He warned her against it , since a man and woman with dark hair were trying to hurt her . Aria mentions the application to Ella who says she 's considering it because of `` A '' . Aria hints at hurting Byron 's career by revealing his past affair with Meredith . Melissa asks about the bag she found in Spencer 's room . Spencer then shows her the video of her coming into Alison 's room and says she thinks the police need to see it , but Melissa threatens her . Jenna shows Toby the missing page from Alison 's autopsy report , which she got from Garrett . Jenna thinks the police should have it , so they go to the station . Melissa and Garrett are in the kitchen when she assures him Spencer did n't turn in the video . Two officers come to place Garrett under arrest for Alison 's murder . ' A ' ending : ' A ' bribes Martha with an envelope of cash and Seth , the boy who gave the girls false information about Alison , with candy . 47 25 `` unmAsked '' Lesli Linka Glatter I. Marlene King March 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 19 ) 3.69 On the night of the annual masquerade ball , the girls finally decide to put an end to A 's game . During the ball , Mona mentions to Spencer how she saw Alison spying on someone . Emily talks with her ex Paige and they decide that they 're going to attempt a friendship now that she 's out of the closet . Spencer realizes that `` A '' was n't watching Ali ; Ali was watching `` A '' . Mona and her go back to the Lost Woods Resort , and Spencer realizes that Room One was n't where they had to look - it was Room two . They open the door , gasping at what they see : `` A '' 's Lair . It is plastered with pictures of the girls , and other things such as the voodoo doll Alison received , the creepy baby doll costume , and a doll set , each one looking like the girls with Alison sitting on the top . Spencer finds numerous things that point to Mona being `` A '' , and `` A '' is finally revealed to be Mona Vanderwaal . She knocks Spencer out cold , and they take a drive . Aria video calls Spencer , and the girls see who `` A '' is . They flee to catch up with them . Spencer jumps out of the car , and the girls arrive . Mona freaks out and tries to kill Spencer , but ends up falling off a cliff . The ambulance arrives , and so does Dr. Sullivan . She tells them `` A '' threatened her son , which is why she left . It is then revealed Mona is alive . Meanwhile , we get a peek at what Mona is thinking while being kept in the mental hospital : She says that this is what `` they '' wanted , and their plan worked out just right . This means that Mona is n't working alone . A body is found , and it is Maya 's . Emily cries while the girls comfort her . ' A ' ending : A person in red visits Mona in her hospital room , to which she says to them `` I did everything you asked me to . '' Development and production ( edit ) After an initial order of 24 episodes , it was announced in June that a special Halloween - themed flashback episode would air as part of ABC Family 's 13 Nights of Halloween lineup , bringing the season 2 episode order to 25 episodes . On December 13 , 2011 , it was announced that the identity of A would be revealed in the Spring Finale . Plus , the season finale will see someone arrested for the murder of Alison , as well as the death of a beloved character -- excluding the four female leads . Filming of season two wrapped on December 16 , 2011 . Casting ( edit ) Janel Parrish , Tammin Sursok , Bianca Lawson , and Tyler Blackburn return in the second season as Mona Vanderwaal , Jenna Marshall , Maya St. Germain , and Caleb Rivers . Also returning are Yani Gellman , Torrey DeVitto , Lindsey Shaw , Claire Holt , Keegan Allen , Brant Daugherty , Brendan Robinson , and Julian Morris , who will all reprise their roles from the first season . Annabeth Gish appears as Anne Sullivan , a therapist whom the girls ' parents feel can help them on their problems. Andrea Parker will play Jessica DiLaurentis , Alison 's mother , who returns to Rosewood to help out with a fashion show being held in Alison 's honour . Actor Drew Van Acker also joined the cast playing Jason DiLaurentis , replacing Parker Bagley . Ratings ( edit ) Live + SD ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) 23 `` It 's Alive '' June 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 14 ) Tuesdays 8 : 00 p.m. 1.3 3.68 24 `` The Goodbye Look '' June 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 21 ) 1.0 2.66 25 `` My Name Is Trouble '' June 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 28 ) 1.0 2.78 26 `` Blind Dates '' July 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 05 ) 0.9 2.42 27 5 `` The Devil You Know '' July 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 12 ) 0.9 2.42 28 6 `` Never Letting Go '' July 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 19 ) 0.9 2.53 29 7 `` Surface Tension '' July 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 26 ) 0.9 2.36 30 8 `` Save the Date '' August 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 02 ) 0.8 2.41 31 9 `` Picture This '' August 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 09 ) 0.9 2.54 32 10 `` Touched by an A-ngel '' August 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 16 ) 0.8 2.30 33 11 `` I Must Confess '' August 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 23 ) 1.0 2.63 34 12 `` Over My Dead Body '' August 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 30 ) 2.98 35 13 `` The First Secret '' October 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 19 ) Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.0 2.47 36 14 `` Through Many Dangers , Toils and Snares '' January 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 02 ) Mondays 8 : 00 p.m. 1.3 3.34 37 15 `` A Hot Piece of ' A ' '' January 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 09 ) 1.3 2.95 38 16 `` Let the Water Hold Me Down '' January 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 16 ) 2.78 39 17 `` Blond Leading the Blind '' January 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 23 ) 1.4 3.17 40 18 `` A Kiss Before Lying '' January 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 30 ) 0.9 2.55 41 19 `` The Naked Truth '' February 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 06 ) 1.0 2.25 42 20 `` CTRL : A '' February 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 06 ) 0.8 2.11 43 21 `` Breaking the Code '' February 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 13 ) 1.0 2.54 44 22 `` Father Knows Best '' February 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 20 ) 1.0 2.49 45 23 `` Eye of the Beholder '' March 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 05 ) 1.0 2.58 46 24 `` If These Dolls Could Talk '' March 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 12 ) 1.0 2.47 47 25 `` unmAsked '' March 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 19 ) 1.6 3.69 DVD release ( edit ) The Complete Second Season Set details Special features 22 episodes 1095 minutes ( Region 1 ) ; 1070 minutes ( Region 2 ) ; 1050 minutes ( Region 4 ) 6 - disc set 1.85 : 1 aspect ratio Languages : English ( Dolby Digital 2.0 Surround ) Subtitles : English , and French ( Region 1 ) English , Spanish , Danish , French , Arabic , Dutch , Norwegian , Swedish , Finnish , English for the Hearing Impaired ( Regions 2 and 4 ) Deleted scenes : Episodes : 1 , 6 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 15 , 18 , 21 , 24 Fashion 's Guilty Pleasure - Check out the girls rocking fashion from the second season ! Men of Mystery - Go behind the scenes and get an insight on the male characters of Pretty Little Liars Release dates United States United Kingdom Australia June 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 05 ) November 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 09 ) October 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 03 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 7 , And in the next series will be called Love you like a love song 2011 ) . `` ABC Family Announces Summer 2011 Programming Including ' Switched At Birth , ' ' The Nine Lives of Chloe King ' and ' The Lying Game ' '' . TVByTheNumbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' picked up for Season 2 , Aria and Ezra are ' soulmates ' '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2011 . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Halloween Special Performs in Ratings '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Tops ; Premieres Of ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Memphis Beat , ' ' Hawthorne , ' ' Gene Simmons ' & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( June 22 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Deadliest Catch , ' ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Memphis Beat , ' ' Hawthorne ' & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( June 29 , 2011 ) . `` Updated Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Deadliest Catch , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Memphis Beat , ' ' Hawthorne ' & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom , ' ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Deadliest Catch , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Hawthorne ' & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( July 13 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom , ' ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Deadliest Catch , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Hawthorne ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( July 20 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom , ' ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Deadliest Catch , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Hawthorne ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom ' Still on Top + ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Deadliest Catch , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Gene Simmons ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( August 3 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom ' Still on Top ; ' White Collar , ' ' Covert Affairs ' Rise + ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Billy the Exterminator ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( August 10 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom ' on Top but ; ' White Collar , ' ' Covert Affairs ' Rise in Summer Finales + ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Billy the Exterminator ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom ' Up , Wins Another Tuesday ; Absent USA Originals , TNT 's Originals Rise ; ' Pretty Little Liars ' Dips '' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : ' Teen Mom ' Grows , Wins Again ; ' Awkward , ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' Rise & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( August 31 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : ' Teen Mom ' Slips , Still Tops ; ' Pretty Little Liars ' Finale , ' Chopped , ' ' Big Sexy ' Premieres , ' Awkward ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Storage Wars ' Tops Night , ' American Horror Story ' Rises ; ' South Park ' Falls + ' Psych , ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Rose Bowl , ' ' Fiesta Bowl ' Tops + ' Pawn Stars , ' ' American Pickers , ' ' WWE RAW ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : BCS Championship Down , But On Top + ' Pawn Stars , ' ' Pretty Little Liars . ' ' T.I. and Tiny , ' ' WWE RAW ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( January 18 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Back On Top + ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Being Human , ' ' WWE RAW ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( January 24 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Rules , ' Pretty Little Liars , ' Love & Hip Hop ' Rise + ' Being Human , ' ' Lost Girl , ' ' WWE RAW ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( January 31 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Rules + ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Being Human , ' ' Lost Girl , ' ' WWE RAW , ' ' Housewives BH ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( February 7 , 2012 ) . `` MMonday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Rules + ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Being Human , ' ' Lost Girl , ' ' WWE RAW , ' ' Housewives BH ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( February 14 , 2012 ) . `` MMonday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Rules + ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Being Human , ' ' Lost Girl , ' ' WWE RAW , ' ' Housewives BH ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2012 . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 22 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Rules Again + ' WWE RAW , ' ' T.I. and Tiny , ' ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Being Human ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Comes Out on Top , Closely Followed by ' WWE RAW ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 6 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Beats ' WWE ' , ' American Pickers , ' ' Basketball Wives , ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 13 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Monday Night Raw ' leads ' Pawn Stars ' , ' American Chopper ' & ' TI and Tiny ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE RAW , ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' Top Night + ' American Chopper , ' ' Basketball Wives , ' ' Lost Girl ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' : Special Halloween Episode to Air Later This Year ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Villain ' A ' To Be Revealed In Season Finale : Who Could It Be ? '' . Hollywoodcrush.mtv.com. 2011 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Annie ( 2011 - 12 - 13 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' : ' A ' to be revealed Inside TV EW.com '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Heather ( December 21 , 2011 ) . `` Marlene King gives us an exclusive scoop on the `` Pretty Little Liars '' winter season `` . After Ellen . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( March 22 , 2011 ) . `` What Really Happened In the Pretty Little Liars Finale ? ! Your Burning Questions Answered '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ju1ianMorris . `` photo sharing service for twitter '' . Img.ly . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( March 21 , 2011 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Finale Scoop : Ezra Is Leaving Rosewood ? ! Plus , Spoilers for Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Friday , April 8 , 2011 , 17 : 09 BST ( 2011 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Annabeth Gish joins ' Pretty Little Liars ' - US TV News '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 25 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Monday , May 23 , 2011 , 16 : 51 BST . `` Andrea Parker joins ' Pretty Little Liars ' - US TV News '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 25 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon.com : Pretty Little Liars : Season 2 : Troian Bellisario , Ashley Benson , Holly Marie Combs , Lucy Hale , Norman Buckley , Ron Lagomarsino , Chris Grismer , Chad Lowe : Movies & TV '' . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : The Complete Second Season : Holly Marie Combs , Lucy Hale , Chad Lowe , Ashley Benson : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars - Season 2 ( Exclusive to Amazon.co.uk ) ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : Season 2 '' . ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . ( hide ) Pretty Little Liars Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' Season 2 `` UnmAsked '' Season 3 `` It Happened ' That Night ' '' Season 4 `` ' A ' Is for A-l-i-v-e '' `` Grave New World '' `` Free Fall '' `` A Is for Answers '' Season 5 `` Miss Me × 100 '' `` How the ' A ' Stole Christmas '' Season 6 `` Game On , Charles '' `` Game Over , Charles '' `` Of Late I Think of Rosewood '' `` Charlotte 's Web '' `` Where Somebody Waits For Me '' `` Hush , Hush , Sweet Liars '' Season 7 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' `` Bedlam '' `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' `` Along Comes Mary '' `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' `` Original G'A'ngsters '' `` Exes and OMGs '' `` The Wrath of Kahn '' `` The DArkest Knight '' `` Playtime '' `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' `` Hold Your Piece '' `` Power Play '' `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' `` Driving Miss Crazy '' `` Choose or Lose '' `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Characters `` A '' Alex Drake Alison DiLaurentis Aria Montgomery Charlotte Drake Emily Fields Hanna Marin Jenna Marshall Mary Drake Melissa Hastings Mona Vanderwaal Red Coat Sara Harvey Spencer Hastings Sydney Driscoll Related Book series 2006 novel Rosewood , Pennsylvania Ravenswood Pretty Little Liars : The Perfectionists Pretty Dirty Secrets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pretty_Little_Liars_(season_2)&oldid=835710737 '' Categories : 2011 American television seasons 2012 American television seasons Pretty Little Liars Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Français Italiano Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 09 : 27 . About Wikipedia | how many episodes are in pretty little liars season 2 | [
"\n\nPretty Little Liars (season 2)\n\n\n\nSeason 2 DVD cover\n\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n25\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nABC Family\n\n\nOriginal release\nJune 14, 2011 (2011-06-14) – March 19, 2012 (2012-03-19)\n\n\nSeason chronology\n\n\n\n← Previous\nSeason 1\nNext →\nSeason 3\n\n\n\nList of Pretty Little Liars episodes\n\n"
] | [
"25"
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9206439182166223296 | Electronic voting in India | Electronic voting in India - Wikipedia Electronic voting in India This article is about the voting machines used in India . For general information on EVMs , see Electronic voting . Balloting Unit ( left ) , control unit ( right ) control unit Electronic Voting Machines ( `` EVM '' ) are being used in Indian General and State Elections to implement electronic voting in part from 1999 elections and recently in 2017 state elections held in five states across India . EVMs have replaced paper ballots in local , state and general ( parliamentary ) elections in India . There were earlier claims regarding EVMs ' tamparability and security which have not been proved . After rulings of Delhi High Court , Supreme Court and demands from various political parties , Election Commission decided to introduce EVMs with voter - verified paper audit trail ( VVPAT ) system . The VVPAT system was introduced in 8 of 543 parliamentary constituencies as a pilot project in Indian general election , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Design and technology 3 Procedure to use 4 Benefits 5 Limitations 6 Security issues 7 Voter - verified paper audit trail 8 Exports 9 See also 10 Further reading 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Further information : Booth capturing In 1980 , M.B. Haneefa invented the first Indian voting machine , gazetted `` Electronically operated vote counting machine '' ( Gazette : 191 / Mas / 80 , 15 October 1980 ) . His original design ( using Integrated Circuits ) was exhibited to the public in Government Exhibitions held in six cities across Tamil Nadu . The EVMs were commissioned in 1989 by Election Commission of India in collaboration with Bharat Electronics Limited and Electronics Corporation of India Limited . The Industrial designers of the EVMs were faculty members at the Industrial Design Centre , IIT Bombay . The EVMs were first used in 1982 in the by - election to North Paravur Assembly Constituency in Kerala for a limited number of polling stations . Design and technology ( edit ) An EVM consists of two units , control unit and balloting unit . The two units are joined by a five - meter cable . Balloting unit facilitates voting by voter via labelled buttons while control unit controls the ballot units , stores voting counts and displays the results on 7 segment LED displays . The controller used in EVMs has its operating program etched permanently in silicon at the time of manufacturing by the manufacturer . No one ( including the manufacturer ) can change the program once the controller is manufactured . EVMs are powered by an ordinary 6 volt alkaline battery manufactured by Bharat Electronics Limited , Bangalore and Electronics Corporation of India Limited , Hyderabad . This design enables the use of EVMs throughout the country without interruptions because several parts of India do not have power supply and / or erratic power supply . An EVM can record a maximum of 3840 votes and can cater to a maximum of 64 candidates . There is provision for 16 candidates in a single balloting unit and up to a maximum of 4 units can be connected in parallel . The conventional ballot paper / box method of polling is used if the number of candidates exceeds 64 . It is not possible to vote more than once by pressing the button again and again . As soon as a particular button on the balloting unit is pressed , the vote is recorded for that particular candidate and the machine gets locked . Even if one presses that button further or any other button , no further vote will be recorded . This way the EVMs ensure the principle of `` one person , one vote '' . Procedure to use ( edit ) The control unit is with the presiding officer or a polling officer and the balloting Unit is placed inside the voting compartment . The balloting unit presents the voter with blue buttons ( momentary switch ) horizontally labelled with corresponding party symbol and candidate names . The Control Unit on the other hand provides the officer in - charge with a `` Ballot '' marked button to proceed to the next voter , instead of issuing a ballot paper to them . This activates the ballot unit for a single vote from the next voter in queue. The voter has to cast his vote by once pressing the blue button on the balloting unit against the candidate and symbol of his choice . As soon as the last voter has voted , the Polling Officer in - charge of the Control Unit will press the ' Close ' Button . Thereafter , the EVM will not accept any votes . Further , after the close of poll , the Balloting Unit is disconnected from the Control Unit and kept separately . Votes can be recorded only through the Balloting Unit . Again the Presiding officer , at the close of the poll , will hand over to each polling agent present an account of votes recorded . At the time of counting of votes , the total will be tallied with this account and if there is any discrepancy , this will be pointed out by the Counting Agents . During the counting of votes , the results are displayed by pressing the ' Result ' button . There are two safeguards to prevent the ' Result ' button from being pressed before the counting of votes officially begins . ( a ) This button can not be pressed till the ' Close ' button is pressed by the Polling Officer in - charge at the end of the voting process in the polling booth . ( b ) This button is hidden and sealed ; this can be broken only at the counting center in the presence of designated office . Benefits ( edit ) The cost per EVM was ₹ 5,500 ( equivalent to ₹ 42,000 or US $620 in 2017 ) at the time the machines were purchased in 1989 -- 90 . The cost was estimated to be ₹ 10,500 ( equivalent to ₹ 12,000 or US $180 in 2017 ) per unit as per an additional order issued in 2014 . Even though the initial investment was heavy , it has since been expected to save costs of production and printing of crores of ballot papers , their transportation and storage , substantial reduction in the counting staff and the remuneration paid to them . For each national election , it is estimated that about 10,000 tonnes of ballot paper is saved . EVMs are easier to transport compared to ballot boxes as they are lighter , more portable , and come with polypropylene carrying cases . Vote counting is also faster . In places where illiteracy is a factor , illiterate people find EVMs easier than ballot paper system . Bogus voting is greatly reduced as the vote is recorded only once . The unit can store the result in its memory before it is erased manually . The battery is required only to activate the EVMs at the time of polling and counting and as soon as the polling is over , the battery can be switched off . The shelf life of Indian EVMs is estimated at 15 years . Limitations ( edit ) Main article : Totaliser A candidate can know how many people from a polling station voted for him . This is a significant issue particularly if lop - sided votes for / against a candidate are cast in individual polling stations and the winning candidate might show favoritism or hold grudge on specific areas . The Election Commission of India has stated that the manufacturers of the EVMs have developed a Totaliser unit which can connect several balloting units and would display only the overall results from an Assembly or a Lok Sabha constituency instead of votes from individual polling stations . The control units do not electronically transmit their results back to the Election Commission , even though a simple and unconditionally secure protocol for doing this exists . The Indian EVMs are purposely designed as stand - alone units to prevent any intrusion during electronic transmission of results . Instead , the EVMs are collected in counting booths and tallied on the assigned counting day ( s ) in the presence of polling agents of the candidates . Security issues ( edit ) An international conference on the Indian EVMs and its tamperability of the said machines was held under the chairmanship of Subramanian Swamy , President of the Janata Party and former Union Cabinet Minister for Law , Commerce and Justice at Chennai on 13 February 2010 . The conclusion was that the Election Commission of India was shirking its responsibility on the transparency in the working of the EVMs . In April 2010 , an independent security analysis was released by a research team led by Hari Prasad , Rop Gonggrijp , and J. Alex Halderman . The study included video demonstrations of two attacks that the researchers carried out on a real EVM , as well as descriptions of several other potential vulnerabilities In order to mitigate these threats , the researchers suggest moving to a voting system that provides greater transparency , such as paper ballots , precinct count optical scan , or a voter verified paper audit trail , since , in any of these systems , sceptical voters could , in principle , observe the physical counting process to gain confidence that the outcome is fair . But Election Commission of India points out that for such tampering of the EVMs , one needs physical access to EVMs , and pretty high tech skills are required . Given that EVMs are stored under strict security which can be monitored by candidates or their agents all the time , its impossible to gain physical access to the machines . Plus , to impact the results of an election , hundreds to thousands of machines will be needed to tamper with , which is almost impossible given the hi - tech and time consuming nature of the tampering process . On 25 July 2011 , responding to a PIL ( Writ Petition ( Civil ) No. 312 of 2011 ) , Supreme Court of India asked EC to consider request to modify EVMs and respond within 3 months . The petitioner Rajendra Satyanarayan Gilda had alleged that EC has failed to take any decision despite his repeated representation . The petitioner suggested that the EVMs should be modified to give a slip printed with the symbol of the party in whose favour the voter cast his ballot . On 17 January 2012 , Delhi High Court in its ruling on Dr. Subramanian Swamy 's Writ Petition ( Writ Petition ( Civil ) No. 11879 of 2009 ) challenging the use of EVMs in the present form said that EVMs are not `` tamper - proof '' . Further , it said that it is `` difficult '' to issue any directions to the EC in this regard . However , the court added that the EC should itself hold wider consultations with the executive , political parties and other stake holders on the matter . Swamy appealed against Delhi High Court 's refusal to order a VVPAT system in Supreme Court . On 27 September 2012 , Election Commission 's advocate Ashok Desai submitted to a Supreme Court bench of Justice P Sathasivam and Justice Ranjan Gogoi that field trial for VVPAT system is in progress and that a status report will be submitted by early January 2013 . Desai said that on pressing of each vote , a paper receipt will be printed , which will be visible to the voters inside a glass but can not be taken out of the machine . Dr Swamy said that the new system was acceptable to him . The Supreme Court posted the matter for further hearing to 22 January 2013 and on 8 October 2013 , it delivered a verdict , that the Election Commission of India will use VVPAT . Another similar writ petition filed by the Asom Gana Parishad is still pending before the Gauhati High Court . Voter - verified paper audit trail ( edit ) Further information : Voter - verified paper audit trail On 8 October 2010 Election Commission appointed an expert technical committee headed by Prof PV Indiresan ( former Director of IIT - M ) when at an all - party meeting majority of political parties backed the proposal to have a VVPAT in EVMs to counter the charges of tampering . The committee was tasked to examine the possibility of introduction of a paper trail so that voters can get a printout that will show symbol of the party to which the vote was cast . After studying the issue , the committee recommended introduction of VVPAT system . On 21 June 2011 , Election Commission accepted Indiresan committee 's recommendations and decided to conduct field trials of the system . On 26 July 2011 , field trials of the VVPAT system were conducted at Ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir , Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala , Cherrapunjee in Meghalaya , East Delhi in Delhi and Jaisalmer in Rajasthan . Just two days after Delhi High Court judgement saying EVMs are not `` tamper - proof '' , Election Commission on 19 January 2012 ordered Electronics Corporation of India Limited and Bharat Electronics Limited ( BEL ) to make EVMs that will generate a `` paper trail '' of the vote cast . BEL CMD Anil Kumar said : `` The new EVMs ' paper trail should make the poll process safer and tamper - proof . EC has given us its requirement for EVMs and work is on to incorporate new features . The EVM software will be modified and a printer attached to it . When you cast a vote , the serial number and some data will be generated as a printout . It is to ensure that there is no malpractice in the voting system . '' It appears that , when the voter presses the button for the candidate of his choice in the EVM , a paper ballot with the serial number , name and symbol of the candidate will be printed . The printouts will be used later to cross-check the voting data stored in the EVMs . Talking about other features in new EVMs , he said the machines will be more rugged and smaller in size but with more computing power . The voter - verified paper audit trail ( VVPAT ) system which enables EVM to record each vote cast by generating the EVM slip , was introduced in 8 of 543 parliamentary constituencies as a pilot project . VVPAT is implemented in Lucknow , Gandhinagar , Bangalore South , Chennai Central , Jadavpur , Raipur , Patna Sahib and Mizoram constituencies . Voter - verified paper audit trail was first used in an election in India in September 2013 in Noksen ( Assembly Constituency ) in Nagaland . On 8 October 2013 , Supreme Court of India delivered its verdict on Subramanian Swamy 's PIL , that Election Commission of India will use VVPAT along with EVMs in a phased manner and the full completion should be achieved by 2019 . Waman Meshram president of BAMCEF filed PIL in Supreme Court against Election Commission accusing it of contempt of court by not following Supreme Court 's verdict of compulsory use of vvpat ... reason given by election commission was government not providing needed money which is few thousand crore ... Exports ( edit ) Nepal , Bhutan , Namibia and Kenya have purchased India - manufactured EVMs . Fiji was expected to use Indian EVMs in its elections in 2014 . In 2013 , the Election Commission of Namibia acquired 1700 control units and 3500 ballot units from India 's Bharat Electronics Limited ; these units will be used in the regional and presidential elections in 2014 . Several other Asian and African countries are reportedly interested in using them as well . See also ( edit ) Voting machine Electoral fraud None of the above Further reading ( edit ) Delhi HC judgement saying EVMs are not foolproof dated 17 Jan 2012 , accessed 6 July 2012 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Scott Wolchok , Eric Wustrow , J. Alex Halderman , Hari K. Prasad , Arun Kankipati , Sai Krishna Sakhamuri , Vasavya Yagati , and Rop Gonggrijp ( October 2010 ) . Security Analysis of India 's Electronic Voting Machines ( PDF ) . 17th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : IndiaEVM.org Security Analysis of India 's Electronic Voting Machines Jump up ^ `` CPI ( M ) , JD ( S ) back Advani on EVM manipulation issue '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Electronic Voting Machine : Excellent tool of manipulation '' . 17 December 2011 . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` SC asks EC to consider request to modify EVMs '' . The Times Of India . 26 July 2011 . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : RAKESH RANJAN ( 15 December 2011 ) . `` Delhi HC to decide on EVMs '' . The Pioneer . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` New EVMs to have paper trail '' . The Times of India . 20 January 2012 . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-evm-paper-trail-introduced-in-8-of-543-constituencies-1982463 Jump up ^ Tamil writer Sujatha is dead Jump up ^ `` A tribute to technology and technologists '' . Jump up ^ http://www.idc.iitb.ac.in/index.html Jump up ^ `` Electronic Voting Machine , Chapter 39 , Reference handbook , Election commission of India '' . Pib.nic.in . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Used in Hazaribagh District . Jump up ^ http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/evm.aspx Jump up ^ http://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/electronics-corp-bharat-electronics-get-evm-contracts/ Jump up ^ http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/shelf-life-of-50-evms-ending-have-to-buy-14-lakh-for-2019-ec/ Jump up ^ `` New counting method for Assembly polls '' . Jump up ^ `` Know Your Electronic Voting Machine '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Swamy for expert panel on secure EVMs '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Archived from the original on 3 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swamy for expert panel on secure EVMs '' . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` It takes a heck of a lot to hack an EVM '' . Jump up ^ `` EVMs can not be tampered : KJ Rao '' . Indian Express . 7 August 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lakshman , Narayan ( 10 August 2010 ) . `` Hot debate over Electronic Voting Machines '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Jump up ^ `` SC order on EVM '' . Supreme Court of India . 25 July 2011 . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SC seeks EC reply on EVM modification '' . 25 July 2011 . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Do EVMs need modification ? SC asks EC to decide in 3 weeks '' . 25 July 2011 . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` EVMs not tamper - proof , but no paper trail : Delhi HC '' . The Times of India . 17 Jan 2012 . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` EVMs not tamper - proof : Delhi HC '' . 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Field trial of new EVMs with paper trail under way : ECI informs SC '' . Law et al. 27 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court hearing in Special Leave to Appeal ( Civil ) No ( s ). 13735 / 2012 '' . New Delhi : Supreme Court of India . Retrieved 27 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/supreme-court-asks-election-commission-to-introduce-paper-trail-in-evms/1/313629.html Jump up ^ `` EC buys time on paper trail '' . telegraphindia.com . Calcutta , India . 5 December 2011 . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` EVM with paper trail to be tested in 200 places '' . The Times of India . 1 June 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Election Commission to introduce EVM and VVPAT system for more transparent electronic voting '' . The Economic Times . 21 June 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New voting machines found perfect : Election Commission '' . Kolkata News . 28 July 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Voting Machines Found Perfect : EC '' . daijiworld.com. 28 July 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Election Commission tests a paper trail for electronic voting '' . livemint.com. 21 June 2011 . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New EVMs to have paper trail : BEL '' . FirstPost.com. 19 January 2012 . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ India devises flawless ballot mechanism Archived 3 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.business-standard.com/article/elections-2014/ls-polls-voters-to-get-automated-receipts-at-gandhinagar-114042901134_1.html Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/vvpat-machine-to-be-on-demonstration-for-10-days/article5868161.ece Jump up ^ http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/vvpat-to-be-introduced-in-jadavpur-constituency-35049.html Jump up ^ 8 seats having VVPAT facility Jump up ^ `` VVPAT , a revolutionary step in voting transparency '' . DNA . 2014 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Patna-Sahib-electorate-can-see-who-they-voted-for/articleshow/33351551.cms Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/EVM-slip-will-help-verify-your-vote/articleshow/34304320.cms Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/400-EVMs-on-standby-for-Patna-Sahib-Pataliputra/articleshow/33836327.cms Jump up ^ http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/VVPAT-to-Debut-in-B%E2%80%99lore-South/2014/04/04/article2148837.ece Jump up ^ `` Nagaland first to use VVPAT device for voting '' . Jump up ^ `` India devises flawless ballot mechanism '' . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Oct 2013 VVPAT verdict Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/elections-2014-sc-directive-to-ec-for-paper-trail-in-evms/article5213604.ece Jump up ^ http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-10-04/news/42718349_1_vvpat-evms-election-commission Jump up ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ec-to-seek-about-rs-2-000-crore-for-vvpat-system/article1-1148899.aspx Jump up ^ `` ECN unveils ' tamper - free ' voting machines '' . Nambian Sun . 2013 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Tiwari , Rajnish ; Herstatt , Cornelius ( January 2012 ) . `` India -- A Lead Market for Frugal Innovations ? Extending the Lead Market Theory to Emerging Economies '' ( pdf ) . Hamburg University of Technology . p. 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 11 . http://www.criticbrain.com/articles/exclusive-sc-issues-contempt-notice-to-eci External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indian voting machines . EVM page on Election Commission of India website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_voting_in_India&oldid=841682934 '' Categories : Science and technology in India Elections in India Electronic voting by country Election technology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Use Indian English from February 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from November 2017 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 10 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when were electronic voting machine introduced for election in india | [
"In 1980, M. B. Haneefa invented the first Indian voting machine, gazetted \"Electronically operated vote counting machine\" (Gazette: 191/Mas/80, 15 October 1980). His original design (using Integrated Circuits) was exhibited to the public in Government Exhibitions held in six cities across Tamil Nadu. The EVMs were commissioned in 1989 by Election Commission of India in collaboration with Bharat Electronics Limited and Electronics Corporation of India Limited.[9][10] The Industrial designers of the EVMs were faculty members at the Industrial Design Centre, IIT Bombay.[11] The EVMs were first used in 1982 in the by-election to North Paravur Assembly Constituency in Kerala for a limited number of polling stations.[12]"
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"1982"
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-4851338635467635845 | Yenisei River | Yenisei river - wikipedia Yenisei river Jump to : navigation , search For the bandy club Yenisey , see Yenisey Krasnoyarsk Bandy Club . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Yenisei ( Енисей ) River Bii - Khem and Kaa - Khem near Kyzyl Countries Mongolia , Russia Regions Tuva , Krasnoyarsk Krai , Khakassia , Irkutsk Oblast , Buryatia , Zabaykalsky Krai Tributaries - right Angara , Lower Tunguska , Stony Tunguska River Cities Kyzyl , Shagonar , Sayanogorsk , Abakan , Divnogorsk , Krasnoyarsk , Yeniseysk , Lesosibirsk , Igarka , Dudinka Source Mungaragiyn - Gol - location ridge Dod - Taygasyn - Noor , Mongolia - elevation 3,351 m ( 10,994 ft ) - length 748 km ( 465 mi ) - coordinates 50 ° 43 ′ 46 '' N 98 ° 39 ′ 49 '' E / 50.72944 ° N 98.66361 ° E / 50.72944 ; 98.66361 Mouth Yenisei Gulf Length 3,438 km ( 2,136 mi ) Basin 2,580,000 km ( 996,144 sq mi ) Discharge for Igarka - average 19,600 m / s ( 692,167 cu ft / s ) - max 112,000 m / s ( 3,955,243 cu ft / s ) - min 3,120 m / s ( 110,182 cu ft / s ) The Yenisei basin , including Lake Baikal The Yenisei ( Russian : Енисе́й , Jeniséj ; Mongolian : Енисей мөрөн , Yenisei mörön ) ; Buryat : Горлог мүрэн , Gorlog müren ; Tyvan : Улуг - Хем , Uluğ - Hem ; Khakas : Ким суг , Kim sug also Romanized Yenisey , Enisei , Jenisej , is the largest river system flowing to the Arctic Ocean . It is the central of the three great Siberian rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean ( the other two being the Ob and the Lena ) . Rising in Mongolia , it follows a northerly course to the Yenisei Gulf in the Kara Sea , draining a large part of central Siberia , the longest stream following the Yenisei - Angara - Selenga - Ider river system . The maximum depth of the Yenisei is 24 metres ( 80 ft ) and the average depth is 14 metres ( 45 ft ) . The depth of river outflow is 32 metres ( 106 ft ) and inflow is 31 metres ( 101 ft ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Course of the river 2 Lake Baikal 3 Flora and fauna 3.1 Taimyr reindeer herd 4 Navigation 5 History 6 Pollution 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Course of the river ( edit ) The confluence of the rivers Kaa - Khem and Piy - Khem from the height of bird flight The river flows through Tuva , Khakassia , and the city of Krasnoyarsk . Its tributaries include the Angara , Nizhnyaya Tunguska , Podkamennaya Tunguska , and Tuba rivers . Lake Baikal ( edit ) Main article : Lake Baikal The 320 - kilometre ( 200 mi ) , partly navigable Upper Angara River feeds into the northern end of Lake Baikal from the Buryat Republic but the largest inflow is from the Selenga which forms a delta on the south - eastern side . The river as seen from the trans - Siberian railway near Krasnoyarsk Flora and fauna ( edit ) The Yenisei River basin ( excluding Lake Baikal and lakes of the Khantayka River headwaters ) is home to 55 native fish species , including two endemics : Gobio sibiricus ( a gobionine cyprinid ) and Thymallus nigrescens ( es ) ( a grayling ) . The grayling is restricted to Khövsgöl Nuur and its tributaries . Most fish found in the Yenisei River basin are relatively widespread Euro - Siberian or Siberian species , such as northern pike ( Esox lucius ) , common roach ( Rutilus rutilus ) , common dace ( Leuciscus leuciscus ) , Siberian sculpin ( Cottus poecilopus ) , European perch ( Perca fluviatilis ) and Prussian carp ( Carassius gibelio ) . The basin is also home to many salmonids ( trout , whitefish , charr , graylings , taimen and relatives ) and the Siberian sturgeon ( Acipenser baerii ) . The Yenisei River valley is habitat for numerous flora and fauna , with Siberian pine and Siberian larch being notable tree species . In prehistoric times Scots pine , Pinus sylvestris , was abundant in the Yenisei River valley circa 6000 BC . There are also numerous bird species present in the watershed , including , for example , the hooded crow , Corvus cornix . Taimyr reindeer herd ( edit ) The Taimyr reindeer herd , a migrating tundra reindeer ( R.t. sibiricus ) , the largest reindeer herd in the world , migrated to winter grazing ranges along the Yenisei River . Navigation ( edit ) Inclined plane at Krasnoyarsk Dam River steamers first came to the Yenesei River in 1864 and were brought in from Holland and England across the icy Kara Sea . One was the SS Nikolai . The SS Thames attempted to explore the river , overwintered in 1876 , but was damaged in the ice and eventually wrecked in the river . Success came with the steamers Frazer , Express in 1878 , and the next year , Moscow hauling supplies in and wheat out . The Dalman reached Yeneisisk in 1881 . Imperial Russian placed river steamers on the massive river as an attempt to free up communication to land locked Siberia . One boat was the SS St. Nicholas which conveyed the future Tsar Nicholas II in his trip to Siberia , and later Vladimir Lenin arriving to prison . Engineers attempted to place river steamers on regular service on the river during the building of the Trans - Siberian Railway . The boats were needed to bring in the rails , engines and supplies . Captain Joseph Wiggins sailed the Orestes with rail and parted out river steamers in 1893 . However , the sea and river route proved very difficult with several ships lost at sea and on the river . Both the Ob and Yenisei mouths feed into very long inlets , several hundred miles in length , which are shallow , ice bound and prone to high winds and thus treacherous for navigation . After the completion of the railway , river traffic reduced only to local service as the Arctic route and long river proved much to indirect a route . The first recreation team to navigate the Yenisei 's entire length , including its violent upper tributary in Mongolia , was an Australian - Canadian effort completed in September 2001 . Ben Kozel , Tim Cope , Colin Angus and Remy Quinter were on this team . Both Kozel and Angus wrote books detailing this expedition , and a documentary was produced for National Geographic Television . A canal inclined plane was built on the river in 1985 at the Krasnoyarsk Dam . History ( edit ) Nomadic tribes such as the Ket people and the Yugh people have lived along the banks of the Yenisei river since ancient times , and this region is the location of the Yeniseian language family . The Ket , numbering about 1000 , are the only survivors today of those who originally lived throughout central southern Siberia near the river banks . Their extinct relatives included the Kotts , Assans , Arins , Baikots , and Pumpokols who lived further upriver to the south . The modern Ket lived in the eastern middle areas of the river before being assimilated politically into Russia during the 17th through 19th centuries . Wheat from the Yenisei was sold by Muslims and Uighurs during inadequate harvests to Bukhara and Soghd during the Tahirid era . Russians first reached the upper Yenisei in 1605 , travelling from the Ob River , up the Ket River , portaging and then down the Yenisei as far as the Sym River . During World War II , Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire agreed to divide Asia along a line that followed the Yenisei River to the border of China , and then along the border of China and the Soviet Union . Pollution ( edit ) Studies have shown that the Yenisei suffers from contamination caused by radioactive discharges from a factory that produced bomb - grade plutonium in the secret city of Krasnoyarsk - 26 , now known as Zheleznogorsk . Gallery ( edit ) The bridge over the Yenisei in Krasnoyarsk , Russia , viewed from the left bank . Vinogradovsky most , the bridge in Krasnoyarsk , Russia , viewed from the left bank The Yenisei ( left ) and the Ob flow into Kara Sea . See also ( edit ) Sayano - Shushenskaya hydroelectric station Yenisey Krasnoyarsk References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Station : Igarka '' . Yenisei Basin . UNH / GRDC . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ A. Ochir . `` History of the Mongol Oirats '' 1993 Jump up ^ `` Yenisei River '' . Hammond Quick & Easy Notebook Reference Atlas & Webster Dictionary . Hammond . p. 31 . ISBN 0843709227 . Jump up ^ `` Yenisei River : Siberia 's blessing and curse '' . RT . 11 June 2010 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Alan Taylor ( 23 August 2013 ) . `` A Year on the Yenisei River '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ C Michael Hogan ( 13 May 2012 ) . `` Yenisei River '' . Encyclopedia of Earth . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Freshwater Ecoregions of the World ( 2008 ) . Yenisei . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Stein , Ruediger et al. 2003 . Siberian river run - off in the Kara Sea , Proceedings in Marine Sciences , Elsevier , Amsterdam , 488 pages Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan . 2009 . Hooded Crow : Corvus cornix , GlobalTwitcher.com , ed , N. Stromberg Jump up ^ Russell , D.E. ; Gunn , A. ( 20 November 2013 ) . `` Migratory Tundra Rangifer '' . NOAA Arctic Research Program . Jump up ^ Kolpashikov , L. ; Makhailov , V. ; Russell , D. ( 2014 ) . `` The role of harvest , predators and socio - political environment in the dynamics of the Taimyr wild reindeer herd with some lessons for North America '' . Ecology and Society . Jump up ^ Baskin , Leonid M. ( 1986 ) , `` Differences in the ecology and behaviour of reindeer populations in the USSR '' , Rangifer , Special Issue ( 1 ) : 333 -- 340 , retrieved 7 January 2015 Jump up ^ Five Months in a Leaky Boat : A River Journey Through Siberia , Kozel , 2003 , Pan Macmillan Jump up ^ Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses. ( 1989 ) . Ship lifts : report of a Study Commission within the framework of Permanent . PIANC . ISBN 978 - 2 - 87223 - 006 - 8 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Vajda , Edward G . `` The Ket and Other Yeniseian Peoples '' . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ian Blanchard ( 2001 ) . Mining , Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages : Asiatic supremacy , 425 - 1125 . Franz Steiner Verlag . pp. 271 -- 272 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 515 - 07958 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Raymond Henry ( 1943 ) . The Russian Fur Trade , 1550 - 1700 . University of California Press . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Gerhard L. Visions of Victory : The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders Cambridge , England , United Kingdom : 2005 -- Cambridge University Press ( 1 ) Jump up ^ David Hoffman ( 17 August 1998 ) . `` Wastes of War : Radioactivity Threatens a Mighty River '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 13 February 2015 . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Yenisei '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Coordinates : 71 ° 50 ′ 0 '' N 82 ° 40 ′ 0 '' E / 71.83333 ° N 82.66667 ° E / 71.83333 ; 82.66667 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yenisei River . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Yenisei . Yenisey River at Encyclopædia Britannica Photos of river around Krasnoyarsk area at Boston.com William Barr , ' German paddle - steamers on the Yenisey 1878 - 84 ' , The Journal of the Hakluyt Society , August 2014 . Geographic data related to Yenisei River at OpenStreetMap VIAF : 244579309 GND : 4109125 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yenisei_River&oldid=831716307 '' Categories : Rivers of Krasnoyarsk Krai Rivers of Khakassia Yenisei basin Drainage basins of the Kara Sea Physiographic provinces Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2007 All articles needing additional references Geobox usage tracking for river type Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Mongolian - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Use dmy dates from March 2017 Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 75 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 22 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the yenisei river begin and end | [
"\n\nYenisei (Енисей)\n\n\nRiver\n\n\n\n\nBii-Khem and Kaa-Khem near Kyzyl\n\n\n\nCountries\nMongolia, Russia\n\n\nRegions\nTuva, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Khakassia, Irkutsk Oblast, Buryatia, Zabaykalsky Krai\n\n\n\n\n\nTributaries\n\n\n - right\nAngara, Lower Tunguska, Stony Tunguska River\n\n\nCities\nKyzyl, Shagonar, Sayanogorsk, Abakan, Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk, Yeniseysk, Lesosibirsk, Igarka, Dudinka\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource\nMungaragiyn-Gol\n\n\n - location\nridge Dod-Taygasyn-Noor, Mongolia\n\n\n - elevation\n3,351 m (10,994 ft)\n\n\n - length\n748 km (465 mi)\n\n\n - coordinates\n50°43′46″N 98°39′49″E / 50.72944°N 98.66361°E / 50.72944; 98.66361\n\n\nMouth\nYenisei Gulf\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n3,438 km (2,136 mi)\n\n\nBasin\n2,580,000 km2 (996,144 sq mi)\n\n\nDischarge\nfor Igarka[1]\n\n\n - average\n19,600 m3/s (692,167 cu ft/s)\n\n\n - max\n112,000 m3/s (3,955,243 cu ft/s)\n\n\n - min\n3,120 m3/s (110,182 cu ft/s)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Yenisei basin, including Lake Baikal\n\n\n",
"\n\nYenisei (Енисей)\n\n\nRiver\n\n\n\n\nBii-Khem and Kaa-Khem near Kyzyl\n\n\n\nCountries\nMongolia, Russia\n\n\nRegions\nTuva, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Khakassia, Irkutsk Oblast, Buryatia, Zabaykalsky Krai\n\n\n\n\n\nTributaries\n\n\n - right\nAngara, Lower Tunguska, Stony Tunguska River\n\n\nCities\nKyzyl, Shagonar, Sayanogorsk, Abakan, Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk, Yeniseysk, Lesosibirsk, Igarka, Dudinka\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource\nMungaragiyn-Gol\n\n\n - location\nridge Dod-Taygasyn-Noor, Mongolia\n\n\n - elevation\n3,351 m (10,994 ft)\n\n\n - length\n748 km (465 mi)\n\n\n - coordinates\n50°43′46″N 98°39′49″E / 50.72944°N 98.66361°E / 50.72944; 98.66361\n\n\nMouth\nYenisei Gulf\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n3,438 km (2,136 mi)\n\n\nBasin\n2,580,000 km2 (996,144 sq mi)\n\n\nDischarge\nfor Igarka[1]\n\n\n - average\n19,600 m3/s (692,167 cu ft/s)\n\n\n - max\n112,000 m3/s (3,955,243 cu ft/s)\n\n\n - min\n3,120 m3/s (110,182 cu ft/s)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Yenisei basin, including Lake Baikal\n\n\n"
] | [
"Mungaragiyn-Gol",
"Yenisei Gulf"
] |
-6148431192683618353 | In Search of Lost Time | In Search of Lost Time - wikipedia In Search of Lost Time Jump to : navigation , search `` Swann 's Way '' redirects here . For other similar titles , see Swans Way ( disambiguation ) . In Search of Lost Time ( Remembrance of Things Past ) A first galley proof of À la recherche du temps perdu : Du côté de chez Swann with Proust 's handwritten corrections Author Marcel Proust Original title À la recherche du temps perdu Translator C.K. Scott Moncrieff Stephen Hudson Terence Kilmartin Lydia Davis James Grieve Country France Language French Genre Modernist Publisher Grasset and Gallimard Publication date 1913 -- 1927 Published in English 1922 -- 1931 Pages 4,215 word count = 1,267,069 In Search of Lost Time ( French : À la recherche du temps perdu ) -- previously also translated as Remembrance of Things Past -- is a novel in seven volumes , written by Marcel Proust ( 1871 -- 1922 ) . It is considered to be his most prominent work , known both for its length and its theme of involuntary memory , the most famous example being the `` episode of the madeleine '' which occurs early in the first volume . It gained fame in English in translations by C.K. Scott Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin as Remembrance of Things Past , but the title In Search of Lost Time , a literal rendering of the French , has gained usage since D.J. Enright adopted it for his revised translation published in 1992 . In Search of Lost Time follows the narrator 's recollections of childhood and experiences into adulthood during late 19th century to early 20th century aristocratic France , while reflecting on the loss of time and lack of meaning to the world . The novel began to take shape in 1909 . Proust continued to work on it until his final illness in the autumn of 1922 forced him to break off . Proust established the structure early on , but even after volumes were initially finished he kept adding new material and edited one volume after another for publication . The last three of the seven volumes contain oversights and fragmentary or unpolished passages , as they existed only in draft form at the death of the author ; the publication of these parts was overseen by his brother Robert . The work was published in France between 1913 and 1927 . Proust paid for the publication of the first volume ( by the Grasset publishing house ) after it had been turned down by leading editors who had been offered the manuscript in longhand . Many of its ideas , motifs and scenes are foreshadowed in Proust 's unfinished novel , Jean Santeuil ( 1896 -- 99 ) , though the perspective and treatment there are different , and in his unfinished hybrid of philosophical essay and story , Contre Sainte - Beuve ( 1908 -- 09 ) . The novel had great influence on twentieth - century literature ; some writers have sought to emulate it , others to parody it . In the centenary year of the novel 's first volume , Edmund White pronounced À la recherche du temps perdu `` the most respected novel of the twentieth century . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Initial publication 2 Synopsis 2.1 Volume One : Swann 's Way 2.2 Volume Two : In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower 2.3 Volume Three : The Guermantes Way 2.4 Volume Four : Sodom and Gomorrah 2.5 Volume Five : The Prisoner 2.6 Volume Six : The Fugitive 2.7 Volume Seven : Time Regained 3 Themes 3.1 Memory 3.2 Separation anxiety 3.3 Nature of art 3.4 Homosexuality 4 Critical reception 5 Main characters 6 Publication in English 7 A Reader 's Guide to The Remembrance of Things Past 8 Adaptations 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 Notes and references 12 Further reading 13 External links Initial publication ( edit ) The novel was initially published in seven volumes : Swann 's Way ( Du côté de chez Swann , sometimes translated as The Way by Swann 's ) ( 1913 ) was rejected by a number of publishers , including Fasquelle , Ollendorff , and the Nouvelle Revue Française ( NRF ) . André Gide was famously given the manuscript to read to advise NRF on publication and , leafing through the seemingly endless collection of memories and philosophizing or melancholic episodes , came across a few minor syntactic errors , which made him decide to turn the work down in his audit . Proust eventually arranged with the publisher Grasset to pay the cost of publication himself . When published it was advertised as the first of a three - volume novel ( Bouillaguet and Rogers , 316 -- 7 ) . Du côté de chez Swann is divided into four parts : `` Combray I '' ( sometimes referred to in English as the `` Overture '' ) , `` Combray II , '' `` Un Amour de Swann , '' and `` Noms de pays : le nom . '' ( ' Names of places : the name ' ) . A third - person novella within Du côté de chez Swann , `` Un Amour de Swann '' is sometimes published as a volume by itself . As it forms the self - contained story of Charles Swann 's love affair with Odette de Crécy and is relatively short , it is generally considered a good introduction to the work and is often a set text in French schools . `` Combray I '' is also similarly excerpted ; it ends with the famous madeleine cake episode , introducing the theme of involuntary memory . In early 1914 Gide , who had been involved in NRF 's rejection of the book , wrote to Proust to apologize and to offer congratulations on the novel . `` For several days I have been unable to put your book down ... The rejection of this book will remain the most serious mistake ever made by the NRF and , since I bear the shame of being very much responsible for it , one of the most stinging and remorseful regrets of my life '' ( Tadié , 611 ) . Gallimard ( the publishing arm of NRF ) offered to publish the remaining volumes , but Proust chose to stay with Grasset . In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower ( À l'ombre des jeunes filles en fleurs , also translated as Within a Budding Grove ) ( 1919 ) was scheduled to be published in 1914 but was delayed by the onset of World War I . At the same time , Grasset 's firm was closed down when the publisher went into military service . This freed Proust to move to Gallimard , where all of the subsequent volumes were published . Meanwhile , the novel kept growing in length and in conception . When published , the novel was awarded the Prix Goncourt in 1919 . The Guermantes Way ( Le Côté de Guermantes ) ( 1920 / 1921 ) was originally published in two volumes as Le Côté de Guermantes I and Le Côté de Guermantes II . Sodom and Gomorrah ( Sodome et Gomorrhe , sometimes translated as Cities of the Plain ) ( 1921 / 1922 ) was originally published in two volumes . The first forty pages of Sodome et Gomorrhe initially appeared at the end of Le Côté de Guermantes II ( Bouillaguet and Rogers , 942 ) , the remainder appearing as Sodome et Gomorrhe I ( 1921 ) and Sodome et Gomorrhe II ( 1922 ) . It was the last volume over which Proust supervised publication before his death in November 1922 . The publication of the remaining volumes was carried out by his brother , Robert Proust , and Jacques Rivière . The Prisoner ( La Prisonnière , also translated as The Captive ) ( 1923 ) is the first volume of the section within In Search of Lost Time known as `` le Roman d'Albertine '' ( `` the Albertine novel '' ) . The name `` Albertine '' first appears in Proust 's notebooks in 1913 . The material in volumes 5 and 6 were developed during the hiatus between the publication of volumes 1 and 2 and they are a departure of the original three - volume series originally planned by Proust . This is the first of Proust 's books published posthumously . The Fugitive ( Albertine disparue , also titled La Fugitive , sometimes translated as The Sweet Cheat Gone ( last line of Walter de la Mare 's poem `` The Ghost '' ) or Albertine Gone ) ( 1925 ) is the second and final volume in `` le Roman d'Albertine '' and the second volume published after Proust 's death . It is the most editorially vexed volume . As noted , the final three volumes of the novel were published posthumously , and without Proust 's final corrections and revisions . The first edition , based on Proust 's manuscript , was published as Albertine disparue to prevent it from being confused with Rabindranath Tagore 's La Fugitive ( 1921 ) . The first authoritative edition of the novel in French ( 1954 ) , also based on Proust 's manuscript , used the title La Fugitive . The second , even more authoritative French edition ( 1987 -- 89 ) uses the title Albertine disparue and is based on an unmarked typescript acquired in 1962 by the Bibliothèque Nationale . To complicate matters , after the death in 1986 of Proust 's niece , Suzy Mante - Proust , her son - in - law discovered among her papers a typescript that had been corrected and annotated by Proust . The late changes Proust made include a small , crucial detail and the deletion of approximately 150 pages . This version was published as Albertine disparue in France in 1987 . Finding Time Again ( Le Temps retrouvé , also translated as Time Regained and The Past Recaptured ) ( 1927 ) is the final volume in Proust 's novel . Much of the final volume was written at the same time as Swann 's Way , but was revised and expanded during the course of the novel 's publication to account for , to a greater or lesser success , the then unforeseen material now contained in the middle volumes ( Terdiman , 153n3 ) . This volume includes a noteworthy episode describing Paris during the First World War . Synopsis ( edit ) The novel recounts the experiences of the Narrator ( who is never definitively named ) while he is growing up , learning about art , participating in society , and falling in love . Volume one : Swann 's Way ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Swann 's Way Illiers , the country town overlooked by a church steeple where Proust spent time as a child and which he described as `` Combray '' in the novel . The town adopted the name Illiers - Combray in homage . Portrait of Mme Georges Bizet , née Geneviève Halévy , by Jules - Élie Delaunay , in Musée d'Orsay ( 1878 ) . She served as partial inspiration for the character of Odette . The Narrator begins by noting , `` For a long time , I went to bed early . '' He comments on the way sleep seems to alter one 's surroundings , and the way Habit makes one indifferent to them . He remembers being in his room in the family 's country home in Combray , while downstairs his parents entertain their friend Charles Swann , an elegant man of Jewish origin with strong ties to society . Due to Swann 's visit , the Narrator is deprived of his mother 's goodnight kiss , but he gets her to spend the night reading to him . This memory is the only one he has of Combray , until years later the taste of a madeleine cake dipped in tea inspires a nostalgic incident of involuntary memory . He remembers having a similar snack as a child with his invalid aunt Leonie , and it leads to more memories of Combray . He describes their servant Françoise , who is uneducated but possesses an earthy wisdom and a strong sense of both duty and tradition . He meets an elegant `` lady in pink '' while visiting his uncle Adolphe . He develops a love of the theater , especially the actress Berma , and his awkward Jewish friend Bloch introduces him to the works of the writer Bergotte . He learns Swann made an unsuitable marriage but has social ambitions for his beautiful daughter Gilberte . Legrandin , a snobbish friend of the family , tries to avoid introducing the boy to his well - to - do sister . The Narrator describes two routes for country walks the child and his parents often enjoyed : the way past Swann 's home ( the Méséglise way ) , and the Guermantes way , both containing scenes of natural beauty . Taking the Méséglise way , he sees Gilberte Swann standing in her yard with a lady in white , Mme Swann , and her supposed lover : Baron de Charlus , a friend of Swann 's . Gilberte makes a gesture that the Narrator interprets as a rude dismissal . During another walk , he spies a lesbian scene involving Mlle Vinteuil , daughter of a composer , and her friend . The Guermantes way is symbolic of the Guermantes family , the nobility of the area . The Narrator is awed by the magic of their name , and is captivated when he first sees Mme de Guermantes . He discovers how appearances conceal the true nature of things , and tries writing a description of some nearby steeples . Lying in bed , he seems transported back to these places until he awakens . Mme Verdurin is an autocratic hostess who , aided by her husband , demands total obedience from the guests in her `` little clan . '' One guest is Odette de Crecy , a former courtesan , who has met Swann and invites him to the group . Swann is too refined for such company , but Odette gradually intrigues him with her unusual style . A sonata by Vinteuil , which features a `` little phrase , '' becomes the motif for their deepening relationship . The Verdurins host M. de Forcheville ; their guests include Cottard , a doctor ; Brichot , an academic ; Saniette , the object of scorn ; and a painter , M. Biche . Swann grows jealous of Odette , who now keeps him at arm 's length , and suspects an affair between her and Forcheville , aided by the Verdurins . Swann seeks respite by attending a society concert that includes Legrandin 's sister and a young Mme de Guermantes ; the `` little phrase '' is played and Swann realizes Odette 's love for him is gone . He tortures himself wondering about her true relationships with others , but his love for her , despite renewals , gradually diminishes . He moves on and marvels that he ever loved a woman who was not his type . At home in Paris , the Narrator dreams of visiting Venice or the church in Balbec , a resort , but he is too unwell and instead takes walks in the Champs - Élysées , where he meets and befriends Gilberte . He holds her father , now married to Odette , in the highest esteem , and is awed by the beautiful sight of Mme Swann strolling in public . Years later , the old sights of the area are long gone , and he laments the fleeting nature of places . Volume two : in the Shadow of young girls in Flower ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower The beach at Cabourg , a seaside resort that was the model for Balbec in the novel The Narrator 's parents are inviting M. de Norpois , a diplomat colleague of the Narrator 's father , to dinner . With Norpois 's intervention , the Narrator is finally allowed to go see Berma perform in a play , but is disappointed by her acting . Afterwards , at dinner , he watches Norpois , who is extremely diplomatic and correct at all times , expound on society and art . The Narrator gives him a draft of his writing , but Norpois gently indicates it is not good . The Narrator continues to go to the Champs - Élysées and play with Gilberte . Her parents distrust him , so he writes to them in protest . He and Gilberte wrestle and he has an orgasm . Gilberte invites him to tea , and he becomes a regular at her house . He observes Mme Swann 's inferior social status , Swann 's lowered standards and indifference towards his wife , and Gilberte 's affection for her father . The Narrator contemplates how he has attained his wish to know the Swanns , and savors their unique style . At one of their parties he meets and befriends Bergotte , who gives his impressions of society figures and artists . But the Narrator is still unable to start writing seriously . His friend Bloch takes him to a brothel , where there is a Jewish prostitute named Rachel . He showers Mme Swann with flowers , being almost on better terms with her than with Gilberte . One day , he and Gilberte quarrel and he decides never to see her again . However , he continues to visit Mme Swann , who has become a popular hostess , with her guests including Mme Bontemps , who has a niece named Albertine . The Narrator hopes for a letter from Gilberte repairing their friendship , but gradually feels himself losing interest . He breaks down and plans to reconcile with her , but spies from afar someone resembling her walking with a boy and gives her up for good . He stops visiting her mother also , who is now a celebrated beauty admired by passersby , and years later he can recall the glamour she displayed then . Two years later , the Narrator , his grandmother , and Françoise set out for the seaside town of Balbec . The Narrator is almost totally indifferent to Gilberte now . During the train ride , his grandmother , who only believes in proper books , lends him her favorite : the Letters of Mme de Sevigne . At Balbec , the Narrator is disappointed with the church and uncomfortable in his unfamiliar hotel room , but his grandmother comforts him . He admires the seascape , and learns about the colorful staff and customers around the hotel : Aime , the discreet headwaiter ; the lift operator ; M. de Stermaria and his beautiful young daughter ; and M. de Cambremer and his wife , Legrandin 's sister . His grandmother encounters an old friend , the blue - blooded Mme de Villeparisis , and they renew their friendship . The three of them go for rides in the country , openly discussing art and politics . The Narrator longs for the country girls he sees alongside the roads , and has a strange feeling of unexplained memory while admiring a row of three trees . Mme de Villeparisis is joined by her glamorous great - nephew Robert de Saint - Loup , who is involved with an unsuitable woman . Despite initial awkwardness , the Narrator and his grandmother become good friends with him . Bloch , the childhood friend from Combray , turns up with his family , and acts in typically inappropriate fashion . Saint - Loup 's ultra-aristocratic and extremely rude uncle the Baron de Charlus arrives . The Narrator discovers Mme de Villeparisis , her nephew M. de Charlus , and his nephew Saint - Loup are all of the Guermantes family . Charlus ignores the Narrator , but later visits him in his room and lends him a book . The next day , the Baron speaks shockingly informally to him , then demands the book back . The Narrator ponders Saint - Loup 's attitude towards his aristocratic roots , and his relationship with his mistress , a mere actress whose recital bombed horribly with his family . One day , the Narrator sees a `` little band '' of teenage girls strolling beside the sea , and becomes infatuated with them , along with an unseen hotel guest named Mlle Simonet . He joins Saint - Loup for dinner and reflects on how drunkenness affects his perceptions . Later they meet the painter Elstir , and the Narrator visits his studio . The Narrator marvels at Elstir 's method of renewing impressions of ordinary things , as well as his connections with the Verdurins ( he is `` M. Biche '' ) and Mme Swann . He discovers the painter knows the teenage girls , particularly one dark - haired beauty who is Albertine Simonet . Elstir arranges an introduction , and the Narrator becomes friends with her , as well as her friends Andrée , Rosemonde , and Gisele . The group goes for picnics and tours the countryside , as well as playing games , while the Narrator reflects on the nature of love as he becomes attracted to Albertine . Despite her rejection , they become close , although he still feels attracted to the whole group . At summer 's end , the town closes up , and the Narrator is left with his image of first seeing the girls walking beside the sea . Volume three : the Guermantes Way ( edit ) Élisabeth , Countess Greffulhe 1905 , by Philip Alexius de Laszlo , who served as the model for the character of the Duchesse de Guermantes The Narrator 's family has moved to an apartment connected with the Guermantes residence . Françoise befriends a fellow tenant , the tailor Jupien and his niece . The Narrator is fascinated by the Guermantes and their life , and is awed by their social circle while attending another Berma performance . He begins staking out the street where Mme de Guermantes walks every day , to her evident annoyance . He decides to visit her nephew Saint - Loup at his military base , to ask to be introduced to her . After noting the landscape and his state of mind while sleeping , the Narrator meets and attends dinners with Saint - Loup 's fellow officers , where they discuss the Dreyfus Affair and the art of military strategy . But the Narrator returns home after receiving a call from his aging grandmother . Mme de Guermantes declines to see him , and he also finds he is still unable to begin writing . Saint - Loup visits on leave , and they have lunch and attend a recital with his actress mistress : Rachel , the Jewish prostitute , toward whom the unsuspecting Saint - Loup is crazed with jealousy . The Narrator then goes to Mme de Villeparisis 's salon , which is considered second - rate despite its public reputation . Legrandin attends and displays his social climbing . Bloch stridently interrogates M. de Norpois about the Dreyfus Affair , which has ripped all of society asunder , but Norpois diplomatically avoids answering . The Narrator observes Mme de Guermantes and her aristocratic bearing , as she makes caustic remarks about friends and family , including the mistresses of her husband , who is M. de Charlus 's brother . Mme Swann arrives , and the Narrator remembers a visit from Morel , the son of his uncle Adolphe 's valet , who revealed that the `` lady in pink '' was Mme Swann . Charlus asks the Narrator to leave with him , and offers to make him his protégé . At home , the Narrator 's grandmother has worsened , and while walking with him she suffers a stroke . The family seeks out the best medical help , and she is often visited by Bergotte , himself unwell , but she dies , her face reverting to its youthful appearance . Several months later , Saint - Loup , now single , convinces the Narrator to ask out the Stermaria daughter , newly divorced . Albertine visits ; she has matured and they share a kiss . The Narrator then goes to see Mme de Villeparisis , where Mme de Guermantes , whom he has stopped following , invites him to dinner . The Narrator daydreams of Mme de Stermaria , but she abruptly cancels , although Saint - Loup rescues him from despair by taking him to dine with his aristocratic friends , who engage in petty gossip . Saint - Loup passes on an invitation from Charlus to come visit him . The next day , at the Guermantes 's dinner party , the Narrator admires their Elstir paintings , then meets the cream of society , including the Princess of Parma , who is an amiable simpleton . He learns more about the Guermantes : their hereditary features ; their less - refined cousins the Courvoisiers ; and Mme de Guermantes 's celebrated humor , artistic tastes , and exalted diction ( although she does not live up to the enchantment of her name ) . The discussion turns to gossip about society , including Charlus and his late wife ; the affair between Norpois and Mme de Villeparisis ; and aristocratic lineages . Leaving , the Narrator visits Charlus , who falsely accuses him of slandering him . The Narrator stomps on Charlus 's hat and storms out , but Charlus is strangely unperturbed and gives him a ride home . Months later , the Narrator is invited to the Princesse de Guermantes 's party . He tries to verify the invitation with M. and Mme de Guermantes , but first sees something he will describe later . They will be attending the party but do not help him , and while they are chatting , Swann arrives . Now a committed Dreyfusard , he is very sick and nearing death , but the Guermantes assure him he will outlive them . Volume four : Sodom and Gomorrah ( edit ) The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah , John Martin , 1852 . The fourth volume opens with a discussion of the inhabitants of the two Biblical `` cities of the plain . '' The Narrator describes what he had seen earlier : while waiting for the Guermantes to return so he could ask about his invitation , he saw Charlus encounter Jupien in their courtyard . The two then went into Jupien 's shop and had intercourse . The Narrator reflects on the nature of `` inverts '' , and how they are like a secret society , never able to live in the open . He compares them to flowers , whose reproduction through the aid of insects depends solely on happenstance . Arriving at the Princesse 's party , his invitation seems valid as he is greeted warmly by her . He sees Charlus exchanging knowing looks with the diplomat Vaugobert , a fellow invert . After several tries , the Narrator manages to be introduced to the Prince de Guermantes , who then walks off with Swann , causing speculation on the topic of their conversation . Mme de Saint - Euverte tries to recruit guests for her party the next day , but is subjected to scorn from some of the Guermantes . Charlus is captivated by the two young sons of M. de Guermantes 's newest mistress . Saint - Loup arrives and mentions the names of several promiscuous women to the Narrator . Swann takes the Narrator aside and reveals the Prince wanted to admit his and his wife 's pro-Dreyfus leanings . Swann is aware of his old friend Charlus 's behavior , then urges the Narrator to visit Gilberte , and departs . The Narrator leaves with M. and Mme de Guermantes , and heads home for a late - night meeting with Albertine . He grows frantic when first she is late and then calls to cancel , but he convinces her to come . He writes an indifferent letter to Gilberte , and reviews the changing social scene , which now includes Mme Swann 's salon centered on Bergotte . He decides to return to Balbec , after learning the women mentioned by Saint - Loup will be there . At Balbec , grief at his grandmother 's suffering , which was worse than he knew , overwhelms him . He ponders the intermittencies of the heart and the ways of dealing with sad memories . His mother , even sadder , has become more like his grandmother in homage . Albertine is nearby and they begin spending time together , but he starts to suspect her of lesbianism and of lying to him about her activities . He fakes a preference for her friend Andrée to make her become more trustworthy , and it works , but he soon suspects her of knowing several scandalous women at the hotel , including Lea , an actress . On the way to visit Saint - Loup , they meet Morel , the valet 's son who is now an excellent violinist , and then the aging Charlus , who falsely claims to know Morel and goes to speak to him . The Narrator visits the Verdurins , who are renting a house from the Cambremers . On the train with him is the little clan : Brichot , who explains at length the derivation of the local place - names ; Cottard , now a celebrated doctor ; Saniette , still the butt of everyone 's ridicule ; and a new member , Ski . The Verdurins are still haughty and dictatorial toward their guests , who are as pedantic as ever . Charlus and Morel arrive together , and Charlus 's true nature is barely concealed . The Cambremers arrive , and the Verdurins barely tolerate them . Back at the hotel , the Narrator ruminates on sleep and time , and observes the amusing mannerisms of the staff , who are mostly aware of Charlus 's proclivities . The Narrator and Albertine hire a chauffeur and take rides in the country , leading to observations about new forms of travel as well as country life . The Narrator is unaware that the chauffeur and Morel are acquainted , and he reviews Morel 's amoral character and plans towards Jupien 's niece . The Narrator is jealously suspicious of Albertine but grows tired of her . She and the Narrator attend evening dinners at the Verdurins , taking the train with the other guests ; Charlus is now a regular , despite his obliviousness to the clan 's mockery . He and Morel try to maintain the secret of their relationship , and the Narrator recounts a ploy involving a fake duel that Charlus used to control Morel . The passing station stops remind the Narrator of various people and incidents , including two failed attempts by the Prince de Guermantes to arrange liaisons with Morel ; a final break between the Verdurins and Cambremers ; and a misunderstanding between the Narrator , Charlus , and Bloch . The Narrator has grown weary of the area and prefers others over Albertine . But she reveals to him as they leave the train that she has plans with Mlle Vinteuil and her friend ( the lesbians from Combray ) which plunges him into despair . He invents a story about a broken engagement of his , to convince her to go to Paris with him , and after hesitating she suddenly agrees to go immediately . The Narrator tells his mother : he must marry Albertine . Volume five : the Prisoner ( edit ) Léontine Lippmann ( 1844 -- 1910 ) , better known by her married name of Madame Arman or Madame Arman de Caillavet , was the model for Proust 's Madame Verdurin . The Narrator is living with Albertine in his family 's apartment , to Françoise 's distrust and his absent mother 's chagrin . He marvels that he has come to possess her , but has grown bored with her . He mostly stays home , but has enlisted Andrée to report on Albertine 's whereabouts , as his jealousy remains . The Narrator gets advice on fashion from Mme de Guermantes , and encounters Charlus and Morel visiting Jupien and her niece , who is being married off to Morel despite his cruelty towards her . One day , the Narrator returns from the Guermantes and finds Andrée just leaving , claiming to dislike the smell of their flowers . Albertine , who is more guarded to avoid provoking his jealousy , is maturing into an intelligent and elegant young lady . The Narrator is entranced by her beauty as she sleeps , and is only content when she is not out with others . She mentions wanting to go to the Verdurins , but the Narrator suspects an ulterior motive and analyzes her conversation for hints . He suggests she go instead to the Trocadéro with Andrée , and she reluctantly agrees . The Narrator compares dreams to wakefulness , and listens to the street vendors with Albertine , then she departs . He remembers trips she took with the chauffeur , then learns Lea the notorious actress will be at the Trocadero too . He sends Françoise to retrieve Albertine , and while waiting , he muses on music and Morel . When she returns , they go for a drive , while he pines for Venice and realizes she feels captive . He learns of Bergotte 's final illness . That evening , he sneaks off to the Verdurins to try to discover the reason for Albertine 's interest in them . He encounters Brichot on the way , and they discuss Swann , who has died . Charlus arrives and the Narrator reviews the Baron 's struggles with Morel , then learns Mlle Vinteuil and her friend are expected ( although they do not come ) . Morel joins in performing a septet by Vinteuil , which evokes commonalities with his sonata that only the composer could create . Mme Verdurin is furious that Charlus has taken control of her party ; in revenge the Verdurins persuade Morel to repudiate him , and Charlus falls temporarily ill from the shock . Returning home , the Narrator and Albertine fight about his solo visit to the Verdurins , and she denies having affairs with Lea or Mlle Vinteuil , but admits she lied on occasion to avoid arguments . He threatens to break it off , but they reconcile . He appreciates art and fashion with her , and ponders her mysteriousness . But his suspicion of her and Andrée is renewed , and they quarrel . After two awkward days and a restless night , he resolves to end the affair , but in the morning Françoise informs him : Albertine has asked for her boxes and left . Volume six : the Fugitive ( edit ) The Narrator is anguished at Albertine 's departure and absence . He dispatches Saint - Loup to convince her aunt Mme Bontemps to send her back , but Albertine insists the Narrator should ask , and she will gladly return . The Narrator lies and replies he is done with her , but she just agrees with him . He writes to her that he will marry Andrée , then hears from Saint - Loup of the failure of his mission to the aunt . Desperate , he begs Albertine to return , but receives word : she has died in a riding accident . He receives two last letters from her : one wishing him and Andrée well , and one asking if she can return . The Narrator plunges into suffering amid the many different memories of Albertine , intimately linked to all of his everyday sensations . He recalls a suspicious incident she told him of at Balbec , and asks Aime , the headwaiter , to investigate . He recalls their history together and his regrets , as well as love 's randomness . Aime reports back : Albertine often engaged in affairs with girls at Balbec . The Narrator sends him to learn more , and he reports other liaisons with girls . The Narrator wishes he could have known the true Albertine , whom he would have accepted . He begins to grow accustomed to the idea of her death , despite constant reminders that renew his grief . Andrée admits her own lesbianism but denies being with Albertine . The Narrator knows he will forget Albertine , just as he has forgotten Gilberte . He happens to meet Gilberte again ; her mother Mme Swann became Mme de Forcheville and Gilberte is now part of high society , received by the Guermantes . The Narrator finally publishes an article in Le Figaro . Andrée visits him and confesses relations with Albertine and also explains the truth behind her departure : her aunt wanted her to marry another man . The Narrator finally visits Venice with his mother , which enthralls him in every aspect . They happen to see Norpois and Mme de Villeparisis there . A telegram signed from Albertine arrives , but the Narrator is indifferent and it is only a misprint anyway . Returning home , the Narrator and his mother receive surprising news : Gilberte will marry Saint - Loup , and Jupien 's niece will be adopted by Charlus and then married to Legrandin 's nephew , an invert . There is much discussion of these marriages among society . The Narrator visits Gilberte in her new home , and is shocked to learn of Saint - Loup 's affair with Morel , among others . He despairs for their friendship . Volume seven : Time Regained ( edit ) Robert de Montesquiou , the main inspiration for Baron de Charlus in À la recherche du temps perdu The Narrator is staying with Gilberte at her home near Combray . They go for walks , on one of which he is stunned to learn the Méséglise way and the Guermantes way are actually linked . Gilberte also tells him she was attracted to him when young , and had made a suggestive gesture to him as he watched her . Also , it was Lea she was walking with the evening he had planned to reconcile with her . He considers Saint - Loup 's nature and reads an account of the Verdurins ' salon , deciding he has no talent for writing . The scene shifts to a night in 1916 , during World War I , when the Narrator has returned to Paris from a stay in a sanatorium and is walking the streets during a blackout . He reflects on the changed norms of art and society , with the Verdurins now highly esteemed . He recounts a 1914 visit from Saint - Loup , who was trying to enlist secretly . He recalls descriptions of the fighting he subsequently received from Saint - Loup and Gilberte , whose home was threatened . He describes a call paid on him a few days previously by Saint - Loup ; they discussed military strategy . Now on the dark street , the Narrator encounters Charlus , who has completely surrendered to his impulses . Charlus reviews Morel 's betrayals and his own temptation to seek vengeance ; critiques Brichot 's new fame as a writer , which has ostracized him from the Verdurins ; and admits his general sympathy with Germany . The last part of the conversation draws a crowd of suspicious onlookers . After parting the Narrator seeks refuge in what appears to be hotel , where he sees someone who looks familiar leaving . Inside , he discovers it to be a male brothel , and spies Charlus using the services . The proprietor turns out to be Jupien , who expresses a perverse pride in his business . A few days later , news comes that Saint - Loup has been killed in combat . The Narrator pieces together that Saint - Loup had visited Jupien 's brothel , and ponders what might have been had he lived . Years later , again in Paris , the Narrator goes to a party at the house of the Prince de Guermantes . On the way he sees Charlus , now a mere shell of his former self , being helped by Jupien . The paving stones at the Guermantes house inspire another incident of involuntary memory for the Narrator , quickly followed by two more . Inside , while waiting in the library , he discerns their meaning : by putting him in contact with both the past and present , the impressions allow him to gain a vantage point outside time , affording a glimpse of the true nature of things . He realizes his whole life has prepared him for the mission of describing events as fully revealed , and ( finally ) resolves to begin writing . Entering the party , he is shocked at the disguises old age has given to the people he knew , and at the changes in society . Legrandin is now an invert , but is no longer a snob . Bloch is a respected writer and vital figure in society . Morel has reformed and become a respected citizen . Mme de Forcheville is the mistress of M. de Guermantes . Mme Verdurin has married the Prince de Guermantes after both their spouses died . Rachel is the star of the party , abetted by Mme de Guermantes , whose social position has been eroded by her affinity for theater . Gilberte introduces her daughter to the Narrator ; he is struck by the way the daughter encapsulates both the Méséglise and Guermantes ways within herself . He is spurred to writing , with help from Françoise and despite signs of approaching death . He realizes that every person carries within them the accumulated baggage of their past , and concludes that to be accurate he must describe how everyone occupies an immense range `` in Time '' . Themes ( edit ) À la recherche made a decisive break with the 19th century realist and plot - driven novel , populated by people of action and people representing social and cultural groups or morals . Although parts of the novel could be read as an exploration of snobbism , deceit , jealousy and suffering and although it contains a multitude of realistic details , the focus is not on the development of a tight plot or of a coherent evolution but on a multiplicity of perspectives and on the formation of experience . The protagonists of the first volume ( the narrator as a boy and Swann ) are by the standards of 19th century novels , remarkably introspective and passive , nor do they trigger action from other leading characters ; to contemporary readers , reared on Honoré de Balzac , Victor Hugo , and Leo Tolstoy , they would not function as centers of a plot . While there is an array of symbolism in the work , it is rarely defined through explicit `` keys '' leading to moral , romantic or philosophical ideas . The significance of what is happening is often placed within the memory or in the inner contemplation of what is described . This focus on the relationship between experience , memory and writing and the radical de-emphasizing of the outward plot , have become staples of the modern novel but were almost unheard of in 1913 . Roger Shattuck elucidates an underlying principle in understanding Proust and the various themes present in his novel : Thus the novel embodies and manifests the principle of intermittence : to live means to perceive different and often conflicting aspects of reality . This iridescence never resolves itself completely into a unitive point of view . Accordingly , it is possible to project out of the Search itself a series of putative and intermittent authors ... The portraitist of an expiring society , the artist of romantic reminiscence , the narrator of the laminated `` I , '' the classicist of formal structure -- all these figures are to be found in Proust ... Memory ( edit ) The role of memory is central to the novel , introduced with the famous madeleine episode in the first section of the novel and in the last volume , Time Regained , a flashback similar to that caused by the madeleine is the beginning of the resolution of the story . Throughout the work many similar instances of involuntary memory , triggered by sensory experiences such as sights , sounds and smells conjure important memories for the narrator and sometimes return attention to an earlier episode of the novel . Although Proust wrote contemporaneously with Sigmund Freud , with there being many points of similarity between their thought on the structures and mechanisms of the human mind , neither author read the other . The madeleine episode reads : No sooner had the warm liquid mixed with the crumbs touched my palate than a shudder ran through me and I stopped , intent upon the extraordinary thing that was happening to me . An exquisite pleasure had invaded my senses , something isolated , detached , with no suggestion of its origin . And at once the vicissitudes of life had become indifferent to me , its disasters innocuous , its brevity illusory -- this new sensation having had on me the effect which love has of filling me with a precious essence ; or rather this essence was not in me it was me ... Whence did it come ? What did it mean ? How could I seize and apprehend it ? ... And suddenly the memory revealed itself . The taste was that of the little piece of madeleine which on Sunday mornings at Combray ( because on those mornings I did not go out before mass ) , when I went to say good morning to her in her bedroom , my aunt Léonie used to give me , dipping it first in her own cup of tea or tisane . The sight of the little madeleine had recalled nothing to my mind before I tasted it . And all from my cup of tea . Gilles Deleuze believed that the focus of Proust was not memory and the past but the narrator 's learning the use of `` signs '' to understand and communicate ultimate reality , thereby becoming an artist . While Proust was bitterly aware of the experience of loss and exclusion -- loss of loved ones , loss of affection , friendship and innocent joy , which are dramatized in the novel through recurrent jealousy , betrayal and the death of loved ones -- his response to this , formulated after he had discovered Ruskin , was that the work of art can recapture the lost and thus save it from destruction , at least in our minds . Art triumphs over the destructive power of time . This element of his artistic thought is clearly inherited from romantic platonism , but Proust crosses it with a new intensity in describing jealousy , desire and self - doubt . ( Note the last quatrain of Baudelaire 's poem `` Une Charogne '' : `` Then , O my beauty ! say to the worms who will / Devour you with kisses , / That I have kept the form and the divine essence / Of my decomposed love ! '' ) . Separation anxiety ( edit ) Proust begins his novel with the statement , `` For a long time I used to go to bed early . '' This leads to lengthy discussion of his anxiety at leaving his mother at night and his attempts to force her to come and kiss him goodnight , even on nights when the family has company , culminating in a spectacular success , when his father suggests that his mother stay the night with him after he has waylaid her in the hall when she is going to bed . His anxiety leads to manipulation , much like the manipulation employed by his invalid aunt Leonie and all the lovers in the entire book , who use the same methods of petty tyranny to manipulate and possess their loved ones . Nature of art ( edit ) The nature of art is a motif in the novel and is often explored at great length . Proust sets forth a theory of art in which we are all capable of producing art , if by this we mean taking the experiences of life and transforming them in a way that shows understanding and maturity . Writing , painting , and music are also discussed at great length . Morel the violinist is examined to give an example of a certain type of `` artistic '' character , along with other fictional artists like the novelist Bergotte , the composer Vinteuil , and the painter Elstir . As early as the Combray section of Swann 's Way , the narrator is concerned with his ability to write , since he desires to pursue a writing career . The transmutation of the experience of a scene in one of the family 's usual walks into a short descriptive passage is described and the sample passage given . The narrator presents this passage as an early sample of his own writing , in which he has only had to alter a few words . The question of his own genius relates to all the passages in which genius is recognized or misunderstood because it presents itself in the guise of a humble friend , rather than a passionate artiste . The question of taste or judgement in art is also an important theme , as exemplified by Swann 's exquisite taste in art , which is often hidden from his friends who do not share it or subordinated to his love interests . Homosexuality ( edit ) Questions pertaining to homosexuality appear throughout the novel , particularly in the later volumes . The first arrival of this theme comes in the Combray section of Swann 's Way , where the daughter of the piano teacher and composer Vinteuil is seduced and perverted , and the narrator observes her having lesbian relations in front of the portrait of her recently deceased father . The narrator invariably suspects his lovers of liaisons with other women , a repetition of the suspicions held by Charles Swann about his mistress and eventual wife , Odette , in `` Swann 's Way . '' The first chapter of `` Cities of the Plain '' includes a detailed account of a sexual encounter between M. de Charlus , the novel 's most prominent male homosexual , and his tailor . Critics have often observed that while the character of the narrator is ostensibly heterosexual , Proust intimates that the narrator is a closeted homosexual . The narrator 's manner towards male homosexuality is consistently aloof , yet the narrator ( or Proust ? ) is unaccountably knowledgeable . This strategy enables Proust to pursue themes related to male homosexuality -- in particular the nature of closetedness -- from both within and without a homosexual perspective . Proust does not designate Charlus ' homosexuality until the middle of the novel , in `` Cities '' ; afterwards the Baron 's ostentatiousness and flamboyance , of which he is blithely unaware , completely absorb the narrator 's perception . Lesbianism , on the other hand , tortures Swann and the narrator because it presents an inaccessible world . Whereas male homosexual desire is recognizable , insofar as it encompasses male sexuality , Odette 's and Albertine 's lesbian trysts represent Swann and the narrator 's painful exclusion from characters they desire . There is much debate as to how great a bearing Proust 's sexuality has on understanding these aspects of the novel . Although many of Proust 's close family and friends suspected that he was homosexual , Proust never admitted this . It was only after his death that André Gide , in his publication of correspondence with Proust , made public Proust 's homosexuality . In response to Gide 's criticism that he hid his actual sexuality within his novel , Proust told Gide that `` one can say anything so long as one does not say ' I ' . '' The nature of Proust 's intimate relations with such individuals as Alfred Agostinelli and Reynaldo Hahn are well documented , though Proust was not `` out and proud , '' except perhaps in close - knit social circles . In 1949 , the critic Justin O'Brien published an article in the PMLA called `` Albertine the Ambiguous : Notes on Proust 's Transposition of Sexes '' which proposed that some female characters are best understood as actually referring to young men . Strip off the feminine ending of the names of the Narrator 's lovers -- Albertine , Gilberte , Andrée -- and one has their masculine counterpart . This theory has become known as the `` transposition of sexes theory '' in Proust criticism , which in turn has been challenged in Epistemology of the Closet ( 1990 ) by Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick and in `` Proust 's Lesbianism '' ( 1999 ) by Elisabeth Ladenson . Feminized forms of masculine names were and are commonplace in French . Critical reception ( edit ) In Search of Lost Time is considered the definitive modern novel by many scholars . It has had a profound effect on subsequent writers such as the Bloomsbury Group . `` Oh if I could write like that ! '' marveled Virginia Woolf in 1922 ( 2 : 525 ) . Literary critic Harold Bloom wrote that In Search of Lost Time is now `` widely recognized as the major novel of the twentieth century . '' Vladimir Nabokov , in a 1965 interview , named the greatest prose works of the 20th century as , in order , `` Joyce 's Ulysses , Kafka 's The Metamorphosis , Bely 's Petersburg , and the first half of Proust 's fairy tale In Search of Lost Time . '' J. Peder Zane 's book The Top Ten : Writers Pick Their Favorite Books , collates 125 `` top 10 greatest books of all time '' lists by prominent living writers ; In Search of Lost Time is placed eighth . In the 1960s , Swedish literary critic Bengt Holmqvist described the novel as `` at once the last great classic of French epic prose tradition and the towering precursor of the ' nouveau roman ' '' , indicating the sixties vogue of new , experimental French prose but also , by extension , other post-war attempts to fuse different planes of location , temporality and fragmented consciousness within the same novel . Pulitzer Prize - winning author Michael Chabon has called it his favorite book . Proust 's influence ( in parody ) is seen in Evelyn Waugh 's A Handful of Dust ( 1934 ) , in which Chapter 1 is entitled `` Du Côté de Chez Beaver '' and Chapter 6 `` Du Côté de Chez Tod . '' Waugh did not like Proust : in letters to Nancy Mitford in 1948 , he wrote , `` I am reading Proust for the first time ... and am surprised to find him a mental defective '' and later , `` I still think ( Proust ) insane ... the structure must be sane & that is raving . '' Since the publication in 1992 of a revised English translation by The Modern Library , based on a new definitive French edition ( 1987 -- 89 ) , interest in Proust 's novel in the English - speaking world has increased . Two substantial new biographies have appeared in English , by Edmund White and William C. Carter , and at least two books about the experience of reading Proust have appeared by Alain de Botton and Phyllis Rose . The Proust Society of America , founded in 1997 , has three chapters : at The Mercantile Library of New York City , the Mechanic 's Institute Library in San Francisco , and the Boston Athenæum Library . Main characters ( edit ) Main characters of the novel . Blue lines denote acquaintances and pink lines love interests . The Narrator 's household The Narrator : A sensitive young man who wishes to become a writer , whose identity is kept vague . In volume 5 , The Captive , he addresses the reader thus : `` Now she began to speak ; her first words were ' darling ' or ' my darling , ' followed by my Christian name , which , if we give the narrator the same name as the author of this book , would produce ' darling Marcel ' or ' my darling Marcel . ' '' ( Proust , 64 ) The Narrator 's father : A diplomat who initially discourages the Narrator from writing . The Narrator 's mother : A supportive woman who worries for her son 's career . Bathilde Amédée : The narrator 's grandmother . Her life and death greatly influence her daughter and grandson . Aunt Léonie : A sickly woman whom the Narrator visits during stays at Combray . Uncle Adolphe : The Narrator 's great - uncle , who has many actress friends . Françoise : The narrator 's faithful , stubborn maid . The Guermantes Palamède , Baron de Charlus : An aristocratic , decadent aesthete with many antisocial habits . Model is Robert de Montesquiou . Oriane , Duchesse de Guermantes : The toast of Paris high society . She lives in the fashionable Faubourg St. Germain . Models are Comtesse Greffulhe and Comtesse de Chevigné . Robert de Saint - Loup : An army officer and the narrator 's best friend . Despite his patrician birth ( he is the nephew of M. de Guermantes ) and affluent lifestyle , Saint - Loup has no great fortune of his own until he marries Gilberte . Models are Gaston de Cavaillet and Clement de Maugny . Marquise de Villeparisis : The aunt of the Baron de Charlus . She is an old friend of the Narrator 's grandmother . Basin , Duc de Guermantes : Oriane 's husband and Charlus 's brother . He is a pompous man with a succession of mistresses . Prince de Guermantes : The cousin of the Duc and Duchess . Princesse de Guermantes : Wife of the Prince . The Swanns Charles Swann : A friend of the narrator 's family ( he is modeled on at least two of Proust 's friends , Charles Haas and Charles Ephrussi ) . His political views on the Dreyfus Affair and marriage to Odette ostracize him from much of high society . Odette de Crécy : A beautiful Parisian courtesan . Odette is also referred to as Mme Swann , the lady in pink , and in the final volume , Mme de Forcheville . Gilberte Swann : The daughter of Swann and Odette . She takes the name of her adopted father , M. de Forcheville , after Swann 's death , and then becomes Mme de Saint - Loup following her marriage to Robert de Saint - Loup , which joins Swann 's Way and the Guermantes Way . Artists Elstir : A famous painter whose renditions of sea and sky echo the novel 's theme of the mutability of human life . Modeled on Claude Monet . Bergotte : A well - known writer whose works the narrator has admired since childhood . The models are Anatole France and Paul Bourget Vinteuil : An obscure musician who gains posthumous recognition for composing a beautiful , evocative sonata . Berma : A famous actress who specializes in roles by Jean Racine . The Verdurins ' `` Little Clan '' Madame Verdurin ( Sidonie Verdurin ) : A poseur and a salonnière who rises to the top of society through inheritance , marriage , and sheer single - mindedness . One of the models is Madame Arman de Caillavet . M. Verdurin : The husband of Mme Verdurin , who is her faithful accomplice . Cottard : A doctor who is very good at his work . Brichot : A pompous academic . Saniette : A palaeographer who is subjected to ridicule by the clan . M. Biche : A painter who is later revealed to be Elstir . The `` little band '' of Balbec girls Albertine Simonet : A privileged orphan of average beauty and intelligence . The narrator 's romance with her is the subject of much of the novel . Andrée : Albertine 's friend , whom the Narrator occasionally feels attracted to . Gisèle and Rosemonde : Other members of the little band . Octave : Also known as `` I 'm a wash - out '' , a rich boy who leads an idle existence at Balbec and is involved with several of the girls . Others Charles Morel : The son of a former servant of the narrator 's uncle and a gifted violinist . He profits greatly from the patronage of the Baron de Charlus and later Robert de Saint - Loup . Rachel : A prostitute and actress who is the mistress of Robert de Saint - Loup . Marquis de Norpois : A diplomat and friend of the Narrator 's father . He is involved with Mme de Villeparisis . Albert Bloch : A pretentious Jewish friend of the Narrator , later a successful playwright . Jupien : A tailor who has a shop in the courtyard of the Guermantes hotel . He lives with his niece . Madame Bontemps : Albertine 's aunt and guardian . Legrandin : A snobbish friend of the Narrator 's family . Engineer and man of letters . Marquis and Marquise de Cambremer : Provincial gentry who live near Balbec . Mme de Cambremer is LeGrandin 's sister . Mlle Vinteuil : Daughter of the composer Vinteuil . She has a wicked friend who encourages her to lesbianism . Léa : A notorious lesbian actress in residence at Balbec . Publication in English ( edit ) The first six volumes were first translated into English by the Scotsman C.K. Scott Moncrieff under the title Remembrance of Things Past , a phrase taken from Shakespeare 's Sonnet 30 ; this was the first translation of the Recherche into another language . The individual volumes were Swann 's Way ( 1922 ) , Within a Budding Grove ( 1924 ) , The Guermantes Way ( 1925 ) , Cities of the Plain ( 1927 ) , The Captive ( 1929 ) , and The Sweet Cheat Gone ( 1930 ) . The final volume , Le Temps retrouvé , was initially published in English in the UK as Time Regained ( 1931 ) , translated by Stephen Hudson ( a pseudonym of Sydney Schiff ) , and in the US as The Past Recaptured ( 1932 ) in a translation by Frederick Blossom . Although cordial with Scott Moncrieff , Proust grudgingly remarked in a letter that Remembrance eliminated the correspondence between Temps perdu and Temps retrouvé ( Painter , 352 ) . Terence Kilmartin revised the Scott Moncrieff translation in 1981 , using the new French edition of 1954 . An additional revision by D.J. Enright -- that is , a revision of a revision -- was published by the Modern Library in 1992 . It is based on the `` La Pléiade '' edition of the French text ( 1987 -- 89 ) , and rendered the title of the novel more literally as In Search of Lost Time . In 1995 , Penguin undertook a fresh translation based on the `` La Pléiade '' French text ( published in 1987 -- 89 ) of In Search of Lost Time by a team of seven different translators overseen by editor Christopher Prendergast . The six volumes were published in Britain under the Allen Lane imprint in 2002 , each volume under the name of a separate translator , the first volume being American writer Lydia Davis , and the others under English translators and one Australian , James Grieve . The first four have since been published in the US under the Viking imprint and in paperback under the Penguin Classics imprint . The remaining volumes are scheduled to come out in 2018 . Both the Modern Library and Penguin translations provide a detailed plot synopsis at the end of each volume . The last volume of the Modern Library edition , Time Regained , also includes Kilmartin 's `` A Guide to Proust , '' an index of the novel 's characters , persons , places , and themes . The Modern Library volumes include a handful of endnotes , and alternative versions of some of the novel 's famous episodes . The Penguin volumes each provide an extensive set of brief , non-scholarly endnotes that help identify cultural references perhaps unfamiliar to contemporary English readers . Reviews which discuss the merits of both translations can be found online at the Observer , the Telegraph , The New York Review of Books , The New York Times , TempsPerdu.com , and Reading Proust . Most recently , Yale University Press has begun to issue In Search of Lost Time at the promised rate of one volume a year . They are based on the public domain translations of C.K. Scott Moncrieff ( and probably Stephen Hudson ) , modernized and corrected , with extensive annotations . Swann 's Way was published in the centenary year of 2013 ; In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower in 2015 . English - language translations in print In Search of Lost Time ( Edited and annotated by William C. Carter . New Haven : Yale University Press , 2013 , 2015 ) . ( Volume titles : Swann 's Way ISBN 978 - 0300185430 ; In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower ISBN 978 - 0300185423 . ) In Search of Lost Time ( General Editor : Christopher Prendergast ) , translated by Lydia Davis , Mark Treharne , James Grieve , John Sturrock , Carol Clark , Peter Collier , & Ian Patterson . London : Allen Lane , 2002 ( 6 vols ) . Based on the French `` La Pléiade '' edition ( 1987 -- 89 ) , except The Fugitive , which is based on the 1954 definitive French edition . The first four volumes have been published in New York by Viking , 2003 -- 04 . ( Volume titles : The Way by Swann 's ( in the U.S. , Swann 's Way ) ISBN 0 - 14 - 243796 - 4 ; In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower ISBN 0 - 14 - 303907 - 5 ; The Guermantes Way ISBN 0 - 14 - 303922 - 9 ; Sodom and Gomorrah ISBN 0 - 14 - 303931 - 8 ; The Prisoner ; and The Fugitive -- Finding Time Again . ) In Search of Lost Time , translated by C.K. Scott - Moncrieff , Terence Kilmartin and Andreas Mayor ( Vol. 7 ) . Revised by D.J. Enright . London : Chatto and Windus , New York : The Modern Library , 1992 . Based on the French `` La Pléiade '' edition ( 1987 -- 89 ) . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 6964 - 2 ( Volume titles : Swann 's Way -- Within a Budding Grove -- The Guermantes Way -- Sodom and Gomorrah -- The Captive -- The Fugitive -- Time Regained . ) A Search for Lost Time : Swann 's Way , translated by James Grieve . Canberra : Australian National University , 1982 ISBN 0 - 7081 - 1317 - 6 Remembrance of Things Past , translated by C.K. Scott Moncrieff , Terence Kilmartin , and Andreas Mayor ( Vol. 7 ) . New York : Random House , 1981 ( 3 vols ) . ISBN 0 - 394 - 71243 - 9 ( Published in three volumes : Swann 's Way -- Within a Budding Grove ; The Guermantes Way -- Cities of the Plain ; The Captive -- The Fugitive -- Time Regained . ) A Reader 's Guide to the Remembrance of Things Past ( edit ) Terence Kilmartin compiled a comprehensive Reader 's Guide to the Remembrance of Things Past ( 1983 ) . The Guide comprises four separate indices : an index of characters in the Remembrance ; an index of actual persons ; an index of places ; and an index of themes . The reader is thus enabled to locate almost any reference , e.g. Berlioz , or The Arabian Nights , or Madame Verdurin in any particular scene or setting , or Versailles . The volume and page numbers are keyed to the 3 - volume Remembrance of Things Past of 1981 , translated by Scott Moncrieff and revised by Kilmartin himself . Adaptations ( edit ) Print The Proust Screenplay , a film adaptation by Harold Pinter published in 1978 ( never filmed ) . Remembrance of Things Past , Part One : Combray ; Part Two : Within a Budding Grove , vol. 1 ; Part Three : Within a Budding Grove , vol. 2 ; and Part Four : Un amour de Swann , vol. 1 are graphic novel adaptations by Franco - Belgian comics artist Stéphane Heuet in 1988 . Albertine , a novel based on a rewriting of Albertine by Jacqueline Rose . Vintage UK , 2002 . Work from Memory : In Response to in Search of Lost Time by Marcel Proust by Dan Beachy Quick . Ahsahta , 2012 . Screen Swann in Love ( Un Amour de Swann ) , a 1984 film by Volker Schlöndorff starring Jeremy Irons and Ornella Muti . `` 102 Boulevard Haussmann '' , a 1990 made - for - TV movie that aired as part of the BBC 's `` Screen Two '' series , starring Alan Bates . Time Regained ( Le Temps retrouvé ) , a 1999 film by Raúl Ruiz starring Catherine Deneuve , Emmanuelle Béart , and John Malkovich . La Captive , a 2000 film by Chantal Akerman . Quartetto Basileus ( 1982 ) uses segments from Sodom and Gomorrah and Time Regained . Le Intermittenze del cuore ( 2003 ) concerns a director working on a movie about Proust 's life . Both from Italian director Fabio Carpi . À la recherche du temps perdu ( 2011 ) by Nina Companéez , a four - hour , two - part French TV movie that covers all seven volumes Stage A Waste of Time , by Philip Prowse and Robert David MacDonald . A 4 - hour long adaptation with a huge cast . Dir . by Philip Prowse at the Glasgow Citizens ' Theatre in 1980 , revived 1981 plus European tour . Remembrance of Things Past , by Harold Pinter and Di Trevis , based on Pinter 's The Proust Screenplay . Dir . by Trevis ( who had acted in A Waste of Time - see above ) at the Royal National Theatre in 2000 . Eleven Rooms of Proust , adapted and directed by Mary Zimmerman . A series of 11 vignettes from In Search of Lost Time , staged throughout an abandoned factory in Chicago . My Life With Albertine , a 2003 Off - Broadway musical with book by Richard Nelson , music by Ricky Ian Gordon , and lyrics by both . Radio The Proust Screenplay , a radio play adapted from Harold Pinter 's screenplay by Michael Bakewell , directed by Ned Chaillet , featuring Pinter as narrator , broadcast on BBC Radio 3 on May 11 , 1997 . In Search of Lost Time dramatised by Michael Butt for The Classic Serial , broadcast on BBC Radio 4 between February 6 , 2005 and March 13 , 2005 . Starring James Wilby , it condensed the entire series into six episodes . Although considerably shortened , it received excellent reviews . In popular culture ( edit ) Andy Warhol 's book , A La Recherche du Shoe Perdu ( 1955 ) , marked Warhol 's `` transition from commercial to gallery artist '' . The British television series Monty Python 's Flying Circus ( 1969 -- 1974 ) references the book and its author in two episodes . In the `` Fish Licence '' sketch , Mr. Praline mentions that Proust `` had an ' addock '' as a pet fish , and warns , when his listener laughs , `` if you 're calling the author of À la recherche du temps perdu a looney , I shall have to ask you to step outside ! '' In another sketch entitled `` The All - England Summarize Proust Competition , '' contestants are required to summarize all of Proust 's seven volumes of the novel in 15 seconds . The novel is also referenced in Pier Paolo Pasolini 's 1975 film Salò , or the 120 Days of Sodom . In Haruki Murakami 's 1Q84 ( 2009 ) , the main character Aomame spends an entire fall locked in an apartment , where the book becomes her only entertainment . Aomame 's days are spent eating , sleeping , working out , staring off the balcony to the city below and the moon above , and slowly reading through Lost Time . In the 2012 film adaptation of Jack Kerouac 's novel On the Road , the book is seen as a connecting element between the film 's three protagonists : Sal Paradise , Dean Moriarty , and Marylou . See also ( edit ) Novels portal Le Monde 's 100 Books of the Century Mono no aware Notes and references ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Valentine , Colton ( 10 July 2015 ) . `` TL ; DR : Marcel Proust 's ' In Search Of Lost Time ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Edmund White , `` Proust the Passionate Reader , '' New York Review of Books ( April 4 , 2013 ) , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Calkins , Mark . Chronology of Proust 's Life . TempsPerdu.com . May 25 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Shattuck , Roger . Marcel Proust . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1982 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Bragg , Melvyn . `` In Our Time : Proust '' . BBC Radio 4 . April 17 , 2003 . See also Malcolm Bowie , `` Freud , Proust , and Lacan : Theory as Fiction , '' Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1987 . For differences between Freud and Proust , see Joshua Landy , `` Philosophy As Fiction : Self , Deception , and Knowledge in Proust , '' New York : Oxford University Press , 2004 , pp. 29 , 165 . Jump up ^ Ronald Bogue , Deleuze and Guattari , p. 36 See also Culler , Structuralist Poetics , p. 122 Jump up ^ `` ... the by now authentically banal exposure of Proust 's narrator as a closeted homosexual '' Sedgwick , Eve Kosofsky . `` Proust and the Spectacle of the Closet . '' Epistemology of the Closet . Berkeley : University of California , 1990 . 223 . Jump up ^ Lucey , Michael . `` Proust 's Queer Metalapses '' Never Say I : Sexuality and the First Person in Colette , Gide , and Proust . Durham : Duke UP , 2006 . 218 . Jump up ^ Lucey . Ibid . Jump up ^ Bragg , Melvyn . `` In Our Time : Proust '' . BBC Radio 4 . April 17 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Farber , Jerry . `` Scott Moncrieff 's Way : Proust in Translation '' . Proust Said That . Issue No. 6 . March 1997 . Archived February 7 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Nabokov 's interview . ( 05 ) TV - 13 NY ( 1965 ) '' . Lib.ru . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Lev . `` The 10 Greatest Books of All Time '' . Time . January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Holmqvist , B. 1966 , Den moderna litteraturen , Bonniers förlag , Stockholm Jump up ^ The Morning News LLC ; www.themorningnews.org ( May 24 , 1963 ) . `` Michael Chabon '' . The Morning News . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Troubled Legacies , ed . Allan Hepburn , p. 256 Jump up ^ Charlotte Mosley , ed. ( 1996 ) . The Letters of Nancy Mitford and Evelyn Waugh . Hodder & Stoughton . Jump up ^ `` The Mercantile Library Proust Society '' . Mercantilelibrary.org . November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Proust Society of America Archived June 27 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Swann 's Way In Search of Lost Time , Volume 1 '' . Yale University Press . Jump up ^ `` In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower In Search of Lost Time , Volume 2 '' . Yale University Press . Jump up ^ `` Screen Two '' 102 Boulevard Haussmann ( TV Episode 1990 ) - IMDb Jump up ^ Beugnet and Marion Schmid , 206 Jump up ^ Productions : Remembrance of Things Past . NationalTheatre.org . Retrieved April 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Robert Hanks ( May 17 , 1997 ) . `` Giving Proust the Pinter treatment '' . Independent . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Reviews of radio adaptation Archived August 20 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Smith , John W. , Pamela Allara , and Andy Warhol . Possession Obsession : Andy Warhol and Collecting . Pittsburgh , PA : Andy Warhol Museum , 2002 , p. 46 . ISBN 0 - 9715688 - 0 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Chapman , Graham ; Cleese , John ; Gilliam , Terry ; Idle , Eric ; Jones , Terry ; Palin , Michael ( 1990 ) ( 1989 ) . Monty Python 's Flying Circus : Just the Words . London : Mandarin . ISBN 0 - 7493 - 0226 - 7 . Jump up ^ Murakami , Haruki , 1Q84 : Book Three ( Vintage Books : 2011 ) , p. 29 . Bibliography Bouillaguet , Annick and Rogers , Brian G. Dictionnaire Marcel Proust . Paris : Honoré Champion , 2004 . ISBN 2 - 7453 - 0956 - 0 Douglas - Fairbank , Robert . `` In search of Marcel Proust '' in the Guardian , November 17 , 2002 . Kilmartin , Terence . `` Note on the Translation . '' Remembrance of Things Past . Vol. 1 . New York : Vintage , 1981 : ix -- xii . ISBN 0 - 394 - 71182 - 3 Painter , George . Marcel Proust : A Biography . Vol. 2 . New York : Random House , 1959 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 50041 - 5 Proust , Marcel . ( Carol Clark , Peter Collier , trans . ) The Prisoner and The Fugitive . London : Penguin Books Ltd , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 118035 - 8 Shattuck , Roger . Proust 's Way : A Field Guide To in Search of Lost Time . New York : WW Norton , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32180 - 0 Tadié , J-Y . ( Euan Cameron , trans . ) Marcel Proust : A Life . New York : Penguin Putnam , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 100203 - 4 Terdiman , Richard . Present Past : Modernity and the Memory Crisis . Ithaca : Cornell UP , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8132 - 5 Woolf , Virginia . The Letters of Virginia Woolf . Eds . Nigel Nicolson and Joanne Trautmann. 7 vols . New York : Harcourt , 1976 , 1977 . Beugnet , Martin and Schmid , Marion . Proust at the Movies . Burlington , VT : Ashgate , 2004 . Further reading ( edit ) Carter , William C. Marcel Proust : A Life . New Haven : Yale UP , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 08145 - 6 de Botton , Alain . How Proust Can Change Your Life . New York : Pantheon 1997 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 44275 - 8 Deleuze , Gilles . Proust and Signs . ( Translation by Richard Howard . ) George Braziller , Inc. 1972 . Karpeles , Eric . Paintings in Proust : A Visual Companion to in Search of Lost Time . Thames & Hudson , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0500238547 O'Brien , Justin . `` Albertine the Ambiguous : Notes on Proust 's Transposition of Sexes '' , PMLA 64 : 933 -- 52 , 1949 . Pugh , Anthony . The Birth of a LA Recherche Du Temps Perdu , French Fourm Publishers , 1987 . Pugh , Anthony . The Growth of A la recherche du temps perdu : A Chronological Examination of Proust 's Manuscripts from 1909 to 1914 , University of Toronto Press , 2004 ( two volumes ) . Rose , Phyllis . The Year of Reading Proust . New York : Scribner , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 83984 - 9 Sedgwick , Eve Kosofsky . Epistemology of the Closet . Berkeley : University of California Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07874 - 8 White , Edmund . Marcel Proust . New York : Penguin USA , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 88057 - 4 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to In Search of Lost Time . French Wikisource has original text related to this article : In Search of Lost Time Marcel Proust - In Search of Lost Time - Swann 's Way ( EN ) : Video - Audio Book , Read by Denny Sayers and Andrew Coleman . Public Domain . Marcel Proust - À la Recherche du Temps Perdu - Œuvre Intégrale ( FR ) : Vidéo - Audio Book 17 tomes . Public Domain . Alarecherchedutempsperdu.com : French text Proust Ink : William Carter 's Proust resources , with streaming lectures TempsPerdu.com : a site devoted to the novel Reading Proust : alternative English translations , especially the `` Penguin Proust '' University of Adelaide Library : electronic versions of the original novels and the translations of C.K. Scott Moncrieff Project Gutenberg : Proust ebooks in French and English Gregory , Woods . `` Proust , Marcel ( 1871 - 1922 ) : À la recherche du temps perdu '' . glbtq.com . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2007 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . The writings of Marcel Proust In Search of Lost Time Du côté de chez Swann À l'ombre des jeunes filles en fleurs Le Côté de Guermantes Sodome et Gomorrhe La Prisonnière Albertine disparue Le Temps retrouvé Novels and essays Les plaisirs et les jours Pastiches et mélanges Contre Sainte - Beuve Jean Santeuil Marcel Proust 's In Search of Lost Time Film Swann in Love ( 1984 ) Time Regained ( 1999 ) À la recherche du temps perdu ( 2011 ) Stage Remembrance of Things Past ( 2000 ) My Life with Albertine ( 2003 ) Related Albertine A Visit from the Goon Squad VIAF : 184661790 LCCN : n00020665 GND : 4006834 - 1 SUDOC : 027341526 BNF : cb11940457r ( data ) BNE : XX2140181 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&oldid=804776338 '' Categories : 1913 French novels 1919 French novels 1920 French novels 1921 French novels 1922 French novels 1923 French novels 1925 French novels 1927 French novels Adultery in novels Fiction with unreliable narrators French autobiographical novels French - language novels French LGBT novels French philosophical novels In Search of Lost Time Künstlerroman Modernist literature Modernist novels Novel sequences Novels about artists Novels with gay themes Novels about prostitution Novels set in France Roman à clef novels Self - reflexive novels Works by Marcel Proust Éditions Gallimard books Éditions Grasset books Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 02 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | main character in proust remembrance of things past | [
"The novel recounts the experiences of the Narrator (who is never definitively named) while he is growing up, learning about art, participating in society, and falling in love."
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"Narrator"
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3467736470356437808 | Tobias Menzies | Tobias Menzies - wikipedia Tobias Menzies Jump to : navigation , search Tobias Menzies Menzies at the Outlander premiere in New York ( 1974 - 03 - 07 ) 7 March 1974 ( age 43 ) London , UK Education Frensham Heights School Stratford - upon - Avon College Alma mater Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Occupation Actor Years active 1998 -- present Tobias Menzies ( born 7 March 1974 ) is an English stage , television and film actor . While working in theatre , he starred in television shows such as Rome ( 2005 -- 2007 ) where he played Brutus and Game of Thrones ( 2013 -- 2016 ) where he played Edmure Tully . He is probably best known for his dual role as Frank Randall and Jonathan `` Black Jack '' Randall in Outlander ( 2014 -- 2017 ) , for which he received a Golden Globe Award nomination . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Radio 3.2 Film 3.3 Television 3.4 Theatre 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Early years ( edit ) Tobias Menzies was born in North London , England , the son of Gillian ( née Simpson ) , a teacher , and Peter Menzies , a BBC radio producer . He has one younger brother , Luke , who is a solicitor . Menzies attended the Perry Court Rudolf Steiner School in Canterbury , Kent , where he was trained in the Steiner System , which includes movement , singing and musical instrumentation . Next he attended the Frensham Heights School near Farnham in Surrey at the same time as Hattie Morahan and Jim Sturgess . He went on to attend Deborah Moody 's Year Out Drama Company in Stratford - Upon - Avon in 1993 -- 94 . He studied acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art , from which he graduated in 1998 with a BA degree in Acting . Career ( edit ) Menzies worked with the Spontaneity Shop , a British improv comedy company . He began his TV and film career in some of British television 's most popular series , including Foyle 's War , Midsomer Murders and Casualty . He also appeared in A Very Social Secretary directed by Jon Jones , which launched UK Channel 4 's spin - off station , More4 . He is best known to international audiences for his starring role as Marcus Junius Brutus , Julius Caesar 's friend and later co-assassin , in the award - winning HBO / BBC epic series Rome ( 2005 -- 07 ) . Menzies had a major role in The Low Down with Aidan Gillen , and was featured in the 2006 reboot of the James Bond film franchise , Casino Royale , as M 's aide , Villiers . He has worked extensively on the stage , with credits including the young teacher Irwin in Alan Bennett 's The History Boys ( which Nicholas Hytner directed at the Royal National Theatre ) , and Michael Blakemore 's West End production of Three Sisters for which he was nominated for the Ian Charleson Award . Of his role in The History Boys , one reviewer wrote : There is a remarkable performance , too , from Tobias Menzies as the slick supply - teacher historian , who believes academic success is merely a matter of tricks and spin . But Menzies also discovers a surprisingly attractive vulnerability in the character I missed the first time around . -- Charles Spencer , The Telegraph Menzies played the title role in Rupert Goold 's production of Hamlet , at the Royal Theatre , Northampton to an appreciative critical reception : One of Shakespeare 's greatest innovations was to dramatise people 's thought processes : the articulation of the mind 's search for meaning and identity . This is where Menzies ' performance is most thrilling . He shows how language strives to express the self and to pin down the truth . Who am I ? What do I think and feel ? Menzies ' delivery of the `` To be or not to be ... '' speech burns with intelligence . This is one of the finest and most exciting Hamlets I 've seen . Observe his face : it seems to mature , grow softer , more observant and expressive , and his death becomes a fulfilment as well as a failure -- John Peter , The Sunday Times The Independent noted that Menzies , `` enjoying his antic disposition ... plays the fool dazzlingly : a stage natural ... He gives it everything , even the fight . '' In April 2007 Menzies appeared as William Elliot in ITV 's production of Jane Austen 's classic , Persuasion , and also played Peter Trifimov in The Cherry Orchard with Joanna Lumley ( at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield ) . The Yorkshire Post said , `` The one who burns the brightest is Tobias Menzies as the idealistic perpetual student Trofimov . His performance is breathtaking . '' He appeared as Derrick Sington in Channel 4 's dramatisation of The Relief of Belsen broadcast 15 October 2007 and then he filmed Forget Me Not , a Quicksilver Films production , in which he starred alongside Genevieve O'Reilly . He also was the Home Secretary in the long - running television drama Spooks , since December 2009 . Menzies plays Edmure Tully , the heir to House Tully of Riverrun in HBO 's Game of Thrones . In 2012 , he appeared in the political satire series The Thick of It during series 4 as Simon Weir , as part of the Goolding Inquiry . In 2014 , Menzies played Maggie Gyllenhaal 's bodyguard , Nathaniel Bloom , in the TV mini-series The Honourable Woman . The same year , Menzies also began co-starring in the Starz period TV series , Outlander as two characters : Frank Randall , a 20th - century historian , and Jonathan `` Black Jack '' Randall , his brutal 18th - century ancestor . In 2016 Menzies was cast to play a lead role in AMC 's anthology series The Terror to be broadcast in 2018 . In August 2017 it was announced that Menzies was cast to play a family doctor in an adaptation of Carmilla , a Gothic novella by Joseph Thomas Sheridan Le Fanu . In 2018 Menzies will appear as Cornwall in a BBC2 adaptation of King Lear starring Anthony Hopkins . Filmography ( edit ) Radio ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes A Nice Little Holiday Tony Richardson BBC Radio 4 2011 Now All Roads Lead to France Narrator BBC Radio 4 2012 John Charrington 's Wedding Narrator BBC Radio 4 Extra 2013 Plays inspired by James Lees - Milne diaries : Sometimes into the Arms of God The Unending Battle What England Owes James Lees - Milne BBC Radio 4 2013 Serious Money Zak Zackerman BBC Radio 3 2013 Every Duchess In England Oswald Mosley BBC Radio 4 2014 As I Walked Out One Midsummer Morning Narrator BBC Radio 4 2015 Landmarks Narrator BBC Radio 4 2015 Fifteen Minutes Andy Warhol BBC Radio 4 2016 Trapped Narrator BBC Radio 3 2016 Comment Is Free Ben BBC Radio 4 2017 RISINGTIDEFALLINGSTAR Narrator BBC Radio 4 Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 The Audition short film 2000 The Low Down 2002 The Knowledge David short film Piccadilly Jim Reg Finding Neverland Theatre Patron 2005 Pierrepoint Lt. Llewelyn Titled Pierrepoint : The Last Hangman in the US 2006 Casino Royale Villiers M 's assistant 2007 Atonement Naval Officer 2009 Jackboots on Whitehall Captain English ( voice ) Spoof war film using puppets . 2009 The Genius of Christopher Marlowe Mephistophilis Rose Theatre Bankside film The Duel Von Koren adaptation of an 1891 novella by Anton Chekhov , The Duel Forget Me Not Will 2011 The Door Man with the Wings of a Swan short film 2011 Hysteria Mr. Squyers 2012 Nora Richard short film 2014 The Birthday Gift David short film 2014 Black Sea Lewis 2014 Off the Page : Groove Is in the Heart Mark short film London Film Festival 2015 official selection 2016 Una Mark 2016 The Velvet Abstract Narrator short film 2016 Underworld : Blood Wars Marius 2018 Carmilla Family doctor Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 -- 2000 Casualty Frank Gallagher 11 episodes 2000 Longitude Halleys Secretary 2000 Summer in the Suburbs School Psychologist 2000 Midsomer Murders Jack Dorset 2002 The Escapist Policeman 2002 I Saw You Vince 2002 Ultimate Force Box 500 3 episodes 2002 Foyle 's War Stanley Ellis 2005 A Very Social Secretary Keith 2005 -- 2007 Rome Marcus Junius Brutus Main cast , 17 episodes 2007 Persuasion William Elliot 2007 The Relief of Belsen Derrick Sington 2008 Fairy Tales Aidee Episode `` The Empress 's New Clothes '' 2008 Bonekickers Scott Wilson 2009 Kingdom David Morston 2009 Pulling Stephan 2009 Spooks Andrew Lawrence 2 episodes The Deep Raymond 5 episodes Any Human Heart Ian Fleming 2 episodes 2011 The Shadow Line Ross McGovern 5 episodes 2012 Eternal Law Richard Pembroke Main cast , 6 episodes 2012 Simon Schama 's Shakespeare Henry V miniseries 2012 Secret State Charles Flyte 1 episode 2012 The Thick of It Simon Weir 1 episode 2012 Getting On Dr. Tom Kersley 3 episodes 2013 Black Mirror Liam Monroe Episode `` The Waldo Moment '' 2013 Doctor Who Lieutenant Stepashin Episode : `` Cold War '' 2013 Up All Night Narrator ( voice ) TV Series documentary , episode The Nightclub Toilet 2013 Imagine Narrator ( voice ) TV Series documentary , episode Edmund De Waal : Make Pots or Die 2013 -- 2016 Game of Thrones Edmure Tully 8 episodes 2014 Silent Witness Greg Walker 2 episodes 2014 Puppy Love Alexander 1 episode 2014 The Honourable Woman Nathaniel Bloom miniseries , 3 episodes 2014 -- 2017 Outlander Frank Randall / Jonathan `` Black Jack '' Randall Main cast , 23 episodes 2015 -- present Catastrophe Dr Kenneth Harries 4 episodes 2016 The Night Manager Geoffrey Dromgoole miniseries , 5 episodes 2016 The Circuit Sasha 2017 Star Wars Rebels Tiber Saxon ( voice ) 2 episodes 2018 The Terror James Fitzjames miniseries , main cast 2018 King Lear Cornwall Theatre ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 The Colonel Bird Deaf Actor Directed by Rupert Goold for The Gate Theatre , London 2000 The Way of the World Witwoud Directed by Matthew Lloyd at the Royal Exchange Theatre , Manchester 2000 Light Directed by Simon McBurney for the Complicite theatre company 2001 Over the Rainbow Donmar Warehouse , London 2001 Platonov Sergei Voynitzev Directed by Jonathan Kent at the Almeida 2002 Arcadia Valentine Coverly Directed by Rupert Goold at the Royal Theatre , Northampton and at the Salisbury Playhouse 2003 Three Sisters Tusenbach Directed by Michael Blakemore at the Playhouse Theatre , London . Filmed by BBC Four and aired in 2004 2003 Serjeant Musgrave 's Dance Hurst Directed by Sean Holmes . Oxford Stage Company 2005 Hamlet Hamlet Directed by Rupert Goold at the Royal Theatre , Northampton 2005 The History Boys Irwin Directed by Nicholas Hytner . Touring cast and Royal National Theatre , London 2006 As You Desire Me Directed by Jonathan Kent at the Playhouse Theatre , London 2007 The Cherry Orchard Peter Trofimov Directed by Jonathan Miller at the Crucible Theatre , Sheffield 2007 Cloud Nine Harry Bagley / Martin Directed by Thea Sharrock at the Almeida Theatre , London 2007 Get Tested Daniel 24 Hour Play directed by Matt Wilde at the Old Vic , London 2009 King Lear Edgar Directed by Rupert Goold at the Young Vic Theatre , London and at the Liverpool Playhouse 2011 The Children 's Hour Dr Joseph Cardin Directed by Ian Rickson at the Comedy Theatre , London ( currently known as Harold Pinter Theatre ) 2011 Decade Scott Forbes Directed by Rupert Goold for Headlong , London 2012 The Recruiting Officer Captain Plume Directed by Josie Rourke at the Donmar Warehouse , London 2013 Rough Cuts : Searched Directed by Carrie Cracknell at the Royal Court Theatre , London 2013 The Hush Directed by Matthew Herbert at the Shed for the Royal National Theatre , London 2015 The Fever Man Directed by Robert Icke at the Almeida ( performances at the May Fair Hotel ) , London 2015 The Iliad Live reading directed by Rupert Goold and Robert Icke at the Almeida , London 2016 Uncle Vanya Dr. Michael Astrov Directed by Robert Icke at the Almeida , London 2016 The Dark Lady and the Tender Churl Live reading of William Shakespeare sonnets , Middle Temple Hall , London Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominated work Result 2003 Ian Charleson Awards Commendation for the best classical stage performance in Britain by actor under age 30 Three Sisters Nominated 2015 Saturn Awards Best Actor on Television Outlander Nominated 2015 EWwy Awards Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Outlander Won 2016 Golden Globe Award Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Outlander Nominated 2016 Satellite Awards Best Television Ensemble Outlander Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roberts , Alison ( 16 February 2011 ) . `` The man who kisses Keira , nightly '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 5 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Osborne , Ben ( 19 December 2011 ) . `` Eternal Law Interview : Tobias Menzies '' . One&Other . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Student & Graduate Profiles '' . RADA . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Friedlander , Noam ( 16 June 2007 ) . `` No place like Rome : Tobias Menzies tells Noam Friedlander why he hails the return of the BBC 's lavish and lusty Roman series '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 5 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Anthony ( 6 May 2011 ) . `` Forget Me Not ( 15 ) '' . Independent . Retrieved 22 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Red Wedding actor breaks silence on surprise return '' . ew.com . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Debnath , Neela ( 11 July 2013 ) . `` Q&A interview with ' Game of Thrones ' star Tobias Menzies '' . Independent . Retrieved 5 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( 8 August 2013 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Alum Nabs Dual Role in Starz 's ' Outlander ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 5 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( 8 August 2013 ) . `` Game of Thrones ' Tobias Menzies Joins Ron Moore 's Outlander '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 5 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Merriam , Allie ( 1 August 2014 ) . `` Outlander Star Tobias Menzies Promises Plenty of Bodice - Ripping '' ( Video interview ) . PopSugar . Retrieved 5 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 9 September 2016 ) . `` ' The Terror ' : Tobias Menzies To Star In AMC Anthology Series From Scott Free '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ' Outlander ' Season 3 Cast : Tobias Menzies Bio '' . Starz . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Jessica Raine , Tobias Menzies board UK gothic drama ' Carmilla ' '' . ScreenDaily.com. 17 August 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Outlander 's Tobias Menzies breaks down Frank 's final moments '' . Harper 's Bazaar. 25 September 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Genius And The Rose '' . 12 August 2009 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Paul ( 12 April 1999 ) . `` Theatre : It 's a mad world , my masters '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Gilbey , Ryan ( 27 July 2007 ) . `` The three stages of Kristin '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Fricker , Karen ( 9 September 2011 ) . `` Review : ' Decade ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Theatre review : The Recruiting Officer '' . 23 February 2012 . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rough Cuts : Searched '' . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Theatre review : The Hush '' . 26 July 2013 . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Collins , Katie ( 16 July 2013 ) . `` Matthew Herbert 's The Hush : seducing theatre audiences with sound '' . Wired.co.uk . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Theatre review : The Fever '' . 23 January 2015 . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Almeida announces huge casting for ' The Iliad ' '' . 13 August 2015 . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Uncle Vanya Cast Announcement '' . 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Lady and the Tender Churl - the Fourth Choir at Middle Temple Hall '' . 21 April 2016 . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Nicol , Patricia ( 4 April 2004 ) . `` Do put your daughter on the stage '' . The Sunday Times . Retrieved 8 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Paddock , Terri ( 29 March 2004 ) . `` Dillon Wins Ian Charleson Award for Master Builder '' . WhatsOnStage . Archived from the original on 16 June 2011 . Retrieved 8 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 41st Annual Saturn Awards Nominations 2015 '' . 3 March 2015 . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tobias Menzies . Tobias Menzies on IMDb `` Outlander Interview '' . ShowbizJunkies . July 2014 . Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Television Series 2000 The West Wing Alan Alda Stockard Channing Kristin Chenoweth Dulé Hill Allison Janney Moira Kelly Rob Lowe Joshua Malina Mary McCormack Janel Moloney Richard Schiff Martin Sheen Jimmy Smits John Spencer Bradley Whitford 2001 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Amber Benson Marc Blucas David Boreanaz Nicholas Brendon Charisma Carpenter Emma Caulfield Sarah Michelle Gellar Seth Green Alyson Hannigan Anthony Stewart Head James Marsters Michelle Trachtenberg 2005 Rescue Me Denis Leary John Scurti Daniel Sunjata Mike Lombardi Steven Pasquale Andrea Roth Callie Thorne Adam Ferrara Larenz Tate James McCaffrey Dean Winters 2006 Grey 's Anatomy Justin Chambers Eric Dane Patrick Dempsey Katherine Heigl T.R. Knight Sandra Oh James Pickens Jr . Ellen Pompeo Sara Ramirez Kate Walsh Isaiah Washington Chandra Wilson 2007 Mad Men Bryan Batt Anne Dudek Michael Gladis Jon Hamm Christina Hendricks January Jones Vincent Kartheiser Robert Morse Elisabeth Moss Kiernan Shipka Maggie Siff John Slattery Rich Sommer Aaron Staton 2009 True Blood Chris Bauer Mehcad Brooks Anna Camp Nelsan Ellis Michelle Forbes Mariana Klaveno Ryan Kwanten Todd Lowe Michael McMillian Stephen Moyer Anna Paquin Jim Parrack Carrie Preston William Sanderson Alexander Skarsgård Sam Trammell Rutina Wesley Deborah Ann Woll 2012 The Walking Dead Andrew Lincoln Sarah Wayne Callies Laurie Holden Norman Reedus Steven Yeun Lauren Cohan Chandler Riggs Melissa McBride Scott Wilson Danai Gurira Michael Rooker David Morrissey 2013 Orange Is the New Black Taylor Schilling Laura Prepon Michael J. Harney Michelle Hurst Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs 2014 The Knick Clive Owen André Holland Jeremy Bobb Juliet Rylance Eve Hewson Michael Angarano Chris Sullivan Cara Seymour Eric Johnson David Fierro Maya Kazan Leon Addison Brown Grainger Hines Matt Frewer 2015 American Crime Felicity Huffman Timothy Hutton W. Earl Brown Richard Cabral Regina King Caitlin Gerard Benito Martinez Penelope Ann Miller Elvis Nolasco Johnny Ortiz 2016 Outlander Caitriona Balfe Sam Heughan Tobias Menzies Lotte Verbeek Laura Donnelly Steven Cree Duncan Lacroix Grant O'Rourke Gary Lewis Graham McTavish Stephen Walters Simon Callow Nell Hudson Dominique Pinon Stanley Weber Richard Rankin Sophie Skelton Andrew Gower Rosie Day Clive Russell Frances de la Tour VIAF : 51467326 LCCN : no2007059783 ISNI : 0000 0000 4678 3048 SUDOC : 161730701 BIBSYS : 8002116 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tobias_Menzies&oldid=814668626 '' Categories : 1974 births Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Living people English male film actors English male stage actors English male television actors People educated at Frensham Heights School Male actors from London 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors English male Shakespearean actors Hidden categories : EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 05 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does tobias menzies play in game of thrones | [
"Tobias Menzies (born 7 March 1974) is an English stage, television and film actor. While working in theatre, he starred in television shows such as Rome (2005–2007) where he played Brutus and Game of Thrones (2013–2016) where he played Edmure Tully. He is probably best known for his dual role as Frank Randall and Jonathan \"Black Jack\" Randall in Outlander (2014–2017), for which he received a Golden Globe Award nomination."
] | [
"Edmure Tully"
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-213896485610916679 | Yawkey Way | Yawkey Way - wikipedia Yawkey Way Yawkey Way intersection with Boylston Street in 2018 Fenway Park main entrance on Yawkey Way in 2007 Yawkey Way is the former name of a short street located in the Fenway -- Kenmore neighborhood of the American city of Boston , Massachusetts . It was originally a continuation of Jersey Street , part of the Back Bay scheme of alphabetical streets , until 1977 , when the two blocks immediately adjacent to Fenway Park were renamed for Tom Yawkey , owner of the Boston Red Sox from 1933 to 1976 . It ran for two blocks from Brookline Avenue in the north to Boylston Street in the south , where it became Jersey Street . On April 26 , 2018 , the city of Boston announced it would revert the name of the street to its original name of Jersey Street . The change became official on May 3 . Fenway Park 's address was 4 Yawkey Way . The original address was 24 Jersey Street . After the 2018 name change , the park 's address is now 4 Jersey Street . Contents ( hide ) 1 Renaming 2 Related items 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Renaming ( edit ) In December 2015 , The Boston Globe columnist Adrian Walker proposed renaming Yawkey Way and Yawkey station , citing Tom Yawkey 's history with baseball 's color line . On August 17 , 2017 , amid heightened media coverage of the removal of Confederate monuments and memorials in the United States , Red Sox owner John Henry said the team would lead a campaign to change the street name because the team was the last in Major League Baseball to integrate . Henry said , `` I am still haunted by what went on here a long time before we arrived . '' In February 2018 , it was announced that the Red Sox filed a petition with the city of Boston to restore Yawkey Way to its original name , Jersey Street . The change was opposed by the Yawkey Foundation , a charitable group funded by Yawkey 's estate . The Boston Public Improvement Commission heard public input on the proposal at its meeting on March 15 , from supporters and opponents . The Commission could have voted on the change on March 29 ; however , after hearing additional input that day , the vote was delayed until April 12 . On April 12 , a decision was further postponed until April 26 . On April 26 , the Boston Public Improvement Commission unanimously approved the name change back to Jersey Street . The change from Yawkey Way to Jersey Street was made official on May 3 , 2018 . Related items ( edit ) On June 22 , 2017 , the neighboring Yawkey Way Extension was renamed David Ortiz Drive in honor of recently retired Red Sox all - star David Ortiz . The honor came a day before Ortiz 's number was retired by the team . In light of his request to change the name of Yawkey Way , some Massachusetts lawmakers have suggested that Henry remove Mr. and Mrs. Yawkey 's initials written in morse code from the scoreboard on the left field wall . Newton Democrat Ruth Balser , co-sponsor of a bill to study the renaming of Yawkey Station , said , `` I would hope that the Red Sox organization would consider that , as they consider supporting a change to the street . '' In an August 2017 email , Red Sox spokesperson Zineb Curran wrote about removing the initials , `` Our current efforts are focused on petitioning the city to change the street name . '' In April 2018 , when reverting the Yawkey Way name to Jersey Street was approved , the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority ( MBTA ) stated that it will also rename the nearby Yawkey commuter rail station , which is a stop on the Framingham / Worcester Line . It has been noted that Jersey Street , named in the late 1850s , is a reference to the sixth Earl of Jersey , George Augustus Frederick Child Villiers , who profited from the British slave trade . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ DeCosta - Klipa , Nik ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` Where does the name Jersey Street come from ? '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jersey St. now Yawkey Way '' . The Berkshire Eagle . UPI . March 4 , 1977 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 -- via newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Kinsley , Bob ( January 25 , 1977 ) . `` THE SPORTS LOG '' . The Boston Globe . p. 20 . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 -- via pqarchiver.com . Jersey street , which fronts the main entrance to Fenway Park , has been renamed Yawkey Way by the city 's Public Improvement Commission to honor the late Red Sox owner Jump up ^ `` City panel votes unanimously to rename Yawkey Way '' . The Boston Globe . April 26 , 2018 . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` So long Yawkey Way ! Boston officially changes name of street outside Fenway Park '' . WCVB - TV . May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Silverman , Michael ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Haunted ' by past owner 's history , Red Sox seek name change for Yawkey Way '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Red Sox principal owner John Henry , saying he 's still `` haunted '' by the racist legacy of his legendary predecessor Tom Yawkey , told the Herald that his franchise welcomes renaming Yawkey Way . The Sox , he said , should take the lead in the process of rebranding the Jersey Street extension outside Fenway Park that was renamed to honor the former owner in 1977 . Jump up ^ `` Apply Now for Tickets for Series '' . The Boston Post . September 24 , 1916 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 -- via newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Walker , Adrian ( 7 December 2015 ) . `` It 's time to banish the racist legacy of Tom Yawkey '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Red Sox want to change Yawkey Way name '' . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Chris ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` John Henry Says Red Sox Will Lead Effort To Re-Name Yawkey Way '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yang , Nicole ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` Red Sox file petition to officially change name of Yawkey Way '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Michael ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` Red Sox ask city to change Yawkey Way name to Jersey Street '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Valencia , Milton J. ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Effort to rename Yawkey Way met with passionate pleas from both sides '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Dan ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Vote on Yawkey Way name change delayed until April 12 '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sweet , Laurel J. ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Red Sox seek delay on Yawkey Way name change '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Committee Unanimously Approves Yawkey Way Name Change '' . CBS Boston . April 26 , 2018 . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Boston renames street after retired slugger David Ortiz '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stout , Matt ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' No rush to erase Yawkey imprint from scoreboard ; Boston Herald '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Peter ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` Jersey Street has its own dark past '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Tovia ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` Boston Changes ' Yawkey Way ' To ' Jersey Street ' After Concerns Over Racist Legacy '' . NPR . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Setting the Record Straight '' . yawkeyfoundation.org. 2017 . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . The Globe 's characterizations of Tom Yawkey , presented as a generally accepted viewpoint at a time when its publisher is seeking to rename Yawkey Way , are a prime example of why it is important to look behind perceptions to see what is fact and what is fiction . `` Yawkey Foundations Statement '' ( PDF ) . yawkeyfoundation.org. April 26 , 2018 . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . This a sad day for all of us at the Foundations . Tom Yawkey deserved to have his name live on at Fenway Park . We ca n't change today 's decision , but we remain hopeful that he will be remembered as the good and decent man he truly was . External links ( edit ) Information about Fenway Park and gates on Yawkey Way Yawkey Way on Google Maps David Ortiz Drive on Google Maps Streets and squares in Boston Streets Arborway Atlantic Avenue Beacon Street Bennington Street Blue Hills Parkway Bowdoin Street Boylston Street Brattle Street Brookline Avenue Charles Street Columbus Avenue Commonwealth Avenue Congress Street Court Street Day Boulevard Dorchester Avenue Federal Street Fenway Franklin Street Gallivan Boulevard Hanover Street Huntington Avenue Jamaicaway Massachusetts Avenue Melnea Cass Boulevard Memorial Drive Milk Street Morrissey Boulevard Morton Street Neptune Road New Chardon Street Newbury Street North Street Park Street Park Drive Riverway School Street Soldiers Field Road State Street Stony Brook Reservation Parkways Storrow Drive Summer Street Tremont Street Truman Parkway Union Street Veterans of Foreign Wars Parkway Washington Street West Roxbury Parkway Winter Street Yawkey Way / David Ortiz Drive Squares , circles , crossings and corners Adams Square Andrew Square Blackstone Square Brigham Circle Central Square Chester Square City Square Cleveland Circle Codman Square Copley Square Day Square Dewey Square Dock Square Downtown Crossing Dudley Square Egleston Square Fields Corner Franklin Square Haymarket Square Hyde Square Jackson Square Kenmore Square Louisburg Square Maverick Square Packard 's Corner Park Square Peabody Square Post Office Square Roxbury Crossing Scollay Square Sullivan Square Teele Square Thompson Square Union Square Uphams Corner Italics denote streets and squares that no longer exist . See also Neighborhoods in Boston Transportation in Boston Boston Red Sox Established in 1901 Formerly the Boston Americans Based in Boston , Massachusetts Franchise History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Owners and executives Managers Coaches Captains Broadcasters Opening Day starters First - round draft picks Logos and uniforms Hall of Fame Ballparks Huntington Avenue Grounds Braves Field Fenway Park Spring training Venues Majestic Park Plant Field Whittington Park Riverside Park Ninth Street Park Payne Park Bader Field Scottsdale Stadium Chain of Lakes Park City of Palms Park JetBlue Park at Fenway South Culture Red Sox Nation Royal Rooters `` Nuf Ced '' McGreevy Curse of the Bambino Green Monster Pesky 's Pole Wally the Green Monster Victoria Snelgrove `` Tessie '' `` Dirty Water '' `` Sweet Caroline '' `` Dream On '' `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Three Little Birds '' Field of Dreams Good Will Hunting Fever Pitch Moneyball Game 6 The Town The Jimmy Fund Yawkey Way Kenmore Square Citgo Sign Golden Outfield Carl Beane Sherm Feller Cheers Still , We Believe : The Boston Red Sox Movie Four Days in October Red Sox Rule Lore Cy Young 's perfect game Slaughter 's Mad Dash Babe Ruth 's 573 - foot home run into Alligator Farm 1948 AL tie - breaker game The Impossible Dream Carlton Fisk waves it fair 1978 AL East tie - breaker game Bill Buckner 's error Aaron Boone 's home run The bloody sock `` Idiots '' break the curse Boston Strong Rivalries New York Yankees Administration Owners : Fenway Sports Group John W. Henry Tom Werner President and CEO : Sam Kennedy President of Baseball Operations : Dave Dombrowski General Manager : Vacant Manager : Alex Cora World Series Championships ( 8 ) 1903 1912 1915 1916 1918 2007 2013 League Pennants ( 13 ) 1903 1904 1912 1915 1916 1918 1946 1967 1986 2007 2013 Division championships ( 9 ) 1986 1988 1990 1995 2007 2013 2016 2017 Wild card berths ( 7 ) 1998 1999 2003 2005 2008 2009 Minor league affiliates AAA Pawtucket Red Sox AA Portland Sea Dogs A Adv . Salem Red Sox Greenville Drive Short A Lowell Spinners Rookie GCL Red Sox DSL Red Sox 1 DSL Red Sox 2 Broadcasting Television New England Sports Network ( NESN ) Radio WEEI - FM Radio network affiliates Broadcasters Dave O'Brien Jerry Remy Joe Castiglione Tim Neverett Uri Berenguer Juan Oscar Baez Seasons ( 118 ) 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990s 1990 1991 1995 1998 1999 2000s 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Route map : Google KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / Yawkey Way KML is from Wikidata Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yawkey_Way&oldid=842707571 '' Categories : Streets in Boston Boston Red Sox Fenway Park Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles using KML from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 04 : 23 . About Wikipedia | who is jersey st named after in boston | [
"It has been noted that Jersey Street, named in the late 1850s, is a reference to the sixth Earl of Jersey, George Augustus Frederick Child Villiers, who profited from the British slave trade.[19][20]"
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"the sixth Earl of Jersey, George Augustus Frederick Child Villiers"
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-3141662741920833040 | Returning officer | Returning officer - wikipedia Returning officer Jump to : navigation , search In various parliamentary systems , a returning officer is responsible for overseeing elections in one or more constituencies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Australia 2 Canada 3 Germany 4 Hong Kong 5 India 6 Ireland 7 Singapore 7.1 List of Returning Officers 8 Sri Lanka 9 United Kingdom 9.1 General elections 9.2 Local elections 10 References 11 See also Australia ( edit ) In Australia a returning officer is an employee of the Australian Electoral Commission or a State Electoral Commission who heads the local divisional office full - time , and oversees elections in their division , or an employee of a private firm which carries out elections and / or ballots in the private and / or public sectors , or anyone who carries out any election and / or ballot for any group or groups . Canada ( edit ) In Canada , at the federal level , the returning officer of an electoral district is appointed for a ten - year term by the Chief Electoral Officer . The returning officer is responsible for handling the electoral process in the riding , and updating the National Register of Electors with current information about voters in the electoral district to which they are appointed . Before enactment of the Canada Elections Act in 2000 , in the case of a tie between the two leading candidates in an election , the returning officer would cast the deciding vote . Since 2000 , a tie between two leading candidates automatically results in a by - election . The provinces and territories of Canada each have their own returning officers . Germany ( edit ) Germany has a Federal Returning Officer and a returning officer in each State . Hong Kong ( edit ) In Hong Kong , the returning officer is usually an administrative officer of the government . India ( edit ) The returning officer of a parliamentary or assembly constituency is responsible for the conduct of elections in the parliamentary or assembly constituency concerned as per the Representation of the People Act 1951 . The Election Commission of India nominates or designates an officer of the government or a local authority as the returning officer for each of the assembly and parliamentary constituencies in consultation with the state government / union territory administration . In addition , the Election Commission of India also appoints one or more assistant returning officers for each of the assembly and parliamentary constituencies to assist the returning officer in the performance of his functions in connection with the conduct of elections . Ireland ( edit ) In the Republic of Ireland , the post of returning officer in Dublin and Cork is held by the city sheriff , and in the other areas by the county registrar of the area ( a senior court official ) . For local elections , the position is held by the administrative head of the local council . The returning officer for presidential elections and referendums is a senior official in the franchise section of the Department of the Environment . Singapore ( edit ) The Returning Officer in Singapore is in charge of overseeing the conduct of parliamentary ( by - elections and general elections ) and presidential elections . The RO declares results for the parliamentary general elections and the presidential elections in the following manner : For SMCs : ( Before 2015 ) Parliamentary general election year . Results for the electoral division of name of seat . Name of first candidate , party of first candidate , number of votes . Name of following candidate , party of following candidate , number of votes . Rejected votes , number of rejected votes . Total votes cast , number of total votes including rejected votes . The local votes counted for the electoral division of seat name are conclusive of the results . Pursuant to Section 49 , Subsection 7E , Paragraph A of the Parliamentary Elections Act , I declare name of winning candidate of the party name as the candidate elected for the electoral division of seat name . ( After 2015 ) Results for name of seat . Name of first candidate , party of first candidate , number of votes . Name of following candidate , party of following candidate , number of votes . Total votes cast for the candidates , number of total votes excluding rejected votes . Rejected votes , number of rejected votes . The votes cast in Singapore counted for seat name are conclusive of the results . I declare name of winning candidate of the party name as the candidate elected for seat name . For GRCs : ( Before 2015 ) Parliamentary general election year . Results for the electoral division of name of seat . Names of candidates in first group , party of first group , number of votes . Names of following candidates in following group , party of following group , number of votes . Rejected votes , number of rejected votes . Total votes cast , number of total votes including rejected votes . The local votes counted for the electoral division of seat name are conclusive of the results . Pursuant to Section 49 , Subsection 7E , Paragraph A of the Parliamentary Elections Act , I declare names of winning group of candidates of the party of group of candidates as the group of candidates elected for the electoral division of seat name . ( After 2015 ) Results for name of seat . Names of candidates in first group , party of first group , number of votes . Names of following candidates in following group , party of following group , number of votes . Total votes cast for the candidates , number of total votes excluding rejected votes . Rejected votes , number of rejected votes . The votes cast in Singapore counted for seat name are conclusive of the results . I declare names of winning group of candidates of the party of group of candidates as the group of candidates elected for seat name . For presidential elections : Result for the presidential election year . Name of first candidate , number of votes . Name of following candidate , number of votes . Rejected votes , number of rejected votes . Total votes cast , number of total votes . The local votes counted are conclusive of the results . Pursuant to Section 32 , Subsection 8D , Paragraph A of the Presidential Elections Act , I declare name of winning candidate as the candidate elected as the President of Singapore . For SMCs with a walkover : Parliamentary general election year . Announcement of result on nomination day , the electoral division of name of seat . Name of candidate , party of candidate , is the only candidate nominated for the electoral division of name of seat . Under Section 33 of the Parliamentary Elections Act , I declare name of candidate of the party of candidate as the candidate elected for the electoral division of seat name . For GRCs with a walkover : Parliamentary general election year . Announcement of result on nomination day , the electoral division of name of seat . Name of candidates in party of first group , party of first group , is the only group of candidates nominated for the electoral division of name of seat . Under Section 33 of the Parliamentary Elections Act , I declare name of winning group of candidates of the party of group of candidates as the group of candidates elected for the electoral division of seat name . Section 49 , Subsection 7E , Paragraph A of the Parliamentary Elections Act ( or Section 32 , Subsection 8D , Paragraph A of the Presidential Elections Act ) , are stated , only if the total number of overseas electors lawfully entitled to vote at the election in that electoral division is less than the difference between the number of votes given to the two best - performing candidates or group of candidates . In the event where the total of overseas voters is more than the difference between the number of votes given to the two best - performing candidates , the RO may declare the number of votes cast in Singapore for the candidates , and announce the date and premises for the counting of overseas votes , in accordance with Section 49 , Subsection 7E , Paragraph B of the Parliamentary Elections Act ( or Section 32 , Subsection 8D , Paragraph B of the Presidential Elections Act ) . The RO 's duties also encompasses announcing the best - performing losing candidates as NCMP post-elections in the government gazette . List of Returning Officers ( edit ) A.A. Willians - GE1955 M Ponnuduray - GE1959 , GE1963 Julian Benedict de Souza - GE1968 , GE1972 P. Arumalnathan - GE1976 Ong Kok Min - GE1980 , BE1981 , GE1984 , GE1988 , PE1993 Lim Siam Kim - GE1991 , BE1992 Tan Boon Huat - GE1997 , PE1999 , GE2001 , PE2005 , GE2006 Yam Ah Mee - Appointed 1 June 2010 , retired 31 March 2013 . Served : GE2011 , PE2011 , BE2012 , BE2013 Ng Wai Choong - Appointed 1 April 2013 . Served : GE2015 , BE2016 , PE2017 Sri Lanka ( edit ) In Sri Lanka , returning officers are appointed by the Commissioner of Elections under the Registration of Electors Act , No. 44 of 1980 for all Presidential , General ( Parliamentary ) , Provincial and Local government elections held in the island . Normally public officers are appointed as returning officers and they may appoint assistant returning officers to assist them . In the Parliament of Sri Lanka , the Secretary - General acts as the returning officer for votes conducted within the Parliament . United kingdom ( edit ) General elections ( edit ) In England and Wales the post of returning officer for general elections is an honorary one , held by the high sheriff of the county for a county constituency or the mayor or chairman of the local council for a borough constituency . If a constituency overlaps district and county borders , the returning officer is designated by the Secretary of State for Justice . In practice , the task of conducting the election is delegated to an acting returning officer , who is usually a senior officer in the local authority ( the only duties which can be reserved and undertaken by the returning officer are related to the receipt of the writ and the declaration of the result , and only if written notice is given by the returning officer to the acting returning officer ) . In an English or Welsh constituency where the returning officer is the chairman of the local council or borough council respectively , the Electoral Registration Officer is automatically the acting returning officer . In an English or Welsh constituency where the high sheriff or mayor is returning officer , the acting returning officer is designated by the Secretary of State for Justice . In Scotland , there is no office of acting returning officer and the position of returning officer is not an honorary one . The returning officer for general elections is the same person who has been appointed returning officer for the election of councillors in the local authority in which the constituency is situated . If a constituency covers more than one local authority area , the Secretary of State for Justice designates which local authority returning officer will discharge the function . In Northern Ireland , the Chief Electoral Officer acts as the returning officer . Returning officers normally announce the results after the count in the following manner : I , name , the Acting Returning Officer for the name of seat , hereby give notice that the total number of votes given for each candidate at the election of date was as follows , list of candidates and the number of votes received . And that name of winning candidate ( s ) has been duly elected to name of democratic body for name of seat ( or name of office ) . Local elections ( edit ) In England and Wales , every district council or unitary authority is required to appoint an officer of the council to be the returning officer for the election of councillors to their local authority . County councils must also appoint a returning officer for the election of councillors within the county . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Returning Officer '' . Elections Canada . 21 December 2006 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Revision of the Lists of Electors '' . Elections Canada . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Results , Addition and Recounts -- What Happens After Canadians Vote on Federal Election Day '' ( Press release ) . Elections Canada . 5 June 1997 . If the two candidates still have the same number of votes after the recount , the returning officer casts the deciding vote . Jump up ^ § 318 , Canada Elections Act ( S.C. 2000 , c. 9 ) , 31 May 2000 . Retrieved on 4 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Administrative Officer Grade '' . Civil Service Bureau , the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Appointment of returning officers and assistant returning ofiicers '' . Electoral Affairs Commission , the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administration Region . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FAQs - election machinery '' . Election Commission of India . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Wong , Tessa ( 10 May 2011 ) . `` Yam Ah Mee : GE 's new Internet star '' . The Straits Times . Singapore . Archived from the original on 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tanjong Pagar nomination '' . ^ Jump up to : § 29A , Parliamentary Elections Act , Ordinance No. 26 of 12 November 1954 . Retrieved on 4 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Oon , Jeffrey ( 17 May 2011 ) . `` Trio of NCMPs formally announced '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved 4 November 2011 . Jump up ^ National Archives of Singapore Jump up ^ Ministry of Finance deputy secretary appointed as new returning officer Jump up ^ LOCAL AUTHORITIES ELECTIONS ORDINANCE Jump up ^ Representation of the People Act 1983 , Section 28 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Representation of the People Act 1983 , Section 28 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Northern Ireland Assembly and local government elections Jump up ^ Representation of the People Act 1983 , Sections 35 ( 1 ) and 35 ( 1A ) See also ( edit ) Election judge Chief Electoral Officer ( Canada ) Chief Electoral Officer of Quebec Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Returning_officer&oldid=808963644 '' Categories : Elections Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Gaeilge Italiano മലയാളം Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 08 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is a returning officer in an election in india | [
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-7162680590147472966 | Mora (surname) | Mora ( surname ) - wikipedia Mora ( surname ) Jump to : navigation , search Mora is a Spanish surname . Notable people with the surname include : Alberto J. Mora ( born 1951 ) , General Counsel of the United States Navy ( 2001 -- 2006 ) Alfonso Mora ( born 1964 ) , Venezuelan former tennis player Bruno Mora ( 1937 -- 1986 ) , Italian football player and coach Cristian Mora ( born 1979 ) , Ecuadorian football goalkeeper Domingo Mora ( d . 1911 ) , Spanish born American sculptor and father of F. Luis Mora and Jo Mora . F. Luis Mora ( 1874 -- 1940 ) , Hispanic American artist and illustrator Ferenc Móra ( 1879 -- 1934 ) , Hungarian writer Georges Mora ( 1913 -- 1992 ) , German - born Australian entrepreneur , art dealer , patron , connoisseur and restaurateur Iris Mora ( born 1981 ) , Mexican Olympic footballer Jesús Mora ( baseball ) ( born 1933 ) , Venezuelan ballplayer Jim E. Mora ( born 1935 ) , former National Football League ( NFL ) and United States Football League head coach Jim L. Mora ( born 1961 ) , former NFL and college head coach , son of Jim E. Mora Jim Mora ( broadcaster ) , New Zealand television and radio presenter Jo Mora ( 1876 -- 1947 ) , American artist Joaquín Mora Fernández ( 1786 -- 1862 ) , provisional head of state of Costa Rica in 1837 José Mora ( 1642 -- 1724 ) , Spanish sculptor José Francisco Mora ( born 1981 ) , Spanish footballer Juan Mora Fernández ( 1784 -- 1854 ) , Costa Rica 's first elected head of state , brother of Joaquín Mora Fernández Juan Rafael Mora Porras ( 1814 -- 1860 ) , President of Costa Rica ( 1849 -- 1859 ) Juan Luis Mora ( born 1973 ) , Spanish retired football goalkeeper Manuel Argüello Mora ( 1834 -- 1902 ) , Costa Rican writer Melvin Mora ( born 1972 ) , Venezuelan professional baseball player Miguel Mora Porras ( 1816 -- 1887 ) , President of Costa Rica in 1849 Mirka Mora ( born 1928 ) , French - born Australian visual artist Naima Mora ( born 1984 ) , Americas Next Top Model Cycle 4 winner Néstor Mora ( 1963 -- 1995 ) , Colombian cyclist Octavio Mora ( born 1965 ) , Mexican former footballer Philippe Mora ( born 1949 ) , French - born Australian film director Rick Mora , Native American actor Sergio Mora ( born 1980 ) , Mexican - American boxer and former World Boxing Council light middleweight champion Sergio Mora Sánchez ( born 1979 ) , Spanish footballer Tiriel Mora ( born 1958 ) , Australian television and film actor Víctor Mora ( comics ) ( 1931 -- 2016 ) , pseudonym of Eugenio Roca , Spanish writer of comic books Víctor Mora ( athlete ) ( born 1944 ) , Colombian long - distance runner Mauwen Mora Ricafort ( born 1997 ) , Inhinyerong Sibil This page lists people with the surname Mora . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mora_(surname)&oldid=811144089 '' Categories : Surnames Hidden categories : All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Slovenčina Edit links This page was last edited on 19 November 2017 , at 20 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the mora last name come from | [
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"Spanish"
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-304374813935559525 | I Love Lucy | I Love Lucy - wikipedia I Love Lucy Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) I Love Lucy Title shot from syndicated edition of series . Written by Jess Oppenheimer ( Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Madelyn Davis Bob Carroll Jr . Bob Schiller ( Seasons 5 -- 6 ) Bob Weiskopf ( Seasons 5 -- 6 ) Starring Lucille Ball Desi Arnaz Vivian Vance William Frawley Richard Keith Theme music composer Eliot Daniel Harold Adamson Composer ( s ) Eliot Daniel Wilbur Hatch Marco Rizo Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 180 ( including the `` lost '' Christmas episode and original pilot ) ( list of episodes ) Production Producer ( s ) Jess Oppenheimer Desi Arnaz ( executive ) Location ( s ) Desilu Studios Los Angeles , California Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 23 -- 26.5 minutes unedited , including opening and closing credits Production company ( s ) Desilu Productions Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) Black - and - white Audio format Monaural Original release October 15 , 1951 ( 1951 - 10 - 15 ) -- May 6 , 1957 ( 1957 - 05 - 06 ) Chronology Followed by The Lucy -- Desi Comedy Hour I Love Lucy is an American television sitcom starring Lucille Ball , Desi Arnaz , Vivian Vance , and William Frawley . The black - and - white series originally ran from October 15 , 1951 to May 6 , 1957 on CBS . After the series ended in 1957 , a modified version continued for three more seasons with 13 one - hour specials ; it ran from 1957 to 1960 . It was first known as The Lucille Ball - Desi Arnaz Show and later in reruns as The Lucy -- Desi Comedy Hour . The show , which was the first scripted television program to be shot on 35 mm film in front of a studio audience , won five Emmy Awards and received numerous nominations . I Love Lucy was the most watched show in the United States in four of its six seasons , and it was the first to end its run at the top of the Nielsen ratings ( an accomplishment later matched only by The Andy Griffith Show in 1968 and Seinfeld in 1998 ) . The show is still syndicated in dozens of languages across the world and remains popular with an American audience of 40 million each year . A colorized version of its Christmas episode attracted more than 8 million viewers when CBS aired it in prime time in 2013 -- 62 years after the show premiered . I Love Lucy is often regarded as one of the greatest and most influential sitcoms in history . In 2012 , it was voted the ' Best TV Show of All Time ' in a survey conducted by ABC News and People Magazine . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Primary production team 3 Background and development 3.1 Production 3.2 The Mertzes 3.3 Pregnancy and Little Ricky 4 Episodes 4.1 Broadcast history 4.2 Nielsen ratings 5 Opening 5.1 Theme song 6 In other media 6.1 Radio 6.2 Merchandise 6.3 Comic book and comic strip 7 After Lucy 7.1 Hour - long format 7.2 Legacy 7.3 Primetime Emmy Awards and nominations 7.4 Honors 7.5 In color 7.6 Annual colorized specials 8 DVD and Blu - ray releases 8.1 Other releases 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Premise ( edit ) Originally set in an apartment building in New York City , I Love Lucy centers on Lucy Ricardo ( Lucille Ball ) and her singer / bandleader husband Ricky Ricardo ( Desi Arnaz ) , along with their best friends and landlords Fred Mertz ( William Frawley ) and Ethel Mertz ( Vivian Vance ) . During the second season , Lucy and Ricky have a son named Ricky Ricardo Jr . ( `` Little Ricky '' ) , whose birth was timed to coincide with Ball 's real - life delivery of her son Desi Arnaz Jr . Lucy is naïve and ambitious , with an undeserved zeal for stardom and a knack for getting herself and her husband into trouble whenever Lucy yearns to make it in show business . The Ricardos ' best friends , Fred and Ethel , are former vaudevillians and this only strengthens Lucy 's resolve to prove herself as a performer . Unfortunately , she has few marketable performance skills . She does not seem to be able to carry a tune or play anything other than off - key renditions of songs such as `` Glow Worm '' on the saxophone , and many of her performances devolve into disaster . However , to say she is completely without talent would be untrue , as on occasion , she is shown to be a good dancer and a competent singer . She is also at least twice offered contracts by television or film companies -- first in `` The Audition '' when she replaces an injured clown in Ricky 's act , and later in Hollywood when she dances for a studio benefit using a rubber Ricky dummy as her dancing partner . The show provided Ball ample opportunity to display her considerable skill at clowning and physical comedy . Character development was not a major focus of early sitcoms , so little was offered about her life before the show . A few episodes mentioned that she was born in Jamestown , New York ( Lucille Ball 's real - life home town ) , later corrected to West Jamestown , that she graduated from Jamestown High School , that her maiden name was `` McGillicuddy '' ( indicating a Scottish or Irish ethnicity at least on her father 's side , though she once mentioned her grandmother was Swedish ; there are sizable Irish and Swedish communities in Jamestown ) , and that she met Ricky on a boat cruise with her friend from an agency she once worked for . Her family was absent , other than occasional appearances by her scatter - brained mother ( Kathryn Card ) , who could never get Ricky 's name right . Lucy also exhibited many traits that were standard for female comedians at the time , including being secretive about her age and true hair color , and being careless with money , along with being somewhat materialistic , insisting on buying new dresses and hats for every occasion and telling old friends that she and Ricky were wealthy . She was also depicted as a devoted housewife and attentive mother . Lucy and Ricky climb in the Alps during their 1956 European vacation . Lucy 's husband , Ricky Ricardo , is an up - and - coming Cuban American singer and bandleader with an excitable personality . His patience is frequently tested by his wife 's antics trying to get into showbiz , and exorbitant spending on clothes or furniture . When exasperated , he often reverts to speaking rapidly in Spanish . As with Lucy , not much is revealed about his past or family . Ricky 's mother ( played by actress Mary Emery ) appears in two episodes ; in another Lucy mentions that he has five brothers . Ricky also mentions that he had been `` practically raised '' by his uncle Alberto ( who was seen during a family visit to Cuba ) , and that he had attended the University of Havana . An extended flashback segment in the 1957 episode `` Lucy Takes a Cruise to Havana '' of The Lucille Ball -- Desi Arnaz Show filled in numerous details of how Lucy and Ricky met and how Ricky came to the United States . The story , at least insofar as related to newspaper columnist Hedda Hopper , is that the couple met in Havana when Lucy and the Mertzes vacationed there in 1940 . Despite his being a university graduate , proficient in English , Ricky is portrayed as a driver of a horse - drawn cab who waits for fares at a pier where tourists arrive by ship . Ricky is hired to serve as one of Lucy 's tour guides and the two fall in love . Having coincidentally also met popular singer Rudy Vallée on the cruise ship , Lucy arranges an audition for Ricky who is hired to be in Vallée 's orchestra , thus allowing him to immigrate to the United States on the very ship on which Lucy and the Mertzes were returning . Lucy later states that Ricky played for Vallée only one night before being traded to Xavier Cugat 's orchestra . Note that the extended flashback segment `` Lucy Takes a Cruise to Havana '' and the story of how Lucy and Ricky met is inconsistent with Season 4 , Episode 18 entitled , `` Don Juan and the Starlets '' ( 1955 ) . In that episode , Lucy mistakenly believes that Ricky stayed out all night after his publicity agent , Ross Elliott , sent him to a movie premiere accompanied by young starlets who were appearing in his movie . As a comeback in the ensuing argument , Lucy bemoans that she made a mistake fifteen years before when Marion Strong asked her if she would like to go on a blind date with a Cuban drummer and she said `` yes . '' Lucy is usually found with her sidekick and best friend Ethel Mertz . A former model from Albuquerque , New Mexico , Ethel tries to relive her glory days in vaudeville . Ricky is more inclined to include Ethel in performances at his nightclub because , unlike Lucy , she can actually sing and dance rather well . Ethel 's husband Fred served in World War I , and lived through the Great Depression . He is very stingy with money and is an irascible , no - nonsense type . However , he also shows that he can be a soft touch , especially when it comes to Little Ricky . Fred can also sing and dance and often performs duets with Ethel . The Manhattan building they all lived in before their move to Westport , Connecticut , was addressed at a fictional 623 East 68th Street , at first in apartment 4A , then moving to the larger apartment 3B ( subsequently re-designated 3D ; the Mertzes ' apartment is then numbered 3B ) , on the Upper East Side of Manhattan . In actuality , the addresses go up only to the 500s before the street terminates at the East River . Cast ( edit ) Cast members from left , standing : William Frawley , Desi Arnaz , seated : Vivian Vance and Lucille Ball . Mike ( left ) and Joe Mayer both played Little Ricky as a toddler . Lucille Ball as Lucille Esmeralda `` Lucy '' McGillicuddy Ricardo Desi Arnaz as Enrique Alberto Fernando y de Acha `` Ricky '' Ricardo III Vivian Vance as Ethel Mae Potter Mertz ( alternately `` Ethel Louise '' and `` Ethel Roberta '' ) William Frawley as Frederick `` Fred '' Hobart Mertz Richard Keith as Enrique Alberto Ricardo IV ( `` Ricky Ricardo Jr . '' ) Twins Mike Mayer and Joe Mayer both played `` Little Ricky '' as a toddler Kathryn Card as Minnie Finch ( `` Fan Magazine Interview '' ) and later as Mrs. McGillicuddy -- Lucy 's mother Mary Jane Croft as Lucy 's socialite school chum Cynthia Harcourt , Evelyn Bigsby ( `` Return Home from Europe '' ) and later as Connecticut neighbor Betty Ramsey Frank Nelson as various characters and as Ralph Ramsey Jerry Hausner as Jerry , Ricky 's agent Doris Singleton as Carolyn Appleby ( she was originally named Lillian Appleby ; but after Singleton 's first appearance on the show , the producers felt that the names Lillian and Lucy sounded too similar , so her name was changed to Carolyn ) Shirley Mitchell as Marion Strong , a role originated by Margie Liszt Elizabeth Patterson as Mrs. Matilda Trumbull also the town mayor in the episode `` The Marriage License '' Charles Lane as various characters Barbara Pepper as various characters Eve McVeagh as Roberta , Lucy 's hairdresser Bob Jellison as Bobby the Bellboy ( Hollywood Episodes ) Mary Wickes as Madame Le Mond , Lucy 's ballet teacher Gale Gordon and Bea Benaderet , supporting cast members on My Favorite Husband , were originally approached for the roles of Fred and Ethel , but neither could accept owing to previous commitments . Gordon did appear as a guest star in three episodes , playing Ricky 's boss , Mr. Littlefield , in two episodes , and later in an hour - long episode as a civil court judge . Gordon was a veteran from the classic radio days in which he perfected the role of the exasperated character , as in Fibber McGee and Molly and Our Miss Brooks . He would go on to co-star with Ball in all of her post -- I Love Lucy series ( The Lucy Show , Here 's Lucy and Life with Lucy ) . Benaderet was a guest star in one episode as elderly Miss Lewis , a neighbor of the Ricardos . Barbara Pepper ( later featured as Doris Ziffel in the series Green Acres ) was also considered to play Ethel , but Pepper had been drinking very heavily after the death of her husband , Craig W. Reynolds . Her friendship with Ball dated back to the film Roman Scandals , in which both appeared as Goldwyn Girls . She did , however , turn up in at least nine episodes of I Love Lucy in bit parts . Many of the characters ' names were after Lucille Ball 's family members or close friends ; for example , Marion Strong was one of her best friends and roommate for a time in New York , and also set Lucy and Desi up on their first date . Lillian Appleby was a teacher of Lucy 's when she was in an amateur production on the stage . Pauline Lopus was a childhood friend , Fred was also her brother and grandfather 's name . Lucy and Desi had a business manager by the name of Mr. Andrew Hickox , and in the first episode of season 4 , called `` The Business Manager '' Lucy and Ricky hire a man named Mr. Hickox . Primary production team ( edit ) Directors : Marc Daniels ( 33 episodes , 1951 -- 53 ) ; William Asher ( 101 episodes , 1952 -- 57 ) ; James V. Kern ( 39 episodes , 1955 -- 57 ) Producers : Jess Oppenheimer ( 153 episodes , 1951 -- 56 ) ; Desi Arnaz ( exec . producer -- 124 episodes , 1952 -- 56 ; producer -- 26 episodes , 1956 -- 57 ) Writers : Jess Oppenheimer ( head writer , seasons 1 -- 5 ) , Madelyn Pugh Davis and Bob Carroll Jr . ( All Seasons including Lucy - Desi Comedy Hour ) , Bob Schiller and Bob Weiskopf ( Seasons 5 -- 6 and Lucy - Desi Comedy Hour ) Original Music : Wilbur Hatch ( 33 episodes , 1951 -- 54 ) ; Eliot Daniel ( 135 episodes , 1952 -- 57 ) ; Marco Rizo ( 1951 -- 1957 ) Cinematography : Karl Freund ( 149 episodes , 1951 -- 56 ) Costume design : Elois Jenssen ( 57 episodes , 1953 -- 55 ) Editors : Dann Cahn , Bud Molin Background and development ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lucille Ball had come to Hollywood after a successful stint as a New York model . She was chosen by Sam Goldwyn to be one of sixteen Goldwyn Girls to co-star in the picture Roman Scandals ( 1933 ) with film star Eddie Cantor . Enthusiastic and hard - working Ball had been able to secure film work briefly at the Samuel Goldwyn Studio and Columbia Pictures and then eventually at RKO Radio Pictures . It was at RKO that Ball received steady film work , first as an extra and bit player and eventually working her way up to co-starring roles in feature films and starring roles in second rate B pictures , collectively earning her the nickname `` Queen of the B 's '' . During her run at RKO , Ball gained the reputation for doing physical comedy and stunts that most other actresses avoided , keeping her steadily employed . In 1940 , Lucy met Desi Arnaz , a Cuban bandleader who had just come off a successful run in the 1939 -- 40 Broadway show Too Many Girls . RKO had bought the film rights to the show and cast Ball as Arnaz 's love interest in the picture . The duo began a whirlwind courtship leading to their elopement to Connecticut in November 1940 . Despite being madly in love , however , their careers kept them separated , with Lucy 's film work keeping her anchored in Hollywood , while Desi 's nightclub engagements with his orchestra kept him on the road . Despite steadily working in pictures , Lucy 's movie career never advanced to the level of a headlining feature - film actress ; nevertheless she remained popular with movie audiences . After receiving critical acclaim for her starring role in the 1942 Damon Runyon film The Big Street ( with Henry Fonda ) , Ball came to the attention of Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer , which bought out her contract . It was at MGM that Ball , who had been a blonde , dyed her hair red to complement the Technicolor features that MGM had planned to use her in . MGM used Ball in a variety of films , but it was her work with funny man Red Skelton in the 1942 film DuBarry Was a Lady that brought Ball 's physical comedy into the forefront , earning her the reputation as `` that crazy redhead '' , as Ricky would later call her . Nonetheless , Ball 's striking beauty was in sharp contrast to physical antics she did in her films ; thus , MGM tried to use her in an array of different film genres that did little to highlight her skills . Given their difficulties in casting her , MGM chose not to renew her contract when it expired in 1946 . Ball began working as a free - lancer in films and also began to explore other venues . Before and during World War II , Lucy had made several notable and successful guest appearances on several radio programs , among them Jack Haley 's radio show and bandleader Kay Kyser 's radio program . These appearances brought Lucy to the attention of CBS , which in 1948 enlisted Ball to star in one of two new half - hour situation comedies in development , Our Miss Brooks and My Favorite Husband . Choosing the latter , Lucy portrayed Liz Cugat ( later anglicized to Cooper ) , the frustrated and scheming housewife of a Minneapolis banker , played originally by actor Lee Bowman in the series pilot , and later by actor Richard Denning . Based on the novel Mr. and Mrs. Cugat by Isabel Scott Rorick , My Favorite Husband was produced by Jess Oppenheimer , and written by Oppenheimer , plus scribes Madelyn Pugh and Bob Carroll Jr ... Premiering on July 23 , 1948 and sponsored by General Foods , Husband became a hit for CBS . During the run of the radio program Lucy appeared in two feature films with Bob Hope , Sorrowful Jones in 1949 , and Fancy Pants in 1950 . Both films were box office and critical successes , further cementing Ball 's reputation as a top notch first - rate comedian . They also showed her continuing popularity with audiences , enticing CBS to further use her skills . In 1950 , CBS asked Ball to take My Favorite Husband to television with co-star Richard Denning . She , however , saw a television show as a great opportunity to work with Desi as it would keep them both in Hollywood , and perhaps save their shaky marriage . Lucy insisted that Desi play her husband , much to the dismay of CBS , which was reluctant because Arnaz was Cuban . Network executives believed that audiences would not believe the marriage between an all - American girl and a Latin man . To prove CBS wrong , the couple developed a vaudeville act , written by Carroll and Pugh , that they took on the road with Arnaz 's orchestra . The act was a hit and convinced CBS executive Harry Ackerman that a Ball - Arnaz pairing would be a worthwhile venture . At the same time , rival networks NBC , ABC , and DuMont were showing interest in a Ball - Arnaz series , which Ackerman used to convince CBS to sign the duo . A pilot was ordered and kinescoped in Hollywood in March 1951 , which coincided with Lucy 's first pregnancy , and the ending of Husband , which aired its last radio show on March 31 , 1951 . Ball and Arnaz used the same radio team of Oppenheimer , Pugh , and Carroll to create the television series that was named I Love Lucy . After showing the pilot to several advertising agencies , at first with not much luck , CBS was able to sell the series to the Milton H. Biow agency , which was able to convince one of their clients , cigarette giant Philip Morris , to sponsor the show . Production ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) During the spring and summer of 1951 , I Love Lucy moved into production . Oppenheimer , Pugh , and Carroll began fine - tuning the premise of the show and writing the series ' first scripts . The trio had the good graces of having a backlog of storylines from My Favorite Husband to adapt for use on television . In addition , the series ' ensemble cast and crew were assembled . Desi Arnaz retained his orchestra , which was used in the series musical numbers and to score the show 's background and transitional music . Arnaz 's childhood friend Marco Rizo arranged the music and played the piano for the show , while Wilbur Hatch was used to conduct the orchestra . Two problems arose , however , after Philip Morris signed on to sponsor the show , that would ultimately change the fate of I Love Lucy . Lucy with John Wayne in an episode Lucy and Desi had originally decided that the series would air on a biweekly basis , much like The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show . Philip Morris , however , was insistent that the show air weekly , thus diminishing the possibility of Lucy continuing her film career alongside a television show . Another problem lay in the fact that Philip Morris wanted the series to originate from New York rather than Hollywood . At the time , most television shows were produced from New York with live broadcasts of the show airing for eastern and Midwest audiences . West Coast viewers were able to view live programs only through low - quality kinescopes , which derived their images by using a 35 mm or 16 mm film camera to record the show from a television monitor . As videotape had not yet been developed , kinescopes seemed to be the only practical means to allow a live show to reach television markets on the West Coast . Complicating matters was that kinescopes were not available for immediate re-broadcast as in 1951 no coast - to - coast cable system was yet in service . Shows had to be sent to Hollywood , which delayed their airings for West Coast audiences by nearly a week . The process operated in the reverse for the few programs that originated live in Hollywood , such as The Ed Wynn Show , thus making blurry kinescopes of these shows the only available print for eastern audiences . Most sponsors , including Philip Morris , found this to be undesirable as most of the television audience lived east of the Mississippi at the time . Although the pilot had been made as a kinescope , for the series itself , the process was rejected . Owing to the impending birth of their first child , both Lucy and Desi insisted on staying in Hollywood and producing the show on film , something a few Hollywood - based series had begun to do . Both CBS and Philip Morris initially balked at the idea , because of the higher cost that filming the show would incur , yet acquiesced only after the couple offered to take a $1,000 a week pay cut in order to cover the additional expense . In exchange , Lucy and Desi demanded , and were given , 80 % ownership in the I Love Lucy films ( the other 20 % went to producer Jess Oppenheimer who then gave 5 % to writer Madelyn Pugh and 5 % to writer Bob Carroll Jr . ) . Shooting the show on film , however , would require that Lucy and Desi become responsible for producing the series themselves . Union agreements at the time stipulated that any production filmed in a studio use film studio employees . CBS staff were television and radio employees and thus fell under different union agreements . Thus , Arnaz reorganized the company he created to manage his orchestra bookings and used it as the corporation that would produce the I Love Lucy shows . The company was named Desilu , from the combination of both their first names `` Desi '' and `` Lucille '' . Though some television series were already being filmed in Hollywood , most used the single - camera format familiar from movies , with a laugh track added to comedies to simulate audience response . Arnaz and I Love Lucy creator Jess Oppenheimer decided , however , that Lucy needed to work in front of an audience to create the kind of comic energy she had displayed on radio . The idea of a film studio that could accommodate an audience was a new one for the time , as fire safety regulations made it difficult to allow an audience in a studio . Arnaz and Oppenheimer were lucky enough to find the financially struggling General Service Studios located on Las Palmas Avenue in Hollywood . Studio owner Jimmy Nasser was eager to accommodate the Desilu company and allowed them , with financial backing of CBS , to renovate two of his studios so that they could accommodate an audience and be in compliance with local fire laws . Cinematographer Karl Freund ( 1932 ) Another component to filming the show came when it was decided to use three 35 mm film cameras to simultaneously film the show . The idea had been pioneered by Ralph Edwards on the game show Truth or Consequences , and had subsequently been used on Amos ' n ' Andy as a way to save money , though Amos n ' Andy did not use an audience . Edwards 's assistant Al Simon was hired by Desilu to help perfect the new technique for the series . The process lent itself to the Lucy production as it eliminated the problem of requiring an audience to view and react to a scene three or four times in order for all necessary shots to be filmed . Multiple cameras would also allow scenes to be performed in sequence , as a play would be , which was unusual at the time for filmed series . Retakes were rare and dialogue mistakes were often played off for the sake of continuity . Ball and Arnaz enlisted the services of Karl Freund , a cinematographer who had worked on such films as Metropolis ( 1927 ) , Dracula ( 1931 ) , and The Good Earth ( 1937 ) , as well as directing The Mummy ( 1932 ) , to be the series cinematographer . Although at first Freund did not want anything to do with television , it was the personal plea of the couple that convinced him to take the job . Freund was instrumental in developing a way to uniformly light the set so that each of the three cameras would pick up the same quality of image . Freund noted that a typical episode ( 20 -- 22 min . ) was shot in about 60 minutes , with one constant concern being the shades - of - gray contrast in the final print , as each stage of transmission and broadcast would exaggerate the contrast . Among other non-standard techniques used in filming the show , cans of paint ( in shades ranging from white to medium - gray ) were kept on set to `` paint out '' inappropriate shadows and disguise lighting flaws . Freund also pioneered `` flat lighting , '' in which everything is brightly lit to eliminate shadows and the need for endless relighting . Audience reactions were live , thus creating a far more authentic laugh than the canned laughter used on most filmed sitcoms of the time . Regular audience members were sometimes heard from episode to episode , and Arnaz 's distinctive laugh could be heard in the background during scenes in which he did not perform , as well as Ball 's mother , DeDe , whose distinctive `` Uh Oh '' could be heard in many of the episodes . In later years , CBS would devise a laugh track from several I Love Lucy audiences and use them for canned laughter on shows done without a live audience . I Love Lucy 's pioneering use of three cameras led to it becoming the standard technique for the production of most sitcoms filmed in front of an audience . Single - camera setups remained the technique of choice for sitcoms that did not use audiences . This led to an unexpected benefit for Desilu during the series 's second season when it was discovered that Lucy was pregnant . Not being able to fulfill the show 's 39 - episode commitment , both Desi and Jess Oppenheimer decided to rebroadcast popular episodes of the series 's first season to help give Lucy the necessary rest she needed after she gave birth , effectively allowing fewer episodes to be filmed that season . Unexpectedly the rebroadcasts proved to be ratings winners , effectively giving birth to the rerun , which would later lead to the profitable development of the rerun syndication market . It also became the first television program to introduce English and Spanish . The show 's original opening and commercial bumpers were animated caricatures of Lucy and Desi . They were designed and animated by MGM character designer and future `` Flintstones '' cartoonist , Gene Hazelton ( 1917 - 2005 ) and were produced secretly under a contract producer William Hanna had secured privately . The program sponsor , Phillip Morris cigarettes was incorporated into many of these sequences , so when I Love Lucy went into repeats , they were replaced by the now familiar heart logo . However Gene Hazelton 's original animation survives , and can be seen in the DVD boxed set as originally presented . Desilu Productions , jointly owned by Ball and Arnaz , would gradually expand to produce and lease studio space for many other shows . For seasons 1 and 2 ( 1951 -- 1953 ) , Desilu rented space and filmed I Love Lucy at General Service Studios , which eventually became known as Hollywood Center Studios . In 1953 , it leased the Motion Picture Center at 846 Cahuenga Blvd. in Hollywood , renaming it Desilu Studios , to shoot seasons 3 -- 6 ( 1953 -- 1957 ) of I Love Lucy . After 1956 , it became known as Desilu - Cahuenga Studios to avoid confusion with other acquired Desilu locations . In an effort to keep up with the studio 's growth , and need for additional sound stages , Desi and Lucy purchased RKO Radio Pictures from General Tire in 1957 for over $6 million , effectively owning the studio where they had started as contract players . Desilu acquired RKO 's two studio complexes located on Gower Street in Hollywood , and in Culver City ( now part of the Paramount lot and Culver Studios respectively ) , along with the Culver City back lot nicknamed `` Forty Acres '' . The sale was achieved by the duo selling their ownership of the once - thought - worthless I Love Lucy films back to CBS for over four million dollars . In 1962 , two years after their marriage dissolved , Lucy bought out Desi 's shares of Desilu , becoming the studio 's sole owner . She eventually sold off Desilu in 1967 to Gulf + Western , owners of Paramount Pictures . After the sale , Desilu - Cahuenga became a private production company and was known as Ren - Mar Studios till 2010 , when it was acquired by the Red Digital Cinema Camera Company and renamed Red Studios -- Hollywood . The Mertzes ( edit ) As with My Favorite Husband , Lucy writers decided that the Ricardos needed an older couple to play off of . While performing in Husband , veteran character actors Gale Gordon and Bea Benaderet had played Rudolph and Iris Atterbury , an older , more financially stable couple as Mr. Atterbury had been George Cooper 's boss . Ball had initially wanted both actors to reprise their roles on television ; however , both were unavailable at the time the show went into production as Benaderet was already playing Blanche Morton on The Burns and Allen Show , and Gordon was under contract by CBS to play Mr. Conklin on the radio and television versions of Our Miss Brooks . William Frawley in 1951 Casting the Mertzes , as they were now called ( the surname taken from a doctor that Lucy scriptwriter Madelyn Pugh knew as a child in Indianapolis ) , proved to be a challenge . Ball had initially wanted character actor James Gleason , with whom she appeared in Columbia Pictures film Miss Grant Takes Richmond ( 1949 ) , to play Fred Mertz . However , Gleason wanted nearly $3,500 per episode to play the role , a price that was far too high to sustain . Sixty - four - year - old William Frawley , a seasoned vaudevillian and movie character actor with nearly 100 film credits to his name , was a long shot to play Fred Mertz and only came into consideration after he telephoned Ball personally to ask if there was a role for him on her new show . Ball , who had only briefly known Frawley from her days at RKO , suggested him to both Arnaz and CBS . The network objected to the idea of casting Frawley , fearing that his excessive drinking -- which was well known in Hollywood -- would interfere with a commitment to a live show . Arnaz nonetheless liked Frawley and lobbied hard for him to have the role , even to the point of having Lucy scribes re-tailor the role of Fred Mertz to be a less financially successful and more curmudgeonly ( in contrast to Gale Gordon 's Mr. Atterbury ) character to fit Frawley 's persona . CBS relented only after Arnaz contractually bound Frawley to complete sobriety during the production of the show , and reportedly told the veteran actor that if he ever appeared on - set more than once in an intoxicated state he would be fired . Not once during Lucy 's nine seasons did Frawley 's drinking ever interfere with his performance , and over time Arnaz became one of Frawley 's few close friends . Vivian Vance in 1948 Casting the Ethel Mertz character was also some work . One choice was actress Barbara Pepper , who was a close friend of Ball 's . The two had a long history together , as Pepper had been of the Goldwyn Girls who came to Hollywood with Lucy in 1933 . Pepper was favored by Lucy herself ; however , CBS refused on the grounds that Pepper suffered from a drinking problem too , which was far more severe than Frawley 's . Nonetheless Pepper did appear in several bit parts during the run of the show . Vivian Vance became a consideration on the recommendation of Lucy director Marc Daniels . Daniels had worked with Vance in New York on Broadway in the early 1940s . Vance had already been a successful stage star performing on Broadway for nearly 20 years in a variety of plays , and in addition , after relocating to Hollywood in the late 1940s , had two film roles to her credit . Nonetheless , by 1951 , she was still a relatively unknown actress in Hollywood . Vance was performing in a revival of the play The Voice of the Turtle in La Jolla , California . Arnaz and Jess Oppenheimer went to see her in the play and hired her on the spot . Vance was reluctant about giving up her film and stage work for a television show , yet was convinced by Daniels that it would be a big break in her career . Ball , however , had many misgivings about hiring Vance , who was younger and far more attractive than the concept of Ethel as an older , somewhat homely woman . Ball was also a believer in the Hollywood adage at the time that there should be only one pretty woman on the set and Ball , being the star of the show , was it . Arnaz , however , was impressed by Vance 's work and hired her . The decision was then made to dress Vance in frumpier clothing to tone down her attractiveness . Ball and Vance 's relationship during the series ' early beginnings were lukewarm at best . Eventually realizing that Vance was no threat and was very professional , Ball began to warm to her . In 1954 , Vance would become the first actress to win an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress . Vance and Ball would develop a lifelong close friendship . Ball would go on to ask Vance to co-star in Ball 's new series The Lucy Show after the end of I Love Lucy . Vance and Frawley 's off - screen relationship was less successful . In spite of this , they were always professional and exhibited exceptional chemistry while performing on the show . In fact , their acrimonious personal relationship may have helped their onscreen marriage be that much funnier . Frawley derisively described Vance 's appearance as `` a sack of doorknobs . '' It was reported that Vance , who was 22 years younger than Frawley , was not really keen on the idea that her character Ethel was married to a man that was old enough to be her father . Vance also complained that Frawley 's song - and - dance skills were not what they once were . Frawley and Vance would have an adversarial relationship during the entire run of the show . Desi Arnaz , Lucille Ball , Vivian Vance , and William Frawley In 1957 , I Love Lucy was re-tailored into an hour - long show originally titled The Lucille Ball - Desi Arnaz Show that was to be part of an anthology series called the Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse . The hour - long Lucy - Desi show was to alternate on a monthly basis with other hour long Playhouse shows . The new series put a much heavier emphasis on big name guest stars as being part of the plot and although the Mertz characters continued into the new series , their roles became somewhat diminished . Although a lighter workload was welcomed by Frawley , Vance came to somewhat resent the change . Arnaz , in an effort to please Vance , for whom he had much respect , proposed doing a spin - off from I Love Lucy called The Mertzes . Seeing a lucrative opportunity and the chance to star in his own show , Frawley was enthused . Vance , however , declined for a number of reasons , the biggest factor being that she felt she and Frawley could barely work together on the ensemble show they were doing at the time , so it would be much less likely the two could work together on their own series . Vance also felt that the Mertz characters would not be as successful without the Ricardos to play - off each other , and despite being her biggest success , she was becoming interested in playing more glamorous roles rather than Ethel . In fact , during the thirteen - episode run of the Lucy - Desi hour - long shows , Vance was given a lot more latitude to look more attractive as Ethel Mertz , something she was denied during the run of the I Love Lucy episodes . Frawley 's resentment of Vance intensified after she declined to do the spin - off show and the two rarely talked to each other outside of their characters ' dialogue with one another . Pregnancy and Little Ricky ( edit ) Just before filming the show , Lucy and Desi learned that Lucy was once again pregnant ( after multiple miscarriages earlier in their marriage ) with their first child , Lucie Arnaz . They filmed the original pilot while Lucy was `` showing '' , but did not include any references to the pregnancy in the episode . This was because CBS thought that talk of pregnancy might be in bad taste and because an ad agency told Desi not to show a pregnant woman . Later , during the second season , Lucy was pregnant again with second child Desi Arnaz Jr. , and this time the pregnancy was incorporated into the series ' storyline . ( Contrary to popular belief , Lucy 's pregnancy was not television 's first on - screen pregnancy , a distinction belonging to Mary Kay on the late 1940s sitcom Mary Kay and Johnny . ) Superman episode CBS would not allow I Love Lucy to use the word `` pregnant '' , so `` expecting '' was used instead . In addition , sponsor Philip Morris made the request that Lucy not be seen smoking during the pregnancy episodes . The episode `` Lucy Is Enceinte '' first aired on December 8 , 1952 ( `` enceinte '' being French for `` expecting '' or `` pregnant '' ) . One week later , on December 15 , 1952 , the episode titled `` Pregnant Women Are Unpredictable '' was aired ( although the show never displayed episode titles on the air ) . The episode in which Lucy gives birth , `` Lucy Goes to the Hospital '' , first aired on January 19 , 1953 , which was the day before the inauguration of Dwight Eisenhower as President of the United States . To increase the publicity of this episode , the original air date was chosen to coincide with Lucille Ball 's real - life delivery of Desi Jr. by Caesarean section . `` Lucy Goes to the Hospital '' was watched by more people than any other television program up to that time , with 71.7 % of all American television sets tuned in , topping the 67.7 rating for the inauguration coverage the following morning . Unlike some programs that advance the age of a newborn over a short period of time , I Love Lucy at first allowed the Little Ricky character to grow up in real time . America saw Little Ricky as an infant in the 1952 -- 53 season and a toddler from 1953 to 1956 . However , for the 1956 - 57 season , Little Ricky suddenly aged by two years , becoming a young school - age boy from 1956 to 1960 . Five actors played the role , two sets of twins and later Keith Thibodeaux , whose stage name when playing Ricky Ricardo Jr. was Richard Keith . ( In the Superman episode , Little Ricky is mentioned as being five years old but it had been less than four years since the birth - of - Little - Ricky episode . ) Jess Oppenheimer stated in his memoir , Laughs , Luck ... and Lucy : How I Came to Create the Most Popular Sitcom of All Time , that the initial plan was to match the sex of the Ricardo baby with Lucille Ball 's real baby , inserting one of two alternate endings into the broadcast print at the very last minute . When logistical difficulties convinced Oppenheimer to abandon this plan , he advised Desi that as head writer , he would have Lucy Ricardo give birth to a boy . Desi agreed , telling Oppenheimer that Lucy had given him one girl , and might give him another -- this might be his only chance to get a son . When the baby was born , Desi immediately called Oppenheimer and told him , `` Lucy followed your script . Ai n't she something ? '' , to which Oppenheimer replied `` Terrific ! That makes me the greatest writer in the world ! '' Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of I Love Lucy episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating 35 October 15 , 1951 ( 1951 - 10 - 15 ) June 9 , 1952 ( 1952 - 06 - 09 ) 50.9 31 September 15 , 1952 ( 1952 - 09 - 15 ) June 29 , 1953 ( 1953 - 06 - 29 ) 67.3 31 October 5 , 1953 ( 1953 - 10 - 05 ) May 24 , 1954 ( 1954 - 05 - 24 ) 58.8 30 October 4 , 1954 ( 1954 - 10 - 04 ) May 30 , 1955 ( 1955 - 05 - 30 ) 49.3 5 26 October 3 , 1955 ( 1955 - 10 - 03 ) May 14 , 1956 ( 1956 - 05 - 14 ) 46.1 6 27 October 1 , 1956 ( 1956 - 10 - 01 ) May 6 , 1957 ( 1957 - 05 - 06 ) 43.7 Comedy Hour 1 5 November 6 , 1957 ( 1957 - 11 - 06 ) April 14 , 1958 ( 1958 - 04 - 14 ) N / A N / A Comedy Hour 2 5 October 6 , 1958 ( 1958 - 10 - 06 ) June 5 , 1959 ( 1959 - 06 - 05 ) N / A N / A Comedy Hour 3 September 25 , 1959 ( 1959 - 09 - 25 ) April 1 , 1960 ( 1960 - 04 - 01 ) N / A N / A Broadcast history ( edit ) I Love Lucy aired Mondays from 9 : 00 to 9 : 30 PM ET on CBS for its entire first run . Each year during its summer hiatus its timeslot was occupied by various summer replacement series . Beginning in April 1955 CBS added reruns from the show 's early years to its early evening weekend schedule . This would be the first of several occasions when I Love Lucy reruns would become part of CBS 's evening , prime time , and ( later on ) daytime schedules . In fall 1967 , CBS began offering the series in off - network syndication ; As of August 2017 , the reruns air on the Hallmark Channel and Me - TV networks , and scores of television stations in the U.S. and around the world , including Fox 's KTTV / KCOP in Los Angeles , one of the few stations / duopolies outside of the Me - TV affiliate group that air the show daily . In addition , CBS has run numerous specials , including a succession of annual specials which feature episodes which have been newly colorized . Nielsen ratings ( edit ) The episode `` Lucy Goes to the Hospital '' , which first aired on Monday , January 19 , 1953 , garnered a record 71.7 rating , meaning 71.7 % of all households with television sets at the time were tuned in to view the program . That record is surpassed only by Elvis Presley 's first of three appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show , which aired on September 9 , 1956 ( 82.6 % rating ) . The overall rating of 67.3 for the entire 1952 season of I Love Lucy continues to be the highest average rating for any single season of a TV show . Opening ( edit ) Shot of an original introduction to I Love Lucy , as sponsored by Philip Morris . There were as many as 13 different animations ; the animation this shot was taken from was the opening for the first 20 episodes of the first season . The opening familiar to most viewers , featuring the credits superimposed over a `` heart on satin '' image , was created specifically for the 1959 -- 67 CBS daytime network rebroadcasts , and subsequent syndication . As originally broadcast , the episodes opened with animated matchstick figures of Arnaz and Ball making reference to whoever the particular episode 's sponsor was . These sequences were created by the animation team of William Hanna and Joseph Barbera , who declined screen credit because they were technically under exclusive contract to MGM at the time . The original sponsor was cigarette maker Philip Morris , so the program opened with a cartoon of Lucy and Ricky climbing down a pack of Philip Morris cigarettes . In the early episodes , Lucy and Ricky , as well as Ethel and Fred on occasion , were shown smoking Philip Morris cigarettes . Lucy even went so far as to parody Johnny Roventini 's image as the Philip Morris `` bellhop '' in the May 5 , 1952 , episode , `` Lucy Does a TV Commercial '' . Since the original sponsor references were no longer appropriate when the shows went into syndication , a new opening was needed , which resulted in the classic `` heart on satin '' opening . Other sponsors , whose products appeared during the original openings , were Procter & Gamble for Cheer and Lilt Home Permanent ( 1954 -- 57 ) , General Foods for Sanka ( 1955 -- 57 ) , Ford Motor Company ( 1957 -- 58 ) , and Westinghouse company ( 1958 -- 60 ) . The original openings , with the sponsor names edited out , were revived on TV Land showings , with a TV Land logo superimposed to obscure the original sponsor 's logo . However , this has led some people to believe that the restored introduction was created specifically for TV Land as an example of kitsch . The animated openings , along with the middle commercial introductory animations , are included , fully restored , in the DVDs . However , the openings are listed as special features within the disks with the `` heart on satin '' image opening the actual episodes . Theme song ( edit ) The title music was written by Eliot Daniel as an instrumental . Lyrics were written by Harold Adamson , who was nominated five times for an Oscar . The lyrics to `` I Love Lucy '' were sung by Desi Arnaz in the episode `` Lucy 's Last Birthday '' : I love Lucy and she loves me . We 're as happy as two can be . Sometimes we quarrel but then How we love making up again . Lucy kisses like no one can . She 's my missus and I 'm her man , And life is heaven you see , ' Cause I love Lucy , Yes I love Lucy , and Lucy loves me ! `` I Love Lucy '' sung by Desi Arnaz with Paul Weston and the Norman Luboff Choir was released as the B - side of `` There 's A Brand New Baby ( At Our House ) '' by Columbia Records ( catalog number 39937 ) in 1953 . The song was covered by Michael Franks on the album Dragonfly Summer ( 1993 ) . In 1977 , the Wilton Place Street Band had a Top 40 hit with a disco version of the theme , `` Disco Lucy '' . In other media ( edit ) Radio ( edit ) There was some thought about creating an I Love Lucy radio show to run in conjunction with the television series as was being done at the time with the CBS hit show Our Miss Brooks . On February 27 , 1952 , a sample I Love Lucy radio show was produced , but it never aired . This was a pilot episode , created by editing the soundtrack of the television episode `` Breaking the Lease '' , with added Arnaz narration ( in character as Ricky Ricardo ) . It included commercials for Philip Morris , which sponsored the television series . While it never aired on radio at the time in the 1950s ( Philip Morris eventually sponsored a radio edition of My Little Margie instead ) , copies of this radio pilot episode have been circulating among `` old time radio '' collectors for years , and this radio pilot episode has aired in more recent decades on numerous local radio stations that air some `` old time radio '' programming . Merchandise ( edit ) Ball and Arnaz authorized various types of I Love Lucy merchandise . Beginning in November 1952 , I Love Lucy dolls , manufactured by the American Character Doll Company , were sold . Adult - size I Love Lucy pajamas and a bedroom set were also produced ; all of these items appeared on the show . I Love Lucy doll I Love Lucy bedroom set I Love Lucy pajamas Comic book and comic strip ( edit ) Dell Comics published 35 issues of an I Love Lucy comic book between 1954 and 1962 including two try - out Four Color issues ( # 535 and # 559 ) . King Features syndicated a comic strip ( credited to `` Bob Lawrence '' but actually written by Lawrence Nadel and drawn by Bob Oksner ) from 1952 to 1955 . Eternity Comics in the early 1990s issued comic books that reprinted the strip and Dell comic book series . After Lucy ( edit ) Hour - long format ( edit ) The first 1 - hour episode `` Lucy Takes a Cruise to Havana '' is an extended flashback of how Lucy met Ricky . L-R : Ann Sothern , Rudy Vallee , Lucille Ball , Desi Arnaz , Cesar Romero , Vivian Vance and William Frawley ( 1957 ) After the conclusion of the sixth season of I Love Lucy , the Arnazes decided to cut down on the number of episodes that were filmed . Instead , they extended I Love Lucy to 60 minutes , with a guest star each episode . They renamed the show The Lucille Ball - Desi Arnaz Show , also known as The Lucy - Desi Comedy Hour . Thirteen hour - long episodes aired from 1957 to 1960 . The main cast , Lucille Ball , Desi Arnaz , Vivian Vance , William Frawley and Little Ricky / Richard Keith ( birth name Keith Thibodeaux ) were all in the show . The Lucy - Desi Comedy Hour is available on DVD , released as I Love Lucy : The Final Seasons 7 , 8 , & 9 . On March 2 , Desi 's birthday , 1960 , the day after the last hour - long episode was filmed , Lucille Ball filed for divorce from Desi Arnaz . It made that playful , yet passionate kiss at the end of the final episode , which aired April 1 , `` Lucy Meets the Moustache '' , all the more poignant , as the world already knew that this storied Hollywood marriage was all but over , and also lent extra meaning to the use of the song `` That 's All '' ( performed by guest star Edie Adams ) in that episode . As already mentioned , Vance and Frawley were offered a chance to take their characters to their own spin - off series . Frawley was willing , but Vance refused to ever work with Frawley again since the two did not get along . Frawley did appear once more with Lucille Ball -- in an episode of The Lucy Show in 1965 , which did not include Vance ( who by then had ceased to be a regular on that show ) . However , this was his last screen appearance with his longtime friend . He died in Hollywood on March 3 , 1966 , of a heart attack at age 79 . In 1962 , Ball began a six - year run with The Lucy Show , followed immediately in 1968 by six more years on a third sitcom , Here 's Lucy , finally ending her regular appearances on CBS in 1974 . Both The Lucy Show and Here 's Lucy included Vance as recurring characters named Viv ( Vivian Bagley Bunson on The Lucy Show and Vivian Jones on Here 's Lucy ) , so named because she was tired of being recognized on the street and addressed as Ethel . Vance was a regular during the first three seasons of The Lucy Show but continued to make guest appearances through the years on The Lucy Show , and on Here 's Lucy . In 1977 , Vance and Ball were reunited one last time in the CBS special , Lucy Calls the President , which co-starred Gale Gordon . In 1986 , Ball tried another sitcom , Life with Lucy . The series debuted on ABC to very high ratings , landing in Nielsen 's top 20 for that week . Its ratings quickly declined , however , and resulted in a cancellation after eight episodes . In 1989 , the never - seen pilot episode was discovered and revealed in a CBS television special , hosted by Lucie Arnaz , becoming the highest rated program of the season . Legacy ( edit ) I Love Lucy continues to be held in high esteem by television critics , and remains perennially popular . For instance , it was one of the first American programs seen on British television -- which became more open to commerce with the September 1955 launch of ITV , a commercial network that aired the series ; in 1982 , the launch of a second terrestrial TV station devoted to advertising funded broadcasting ( Channel 4 ) saw the show introduced to a new generation of fans in the UK , with the Channel 4 network repeating the program several times between 1983 and 1994 . As of January 2015 , meanwhile , it remains the longest - running program to air continuously in the Los Angeles area , almost 60 years after production ended . However , the series is currently aired on KTTV on weekends and now KCOP on weekdays because both stations are a duopoly , of which KTTV had given up the CBS affiliation several months before I Love Lucy premiered . In the US , reruns have aired nationally on TBS ( 1980s -- 1990s ) , Nick at Nite ( 1994 -- 2001 ) and TV Land ( 2001 -- 2008 ) in addition to local channels . TV Land ended its run of the series by giving viewers the opportunity to vote on the show 's top 25 greatest episodes on December 31 , 2008 through the network 's website . This is particularly notable because , unlike some shows to which a cable channel is given exclusive rights to maximize ratings , Lucy has been consistently -- and successfully -- broadcast on multiple channels simultaneously . Hallmark Channel is now the home for I Love Lucy in the United States , with the show having moved to the network on January 2 , 2009 , while the national version of Weigel Broadcasting 's MeTV digital subchannel network has carried the program since its debut in December 15 , 2010 , depending on the market ( in markets where another station holds the rights , The Lucy Show is substituted ) . The show is seen on Fox Classics in Australia . The Lucille Ball - Desi Arnaz Center in Jamestown , New York is a museum memorializing Lucy and I Love Lucy , including replicas of the NYC apartment set ( located in the Desilu Playhouse facility in the Rapaport Center ) . On May 4 , 2003 , CBS aired a television movie titled Lucy that portrayed the life of Lucille Ball , and during the I Love Lucy days , showed clips of I Love Lucy episodes . Numerous clips were remade , most notably `` Lucy Does a TV Commercial '' , `` Lucy Is Enceinte '' , and `` Job Switching '' . Near the end of the movie , there are a selection of TV Guide covers in the hallway showing I Love Lucy franchises on their cover . Also , there was a close up of a New York Post article that tells the birth of Little Ricky . In 2012 , Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club wrote retrospectively : I Love Lucy ( ... ) is one of the two foundational texts of American TV comedy , along with The Honeymooners . The series is legitimately the most influential in TV history , pioneering so many innovations and normalizing so many others that it would be easy to write an appreciation of simply , say , the show 's accidental invention of the TV rerun . Primetime Emmy Awards and nominations ( edit ) 1952 Best Comedy Show -- Nominated ( Winner : The Red Skelton Hour ) 1953 Best Situation Comedy -- Won Best Comedienne : Lucille Ball -- Won 1954 Best Female Star of a Regular Series : Lucille Ball -- Nominated ( Winner : Eve Arden for Our Miss Brooks ) Best Series Supporting Actor : William Frawley -- Nominated ( Winner : Art Carney for The Jackie Gleason Show ) Best Series Supporting Actress : Vivian Vance -- Won Best Situation Comedy -- Won 1955 Best Actress Starring in a Regular Series : Lucille Ball -- Nominated ( Winner : Loretta Young for The Loretta Young Show ) Best Situation Comedy Series -- Nominated ( Winner : The Danny Thomas Show ) Best Supporting Actor in a Regular Series : William Frawley -- Nominated ( Winner : Art Carney for The Jackie Gleason Show ) Best Supporting Actress in a Regular Series : Vivian Vance -- Nominated ( Winner : Audrey Meadows for The Jackie Gleason Show ) Best Written Comedy Material : Jess Oppenheimer , Bob Carroll Jr. and Madelyn Davis -- Nominated ( Winners : James B. Allardice , Jack Douglas , Hal Kanter and Harry Winkler for The George Gobel Show ) 1956 Best Actor in a Supporting Role : William Frawley -- Nominated ( Winner : Art Carney for The Honeymooners ) Best Actress -- Continuing Performance : Lucille Ball -- Won Best Comedy Writing : Jess Oppenheimer , Madelyn Davis , Bob Carroll Jr. , Bob Schiller and Bob Weiskopf for `` L.A. at Last '' -- Nominated ( Winners : Nat Hiken , Barry E. Blitzer , Arnold M. Auerbach , Harvey Orkin , Vin Bogert , Arnie Rosen , Coleman Jacoby , Tony Webster and Terry Ryan for The Phil Silvers Show : `` You 'll Never Get Rich '' ) 1957 Best Continuing Performance by a Comedienne in a Series : Lucille Ball -- Nominated ( Winner : Nanette Fabray for Caesar 's Hour ) Best Supporting Performance by an Actor : William Frawley -- Nominated ( Winner : Carl Reiner for Caesar 's Hour ) Best Supporting Performance by an Actress : Vivian Vance -- Nominated ( Winner : Pat Carroll for Caesar 's Hour ) 1958 Best Continuing Performance ( Female ) in a Series by a Comedienne , Singer , Hostess , Dancer , M.C. , Announcer , Narrator , Panelist , or any Person who Essentially Plays Herself : Lucille Ball -- Nominated ( Winner : Dinah Shore for The Dinah Shore Show ) Best Continuing Supporting Performance by an Actor in a Dramatic or Comedy Series : William Frawley -- Nominated ( Winner : Carl Reiner for Caesar 's Hour ) Best Continuing Supporting Performance by an Actress in a Dramatic or Comedy Series : Vivian Vance -- Nominated ( Winner : Ann B. Davis for The Bob Cummings Show ) Honors ( edit ) In 1990 , I Love Lucy became the first television show to be inducted into the Television Hall of Fame . In 1997 , the episodes `` Lucy Does a TV Commercial '' and `` Lucy 's Italian Movie '' were respectively ranked No. 2 and No. 18 on TV Guide 's list of the 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time . In 1999 , Entertainment Weekly ranked the birth of Little Ricky as the fifth greatest moment in television history . In 2002 , TV Guide ranked I Love Lucy No. 2 on its list of the 50 greatest shows , behind Seinfeld and ahead of The Honeymooners ( According to TV Guide columnist Matt Roush , there was a `` passionate '' internal debate about whether I Love Lucy should have been first instead of Seinfeld . He stated that this was the main source of controversy in putting together the list . ) In 2007 , Time magazine placed the show on its unranked list of the 100 best television shows . In 2012 , I Love Lucy was ranked the Best TV Comedy and the Best TV Show in Best in TV : The Greatest TV Shows of Our Time . In 2013 , TV Guide ranked I Love Lucy as the third greatest show of all time . In color ( edit ) `` Lucy Goes to Scotland '' ( 1956 ) , the first episode to be digitally colorized Several classic episodes of I Love Lucy have been colorized . Star and producer Desi Arnaz had expressed interest in airing the show in color as early as 1955 , but the cost of such a presentation was prohibitive at the time . The first episode to be colorized was the Christmas special . This special episode had been feared `` lost '' for many years , as it was not included in the regular syndication package with the rest of the series . A copy was discovered in 1989 in the CBS vaults , and was aired by CBS during December of that year in its original black - and - white format . In 1990 , this episode was again aired in the days prior to Christmas , but this time the framing sequence was in color , while the clips from earlier episodes remained in black and white . The special performed surprisingly well in the ratings during both years , and aired on CBS each December through 1994 . In 2007 , as the `` Complete Series '' DVD set was being prepared for release , DVD producer Gregg Oppenheimer decided to have the episode `` Lucy Goes to Scotland '' digitally colorized , making it the first I Love Lucy episode to be fully colorized . Four years later , Time Life released the `` Lucy 's Italian Movie '' episode for the first time in full color as part of their `` Essential ' I Love Lucy ' '' collection . To date , the colorized `` Lucy in Scotland '' episode has never aired on television , but that episode , along with the Christmas special and `` Lucy 's Italian Movie , '' have been packaged together on the 2013 `` I Love Lucy Colorized Christmas '' DVD . In 2014 , Target Corporation stores sold an exclusive version of this DVD that also included `` Job Switching '' . Annual colorized specials ( edit ) On December 20 , 2013 , CBS revived an annual holiday tradition when it re-aired the Christmas special for the first time in nearly two decades . The Christmas special 's framing sequence was re-colorized at this time . The network paired this special with the color version of `` Lucy 's Italian Movie '' episode . This special attracted 8.7 million people . Nearly a year later , on December 7 , 2014 , the Christmas special was again aired on CBS , but this time paired with the popular episode `` Job Switching , '' which was newly colorized for that broadcast . That episode appeared on the `` I Love Lucy : The Ultimate Season 2 '' Blu - ray edition on August 4 , 2015 . CBS aired the Christmas special again on December 23 , 2015 , with the flashback scenes being colorized for the first time , and with a colorized `` Lucy Does a TV Commercial '' replacing `` Job Switching . '' It is currently unknown if these will also be added to a new DVD . CBS next aired the Christmas special on December 2 , 2016 . This time the Christmas episode was paired with the newly colorized `` Lucy Gets in Pictures . '' . On December 22 , 2017 the Christmas episode was aired again , followed by a newly - colorized episode , `` The Fashion Show . '' On May 17 , 2015 CBS began a new springtime tradition when it aired two newly colorized episodes in an `` I Love Lucy Superstar Special . '' The special consisted of `` L.A. at Last '' and `` Lucy and Superman '' and attracted 6.4 million viewers . A DVD of this special was released on October 4 , 2016 . A second `` Superstar Special '' containing the newly colorized two - part episode `` Lucy Visits Grauman 's '' and `` Lucy and John Wayne , '' aired May 20 , 2016 . and was released on DVD on January 17 , 2017 . A third `` Superstar Special '' aired on May 19 , 2017 . It featured two more newly colorized Hollywood - based episodes : `` The Dancing Star '' featuring Van Johnson , and `` Harpo Marx . '' DVD and Blu - ray releases ( edit ) Beginning in the summer of 2001 , Columbia House Television began releasing I Love Lucy on DVD in chronological order . They began that summer with the pilot and the first three episodes on a single DVD . Every six weeks , another volume of four episodes would be released on DVD in chronological order . During the summer of 2002 , each DVD would contain between five and seven episodes on a single DVD . They continued to release the series very slowly and would not even begin to release any season 2 episodes until the middle of 2002 . By the spring of 2003 , the third season on DVD began to be released with about six episodes released every six weeks to mail order subscribers . All these DVDs have the identical features as the DVDs eventually released in the season box sets in retail . By the fall of 2003 , season four episodes began to be offered by mail . By the spring of 2004 season five DVDs with about six episodes each began to be released gradually . Columbia House ended the distribution of these mail order DVDs in the Winter of 2005 . They began releasing complete season sets in the Summer of 2004 every few months . They stated that Columbia House Subscribers would get these episodes through mail before releasing any box sets with the same episodes . They finally ended gradual subscriptions in 2005 , several months before season 5 became available in retail . Columbia House then began to make season box sets available instead of these single volumes . CBS DVD ( distributed by Paramount ) has released all six seasons of I Love Lucy on DVD in Region 1 , as well as all 13 episodes of The Lucy and Desi Comedy Hour ( as I Love Lucy : The Final Seasons -- 7 , 8 , & 9 ) . Bonus features include rare on - set color footage and the `` Desilu / Westinghouse '' promotional film , as well as deleted scenes , original openings and interstitials ( before they were altered or replaced for syndication ) and on - air flubs . These DVDs offered identical features and identical content to the mail order single sets formerly available until 2005 . In December 2013 , the first high - definition release of I Love Lucy was announced , with the Blu - ray edition of the first season , scheduled for May 5 , 2014 . The Second Season Ultimate Blu - ray was released on August 4 , 2015 . Release Ep # DVD release date Blu - ray release date The Complete 1st Season 35 September 23 , 2003 ( re-released June 7 , 2005 ) ( re-released October 9 , 2012 ) May 6 , 2014 The Complete 2nd Season 31 August 31 , 2004 ( re-released October 9 , 2012 ) August 4 , 2015 The Complete 3rd Season 31 February 1 , 2005 ( re-released October 9 , 2012 ) The Complete 4th Season 30 May 3 , 2005 ( re-released October 9 , 2012 ) The Complete 5th Season 26 August 16 , 2005 ( re-released November 6 , 2012 ) The Complete 6th Season 27 May 2 , 2006 ( re-released November 6 , 2012 ) The Final Seasons 7 , 8 & 9 13 March 13 , 2007 ( re-released November 6 , 2012 ) The Complete Series 193 October 23 , 2007 ( re-released November 3 , 2015 ) Other releases ( edit ) I Love Lucy 's Zany Road Trip : California Here We Come ! , a compilation of 27 episodes , released by CBS / FOX Video on VHS in 1992 `` I Love Lucy -- Season 1 '' ( 9 separate discs labeled `` Volumes '' , first volume released July 2 , 2002 , final volume released September 23 , 2003 ) `` I Love Lucy -- Season 1 '' ( 9 Volumes in box set , released September 23 , 2003 ) `` I Love Lucy -- 50th Anniversary Special '' ( 1 disc , released October 1 , 2002 ) `` I Love Lucy : The Movie and Other Great Rarities '' ( 1 disc , released April 27 , 2010 ) ( Also included as a bonus disc in the complete series set . ) `` The Best of I Love Lucy '' ( 2 discs : 14 episodes , released in June 2011 in conjunction with the 60th anniversary of the series and Lucille Ball 's 100th birthday ; sold exclusively through Target . ) The DVD releases feature the syndicated heart opening , and offer the original broadcast openings as bonus features . Season 6 allows viewers to choose whether to watch the episodes with the original opening or the syndicated opening . The TV Land openings are not on these DVDs . Initially , the first season was offered in volumes , with four episodes per disc . After the success of releasing seasons 2 , 3 , and 4 in slimpacks , the first season was re-released as a seven disc set , requiring new discs to be mastered and printed to include more episodes per disc so there would be fewer discs in the set . For the complete series box set , the first season would be redone again , this time to six DVDs , retaining all bonus features . The individual volume discs for the first season are still in print , but are rare for lack of shelf space and because the slimpacks are more popular . In 2012 , all season sets were reissued in slipcovered clear standard - sized amaray DVD cases , with season 1 being the 6 - disc version as opposed to the 7 - disc version . Episodes feature English closed - captioning , but only Spanish subtitles . In Australia and the UK , the first three seasons were finally released in Region 2 & Region 4 on August 3 , 2010 by CBS , distributed by Paramount . Season 1 includes the pilot and all 35 Season 1 episodes in a 7 - disc set . Season 2 includes all 31 Season 2 episodes in a 5 - disc set . Season 3 includes all 31 Season 3 episodes in a 5 - disc set . Season 2 and 3 are in a slimline pack . All three seasons have been restored and digitally remastered . All episodes appear in order of their original air dates , although it states that some episodes may be edited from their original network versions . It is unknown if the remaining seasons will be released individually . A complete series box set titled I Love Lucy : Complete Collection was scheduled for release on 6 April 2016 and in the UK on 30 May 2016 . This collection contains 34 DVDs with all six seasons of I Love Lucy and all 13 episodes of The Lucy - Desi Comedy Hour . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` I Love Lucy '' . CBS.com . http://www.cbs.com/shows/i_love_lucy/ Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes . `` CBS Dusts Off and Colorizes ' I Love Lucy ' ... '' . Deadline. 16 April 2015 . http://deadline.com/2015/04/i-love-lucy-may-sweep-cbs-superman-hollywood-1201411125/ Jump up ^ List of I Love Lucy episodes # Season 6 . 281956. E2. 80.9357. 29 Jump up ^ `` I Love Lucy Goes Live ! -- Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com . September 14 , 2011 . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kozinn , Allan ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` Viewers Found Much to Love in ' Lucy ' Christmas Show '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I Love Lucy Voted the Best TV Show of All Time '' . ABC News . Disney - ABC Television Group . September 18 , 2012 . 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William Morrow & Company , ISBN 978 - 0 - 688 - 11217 - 2 Jump up ^ McClay , Michael ( 2001 ) . The complete picture history of the most popular TV show ever `` I Love Lucy '' . Barnes & Noble , Inc. p. 68 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( February 9 , 2004 ) . `` 10 turning points for television '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lucille Ball : Who Does n't Love Lucy ? ( Radio - TV ) '' . 41 ( 3 ) . Newsweek magazine . January 19 , 1953 : 56 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , Jess ; Oppenheimer , Gregg ( 1999 ) . Laughs , Luck ... and Lucy : How I Came to Create the Most Popular Sitcom of All Time . Syracuse University Press . pp. 210 -- 211 . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 0406 - 8 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Primetime Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . p. 1679 - 1681 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . 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Jump up ^ `` I Love Lucy '' theme song with less - well known Lyrics on YouTube Jump up ^ `` There 's A Brand New Baby ( At Our House ) / I Love Lucy 78 RPM '' . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ I Love Lucy on the Internet Archive Jump up ^ `` Advertising & Merchandising News , '' New York Times ( November 15 , 1952 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ I Love Lucy Slots ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Lucy 's Grape Stomping Video Slots ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ `` I Love Lucy '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steven Thompson . `` BOOKSTEVE 'S LIBRARY : I Love Lucy Comics '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bob Oksner , R.I.P. Archived June 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lucy Calls the President on IMDb Jump up ^ Fryling , Kevin ( May 27 , 2007 ) . `` UB faculty member loves Lucy '' . UB Reporter . buffalo.edu . Retrieved February 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( April 9 , 2012 ) . `` Why does I Love Lucy endure after all these years ? '' . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Television Hall of Fame Honorees : Complete List '' . Jump up ^ `` Special Collector 's Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( June 28 -- July 4 ) . 1997 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Connolly , Kelly ( February 19 , 1999 ) . `` The Top 100 Moments in Television '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Names Top 50 Shows '' . CBS News . April 26 , 2002 . Retrieved October 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ask Matt '' . TV Guide . April 22 , 2005 . Retrieved January 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( September 6 , 2007 ) . `` The 100 Best TV Shows of All - TIME '' . Time . Time.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ABC News . `` ' I Love Lucy ' Voted the Best TV Show of All Time '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ABC News . `` ' I Love Lucy ' Voted the Best TV Show of All Time '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ; Roush , Matt . `` The Greatest Shows on Earth '' . TV Guide Magazine . 61 ( 3194 - 3195 ) : 16 -- 19 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Shales , Tom ( December 18 , 1989 ) . `` Lucy , Lost and Found '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBS DVD Announces a Release of ' The I Love Lucy Christmas Special '' . August 5 , 2013 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Press Release : The I Love Lucy Christmas Special : Colorized For Kids Of All Ages '' . December 1 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Sets Record Straight on its ' I Love Lucy ' Christmas Special '' . October 22 , 2013 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fans Not Quite in Love with Colorized ' I Love Lucy ' Christmas Special '' . October 23 , 2013 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( December 21 , 2013 ) . `` America Still Loves ' Lucy ' As 8.7 Million Watch Colorized CBS Special '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` The ' I Love Lucy ' Christmas Special Featuring Two Classic Episodes to Air Sunday , December 7 on CBS '' . November 11 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Matt ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday 's TV highlights : ' I Love Lucy Christmas Special ' and more '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings : I Love Lucy Easily Draws Biggest Audience on Quiet Wednesday '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ Cooper , Matt ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Friday 's TV Highlights : A new ' I Love Lucy Christmas Special ' on CBS '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chow , Andrew ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` What 's on TV Friday : ' I Love Lucy ' and ' Split ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baron , Steve ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` New ' I Love Lucy Superstar Special ' With 2 Colorized Classic Episodes to Air Sunday , May 17 on CBS '' . Jump up ^ Baron , Steve ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' Billboard Music Awards ' Adjusted Up '' . Jump up ^ `` I Love Lucy DVD news : Announcement for Superstar Special # 1 - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . www.tvshowsondvd.com . Jump up ^ Cooper , Matt ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` Friday 's TV Highlights : ' New I Love Lucy Superstar Special '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I Love Lucy DVD news : Announcement for Superstar Special # 2 - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . www.tvshowsondvd.com . Jump up ^ Cooper , Matt ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Friday 's TV highlights : ' The New I Love Lucy Superstar Special ' on CBS '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I Love Lucy Goes HD '' . Below the Line . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Love Lucy : Ultimate Season 1 Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Love Lucy DVD news : Date Change for I Love Lucy - The Ultimate Season 2 - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Jump up ^ ISBN 978 - 1415711552 OCLC 84674312 , 59170060 Jump up ^ ISBN 978 - 1415729564 OCLC 226035428 Jump up ^ ISBN 0793934249 ISBN 978 - 0793934249 ISBN 0793934257 ISBN 978 - 0793934256 OCLC 222813918 Jump up ^ David Lambert ( February 2 , 2010 ) . `` I Love Lucy -- Pricing and Early Cover Art for The Movie and Other Great Rarities '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Best of ' ' I Love Lucy ' ' ( Target Exclusive ) : DVD Talk Review of the DVD Video '' . Dvdtalk.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Garner , Joe ( 2002 ) . Stay Tuned : Television 's Unforgettable Moments ( Andrews McMeel Publishing ) ISBN 0 - 7407 - 2693 - 5 Andrews , Bart ( 1976 ) . The ' I Love Lucy ' Book ( Doubleday & Company , Inc . ) Sanders , Coyne Steven ; Gilbert , Tom ( 1993 ) . Desilu : The Story of Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz ( William Morrow & Company , Inc . ) McClay , Michael ( 1995 ) . I Love Lucy : The Complete Picture History of the Most Popular TV Show Ever ( Kensington Publishing Corp . ) Oppenheimer , Jess ; with Oppenheimer , Gregg ( 1996 ) . Laughs , Luck ... and Lucy : How I Came to Create the Most Popular Sitcom of All Time ( Syracuse Univ . Press ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 0584 - 3 Pérez Firmat , Gustavo . `` I Love Ricky , '' in Life on the Hyphen : The Cuban - American Way . Austin : The University of Texas Press , 1994 . Rpt. 1996 , 1999 . Revised and expanded edition , 2012 . Pérez Firmat , Gustavo . `` Cuba in Apt. 3 - B , '' in The Havana Habit . New Haven and London : Yale University Press , 2010 . Karol , Michael ; ( 2008 ) . Lucy A to Z : The Lucille Ball Encyclopedia ( iUniverse ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 5952 - 9761 - 0 Edelman ; Rob ; Kupferberg , Audrey ( 1999 ) . Meet the Mertzes ( Renaissance Books ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : I Love Lucy Wikimedia Commons has media related to I Love Lucy . Television in the United States portal Comedy portal 1950s portal I Love Lucy on IMDb I Love Lucy at AllMovie I Love Lucy - related interview videos at the Archive of American Television I Love Lucy Characters Lucy and Ricky Ricardo Ricky Ricardo , Jr . 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"I Love Lucy is an American television sitcom starring Lucille Ball, Desi Arnaz, Vivian Vance, and William Frawley. The black-and-white series originally ran from October 15, 1951 to May 6, 1957 on CBS. After the series ended in 1957, a modified version continued for three more seasons with 13 one-hour specials; it ran from 1957 to 1960. It was first known as The Lucille Ball-Desi Arnaz Show and later in reruns as The Lucy–Desi Comedy Hour."
] | [
"October 15, 1951"
] |
522566655443680957 | Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid | Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid - wikipedia Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid Jump to : navigation , search Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid Theatrical release poster by Tom Beauvais Directed by George Roy Hill Produced by John Foreman Written by William Goldman Starring Paul Newman Robert Redford Katharine Ross Strother Martin Jeff Corey Henry Jones Music by Burt Bacharach Cinematography Conrad Hall Edited by John C. Howard Richard C. Meyer Production company Campanile Productions Newman - Foreman Company Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date October 24 , 1969 ( 1969 - 10 - 24 ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6 million Box office $102.3 million ( North America ) Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid is a 1969 American Western film directed by George Roy Hill and written by William Goldman ( who won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for the film ) . Based loosely on fact , the film tells the story of Wild West outlaws Robert LeRoy Parker , known as Butch Cassidy ( Paul Newman ) , and his partner Harry Longabaugh , the `` Sundance Kid '' ( Robert Redford ) , who are on the run from a crack US posse after a string of train robberies . The pair and Sundance 's lover , Etta Place ( Katharine Ross ) , flee to Bolivia in search of a more successful criminal career , where they meet their end . In 2003 , the film was selected for the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' The American Film Institute ranked Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid as the 49th - greatest American film on its 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) list . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Screenplay 3.2 Development 4 Reception 4.1 Premieres 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Box office 4.4 Awards and nominations 5 Legacy 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In late 1890s Wyoming , Butch Cassidy is the affable , clever , talkative leader of the outlaw Hole in the Wall Gang . His closest companion is the laconic dead - shot `` Sundance Kid '' . The two return to their hideout at Hole - in - the - Wall ( Wyoming ) to discover that the rest of the gang , irked at Butch 's long absences , have selected Harvey Logan as their new leader . Harvey challenges Butch to a knife fight over the gang 's leadership . Butch defeats him using trickery , but embraces Harvey 's idea to rob the Union Pacific Overland Flyer train on both its eastward and westward runs , agreeing that the second robbery would be unexpected and likely reap even more money than the first . The first robbery goes well . To celebrate , Butch and Sundance visit a favorite brothel in a nearby town and watch , amused , as the town sheriff unsuccessfully attempts to organize a posse to track down the gang . They then visit Sundance 's lover , schoolteacher Etta Place . On the second train robbery , Butch uses too much dynamite to blow open the safe , blowing up the baggage car . As the gang scrambles to gather up the money , a second train arrives carrying a six - man team of lawmen pursuing Butch and Sundance , who unsuccessfully try to hide out in the brothel and to seek amnesty from the friendly Sheriff Bledsoe by enlisting in the army . As the posse remains in pursuit , despite all attempts to elude them , Butch and Sundance determine that the group includes renowned Indian tracker `` Lord Baltimore '' and relentless lawman Joe Lefors , recognizable by his white skimmer . Butch and Sundance finally elude their pursuers by jumping from a cliff into a river far below . They learn from Etta that the posse has been paid by Union Pacific head E.H. Harriman to remain on their trail until Butch and Sundance are both killed . Butch convinces Sundance and Etta that the three should escape to Bolivia , which Butch envisions as a robber 's paradise . On their arrival there , Sundance is dismayed by the living conditions and regards the country with contempt , but Butch remains optimistic . They discover that they know too little Spanish to pull off a bank robbery , so Etta attempts to teach them the language . With her as an accomplice , they become successful bank robbers known as Los Bandidos Yanquis . However , their confidence drops when they see a man wearing a white hat ( the signature of determined lawman Lefors ) and fear that Harriman 's posse is still after them . Butch suggests `` going straight '' , and he and Sundance land their first honest job as payroll guards for a mining company . However , they are ambushed by local bandits on their first run and their boss , Percy Garris , is killed . Butch and Sundance ambush and kill the bandits , the first time Butch has ever shot someone . Etta recommends farming or ranching as other lines of work , but they conclude the straight life is n't for them . Sensing they will be killed if they return to robbery , Etta decides to go back to the United States . Butch and Sundance steal a payroll and the mules carrying it , and arrive in a small town . A boy recognizes the mules ' brand and alerts the local police , leading to a gunfight with the outlaws . They take cover in a building but are both seriously wounded , after Butch makes a futile attempt to run to the mules in order to bring more ammunition , while Sundance provides cover fire . As dozens of Bolivian soldiers surround the area , Butch suggests the duo 's next destination should be Australia . The film ends with a freeze frame shot on the pair charging out of the building , guns blazing , before the Bolivian forces open fire . Cast ( edit ) Paul Newman as Butch Cassidy Robert Redford as the Sundance Kid Katharine Ross as Etta Place Strother Martin as Percy Garris Henry Jones as Bike Salesman Jeff Corey as Sheriff Bledsoe George Furth as Woodcock Cloris Leachman as Agnes Ted Cassidy as Harvey Logan Kenneth Mars as Marshal Donnelly Rhodes as Macon Timothy Scott as `` News '' Carver Charles Dierkop as Flat Nose Curry Production ( edit ) Screenplay ( edit ) William Goldman first came across the story of Butch Cassidy in the late 1950s and researched it on and off for eight years before sitting down to write the screenplay . Goldman says he wrote the story as an original screenplay because he did not want to do the research to make it authentic as a novel . Goldman later stated : The whole reason I wrote the ... thing , there is that famous line that Scott Fitzgerald wrote , who was one of my heroes , `` There are no second acts in American lives . '' When I read about Cassidy and Longbaugh and the superposse coming after them -- that 's phenomenal material . They ran to South America and lived there for eight years and that was what thrilled me : they had a second act . They were more legendary in South America than they had been in the old West ... It 's a great story . Those two guys and that pretty girl going down to South America and all that stuff . It just seems to me it 's a wonderful piece of material . The characters ' flight to South America caused one executive to reject the script , as it was then unusual in Western films for the protagonists to flee . Development ( edit ) According to Goldman , when he first wrote the script and sent it out for consideration , only one studio wanted to buy it -- and that was with the proviso that the two lead characters did not flee to South America . When Goldman protested that that was what had happened , the studio head responded , `` I do n't give a shit . All I know is John Wayne do n't run away . '' Goldman rewrote the script , `` did n't change it more than a few pages , and subsequently found that every studio wanted it . '' The role of Sundance was offered to Jack Lemmon , whose production company , JML , had produced the film Cool Hand Luke ( 1967 ) starring Newman . Lemmon , however , turned down the role ; he did not like riding horses , and he felt he had already played too many aspects of the Sundance Kid 's character before . Other actors considered for the role of Sundance were Steve McQueen and Warren Beatty , who both turned it down , with Beatty claiming that the film was too similar to Bonnie and Clyde . According to Goldman , McQueen and Newman both read the scripts at the same time and agreed to do the film . McQueen eventually backed out of the film due to disagreements with Newman . The two actors would eventually team up in the 1974 disaster film The Towering Inferno . Reception ( edit ) Premieres ( edit ) The world premiere of the movie was in September 1969 , at the Roger Sherman Theater , in New Haven , Connecticut . The premiere was attended by Paul Newman , his wife Joanne Woodward , Robert Redford , George Roy Hill , William Goldman , and John Foreman , among others . It premiered in Los Angeles , the next day , and in New York City on October 1 . Critical response ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2016 ) Early reviews of the film were mediocre , and New York and national reviews were `` mixed to terrible '' though better elsewhere , screenwriter William Goldman recalled in his book Which Lie Did I Tell ? : More Adventures in the Screen Trade . Time magazine said the film 's two male stars are `` afflicted with cinematic schizophrenia . One moment they are sinewy , battered remnants of a discarded tradition . The next they are low comedians whose chaffing relationship -- and dialogue -- could have been lifted from a Batman and Robin episode . '' Time also criticized the film 's score as absurd and anachronistic . Roger Ebert 's review of the movie was a mixed 2.5 out of 4 stars . `` The movie starts promisingly ... a scene where Butch puts down a rebellion in his gang ( is ) one of the best things in the movie ... And then we meet Sundance 's girlfriend , played by Katharine Ross , and the scenes with the three of them have you thinking you 've wandered into a really first - rate film . '' But after Harriman hires his posse , Ebert thought the movie 's quality declined : `` Hill apparently spent a lot of money to take his company on location for these scenes , and I guess when he got back to Hollywood he could n't bear to edit them out of the final version . So the Super-posse chases our heroes unceasingly , until we 've long since forgotten how well the movie started . '' The dialogue in the final scenes is `` so bad we ca n't believe a word anyone says . And then the violent , bloody ending is also a mistake ; apparently it was a misguided attempt to copy `` Bonnie and Clyde ... '' we do n't believe it , and we walk out of the theater wondering what happened to that great movie we were seeing until an hour ago . '' The Writers Guild of America ranked the screenplay # 11 on its list of 101 Greatest Screenplays ever written . Over time , major American movie reviewers have been widely favorable . Rotten Tomatoes , a film review aggregator , give 89 % `` Certified fresh '' favorable score based on 46 reviews with an average score of 8.2 / 10 , the site 's critical consensus reads : `` With its iconic pairing of Paul Newman and Robert Redford , jaunty screenplay and Burt Bacharach score , Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid has gone down as among the defining moments in late - ' 60s American cinema . '' Newman and Redford 's chemistry was praised as was the film 's charm and humor . Box Office ( edit ) The film earned $15 million in rentals in North America during its first year of release . With US box office of over US $100 million , it was the top grossing film of the year . Adjusted for inflation , Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ranks as the 34th top - grossing film of all time and the top 10 for its decade , due in part to subsequent re-releases . It was the eighth most popular film of 1970 in France . Awards and Nominations ( edit ) The film won four Academy Awards : Best Cinematography ; Best Original Score for a Motion Picture ( not a Musical ) ; Best Music , Song ( Burt Bacharach and Hal David for `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' ) ; and Best Writing , Story and Screenplay Based on Material Not Previously Published or Produced . It was also nominated for Best Director , Best Picture , and Best Sound ( William Edmondson and David Dockendorf ) . Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid also won numerous British Academy Film Awards , including Best Film , Best Direction , Best Screenplay , Best Cinematography , Best Actor ( won by Redford though Newman was also nominated ) , and Best Actress for Katharine Ross , among others . William Goldman won the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay . In 2003 , the film was selected for the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . The Academy Film Archive preserved Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid in 1998 . Legacy ( edit ) The film inspired the television series Alias Smith and Jones , starring Pete Duel and Ben Murphy as outlaws trying to earn an amnesty . A parody titled `` Botch Casually and the Somedunce Kid '' was published in MAD . It was illustrated by Mort Drucker and written by Arnie Kogen in issue No. 136 , July 1970 . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1969 Antihero ( Cassidy and Sundance are antiheroes ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BUTCH CASSIDY AND THE SUNDANCE KID '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid -- Box Office Data , DVD and Blu - ray Sales , Movie News , Cast and Crew Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1969 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldman , William ( 1982 ) . Adventures in the Screen Trade . pp. 191 -- 200 . ^ Jump up to : Egan , p. 90 Jump up ^ Nixon , Rob . `` The Big Idea -- Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid '' . Turner Classic Movies , Inc . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Egan , p. 91 Jump up ^ Flynn , Bob ( August 15 , 1998 ) . `` A slice of Lemmon for extra character '' . The Canberra Time . Panorama . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Tiffany Woo ( October 26 , 2009 ) . `` ' Butch Cassidy ' returns after 40 years '' . Yale Daily News . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2012 . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid '' . AFI website . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldman , William ( 2000 ) . Which lie did I tell ? , or , More adventures in the screen trade ( 1st ed ed . ) . New York : Pantheon Books . ISBN 0 - 375 - 40349 - 3 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Double Vision '' . Time . September 26 , 1969 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid '' . Chicago Sun - Times . October 13 , 1969 . Jump up ^ Savage , Sophia ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` WGA Lists Greatest Screenplays , From ' Casablanca ' and ' Godfather ' to ' Memento ' and ' Notorious ' '' . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2006 . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Big Rental Films of 1969 '' , Variety , 7 January 1970 p 15 Jump up ^ `` Domestic Grosses Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 Box Office in France '' . Box Office Story . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd Academy Awards ( 1970 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid : Awards '' . IMDB . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` William Goldman -- Awards & Nominations '' . awardsandwinners.com . Jump up ^ `` Preserved Projects '' . Academy Film Archive . Jump up ^ `` Alias Smith and Jones '' . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ MAD # 136 July 1970 at MAD cover site . Bibliography ( edit ) Egan , Sean ( 2014 ) . William Goldman : The Reluctant Storyteller . Bear Manor Media . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid on IMDb Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid at the TCM Movie Database Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid at Rotten Tomatoes Ten Things You Did n't Know About Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid from the American Movie Classics `` Future of Classic '' blog Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid at Virtual History Films directed by George Roy Hill Period of Adjustment ( 1962 ) Toys in the Attic ( 1963 ) The World of Henry Orient ( 1964 ) Hawaii ( 1966 ) Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 1967 ) Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1969 ) Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Great Waldo Pepper ( 1975 ) Slap Shot ( 1977 ) A Little Romance ( 1979 ) The World According to Garp ( 1982 ) The Little Drummer Girl ( 1984 ) Funny Farm ( 1988 ) Works by William Goldman Plays Tenderloin ( 1960 ) Blood , Sweat and Stanley Poole ( 1961 ) A Family Affair ( 1962 ) Misery ( 2012 ) Novels The Temple of Gold ( 1957 ) Your Turn to Curtsy , My Turn to Bow ( 1958 ) Soldier in the Rain ( 1960 ) Boys and Girls Together ( 1964 ) No Way to Treat a Lady ( 1964 ) The Thing of It Is ... 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"Ted Cassidy as Harvey Logan"
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-7684984241606491263 | Crackles | Crackles - wikipedia Crackles Jump to : navigation , search For other meanings , see Crackle . Crackles Classification and external resources Specialty Pulmonology ICD - 10 R09. 8 ICD - 9 - CM 786.7 ( edit on Wikidata ) Crackles Crackles heard in the lungs of a person with pneumonia using a stethoscope . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Crackles , crepitations , or rales ( / ˈrɑːlz / ( listen ) RAHLZ or / ˈrælz / RALZ ) are the clicking , rattling , or crackling noises that may be made by one or both lungs of a human with a respiratory disease during inhalation . They are often heard only with a stethoscope ( `` on auscultation '' ) . Bilateral crackles refers to the presence of crackles in both lungs . Basal or basilar crackles ( not to be confused with the basilar artery of the brain ) are crackles apparently originating in or near the base of the lung . Bibasal or bibasilar crackles refer to crackles at the bases of both the left and right lungs . Bilateral basal crackles also refers to the presence of basal crackles in both lungs . Crackles are caused by the `` popping open '' of small airways and alveoli collapsed by fluid , exudate , or lack of aeration during expiration . The word `` rales '' derives from the French word râle meaning `` rattle '' . Crackles can be heard in patients with pneumonia , atelectasis , pulmonary fibrosis , acute bronchitis , bronchiectasis , interstitial lung disease or post thoracotomy or metastasis ablation . Pulmonary edema secondary to left - sided congestive heart failure can also cause rales . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 The sound of crackles 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Terminology ( edit ) René Laennec adopted the existing word râles ( which has been translated as ' rattles ' , ' groans ' , and otherwise ) to describe the added breath sounds which are now referred to as ' crackles ' . He described them using unusual daily examples , such as ' whistling of little birds ' , ' crackling of salt on a heated dish ' , ' cooing of the woodpidgeon ' , etc. but soon realised that he was unable to use this term in front of his patients because it conjured the association of le râle de la mort , which translates to ' death rattle ' ( i.e. , the noise that people who are about to die make when they can no longer clear secretions ) . Therefore , at the bedside , he used the Latin word ' rhonchus ' ( which originally meant a snore ) . This was not clearly understood by his translator , John Forbes , and the terminology became very confusing after the publication in the 1830s of Forbes 's English translation of Laennec 's De L'Auscultation Mediate . The difficulty of translating râle itself had been remarked upon in a British review of Laennec 's work in 1820 . The terminology of ' rales ' and ' rhonchi ' in English remained variable until 1977 , when a standardization was established by the American Thoracic Society and American College of Chest Physicians . As a result of this , the term ' râles ' was abandoned , and ' crackles ' became its recommended substitute . Therefore , these sounds should be correctly described as ' crackles ' . The term ' rales ' is still common in English - language medical literature , but cognizance of the ATS / ACCP guidelines calls for ' crackles ' . The sound of crackles ( edit ) Crackles are caused by explosive opening of small airways and are discontinuous , nonmusical , and brief . Crackles are much more common during the inspiratory than the expiratory phase of breathing , but they may be heard during the expiratory phase . Crackles are often associated with inflammation or infection of the small bronchi , bronchioles , and alveoli . Crackles that do not clear after a cough may indicate pulmonary edema or fluid in the alveoli due to heart failure , pulmonary fibrosis , or acute respiratory distress syndrome . Crackles that partially clear or change after coughing may indicate bronchiectasis . Crackles are often described as fine , medium , and coarse . They can also be characterized as to their timing : fine crackles are usually late - inspiratory , whereas coarse crackles are early inspiratory . Fine crackles are soft , high - pitched , and very brief . This sound can be simulated by rolling a strand of hair between one 's fingers near the ears , or by moistening one 's thumb and index finger and separating them near the ears . Their presence usually indicates an interstitial process , such as pulmonary fibrosis or congestive heart failure . The sounds from interstitial pulmonary fibrosis have been described as sounding like opening a Velcro fastener . Coarse crackles are somewhat louder , lower in pitch , and last longer than fine crackles . Their presence usually indicates an airway disease , such as bronchiectasis . They can also be described as unilateral or bilateral , as well as dry or moist / wet . See also ( edit ) Bronchophony Egophony Rhonchi Consumption Whooping cough Croup Pulmonary edema Pertussis toxin Allergic asthma Russell 's viper References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Daniel ( 2003 ) ( 1917 ) , Peter Roach , James Hartmann and Jane Setter , eds. , English Pronouncing Dictionary , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 3 - 12 - 539683 - 2 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Laennec , R.T.H. ( 1819 ) , De l'Auscultation Médiate , ou Traité du Diagnostic des Maladies des Poumons et du Coeur , Paris : Brosson & Chaudé . The complete title of this book , often referred to as the `` Treatise '' is : De l'Auscultation Médiate ou Traité du Diagnostic des Maladies des Poumons et du Coeur ( On Mediate Auscultation or Treatise on the Diagnosis of the Diseases of the Lungs and Heart ) . Jump up ^ ' Laennec , R.T.H. ; Forbes , John , Sir , A Treatise on the Diseases of the Chest and on Mediate Auscultation ( 1835 ) . New York : Samuel Wood & Sons ; Philadelphia : Desilver , Thomas & Co ... Jump up ^ `` Laennec 's new system of diagnosis '' , The Quarterly Journal of Foreign Medicine and Surgery and of the Sciences Connected with Them , 2 : 51 -- 68 , 1820 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report of the ATS - ACCP Ad Hoc Subcommittee on pulmonary nomenclature '' . ATS News . 3 : 5 -- 6 . 1977 . ^ Jump up to : Forgacs P ( 1978 ) . `` The functional basis of pulmonary sounds '' ( PDF ) . Chest. 73 ( 3 ) : 399 -- 405 . PMID 630938 . doi : 10.1378 / chest. 73.3. 399 . Jump up ^ `` rale '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary Jump up ^ Wrongdiagnosis.com > Crackles Book Source Details : * Book Title : Alarming Signs and Symptoms : Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series * Author ( s ) : Springhouse * Year of Publication : 2007 External links ( edit ) Audio Breath Sounds - Multiple case studies with audio files of lung sounds . R.A.L.E. Repository - sound files of breath sounds ( hide ) Symptoms and signs relating to the respiratory system ( R04 -- R07 , 786 ) Medical examination and history taking Auscultation Stethoscope Respiratory sounds Stridor Wheeze Crackles Rhonchi Stertor Squawk Pleural friction rub Fremitus Bronchophony Terminal secretions Elicited findings Percussion Pectoriloquy Whispered pectoriloquy Egophony Breathing Rate Apnea Prematurity Dyspnea Hyperventilation Hypoventilation Hyperpnea Tachypnea Hypopnea Bradypnea Pattern Agonal respiration Biot 's respiration Cheyne -- Stokes respiration Kussmaul breathing Ataxic respiration Other Respiratory distress Respiratory arrest Orthopnea / Platypnea Trepopnea Aerophagia Asphyxia Breath holding Mouth breathing Snoring Other Chest pain In children Precordial catch syndrome Pleurisy Clubbing / Hippocratic fingers ( Schamroth 's window test ) Cyanosis Cough Sputum Hemoptysis Epistaxis Silhouette sign Post-nasal drip Hiccup COPD Hoover 's sign asthma Curschmann 's spirals Charcot -- Leyden crystals chronic bronchitis Reid index sarcoidosis Kveim test pulmonary embolism Hampton hump Westermark sign pulmonary edema Kerley lines Hamman 's sign Golden S sign Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crackles&oldid=801884868 '' Categories : Symptoms and signs : Respiratory system Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Polski Svenska ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 14 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where do you hear crackles in the lungs | [
"Basal or basilar crackles (not to be confused with the basilar artery of the brain) are crackles apparently originating in or near the base of the lung. Bibasal or bibasilar crackles refer to crackles at the bases of both the left and right lungs. Bilateral basal crackles also refers to the presence of basal crackles in both lungs."
] | [
"the base of the lung"
] |
-6595679137877993723 | The Handmaid's Tale (TV series) | The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) The Handmaid 's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid 's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Amanda Brugel Composer ( s ) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 23 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer ( s ) Margaret Atwood Elisabeth Moss Production location ( s ) Toronto , Ontario Hamilton , Ontario Cambridge , Ontario Vaughan , Ontario Running time 47 -- 63 minutes Production company ( s ) Daniel Wilson Productions , Inc . The Littlefield Company White Oak Pictures MGM Television Release Original network Hulu Original release April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website The Handmaid 's Tale is an American dystopian drama web television series created by Bruce Miller , based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood . It was ordered by the streaming service Hulu as a straight - to - series order of 10 episodes , for which production began in late 2016 . The plot features a dystopian future following a Second American Civil War wherein a totalitarian society subjects fertile women , called `` Handmaids '' , into child - bearing servitude . The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26 , 2017 ; the subsequent seven episodes aired on a weekly basis every Wednesday . In May 2017 , the series was renewed for a second season which premiered on April 25 , 2018 . The Handmaid 's Tale has received widespread critical acclaim and its first season won eight Primetime Emmy Awards from thirteen nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , becoming the first series on a streaming service to win an Emmy for Outstanding Series . It also won Golden Globe Awards for Best Television Series -- Drama and Best Actress for Elisabeth Moss . In May 2018 , Hulu announced that the series had been renewed for a third season . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 4 Production 5 Broadcast and release 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.1. 1 Season 1 6.1. 2 Season 2 6.2 Awards 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In the near future , fertility rates collapse as a result of sexually transmitted diseases and environmental pollution . With this chaos , the totalitarian , theonomic government of `` Gilead '' establishes rule in the former United States in the aftermath of a civil war . Society is organized by power - hungry leaders along with a new , militarized , hierarchical regime of fanaticism and newly created social classes , in which women are brutally subjugated , and by law are not allowed to work , own property , handle money , or read . Worldwide infertility has resulted in the conscription of the few remaining fertile women in Gilead , called `` Handmaids '' , according to an extremist interpretation of the Biblical account of Bilhah . They are assigned to the homes of the ruling elite , where they must submit to ritualized rape by their male masters in order to become pregnant and bear children for those men and their wives . Alongside the Handmaids , much of society is now grouped into classes that dictate their freedoms and duties . Women are divided into a small range of social categories , each one signified by a plain dress in a specific color : Handmaids wear red , Marthas ( who are housekeepers and cooks , named after the biblical figure ) wear green , and Wives ( who are expected to run their households ) wear blue and turquoise . Econowives , the lower - class women who still have minimal agency , are a sort of mixture of all these categories , and they wear gray ( a departure from the book in which Econowives wear clothing striped with the aforementioned colors ) . Women prisoners are called Unwomen and are worked to death clearing toxic waste in the Colonies . Another class of women , Aunts ( who train and oversee the Handmaids ) , wear brown . Additionally , the Eyes are a secret police watching over the general populace for signs of rebellion , Hunters track down people attempting to flee the country , and Jezebels are prostitutes in secret brothels catering to the elite ruling class . June Osborne , renamed Offred ( Elisabeth Moss ) , is the Handmaid assigned to the home of the Gileadan Commander Fred Waterford ( Joseph Fiennes ) and his wife Serena Joy ( Yvonne Strahovski ) . Offred is subject to strict rules and constant scrutiny ; an improper word or deed on her part can lead to brutal punishment . Offred , who is named after her male master ( `` Of Fred '' ) like all Handmaids , was married and had a daughter , a job , a bank account , and her own name and identity in the `` time before '' , but all she can safely do now is follow the rules of Gilead in hopes that she can someday live free again and be reunited with her daughter . The Waterfords , key players in the rise of Gilead , have their own conflicts with the realities of the society they have helped create . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Handmaid 's Tale characters Main ( edit ) Elisabeth Moss as June Osborne / Offred , a woman who was captured while attempting to escape to Canada with her husband , Luke , and daughter , Hannah . Due to her fertility , she is made a Handmaid to Commander Fred Waterford and his wife , Serena Joy , and is named `` Offred '' . Joseph Fiennes as Commander Fred Waterford , a high - ranking government official and June 's master . Both he and his wife played an instrumental role in Gilead 's founding . He wishes to have more contact with June outside of what is lawful between a Handmaid and her master , and starts inviting her to play nightly games of Scrabble . Yvonne Strahovski as Serena Joy Waterford , Fred 's wife and a former conservative cultural activist . She appears to have accepted her new role in a society that she helped create . She is poised and deeply religious , but capable of great cruelty and is often callous to June . She is desperate to become a mother . Alexis Bledel as Emily / Ofglen / Ofsteven , June 's shopping partner . Although June is initially wary of her , it is revealed Ofglen is not as pious as she seems , and the two become friends . Ofglen had a wife and son , and was a university lecturer in cellular biology . Being homosexual is punishable by death in Gilead , and most university professors are sent to labour camps , but Ofglen was spared and made a Handmaid , due to her fertility . She is later captured and cruelly punished for her relationship with a Martha , and is sent to another household where she becomes `` Ofsteven '' . She is involved with a resistance movement called `` Mayday '' . Madeline Brewer as Janine / Ofwarren / Ofdaniel , a Handmaid who entered the Red Center for training at the same time as June and considers June a friend due to her kind treatment . Initially non-compliant , Janine 's right eye is removed as a punishment . She becomes mentally unstable due to her treatment and often behaves in temperamental or childlike ways . She gives birth to a child for Warren and Naomi Putnam , whom they name `` Angela '' , but Janine insists the baby 's name is `` Charlotte '' . Janine is later reassigned and becomes `` Ofdaniel '' . She was temporarily assigned to the Colonies until a bombing at the new Rachel and Leah Center . Ann Dowd as Aunt Lydia , a woman in charge of overseeing the Handmaids in their sexual reeducation and duties . She is brutal and subjects insubordinate Handmaids to harsh physical punishment , but she also cares for her charges and believes deeply in the Gileadean mission and doctrine . She appears to have a soft spot for Janine , and even goes so far as to address her by her given name on occasion . O.T. Fagbenle as Lucas `` Luke '' Bankole , June 's husband from before Gilead . Because he and June began their relationship before his divorce from his first wife , their union is considered invalid in the new society . June is considered an adulteress and their daughter , Hannah , is considered illegitimate . Initially , June believes he has been killed , but it is later revealed Luke managed to escape to Canada . Max Minghella as Nick Blaine , Commander Waterford 's driver and a former drifter from Michigan who has feelings for June . June and Nick develop an intimate relationship and she eventually discovers that he is an Eye , a spy for Gilead . Samira Wiley as Moira / Ruby , June 's best friend since college . She is already at the Red Center when June enters Handmaid training but escapes before being assigned to a home . She is recaptured and becomes `` Ruby '' , a Jezebel . She seems to have given up hope of ever being free , but on meeting June again regains the conviction to escape . Amanda Brugel as Rita , a Martha at the Waterford home . She had a son who died fighting in the civil war when he was 19 years old . Recurring ( edit ) Ever Carradine as Naomi Putnam , Commander Warren Putnam 's wife . Tattiawna Jones as Lillie Fuller / Ofglen No. 2 , who replaces Emily in the position after Emily is captured by the Eyes . She initially follows the rules and does not wish to upset the status quo , but this is because she believes her life as a Handmaid is better than the difficult , impoverished life she led prior to Gilead , rather than out of religious piety . Nina Kiri as Alma / Ofrobert , another Handmaid who trained at the Red Center with June , Moira , and Janine . She is frank and chatty , and often trades gossip and news with June . She is also involved with Mayday and becomes June 's first contact with the resistance group . Jenessa Grant as Dolores / Ofsamuel , a local Handmaid with a friendly and talkative nature . Bahia Watson as Brianna / Oferic , another local Handmaid who is friends with June . Jordana Blake as Hannah Bankole , June and Luke 's daughter . She is later renamed Agnes . Erin Way as Erin , a young , apparently mute , woman who was being trained to become a Handmaid but managed to escape to Canada . Sydney Sweeney as Eden Spencer ( season 2 ) , a pious and obedient girl who was Nick 's wife . Bradley Whitford as Commander Joseph Lawrence ( season 2 ) , the founder of the Colonies . Greg Bryk as Commander Ray Cushing ( season 2 ) Rohan Mead as Isaac ( season 2 ) , a Guardian assigned to the Waterford home . Julie Dretzin as Eleanor Lawrence ( season 2 ) , Joseph 's wife . Guest ( edit ) Kristen Gutoskie as Beth ( season 1 ) , a Martha at Jezebel 's . She has an arrangement with Nick whereby she trades illegal alcohol and other contraband for drugs , which the Jezebels use . She has a casual sexual relationship with him and is aware that he is an Eye . Marisa Tomei as Mrs. O'Conner ( season 2 ) , a Commander 's wife who is sent to the colonies as punishment for having sex with another man . Cherry Jones as Holly Maddox ( season 2 ) , June 's mother , an outspoken feminist . Clea DuVall as Sylvia ( season 2 ) , Emily 's wife . Yahya Abdul - Mateen II as Omar ( season 2 ) a man who helps June attempt to escape . John Carroll Lynch as Dan ( season 2 ) , Emily 's boss at the university where she worked . Kelly Jenrette as Annie ( season 2 ) , Luke 's ex-wife . Rebecca Rittenhouse as Odette ( season 2 ) , a Doctor and Moira 's fiancée . Sam Jaeger as Mark Tuello ( season 2 ) , a mysterious stranger who Serena encounters in Canada . Oprah Winfrey ( uncredited ) as Newsreader ( season 2 ) on a car radio . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released First released Last released 10 April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) June 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) 13 April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) July 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Teleplay by Original release date `` Offred '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) A family is pursued by a group of armed men . The woman is caught , and separated from her young daughter and husband as shots are fired in the distance . She is now known as Offred , the Handmaid to Commander Fred Waterford . While walking with another Handmaid , Ofglen , they pass by a wall on which men have been hanged for crimes such as being gay , working in an abortion clinic , and being a Catholic priest . In a flashback , various women are indoctrinated into their Handmaid roles by Aunt Lydia , and Offred notices Moira , a woman she knew in college . Handmaid Janine taunts Aunt Lydia and is shocked with a cattle prod , later her right eye is removed as punishment . In the present , Commander Waterford tries to impregnate Offred during `` the Ceremony '' as she lies in the lap of his wife , Serena Joy . The next day , the Handmaids are encouraged to beat a man to death after Lydia announces he raped a pregnant Handmaid . Janine tells Offred that her friend Moira is dead . On the way home , Ofglen tells Offred that she had a wife and son , and warns her there is an Eye in the Waterford house . Offred affirms to herself that her true name is June and that she intends to survive to find her daughter . `` Birth Day '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) Offred and Ofglen go shopping , and they reveal more personal information about themselves to each other . While they are walking , they see St. Paul Catholic Church , their local church , being destroyed by the new régime . Ofglen tells Offred that the régime also bulldozed St. Patrick 's Cathedral in Manhattan to try to `` erase '' the fact that it ever existed . When Offred asks how Ofglen knows this information , she reveals that she is part of a resistance movement against the government , but Offred declines to join . Commander Waterford 's driver , Nick , tells Offred that the Commander wants to see her alone later that night , which is forbidden , and warns her that Ofglen is dangerous . Offred and other Handmaids visit a home to witness the birth of Ofwarren ( Janine ) 's child , named Angela by the Puttnams , but Charlotte by Ofwarren . In flashbacks , June ( Offred ) remembers the birth of her and Luke 's daughter , Hannah . At that time healthy births were already rare , and a woman who tried to kidnap baby Hannah was arrested . Warily , Offred goes to the Commander 's office , but he just wants to play Scrabble , to her relief . The next day , when Offred prepares to tell Ofglen what happened that night , a different woman introduces herself as Ofglen . `` Late '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) In flashbacks , the rise of Gilead is detailed . June and all the other women at her office were fired , and the government froze women 's bank accounts and ruled they could no longer own property . In the present , Serena takes Offred to see Ofwarren and the baby , and Offred fears Ofwarren is delusional . Back home , Offred is interrogated by an Eye and Aunt Lydia about her knowledge of Ofglen . Offred eventually reveals she knew Ofglen was gay and for this , Aunt Lydia shocks Offred with a cattle prod . Before she can leave the room , Offred quotes one of the Beatitudes from the Bible , which would have earned her a much more serious beating , but Serena intervenes , believing that Offred is pregnant . When Offred later tells Serena that she 's not pregnant , Serena angrily locks her in her room . In a flashback , June and Moira attend a protest against the new laws amidst automatic gunfire and explosives . In the present , Ofglen and the Martha she 's in a relationship with are charged with `` gender treachery '' . The fertile Ofglen receives a lesser sentence , but the Martha is executed by hanging as Ofglen watches , sobbing and horrified . Later , Ofglen ( now referred to by her `` old '' name , Emily ) , to her grief and anger , undergoes female genital mutilation surgery as explained by Aunt Lydia . `` Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum '' Mike Barker Leila Gerstein May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) Banished to her room , Offred retreats to her closet where she finds what appears to be a Latin phrase , Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum , scratched discreetly into the wall . When Rita , the Commander 's housekeeper , finds Offred lying on the closet floor , Offred tells her that she fainted . Serena then has Offred sent to the hospital for a check - up . During the examination the physician remarks that the Commander is most likely sterile , as is common . He offers to personally impregnate her but she declines . In flashbacks , Aunt Lydia teaches the Handmaids about The Ceremony in which a Commander endeavours to fertilize a Handmaid . Later , June and Moira assault Aunt Elizabeth , and Moira takes Elizabeth 's outfit . June and Moira plan to escape via train to Boston , which has safe houses . Moira manages to catch the train without June , who lets Moira know it 's okay . June is later caught and punished by having her feet whipped . Commander Waterford has an unsuccessful Ceremony night with Offred , but later that night , they have another game of Scrabble . She asks him about the Latin phrase , and he tells her it means , Do n't let the bastards grind you down . When she inquires about the previous Offred , he tells her that she committed suicide because life was unbearable . He then releases Offred from her solitary confinement . 5 5 `` Faithful '' Mike Barker Dorothy Fortenberry May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) Serena suggests to Offred that she have sex with Nick in case Commander Waterford is sterile . Later that day , Serena leads Offred up to Nick 's room and waits by the door while Offred and Nick have detached sex . Flashbacks detail Luke and June 's first meeting and courtship . At the grocery store , Offred talks to the original Ofglen , now called Ofsteven , but Ofsteven is not as responsive as she used to be . During a Ceremony night , the Commander touches Offred 's thigh , which she later tells him never to do again . In their ensuing conversation , the Commander admits that while they thought they were building a better world , they knew that `` better never means better for everyone . '' Nick reveals to Offred that he is indeed an Eye . At an open - air market , Offred questions Ofsteven about the resistance group called Mayday . Ofsteven jumps behind the steering wheel of a security car and drives erratically around the plaza . She hits a guard , and is caught and put into a black van . Offred returns to Nick 's coach house alone , and they have passionate sex . 6 6 `` A Woman 's Place '' Floria Sigismondi Wendy Straker Hauser May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) Mexican trade delegates visit the Commander 's home to evaluate the effects of the Gilead cultural movement . The female head of the delegation questions Offred about her experience , but she lies , saying that she is happy . Offred visits the Commander 's office later , but there is tension . She reluctantly obeys his demand to kiss him , but ferociously brushes her teeth afterward . The Handmaids and children are then taken to a function to demonstrate Gilead 's success . Offred 's friend remarks that the delegates are only interested in fertile women . The next day , as the delegates are leaving , Offred tells them the brutal truth about Gilead . She pleads for their help , but in response , the Mexican ambassador explains her own country 's dire situation . However , the ambassador 's assistant quietly claims June 's husband is alive and that he can deliver a message to Luke . A flashback details Serena and Fred 's life at the beginnings of the Gilead movement when Serena was a conservative cultural activist with passion and intelligence equal to her husband 's . Serena Joy wrote a book about her beliefs , titled A Woman 's Place . However , after the takeover , she is completely shut out of the new government planning and accepts her new limited role in the society she helped create . A copy of her book is seen being thrown out with the trash . 7 7 `` The Other Side '' Floria Sigismondi Lynn Renee Maxcy May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) A flashback chronicles Luke 's story after he becomes separated from his wife and daughter . Luke is shot by Gileadan guards , but he escapes when the ambulance crashes , and he takes some medical supplies . He reaches a small abandoned town and , after passing out from his wounds , is rescued by a resistance group traveling to Canada . These survivors included a Roman Catholic nun , a seemingly mute escaped Handmaid , a homosexual man , and a daughter of a US Army soldier . Initially reluctant , Luke joins them after one of the survivors , Zoe , shows him that Gileadan authorities hanged townspeople from the rafters of their church for resisting . As they board a boat , Gileadan guards open fire , killing several members of the group , but Luke and Erin , the escaped Handmaid , survive . A further flashback shows Luke , June , and their daughter Hannah before they were separated . June and Luke are helped by Mr. Whitford , a man who knew June 's mother . He leaves them at a secluded cabin in the woods while he arranges documentation for them to escape to Canada . Later , a local hunter tells them Whitford has been caught and hanged , but the hunter helps them cross the border . Three years later , in the present , Luke and Erin live safely in `` Little America '' , based in Toronto , Ontario . While in the main administrative office , Luke receives the letter from June , which reads `` I love you so much . Save Hannah . '' 8 8 `` Jezebels '' Kate Dennis Kira Snyder May 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 31 ) Commander Waterford gifts Offred with makeup and a dress as he is taking her out for the night . Nick drives them to Boston to an underground brothel , where prostitutes ( known as `` Jezebels '' ) work . Offred spots Moira working in the club , and they briefly reunite . Nick trades drugs and pregnancy tests for alcohol with one of the brothel 's Marthas . Offred goes to see Moira again , and she explains to Offred how Quakers tried to help her escape but were caught . Moira had the choice of being sent either to the colonies or one of the brothels . Moira tells Offred , `` Forget about escaping . This is Gilead . No one gets out . '' Offred reveals to Moira that she knows Luke is alive . Flashbacks detail how Nick got involved with the Gilead movement and how he became an Eye after reporting a Commander for breaking protocol with his Handmaids . There are other flashbacks to the suicide of the previous Offred , with Serena pointedly saying to her husband , `` What did you think was going to happen ? '' In the present , after Nick drives Waterford and Offred home , he ends his relationship with Offred , which upsets and angers her . Offred receives a gift from Serena , a music box . The episode closes with Offred etching `` You are not alone '' into the closet wall . 9 9 `` The Bridge '' Kate Dennis Eric Tuchman June 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 07 ) Ofwarren 's daughter is handed over to Commander Putnam and his wife , and Ofwarren is transferred to another couple and renamed Ofdaniel . However , Offred is worried about Ofwarren / Ofdaniel 's mental state . During the first Ceremony night with her new Commander , Ofdaniel forcefully stops it . At the market , Alma pulls Offred aside , tells her that she is involved with the resistance group Mayday , and requests that Offred retrieve a package from the bar at Jezebel 's . Offred convinces Waterford to take her to Jezebel 's again that night . After Offred and Waterford have sex in their room , Waterford presents Moira , as he believes they have a sexual attraction . Offred asks Moira to retrieve the package , but she refuses , seemingly resigned to her fate . The next day Offred is taken to a bridge where Ofdaniel is standing on the edge with baby Charlotte , while Gileadan guards , the Putnams , the Waterfords , and Aunt Lydia stand fearfully by . Ofdaniel shouts that Commander Putnam promised to leave his wife for her . Offred convinces Ofdaniel to give her the child , and Ofdaniel then jumps into the icy water below . Later , while Ofdaniel lies comatose in hospital , Commander Putnam is led away by guards . When Serena Joy tries to offer comfort to Mrs. Putnam , she reminds Serena of the first Offred 's fate , causing Serena to doubt her husband 's loyalty . At the market , Offred is given a package by the butcher , sent by Moira from Jezebel 's . At the brothel , Moira kills a client and takes his clothes , then jubilantly drives off in his car . 10 10 `` Night '' Kari Skogland Bruce Miller June 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) A flashback shows June 's capture and indoctrination by Aunt Lydia at the Red Center . After Serena discovers Fred 's trips to Jezebel 's , she slaps Offred hard and forces her to take a pregnancy test . It is positive . Serena then angrily accuses her husband , telling him the child is not his . Upon learning the news , Nick shares a brief , tender moment with Offred . Serena takes Offred to where Hannah now lives , but Offred is kept in the car , and unable to attract her daughter 's attention . Serena warns Offred that Hannah will be cared for as long as the unborn child is safe . Fred participates in Commander Putnam 's trial advocating leniency , but Mrs. Putnam wants the harshest punishment possible , and ultimately Putnam 's left arm is amputated at the elbow . The package from Jezebel 's contains letters from women who have lost family members and been enslaved in the Gilead takeover . Later , an emotional Aunt Lydia gathers the Handmaids for the execution of Janine / Ofdaniel . The Handmaids hesitate , and Ofglen No. 2 is brutally beaten when she voices her angry refusal . Offred , then the other Handmaids , drop their stones . One of the guards threatens to kill Offred , but Aunt Lydia saves her , although assuring the handmaids that there will be consequences . Not long afterward , a black van comes for Offred . Nick urges her to trust him and go with them . Offred 's transfer is unusual , as neither of the Waterfords have any idea this would be happening . As Offred leaves , she whispers to Rita where to find the hidden letters . In a side story , Moira reaches Canada and is reunited with Luke . Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Teleplay by Original release date 11 `` June '' Mike Barker Bruce Miller April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) Offred and other handmaids are taken to Fenway Park , where they are made to believe they will be hanged , but it turns out to be a ruse to frighten them . During another punishment , Offred is freed after Aunt Lydia is told of her pregnancy . When she rejects a meal Aunt Lydia gives her , she is shown a pregnant handmaid , Ofwyatt , chained in a prison room due to her attempt to kill herself by drinking drain cleaner . Offred agrees to eat , and during her meal Aunt Lydia , who had told her that her friends would be punished for their disobedience , but her pregnancy would mean that she would be exempted , brings the other handmaids into the room . One by one they are burned with a gas flame . Later , Offred is at a pregnancy check - up , where she is visited by Fred and Serena , but afterwards finds a key in one of her boots , which she uses to escape to a van parked underneath the hospital . The van drops her off to a safe house in Back Bay , where she meets Nick , while Fred authorizes a highly resourced search for her . He tells her to change out of her handmaid outfit , and to cut her hair . After stripping off her handmaid 's dress , she burns it before cutting the red cattle tag out of her ear . In flashbacks throughout the episode , Hannah is admitted to the hospital for having a fever while in school ; June is questioned by one of the hospital workers about giving Hannah medication to bypass the school 's fever policy , as well as about June and Luke 's fitness as parents . Later , they arrive home to a news story about the Capitol Building and the White House being attacked . 12 `` Unwomen '' Mike Barker Bruce Miller April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) June has been transported to the former headquarters of The Boston Globe , another safe place arranged by Mayday . Emily has been taken to the Colonies , where disobedient and lower - class infertile women ( `` unwomen '' ) are forced to dig on highly toxic land . Many of the unwomen are becoming sick , and Emily is doing what she can to help them . A commander 's wife arrives at the Colonies and is not welcomed by the unwomen : Emily befriends her and finds that she was taken to the colonies for committing a `` sin of the flesh . '' Emily gives her tablets that turn out to be poison , which leads to her death . Emily blames her for `` holding a woman down while her husband rapes her '' . The unwomen are warned that there will be consequences for this death . Janine arrives at the Colonies , where she is briefly greeted by Emily . Nick visits June and she gets upset when he tells her she needs to wait for several weeks before she can leave because everyone is looking for her . Nick ends up giving her the keys to a car and a gun but she decides to stay , and they have sex . In a flashback , after the attack on the Capitol Building and the White House , Emily is told by her boss , Professor Dan , that she will not be teaching the following semester at the university , giving her a lower profile to avoid attracting criticism for her sexual orientation . Professor Dan is later seen hanged at the university with the word `` faggot '' spray painted underneath him . While Emily , along with her wife Sylvia and son Oliver , attempt to emigrate to Canada , she is unable to leave the country because their same - sex marriage is no longer recognized , and it becomes known that she is the biological mother of Oliver . June makes a memorial for The Boston Globe employees who were executed at the newspaper 's former headquarters and prays to God to send an angel to watch over it . 13 `` Baggage '' Kari Skogland Dorothy Fortenberry May 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) Having spent two months at The Boston Globe offices , June has found evidence in their archives of the early emergence of the Gilead movement . Nick visits occasionally . She is abruptly moved to a place where she meets Omar , who tells her he is bringing her to another safe house near an airstrip to fly to Canada . He receives a message that the safe house has been compromised , and tries to leave without her , but she stands in front of his van to make him take her . He takes her to his apartment , where she meets his wife , Heather , and their son , Adam . Left alone when his family goes to church , June finds a hidden Qur'an and prayer rug under the bedsprings ; Omar and his family do not return . She dons Heather 's Econowife outfit and gets out of the apartment , blending in with other Econowives . After a train ride , June runs into the woods . She realizes she has no way of rescuing Hannah and advances to the airstrip that Omar had told her of ; however , the plane is intercepted before take - off , the pilot is executed , and June and another fugitive are apprehended by the Guardians . Meanwhile , Moira , now living with Luke and Erin ( who is no longer mute ) in Canada , gives a tour to a new co-worker but he has a breakdown , traumatized by what he did as a Guardian . In a flashback , June as a child is taken to a Take Back the Night rally by her mother , Holly . When she grew up , Holly was disappointed at June 's career choices and plan to marry Luke , hoping that she would have been an activist . Moira and June learned during their training at the Red Center that Holly had been declared an Unwoman and was sent to the Colonies to be worked to death . 14 `` Other Women '' Kari Skogland Yahlin Chang May 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 09 ) June is taken back and chained in a room where Aunt Lydia explains that she must choose between this imprisonment , followed by execution after the birth of her child , or return as a handmaid to the Waterfords . She chooses the latter and is under close supervision from Lydia . The Waterfords , who still employ Nick , publicly treat Offred 's disappearance as a kidnapping , but privately Serena is furious and grabs Offred by the throat . Rita returns the letters she found and tells Offred that she will no longer be involved . A baby shower is held for Serena , incorporating prayer and a ritual binding of Offred to Serena . Offred learns from Alma that Ofglen 's tongue was removed for speaking up to save Ofwarren ( Janine ) as she was about to be stoned and that Mayday has now gone silent . Aunt Lydia takes Offred out to show her what is presumed to be Omar 's hanging corpse . She tells June that Omar 's wife , Heather , is now a handmaid and that their child , Adam , was given away to another family . Aunt Lydia tells Offred that this was her fault , and Offred accepts the blame . Aunt Lydia encourages June to distinguish between Offred 's identity and June 's , saying June is to blame not Offred . In a flashback , June sees Luke 's first wife Annie , who tells her that they made wedding vows before God , but Luke rejects her attempts to come between him and June . A few years later , Annie sees Luke and June in a restaurant with their child , Hannah . Offred has collapsed emotionally under the knowledge of Omar 's family 's fate . June prays that Hannah forget her . Ignoring Nick the following day , Offred appears to be conforming to the expectations of a handmaid . 15 5 `` Seeds '' Mike Barker Kira Snyder May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) Offred is very subdued , and starts to burn the letters she had been keeping for Mayday . She notices vaginal bleeding , which continues and gets worse but does not inform anyone , although Rita notices her unsteadiness . Nick notices Offred 's apparent depression and lets Mrs. Waterford know about it . Mrs. Waterford becomes alarmed at Nick 's interest in Offred and informs Commander Waterford , who arranges for him to be married at a Prayvaganza where loyal Guardians are issued a wife as a reward for their work . Nick 's new bride , Eden , moves into his room . Nick later finds Offred unconscious and drenched in the bushes outside the Waterfords ' house and she is taken to the hospital . Offred , still pregnant , promises to her baby that they both will escape Gilead . Meanwhile , in the Colonies , Janine assures Emily that God is protecting them through their struggles in Gilead , and helps to arrange a small wedding for a dying worker , officiated by another Unwoman who is a rabbi . Emily , who has begun to lose her teeth , argues with her for attempting to bring brightness to a place that otherwise seems so bleak . When the newlywed Unwoman dies , the rabbi officiates at the burial as she is lowered into her grave in a cemetery adorned with crosses . 16 6 `` First Blood '' Mike Barker Eric Tuchman May 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 23 ) Advised by a doctor that a harmonious household would be good for the child , Serena shows increased care for Offred , giving her the sitting room as a bedroom and inviting some handmaids to have brunch with her . When Serena shows Offred the nursery for the baby , Offred asks to see Hannah , upon which Serena moves her back to her previous room , and sets about humiliating her . Eden reveals to Offred that she fears Nick may be a `` gender traitor '' due to his reluctance to have sex with her , so Offred warns him and he has sex with Eden to avoid suspicion , but only after he tells Offred that he loves her . Fred visits Offred in secret and gives her a photograph of Hannah , and wants to have sex with her , but Offred refuses . At the opening of the Rachel and Leah Center , a construction and ceremony overseen by Waterford , Nick asks Commander Pryce to be reassigned , and that Offred be protected , to which he agrees . Ofglen runs toward the stage , and detonates a bomb : only Handmaids are seen to have escaped . Flashbacks show Serena being verbally attacked while promoting her book A Woman 's Place , and being shot by a protester , and Fred 's punishment of those he believes to have been involved . 17 7 `` After '' Kari Skogland Lynn Renee Maxcy May 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 30 ) 31 handmaids and 26 commanders , and an unspecified number of civilians , have been killed in Ofglen 's attack on the Rachel and Leah Center , including Commander Pryce , while others , such as Commander Waterford , were seriously injured . Following the attack , Commander Cushing takes Commander Pryce 's role , instituting an increased number of checkpoints and having numerous people summarily executed . He questions Offred , asking who aided her when she tried to flee the country . Offred responds that she was kidnapped , an answer that Commander Cushing does not believe . Mrs. Waterford is alarmed at the possibility of her household being targeted , and is angry at his heavy - handed response to the bombing . She forges orders from her husband to have Commander Cushing arrested for treason and apostasy . Because so many handmaids were killed , some fertile women are taken back from the Colonies and are made to serve as handmaids once again , including Janine and Emily . Both reunite with Offred in the grocery store , with Janine happily telling her that it was God 's plan that she be rescued . Offred , who had been sad to discover that none of the handmaids had known Ofglen 's name , tells her real name , June , to Emily and another handmaid and following this , several of the handmaids whisper their real names to one another , which Eden overhears . Later , Mrs. Waterford enlists Offred 's help in illicitly performing the Commander 's work for him while he is in the hospital . At the refugee center , Moira looks through records to try to confirm whether her fiancée , Odette , has died . Through flashbacks Moira is revealed to have been a surrogate for a couple before the war . She met Odette , an obstetrician , during this process . In the present , Moira eventually finds photographs showing Odette was killed . 18 8 `` Women 's Work '' Kari Skogland Nina Fiore & John Herrera June 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 06 ) June has been helping Serena to complete Fred 's work for some months while he is too ill from his bomb injuries to do so himself , but as soon as he returns home he excludes Serena from his office . Serena tells June that the Putnams ' child , Angela , ( called Charlotte by Janine , who is her biological mother ) is sick . June advocates for Janine to be able to see the baby , and Serena agrees to ask about it for the baby 's sake . Naomi Putnam dislikes the idea , but she is overruled by her husband , Warren . Serena petitions Fred to allow the sick child to be seen by a Martha who , prior to the Sons of Jacob coup , was one of the nation 's top neonatologists . Fred denies the request , saying that whatever happens to the child must now be left to God 's will . A dismayed Serena forges Fred 's signature to a written order that transfers the Martha to the hospital for a day . Aunt Lydia tells June that she will hold her personally responsible if anything goes wrong with Janine 's visit to the hospital . The neonatologist can find no physical explanation for the child 's deterioration and can recommend no further treatment . She advises them to unplug the baby from all of the machines and help her to feel safe and warm . When Fred discovers that Serena forged his signature on an order to temporarily transfer the physician / Martha , he beats Serena with his belt as June is forced to watch . Serena later tearfully rejects June 's offer of sympathy . Meanwhile , Eden is working hard to please Nick , but after she rearranges his garret and uncovers the bundle of handmaids ' letters he recovered from June , he becomes angry , demanding that she never touch his belongings . The episode ends in the hospital with Janine , partly undressed , singing `` I Only Want to Be with You '' to her child and bouncing her as her baby gurgles happily . This is the first episode in this series that does not have scenes from before the formation of Gilead . 19 9 `` Smart Power '' Jeremy Podeswa Dorothy Fortenberry June 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 13 ) Fred and Serena travel to Canada on a diplomatic mission accompanied by Nick , while a Guardian , Isaac , is to be left responsible for the household . Much to Offred 's distress , Serena tells her that she will be transferred as soon as the baby is born . In Toronto , Serena is reminded of the time before Gilead , and the Waterfords are ambivalently greeted by Canadian officials . Later , Serena is approached by Mark Tuello , who works for the remnant of the US government in Hawaii , and offers to help her defect from Gilead , but Serena declines . At the Waterford 's residence , June tells Rita that when Hannah was baptized , she and Luke chose godparents for her and wishes for Rita to be the godparent of her expected child as soon as it is born . Rita states that she will try her best , though the government of Gilead has prohibited baptisms and severely restricts Marthas . June makes a similar request to Aunt Lydia , prompting her to reveal she was previously godparent to her sister 's baby , who died in infancy . At a protest , Luke confronts Commander Waterford . Afterwards , Nick finds Luke and tells him June is pregnant by Waterford , but safe , and gives him the bundle of letters from women enslaved in Gilead . Luke , Moira , and Erin make the letters public , causing an outcry that prompts the Canadians to cancel the rest of the summit . Moira holds a sign up to the Waterfords ' car that says `` My name is Moira '' and Fred recognises her from Jezebel 's . Serena burns the Hawaiian matches Mark left her . Meanwhile , Nick gives June news of Luke and Moira , and tells her that the letters were instrumental in getting the talks curtailed . June reveals that Moira is Hannah 's godmother and is happy that she escaped to Canada . Nick tells June that he loves her , and tries to kiss her , but she does not allow him to . 20 10 `` The Last Ceremony '' Jeremy Podeswa Yahlin Chang June 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) The commander to whom Emily is newly assigned as handmaid collapses and dies during the Ceremony . June suffers contractions while shopping , forcing her home and to endure a `` birthing ceremony '' as everyone awaits the birth of the child . However , it turns out to be a false alarm and everyone is dismissed . Following the false alarm , June pleads to Fred to be positioned closer to her daughter Hannah after the eventual birth . After Fred denies this request , June implies that the child she is carrying is not his and that he will never have a biological child of his own . Later , Fred rapes June with Serena holding her down , under the guise of inducing the labor . Eden finds herself attracted to Isaac , a guard , and meets with him late at night . They kiss , but she breaks off once she sees Nick watching . She begs his forgiveness , which he readily gives with a detachment that infuriates her . She accuses Nick of liking Offred . Fred then arranges Nick to take June to an empty and remote house for a short visit with Hannah , who is now named Agnes . After they are once again separated , Guardians take Nick captive , and June is left behind , having hidden in the house . 21 11 `` Holly '' Daina Reid Bruce Miller & Kira Snyder June 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) After Nick is taken away from the house , June finds a car in the garage and car keys and is able to start the car , but she returns to the house and gets a man 's coat . Flashbacks throughout the episode show her first pregnancy , and Hannah 's birth and childhood . Fred and Serena arrive at the house in a panic , looking for Offred . They are arguing with each other , with Serena telling Fred she gave up everything for him and the cause , and only ever wanted a child . June finds a gun , and prepares to shoot them , but desists . They are unable to find Offred and decide to leave , feeling both angry and concerned . After she 's certain they 're gone , June , having contractions , gets back into the car , but can not get it out of the garage , which is frozen shut . June is exhausted and in pain , and lays down in front of the fire , finally going into labor and passing out . When she wakes , she 's covered in blood , but the baby still has n't come . She crawls outside and discharges the gun to attract attention , then she ends up delivering the baby by herself . She whispers that her name is Holly , after her mother . Light comes in through the windows , indicating that a car has arrived at the house . 22 12 `` Postpartum '' Daina Reid Eric Tuchman July 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 04 ) Some weeks after the birth , the baby , now named Nichole , is cared for by Serena , while Offred is providing milk through a breast pump . She is unable to pump enough milk and is brought to see her baby in order to induce lactation . Offred requests to nurse her herself , but Fred rejects the idea . Given that Offred 's lactation increases during the meeting , Aunt Lydia convinces Fred to allow Offred back in the house for the baby 's health . Serena becomes enraged and demands that Offred stay away from the baby . Nick , who is back in the Waterford household and presented as having been key to the rescue of Offred and the baby , suggests lightheartedly that he , Offred and the baby should flee , and Fred attempts to renew the illicit elements of their relationship . Emily is reassigned to a new household as a handmaid after being rejected by four couples . Commander Lawrence , the `` architect of Gilead 's economy '' , seems suspicious . His wife , Eleanor , reveals to Emily that Lawrence was the creator of the Colonies . Lawrence interrogates Emily , revealing that he knows much about her past . Meanwhile , Eden and Isaac elope but are soon caught . Eden and Nick admit their faults and ask forgiveness of each other . Eden and Isaac are brought to a diving board above a swimming pool with chains and weights attached to each of them . Both refuse to ask for forgiveness , and Eden instead begins to recite a biblical paean to love . Both are pushed off the diving board and die by drowning in front of a crowd . Distraught by the events , Serena and Offred get to an understanding and Serena allows Offred to nurse the baby herself . 23 13 `` The Word '' Mike Barker Bruce Miller July 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) It is revealed that Eden 's father was the one who turned Eden and Isaac in , leading to their execution . While searching through Eden 's belongings , June discovers a Bible that Eden read from and annotated , despite it being illegal for women and girls to read in Gilead . June argues with Serena about her daughter 's future in Gilead , stating that baby Nichole ( Holly ) wo n't be able to know God unless she is eventually able to read his word . Serena and a number of wives propose an amendment to the council that girls be taught to read the Bible and Serena reads from the Bible to make her point , resulting in one of her fingers being cut off . Emily reluctantly prepares for her first ceremony with Lawrence , but he dismisses Emily without going through with it . The next day , Emily is visited by Aunt Lydia and , as she is leaving , Emily brutally attacks Lydia by stabbing her in the back with a kitchen knife . Emily continues to kick Aunt Lydia down the stairs , leaving her gasping for breath . Lawrence 's Martha , Cora , finds Aunt Lydia and throws Emily into a room and locks the door . Fred suggests to June that he could arrange for her to remain as his handmaid , and when she rejects the proposal , he suggests that future meetings with Hannah could be arranged . As a fire consumes a house across the street , Rita tells June that she and her daughter , Holly , have this chance to get out and need to leave immediately . Fred tries to arrange their capture , but is prevented by Nick , who threatens him with a gun . Serena catches her mid-escape , but after a tearful goodbye to the baby , allows June to take the baby and flee , assisted by several Marthas . June is reunited with Emily , who is dropped off at the escape van by Lawrence , who says he is getting himself `` in deep shit '' when asked why he 's allowing them to leave . At the last second , June decides to stay behind and gives the baby to Emily . She tells Emily to call her Nichole , and to tell her she loves her . Production ( edit ) A straight - to - series order by Hulu of The Handmaid 's Tale was announced in April 2016 , with Elisabeth Moss set to star . Based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood , the series was created by Bruce Miller , who is also an executive producer with Daniel Wilson , Fran Sears , and Warren Littlefield . Atwood serves as consulting producer , giving feedback on some of the areas where the series expands upon or modernizes the book . She also played a small cameo role in the first episode . Moss is also a producer . In June 2016 , Reed Morano was announced as director of the series . Samira Wiley , Max Minghella , and Ann Dowd joined the cast in July 2016 . Joseph Fiennes , Madeline Brewer , and Yvonne Strahovski were cast in August 2016 , followed by O.T. Fagbenle and Amanda Brugel in September 2016 . In October 2016 , Ever Carradine joined the cast , and Alexis Bledel was added in January 2017 . Filming on the series took place in Toronto , Mississauga , Hamilton , Oakville , and Cambridge , Ontario , from September 2016 to February 2017 . The first full trailer of the TV series was released by Hulu on YouTube on March 23 , 2017 . The series premiered on April 26 , 2017 . On May 3 , 2017 , The Handmaid 's Tale was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018 . Moss told the news media that the subsequent episodes would cover further developments in the story , filling in some of the unanswered questions and continuing the narrative already `` finished '' in the book . The second season consists of 13 episodes and began filming in fall 2017 . Alexis Bledel returned as a series regular . Showrunner Bruce Miller stated that he envisioned 10 seasons of the show , stating , `` Well , you know , honestly , when I started , I tried to game out in my head what would ten seasons be like ? If you hit a home run , you want energy to go around the bases , you want enough story to keep going , if you can hook the audience to care about these people enough that they 're actually crying at the finale . '' Broadcast and Release ( edit ) The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26 , 2017 ; the subsequent seven episodes were released on a weekly basis . In Canada , the series is broadcast by Bravo ; the first two episodes premiered on April 30 , 2017 . In Scandinavia , the series is available on HBO Nordic . In the United Kingdom , the series premiered on May 28 , 2017 , on Channel 4 . In Ireland , the series premiered on February 5 , 2018 on RTÉ2 , with a showing of the first two episodes . RTÉ also became the first broadcaster in Europe to debut Season 2 following its broadcast in the US and Canada . In the Brazil , the series premiered on March 7 , 2018 , on Paramount Channel . In New Zealand , the series was released on the subscription video on demand service Lightbox on June 8 , 2017 . In Australia , the series premiered on the TV channel SBS 's video streaming service SBS on Demand , on July 6 , 2017 . The first season was released on Blu - ray and DVD on March 13 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 95 % ( 107 reviews ) 92 ( 41 reviews ) 92 % ( 73 reviews ) 86 ( 28 reviews ) Season 1 ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the first season has an approval rating of 95 % based on 107 reviews , with an average rating of 8.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Haunting and vivid , The Handmaid 's Tale is an endlessly engrossing adaptation of Margaret Atwood 's dystopian novel that 's anchored by a terrific central performance from Elisabeth Moss . '' On Metacritic , it has a weighted average score of 92 out of 100 based on 41 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter called it `` probably the spring 's best new show '' . Jen Chaney of Vulture gave it a highly positive review , and wrote that it is `` A faithful adaptation of the book that also brings new layers to Atwood 's totalitarian , sexist world of forced surrogate motherhood '' and that `` this series is meticulously paced , brutal , visually stunning , and so suspenseful from moment to moment that only at the end of each hour will you feel fully at liberty to exhale '' . There was much debate on whether parallels could be drawn between the series ( and by extension , the book it is based on ) and American society during the Presidency of Donald Trump . A comparison has also been made to the Salafi / Wahabbi extremism of ISIL , under which enslaved women of religious minorities are passed around and utilized as sex objects and vessels to bear new jihadis . Season 2 ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the second season has an approval rating of 91 % based on 74 reviews , with an average rating of 8.31 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Beautifully shot but dishearteningly relevant , The Handmaid 's Tale centers its sophomore season tightly around its compelling cast of characters , making room for broader social commentary through more intimate lenses . '' On Metacritic , it has a weighted average score of 86 out of 100 based on 28 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . However , the second season of the show received criticism for being excessive in its depictions of violence with critics questioning whether it was merely `` torture porn '' and going too far . The Atlantic 's Sophie Gilbert wrote : `` There came a point during the first episode where , for me , it became too much . '' Lisa Miller of The Cut wrote : `` I have pressed mute and fast forward so often this season , I am forced to wonder : ' Why am I watching this ' ? It all feels so gratuitous , like a beating that never ends . '' And The Daily Telegraph 's Rebecca Reid admitted she had an anxiety attack watching an episode of the show . Awards ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Season 1 2017 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Bruce Miller , Warren Littlefield , Daniel Wilson , Fran Sears , Ilene Chaiken , Sheila Hockin , Eric Tuchman , Frank Siracusa , John Weber , Kira Snyder , Elisabeth Moss , Joseph Boccia , and Leila Gerstein Won Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Elisabeth Moss ( for `` Night '' ) Won Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Ann Dowd ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Samira Wiley ( for `` Night '' ) Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Reed Morano ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Kate Dennis ( for `` The Bridge '' ) Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Bruce Miller ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Alexis Bledel ( for `` Late '' ) Won Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Russell Scott , Sharon Bialy , and Sherry Thomas Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Colin Watkinson ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Outstanding Period / Fantasy Costumes for a Series , Limited Series , or Movie Ane Crabtree and Sheena Wichary ( for `` Offred '' ) Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary or Fantasy Program ( One Hour or More ) Julie Berghoff , Evan Webber , and Sophie Neudorfer ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role Brendan Taylor , Stephen Lebed , Leo Bovell , Martin O'Brien , Winston Lee , Kelly Knauff , Zach Dembinski , Mike Suta , and Cameron Kerr ( for `` Birth Day '' ) Nominated Peabody Award Entertainment , children 's and youth honoree The Handmaid 's Tale Won Gold Derby TV Awards Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Nominated Drama Actress Elisabeth Moss Won Drama Guest Actress Alexis Bledel Won Television Critics Association Awards Program of the Year The Handmaid 's Tale Won Outstanding Achievement in Drama Won Outstanding New Program Nominated Individual Achievement in Drama Elisabeth Moss Nominated American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year The Handmaid 's Tale Won 2018 American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television Julian Clarke and Wendy Hallam Martin ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Art Directors Guild Awards One - Hour Contemporary Single - Camera Television Series Julie Berghoff ( for `` Offred '' , `` Birth Day '' , `` Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum '' ) Won Andrew Stearn ( for `` The Bridge '' ) Nominated Casting Society of America Television Pilot and First Season -- Drama Sharon Bialy , Sherry Thomas , Russell Scott , Robin D. Cook , and Jonathan Oliveira Won Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour John J. Thomson , Lou Solakofski , Joe Morrow , and Don White ( for `` Offred '' ) Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Excellence in Contemporary Television Series Ane Crabtree Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Won Best Actress in a Drama Series Elisabeth Moss Won Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Ann Dowd Won Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement for a Drama Series Reed Morano ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama The Handmaid 's Tale Won Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Elisabeth Moss Won Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Ann Dowd Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in Contemporary Television John Musikka and Geoffrey Smither Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Drama The Handmaid 's Tale Won Satellite Awards Best Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Nominated Best Actress in a Drama / Genre Series Elisabeth Moss Won Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Miniseries or TV Film Ann Dowd Won Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series The Handmaid 's Tale Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Madeline Brewer , Amanda Brugel , Ann Dowd , O.T. Fagbenle , Joseph Fiennes , Tattiawna Jones , Max Minghella , Elisabeth Moss , Yvonne Strahovski , and Samira Wiley Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Elisabeth Moss Nominated USC Scripter Awards Best Adapted TV Screenplay Bruce Miller and Margaret Atwood ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Writers Guild of America Awards Dramatic Series Ilene Chaiken , Nina Fiore , Dorothy Fortenberry , Leila Gerstein , John Herrera , Lynn Maxcy , Bruce Miller , Kira Snyder , Wendy Straker Hauser , and Eric Tuchman Won New Series Won BAFTA Television Awards Best International Programme The Handmaid 's Tale Won Season 2 2018 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Pending Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Elisabeth Moss ( for `` The Last Ceremony '' ) Pending Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Joseph Fiennes ( for `` First Blood '' ) Pending Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Alexis Bledel ( for `` Unwomen '' ) Pending Ann Dowd ( for `` June '' ) Pending Yvonne Strahovski ( for `` Women 's Work '' ) Pending Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Kari Skogland ( for `` After '' ) Pending Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Bruce Miller ( for `` June '' ) Pending Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Kelly Jenrette ( for `` Other Women '' ) Pending Cherry Jones ( for `` Baggage '' ) Pending Samira Wiley ( for `` After '' ) Pending Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Sharon Bialy , Sherry Thomas , Russell Scott and Robin D. Cook Pending Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Colin Watkinson ( for `` June '' ) Pending Outstanding Fantasy / Sci - Fi Costumes Ane Crabtree and Natalie Bronfman ( for `` Seeds '' ) Pending Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Burton LeBlanc , Talia Reingold and Erika Caceres ( for `` Unwomen '' ) Pending Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary Program ( One Hour or More ) Mark White , Elisabeth Williams , Martha Sparrow , and Caroline Gee ( for `` June '' ) Pending Elisabeth Williams , Martha Sparrow , and Rob Hepburn ( for `` Seeds '' , `` First Blood '' , `` After '' ) Pending Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series Wendy Hallam Martin ( for `` June '' ) Pending Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One - Hour ) Joe Morrow , Lou Solakofski , and Sylvain Arseneault ( for `` June '' ) Pending Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role Stephen Lebed , Brendan Taylor , Kelly Knauff , Kelly Weisz , Kevin McGeagh , Anderson Leo Bovell , Winston Lee , Xi Luo , and Cameron Kerr ( for `` June '' ) Pending See also ( edit ) List of original programs distributed by Hulu References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Why Offred 's Latest Heartbreak Is the Most Devastating Yet '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . In its third installment , however , the drama digs even deeper into the emotional toll Gilead has taken on everyone -- both those left in what was once the United States and those who 've made it out . The lives and dreams that each character lost to this totalitarian regime have been laid out in excruciating detail before -- but this week , the show lays those losses bare with more subtlety than perhaps any other episode ... ( In richer households , handmaids do the childbearing , Wives raise the children , and Marthas do the housework . Econowives , in contrast , `` have to do everything ; if they can . '' ) Jump up ^ Vilkomerson , Sara ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Here 's the first trailer for season 2 ( and a premiere date ! ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ; N'Duka , Amanda ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Win Marks First Best Series Emmy for a Streaming Service '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Renewed for Season 3 at Hulu '' . Variety . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . The first situates the Gilead regime 's quest to control the means of reproduction in the context of an enormous fertility collapse , caused by the combination of environmental catastrophe and rampant S.T.D.s. Jump up ^ Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Now , in the era of the Trump administration , liberal TV watchers find a perverse sort of comfort in the horrific alternate reality of the Republic of Gilead , where a cabal of theonomist Christians have established a totalitarian state that forbids women to read , sets a secret police to watch their every move and deploys them as slave - concubines to childless elites . Jump up ^ Segovia , José de ( June 22 , 2017 ) . Daniel Wickham , ed . `` There is no balm in Atwood 's Gilead '' . Evangelical Focus . A clear example of Atwood 's focus on the Reconstructionism of theonomy is his way of representing the death penalty . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Williams , Layton E. ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Christianity , ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and What Faithful Activism Looks Like Today '' . Sojourners . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Promotes Amanda Brugel to Series Regular ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grady , Constance ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale season 1 , episode 7 : `` The Other Side '' takes us out of Gilead to check in on a familiar face `` . Vox . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dowling , Amber ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Season 2 Taps Sydney Sweeney ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' : Bradley Whitford Joins Hulu Drama Series For Season 2 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moraes , Lisa de ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Marisa Tomei To Guest on Hulu 's ' Dystopian ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Heldman , Breanne L. ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale casts Cherry Jones in key role for season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale casts Cherry Jones in key role for season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` How ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Nabbed Oprah Winfrey '' . Variety . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pacatte , Rose ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' presents striking oppression , silent sisterhood '' . National Catholic Reporter . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . They walk past a priest , doctor and gay man hanging dead from a wall in their Cambridge , Massachusetts neighbourhood along the river ; they see St. Paul 's Catholic Church where Offred was baptized , being torn down . Jump up ^ Blondiau , Eloise ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Reflecting on the frightening lessons of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . America . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . In the screen version , Offred and her friend Ofglen ( Alexis Bledel ) surreptitiously lament the demolition of St. Paul 's , their local church . Jump up ^ Sabelhaus , Kate Jackson ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Recap : Ofglen and Jeanine 's Birth Stories '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . On their stroll , they walk past the remains of St. Paul 's , a historic cathedral in Boston . Burned and bombed , it resembles the churches of Europe during WWII . Offred pauses to remember her daughter 's baptism , which took place there years prior , and Ofglen notes that Gileadean thugs were also successful in taking down St. Patrick 's cathedral in New York City . `` They blew it up and dumped every stone in the Hudson River . They erased it . '' Upon hearing this bit of news , Offred asks , `` How do you know that ? And how do you know there 's an Eye in my house ? '' Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Recap , Episode 7 : The Other Side '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Locke , Charley ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Handmaid 's Tale : Make Sure You Escape The Dystopia Before It 's Too Late '' . Wired . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . The group has a plan to escape , but Luke wo n't go , refusing to leave his wife and daughter behind -- until Zoe ( Rosa Gilmore ) , one of the rebels , shows him a whole town that was hanged from the rafters of their church after trying to resist . Jump up ^ Blunt , Tom ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Episode 7 Recap : The Other Side '' . Signature Reads . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Finally , one of these guardian angels discreetly escorts him to a local church building , driving home the point of what 's at stake for those who attempt to survive and resist from within . This mass - hanging in the belly of a church is more than just the episode 's visual centerpiece : it 's a wake - up call , underscoring once and for all that Gilead is n't a religious movement or a political revolution , it 's not something you can reason with or withstand on your own . Jump up ^ Truong , Peggy ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` '' The Handmaid 's Tale '' Glossary -- A Guide to All the Handmaid 's Tale Terms Before You Watch the Show `` . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Following her great escape from Handmaid training , Moira is helped by a Quaker family . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Recap : Season 1 , Episode 8 -- ( Spoiler ) Returns in ' Jezebels ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Since we last saw the escapee , she made it to Boston , hooked up with some Quakers who had ties to the Femaleroad that helped smuggle handmaids out of the country . She did n't make it farther than an office park outside the city . `` They shot the guys who helped me '' , Moira sadly tells Offred , adding that because she was a `` corrupting influence '' , she was interrogated and then given a choice : the colonies or the jezebels . ^ Jump up to : Nicolaou , Elena ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` Handmaids Tale Season 2 Episode 2 Recap Unwomen '' . Refinery29 . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Glynn , Amy ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` '' Unwomen '' Features The Handmaid 's Tale 's First , Terrifying Glimpse of the Colonies `` . Paste . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . `` Unwomen '' alternates between the Colonies , where `` unwomen '' ( lesbians , defiant Handmaids , the infertile of low economic status , sex workers , collaborators against the republic -- you know , `` undesirables '' ) are sent to perform brutal manual labor ... ^ Jump up to : Gross , Rena ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` 9 Major Moments From ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Season 2 , Episode 9 ' Smart Power ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Offred does n't have many cards left to play , and seems to be drifting toward breaking the vow she made to her child at the end of this season 's fifth episode , accepting that she will inevitably lose this baby . She 's looking for someone to do what she ca n't . In a moment alone with Rita , Offred asks her to act as a godparent , telling her , `` I want my baby to know kindness . I need her to have someone kind in her life . '' Rita says she 'll do what she can , but she 's just plain scared . It is n't enough . Nobody but June is going to put this baby first . Jump up ^ Goodman , Lex ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Season 2 , Episode 9 Recap '' . PureWow . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . This news brings back the fire in Offred 's belly and she muses , `` Moira is Hannah 's godmother . She got out . It was impossible , and she did it . Jump up ^ Berman , Judy ( July 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Season 2 , Episode 12 : Ball and Chain '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Rena ( July 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' : Season 2 , Episode 13 Recap : 19 Startling Moments in ' The Word ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ; Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Elisabeth Moss To Star in Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale On Hulu '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dingfelder , Sadie ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` What Margaret Atwood thinks of the new Hulu adaptation of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Atwood , Margaret ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on What The Handmaid 's Tale Means in the Age of Trump '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Onstad , Katrina ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : A Newly Resonant Dystopia Comes to TV '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jafaar , Ali ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Reed Morano in Talks To Direct The Handmaid 's Tale Starring Elisabeth Moss For Hulu '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roshanian , Arya ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black 's Samira Wiley Joins Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Variety . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Samira Wiley Joins Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Max Minghella & Ann Dowd Join The Handmaid 's Tale Drama Series on Hulu '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Joseph Fiennes to Star in The Handmaid 's Tale for Hulu '' . Variety . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Hulu 's Handmaid 's Tale Adds Madeline Brewer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Yvonne Strahovski To Star in Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Casts O-T Fagbenle ; Sofia Wylie Joins Andi Mack '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Casts Amanda Brugel ; Jemar Michael Joins Dear White People '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pederson , Erik ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Ever Carradine Books Role On Handmaid 's Tale ; Sibo Mlambo To Recur On Teen Wolf '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Alexis Bledel Joins New Hulu Series The Handmaid 's Tale As Recurring '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dowling , Amber ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Secrets From Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Set Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Katie ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale to shoot in Toronto '' . Playback . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale Trailer ( Official ) '' . YouTube . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Gets Spring Premiere Date on Hulu '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Renewed For Season 2 By Hulu -- Upfront '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strause , Jackie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale ' Stars , Director on Show 's Startling Relevance and Season 2 Plans '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale ' : Alexis Bledel Returning as Season 2 Series Regular '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( June 18 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Showrunner Bruce Miller on the Season 1 Finale '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Gets Disturbing Full Trailer , Three - Episode Premiere '' . Screen Crush . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yeo , Debra ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale finally gets Canadian distributor '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ulrich , Lise ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' : Et overrumplende mesterværk har ramt HBO Nordic '' . SoundVenue ( in Danish ) . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Channel 4 Lands UK Rights To Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Demolder , Kate ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` One of 2017 's most popular shows is coming to RTÉ on Monday night '' . JOE . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RTÉ first to air The Handmaid 's Tale series 2 in Europe '' . RTÉ. April 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Premiada no Globo de Ouro , ' Handmaid 's tale ' estreia no Brasil pelo Paramount em março '' . O Globo ( in Portuguese ) . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Casey , Alex ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Huge and true : The Handmaid 's Tale is coming exclusively to Lightbox '' . The Spinoff . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale is coming to Australia on SBS on Demand '' . SBS . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale -- Blessed Be The Fruit ! Official ' Season 1 ' Press Release : Date , Extras , Final Box Art '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale Is Your Must - Watch Show This Spring '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For articles that attempt to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Nally , Claire ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` How The Handmaid 's Tale is being transformed from fantasy into fact '' . The Independent . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Brooks , Katherine ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` How ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Villains Were Inspired By Trump '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Robertson , Adi ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` In Trump 's America , The Handmaid 's Tale matters more than ever '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For articles that disagree with attempts to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Crispin , Jessa ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale is just like Trump 's America ? Not so fast '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Smith , Kyle ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sorry : ' Handmaid 's Tale ' tells us nothing about Trump 's America '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Cohen , Ariel ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Stop comparing ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' to Trump 's America '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale , and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Geraghty , Jim ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' What Fans of The Handmaid 's Tale Prefer To Ignore '' . National Review . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Lowry , Rich ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Handmaid 's Tale ' Lunacy '' . National Review . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Wilhelm , Heather ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Making sense of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' hysteria '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Given , Casey ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' is profiting off anti-Trump hysteria '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Tim ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` What The Handmaid 's Tale can tell us about Islamic extremism '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Rebecca ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Hate crimes , honour killings and FGM : how The Handmaid 's Tale captures our age of fear '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale , and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Sophie ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' and the Suffering of Women '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Lisa . `` The Relentless Torture of The Handmaid 's Tale '' . The Cut . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reid , Rebecca ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Why I 'm turning off the Handmaid 's Tale and its needless torture porn '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The complete list of 2017 Emmy winners and nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . September 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment , Children 's & Youth Winners Named '' . The Peabody Awards . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beachum , Chris ; Montgomery , Daniel ; Dixon , Marcus James ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` TCA Awards : The Handmaid 's Tale , Atlanta , Big Little Lies , Carrie Coon Among Big Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2017 '' . American Film Institute . December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ; Blyth , Antonia ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' & ' I , Tonya ' Take Top Film Prizes at ACE Eddie Awards -- Winners List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Matt Grobar , Denise ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Live Blog & Winners List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Artios Awards : ' Lady Bird , ' ' Three Billboards ' Among Casting Society Winners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Cinema Audio Society Awards nominations : Oscar frontrunner ' Dunkirk , ' ' Star Wars , ' ' Wonder Woman ... '' Gold Derby . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Greatest Showman , ' ' Young Pope , ' ' Phantom Thread ' Earn Costume Designers Guild Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : Big Little Lies , Sterling K. Brown and More TV Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGA Announces Nominees for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Television , Commercials and Documentary for 2017 '' . Directors Guild of America . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Globes : Big Little Lies , Handmaid 's Tale and Marvelous Mrs. Maisel Are TV 's Big Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown , ' ' Dunkirk ' Among Locations Managers Guild International Awards Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marotta , Jenna ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Producers Guild Awards 2018 : The Complete Winners List , from `` The Shape of Water '' to `` Coco '' and `` Jane '' `` . Indiewire . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` SAG Awards : This Is Us , Big Little Lies , Veep , The Crown Among 2018 Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman , ' ' Lost City of Z , ' ' Big Little Lies ' Among USC Scripter Finalists '' . Variety . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marotta , Jenna ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Writers Guild Awards : ' Get Out , ' ' Call Me by Your Name , ' and ' Jane ' Win Film Honors '' . IndieWire . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Emmys : Netflix Beats HBO With Most Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 12 , 2018 . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . 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"No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byTeleplay byOriginal release date111\"June\"Mike BarkerBruce MillerApril 25, 2018 (2018-04-25)\nOffred and other handmaids are taken to Fenway Park, where they are made to believe they will be hanged, but it turns out to be a ruse to frighten them. During another punishment, Offred is freed after Aunt Lydia is told of her pregnancy. When she rejects a meal Aunt Lydia gives her, she is shown a pregnant handmaid, Ofwyatt, chained in a prison room due to her attempt to kill herself by drinking drain cleaner. Offred agrees to eat, and during her meal Aunt Lydia, who had told her that her friends would be punished for their disobedience, but her pregnancy would mean that she would be exempted, brings the other handmaids into the room. One by one they are burned with a gas flame. Later, Offred is at a pregnancy check-up, where she is visited by Fred and Serena, but afterwards finds a key in one of her boots, which she uses to escape to a van parked underneath the hospital. The van drops her off to a safe house in Back Bay, where she meets Nick, while Fred authorizes a highly resourced search for her. He tells her to change out of her handmaid outfit, and to cut her hair. After stripping off her handmaid's dress, she burns it before cutting the red cattle tag out of her ear. In flashbacks throughout the episode, Hannah is admitted to the hospital for having a fever while in school; June is questioned by one of the hospital workers about giving Hannah medication to bypass the school's fever policy, as well as about June and Luke's fitness as parents. Later, they arrive home to a news story about the Capitol Building and the White House being attacked.\n122\"Unwomen\"Mike BarkerBruce MillerApril 25, 2018 (2018-04-25)\nJune has been transported to the former headquarters of The Boston Globe, another safe place arranged by Mayday.[25] Emily has been taken to the Colonies, where disobedient and lower-class infertile women (\"unwomen\") are forced to dig on highly toxic land.[26] Many of the unwomen are becoming sick, and Emily is doing what she can to help them. A commander's wife arrives at the Colonies and is not welcomed by the unwomen: Emily befriends her and finds that she was taken to the colonies for committing a \"sin of the flesh.\" Emily gives her tablets that turn out to be poison, which leads to her death. Emily blames her for \"holding a woman down while her husband rapes her\".[25] The unwomen are warned that there will be consequences for this death. Janine arrives at the Colonies, where she is briefly greeted by Emily. Nick visits June and she gets upset when he tells her she needs to wait for several weeks before she can leave because everyone is looking for her. Nick ends up giving her the keys to a car and a gun but she decides to stay, and they have sex. In a flashback, after the attack on the Capitol Building and the White House, Emily is told by her boss, Professor Dan, that she will not be teaching the following semester at the university, giving her a lower profile to avoid attracting criticism for her sexual orientation. Professor Dan is later seen hanged at the university with the word \"faggot\" spray painted underneath him. While Emily, along with her wife Sylvia and son Oliver, attempt to emigrate to Canada, she is unable to leave the country because their same-sex marriage is no longer recognized, and it becomes known that she is the biological mother of Oliver. June makes a memorial for The Boston Globe employees who were executed at the newspaper's former headquarters and prays to God to send an angel to watch over it.[25]\n133\"Baggage\"Kari SkoglandDorothy FortenberryMay 2, 2018 (2018-05-02)\nHaving spent two months at The Boston Globe offices, June has found evidence in their archives of the early emergence of the Gilead movement. Nick visits occasionally. She is abruptly moved to a place where she meets Omar, who tells her he is bringing her to another safe house near an airstrip to fly to Canada. He receives a message that the safe house has been compromised, and tries to leave without her, but she stands in front of his van to make him take her. He takes her to his apartment, where she meets his wife, Heather, and their son, Adam. Left alone when his family goes to church, June finds a hidden Qur'an and prayer rug under the bedsprings; Omar and his family do not return. She dons Heather's Econowife outfit and gets out of the apartment, blending in with other Econowives. After a train ride, June runs into the woods. She realizes she has no way of rescuing Hannah and advances to the airstrip that Omar had told her of; however, the plane is intercepted before take-off, the pilot is executed, and June and another fugitive are apprehended by the Guardians. Meanwhile, Moira, now living with Luke and Erin (who is no longer mute) in Canada, gives a tour to a new co-worker but he has a breakdown, traumatized by what he did as a Guardian. In a flashback, June as a child is taken to a Take Back the Night rally by her mother, Holly. When she grew up, Holly was disappointed at June's career choices and plan to marry Luke, hoping that she would have been an activist. Moira and June learned during their training at the Red Center that Holly had been declared an Unwoman and was sent to the Colonies to be worked to death.\n144\"Other Women\"Kari SkoglandYahlin ChangMay 9, 2018 (2018-05-09)\nJune is taken back and chained in a room where Aunt Lydia explains that she must choose between this imprisonment, followed by execution after the birth of her child, or return as a handmaid to the Waterfords. She chooses the latter and is under close supervision from Lydia. The Waterfords, who still employ Nick, publicly treat Offred's disappearance as a kidnapping, but privately Serena is furious and grabs Offred by the throat. Rita returns the letters she found and tells Offred that she will no longer be involved. A baby shower is held for Serena, incorporating prayer and a ritual binding of Offred to Serena. Offred learns from Alma that Ofglen's tongue was removed for speaking up to save Ofwarren (Janine) as she was about to be stoned and that Mayday has now gone silent. Aunt Lydia takes Offred out to show her what is presumed to be Omar's hanging corpse. She tells June that Omar's wife, Heather, is now a handmaid and that their child, Adam, was given away to another family. Aunt Lydia tells Offred that this was her fault, and Offred accepts the blame. Aunt Lydia encourages June to distinguish between Offred's identity and June's, saying June is to blame not Offred. In a flashback, June sees Luke's first wife Annie, who tells her that they made wedding vows before God, but Luke rejects her attempts to come between him and June. A few years later, Annie sees Luke and June in a restaurant with their child, Hannah. Offred has collapsed emotionally under the knowledge of Omar's family's fate. June prays that Hannah forget her. Ignoring Nick the following day, Offred appears to be conforming to the expectations of a handmaid.\n155\"Seeds\"Mike BarkerKira SnyderMay 16, 2018 (2018-05-16)\nOffred is very subdued, and starts to burn the letters she had been keeping for Mayday. She notices vaginal bleeding, which continues and gets worse but does not inform anyone, although Rita notices her unsteadiness. Nick notices Offred's apparent depression and lets Mrs. Waterford know about it. Mrs. Waterford becomes alarmed at Nick's interest in Offred and informs Commander Waterford, who arranges for him to be married at a Prayvaganza where loyal Guardians are issued a wife as a reward for their work. Nick's new bride, Eden, moves into his room. Nick later finds Offred unconscious and drenched in the bushes outside the Waterfords' house and she is taken to the hospital. Offred, still pregnant, promises to her baby that they both will escape Gilead. Meanwhile, in the Colonies, Janine assures Emily that God is protecting them through their struggles in Gilead, and helps to arrange a small wedding for a dying worker, officiated by another Unwoman who is a rabbi. Emily, who has begun to lose her teeth, argues with her for attempting to bring brightness to a place that otherwise seems so bleak. When the newlywed Unwoman dies, the rabbi officiates at the burial as she is lowered into her grave in a cemetery adorned with crosses.\n166\"First Blood\"Mike BarkerEric TuchmanMay 23, 2018 (2018-05-23)\nAdvised by a doctor that a harmonious household would be good for the child, Serena shows increased care for Offred, giving her the sitting room as a bedroom and inviting some handmaids to have brunch with her. When Serena shows Offred the nursery for the baby, Offred asks to see Hannah, upon which Serena moves her back to her previous room, and sets about humiliating her. Eden reveals to Offred that she fears Nick may be a \"gender traitor\" due to his reluctance to have sex with her, so Offred warns him and he has sex with Eden to avoid suspicion, but only after he tells Offred that he loves her. Fred visits Offred in secret and gives her a photograph of Hannah, and wants to have sex with her, but Offred refuses. At the opening of the Rachel and Leah Center, a construction and ceremony overseen by Waterford, Nick asks Commander Pryce to be reassigned, and that Offred be protected, to which he agrees. Ofglen runs toward the stage, and detonates a bomb: only Handmaids are seen to have escaped. Flashbacks show Serena being verbally attacked while promoting her book A Woman's Place, and being shot by a protester, and Fred's punishment of those he believes to have been involved.\n177\"After\"Kari SkoglandLynn Renee MaxcyMay 30, 2018 (2018-05-30)\n31 handmaids and 26 commanders, and an unspecified number of civilians, have been killed in Ofglen's attack on the Rachel and Leah Center, including Commander Pryce, while others, such as Commander Waterford, were seriously injured. Following the attack, Commander Cushing takes Commander Pryce's role, instituting an increased number of checkpoints and having numerous people summarily executed. He questions Offred, asking who aided her when she tried to flee the country. Offred responds that she was kidnapped, an answer that Commander Cushing does not believe. Mrs. Waterford is alarmed at the possibility of her household being targeted, and is angry at his heavy-handed response to the bombing. She forges orders from her husband to have Commander Cushing arrested for treason and apostasy. Because so many handmaids were killed, some fertile women are taken back from the Colonies and are made to serve as handmaids once again, including Janine and Emily. Both reunite with Offred in the grocery store, with Janine happily telling her that it was God's plan that she be rescued. Offred, who had been sad to discover that none of the handmaids had known Ofglen's name, tells her real name, June, to Emily and another handmaid and following this, several of the handmaids whisper their real names to one another, which Eden overhears. Later, Mrs. Waterford enlists Offred's help in illicitly performing the Commander's work for him while he is in the hospital. At the refugee center, Moira looks through records to try to confirm whether her fiancée, Odette, has died. Through flashbacks Moira is revealed to have been a surrogate for a couple before the war. She met Odette, an obstetrician, during this process. In the present, Moira eventually finds photographs showing Odette was killed.\n188\"Women's Work\"Kari SkoglandNina Fiore & John HerreraJune 6, 2018 (2018-06-06)\nJune has been helping Serena to complete Fred's work for some months while he is too ill from his bomb injuries to do so himself, but as soon as he returns home he excludes Serena from his office. Serena tells June that the Putnams' child, Angela, (called Charlotte by Janine, who is her biological mother) is sick. June advocates for Janine to be able to see the baby, and Serena agrees to ask about it for the baby's sake. Naomi Putnam dislikes the idea, but she is overruled by her husband, Warren. Serena petitions Fred to allow the sick child to be seen by a Martha who, prior to the Sons of Jacob coup, was one of the nation's top neonatologists. Fred denies the request, saying that whatever happens to the child must now be left to God's will. A dismayed Serena forges Fred's signature to a written order that transfers the Martha to the hospital for a day. Aunt Lydia tells June that she will hold her personally responsible if anything goes wrong with Janine's visit to the hospital. The neonatologist can find no physical explanation for the child's deterioration and can recommend no further treatment. She advises them to unplug the baby from all of the machines and help her to feel safe and warm. When Fred discovers that Serena forged his signature on an order to temporarily transfer the physician/Martha, he beats Serena with his belt as June is forced to watch. Serena later tearfully rejects June's offer of sympathy. Meanwhile, Eden is working hard to please Nick, but after she rearranges his garret and uncovers the bundle of handmaids' letters he recovered from June, he becomes angry, demanding that she never touch his belongings. The episode ends in the hospital with Janine, partly undressed, singing \"I Only Want to Be with You\" to her child and bouncing her as her baby gurgles happily.\n\nThis is the first episode in this series that does not have scenes from before the formation of Gilead.\n199\"Smart Power\"Jeremy PodeswaDorothy FortenberryJune 13, 2018 (2018-06-13)\nFred and Serena travel to Canada on a diplomatic mission accompanied by Nick, while a Guardian, Isaac, is to be left responsible for the household. Much to Offred's distress, Serena tells her that she will be transferred as soon as the baby is born. In Toronto, Serena is reminded of the time before Gilead, and the Waterfords are ambivalently greeted by Canadian officials. Later, Serena is approached by Mark Tuello, who works for the remnant of the US government in Hawaii, and offers to help her defect from Gilead, but Serena declines. At the Waterford's residence, June tells Rita that when Hannah was baptized, she and Luke chose godparents for her and wishes for Rita to be the godparent of her expected child as soon as it is born.[27] Rita states that she will try her best, though the government of Gilead has prohibited baptisms and severely restricts Marthas. June makes a similar request to Aunt Lydia, prompting her to reveal she was previously godparent to her sister's baby, who died in infancy.[27] At a protest, Luke confronts Commander Waterford. Afterwards, Nick finds Luke and tells him June is pregnant by Waterford, but safe, and gives him the bundle of letters from women enslaved in Gilead. Luke, Moira, and Erin make the letters public, causing an outcry that prompts the Canadians to cancel the rest of the summit. Moira holds a sign up to the Waterfords' car that says \"My name is Moira\" and Fred recognises her from Jezebel's. Serena burns the Hawaiian matches Mark left her. Meanwhile, Nick gives June news of Luke and Moira, and tells her that the letters were instrumental in getting the talks curtailed. June reveals that Moira is Hannah's godmother and is happy that she escaped to Canada.[28] Nick tells June that he loves her, and tries to kiss her, but she does not allow him to.\n2010\"The Last Ceremony\"Jeremy PodeswaYahlin ChangJune 20, 2018 (2018-06-20)\nThe commander to whom Emily is newly assigned as handmaid collapses and dies during the Ceremony. June suffers contractions while shopping, forcing her home and to endure a \"birthing ceremony\" as everyone awaits the birth of the child. However, it turns out to be a false alarm and everyone is dismissed. Following the false alarm, June pleads to Fred to be positioned closer to her daughter Hannah after the eventual birth. After Fred denies this request, June implies that the child she is carrying is not his and that he will never have a biological child of his own. Later, Fred rapes June with Serena holding her down, under the guise of inducing the labor. Eden finds herself attracted to Isaac, a guard, and meets with him late at night. They kiss, but she breaks off once she sees Nick watching. She begs his forgiveness, which he readily gives with a detachment that infuriates her. She accuses Nick of liking Offred. Fred then arranges Nick to take June to an empty and remote house for a short visit with Hannah, who is now named Agnes. After they are once again separated, Guardians take Nick captive, and June is left behind, having hidden in the house.\n2111\"Holly\"Daina ReidBruce Miller & Kira SnyderJune 27, 2018 (2018-06-27)\nAfter Nick is taken away from the house, June finds a car in the garage and car keys and is able to start the car, but she returns to the house and gets a man's coat. Flashbacks throughout the episode show her first pregnancy, and Hannah's birth and childhood. Fred and Serena arrive at the house in a panic, looking for Offred. They are arguing with each other, with Serena telling Fred she gave up everything for him and the cause, and only ever wanted a child. June finds a gun, and prepares to shoot them, but desists. They are unable to find Offred and decide to leave, feeling both angry and concerned. After she's certain they're gone, June, having contractions, gets back into the car, but cannot get it out of the garage, which is frozen shut. June is exhausted and in pain, and lays down in front of the fire, finally going into labor and passing out. When she wakes, she's covered in blood, but the baby still hasn't come. She crawls outside and discharges the gun to attract attention, then she ends up delivering the baby by herself. She whispers that her name is Holly, after her mother. Light comes in through the windows, indicating that a car has arrived at the house.\n2212\"Postpartum\"Daina ReidEric TuchmanJuly 4, 2018 (2018-07-04)\nSome weeks after the birth, the baby, now named Nichole, is cared for by Serena, while Offred is providing milk through a breast pump. She is unable to pump enough milk and is brought to see her baby in order to induce lactation. Offred requests to nurse her herself, but Fred rejects the idea. Given that Offred's lactation increases during the meeting, Aunt Lydia convinces Fred to allow Offred back in the house for the baby's health. Serena becomes enraged and demands that Offred stay away from the baby. Nick, who is back in the Waterford household and presented as having been key to the rescue of Offred and the baby, suggests lightheartedly that he, Offred and the baby should flee, and Fred attempts to renew the illicit elements of their relationship. Emily is reassigned to a new household as a handmaid after being rejected by four couples. Commander Lawrence, the \"architect of Gilead's economy\", seems suspicious. His wife, Eleanor, reveals to Emily that Lawrence was the creator of the Colonies. Lawrence interrogates Emily, revealing that he knows much about her past. Meanwhile, Eden and Isaac elope but are soon caught. Eden and Nick admit their faults and ask forgiveness of each other. Eden and Isaac are brought to a diving board above a swimming pool with chains and weights attached to each of them. Both refuse to ask for forgiveness, and Eden instead begins to recite a biblical paean to love. Both are pushed off the diving board and die by drowning in front of a crowd.[29] Distraught by the events, Serena and Offred get to an understanding and Serena allows Offred to nurse the baby herself.\n2313\"The Word\"Mike BarkerBruce MillerJuly 11, 2018 (2018-07-11)\nIt is revealed that Eden's father was the one who turned Eden and Isaac in, leading to their execution. While searching through Eden's belongings, June discovers a Bible that Eden read from and annotated, despite it being illegal for women and girls to read in Gilead.[30] June argues with Serena about her daughter's future in Gilead, stating that baby Nichole (Holly) won't be able to know God unless she is eventually able to read his word.[30] Serena and a number of wives propose an amendment to the council that girls be taught to read the Bible and Serena reads from the Bible to make her point, resulting in one of her fingers being cut off.[30] Emily reluctantly prepares for her first ceremony with Lawrence, but he dismisses Emily without going through with it. The next day, Emily is visited by Aunt Lydia and, as she is leaving, Emily brutally attacks Lydia by stabbing her in the back with a kitchen knife. Emily continues to kick Aunt Lydia down the stairs, leaving her gasping for breath. Lawrence's Martha, Cora, finds Aunt Lydia and throws Emily into a room and locks the door. Fred suggests to June that he could arrange for her to remain as his handmaid, and when she rejects the proposal, he suggests that future meetings with Hannah could be arranged. As a fire consumes a house across the street, Rita tells June that she and her daughter, Holly, have this chance to get out and need to leave immediately. Fred tries to arrange their capture, but is prevented by Nick, who threatens him with a gun. Serena catches her mid-escape, but after a tearful goodbye to the baby, allows June to take the baby and flee, assisted by several Marthas. June is reunited with Emily, who is dropped off at the escape van by Lawrence, who says he is getting himself \"in deep shit\" when asked why he's allowing them to leave. At the last second, June decides to stay behind and gives the baby to Emily. She tells Emily to call her Nichole, and to tell her she loves her."
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7858757190187438667 | Me and Earl and the Dying Girl (film) | Me and Earl and the Dying Girl ( film ) - wikipedia Me and Earl and the Dying Girl ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Me and Earl and the Dying Girl Theatrical release poster Directed by Alfonso Gomez - Rejon Produced by Jeremy Dawson Dan Fogelman Steven M. Rales Screenplay by Jesse Andrews Based on Me and Earl and the Dying Girl by Jesse Andrews Starring Thomas Mann Olivia Cooke RJ Cyler Nick Offerman Molly Shannon Jon Bernthal Connie Britton Music by Brian Eno Nico Muhly Cinematography Chung - hoon Chung Edited by David Trachtenberg Production company Indian Paintbrush Distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures Release date January 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 25 ) ( Sundance ) June 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 12 ) ( United States ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $8 million Box office $9.1 million Me and Earl and the Dying Girl is a 2015 American comedy - drama film directed by Alfonso Gomez - Rejon and written by Jesse Andrews , based on Andrews ' 2012 debut novel of the same name . The film stars Thomas Mann , Olivia Cooke , RJ Cyler , and Jon Bernthal . The film premiered at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival to a standing ovation . It won the U.S. Grand Jury Prize : Dramatic and the Audience Award for U.S. Drama at the festival . The film was released on June 12 , 2015 , by Fox Searchlight Pictures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 6 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Awkward , lanky , and self - loathing , Greg Gaines ( Thomas Mann ) is a senior at Pittsburgh 's Schenley High School who appears to drift through life while only seeming to broadly associate himself with the various cliques within Schenley 's halls . He learns that a fellow student and former childhood friend of his , Rachel Kushner ( Olivia Cooke ) , has been diagnosed with leukemia and is forced by his parents ( Nick Offerman and Connie Britton ) to befriend her in her time of need . Despite neither of them truly wanting the other 's company , Greg manages to strike up a conversation about her pillow collection . She finds his quirky personality endearing and they make plans to meet on a regular basis . Over time , Greg introduces Rachel to his longtime co-worker Earl ( RJ Cyler ) , with whom he makes short films parodying famous film titles . At Greg 's reluctance , Earl convinces Greg to share their collection of short films with her , which she finds entertaining . As Rachel begins chemotherapy , her disease worsens , and Greg begins spending less time at school and more time caring for her . Discovering them shooting another film , Madison ( Katherine C. Hughes ) , Greg 's crush , convinces Greg and Earl to make a film dedicated to Rachel , and Rachel persuades Greg to apply to a local college . Despite being accepted by the college , Greg continues to ignore schoolwork , and eventually school altogether , in order to finish the film . After realizing that her chemotherapy is doing more harm than good , Rachel opts to discontinue her treatment . Greg and Rachel have a heated argument over her choice where she points out his unwillingness to do anything selfless unless he 's told to do so . He leaves , devastated that he can no longer help her . In a rage , Greg confronts Earl , blaming him for the events leading to the end of his friendship with Rachel , with Earl admonishing Greg 's inability to care and sympathize for anyone but himself despite the genuine affection she gave him . Afterward , Earl gives Greg a heartfelt testimonial for Rachel before letting him know that he 's finished with their friendship . Greg is also told that due to his failing grades , he has been rejected by the college he thought he would attend . Later in the year , Greg 's mom lets him know that Rachel has been moved into hospice as she begins to succumb to her disease , which only depresses him further . Taking pity on him , Madison invites him to the prom . However , after dressing up in a tuxedo , he decides not to go to pick up Madison but instead goes to the hospital where Rachel is receiving hospice care . He brings his iPhone and a portable projector and runs the film he made for Rachel on the front wall of her room , lying beside her as they did when they watched his other films . Rachel is moved to tears by the movie . However , while viewing the film , she falls into a coma , dying a few hours later . At her Shiva , Greg and Earl reconcile and Greg sneaks up into Rachel 's room , where he finds a card to him from her explaining that she wrote a letter to the college Greg applied to in order to let them know that he missed school for her sake . He also finds several intricate carvings within her books depicting scenes of her with Greg and Earl , proving that she still cared for him . Greg leaves with one of the books and his favorite of Rachel 's pillows . Some time later , Greg writes his story of his time with Rachel ( which is the basis for the film 's narrative ) and mails it to the college along with the film he made for her . Cast ( edit ) Thomas Mann as Greg Gaines Gavin Dietz as young Greg Olivia Cooke as Rachel Kushner RJ Cyler as Earl Jackson Edward DeBruce III as young Earl Nick Offerman as Mr. Gaines Molly Shannon as Denise Kushner Jon Bernthal as Mr. McCarthy Connie Britton as Mrs. Gaines Chelsea T. Zhang as Naomi Katherine C. Hughes as Madison Natalie Marchelletta as Anna Matt Bennett as Scott Mayhew Bobb'e J. Thompson as Derrick Hugh Jackman as Himself ( voice ) Karriem Sami as Limo Driver Marco Zappala as Theater Dork Etta Cox as Principal Masam Holden as Ill Phil Kaza Marie Ayersman as Rachel 's Friend Cheryl Kline as Rabbi Joan Augustin as Elderly Mourner Mark Granatire as Testimonial Student # 1 Kayana White as Testimonial Student # 2 Linda Kanyarusoke as Testimonial Student # 3 Drew Palajsa as Testimonial Student # 4 Elly Silberstein as Testimonial Student # 5 Nicole Tubbs as Children 's Hospital Nurse Production ( edit ) Screenwriter Dan Fogelman decided to produce the film after reading a manuscript of the 2012 novel Me and Earl and the Dying Girl . The production company Indian Paintbrush and producers Steven M. Rales and Jeremy Dawson then got involved . Having never read or written a script before , Jesse Andrews adapted his own New York Times best - selling novel . Andrews ' screenplay appeared on the 2012 Black List of Hollywood 's best unproduced screenplays . Director Alfonso Gomez - Rejon became interested in the project after reading a leaked copy of the script . He had worked as a production assistant and second - unit director for Nora Ephron , Martin Scorsese and Alejandro González Iñárritu , and had been looking to direct his first personal film , to express his own cinematic vision and his grief for his late father . The film was shot over a four - week period for an estimated budget of under $5 million . Principal photography began on June 13 , 2014 , in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ; they started filming high school scenes on June 16 . Cinematographer Chung - hoon Chung shot the film digitally using Arri Alexa cameras with prime and anamorphic lenses in a widescreen 2.35 : 1 aspect ratio . A Pittsburgh native , writer Jesse Andrews ' family home in Point Breeze was used as Greg 's house in the film . Rachel 's house was located in Squirrel Hill , and Earl 's house was in Braddock . Other locations included Schenley High School ( closed since 2008 ) , The Andy Warhol Museum , Copacetic Comics in Polish Hill , and a street corner in West Oakland , which served as an ice cream shop . The Criterion Collection lent its library of classic films for use in the book - and - DVD store in the film . Brian Eno scored the film using a combination of previously unreleased recordings and a few original compositions ; Nico Muhly composed the music for the beginning high school sequence and final credits . Filmmakers Edward Bursch and Nathan O. Marsh made 21 stop motion animated and live - action short films to represent Greg and Earl 's classic film parodies , including the final short film made for Rachel set to Brian Eno 's `` The Big Ship '' . Differing from the novel , director Gomez - Rejon felt the final film should reflect Greg 's artistic growth and express his love for Rachel in an abstract way , using color , texture , and shapes , similar to the work of Stan Brakhage . Release ( edit ) Me and Earl and the Dying Girl premiered on January 25 , 2015 at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival , to a standing ovation . The film was acquired by Fox Searchlight Pictures for $12 million in a bidding war hours after its premiere , and won the U.S. Grand Jury Prize : Dramatic and the Audience Award for U.S. Drama at the festival . On February 24 , it was announced the film had been scheduled for a limited release on July 1 , 2015 in the United States . On March 10 , it was stated that the film would instead be released on June 12 , 2015 . The film had a gradual theatrical release , opening in 15 art house theaters , expanding to 68 , and then to more than 350 screens . The film went wide to 870 theaters during the July Fourth holiday . It was released in the UK on September 4 , 2015 . Marketing ( edit ) The film 's official trailer was released on April 8 , 2015 , and the official poster was released on April 20 . Two clips were released in May 2015 , and on May 20 the international trailer was released . The movie tie - in edition of the book was released on May 26 , 2015 . Home Media ( edit ) The film was released on video on demand on September 18 , 2015 , and DVD and Blu - ray on October 6 , 2015 . The DVD and Blu - ray include an audio commentary by the director , deleted scenes with optional commentary , the film made for Rachel , Greg 's trailer , and a photo gallery . The Blu - ray also includes the featurette , This Is Where You Learn How the Movie Was Made , a conversation with Martin Scorsese and Gomez - Rejon , and a montage of Greg and Earl 's short films . Reception ( edit ) Director Alfonso Gomez - Rejon at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival . The film has received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 82 % , based on 188 reviews , with an average of 7.6 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads `` Beautifully scripted and perfectly cast , Me & Earl & the Dying Girl is a coming - of - age movie with uncommon charm and insight . '' The film has a score of 74 out of 100 on Metacritic , given by 40 critics , which indicates `` generally favorable reviews '' . Indiewire gave the film a grade of A - , describing it as `` a beautifully charming , captivating knock - out '' . Peter Debruge of Variety wrote that the film `` is destined not only to connect with young audiences in a big way , but also to endure as a touchstone for its generation '' . Pamela McClintock of The Hollywood Reporter later noted that the film had failed to crossover and connect with mainstream audiences , having grossed just $6.2 million in the 6 weeks after its release . The similarly - themed The Fault in Our Stars had grossed $124.9 million in the U.S. in mid-2014 . Accolades ( edit ) List of Accolades Award / Film Festival Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Casting Society of America Film Studio or Independent Comedy Angela Demo , Nancy Mosser and Katie Shenot Won Empire Awards Best Comedy Nominated Best Male Newcomer Thomas Mann Nominated Best Female Newcomer Olivia Cooke Nominated Georgia Film Critics Association Best Picture Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society The Overlooked Film of the Year Won San Diego Film Critics Awards Best Supporting Actor , Female Olivia Cooke Nominated Best Supporting Actor , Male RJ Cyler Nominated Sundance Film Festival Grand Jury Prize ( U.S. Drama ) Alfonso Gomez - Rejon Won Audience Award ( U.S. Drama ) Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Chemistry Thomas Mann and RJ Cyler Nominated Choice Movie : Breakout Star Thomas Mann Nominated Choice Summer Movie Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ME AND EARL AND THE DYING GIRL ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 29 , 2015 . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Me & Earl & the Dying Girl ' lights up Sundance Film Festival '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Me and Earl and the Dying Girl ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Debruge , Peter ( 1 February 2015 ) . `` Sundance Film Review : ' Me and Earl and the Dying Girl ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 28 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Puig , Claudia ( 1 February 2015 ) . `` ' Me and Earl ' wins top 2 Sundance awards '' . Retrieved 1 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , John ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Jesse Andrews Learns on the Fly to Write ' Me and Earl and the Dying Girl ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Macaulay , Scott ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` I 'll Come Running : Alfonso Gomez - Rejon and Jesse Andrews on Me and Earl and the Dying Girl '' . Filmmaker . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Machosky , Michael ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Point Breeze author : ' Me and Earl ' is renegade brother of ' Fault ' '' . TribLive . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Christine ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' Me and Earl and the Dying Girl ' begins filming in Pittsburgh '' . onlocationvacations.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sostek , Anya ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' Me and Earl and the Dying Girl ' to start filming in East End '' . post-gazette.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ON THE SET FOR 6 / 16 / 14 : BOXING DRAMA ' SOUTHPAW ' STARTS , ' AMERICAN ULTRA ' WRAPS '' . studiosystemnews.com . June 16 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Silberg , Jon ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Me and Earl and the Dying Girl ' : Conveying the Complexity of the Adolescent Experience '' . Creative Planet Network . NewBay Media . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Machosky , Michael ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Pittsburgh - shot ' Me and Earl and the Dying Girl ' gets red - carpet welcome '' . TribLive . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vancheri , Barbara ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' Me and Earl and the Dying Girl ' director found Pittsburgh picture perfect '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eisner , Ken ( 10 June 2015 ) . `` Me and Earl and the Dying Girl gets told in high style '' . The Georgia Straight . Vancouver Free Press . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . ( Criterion Collection president Peter Becker recently told us , ' We loaned our whole library to those guys for their movie ! ' ) ^ Jump up to : Goldsmith , Jeff ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` Me and Earl and the Dying Girl Q&A '' . The Q&A with Jeff Goldsmith ( Podcast ) . Event occurs at 50 : 02 . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Shipra Harbola ( July 19 , 2015 ) . `` This Mixtape By The ' Me and Earl and the Dying Girl ' Director Is a Cinephile Indulgence '' . Indiewire . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Watercutter , Angela ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` How They Made Me and Earl and the Dying Girl 's Mini-Movies '' . Wired . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brook ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Pace of Deals Picks Up at Sundance Festival '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) . `` ' Me and Earl and the Dying Girl ' Release Date Set for July 1 '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Me & Earl & the Dying Girl release '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Me and Earl ' and the Dying Box Office : Why the Sundance Hit Fizzled '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Me and Earl and the Dying Girl - video review '' . The Guardian . September 3 , 2015 . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ME AND EARL AND THE DYING GIRL : Official HD Trailer '' . YouTube . 2015 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Poster for Me and Earl and the Dying Girl '' . Flickeringmyth.com. 2015 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` ME AND EARL AND THE DYING GIRL : `` Menu For Your Future '' `` . YouTube . 2015 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Me And Earl And The Dying Girl : `` Coworkers '' `` . YouTube . 2015 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Me And Earl And The Dying Girl International Trailer MTV UK '' . YouTube . 2015 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Me and Earl and the Dying Girl ( Movie Tie - in Edition ) by Jesse Andrews 9781419719462 Paperback Barnes & Noble '' . Barnesandnoble.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Fox Searchlight ( @ foxsearchlight ) ( August 19 , 2015 ) . `` This is the part where # MeAndEarl comes out on Blu - ray TM , DVD & Digital HD '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Vancheri , Barbara ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` Film notes : Hollywood Theater 's Halloween party features B - movie , critic '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Me and Earl and the Dying Girl - Rotten Tomato score '' . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Me and Earl and the Dying Girl - Metacritic score '' . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perez , Rodrigo . `` Sundance Review : Wonderfully Funny , Bittersweet and Inventive , ' Me and Earl and the Dying Girl ' Is a Knock - Out '' . Indiewire . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John . `` Star Wars and Mad Max win big at the 2016 Jameson Empire Awards '' . Empire . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars beats Mad Max at Empire awards '' . BBC News . 20 March 2016 . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2015 Sundance Film Festival Winners '' . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Teen Choice Award Winners -- Full List '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . August 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Me and Earl and the Dying Girl on IMDb Me and Earl and the Dying Girl at Box Office Mojo Me and Earl and the Dying Girl at Rotten Tomatoes Me and Earl and the Dying Girl at Metacritic ( hide ) Films directed by Alfonso Gomez - Rejon The Town That Dreaded Sundown ( 2014 ) Me and Earl and the Dying Girl ( 2015 ) The Current War ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Me_and_Earl_and_the_Dying_Girl_(film)&oldid=835308013 '' Categories : 2015 films English - language films 2010s comedy - drama films 2010s high school films 2010s romantic comedy films 2010s romantic drama films 2010s teen comedy films 2010s teen drama films 2010s teen romance films American comedy - drama films American films American high school films American romantic comedy films American romantic drama films American teen comedy films American teen drama films American teen romance films Films about cancer Films about filmmaking Films based on American novels Films based on young adult literature Films directed by Alfonso Gomez - Rejon Films set in Pittsburgh Films shot in Pennsylvania Films with live action and animation Sundance Film Festival award winners Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2015 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 21 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | me and earl and the dying girl director | [
"Me and Earl and the Dying Girl is a 2015 American comedy-drama film directed by Alfonso Gomez-Rejon and written by Jesse Andrews, based on Andrews' 2012 debut novel of the same name. The film stars Thomas Mann, Olivia Cooke, RJ Cyler, and Jon Bernthal. The film premiered at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival to a standing ovation.[4] It won the U.S. Grand Jury Prize: Dramatic and the Audience Award for U.S. Drama at the festival.[5] The film was released on June 12, 2015, by Fox Searchlight Pictures."
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"Alfonso Gomez-Rejon"
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-3597469915601837495 | Cerebrospinal fluid | Cerebrospinal fluid - wikipedia Cerebrospinal fluid Jump to : navigation , search This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Cerebrospinal fluid The cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) circulates in the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord Image showing the location of CSF highlighting the brain 's ventricular system Details Identifiers Latin liquor cerebrospinalis Acronym ( s ) CSF TA A14. 1.01. 203 FMA 20935 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) is a clear , colorless body fluid found in the brain and spinal cord . It is produced in the choroid plexuses of the ventricles of the brain , and absorbed in the arachnoid granulations . There is about 125mL of CSF at any one time , and about 500mL is generated every day . CSF acts as a cushion or buffer for the brain , providing basic mechanical and immunological protection to the brain inside the skull . The CSF also serves a vital function in cerebral autoregulation of cerebral blood flow . The CSF occupies the subarachnoid space ( between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater ) and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord . It fills the ventricles of the brain , cisterns , and sulci , as well as the central canal of the spinal cord . There is also a connection from the subarachnoid space to the bony labyrinth of the inner ear via the perilymphatic duct where the perilymph is continuous with the cerebrospinal fluid . A sample of CSF can be taken via lumbar puncture . This can reveal the intracranial pressure , as well as indicate diseases including infections of the brain or its surrounding meninges . Although noted by Hippocrates , it was only in the 18th century that Emanuel Swedenborg is credited with its rediscovery , and as late as 1914 that Harvey W. Cushing demonstrated CSF was secreted by the choroid plexus . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Circulation 1.2 Contents 2 Development 3 Physiology 3.1 Function 3.2 Production 3.3 Reabsorption 3.4 Regulation 4 Clinical significance 4.1 Pressure 4.2 CSF leak 4.3 Lumbar puncture 4.4 Anaesthesia and chemotherapy 5 History 6 Other animals 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure ( edit ) Circulation ( edit ) MRI showing pulsation of CSF Distribution of CSF There is about 125 - 150 mL of CSF at any one time . This CSF circulates within the ventricular system of the brain . The ventricles are a series of cavities filled with CSF . The majority of CSF is produced from within the two lateral ventricles . From here , the CSF passes through the interventricular foramina to the third ventricle , then the cerebral aqueduct to the fourth ventricle . From the fourth ventricle , the fluid passes into the subarachnoid space through four openings -- the central canal of the spinal cord , the median aperture , and the two lateral apertures . CSF is present within the subarachnoid space , which covers the brain , spinal cord , and stretches below the end of the spinal cord to the sacrum . There is a connection from the subarachnoid space to the bony labyrinth of the inner ear making the cerebrospinal fluid continuous with the perilymph in 93 % of people . CSF moves in a single outward direction from the ventricles , but multidirectionally in the subarachnoid space . Fluid movement is pulsatile , matching the pressure waves generated in blood vessels by the beating of the heart . Some authors dispute this , posing that there is no unidirectional CSF circulation , but cardiac cycle - dependent bi-directional systolic - diastolic to - and - fro cranio - spinal CSF movements . Contents ( edit ) The CSF is derived from blood plasma and is largely similar to it , except that CSF is nearly protein - free compared with plasma and has some different electrolyte levels . Due to the way it is produced , CSF has a higher chloride level than plasma , and an equivalent sodium level . CSF contains approximately 0.3 % plasma proteins , or approximately 15 to 40 mg / dL , depending on sampling site . In general , globular proteins and albumin are in lower concentration in ventricular CSF compared to lumbar or cisternal fluid . This continuous flow into the venous system dilutes the concentration of larger , lipid - insoluble molecules penetrating the brain and CSF . CSF is normally free of red blood cells , and at most contains only a few white blood cells . Any white blood cell count higher than this constitutes pleocytosis . Development ( edit ) At around the third week of development , the embryo is a three - layered disc , covered with ectoderm , mesoderm and endoderm . A tube - like formation develops in the midline , called the notochord . The notochord releases extracellular molecules that affect the transformation of the overlying ectoderm into nervous tissue . The neural tube , forming from the ectoderm , contains CSF prior to the development of the choroid plexuses . The open neuropores of the neural tube close after the first month of development , and CSF pressure gradually increases . As the brain develops , by the fourth week of embryological development three swellings have formed within the embryo around the canal , near where the head will develop . These swellings represent different components of the central nervous system : the prosencephalon , mesencephalon and rhombencephalon . Subarachnoid spaces are first evident around the 32nd day of development near the rhombencephalon ; circulation is visible from the 41st day . At this time , the first choroid plexus can be seen , found in the fourth ventricle , although the time at which they first secrete CSF is not yet known . The developing forebrain surrounds the neural cord . As the forebrain develops , the neural cord within it becomes a ventricle , ultimately forming the lateral ventricles . Along the inner surface of both ventricles , the ventricular wall remains thin , and a choroid plexus develops , producing and releasing CSF . The CSF quickly fills the neural canal . Arachnoid villi are formed around the 35th week of development , with aracnhoid granulations noted around the 39th , and continuing developing until 18 months of age . The subcommissural organ secretes SCO - spondin , which forms Reissner 's fiber within the CSF that assist movement through the cerebral aqueduct . It is present in early intrauterine life but disappears during early development . Physiology ( edit ) Function ( edit ) CSF serves several purposes : Buoyancy : The actual mass of the human brain is about 1400 -- 1500 grams ; however , the net weight of the brain suspended in the CSF is equivalent to a mass of 25 - 50 grams . The brain therefore exists in neutral buoyancy , which allows the brain to maintain its density without being impaired by its own weight , which would cut off blood supply and kill neurons in the lower sections without CSF . Protection : CSF protects the brain tissue from injury when jolted or hit , by providing a fluid buffer that acts as a shock absorber from some forms of mechanical injury . Prevention of brain ischemia : The prevention of brain ischemia is made by decreasing the amount of CSF in the limited space inside the skull . This decreases total intracranial pressure and facilitates blood perfusion . Homeostasis : CSF allows for regulation of the distribution of substances between cells of the brain , and neuroendocrine factors , to which slight changes can cause problems or damage to the nervous system . For example , high glycine concentration disrupts temperature and blood pressure control , and high CSF pH causes dizziness and syncope . Clearing waste : CSF allows for the removal of waste products from the brain , and is critical in the brain 's lymphatic system . Metabolic waste products diffuse rapidly into the CSF and are removed into the bloodstream as CSF is absorbed . Production ( edit ) Comparison of Average Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid Substance CSF Serum Water Content ( % ) 99 93 Protein ( mg / dL ) 35 7000 Glucose ( mg / dL ) 60 90 Osmolarity ( mOsm / L ) 295 295 Sodium ( mEq / L ) 138 138 Potassium ( mEq / L ) 2.8 4.5 Calcium ( mEq / L ) 4.8 Magnesium ( mEq / L ) 2.0 -- 2.5 1.7 Chloride ( mEq / L ) 119 102 pH 7.33 7.41 The brain produces roughly 500 mL of cerebrospinal fluid per day , at a rate of about 25 mL an hour . This transcellular fluid is constantly reabsorbed , so that only 125 -- 150 mL is present at any one time . Most ( about two - thirds to 80 % ) of CSF is produced by the choroid plexus . The choroid plexus is a network of blood vessels present within sections of the four ventricles of the brain . It is present throughout the ventricular system except for the cerebral aqueduct , frontal horn of the lateral ventricle , and occipital horn of the lateral ventricle . CSF is also produced by the single layer of column - shaped ependymal cells which line the ventricles ; by the lining surrounding the subarachnoid space ; and a small amount directly from the tiny spaces surrounding blood vessels around the brain . CSF is produced by the choroid plexus in two steps . Firstly , a filtered form of plasma moves from fenestrated capillaries in the choroid plexus into an interstitial space , with movement guided by a difference in pressure between the blood in the capillaries and the interstitial fluid . This fluid then needs to pass through the epithelium cells lining the choroid plexus into the ventricles , an active process requiring the transport of sodium , potassium and chloride that draws water into the CSF by creating osmotic pressure . Unlike blood passing from the capillaries into the choroid plexus , the epithelial cells lining the choroid plexus contain tight junctions between cells , which act to prevent most substances flowing freely into the CSF . Water and carbon dioxide from the interstitial fluid diffuse into the epithelial cells . Within these cells , carbonic anhydrase converts the substances into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions . These are exchanged for sodium and chloride on the cell surface facing the interstitium . Sodium , chloride , bicarbonate and potassium are then actively secreted into the ventricular lumen . This creates osmotic pressure and draws water into the CSF , facilitated by aquaporins . Chloride , with a negative charge , moves with the positively charged sodium , to maintain electroneutrality . Potassium and bicarbonate are also transported out of the CSF . As a result , CSF contains a higher concentration of sodium and chloride than blood plasma , but less potassium , calcium and glucose and protein . Choroid plexuses also secrete growth factors , vitamins B1 , 12 C , folate , beta - 2 microglobulin , arginine vasopressin and nitrous oxide into the CSF . A Na - K - Cl cotransporter and Na / K ATPase found on the surface of the choroid endothelium , appears to play a role in regulating CSF secretion and composition . Orešković and Klarica hypothesise that CSF is not primarily produced by the choroid plexus , but is being permanently produced inside the entire CSF system , as a consequence of water filtration through the capillary walls into the interstitial fluid of the surrounding brain tissue , regulated by AQP - 4 . There are circadian variations in CSF secretion , with the mechanisms not fully understood , but potentially relating to differences in the activation of the autonomic nervous system over the course of the day . Reabsorption ( edit ) CSF returns to the vascular system by entering the dural venous sinuses via arachnoid granulations . These are outpouchings of the arachnoid mater into the venous sinuses around the brain , with valves to ensure one - way drainage . This occurs because of a pressure difference between the arachnoid mater and venous sinuses . CSF has also been seen to drain into lymphatic vessels , particularly those surrounding the nose via drainage along the olfactory nerve through the cribriform plate . The pathway and extent are currently not known , but may involve CSF flow along some cranial nerves and be more prominent in the neonate . CSF turns over at a rate of three to four times a day . CSF has also been seen to be reabsorbed through the sheathes of cranial and spinal nerve sheathes , and through the ependyma . Regulation ( edit ) The composition and rate of CSF generation are influenced by hormones and the content and pressure of blood and CSF . For example , when CSF pressure is higher , there is less of a pressure difference between the capillary blood in choroid plexuses and the CSF , decreasing the rate at which fluids move into the choroid plexus and CSF generation . The autonomic nervous system influences choroid plexus CSF secretion , with activation of the sympathetic nervous system increasing secretion and the parasympathetic nervous system decreasing it . Changes in the pH of the blood can affect the activity of carbonic anhydrase , and some drugs ( such as frusemide , acting on the Na - K - Cl cotransporter ) have the potential to impact membrane channels . Clinical significance ( edit ) Pressure ( edit ) CSF pressure , as measured by lumbar puncture , is 10 -- 18 cmH O ( 8 -- 15 mmHg or 1.1 -- 2 kPa ) with the patient lying on the side and 20 -- 30 cmH O ( 16 -- 24 mmHg or 2.1 -- 3.2 kPa ) with the patient sitting up . In newborns , CSF pressure ranges from 8 to 10 cmH O ( 4.4 -- 7.3 mmHg or 0.78 -- 0.98 kPa ) . Most variations are due to coughing or internal compression of jugular veins in the neck . When lying down , the CSF pressure as estimated by lumbar puncture is similar to the intracranial pressure . Hydrocephalus is an abnormal accumulation of CSF in the ventricles of the brain . Hydrocephalus can occur because of obstruction of the passage of CSF , such as from an infection , injury , mass , or congenital abnormality . Hydrocephalus without obstruction associated with normal CSF pressure may also occur . Symptoms can include problems with gait and coordination , urinary incontinence , nausea and vomiting , and progressively impaired thinking . In infants , hydrocephalus can cause an enlarged head , as the bones of the skull have not yet fused , seizures , irritability and drowsiness . A CT scan or MRI scan may reveal enlargement of one or both lateral ventricles , or causative masses or lesions , and lumbar puncture may be used to demonstrate and in some circumstances relieve high intracranial pressure . Hydrocephalus is usually treated through the insertion of a shunt , which diverts fluid to another part of the body , such as a ventriculo - peritoneal shunt . Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a condition of unknown cause characterised by a rise in CSF pressure . It is associated with headaches , double vision , difficulties seeing , and a swollen optic disc . It can occur in association with the use of Vitamin A and tetracycline antibiotics , or without any identifiable cause at all , particularly in younger obese women . Management may include ceasing any known causes , a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor such as acetazolamide , repeated drainage via lumbar puncture , or the insertion of a shunt such as a ventriculoperitoneal shunt . CSF leak ( edit ) CSF can leak from the dura as a result of different causes such as physical trauma or a lumbar puncture , or from no known cause when it is termed spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak . It is usually associated with intracranial hypotension : low CSF pressure . It can cause headaches , made worse by standing , moving and coughing , as the low CSF pressure causes the brain to `` sag '' downwards and put pressure on its lower structures . If a leak is identified , a beta - 2 transferrin test of the leaking fluid , when positive , is highly specific and sensitive for the detection for CSF leakage . Medical imaging such as CT scans and MRI scans can be used to investigate for a presumed CSF leak when no obvious leak is found but low CSF pressure is identified . Caffeine , given either orally or intravenously , often offers symptomatic relief . Treatment of an identified leak may include injection of a person 's blood into the epidural space ( an epidural blood patch ) , spinal surgery , or fibrin glue . Lumbar puncture ( edit ) Vials containing human cerebrospinal fluid . Main article : Lumbar puncture CSF can be tested for the diagnosis of a variety of neurological diseases , usually obtained by a procedure called lumbar puncture . Lumbar puncture is carried out under sterile conditions by inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space , usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae . CSF is extracted through the needle , and tested . About one third of people experience a headache after lumbar puncture , and pain or discomfort at the needle entry site is common . Rarer complications may include bruising , meningitis or ongoing post lumbar - puncture leakage of CSF . Testing often including observing the colour of the fluid , measuring CSF pressure , and counting and identifying white and red blood cells within the fluid ; measuring protein and glucose levels ; and culturing the fluid . The presence of red blood cells and xanthochromia may indicate subarachnoid hemorrhage ; whereas central nervous system infections such as meningitis , may be indicated by elevated white blood cell levels . A CSF culture may yield the microorganism that has caused the infection , or PCR may be used to identify a viral cause . Investigations to the total type and nature of proteins reveal point to specific diseases , including multiple sclerosis , paraneoplastic syndromes , systemic lupus erythematosus , neurosarcoidosis , cerebral angiitis ; and specific antibodies such as Aquaporin 4 may be tested for to assist in the diagnosis of autoimmune conditions . A lumbar puncture that drains CSF may also be used as part of treatment for some conditions , including idiopathic intracranial hypertension and normal pressure hydrocephalus . Lumbar puncture can also be performed to measure the intracranial pressure , which might be increased in certain types of hydrocephalus . However , a lumbar puncture should never be performed if increased intracranial pressure is suspected due to certain situations such as a tumour , because it can lead to fatal brain herniation . Anaesthesia. and chemotherapy ( edit ) See also : Blood -- cerebrospinal fluid barrier Some anaesthetics and chemotherapy are injected intrathecally into the subarachnoid space , where they spread around the CSF , meaning substances that can not cross the blood - brain barrier can still be active throughout the central nervous system . Baricity refers to the density of a substance compared to the density of human cerebrospinal fluid and is used in general anesthesia to determine the manner in which a particular drug will spread in the intrathecal space . History ( edit ) Various comments by ancient physicians have been read as referring to CSF . Hippocrates discussed `` water '' surrounding the brain when describing congenital hydrocephalus , and Galen referred to `` excremental liquid '' in the ventricles of the brain , which he believed was purged into the nose . But for some 16 intervening centuries of ongoing anatomical study , CSF remained unmentioned in the literature . This is perhaps because of the prevailing autopsy technique , which involved cutting off the head , thereby removing evidence of the CSF before the brain was examined . The modern rediscovery of CSF is now credited to Emanuel Swedenborg . In a manuscript written between 1741 and 1744 , unpublished in his lifetime , Swedenborg referred to CSF as `` spirituous lymph '' secreted from the roof of the fourth ventricle down to the medulla oblongata and spinal cord . This manuscript was eventually published in translation in 1887 . Albrecht von Haller , a Swiss physician and physiologist , made note in his 1747 book on physiology that the `` water '' in the brain was secreted into the ventricles and absorbed in the veins , and when secreted in excess , could lead to hydrocephalus . Francois Magendie studied the properties of CSF by vivisection . He discovered the foramen Magendie , the opening in the roof of the fourth ventricle , but mistakenly believed that CSF was secreted by the pia mater . Thomas Willis ( noted as the discoverer of the circle of Willis ) made note of the fact that the consistency of the CSF is altered in meningitis . In 1869 Gustav Schwalbe proposed that CSF drainage could occur via lymphatic vessels . In 1891 , W. Essex Wynter began treating tubercular meningitis by tapping the subarachnoid space , and Heinrich Quincke began to popularize lumbar puncture , which he advocated for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes . In 1912 , a neurologist William Mestrezat gave the first accurate description of the chemical composition of the CSF . In 1914 , Harvey W. Cushing published conclusive evidence that the CSF is secreted by the choroid plexus . Other animals ( edit ) During phylogenesis , cerebrospinal fluid is present within the neuraxis before it circulates . The CSF of Teleostei fish are contained within the ventricles of the brains , but not in a nonexistent subarachnoid space . In mammals , where a subarachnoid space is present , the CSF is present in it . Absorption of CSF is seen in amniotes and more complex species , and as species become progressively more complex , the system of absorption becomes progressively more enhanced , and the role of spinal epidural veins in absorption plays a progressively smaller and smaller role . The amount of cerebrospinal fluid varies by size and species . In humans and other mammals , cerebrospinal fluid , produced , circulating , and reabsorbed in a similar manner to humans , and with a similar function , turns over at a rate of 3 -- 5 times a day . Problems with CSF circulation leading to hydrocephalus occur in other animals . See also ( edit ) Craniosacral therapy Neuroglobin Pandy 's test Reissner 's fiber Syrinx ( medicine ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wright , Ben L.C. ; Lai , James T.F. ; Sinclair , Alexandra J. ( 26 January 2012 ) . `` Cerebrospinal fluid and lumbar puncture : a practical review '' . Journal of Neurology . 259 ( 8 ) : 1530 -- 1545 . doi : 10.1007 / s00415 - 012 - 6413 - x . ^ Jump up to : Guyton , Arthur C. ; Hall , John Edward ( 2005 ) . Textbook of medical physiology ( 11th ed . ) . Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders . pp. 764 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7216 - 0240 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Sakka , L. ; Coll , G. ; Chazal , J. ( December 2011 ) . `` Anatomy and physiology of cerebrospinal fluid '' . European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology , Head and Neck Diseases . 128 ( 6 ) : 309 -- 316 . doi : 10.1016 / j. anorl. 2011.03. 002 . ^ Jump up to : Klarica M , Orešković D ( 2014 ) . `` A new look at cerebrospinal fluid movement '' . Fluids Barriers CNS. 11 : 16 . doi : 10.1186 / 2045 - 8118 - 11 - 16 . PMC 4118619 . PMID 25089184 . ^ Jump up to : Saladin , Kenneth ( 2012 ) . Anatomy and Physiology ( 6th ed . ) . McGraw Hill . pp. 519 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Felgenhauer K ( 1974 ) . `` Protein size and CSF composition '' . Klin . Wochenschr. 52 ( 24 ) : 1158 -- 64 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01466734 . PMID 4456012 . Jump up ^ Merril CR , Goldman D , Sedman SA , Ebert MH ( March 1981 ) . `` Ultrasensitive stain for proteins in polyacrylamide gels shows regional variation in cerebrospinal fluid proteins '' . Science . 211 ( 4489 ) : 1437 -- 8 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 6162199 . PMID 6162199 . Jump up ^ Saunders NR , Habgood MD , Dziegielewska KM ( 1999 ) . `` Barrier mechanisms in the brain , I. Adult brain '' . Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 26 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 9 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1440 - 1681.1999. 02986. x . PMID 10027064 . Jump up ^ Jurado , Rafael ; Walker , H. Kenneth ( 1990 ) . `` Cerebrospinal Fluid '' . Clinical Methods : The History , Physical , and Laboratory Examinations ( 3rd ed . ) . Butterworths . ISBN 040990077X . ^ Jump up to : Schoenwolf , Gary C. ; Larsen , William James ( 2009 ) . `` Development of the Brain and Cranial Nerves '' . Larsen 's human embryology ( 4th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 443 - 06811 - 9 . Jump up ^ Noback , Charles ; Norman L. Strominger ; Robert J. Demarest ; David A. Ruggiero ( 2005 ) . The Human Nervous System . Humana Press . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58829 - 040 - 3 . Jump up ^ Iliff JJ , Wang M , Liao Y , et al. ( August 2012 ) . `` A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes , including amyloid β '' . Science Translational Medicine . 4 ( 147 ) : 147ra111 . doi : 10.1126 / scitranslmed. 3003748 . PMC 3551275 . PMID 22896675 . Jump up ^ Allan H. Ropper , Robert H. Brown Adams and Victor 's Principles of Neurology McGraw - Hill Professional ; 8 edition ( March 29 , 2005 ) Ch. 30 p. 530 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com.au/books?id=o6SoJYPnyTQC Jump up ^ Young , Paul A. ( 2007 ) . Basic clinical neuroscience ( 2nd ed . ) . Philadelphia , Pa. : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 292 . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 5319 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hall , John ( 2011 ) . Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology ( 12th ed . ) . Philadelphia , Pa. : Saunders / Elsevier . p. 749 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 4574 - 8 . Jump up ^ Johnston M ( 2003 ) . `` The importance of lymphatics in cerebrospinal fluid transport '' . Lymphat . Res. Biol. 1 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 4 . doi : 10.1089 / 15396850360495682 . PMID 15624320 . Jump up ^ Dimitri Agamanolis ( May 2011 ) . `` Chapter 14 -- Cerebrospinal Fluid : THE NORMAL CSF '' . Neuropathology . Northeast Ohio Medical University . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Colledge , Nicki R. ; Walker , Brian R. ; Ralston , Stuart H. , eds. ( 2010 ) . Davidson 's principles and practice of medicine ( 21st ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . pp. 1220 -- 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3084 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hydrocephalus Fact Sheet '' . www.ninds.nih.gov . National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kasper , Dennis ; Fauci , Anthony ; Hauser , Stephen ; Longo , Dan ; Jameson , J. ; Loscalzo , Joseph ( 2015 ) . Harrison 's Principles of Internal Medicine ( 19 ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Professional . p. 2606 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 180215 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Colledge , Nicki R. ; Walker , Brian R. ; Ralston , Stuart H. , eds. ( 2010 ) . Davidson 's principles and practice of medicine ( 21st ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . pp. 1147 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3084 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Paldino , Michael ; Mogilner , Alon Y. ; Tenner , Michael S. ( December 2003 ) . `` Intracranial hypotension syndrome : a comprehensive review '' . Neurosurgical Focus. 15 ( 6 ) : 1 -- 8 . doi : 10.3171 / foc. 2003.15. 6.8 . ^ Jump up to : Seehusen DA , Reeves MM , Fomin DA ( September 2003 ) . `` CSF analysis '' . Am Fam Physician. 68 ( 6 ) : 1103 -- 8 . PMID 14524396 . ^ Jump up to : Hocking , G. ( 1 October 2004 ) . `` Intrathecal drug spread '' . British Journal of Anaesthesia. 93 ( 4 ) : 568 -- 578 . doi : 10.1093 / bja / aeh204 . Jump up ^ `` Intrathecal Chemotherapy for Cancer Treatment CTCA '' . CancerCenter.com . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hajdu SI ( 2003 ) . `` A note from history : discovery of the cerebrospinal fluid '' . Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science . 33 ( 3 ) : 334 -- 6 . PMID 12956452 . ^ Jump up to : Reece , William O. ( 2013 ) . Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals . John Wiley & Sons . p. 118 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 68589 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cerebrospinal fluid . Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid ( CSF ) -- Interactive Tool Cerebrospinal fluid -- course material in neuropathology Identification of the Cerebrospinal Fluid System Dynamics ( hide ) Ventricular system of the human brain Lateral ventricles Body Lamina affixa Stria terminalis Collateral eminence Occipital horn Calcar avis Septum pellucidum Third ventricle Recesses Optic recess Infundibular recess Suprapineal recess Pineal recess Hypothalamic sulcus Tela choroidea Subfornical organ Posterior commissure Fourth ventricle Roof Superior medullary velum Frenulum Inferior medullary velum Taenia Floor Upper Facial colliculus Locus coeruleus Lower Vagal trigone Hypoglossal trigone Area postrema Obex Medial eminence Sulcus limitans Fastigium Apertures Median / Magendie Lateral recess to Lateral / Luschka Other Rhomboid fossa Tela choroidea Cerebrospinal fluid Blood -- brain barrier Cerebral aqueduct Interventricular foramina Perilymphatic duct GND : 4125641 - 4 NDL : 00574955 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cerebrospinal_fluid&oldid=821739481 '' Categories : Body fluids Ventricular system Neurology Reference intervals Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2014 Good articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 09 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds the spinal cord located | [
"Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless body fluid found in the brain and spinal cord. It is produced in the choroid plexuses of the ventricles of the brain, and absorbed in the arachnoid granulations. There is about 125mL of CSF at any one time, and about 500mL is generated every day. CSF acts as a cushion or buffer for the brain, providing basic mechanical and immunological protection to the brain inside the skull. The CSF also serves a vital function in cerebral autoregulation of cerebral blood flow."
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"choroid plexuses of the ventricles of the brain, and absorbed in the arachnoid granulations"
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-8311698839604131860 | A.S. Roma | As Roma - Wikipedia As Roma Jump to : navigation , search Roma Full name Associazione Sportiva Roma S.p.A. Nickname ( s ) I Giallorossi ( The Yellow and Reds ) La Lupa ( The She - Wolf ) La Magica ( The Magic One ) Founded 7 June 1927 ; 90 years ago ( 1927 - 06 - 07 ) ( by Italo Foschi ) Ground Stadio Olimpico Ground Capacity 70,634 Owner NEEP Roma Holding S.p.A. ( 79.04 % ) President James Pallotta Head coach Eusebio Di Francesco League Serie A 2016 -- 17 Serie A , 2nd Website Club website Home colours Away colours Third colours Current season Associazione Sportiva Roma ( BIT : ASR , LSE : 0MT1 ; Rome Sport Association ) , commonly referred to as simply Roma ( ˈroːma ) , is a professional Italian football club based in Rome . Founded by a merger in 1927 , Roma have participated in the top - tier of Italian football for all of their existence except for 1951 -- 52 . Roma have won Serie A three times , in 1941 -- 42 , 1982 -- 83 and 2000 -- 01 , as well as winning nine Coppa Italia titles and two Supercoppa Italiana titles . In European competitions , Roma won the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1960 -- 61 and were runners - up in the 1983 -- 84 European Cup and the 1990 -- 91 UEFA Cup . Since 1953 , Roma have played their home matches at the Stadio Olimpico , a venue they share with city rivals Lazio . With a capacity of over 72,000 , it is the second - largest of its kind in Italy , with only the San Siro able to seat more . The club plan to move to a new stadium , though this is yet to start construction . The club 's home colours are Tyrian purple and gold , which gives Roma their nickname `` I Giallorossi '' ( `` The Yellow and Reds '' ) . Their club badge features a she - wolf , an allusion to the founding myth of Rome . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 First title victory and decline 1.2 Time of mixed fortunes 1.3 In the new millennium 1.3. 1 2000 -- 2010 1.3. 2 The `` AS Roma SPV LLC '' era 2 Colours , badge and nicknames 2.1 Shirt sponsors and manufacturers 3 Facilities 3.1 Stadiums 3.1. 1 List of stadiums used by the club 3.2 Trigoria 4 Supporters and rivalries 4.1 Rivalries 5 Players 5.1 Current squad 5.2 Out on loan 5.3 Other players under contract 5.4 Primavera squad 6 Management staff 7 Chairmen history 8 Managerial history 9 Honours 9.1 National titles 9.2 European titles 10 Hall of Fame 11 Club records and statistics 12 As a company 12.1 Superleague Formula 13 Footnotes 14 See also 15 References 16 External links History Main article : History of A.S. Roma Attilio Ferraris , Roma captain during their formative years A.S. Roma was founded in the summer of 1927 when Italo Foschi initiated the merger of three older Italian Football Championship clubs from the city of Rome : Roman FC , SS Alba - Audace and Fortitudo - Pro Roma SGS . The purpose of the merger was to give the Italian capital a strong club to rival that of the more dominant Northern Italian clubs of the time . The only major Roman club to resist the merger was Lazio because of the intervention of the army General Vaccaro , a member of the club and executive of Italian Football Federation . The club played its earliest seasons at the Motovelodromo Appio stadium , before settling in the working - class streets of Testaccio , where it built an all - wooden ground Campo Testaccio ; this was opened in November 1929 . An early season in which Roma made a large mark was the 1930 -- 31 championship , where the club finished as runners - up behind Juventus . Captain Attilio Ferraris , along with Guido Masetti , Fulvio Bernardini and Rodolfo Volk , were highly important players during this period . First title victory and decline The Roma of the first scudetto in 1942 After a slump in league form and the departure of high key players , Roma eventually rebuilt their squad adding goalscorers such as the Argentine Enrique Guaita . Under the management of Luigi Barbesino , the Roman club came close to their first title in 1935 -- 36 , finishing just one point behind champions Bologna . Roma returned to form after being inconsistent for much of the late 1930s . Roma recorded an unexpected title triumph in the 1941 -- 42 season by winning their first ever Scudetto title . The 18 goals scored by local player Amedeo Amadei were essential to the Alfréd Schaffer - coached Roma side winning the title . At the time , Italy was involved in World War II and Roma were playing at the Stadio del Partito Nazionale Fascista . In the years just after the war , Roma were unable to recapture their league stature from the early 1940s . Roma finished in the lower half of Serie A for five seasons in a row , before eventually succumbing to their only ever relegation to Serie B at the end of the 1950 -- 51 season , around a decade after their championship victory . Under future Italy national team manager Giuseppe Viani , promotion straight back up was achieved . After returning to the Serie A , Roma managed to stabilise themselves as a top half club again with players such as Egisto Pandolfini , Dino Da Costa and Dane Helge Bronée . Their best finish of this period was under the management of Englishman Jesse Carver , when in 1954 -- 55 , they finished as runners - up after Udinese , who originally finished second were relegated for corruption . Although Roma were unable to break into the top four during the following decade , they did achieve some measure of cup success . Their first honour outside of Italy was recorded in 1960 -- 61 when Roma won the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup by defeating Birmingham City 4 -- 2 in the finals . A few years later , Roma won their first Coppa Italia trophy in 1963 -- 64 after defeating Torino 1 -- 0 . Their lowest point came during the 1964 -- 65 season , when manager Juan Carlos Lorenzo announced the club could not pay its players and was unlikely to be able to afford to travel to Vicenza to fulfil its next fixture . Supporters kept the club going with a fundraiser at the Sistine Theatre and bankruptcy was avoided with the election of a new club president Franco Evangelisti . Their second Coppa Italia trophy was won in 1968 -- 69 , when it competed in a small , league - like system . Giacomo Losi set a Roma appearance record in 1969 with 450 appearances in all competitions , a record that would last 38 years . Time of mixed fortunes Club captain Giacomo Losi with the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1960 -- 61 Roma were able to add another cup to their collection in 1972 , with a 3 -- 1 victory over Blackpool in the Anglo - Italian Cup . During much of the 1970s , Roma 's appearance in the top half of Serie A was sporadic . The best place the club were able to achieve during the decade was third in 1974 -- 75 . Notable players who turned out for the club during this period included midfielders Giancarlo De Sisti and Francesco Rocca . The dawning of a newly successful era in Roma 's footballing history was brought in with another Coppa Italia victory , they defeated Torino on penalties to win the 1979 -- 80 edition . Roma would reach heights in the league which they had not touched since the 1940s by narrowly and controversially finishing as runners - up to Juventus in 1980 -- 81 . Former Milan player Nils Liedholm was the manager at the time , with players such as Bruno Conti , Agostino Di Bartolomei , Roberto Pruzzo and Falcão . The Roma of the second Scudetto in 1983 The second Scudetto did not elude Roma for much longer . In 1982 -- 83 , the Roman club won the title for the first time in 41 years , amidst celebrations in the capital . The following season , Roma finished as runners - up in Italy and collected a Coppa Italia title , they also finished as runners - up in the European Cup final of 1984 . The European Cup final with Liverpool ended in a 1 -- 1 draw with a goal from Pruzzo , but Roma eventually lost in the penalty shoot - out . Roma 's successful run in the 1980s would finish with a runners - up spot in 1985 -- 86 and a Coppa Italia victory , beating out Sampdoria 3 -- 2 . After , a comparative decline began in the league , one of the few league highs from the following period being a third - place finish in 1987 -- 88 . At the start of the 1990s , the club was involved in an all - Italian UEFA Cup final , where they lost 2 -- 1 to Internazionale in 1991 . The same season , the club won its seventh Coppa Italia and ended runners - up to Sampdoria in the Supercoppa Italiana . Aside from finishing runners - up to Torino in a Coppa Italia final , the rest of the decade was largely sub-par in the history of Roma , particularly in the league , where the highest they could manage was fourth in 1997 -- 98 . The early 1990s also saw the emergence of homegrown striker Francesco Totti , who would go on to be an important member of the team and the club 's iconic captain . In the new millennium 2000 -- 2010 17 June 2001 -- Roma - Parma 3 -- 1 : Roma won its third Italian championship in its history . Fans of the Curva Sud are overjoyed Roma returned to form in the 2000s , beginning the decade in great style by winning their third ever Serie A title in 2000 -- 01 . The Scudetto was won on the last day of the season after defeating Parma 3 -- 1 , edging Juventus by two points . The club 's captain , Francesco Totti , was a large reason for the title victory and he would become one of the main heroes in the club 's history , going on to break several club records . Other important players during this period included Aldair , Cafu , Gabriel Batistuta and Vincenzo Montella . The club attempted to defend the title in the following season but ended as runners - up to Juventus by one point . This would be the start of Roma finishing as runners - up several times in both Serie A and Coppa Italia during the 2000s -- they lost out 4 -- 2 to Milan in the Coppa Italia final of 2003 and lost to Milan again by finishing second in Serie A for the 2003 -- 04 season . The club also re-capitalized several time in 2003 -- 04 season . In November 2003 , € 37.5 million was injected by `` Roma 2000 '' to cover the half - year loss and loss carried from previous year . and again on 30 June for € 44.57 million . Through stock market , a further € 19.850 million of new shares issued , and at the year end , the share capital was € 19.878 million , which was unchanged as of 2011 . The following season also saw the departure of Walter Samuel for € 25 million and Emerson for € 28 million , which decreased the strength of the squad . The Giallorossi therefore finished in eighth place , one of the worst of recent seasons . Francesco Totti , with the 2007 -- 08 Coppa Italia On 9 July 2006 , Roma 's Francesco Totti , Daniele De Rossi and Simone Perrotta were part of the Italy national team which defeated France in the 2006 FIFA World Cup Final . A Serie A scandal was revealed during 2006 ; Roma were not one of the teams involved . After punishments were issued , Roma was re-classified as runners - up for 2005 -- 06 , the same season they finished second in the Coppa Italia losing to Internazionale . In the two following seasons , 2006 -- 07 and 2007 -- 08 , Roma finished as Serie A runners - up , meaning that in the 2000s , Roma have finished in the top two positions more than any other decade in their history . Meanwhile , in the UEFA Champions League during both of these seasons , they reached the quarter - finals before going out to Manchester United . Despite the sloppy start in the 2008 -- 09 Champions League , Roma managed to reach the knockout stage ahead of Chelsea in their group , thus finishing for the first time in their history as winners of the group stage . However , the Giallorossi , would lose to Arsenal in the knockout stage on penalty kicks , ending their Champions League campaign . After a disappointing start to the 2009 -- 10 season , Claudio Ranieri replaced Luciano Spalletti as head coach . At the time of the switch , Roma lay bottom of the Serie A table after losses to Juventus and Genoa . Despite this setback , Roma would later embark on an incredible unbeaten streak of 24 matches in the league -- with the last of the 24 being a 2 -- 1 win over rivals Lazio , whereby Roma came from 1 -- 0 down at half - time to defeat their city rivals after Ranieri courageously substituted both Totti and De Rossi at the interval . The Giallorossi were on top of the table at one point , before a loss to Sampdoria later in the season . Roma would finish runners - up to Internazionale yet again in both Serie A and the Coppa Italia . This rounded out a highly successful decade in Roma 's history , following somewhat mediocre results of the 1990s . During the 2000s , Roma had finally recaptured the Scudetto , two Coppa Italia trophies , and their first two Supercoppa Italiana titles . Other notable contributions to the club 's history have included a return to the Champions League quarter - finals ( in the 2006 -- 07 and 2007 -- 08 editions ) since 1984 , six runners up positions in the league , four Coppa Italia finals and three Supercoppa finals -- marking Roma 's greatest ever decade . The `` as Roma SPV LLC '' era In the summer of 2010 , the Sensi family agreed to relinquish their control of Roma as part of a debt - settlement agreement . This brought an end to the presidential reign of the Sensi family , who had presided over the club since 1993 . Until a new owner was appointed , Rosella Sensi would continue her directorial role of the club . The 2010 -- 11 season had once again seen Roma start off with mixed fortunes on both a domestic and European level . These included losses against Cagliari , Brescia and a 2 -- 0 defeat against Bayern Munich in the group stages of the Champions League , a match which saw manager Claudio Ranieri openly criticised by his players . However , these were accompanied by victories against Inter and a sensational victory against Bayern Munich in the return fixture , which saw Roma fight back from 0 -- 2 down at half - time to emerge as 3 -- 2 winners . Following a series of poor results which saw Roma engage in a winless - streak of five consecutive matches , Ranieri resigned as head coach in February 2011 , and former striker Vincenzo Montella was appointed as caretaker manager until the end of the season . It was also during this season that Roma icon Francesco Totti scored his 200th Serie A goal against Fiorentina in March 2011 , becoming only the sixth ever player to achieve such a feat . Francesco Totti , the top goalscorer and the most capped player in Roma 's history . On 16 April 2011 , the takeover contract was closed with an American investment group led by Thomas R. DiBenedetto , with James Pallotta , Michael Ruane and Richard D'Amore as partners . DiBenedetto became the 22nd president of the club , serving from 27 September 2011 to 27 August 2012 and was succeeded by Pallotta . The new intermediate holding company , NEEP Roma Holding , was 60 % owned by American 's `` AS Roma SPV , LLC '' and the rest ( 40 % ) was retained by the creditor of Sensi , UniCredit . In turn , NEEP owned all shares held previously by Sensi ( about 67 % ) with the rest free float in the stock market . UniCredit later disinvested NEEP Roma Holding to sell to `` AS Roma SPV , LLC '' and Pallotta . The new ownership immediately went into effect by making significant changes in the club , hiring Walter Sabatini as director of football and former Spanish international and Barcelona B coach Luis Enrique as manager . The first high - profile player signings from the duo were attacking midfielder Érik Lamela from River Plate , forward Bojan from Barcelona , goalkeeper Maarten Stekelenburg from Ajax and unattached defender Gabriel Heinze . The club also sold and released defender John Arne Riise , goalkeeper Doni and forwards Jérémy Ménez and Mirko Vučinić . At the financial level , the company had recapitalised for more than € 100 million , the last recapitalisation occurring in the early 2000s . Roma , however , was eliminated from 2011 -- 12 UEFA Europa League play - off round . After the formal takeover on 18 August , Roma bought forward Dani Osvaldo , midfielders Miralem Pjanić and Fernando Gago and defender Simon Kjær , as well as youngster Fabio Borini , which cost the club more than € 40 million . In 2012 , Pallotta became the new president . The 2012 -- 13 pre-season started with the June hiring of former manager Zdeněk Zeman . Zeman replaced Luis Enrique who resigned at the end of the 2011 -- 12 season . Luis Enrique 's lone season reign had seen the disappointing loss to Slovan Bratislava in the UEFA Europa League , as well as the inability to qualify for international competitions for the 2012 -- 13 season . Roma eventually finished seventh , losing the Europa League chase to rivals Lazio , Napoli and Internazionale . Zeman brought back his high - scoring 4 -- 3 -- 3 formation and his hard working ethic which successfully guided former team Pescara to the Serie A. However , he was sacked on 2 February 2013 . He was replaced by caretaker manager Aurelio Andreazzoli , whose reign saw the continuation of a disappointing season , with the team ending up in sixth place in Serie A , while also losing 1 -- 0 to rivals Lazio in the Coppa Italia final . As a result , Roma missed out on European competition for the second - straight season . Spalletti with Roma in 2009 On 12 June 2013 , Pallotta announced that Rudi García had been appointed the new manager of Roma . He enjoyed a fantastic start to his Roma career , winning his first ten matches ( an all - time Serie A record ) including a 2 -- 0 derby win against Lazio , a 0 -- 3 victory away to Internazionale and a 2 -- 0 home win over title rivals Napoli . During this run , Roma scored 24 times while conceding just once , away to Parma . The 2013 -- 14 season saw one of Roma 's best ever in Serie A , the club tallying an impressive 85 points and finishing second to Juventus , who won the league with a record - breaking 102 points . Roma 's defence was significantly better than in previous seasons , with only 25 goals conceded and a total of 21 clean sheets , including nine in their first ten matches . In 2014 -- 15 , Roma finished second behind Juventus for the second consecutive season after a poor run of form in 2015 . At the end of season the club was sanctioned for loss making and breaking UEFA Financial Fair Play Regulations . On 13 January 2016 , García was sacked after a run of one win in seven Serie A matches . Luciano Spalletti was subsequently appointed manager of Roma for his second spell . On 21 February , Totti publicly criticised Spalletti due to his own lack of playing - time since returning from injury . Consequently , Totti was subsequently dropped by Spalletti for Roma 's 5 -- 0 win over Palermo , with the decision causing an uproar among the fans and in the media . After their initial disagreements , Spalletti began to use Totti as an immediate impact substitute , which proved to be an effective decision , as the Roma number 10 rediscovered his form and contributed with four goals and one assist after coming off the bench in five consecutive Serie A matches . As a result , Spalletti was able to lead Roma from a mid-table spot to a third - place finish in Serie A , clinching the UEFA Champions League play - off spot . During the summer of 2016 , Roma lost star midfielder Miralem Pjanić to rivals Juventus to improve its financial position . On 27 April 2017 , Roma appointed Sevilla FC 's Sporting director Monchi as their new sporting director . On 28 May 2017 , on the last day of the 2016 -- 17 season , Francesco Totti made his 786th and final appearance for Roma before retiring in a 3 -- 2 home win against Genoa , coming on as a substitute for Mohamed Salah in the 54th minute and received a standing ovation from the fans . The win saw Roma finish second in Serie A behind Juventus . Following Totti 's retirement , Daniele De Rossi became club captain and signed a new two year contract . The 2017 - 18 Roma side before a UEFA Champions League ROund of 16 match against Shakhtar Donetsk . On 13 June 2017 , former Roma player Eusebio Di Francesco was appointed as the club 's new manager , replacing Spalletti , who had left the club to take charge of Internazionale . Roma again lost a key player during the summer transfer window , with Mohamed Salah joining Liverpool F.C. for a fee of 39m euro ( £ 34m ) . Several new players joined the club , including a club record deal for Sampdoria striker Patrik Schick and Aleksandar Kolarov in a € 5m ( £ 4.4 m ) move from Manchester City Di Francesco also brought in Gregoire Defrel from his previous club Sassuolo in an € 18 million deal . On 5 December 2017 the Stadio della Roma project , after experiencing five years worth of delays due to conflicting interests from various parties in the Roman city government , was given the go - ahead to begin construction . It is slated to open in time for the 2020 -- 21 season and will replace the Stadio Olimpico as Roma 's ground . In the 2017 - 18 UEFA Champions League group stage , Roma were drawn in a tough Group C with Chelsea , Atletico Madrid and Qarabag . However , after performing strongly in the group stage , including a 3 - 0 home victory against Chelsea , Roma progressed to the knockout stages as Group C winners after Diego Perotti 's lone goal in a 1 - 0 win over Qarabag . After progressing past Shakhtar Donetsk in the Round of 16 , Roma were drawn against FC Barcelona in the Quarter Finals . On 4 April 2018 , Roma were defeated 4 - 1 away to Barcelona at the Camp Nou in the first leg , after own goals from Daniele De Rossi and Kostas Manolas , although Edin Džeko provided a late glimmer of hope by scoring an away goal . On 10 April , Roma pulled off a sensational second - leg comeback at the Stadio Olimpico to beat Barcelona 3 - 0 and reach the Champions League semi-finals on away goals . An early goal from Edin Džeko and a 58th minute penalty from De Rossi had left the Giallorossi needing to score one more goal to progress before Manolas scored the crucial third goal , heading in at the near post with eight minutes remaining . By doing so , Roma became only the third team in Champions League history to overturn a first - leg defeat of three goals or more and reached the final four of the competition for the first time since 1984 . Roma were subsequently drawn against Liverpool , the team that had defeated them in the 1984 European Cup Final , in the semi-finals . Colours , badge and nicknames Roma 's colours of imperial purple with a golden yellow trim represents the traditional colours of Rome , the official seal of the Comune di Roma features the same colours . The gold and the purple - red represent Roman imperial dignity . White shorts and black socks are usually worn with the red shirt , however in particularly high key matches , the shorts and socks are the same colour as the home shirt . Roma 's crest used from 1979 to 1997 ; revived during 2011 -- 12 on their away and third kits Roma 's crest used from 1997 to 2013 . It used the official not - stylized symbol of the city of Rome . The kit itself was originally worn by Roman Football Club ; one of the three clubs who merged to form the current incarnation in 1927 . Because of the colours they wear , Roma are often nicknamed i giallorossi meaning the yellow - reds . Roma 's away kit is traditionally white , with a third kit changing colour from time to time . A popular nickname for the club is `` i lupi '' ( `` the wolves '' ) -- the animal has always featured on the club 's badge in different forms throughout their history . The emblem of the team is currently the one which was used when the club was first founded . It portrays the female wolf with the two infant brothers Romulus and Remus , illustrating the myth of the founding of Rome , superimposed on a bipartite golden yellow over maroon red shield . In the myth from which the club takes their nickname and logo , the twins ( sons of Mars and Rhea Silvia ) are thrown into the River Tiber by their uncle Amulius . A she - wolf then saved the twins and looked after them . Eventually , the two twins took revenge on Amulius before falling - out themselves -- Romulus killed Remus and was thus made king of a new city named in his honour , Rome . Shirt sponsors and manufacturers Period Kit manufacturer Shirt sponsor 1970 -- 71 Lacoste None 1972 -- 76 None 1977 -- 79 Adidas 1979 -- 80 Pouchain 1980 -- 81 Playground 1981 -- 82 Barilla ( pasta ) 1982 -- 83 Patrick 1983 -- 86 Kappa 1986 -- 91 NR 1991 -- 94 Adidas 1994 -- 95 ASICS Nuova Tirrena ( insurance ) 1995 -- 97 INA Assitalia ( insurance ) 1997 -- 00 Diadora 2000 -- 02 Kappa 2002 -- 03 Mazda ( automobile ) 2003 -- 05 Diadora 2005 -- 06 Banca Italease ( banking group ) 2006 -- 07 None 2007 -- 13 Kappa WIND ( telecommunication ) 2013 -- 14 None Roma Cares ( charitable organisation ) 2014 -- 17 Nike None 2017 -- 24 to be defined Facilities Stadiums Stadio Olimpico Olimpico Location Viale dello Stadio Olimpico , Foro Italico , Rome , Italy Owner Italian National Olympic Committee Operator A.S. Roma and S.S. Lazio Capacity 70,643 seated Construction Broke ground 1927 Opened 1953 Renovated Architect Annibale Vitellozzi Tenants A.S. Roma ( 1953 -- present ) , S.S. Lazio ( 1953 -- present ) Main articles : Stadio Olimpico , Campo Testaccio , Stadio Nazionale PNF , and Stadio Flaminio The very first sport facility Roma used was the Motovelodromo Appio , previously used by Alba - Audace . Roma only played the 1927 -- 28 season there until they moved to Campo Testaccio the very next season . Campo Testaccio was used through 1929 to 1940 . The team moved later to the Stadio Nazionale del PNF , where they spent 13 years before moving once again . In the 1953 -- 54 season , Roma moved to the Olympic arena , Stadio Olimpico , which it shares with Lazio . The arena has undergone several changes over the years . The most significant change took place in the nineties when Stadio Olimpico was demolished and then reconstructed to for the 1990 FIFA World Cup , held in Italy . Roma have played almost every season since 1953 -- 54 , with exception of the 1989 -- 90 seasons due to the reconstruction of Stadio Olimpico . That year , Roma played its home matches at Stadio Flaminio . On 30 December 2012 , Roma club president James Pallotta announced the construction of a new stadium in the Tor di Valle area of Rome . The new stadium , Stadio della Roma , will have a capacity of 52,500 spectators . On 2 February 2017 , the Region of Lazio and the mayor of Rome rejected the proposal to build a new stadium . However , it was later approved on 24 February after final review of the stadium 's design adjustments . In August 2017 , the stadium suffered another delay , forcing Roma to renew their lease with the Stadio Olimpico until 2020 . It is presently uncertain when the stadium will open . On 5 December 2017 the Stadio della Roma project , after experiencing five years worth of delays due to conflicting interests from various parties in the Roman city government , was given the go - ahead to begin construction . It is slated to open in time for the 2020 -- 21 season and will replace the Stadio Olimpico as Roma 's ground . List of stadiums used by the club 1927 -- 1928 Motovelodromo Appio 1929 -- 1940 Campo Testaccio 1940 -- 1953 Stadio Nazionale del PNF 1953 -- Stadio Olimpico ( 1989 -- 1990 Stadio Flaminio due to renovations on Olimpico ) Trigoria A sports centre located in Trigoria at kilometre 3600 in south - east of Rome was purchased on 22 July 1977 by then club president Gaetano Anzalone . It was opened on 23 July 1979 as Anzalone 's final act as president . The complex had its first expansion in 1984 when the club was handled by Dino Viola and another in 1998 under the chairmanship of Franco Sensi . The centre 's official name is the Fulvio Bernardini di Trigoria , named after club icon Fulvio Bernardini . The centre is also known for hosting the Argentina national team during the 1990 FIFA World Cup , held in Italy . Supporters and rivalries Roma fans at the Stadio Olimpico Roma is the fifth-most supported football club in Italy -- behind Juventus , Internazionale , Milan and Napoli -- with approximately 7 % of Italian football fans supporting the club , according to the Doxa Institute - L'Espresso's research of April 2006 . Historically , the largest section of Roma supporters in the city of Rome have come from the inner - city , especially Testaccio . The traditional ultras group of the club was Commando Ultrà Curva Sud commonly abbreviated as CUCS . This group was founded by the merger of many smaller groups and was considered one of the most historic in the history of European football . However , by the mid-1990s , CUCS had been usurped by rival factions and ultimately broke up . Since that time , the Curva Sud of the Stadio Olimpico has been controlled by more right - wing groups , including A.S. Roma Ultras , Boys and Giovinezza , among others . However , the oldest group , Fedayn , is apolitical , and politics is not the main identity of Roma , just a part of their overall identity . Besides ultras groups , it is believed Roma fans support the left as opposed to Lazio supporters , which are notoriously proud of their right - wing affiliation . In September 2009 , the club unveiled plans to build a new 55,000 - capacity stadium in Rome 's western suburbs . In November 2015 , Roma 's ultras and their Lazio counterparts boycotted Roma 's 1 -- 0 victory in the Derby della Capitale in protest at new safety measures imposed at the Stadio Olimpico . The measures -- imposed by Rome 's prefect , Franco Gabrielli -- had involved plastic glass dividing walls being installed in both the Curva Sud and Curva Nord , splitting the sections behind each goal in two . Both sets of ultras continued their protests for the rest of the season , including during Roma 's 4 -- 1 victory in the return fixture . Lazio 's ultras returned to the Curva Nord for Roma 's 1 -- 4 victory in December 2016 , but the Roma ultras continue to boycott matches . Stadio Olimpico during a Roma match The most known club anthem is `` Roma ( non-si discute , si ama ) '' , also known as `` Roma Roma '' , by singer Antonello Venditti . The title roughly means , `` Roma is not to be questioned , it is to be loved , '' and it is sung before each match . The song `` Grazie Roma '' , by the same singer , is played at the end of victorious home matches . Recently , the main riff of The White Stripes ' song `` Seven Nation Army '' has also become widely popular at matches . Rivalries In Italian football , Roma is a club with many rivalries ; first and foremost is their rivalry with Lazio , the club with whom they share the Stadio Olimpico . The derby between the two is called the Derby della Capitale , it is amongst the most heated and emotional footballing rivalries in the world . The fixture has seen some occasional instances of violence in the past , including the death of Lazio fan Vincenzo Paparelli in 1979 -- 80 as a result of an emergency flare fired from the Curva Sud , and the abandonment of a match in March 2004 following unfounded rumours of a fatality which led to violence outside the stadium . Against Napoli , Roma also compete in the Derby del Sole , meaning the `` Derby of the Sun '' . Nowadays , fans also consider other Serie A giants like Juventus ( a rivalry born especially in the 1980s ) , Milan and Internazionale ( increased in recent years ) among their rivals , as these four compete for the top four spots in the league table to secure a spot in the UEFA Champions League . There have been a number of instances of conflict in recent years between some Roma supporters and fans of English clubs , and the subsequent violence outside the stadium which saw a number of Liverpool fans stabbed . Since then , there have been further instances of some English supporters being attacked and stabbed in Rome , including incidents in 2001 when Liverpool visited Roma twice and subsequent clashes with Middlesbrough fans in 2006 and Manchester United fans in 2007 . In March 2009 , a coach carrying Arsenal supporters was attacked by a group of Roma ultras just outside the Stadio Olimpico . The coach 's windows were smashed and at least one person entered the vehicle , letting off a flare and stabbed a supporter in the knee . Players Main article : List of A.S. Roma players For a list of all former and current Roma players with a Wikipedia article , see Category : A.S. Roma players . Current squad As of 17 April 2018 . Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player GK Alisson Becker DF Luca Pellegrini MF Radja Nainggolan ( 3rd captain ) 5 DF Juan Jesus 6 MF Kevin Strootman 7 MF Lorenzo Pellegrini 8 FW Diego Perotti 9 FW Edin Džeko 11 DF Aleksandar Kolarov 13 DF Elio Capradossi 14 FW Patrik Schick ( on loan from Sampdoria ) 16 MF Daniele De Rossi ( captain ) 17 FW Cengiz Ünder No . Position Player 18 GK Bogdan Lobonț 20 DF Federico Fazio 21 MF Maxime Gonalons 23 FW Grégoire Defrel ( on loan from Sassuolo ) 24 MF Alessandro Florenzi ( vice-captain ) 25 DF Bruno Peres 26 DF Rick Karsdorp 28 GK Łukasz Skorupski 30 MF Gerson 33 DF Jonathan Silva ( on loan from Sporting CP ) 44 DF Kostas Manolas 48 FW Mirko Antonucci 92 FW Stephan El Shaarawy Out on loan Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player DF Abdullahi Nura ( at Perugia ) DF Ervin Zukanović ( at Genoa ) DF Leandro Castán ( at Cagliari ) DF Mário Rui ( at Napoli ) DF Moustapha Seck ( at Novara ) DF Norbert Gyömbér ( at Bari ) No . Position Player FW Daniele Verde ( at Hellas Verona ) FW Ezequiel Ponce ( at Lille ) FW Juan Iturbe ( at Tijuana ) FW Marco Tumminello ( at Crotone ) FW Seydou Doumbia ( at Sporting CP ) FW Umar Sadiq ( at NAC Breda ) Other players under contract Primavera squad Main article : A.S. Roma Primavera Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player 12 GK Andrea Romagnoli Management staff Position Staff Head coach Eusebio Di Francesco Vice Coach Marco Domenichini Assistant Coach Daniele Baldini Assistant Coach Alessandro Pane Assistant Coach Aurelio Andreazzoli Technical Director Manolo Zubiria Goalkeeping Coach Marco Savorani Fitness Coach Manrico Ferrari Fitness Coach Luca Franceschi Fitness Coach Vito Scala Team Manager Salvatore Scaglia Video Analyst Simone Beccaccioli Director of Performance Darcy Norman Head Strength Coach Ed Lippie Team Doctor Helge Riepenhof Team Doctor Riccardo Del Vescovo Physiotherapist Damiano Stefanini Physiotherapist Valerio Flammini Physiotherapist Marco Ferrelli Physiotherapist Alessandro Cardini Physiotherapist Marco Esposito Osteopath Walter Martinelli Nutrionist Guido Rillo Source : asroma.it Chairmen history Main article : List of A.S. Roma chairmen Roma have had numerous chairmen ( Italian : presidenti , lit . ' presidents ' or Italian : presidenti del consiglio di amministrazione , lit . ' chairmen of the board of directors ' ) over the course of their history , some of which have been the owners and co-owners of the club , some of them were nominated by the owners . Franco Sensi was the chairman until his death in 2008 , with his daughter , Roma CEO Rosella Sensi taking his place as chairman . Here is a complete list of Roma chairmen from 1927 until the present day . Name Years Italo Foschi 1927 -- 1928 Renato Sacerdoti 1928 -- 1935 Vittorio Scialoja 1935 -- 1936 Igino Betti 1936 -- 1941 Edgardo Bazzini 1941 -- 1944 Pietro Baldassarre 1944 -- 1949 Pier Carlo Restagno 1949 -- 1952 Romolo Vaselli 1952 Renato Sacerdoti 1952 -- 1958 Anacleto Gianni 1958 -- 1962 Francesco Marini - Dettina 1962 -- 1965 Franco Evangelisti 1965 -- 1968 Name Years Francesco Ranucci 1968 -- 1969 Alvaro Marchini 1969 -- 1971 Gaetano Anzalone 1971 -- 1979 Dino Viola 1979 -- 1991 Flora Viola 1991 Giuseppe Ciarrapico 1991 -- 1993 Ciro Di Martino Franco Sensi 1993 -- 2008 Rosella Sensi 2008 -- 2011 Roberto Cappelli 2011 Thomas R. DiBenedetto 2011 -- 2012 James Pallotta 2012 -- Managerial history Main article : List of A.S. Roma managers Roma have had many managers and trainers running the team during their history , here is a chronological list of them from 1927 onwards . Name Nationality Years William Garbutt 1927 -- 29 Guido Baccani 1929 -- 30 Herbert Burgess 1930 -- 32 Lászlo Barr 1932 -- 33 Lajos Kovács 1933 -- 34 Luigi Barbesino 1934 -- 38 Guido Ara 1938 -- 39 Alfréd Schaffer 1939 -- 42 Géza Kertész 1942 -- 43 Guido Masetti 1943 -- 45 Giovanni Degni 1945 -- 47 Imre Senkey 1947 -- 48 Luigi Brunella 1948 -- 49 Fulvio Bernardini 1949 -- 50 Adolfo Baloncieri 1950 Pietro Serantoni 1950 Guido Masetti 1950 -- 51 Giuseppe Viani 1951 -- 53 Mario Varglien 1953 -- 54 Jesse Carver 1954 -- 56 György Sarosi 1956 Guido Masetti 1956 -- 57 Name Nationality Years Alec Stock 1957 -- 58 Gunnar Nordahl 1958 -- 59 György Sarosi 1959 -- 60 Alfredo Foni 1960 -- 61 Luis Carniglia 1961 -- 63 Naim Kryeziu 1963 Alfredo Foni 1963 -- 64 Luis Miró 1964 -- 65 Juan Carlos Lorenzo 1965 -- 66 Oronzo Pugliese 1966 -- 68 Helenio Herrera 1968 -- 70 Luciano Tessari 1970 Helenio Herrera 1971 -- 72 Tonino Trebiciani 1972 -- 73 Nils Liedholm 1974 -- 77 Gustavo Giagnoni 1978 -- 79 Ferruccio Valcareggi 1979 -- 80 Nils Liedholm 1980 -- 84 Sven - Göran Eriksson 1984 -- 86 Angelo Sormani 1986 -- 88 Nils Liedholm Luciano Spinosi 1988 -- 89 Name Nationality Years Gigi Radice 1989 -- 90 Ottavio Bianchi 1990 -- 92 Vujadin Boškov 1992 -- 93 Carlo Mazzone 1993 -- 96 Carlos Bianchi Nils Liedholm Ezio Sella Zdeněk Zeman 1997 -- 99 Fabio Capello 1999 -- 04 Cesare Prandelli Rudi Völler Luigi Delneri 2004 -- 05 Bruno Conti 2005 Luciano Spalletti 2005 -- 09 Claudio Ranieri 2009 -- 11 Vincenzo Montella 2011 Luis Enrique 2011 -- 12 Zdeněk Zeman 2012 -- 13 Aurelio Andreazzoli 2013 Rudi García 2013 -- 2016 Luciano Spalletti 2016 -- 2017 Eusebio Di Francesco 2017 -- Honours Roma fans celebrating the Scudetto in 2001 at the Circus Maximus National titles Serie A Winners ( 3 ) : 1941 -- 42 , 1982 -- 83 , 2000 -- 01 Coppa Italia Winners ( 9 ) : 1963 -- 64 , 1968 -- 69 , 1979 -- 80 , 1980 -- 81 , 1983 -- 84 , 1985 -- 86 , 1990 -- 91 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 Supercoppa Italiana Winners ( 2 ) : 2001 , 2007 Serie B Winners ( 1 ) : 1951 -- 52 European titles Further information : A.S. Roma in European football Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1960 -- 61 Hall of Fame On 7 October 2012 , the AS Roma Hall of Fame was announced . The Hall of Fame players were voted via the club 's official website and a special Hall of Fame panel . In 2013 four players were voted in . In 2014 , the third year of AS Roma Hall of Fame four more players were voted in . Added in 2012 : Franco Tancredi ( 1977 -- 90 ) Cafu ( 1997 -- 03 ) Giacomo Losi ( 1954 -- 69 ) Aldair ( 1990 - 03 ) Francesco Rocca ( 1972 -- 81 ) Fulvio Bernardini ( 1928 -- 39 ) Agostino Di Bartolomei ( 1972 -- 75 ; 1976 -- 84 ) Falcão ( 1980 -- 85 ) Bruno Conti ( 1973 -- 75 ; 1976 -- 78 ; 1979 -- 91 ) Roberto Pruzzo ( 1978 -- 88 ) Amedeo Amadei ( 1936 -- 38 ; 1939 -- 48 ) Added in 2013 : Attilio Ferraris ( 1927 -- 34 ; 1938 -- 39 ) Sebino Nela ( 1981 -- 92 ) Giuseppe Giannini ( 1981 -- 96 ) Vincenzo Montella ( 1999 -- 09 ) Added in 2014 : Alcides Ghiggia ( 1953 -- 61 ) Carlo Ancelotti ( 1979 -- 87 ) Rudi Völler ( 1987 -- 92 ) Vincent Candela ( 1997 -- 05 ) Added in 2015 : Guido Masetti ( 1930 -- 43 ) Sergio Santarini ( 1968 -- 81 ) Damiano Tommasi ( 1996 -- 06 ) Gabriel Batistuta ( 2000 -- 03 ) Added in 2016 : Giorgio Carpi ( 1927 -- 37 ) Toninho Cerezo ( 1983 -- 86 ) Giancarlo De Sisti ( 1960 -- 65 ; 1974 -- 79 ) Arcadio Venturi ( 1948 -- 1957 ) Added in 2017 : Francesco Totti ( 1992 -- 2017 ) Club records and Statistics Main article : List of A.S. Roma records and statistics Historical A.S. Roma positions in Serie A Francesco Totti holds Roma 's official appearance record , having made 785 ( as of 20 May 2017 ) appearances in all competitions , over the course of 25 seasons from 1993 until 2017 . He also holds the record for Serie A appearances with 618 , as he passed Giacomo Losi on 1 March 2008 during a home match against Parma . Including all competitions , Totti is the all - time leading goalscorer for Roma with 307 goals since joining the club , 250 of which were scored in Serie A ( another Roma record ) . Roberto Pruzzo , who was the all - time topscorer since 1988 , comes in second in all competitions with 138 . In 1930 -- 31 , Rodolfo Volk scored 29 goals in Serie A over the course of a single season . Not only was Volk the league 's top scorer that year , he also set a Roma record for most goals scored in a season which would later be matched by Edin Džeko in 2016 -- 17 . Its major founders Fortitudo and Alba having been relegated at the end of 1926 -- 27 campaign , new - founded Roma had to take part to Southern First Division championship ( Serie B) for its inaugural season . Nevertheless , the FIGC decided on a special enlargement of first level division re-admitting AS Roma and SSC Napoli . The first ever official matches participated in by Roma was in the National Division , the predecessor of Serie A , of 1927 -- 28 , against Livorno , a 2 -- 0 Roma win . The biggest ever victory recorded by Roma was 9 -- 0 against Cremonese during the 1929 -- 30 Serie A season . The heaviest defeat Roma have ever suffered is 7 -- 1 , which has occurred three times : against Juventus in 1931 -- 32 , Torino in 1947 -- 48 and Manchester United in 2006 -- 07 . As a company NEEP Roma Holding ( Group ) Revenue € 128.520 million ( 2013 -- 14 ) Operating income ( € 26.950 million ) ( 2013 -- 14 ) Net income ( € 40.107 million ) ( 2013 -- 14 ) Total assets € 386.31 million ( 2013 -- 14 ) Total equity € 43.398 million ( 2013 -- 14 ) Owner AS Roma SPV LLC ( 91 % ) -- James Pallotta -- Thomas R. DiBenedetto -- Michael Ruane -- Richard D'Amore -- Starwood Capital Raptor Holdco LLC ( 9 % ) -- James Pallotta Subsidiaries AS Roma SpA ( 79.044 % ) AS Roma Real Estate ( 100 % ) Stadio TdV Website www.asroma.com A.S. Roma Trading name BIT : ASR Revenue € 175 million ( 2016 -- 17 ) Operating income ( € 14 million ) ( 2016 -- 17 ) Net income ( € 42 million ) ( 2016 -- 17 ) Total assets € 436 million ( 2016 -- 17 ) Total equity ( € 89 million ) ( 2016 -- 17 ) Owner NEEP Roma Holding ( 79.044 % ) other ( 20.956 % ) Subsidiaries Soccer S.a.s. di Brand Management ASR Media and Sponsorship Website www.asroma.com Footnotes / references in a consolidated basis Since 1999 , during Franco Sensi 's period in charge , Associazione Sportiva Roma has been a listed Società per azioni on Borsa Italiana . From 2004 to 2011 , Roma 's shares are distributed between ; 67.1 % to Compagnia Italpetroli SpA ( the Sensi family holding ; Banca di Roma later acquired 49 % stake on Italpetroli due to debt restructuring ) and 32.9 % to other public shareholders . Along with Lazio and Juventus , Roma is one of only three quotated Italian clubs . According to The Football Money League published by consultants Deloitte , in the 2010 -- 11 season , Roma was the 15th highest - earning football club in the world with an estimated revenue of € 143.5 million . In April 2008 , after months of speculation , George Soros was confirmed by Rosella Sensi , CEO of Italian Serie A association football club A.S. Roma , to be bidding for a takeover . The takeover bid was successively rejected by the Sensi family , who instead preferred to maintain the club 's ownership . On 17 August 2008 club chairman and owner Franco Sensi died after a long illness ; his place at the chairmanship of the club was successively taken by his daughter Rosella . Since the takeover in 2011 , NEEP Roma Holding S.p.A. has owned all shares Sensi previously hold . NEEP , itself a joint venture , was held by DiBenedetto AS Roma LLC ( later renamed to AS Roma SPV , LLC ) and Unicredit in 60 -- 40 ratio from 2011 to 2013 , which the former had four real person shareholders in equal ratio , led by future Roma president Thomas R. DiBenedetto ( 2011 -- 12 ) . The takeover also activated a mandatory bid of shares from the general public , however not all minority shareholders were willing to sell their shares . The mandatory bid meant NEEP held 78.038 % of shares of AS Roma ( increased from 67.1 % of the Sensi ) . On 1 August 2013 , the president of Roma as well as one of the four American shareholders of AS Roma SPV , LLC , James Pallotta , bought an additional 9 % shares of NEEP Roma Holding from Unicredit ( through Raptor Holdco LLC ) , as the bank was not willing to fully participate in the capital increase of NEEP from € 120,000 to € 160,008,905 ( excluding share premium ) . On 4 April 2014 Starwood Capital Group also became the fifth shareholder of AS Roma SPV , as well as forming a strategic partnership with AS Roma SpA to develop real estate around the new stadium . The private investment firm was represented by Zsolt Kohalmi in AS Roma SPV , who was appointed on 4 April as a partner and head of European acquisitions of the firm . On 11 August 2014 , UniCredit sold the remain shares on NEEP ( of 31 % ) for € 33 million which meant AS Roma SPV LLC ( 91 % ) and Raptor Holdco LLC ( 9 % ) were the sole intermediate holding company of AS Roma SpA . Since re-capitalization in 2003 -- 04 , Roma had a short - lived financial self - sustainability , until the takeover in 2011 . The club had set up a special amortisation fund using Articolo 18 - bis Legge 91 / 1981 mainly for the abnormal signings prior 2002 -- 03 season , ( such as Davide Bombardini for € 11 million account value in June 2002 , when the flopped player exchange boosted 2001 -- 02 season result ) and the tax payment of 2002 -- 03 was rescheduled . In 2004 -- 05 , Roma made a net profit of € 10,091,689 and followed by € 804,285 in 2005 -- 06 . In 2006 -- 07 season the accounting method changed to IFRS , which meant that the 2005 -- 06 result was reclassified as net loss of € 4,051,905 and 2006 -- 07 season was net income of € 10,135,539 ( € 14.011 million as a group ) . Moreover , the special fund ( € 80,189,123 ) was removed from the asset and co-currently for the equity as scheduled , meant Roma group had a negative equity of € 8.795 million on 30 June 2007 . Nevertheless the club had sold the brand to a subsidiary which boost the profit in a separate financial statement , which La Repubblica described as `` doping '' . In 2007 -- 08 , Roma made a net income of € 18,699,219. ( € 19 million as a group ) However , 2008 -- 09 saw the decrease of gate and TV income , co-currently with finishing sixth in Serie A , which saw Roma made a net loss of € 1,894,330 . ( € 1.56 million as a group ) The gate and TV income further slipped in 2009 -- 10 with a net loss of € 21,917,292 ( already boosted by the sale of Alberto Aquilani ; € 22 million as a group ) despite sporting success ( finishing in second place in 2009 -- 10 ) . Moreover , despite a positive equity as a separate company ( € 105,142,589 ) , the AS Roma Group had a negative equity on the consolidated balance sheet , and fell from + € 8.8 million to − € 13.2 million . In the 2010 -- 11 season , Roma was administrated by UniCredit as the Sensi family failed to repay the bank and the club was put on the market , and were expected to have a quiet transfer window . Concurrently with no selling profit on the players , Roma 's net loss rose to € 30,589,137 ( € 30.778 million as a group ) and the new owner already planned a re-capitalization after the mandatory bid on the shares . On the positive side , TV income was increased from € 75,150,744 to € 78,041,642 , and gate income increased from € 23,821,218 to € 31,017,179 . This was because Roma entered 2010 -- 11 Champions League , which counter-weighed the effect of the new collective agreement of Serie A . In 2011 -- 12 , the renewal of squad and participation in 2011 -- 12 UEFA Europa League had worsened the financial result , which the € 50 million capital increase ( in advance ) was counter-weighted totally by the net loss . In the 2012 -- 13 season , the participation in domestic league only , was not only not harmful to the revenue but increase in gate income as well as decrease in wage bill , however Roma still did not yet break even ( € 40.130 million net loss in consolidated accounts ) . NEEP Roma also re-capitalized AS Roma in advance for another € 26,550,000 during 2012 -- 13 . A proposed capital increase by € 100 million for Roma was announced on 25 June 2014 ; however , until 22 May 2014 , NEEP already injected € 108 million into the club , which depends on public subscription ; more than € 8 million would convert to medium - long - term loan from shareholder instead of becoming share capital . One of the subsidiaries of Roma ( joint venture with football clubs Lazio , 37.5 % x2 and Parma , 25 % ) , Società Diritti Sportivi S.r.l. , was in the process of liquidation since 2005 . The company was a joint - venture of four football clubs , including Fiorentina . After the bankruptcy of the old Viola , however , both Roma and Lazio had increased their shares ratio from 25 % to 37.5 % . Another subsidiary , `` Soccer S.A.S. di Brand Management S.r.l. '' , was a special - purpose entity ( SPV ) that Roma sold their brand to the subsidiary in 2007 . In February 2015 , another SPV , `` ASR Media and Sponsorship S.r.l '' , was set up to secure a five - year bank loan of € 175 million from Goldman Sachs , for three - month Euribor ( min . 0.75 % ) + 6.25 % spread ( i.e. min . 7 % interests rate p.a. ) . In 2015 , Inter and Roma were the only two Italian clubs that were sanctioned by UEFA for breaking UEFA Financial Fair Play Regulations . Superleague Formula Main article : A.S. Roma ( Superleague Formula team ) A.S. Roma had a team in the Superleague Formula race car series where teams were sponsored by football clubs . Roma 's driver was ex-IndyCar Series driver Franck Perera . The team had posted three podiums and was operated by Alan Docking Racing . Footnotes ^ Jump up to : Included minority interests See also Association football portal Italy portal Rome portal Football in Italy European Club Association References Jump up ^ `` Stadi Serie A 2015 -- 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Neep Roma Holding S.P.A. : Private Company Information -- Bloomberg '' . ^ Jump up to : `` La Storia '' . asroma.it ( in Italian ) . AS Roma . Archived from the original on 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A.S. Roma '' . AlbionRoad.com. 24 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 14 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Campo Testaccio '' . Viva la Roma. 24 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Modena , Panini Edizioni ( 2005 ) . Almanacco Illustrato del Calcio -- La Storia 1898 -- 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Attilio Ferraris '' . Viva la Roma. 24 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tutti i calciatori dell'A.S. Roma '' . Viva la Roma. 24 June 2007 . 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Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 August 2011 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` APPROVAZIONE SITUAZIONE MENSILE AL 31 MAGGIO 2004 Roma 2000 sottoscrive l'aumento di capitale per 44 , 57 milioni di euro '' ( PDF ) . AS Roma ( in Italian ) . 30 June 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 August 2011 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AS ROMA Spa . RELAZIIONE SEMESTRALE AL 31 DIICEMBRE 2004 '' ( PDF ) . AS Roma ( in Italian ) . 23 April 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 August 2011 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Football -- World Cup 2006 -- Zidane off as Italy win World Cup '' . Jump up ^ `` Punishments cut for Italian clubs '' . London : BBC . 24 June 2007 . Retrieved 5 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Serie A 2006 -- 07 '' . La Gazzetta dello Sport. 24 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Tribute To Claudio Ranieri 's Coconuts -- The Offside -- AS Roma blog '' . Roma.theoffside.com. 19 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2012 . Retrieved 19 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` GAZZETTA DELLO SPORT Pallotta , è tua ! Tra basket e soccer . La scalata di mister James per fare grande la Roma -- Gazzetta Giallorossa '' . 28 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` RUDI GARCIA '' . asroma.it. 12 June 2013 . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Roma set record for best start to Serie A season '' . BBC Sport. 27 October 2013 . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ sport , Guardian ( 13 January 2016 ) . `` Roma sack coach Rudi García after run of one win in seven Serie A games '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Strootman : ' Goodbye Garcia ' -- Football Italia '' . Jump up ^ `` Francesco Totti faces uncertain Roma future after controversial comments '' . ESPNFC.com . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Susy Campanale ( 3 May 2016 ) . `` Serie A Week 36 : Did You Know ? '' . Football Italia . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Francesco Totti helps Roma rally to victory at Genoa '' . ESPN FC. 2 May 2016 . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Terry Daley ( 15 May 2016 ) . `` Higuain heroics mean Roma come up short in fight for second in Serie A '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miralem Pjanic : Juventus sign Roma midfielder for £ 25.4 m '' . BBC . 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.beinsports.com/us/soccer/news/as-roma-appoint-sevilla-sporting-director-mon/521170 Jump up ^ `` Roma 3 -- 2 Genoa '' . BBC Sport. 28 May 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/40110742 Jump up ^ `` Official : Di Francesco new Roma coach '' . Football Italia. 13 June 2017 . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/40345138 Jump up ^ http://www.espn.co.uk/football/soccer-transfers/story/3191679/roma-sign-patrik-schick-from-sampdoria-in-club-record-transfer Jump up ^ http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11679/10958239/aleksandar-kolarov-joins-roma-from-manchester-city Jump up ^ http://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/gregoire-defrel-eusabio-di-francesco-roma-serie-a/l9zxvn6vyqf81be62nkg1c280 Jump up ^ `` Official : Stadio della Roma all - clear '' . Football Italia. 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . 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Archived from the original on 2 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Roma '' . BrandsoftheWorld.com. 24 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` AS Roma -- Official Website -- Rome -- Football -- Soccer '' . Jump up ^ `` AS ROMA AND NIKE ANNOUNCE NEW PARTNERSHIP '' . A.S. Roma Official Website. 13 March 2013 . Retrieved 14 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HOME Il Messaggero '' . Jump up ^ `` Official : Stadio della Roma rejected '' . Football Italia. 2 February 2017 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor : Historic day for Roma '' . Football Italia. 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official : Stadio della Roma delayed again '' . Football Italia. 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Roma at Stadio Olimpico until 2020 '' . Football Italia. 12 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stadio della Roma still faces hurdles '' . Football Italia. 25 February 2017 . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official : Stadio della Roma all - clear '' . Football Italia. 5 December 2017 . 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Consob. 20 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` AS Roma -- Official Website -- Rome -- Football -- Soccer '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` AS Roma -- Official Website -- Rome -- Football -- Soccer '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` STARWOOD CAPITAL GROUP ENTERS STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP TO HELP DEVELOP AS ROMA 'S NEW STADIUM CAMPUS '' ( PDF ) . Starwood Capital . 26 March 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Zsolt Kohalmi Named to Oversee European Acquisition Efforts '' ( PDF ) . Starwood Capital . 4 April 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PRESS RELEASE '' ( PDF ) . AS Roma. 11 August 2014 . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bilancio di esercizio al 30 giugno 2006 '' ( PDF ) . AS Roma ( in Italian ) . 6 November 2006 . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bilancio di esercizio e consolidato al 30 giugno 2007 '' ( PDF ) . AS Roma ( in Italian ) . 7 December 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 June 2012 . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Il `` doping '' nei conti dei big del pallone perdite complessive oltre i 68 milioni `` . La Repubblica ( in Italian ) . Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso. 9 November 2006 . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bilancio di esercizio e consolidato al 30 giugno 2008 '' ( PDF ) . AS Roma ( in Italian ) . 17 November 2008 . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bilancio di esercizio e consolidato al 30 giugno 2009 '' ( PDF ) ( in Italian ) . A.S. Roma. 16 November 2009 . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Relazione finanziaria annuale al 30 giugno 2010 '' ( PDF ) . AS Roma ( in Italian ) . 13 October 2010 . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Roma football club on brink of UniCredit takeover '' . Financial Times . 5 July 2010 . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AS Roma set for sale in proposed bank deal '' . Reuters. 9 July 2010 . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AS Roma -- Official Website -- Rome -- Football -- Soccer '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 28 January 2016 . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Perfezionata l'operazione di rifinanziamento mediante la sottoscrizione di un contratto di finanziamento per un ammontare pari ad Euro 175 milioni con Goldman Sachs , in qualità di `` Mandated Lead Arranger and Bookrunner '' '' ( PDF ) ( in Italian ) . A.S. Roma. 12 February 2015 . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Goldman Sachs sets sights on Italian soccer '' . il sole 24 ore. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Settlement agreements : details '' . UEFA. 8 May 2015 . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to A.S. Roma . Official website ( in Italian ) A.S. Roma at Serie A ( in Italian ) A.S. Roma at UEFA A.S. Roma at FIFA Associazione Sportiva Roma General Overview Primavera Seasons Europe Players ( more than 100 caps ) Players ( 25 - 99 caps ) Managers Presidents Statistics Hall of Fame History History Roman Alba - Audace Fortitudo Stadia Campo Testaccio Stadio Nazionale PNF Stadio Flaminio Stadio Olimpico Stadio della Roma Rivalries Derby della Capitale Derby del Sole Other Superleague Formula team Serie A 2017 -- 18 clubs Atalanta Benevento Bologna Cagliari Chievo Crotone Fiorentina Genoa Hellas Verona Internazionale Juventus Lazio Milan Napoli Roma Sampdoria Sassuolo SPAL Torino Udinese Former clubs Alessandria Ancona Ascoli Avellino Bari Brescia Carpi Casale Catania Catanzaro Cesena Como Cremonese Empoli Foggia Frosinone Lecce Lecco Legnano Livorno Lucchese Mantova Messina Modena Novara Padova Palermo Parma Pescara Perugia Piacenza Pisa Pistoiese Pro Patria Pro Vercelli Reggiana Reggina Salernitana Siena Ternana Treviso Triestina Varese Venezia Vicenza Organisations Lega Serie A Lega Calcio ( defunct ) Competition Teams winners Players foreign Managers Broadcasters Statistics and awards Records Team of the Year Footballer of the Year Coach of the Year Goalkeeper of the Year Referee of the Year Football Club of the Year Italian Footballer of the Year Foreign Footballer of the Year Young Footballer of the Year Defender of the Year Top scorers Players with 100 + goals Hat - tricks Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Associated competitions Coppa Italia Supercoppa Italiana Serie B Serie C Serie D European UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Football in Italy Overview National association League system List of clubs List of clubs by honours won List of venues Records Scudetto Cadetti Capocannoniere International Italy B team C team Olympic team Under - 21 Under - 20 Under - 19 Under - 18 Under - 17 Under - 16 Under - 15 Italy women Leagues Lega Serie A Lega Serie B Serie C Lega Nazionale Dilettanti Lega Calcio defunct League competitions Serie A Prima Divisione defunct Divisione Nazionale defunct Serie B Serie C Lega Pro Prima Divisione defunct Lega Pro Seconda Divisione defunct Serie D Eccellenza Promozione Prima Categoria Seconda Categoria Terza Categoria Cup competitions Coppa Italia Supercoppa Italiana Coppa Italia Serie C Supercoppa di Serie C Supercoppa di Lega di Seconda Divisione defunct Coppa Italia Serie D Coppa Italia Dilettanti Youth competitions Leagues Campionato Primavera 1 Campionato Primavera 2 Campionato Nazionale Dante Berretti Campionato Juniores Nazionali Campionato Nazionale Primavera ( defunct ) Coppa Italia Primavera Supercoppa Primavera Torneo di Viareggio Women 's competitions Serie A Coppa Italia Supercoppa Italiana Awards Gran Galà del Calcio AIC Italian Football Hall of Fame Miscellaneous Totonero 1980 Totonero 1986 Italian Law 91 / 1981 , Article 18B financial doping scandals Caso Genoa 2006 Italian football scandal 2011 -- 12 Italian football scandal 2015 Italian football scandal Article 52 of N.O.I.F. Serie A players Foreign Serie A players Foreign Serie B players Seasons 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Original Serie A clubs , 1929 -- 30 Alessandria Bologna Brescia Cremonese Genoa ( as Genova 1893 ) Internazionale ( as Ambrosiana ) Juventus Lazio Livorno Milan Modena Napoli Padova Pro Patria Pro Vercelli Roma Torino Triestina Inter-Cities Fairs Cup winners Winners 1955 -- 58 : Barcelona 1958 -- 60 : Barcelona 1960 -- 61 : Roma 1961 -- 62 : Valencia 1962 -- 63 : Valencia 1963 -- 64 : Real Zaragoza 1964 -- 65 : Ferencváros 1965 -- 66 : Barcelona 1966 -- 67 : Dinamo Zagreb 1967 -- 68 : Leeds United 1968 -- 69 : Newcastle United 1969 -- 70 : Arsenal 1970 -- 71 : Leeds United Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A.S._Roma&oldid=837234543 '' Categories : Companies listed on the Borsa Italiana A.S. Roma Association football clubs established in 1927 Coppa Italia winning clubs Football clubs in Italy Football clubs in Lazio Italian football First Division clubs Publicly traded sports companies Serie A winning clubs Serie A clubs Serie B clubs Sport in Rome 1927 establishments in Italy Multi-sport clubs in Italy Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with Italian - language external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages EngvarB from October 2017 Use dmy dates from October 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles containing Italian - language text Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 68 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 15 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time roma won the league | [
"Roma have won Serie A three times, in 1941–42, 1982–83 and 2000–01, as well as winning nine Coppa Italia titles and two Supercoppa Italiana titles. In European competitions, Roma won the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1960–61 and were runners-up in the 1983–84 European Cup and the 1990–91 UEFA Cup."
] | [
"2000–01"
] |
6881658344594163275 | There ain't no such thing as a free lunch | There ai n't no such thing as a free lunch - wikipedia There ai n't no such thing as a free lunch Jump to : navigation , search `` No free lunch '' redirects here . For the medical advocacy group , see No Free Lunch ( organization ) . For the theorem in mathematical optimization , see No free lunch theorem . `` There ai n't no such thing as a free lunch '' ( alternatively , `` There is no such thing as a free lunch '' or other variants ) is a popular adage communicating the idea that it is impossible to get something for nothing . The acronyms TANSTAAFL , TINSTAAFL , and TNSTAAFL are also used . Uses of the phrase dating back to the 1930s and 1940s have been found , but the phrase 's first appearance is unknown . The `` free lunch '' in the saying refers to the nineteenth - century practice in American bars of offering a `` free lunch '' in order to entice drinking customers . The phrase and the acronym are central to Robert Heinlein 's 1966 science - fiction novel The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress , which helped popularize it . The free - market economist Milton Friedman also popularized the phrase by using it as the title of a 1975 book , and it is used in economics literature to describe opportunity cost . Campbell McConnell writes that the idea is `` at the core of economics '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and usage 1.1 `` Free lunch '' 1.2 Early uses 1.3 Popularization 1.4 Meanings 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References History and usage ( edit ) `` Free lunch '' ( edit ) The `` free lunch '' refers to the once - common tradition of saloons in the United States providing a `` free '' lunch to patrons who had purchased at least one drink . Many foods on offer were high in salt ( e.g. , ham , cheese , and salted crackers ) , so those who ate them ended up buying a lot of beer . Rudyard Kipling , writing in 1891 , noted how he ... came upon a bar - room full of bad Salon pictures , in which men with hats on the backs of their heads were wolfing food from a counter . It was the institution of the `` free lunch '' I had struck . You paid for a drink and got as much as you wanted to eat . For something less than a rupee a day a man can feed himself sumptuously in San Francisco , even though he be a bankrupt . Remember this if ever you are stranded in these parts . TANSTAAFL , on the other hand , indicates an acknowledgement that in reality a person or a society can not get `` something for nothing '' . Even if something appears to be free , there is always a cost to the person or to society as a whole , although that may be a hidden cost or an externality . For example , as Heinlein has one of his characters point out , a bar offering a free lunch will likely charge more for its drinks . Early uses ( edit ) TANSTAAFL : a plan for a new economic world order . ( Pierre Dos Utt , 1949 ) According to Robert Caro , Fiorello La Guardia , on becoming mayor of New York in 1933 , said `` È finita la cuccagna ! '' , meaning `` Cockaigne is finished '' or , more loosely , `` No more free lunch '' ; in this context `` free lunch '' refers to graft and corruption . The earliest known occurrence of the full phrase ( except for the `` a '' ) , in the form `` There ai n't no such thing as free lunch '' , appears as the punchline of a joke related in an article in the El Paso Herald - Post of June 27 , 1938 ( and other Scripps - Howard newspapers about the same time ) , entitled `` Economics in Eight Words '' . In 1945 , `` There ai n't no such thing as a free lunch '' appeared in the Columbia Law Review , and `` there is no free lunch '' appeared in a 1942 article in the Oelwein Daily Register ( in a quote attributed to economist Harley L. Lutz ) and in a 1947 column by economist Merryle S. Rukeyser . In 1949 , the phrase appeared in an article by Walter Morrow in the San Francisco News ( published on 1 June ) and in Pierre Dos Utt 's monograph TANSTAAFL : A Plan for a New Economic World Order , which describes an oligarchic political system based on his conclusions from `` no free lunch '' principles . The 1938 and 1949 sources use the phrase in relating a fable about a king ( Nebuchadnezzar in Dos Utt 's retelling ) seeking advice from his economic advisors . Morrow 's retelling , which claims to derive from an earlier editorial reported to be non-existent , but closely follows the story as related in the earlier article in the El Paso Herald - Post , differs from Dos Utt 's in that the ruler asks for ever - simplified advice following their original `` eighty - seven volumes of six hundred pages '' as opposed to a simple failure to agree on `` any major remedy '' . The last surviving economist advises that `` There ai n't no such thing as free lunch . '' In 1950 , a New York Times columnist ascribed the phrase to economist ( and army general ) Leonard P. Ayres of the Cleveland Trust Company : `` It seems that shortly before the General 's death ( in 1946 ) ... a group of reporters approached the general with the request that perhaps he might give them one of several immutable economic truisms that he had gathered from his long years of economic study ... ' It is an immutable economic fact , ' said the general , ' that there is no such thing as a free lunch . ' '' The September 8 , 1961 , issue of LIFE magazine has an editorial on page 4 , `` ' TANSTAFL , ' It 's the Truth , '' that closes with an anecdotal farmer explaining this slight variant of TANSTAAFL . Popularization ( edit ) In 1966 , author Robert A. Heinlein published his seminal work The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress , in which TANSTaaFL was a central , libertarian theme , mentioned by name and explained . This brought its use and the idea into mainstream popularity . Edwin G. Dolan used the phrase as the title of his 1971 book TANSTAAFL ( There Ai n't No Such Thing As A Free Lunch ) -- A Libertarian Perspective on Environmental Policy . The free - market economist Milton Friedman subsequently increased the popularity of the phrase by using it as the title of a 1975 book , and it is used in economics literature to describe opportunity cost . Campbell McConnell writes that the idea is `` at the core of economics '' . Meanings ( edit ) Science In the sciences , TANSTAAFL means that the universe as a whole is ultimately a closed system . There is no magic source of matter , energy , light , or indeed lunch , that does not draw resources from something else , and that will not eventually be exhausted . Therefore , the TANSTAAFL argument may also be applied to natural physical processes in a closed system ( either the universe as a whole , or any system that does not receive energy or matter from outside ) . ( See Second law of thermodynamics . ) The bio-ecologist Barry Commoner used this concept as the last of his famous `` Four Laws of Ecology '' . According to American theoretical physicist and cosmologist Alan Guth `` the universe is the ultimate free lunch '' , given that in the early stage of its expansion the total amount of energy available to make particles was very large . Economics In economics , TANSTAAFL demonstrates opportunity cost . Greg Mankiw described the concept as follows : `` To get one thing that we like , we usually have to give up another thing that we like . Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another . '' The idea that there is no free lunch at the societal level applies only when all resources are being used completely and appropriately -- i.e. , when economic efficiency prevails . If not , a ' free lunch ' can be had through a more efficient utilization of resources . Or , as Fred Brooks put it , `` You can only get something for nothing if you have previously gotten nothing for something . '' If one individual or group gets something at no cost , somebody else ends up paying for it . If there appears to be no direct cost to any single individual , there is a social cost . Similarly , someone can benefit for `` free '' from an externality or from a public good , but someone has to pay the cost of producing these benefits . ( See Free rider problem and Tragedy of the commons ) . Finance In mathematical finance , the term is also used as an informal synonym for the principle of no - arbitrage . This principle states that a combination of securities that has the same cash - flows as another security must have the same net price in equilibrium . Statistics In statistics , the term has been used to describe the tradeoffs of statistical learners ( e.g. , in machine learning ) . That is , any model that claims to offer superior flexibility in analyzing data patterns usually does so at the cost of introducing extra assumptions , or by sacrificing generalizability in important situations . Technology TANSTAAFL is sometimes used as a response to claims of the virtues of free software . Supporters of free software often counter that the use of the term `` free '' in this context is primarily a reference to a lack of constraint ( `` libre '' ) rather than a lack of cost ( `` gratis '' ) . Richard Stallman has described it as `` ' free ' as in ' free speech , ' not as in ' free beer ' '' . The prefix `` TANSTAA - '' ( or `` TINSTAA - '' ) is used in numerous other contexts as well to denote some immutable property of the system being discussed . For example , `` TANSTAANFS '' is used by electrical engineering professors to stand for `` There Ai n't No Such Thing As A Noise - Free System '' . Sports Baseball Prospectus coined the abbreviation `` TINSTAAPP '' , for `` There Is No Such Thing As A Pitching Prospect '' , as many young pitchers hurt their arms before they can be effective at a major league level . Social policy Hungarian prime minister Ferenc Gyurcsány used this adage to justify his social reforms in the mid-2000s . As a post-socialist country , Hungary struggled with the illusion of the state as a caring and giving , independent entity , rather than being the embodiment of the community . The saying `` there is no free lunch '' represented that even if the state provides welfare or something else for the people in need , it is in fact bought or provided by other people of the same community through taxes . Therefore , the state can not provide everything for everyone , and increased provisions given by the state can only be financed by economic growth or increased taxes . Exceptions Some exceptions from the `` no free lunch '' tenet have been put forward , such as the Sun and carbon dioxide . It was argued in particular that metabolism evolved to take advantage of the free lunch provided by the Sun , which also triggers production of vital oxygen in plants . However , these too fall short in that the viewpoint is an open system , the earth , with `` free '' inputs from the Sun . When viewed from the larger system context , the Sun / Earth or Solar System , there is a net energy exchange , and still `` no free lunch . '' See also ( edit ) Economics portal Demonstrated preference Have one 's cake and eat it too No free lunch in search and optimization The Free Lunch Is Over ( computing ) No Free Lunch ( organization ) No - arbitrage bounds Parable of the broken window Revealed preferences Scarcity Tax choice Trade - off Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Safire , William On Language ; Words Left Out in the Cold '' New York Times , 2 - 14 - 1993 ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Keyes , Ralph ( 2006 ) . The Quote Verifier . New York : St. Martin 's Press . p. 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 34004 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Chrysti M. ( 2006 ) . Verbivore 's Feast : Second Course . Helena , MT : Farcountry Press . p. 131 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56037 - 404 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Milton , There 's No Such Thing as a Free Lunch , Open Court Publishing Company , 1975 . ISBN 087548297X . ^ Jump up to : Gwartney , James D. ; Richard Stroup ; Dwight R. Lee ( 2005 ) . Common Sense Economics . New York : St. Martin 's Press . pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 33818 - X . ^ Jump up to : McConnell , Campbell R. ; Stanley L. Brue ( 2005 ) . Economics : principles , problems , and policies . Boston : McGraw - Hill Irwin . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 281935 - 9 . OCLC 314959936 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Kipling , Rudyard ( 1899 ) . American Notes . Boston : Brown and Company . p. 18 . OCLC 1063540 . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . American Notes by Rudyard Kipling at Project Gutenberg Jump up ^ Heinlein , Robert A. ( 1997 ) ( 1966 ) . The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress . New York : Tom Doherty Associates . pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 86355 - 1 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Fred ( 16 July 2009 ) . `` Quotes Uncovered : The Punchline , Please '' . The New York Times -- Freakonomics blog . Retrieved 16 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Economics in Eight Words '' . The Pittsburgh Press . March 13 , 1958 . Retrieved 1 April 2014 ... first published in Scripps - Howard newspapers 20 years ago . Jump up ^ Fred R. Shapiro , ed. ( 2006 ) . The Yale Book of Quotations . New Haven , CT : Yale Univ . Press . p. 478 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 10798 - 2 . Jump up ^ Dos Utt , Pierre ( 1949 ) . TANSTAAFL : A Plan for a New Economic World Order . Cairo Publications , Canton , OH . Jump up ^ `` The Big Apple : `` No more free lunch ! '' ( Fiorello La Guardia ) `` . Barrypopik.com. 2007 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Fetridge , Robert H , `` Along the Highways and Byways of Finance , '' The New York Times , Nov 12 , 1950 , p. 135 Jump up ^ Dolan , Edwin G. ( 1971 ) . TANSTAAFL ( There Ai n't No Such Thing As A Free Lunch ) -- A Libertarian Perspective on Environmental Policy . updated and reissued in 2011 Jump up ^ Hawking , Stephen ( 1988 ) . A brief history of time . Bantam books . p. 144 . ISBN 0553175211 . Jump up ^ Principles of Economics ( 4th edition ) , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Simon , N. ; Tibshirani , R. ( 2014 ) . `` Comment on `` Detecting Novel Associations In Large Data Sets '' by Reshef Et Al , Science Dec 16 , 2011 `` . arXiv : 1401.7645 . Jump up ^ Leach , Matthew ( 12 April 2013 ) . `` Even top pitching prospects are no sure thing '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Friend , Tim ( 2007 ) . The Third Domain : The Untold Story of Archaea and the Future of Biotechnology . National Academies Press . p. 21 . ISBN 0309102375 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Richard ( 11 December 2013 ) . `` Is the earth a ' closed system ' with the Sun providing the sole input ? '' . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . References ( edit ) Tucker , Bob , ( Wilson Tucker ) The Neo-Fan's Guide to Science Fiction Fandom ( 3rd -- 8th Editions ) , 8th edition : 1996 , Kansas City Science Fiction & Fantasy Society , KaCSFFS Press , No ISSN or ISBN listed . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=There_ain%27t_no_such_thing_as_a_free_lunch&oldid=834265546 '' Categories : Adages Economics catchphrases English phrases Free meals Milton Friedman Robert A. Heinlein Metaphors referring to food and drink Lunch Aphorisms Hidden categories : Articles with Project Gutenberg links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Čeština Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 19 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does the phrase theres no such thing as free lunch mean in economic terms | [
"The phrase and the acronym are central to Robert Heinlein's 1966 science-fiction novel The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress, which helped popularize it.[2][3] The free-market economist Milton Friedman also popularized the phrase[1] by using it as the title of a 1975 book,[4] and it is used in economics literature to describe opportunity cost.[5] Campbell McConnell writes that the idea is \"at the core of economics\".[6]"
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"opportunity cost"
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